POLITICAL SCIENCE (DEMOCRATIC POLITICS - I)

CHAPTER 4: WORKING OF INSTITUTIONS

Q. QUESTION MAR
N KS
O
1 What does this picture depict? 1

(a) It refers to riots which took place when reservation quota was made into a law
(b) Reservation of State constituencies.
(c) Reservation of women candidates in Lok Sabha.
(d) None of the above

2 Tarun said that I will ask you two question all three question will have only one 1
answer. Who is that?
1. The executive head of the state.
2. The highest formal authority in the country.

3 Consider the following statement and choose the correct option. 1

a) Head of the government and most of the decision in the Cabinet meetings.
b) One who actually exercise all the government powers.
Option
a. The Parliament
b. The President
c. Both I and II
The Prime Minister
4 Match the following and choose the correct option. 1
List A List B
1. Political executive A. Civil Servant
2. Rajyasabha B. Elected by the people
3. Permanent executive C. Upper chamber
Options-
I. 1-B, 2-A , 3-C
II. 1-C, 2-A , 3-B
 III. 1-B, 2-C, 3-A
IV. 1-A, 2-AB, 3-C
5 Two statements are given in the question below as 1
Assertion (A) and Reasoning (R). Read the statements and choose the appropriate
option.
Assertion (A): the Rajya Sabha cannot reject it.
Reason (R): The Rajyasabha can only delay money bill by 14 days or suggest to
change it.
Options:
I. Both A and R are true, and R is the correct explanation of A.
II. Both A and R are true, but R is not the correct explanation of A.
III. A is true but R is false.
A is false but R is true
6 Arrange the following in a correct sequence and choose the correct option. 1
1. Loksabha election won by Janata Dal
2. A formal decision for implementation of Mandal Commission
3. Mandela Commission gave its report and recommendations
4. Appointment of second background classes Commission by government of
India
Option
I. 3421
II. 4213
III. 4321
2341
7 Two statements are given in the question below as 1
Assertion (A) and Reasoning (R). Read the statements and choose the appropriate
option.

Options:
a) Both A and R are true, and R is the correct explanation of A.
b) Both A and R are true, but R is not the correct explanation of A.
c) A is true but R is false.
A is false but R is true
8 How many High Courts are there in India at present? 1
I. 24
II. 25
III. 23
22
9 Consider the following statement and choose the correct option. 1
• Head of the government and most of the decision in the Cabinet meetings.
• One who actually exercise all the government powers.

(a)The Parliament
(b) The President
(c)The Supreme Court
(d) The Prime Minister
1 Considered the following statement and choose the correct option 1
0 "A money bill “ can be introduced in which house of India in parliament
1. Lok Sabha
 2. Rajya Sabha
I. Only 1
II. Only 2
III. Both 1&2
None of these
1 1
1 Who among the following is a part of a political executive?

a) District Collector
(b) Secretary of the Ministry of Home Affairs.
(c) Home Minister
(d) Director General of Police
1 If you are elected as the President of India, which of the following decision can you 1
2 take on your own?
a) Select the person you like as Prime Minister
b) Dismiss a Prime Minister who has a majority in the Lok Sabha.
c) Ask for reconsideration of a bill passed by both the houses.
d) Nominate the leader of your choice to the Council of Ministers.
1 Choose the correct Statement: 1
3
I. The upper House of the Indian Parliament is Lok Sabha
II. The lower House of the Indian Parliament is Lok Sabha
III. The tenure of the members of the Rajya Sabha is 5 year
IV. President is the Head of the Government.

a) I and III b) I,III and IV c) II and IV d) Only II

1 Identify the figure : 1
4

a) New Parliament House b) New President House

c) New Supreme Court d) None of these
1 1
5 Who is the head of the government?
a) The Home Minister b) The Prime Minister
c) The Cabinet d) The president.
1 1
6 The president can be removed by impeachment by the Parliament:
 a) by majority vote b) by three-fourth majority
c) by two-third majority of the total membership d) None of these
1 Assertion (A): The Government of India had appointed the Second Backward 1
7 Classes Commission in 1979.
Reason (R): It was headed by B.P. Mandal. Hence it was popularly called the
Mandal Commission.
A) Both A and R are true, and R is the correct
explanation of A.
B) Both A and R are true, but R is not the correct
explanation of A.
C) A is true but R is false.
D) A is false but R is true

1 Assertion (A): At different levels of any government we find functionaries. All those 1
8 functionaries are collectively known as the executive.
Reason (R): They are called executive because they are in charge of the 'execution'
of the policies of the government.
A) Both A and R are true, and R is the correct
explanation of A.
B) Both A and R are true, but R is not the correct
explanation of A.
C) A is true but R is false.
D) A is false but R is true

1 1
9 How many members are nominated by the President in Rajya Sabha?
a) 10 b) 11 c) 21 d)12

2 1
0 What is the government formed by an alliance of two or more political parties
called?
a) Corporation Government b) Coalition Government
c) Cooperative government d) Consensus Government

2 If you are elected as the President of India which of the following decision, can you 1
1 take on your own ?
c) Select the person you like as Prime Minister.
d) Dismiss a Prime Minister who has majority in the Lok Sabha.
e) Ask for reconsideration of a bill passed by both the Houses.

2 While the Prime Minister is the head of the government, the President is the head of 1
2 the state. In our political system the head of the state exercise only nominal
powers. The President of India is like the King of Britain whose functions are to
a large extent ceremonial.

Identify, who is the head of the government and the head of the state in India?
2 Two statements are given in the question below as Assertion (A) and Reasoning (R). 1
3 Read the statements and choose the appropriate option.
 Assertion (A): In India, the judiciary is independent from the executive.
Reason (R): Judiciary favour the government and helps in the implementation of its
plans. .
Options:
IV. Both A and R are true, and R is the correct explanation of A.
V. Both A and R are true, but R is not the correct explanation of A.
VI. A is true but R is false.
D)A is false but R is true

2 Assertion(A): All the modern democracies have court that are independent from 1
4 the Legislative and Executive.
Reason (R): Judges do not act on the direction of the government.
a) Both A and R are true, and R is the correct explanation of A.
b) Both A and R are true, but R is not the correct explanation of A.
c) A is true but R is false.
D)A is false but R is true
2 Which one of the following statements about the President iswrong ? 1
5
(a)He is the head of the state.
(b)He is the highest formal authority in the country.
(c)He exercises only nominal powers.
(d) He is elected directly by the people.

2 Why do democratic governments insist on Institutions? 1

6 (i)Institutions make it difficult to have a good decision take very quickly.
(ii) Make it easy to rush through a bad decision.
(iii)Institutions provide an opportunity for a wider set of people to be consulted
in any decision.
(iv) In order to have delayed and complicated decisions.
(a)(i) (b) (iv) (c) (i)and (iii) (d) (i) and (iv)

2 After reading the example of the reservation order,three students had different 1
7 reactions about the role of judiciary,which view ,according to you ,is a correct
reading of the role of Judiciary?
(a)Neena says that Judiciary is an independent because it could have given a
verdict against the government order. The Supreme Court did direction to the
government to modify it.
(b)Kamal argue that since the Supreme Court agreed with the government ,it is
not independent.
(c)Robbin thinks that the Judiciary is neither independent nor conformist ,but
acts as a mediator between opposing parties. The Court struck a good balance
between those who supported and those who opposed the order.
2 Judiciary (court) can take up any dispute like: 1
8 (i)Between citizens and the judiciary
(ii)Between citizens and the government
(iii)Between two or more state governments
(iv) Between government at the Union and the government of the other countries.
Observe the statement and select the best options
(a)(i) (b) (ii) (c) (i),(ii) and (iii) (d) (iv)

2 Study the data given below: 1

9
Houses of Elected Appointed Total seats
parliament
Lok Sabha 543 02 545

Rajya Sabha 233 12 245

3 1
0 Which is the correct answer :
(a)There are 545 members of theLok Sabha.
(b) All members of the Rajya Sabha are directly elected by people.
(c) There are 12 members of the Rajya Sabha appointed by the President of India.
(d)The Lok Sabha and the Rajya Sabha are the two organs of the central
government.

The_________ is responsible for implementing the law made by the Parliament.

(a)Union Executive
(b)State Executive
(c)Both (a) and (b)
(d) None of these
3 What are different terms used for a national government in India? 2
1
3 How does the Lok Sabha exercise its control over the Council of Ministers? 2
2
3 What is the Presidential form of government? Give an example of one country. 2
3
3 2
4 Who has the final authority for making laws in any country
3 2
5 Who are called Permanent Executives?
3 2
6 What do you mean by the Council of Ministers?
3 Suppose you are MLA of your area. What values would you follow to become 2
7 popular in your area?
3 Mention any two legislative powers of the president of India. 2
8
3 Can the House of Parliament be dissolved? 2
9
4 Distinguish between Political executive and permanent executive. 3
0
4 Write any three constraints on the powers of the Prime Minister of a coalition 3
1 government.
4 Discuss the emergency powers of the President of India. 3
2
4 3
3 Prime Minister is the head of the government. Justify the statement.
4 3
4 How is the Lok Sabha are more powerful than Rajya Sabha?
4 3
5 Why do we need the political institutions?
4 How are some of the delays and complications introduced by democratic institutions 3
6 very useful?
4 What is the difference between Political Executive and Permanent Executive? 3
7
4 Describe the need for political institutions in India. 3
8

4 4
9
What is the difference between the difference between the RajyaSabha and the Lok
Sabha?

5 In all democracies ,an assembly of elected representatives exercises supreme 4

0 political authority on behalf of the people. In India ,such a national assembly of
elected representatives is called Parliament. At state level, this is called Legislature
or Legislative Assembly. The name may vary in different countries but such an
assembly exists in every democracy.

(i)What do you mean by Parliament?

(ii)Which is the supreme political authority at the state level?

(iii)Which is the elected representatives assembly at the central level of India?

5 The Government of India had appointed the Second Backward Classes Commission 4
1 in 1979. It was headed by B.P.Mandal. Hence, it was popularly called the Mandal
Commission. It was asked to determine the criteria to identify the social and
educationally backward classes in India and recommend steps to be taken for their
advancement. The Commission gave its Report in 1980 and mad many
recommendations. One of these was that. 27 per cent of government jobs be reserved
for the socially and educationally backward classes. The Report and
recommendations were discussed in the Parliament.
 i) When was the Second Backward Classes Commission appointed? Who was its
head?

ii) What was the objective of this Commission?

iii) When did the Commission submit its report and what were its recommendations?
5 Read the source given below and answer the following question: 4
2 (1+1+1+1)
Prime Minister is the most important political institution in the country. Yet there is
no direct election to the post of the Prime Minister. The President appoints the Prime
Minister. But the President cannot appoint anyone he likes. The President appoints
the leader of the majority party or the coalition of parties that commands a majority
in the Lok Sabha as Prime Minister. In case no single party or alliance gets a
majority, the President appoints the person most likely to secure a majority support.
The Prime Minister does not have a fixed tenure. He continues in power so long as
he remains the leader of the majority party or coalition.
1. What is meant by political executive?
(A) The Speaker
(B) Political leaders who are elected by the people for a specific term.
(C) Only those political leaders who are in the ruling party.
(D) Only those political leaders who are in the opposition party.
2. Who is the Head of the government and exercises all governmental powers?
(A) The Prime Minister
(B) The President
(C) The Speaker
(D) Head of the ruling party
3. Who among the following is a part of the political executive?
(A) Home Minister
(B) District Collector
(C) Secretary of the Ministry of Home Affairs
(D) Director General of Police
4. What is the government formed by an alliance of two or more political parties
called?
(A) Cooperation government
(B) Coalition government
(C) Consensus government
(D) Cooperative government

5 Read the source given below and answer the following question: 4
3 (1+1+1+1)
This Office Memorandum was the culmination of a long chain of events. The
Government of India had appointed the Second Backward Classes Commission in
1979. It was headed by B.P. Mandal. Hence it was popularly called the Mandal
Commission. It was asked to determine the criteria to identify the socially and
educationally backward classes in India and recommend steps to be taken for their
advancement. The Commission gave its Report in 1980 and made many
recommendations. One of these was that 27 per cent of government jobs be reserved
for the socially and educationally backward classes. The Report and
recommendations were discussed in the Parliament.
 1) In which government of year government of India had appointed the second
backward class commission ?
a) 1979 b) 1972 c) 1974 d) 1990

2) Second backward class commission was headed by:

a) C.P.Mandal b) B.P.Mandal
c) K.P.Mandal d) V.P.Mandal

3) Mandal Commission meet recommendation that 27% of government jobs be

reserved for the_________.
a) For Women’s b) Socially and educationally rich class
c) Upper class d) Society and educationally backward classes

4) The commission gave its report in ________.

a) 1979 b) 1972 c) 1974 d) 1980

5 Read the source given below and answer the following question: 4
4 (1+1+1+1)
Since Parliament plays a central in modern democracies, most large countries divide
the role and powers of Parliament in two parts. They are called Chambers or
Houses. One House is usually directly elected by the people and exercise the teal
power on behalf of the people. The second House is usually elected indirectly and
performs some special functions. The most common work for the second blouse is to
look after the interest of various states, or federal units.
In our country, Parliament consists of two houses, The two Houses are known as the
Council of States (Rajya Sabha) and the blouse of the People (Lok Sabha), The
Parliament of India is a part of Parliament, although she is not a member of either
House. That is why all laws made in the Houses come into force only after they
receive the assent of the Parliament.
1) House of people is known as?
a) Lok Sabha b) Gram Sabha c) Rajya Sabha d) Court
2) Council of Status is also known as:
a) Lok Sabha b) Gram Sabha c) Rajya Sabha d) Court
3) In our country, Parliament consists of _______ Houses.
a) 5 b) 6 c) 2 d) 4
4) The President of India is a part of _________.
a) Parliament b) Supreme Court c) Panchayat
d) Judiciary
5 Read the extract and answer the following questions. 4
5
India has an integrated or unified judiciary. The Judiciary is not under the control of
the Legislature or the Executive. The Judges do not act on the direction of the
government or according to the wishes of the political party in power. The Judge of
the Supreme Court and the High Courts are appointed by the President on the advice
of the Prime Minister and in consultation with the Chief Justice of the Supreme
Court. The Supreme Court and the High Courts have the power to interpret the
Constitution of the country. They can determine the constitutional validity of any
legislation or action of the executive in the country, when it is challenged before
 them.This is known as the judicial review. The powers and the independence of
Indian Judiciary allow it to act as a guardian of the Fundamental Rights.

(i)How has the Indian Constitution ensured the Independence of Judiciary? Give
reason.
(ii)India has an integrated Judiciary. Explain this statement.
(iii) Indian Judiciary enjoys a high level of

confidence among the people. Give reasons.

5 Presidents all over the world are not always nomi- nal executives like the President 4
6 of India. In many countries of the world, the President is both the head of the state
and the head of the government. The President of the United States of America is the
most well known example of this kind of Presi- dent. The US President is directly
elected by the people. He personally chooses and appoints all Ministers. The law
making is still done by the leg- islature (called the Congress in the US), but the
president can veto any law. Most importantly, the president does not need the
support of the major- ity of members in the Congress and neither is he answerable to
them. He has a fixed tenure of four years and completes it even if his party does not
have a majority in the Congress.

This model is followed in most of the countries of Latin America and many of the
ex-Soviet Union countries. Given the centrality of the President, this system of
government is called the Presiden- tial form of government. In countries like ours
that follow the British model, the parliament is su- preme. Therefore our system is
called the parlia- mentary system of government.
(i) Which system of government can veto any law?

(ii) Why is parliament known as supreme?

(iii) What should be the appropriate topic name of the given passage?

5 Prime Minister is the most important political institution in the country. Yet there is 4
7 no direct election to the post of the Prime Minister, The President appoints the Prime
Minister. But the President cannot appoint anyone she likes, The President appoints
the leader of the majority party or the coalition of parties that commands a majority
in the Lok Sabha, as Prime Minister. In case no single party or alliance gets a
majority, the President appoints the person most likely to secure a majority support.
The Prime Minister does not have a fixed tenure. He continues in power so long as
he remains the leader of the majority party or coalition.After the appointment of the
Prime Minister, the President appoints other ministers on the advice of the Prime
Minister. The Ministers are usually from the party or the coalition that has the
majority in the Lok Sabha. The Prime Minister is free to choose ministers, as long as
they are members of Parliament. Sometimes, a person who is not a member of
 Parliament can also become a minister. But such a person has to get elected to one of
the Houses of Parliament within six months of appointment as minister.
After the appointment of the Prime Minister, the President appoints other ministers
on the advice of the Prime Minister. The Ministers are usually from the party or the
coalition that has the majority in the Lok Sabha. The Prime Minister is free to choose
ministers, as long as they are members of Parliament. Sometimes, a person who is
not a member of Parliament can also become a minister. But such a person has to get
elected to one of the Houses of Parliament within six months of appointment as
minister.
(i) How is Prime Minister appointed?

(ii)What is the procedure of appointing the Prime Minister?

(iii)How are other ministers appointed?

5 Explain the major powers and functions of the Parliament. 5
8
5 "The Prime Minister is the head of the government." Justify the statement. 5
9
6 Who appoint the Council of Ministers and who can be included in it? 5
0
6 5
1 Distinguish between the Lok Sabha and the Rajya Sabha.
6 5
2 How can you say that the judiciary in India is the most powerful?
6 5
3 How are the judges of Supreme Court and High Court Appointed? How can they be
removed?
6 “Prime Minister is the head of the government “. Justify the statement. 5
4

6 How can you say that the Judiciary in India is the most powerful ? 5
5

6 i) On the outline political map of India, identity the feature marked as 'A' 5
6 and 'B' and write their correct names on the line marked on the map.
A. Geothermal Power Plant
B. Software Technology Park
ii) On the same outlet map of India locate and labelany THREE of the
following with symbols.
(a)KanchanJunga.
(b)Simlipal National Park.
(c) Evergreen Forests
(d) Gir National Park
(e) Narmada River
 ANSWER

Q. No ANSWER
1 (a) it refers to rewards which took place when reservation quota was made into a law
2 President
3 4. The Prime minister
4 III. 1-B, 2-C, 3-A
5 II. Both A and R are true, but R is not the correct explanation of A.

6 III. 4 3 2 1
7
1.Both A and R are true, and R is the correct explanation of A.
8 II. 25
9 (d). Prime Minister
10 I. Only I
11 (c) Home Minister
12 c) Ask for reconsideration of a bill passed by both the houses.
13 d) Only II
14 a) New Parliament House
15 b) The Prime Minister
16 c) by two-third majority of the total membership
17 (B) is correct.

18 (A) is correct.

19 d) 12
20 b) Coalition Government
21 3)
22 President

23 C)
24 A)
25 D)
26 C)
27 A)
28 C)
29 C)
30 A)

31 11)Central Gov., Union Gov. And Union Government of India.

32 12)All the Minister including the Prime Minister have to face No Confidence proposal
which is presented by oppositions. The Lok Sabha controls the Council of Ministers i.e. if
the majority of the Lok Sabha members say that they have no confidence in the Council of
Ministers.
33 13)In the Presidential form of the government ,President is both the head of the
government and the head of the state. The president form of government is the system of
government where President is both the head of the government
34 Parliament has the final authority for making laws in any country. It can make new laws,
change or abolish the existing laws and make new ones in their place.

35 Permanent executives are appointed for a long term. They are also called civil servants.
They remain in office even when the ruling party change. The advice the political
executives in their day to day work

36 The Council of Minister is the official name of the body that includes all the ministers. It
usually has 60 to 80 ministers of different rank

37 (i) Take up community service

(ii) Ensure hygiene

(iii) Solve water and electricity problems.

(iv) Interact with people on a regular basis

(v) Try to solve grievances of people.( any two points or other relevant points)
38 Two legulative powers of the President of India are
(i) The President is not a member of either house of the Parliament. But she is an integral
part of the legislative process. She plays an
important role in making of laws.
(ii) The President has the power to dissolve the Lok Sabha. She can summon joint sitting
of both houses of Parliament.(Any other relevant points)

39 Rajya Sabha is a permanent house, so it cannot be dissolved where Lok Sabha can be
dissolved.
40 Political Executive.

i. Elected by the people (voters) for specific period.

ii. Political leaders are executive.
iii. Answerable to the people.
permanent executive:
i . appointed on a long basis.
ii. civil Servant sir the permanent executives.
iii. Ansar able to the government.
41 The three constraints or limitations on the powers of

Prime Minister of coalition government are

(i) The Prime Minister has to accommodate different groups and factions in his party as
well as his alliance partners.

(ii) The Prime Minister has to pay attention to the views and positions of his coalition
partners for the survival of his government.
 (iii) The agenda and policies of the government are usually decided as a common minimum
programme which includes all the views and demands of coalition partners.
42 The President of India can declare three types emergencies national, state and financial.
i . National emergency is declared by President due to war, external aggression or armed
rebellion in whole of India or a part of its territory. In such emergency, Fundamental Rights
of Indian citizen can be suspended. of

ii. State emergency is declared by the President due to breakdown of constitutional

machinery in a state.

iii.Financial Emergency is declared When the financial stability or credibility of India is

threatened, then the President of India may issue a proclamation of Financial emergency.
43 1) He leads the majority party in the parliament
2) All the decisions by his cabinet are taken under his leadership, consent and authority.
3) He acts as an advisor to the president over the appointment of his ministers, judge of
Supreme Court and High Court.
4) He is free to choose his minister and can change their portfolios.

44 1) And ordinary law needs to be passed in both the house. But if there is a difference
between two houses, the final decision is taken in a joint session. Since the number of
members of Lok Sabha is more than that of the Rajya Sabha, the views of the Lok Sabha
are more to prevail.
2) The Lok Sabha Exercise. More power in money matters. The Rajya Sabha cannot reject
it. It can only delay it by 14 days, or suggest changes in it.
3) The Lok Sabha controls the Council of ministers, the Rajya Sabha does not have this
power.

45 1) The government is responsible for the ensuring security to the citizens and providing
education and health facilities to all.
2) It collects text and spend money on administration, defence and developmental
programme.
3) It formulates and implements several welfare schemes.

46 14)The Lok Sabha controls the Council of Ministers i.e. if the majority of the Lok Sabha
members say that they have no confidence in the Council of Ministers, all the ministers
including the Prime Minister have to quit. No such power is with the Rajya Sabha.
47 15)The political executive are elected by the people for a specific period of time .These
include the Prime Minister, Cabinet Ministers and Council Ministers. They remain in
office only for a fixed tenure.
The Permanent Executive are the civil servants appointed for a longer period of time.
Persons working in civil services such as IAS, IPS,IFS etc..

48 16)The significance of Parliament in a democratic country are as follows:-

a) Parliament is the final authority in making laws in any country. It can change the existing
laws, abolish them or make new laws.
 b) Parliament exercise control over those who run the government. No decision can be
taken without the support of the Parliament.

c) Parliament also controls the money matters.

d) Parliament is the highest form of discussion and debate on public issues and national
policy in any country. It can seek information on any matter.
49 17)The Lok Sabha is more powerful than the Rajya Sabha in the following manner:-
a) An ordinary law needs to be passed in both the house. But if there is a difference
between the two houses, the final decision is taken in a joint session. Since the number of
members of Lok Sabha is more than that of the RajyaSabha, the views of the Lok Sabha are
more likely to prevail.

b) The Lok Sabha exercise more powers in money matters. Once the Lok Sabha passes a
law concerning the money matters, theRajya Sabha can not reject it. It can only delay it by
14 days or suggest changes in it. It is up to the Lok Sabha to accept the changes or not.
d) The Lok Sabha controls the Council of ministers. If the majority of the Lok Sabha
members say they have no confidence in the council of ministers, all the ministers
including the Prime minister, have to quit. The Rajya Sabha doesn't have this
power.

50 18.i)a national assembly of elected representatives is called the Parliament.

ii) , this is called Legislature or Legislative Assembly.
iii) Parliament
51 19. i) The government of India the appointed the Second Backward Classes Commission in
1979. It was headed by B.P.Mandal. Hence, it was popularly called the Mandal
Commission.
ii) The objective of this Commission was that it was asked to determine the criteria to
identify the socially and educationally backward classes in India and recommend steps to
be taken for their advancement.
iii) The Commission submitted its report in 1980 and made many recommendations.
One of those was that 27% of government jobs be reserved for the socially and
educationally backward classes.
52 1. (B) is correct.
2. (A) is correct.
3. (A) is correct.
4. (B) is correct.

53 1. (A) is correct.
2. (B) is correct.
3. (D) is correct.
4. (D) is correct.

54 1. (A) is correct.
2. (C) is correct.
3. (C) is correct.
4. (A) is correct.
55 (i) The Indian Constitution ensured the independence of Judiciary as the judiciary is not
under the influence or control of any individual or authority.

(ii) India has an integrated Judiciary as the term refers that, the Supreme Court controls
theThe President does not need the support of the majority of members in Congress and
neither he is answerable to them.

(iii) Yes, we agree that US President is more powerful because he is both the head of the
State and head of the Government whereas the Indian President is only the head of the
State. So, we can say that the President of US is the real executive.
56 (i) President

(ii) The British system of government is known as the presidential for to the importance of
the President, while our system is known as the that's why parliament is known to be
supreme.

(iii) The Presidential System.

57 (i) There is no direct election to the post of the Prime Minister. The President appoints the
Prime Minister.

(ii) The President appoints the leader of the majority party or the coalition of parties the
commands a majority in the Lok Sabha, as Prime Minister. In case no single party or
alliance gets a majority, the President appoints the person most likely to secure a majority
support

(iii) The President appoints other ministers on the advice of the Prime Minister The
Minister are usually from the party or the coalition that has the majority in the Lok Sabha.
The Prime Minister is free to choose ministers, as long as they are members of Parliament
58 In India, a national assembly of elected representatives is called Parliament. The major
powers and functions of the Parliament are

(i) The Parliament is the final authority for making laws in any country. In India, it makes
laws on the subjects of Union List, Concurrent List and in certain cases on State List.

(ii) The Parliament can pass a resolution of no-confidence against the ministry and ask it to
resign. Those who run the government can take decisions only so long as they enjoy
support of the Parliament.

(iii) The Parliament controls all the money that government has. The governmental budget
is passed in the Parliament.

(iv) The Parliament is the highest forum of discussion and debate on public issues and
national policies.

(v) The Parliament can seek information from and ask questions to the government
ministers on any matter. and its

(vi) The Parliament elects President, Vice-President, Speaker, Deputy Speaker,

 Vice-Chairman of Rajya Sabha, etc. It can also remove President, Vice-President, Judges of
the Supreme Court and High Courts by passing a resolution of impeachment against them.
59 As the head of the government, the Prime Minister of India has wide ranging powers. The
following points state power and functions of the Prime Minister of India

(i) The Prime Minister is free to choose ministers. He distributes and redistributes work to
the ministers. All ministers work under his leadership.

(ii) Being the Chairman of the Cabinet, the Prime Minister presides over the meetings of
the Cabinet. He coordinates the work of different departments. His decisions are final in
case disagreement arises between different departments.

(iii) The Prime Minister communicates to the President all decisions of the Council of
Ministers relating to the administration of union and proposals of legislation.

(iv) He is the leader of the nation and ex-officio Chairman of Planning Commission. People
always remain eager to hear his views on all economic and political issues.
Thus, it can be concluded that Prime Minister is the head of the government.
60 After the appointment of the Prime Minister, the President appoints the Ministers of the
Council of Ministers on the advice of the Prime Minister. The Ministers are usually from
the party or the coalition that has the majority in the Lok Sabha.
Composition
The Council of Ministers is the official name for the body that includes all the ministers. It
usually has 60
to 80 ministers of different ranks. The Council of Ministers have collective responsibility to
the Lok Sabha, it includes three types of ministers.

(i) Cabinet Ministers They are usually top leaders of the ruling party or parties who are
incharge of the major ministries. They meet to take decisions in the name of the Council of
Ministers. Cabinet is the inner ring of the Council of Ministers.

(ii) Ministers of State with Independent Charge They are usually incharge at smaller
ministries. They participate in the Cabinet meetings only when specially invited.

(iii) Ministers of State They are attached to and required to assist Cabinet members.
61 Lok Sabha- 1) The Members of Lok Sabha are elected directly by adult citizens. 2) Lok
Sabha's term is only for 5 years. After 5 years, the term of all elected representatives comes
to an end. 3) The maximum strength of the house is Money bill can only be passed in Lok
Sabha.

Rajya Sabha- 1) The Members of the Rajya Sabha are elected by the elected members of
the State Legislative Assemblies. 2) The Rajya Sabha is a permanent house. It cannot be
dissolved but one-third of its members retire after every two years. 3) It cannot have more
than 250 members. Rajya Sabha does not

62 1) The judiciary in India is independent. It means it is not under the code of the Legislature
or the executive.
2) The Supreme Court and the high court have the power to interrupt the Constitution of the
country.
 3) The Supreme Court of India has also ruled that the poor or the basic principle of the
constitution cannot be changed by the parliament.
4) The power and the independence of the judiciary allow it to act as a guardians of the
fundamental rights of the citizens. The citizens can approach the Supreme Court in case of
any violation of their rights.

63 Appointment of the judges:

1) The judges of the Supreme Court and High Court are appointed by the President on the
advice of the Prime consultation with the Chief Justice of the Supreme Court.
2) In practice, it means the senior judges the Supreme Court select the new judges of the
Supreme court and high court.
3) The senior most judge of the Supreme Court is usually appointed as the Chief Justice of
India.
Removal of the judges:
1) Once a person is appointed as the judge of the Supreme Court or the High Court, it is
nearly impossible to remove him/her from that position. It is as difficult as in the case of the
President of India.
2) A judge can only be removed by the impeachment motion passed by 2/3rd members of
the two houses of parliament present and voting.

64 20)He leads the majority of the party in the Parliament. He summons and presides over the
meeting of the cabinet. All the decisions by his cabinet are taken under his
leadership, consent and authority.

65 21)The Judiciary in India is not under the control of the legislature or the executive.
They can determine the validity or declare invalid any law and action of Legislature
or any of the Executive in the country.

66 i) A. Puga Valley
B) Bengluru

ii)
a) Sikkim c) Kerala, Karnataka, Assam
b) Odisha d) Gujarat e) Madhya Pradesh