GEOGRAPHY (CONTEMPORARY INDIA - I)

CHAPTER 4 : CLIMATE
Q. QUESTION MARK
N S
O
1 Omar wants to experience Mango Showers. 1
Which of the following,he should visit?
a) Jammu
b) Kerala
c) Bihar
2 In the following questions, a statement of Assertion (A) is followed by a 1
statement of Reason (R). Mark the correct choice as:

Assertion (A) : ‘Western Disturbances’ disturb the calm and quite weather of
North and Northwestern India by causing cyclonic rains over the plains and
snowfall in the mountains.

Reason (R) : Winter rainfall caused by them locally known as ‘Mahawat’ is of

immense importance for the cultivation of Rabi crops.

a) Both (A) and (R) are true, and (R) is the correct explanation of (A).

b) Both (A) and (R) are true, but (R) is not the correct explanation of (A).

c) (A) is true, but (R) is false.

d) (A) is false, but (R) is true.

3 “This wind ,we can feel in Summer as local wind.” 1

Identify the wind.
4 In the following questions, a statement of Assertion (A) is followed by a 1
statement of Reason (R). Mark the correct choice as:
Assertion (A) :Arabian Sea branch of South West Monsoons is
responsible for good rainfall in the Northern Plains of India.
Reason(R) :The part of South West Monsoons which blows over the
Arabian Sea is responsible for high rainfall on the western coast of India.
a)Both (A) and (R) are true, and (R) is the correct explanation of (A).
b) (A) and (R) are true, but (R) is not the correct explanation of (A).

c)(A) is true, but (R) is false.

d)(A) is false, but (R) is true.

5 Aditigave her friends three clues about the season. 1

a) Temperature increases from South to North
b) There is low pressure on land.
 c) Winds like KaalBaisakhi prevail here.
What season is being referred to by Aditi?
6 Which of the following is NOT an important factor for climate? 1
a) Latitude b) Altitude
c)Gravity d) Relief
7 People are suffering from loo.From which state they belong 1
Tamil Nadu b) Uttar Pradesh c) Gujarat
8 a)State whether the following statement is true or false. 1
The variation of annual precipitation is common in India .
Given an example to support your answer.
9 The temperature decreases with altitude. 1
Is this statement correct? Give reason to support your answer.
10 The following lines from an article written by a group of authors. 1
“The low -pressure condition over the northern plains by early June.The winds
blow over warm ocean,gather large amount moisture.”
What type of monsoon indicating here?
11 (MCQ) 1
It is an apparent force caused by the earth’s rotation. This force deflects winds
towards the right in the Northern Hemisphere and towards the left in the Southern
Hemisphere.
(A) Gravitational Force
(B) Magnetic Force
(C) Coriolis Force
Attractive Force
12 (MCQ) 1
Which winds bring widespread rainfall over the mainland of India?
(A) Southwest monsoon winds
(B) Northeast monsoon winds
(C) Southeast monsoon winds
Northwest monsoon winds
13 (MCQ) 1
From which pressure belts do the North Easterly Trade Winds originate?
(A) Equatorial low belts
(B) Subtropical high-pressure belts
(C) The polar highs
Sub polar lows
14 (MCQ) 1
Chennai receives more rainfall in winter because
(I) The North- East winds pick up moisture while crossing Bay of Bengal.
(II) In summer, Chennai lies in the rain shadow of the Western Ghats.
(III) The South-East winds pic up moisture while crossing Bay of Bengal.
(IV) In winter Chennai lies in the rain shadow of the Eastern Ghats.
(A) (I) and (III) are correct.
(B) (I), (II) and (III) are correct.
(C) Only (I) and (II) are correct.
Only (IV) is correct.
15 (MCQ) 1
Thiruvananthapuram has low annual range (22˚C) of temperature as it is
(I) Far away from the equator
(II) Far away from the sea
 (III) Near to the sea
(IV) Near to the equator
(A) (I), (II) and (III)
(B) (I) and (II)
(C) (II) and (IV)
(III) and (IV)
16 (MCQ) 1
Which among the following sentences is incorrect?
(A) India has mountains to the north, which have an average height of 6000
meters.
(B) India lies in the region of South easterly winds.
(C) The Climate of India is described as the ‘monsoon’ type.
Mawsynram is the wettest place on the earth.
17 Identify the correct statement 1
(A) Parts of western coasts and northeastern India receive over about 400 cm
of rainfall annually.
(B) A striking feature of the cold weather season is the loo.
(C) During hot season, the northeast trade winds prevail over the country.
All of the above.
18 (Assertion Reason) 1
In the questions given below, there are two statements marked as assertion (A) and
reason (R). Use the following keys to choose an appropriate answer.
(A) Both A and R are true, and R is the correct explanation of A.
(B) Both A and R are true, and R is not the correct explanation of A.
(C) A is true, but R is false.
(D) A is false, but R is true.

Assertion (A): Arabian Sea branch of South West Monsoons is responsible for
good rainfall in the Northern Plains of India.
Reason (R): The part of South west Monsoons which blows over the Arabian sea
is responsible for high rainfall on the Western coast of India.
19 Assertion (A): Houses in Tamil Nadu built on stilts. 1
Reason (R): Due to heavy rain, water accumulates leads to thick undergrowth.
20 Assertion (A): Monsoon winds blows in one direction only. 1
Reason (R): The lofty Himalayas obstruct their passage.
21 The sum total of weather conditions and variation over a large area for a long 1
period of time is referred to as ____________ .
22 On a winter night, the temperature at Drass in Jammu and Kashmir may be as low 1
as _________________ .
23 What do you mean by mango showers? 1
24 In winter, the western cyclonic disturbances originate from which location ? 1
25 These are a narrow belt of high altitude (above 12000 m) westerly winds in the 1
troposphere. Their speed varies from about 110 km/h in summer to about 184/h km
in winter.

a) Stream b) Jet c) Jet Stream d) All of theses

26 They are the weather phenomena of the winter monsoon brought in by the westerly 1
flow from the Mediterranean reason- They usually influence the weather of the
north and North Western reasons of India.
a) The eastern cyclonic disturbance
b) The Western cyclonic disturbance
c) The northern cyclonic disturbance
d) The southern cyclonic disturbance.

27 1
Name the season in which eastern coast (Coromandel) receives rainfall.
a) Summer b) Winter c) Monsoon d) Spring

28 Which is the driest station in India? 1

a) Shillong
b) Leh
c) Mumbai
Chennai
29 The word monsoon is derived from a word which literally means which of the 1
following?
(a) Seasons
(b) Wind pattern
(c) Change
(d) Mausumbi
30 Which winds bring widespread rainfall over the mainland of India? 1
a) Southwest monsoon winds
b) Northeast monsoon winds
c) Southeast monsoon winds
Northwest monsoon winds
31 What is the primary cause of monsoons? 1
32 How does altitude affect temperature as you move higher above sea level? 1
33 What are fast-flowing air currents high in the atmosphere known as? 1
34 What are the key characteristics of the cold weather season, also known as winter 1
35 What are the two solstices and when do they occur 1
36 Reason (R): The proximity of an area to large water bodies influences its 1
distribution of rainfall.
Assertion (A): Areas near oceans generally receive more rainfall compared to
landlocked regions.
Options: a) Both A and R are true, and R is the correct explanation of A.
b) Both A and R are true, but R is not the correct explanation of A. c) A is true but
R is false.
d) A is false but R is true
37 What aspect of which regions is strongly influenced by the monsoon patterns? 1
38 Which statement accurately describes the rainfall patterns in Chennai and 1
Mumbai?
A) Chennai receives the majority of its rainfall during the southwest monsoon
season.
B) Mumbai experiences a more even distribution of rainfall throughout the year
compared to Chennai.
C) Both Chennai and Mumbai have identical annual average rainfall.
D) The northeast monsoon season brings the heaviest rainfall to Mumbai.
39 What is the primary rainy season in India? 1
40 When does Kaal Baisakhi occur? 1
41 What causes the summer monsoon rains in India? 2

42 What are the key characteristics of India's monsoon season? 2

43 2
What is the maximum possible latitude value?
44 2
Define burst of monsoon.
45 Why hills are cooler during summer season? 2
46 How western disturbance affect the climate of India? 2
47 What do you understand by Break in Monsoon? 2
48 What are jet streams? 2
49 Why do the coastal areas of India experience less contrast in temperature? 2
50 What is the influence of the division of India by the Tropic of cancer? 2
51 State any two characteristics of the Indian monsoon. 2

52 Why do the Western Ghats receive more rainfall than the Eastern Ghats? 2
53 Indian Monsoon is highly unpredictable? Do you agree with this statement? Give 3
reason in support your answer.
54 Why are the delta regions of Eastern India struck by cyclones? 3
55 How does the change in pressure conditions over the Southern oceans affect the 3
monsoons?
56 How does the westerly jet stream help in bringing the western disturbance to the 3
Indian subcontinent during winter?
57 What does the word monsoon imply? 3

58 Why Indian climate is tropical as well as subtropical ? 3

59 What are the factors affecting the climate of India? 3

60 “India’s climate has characteristics of tropical as well as sub-tropical climates” 3

Discuss.
61 Is climate different from weather? If yes. Write three differences. 3

62 How does high pressure affect air movement? 3

63 When does the retreating monsoon occur? 3

64 How do rain shadows form in relation to monsoons? 3

65 Climate change refers to the long-term alteration of Earth's average weather 4

patterns, including temperature, precipitation, and wind patterns. This
phenomenon is primarily driven by human activities that release greenhouse gases
into the atmosphere, such as burning fossil fuels, deforestation, and industrial
processes. As these gases accumulate, they trap heat in the atmosphere, leading to
 global warming and significant changes in our planet's climate system. The
impacts of climate change are far-reaching and touch nearly every aspect of our
lives. Rising global temperatures have caused polar ice to melt, leading to rising
sea levels that threaten coastal communities and ecosystems. Extreme weather
events, such as hurricanes, droughts, and heatwaves, have become more frequent
and intense, disrupting communities and straining resources
Question 1: What is the primary factor driving climate change?
A) Natural fluctuations in solar radiation
B) Volcanic activity
C) Human activities releasing greenhouse gases
D) Changes in Earth's orbit
Question 2: How do greenhouse gases contribute to global warming?
A) They reflect sunlight away from Earth's surface
B) They increase Earth's distance from the Sun
C) They trap heat in the atmosphere
D) They cool down the atmosphere
Question 3: What do rising global temperatures lead to?
A) Decreased sea levels
B) Melting of polar ice
C) Reduced greenhouse effect
D) Increased ice formation
Question 4: What impact does climate change have on extreme weather events?
A) It makes them less frequent
B) It has no effect on them
C) It makes them more intense and frequent
D) It only affects heatwaves

66 Rainfall Patterns: Unveiling the Drops from the Sky 4

Rainfall, the phenomenon where water droplets descend from the sky, plays a
pivotal role in shaping the environment, ecology, and livelihoods of regions across
the world. It is a key component of the Earth's water cycle and has a profound
impact on ecosystems, agriculture, water resources, and even cultural practices.

Rainfall patterns are not uniform; they vary widely based on geographical
location, climate, and topography. Some regions experience abundant rainfall
throughout the year, while others endure long periods of dryness punctuated by
intense downpours. The study of these patterns helps us understand and predict
weather trends, agricultural cycles, and the challenges posed by climate change.

For example, tropical rainforests receive copious amounts of rainfall due to their
proximity to the equator and the warm ocean currents that evaporate water into the
atmosphere. On the other hand, arid and semi-arid regions such as deserts
experience minimal rainfall and often rely on alternative water sources like
groundwater and rivers.
Q 1 Why do rainfall patterns vary across different regions?
1 MARK
Q 2 What role does rainfall play in shaping the environment
1 MARK
 Q 3 What challenges do arid regions face in terms of rainfall?
2 MARKS
67 The lifeblood of ecosystems and agriculture, exhibits a wide range of variability 4
across different regions. This variability influences water availability, crop yields,
and the overall well-being of communities. Understanding these patterns is crucial
for sustainable resource management.

Rainfall distribution is influenced by diverse factors. Proximity to oceans and

prevailing wind patterns often results in higher rainfall in coastal areas. Mountain
ranges can create rain shadows, causing arid conditions on the leeward side.
Tropical regions experience heavy rainfall due to their position near the equator
and warm ocean currents.

The consequences of irregular rainfall distribution are far-reaching. In regions

with prolonged droughts, water scarcity becomes a pressing concern, affecting
both human populations and ecosystems. Crop failures, food shortages, and
conflicts over water resources can arise.

Conversely, excessive rainfall can lead to flooding, soil erosion, and landslides.
Floods can devastate communities, destroy infrastructure, and disrupt livelihoods.
Moreover, irregular rainfall patterns can threaten biodiversity, leading to shifts in
plant and animal populations.

Addressing the challenges posed by variable rainfall requires adaptive strategies.

Developing efficient water storage and distribution systems, promoting drought-
resistant crops, and implementing flood control measures are vital steps.
Sustainable land management practices, such as afforestation and erosion
prevention, can mitigate the impacts of both droughts and floods.

In conclusion, rainfall variability has profound implications for ecosystems and

societies. Balancing water needs, ensuring food security, and safeguarding
vulnerable communities require a multifaceted approach that acknowledges the
interconnectedness of human and environmental well-being.
Question 1: What factor often leads to higher rainfall in coastal regions?
A) Cold ocean currents
B) Prevailing wind patterns
C) Volcanic activity
D) High elevation

Question 2: What phenomenon can create arid conditions on the leeward side of
mountain ranges?
A) Rain shadows
B) Coastal winds
C) Monsoons
D) Ocean currents

Question 3: Which regions typically experience heavy rainfall due to their position
near the equator and warm ocean currents?
A) Polar regions
 B) Desert regions
C) Mountainous regions
D) Tropical regions

Question 4: What are the consequences of excessive rainfall in an area?

A) Drought and water scarcity
B) Soil erosion and landslides
C) Arid conditions and desertification
D) Crop failures and food shortages

68 Read the source given below and answer the questions that follow: (1+1+1+1=4) 4
There are six major controls of the climate of any place. They are: latitude, altitude,
pressure and wind system, distance from the sea, ocean currents and relief features.
Due to the curvature of the earth, the amount of solar energy received varies
according to latitude. As a result, air temperature generally decreases from the
equator towards the poles. As one goes from the surface of the earth to higher
altitudes, the atmosphere becomes less dense and temperature decreases. The hills
are therefore cooler during summers. The pressure and wind system of any area
depend on the latitude and altitude of the place. Thus, it influences the temperature
and rainfall pattern. Ocean currents along with onshore winds affect the climate of
the coastal areas. For example, any coastal area with warm or cold currents flowing
past it, will be warmed or cooled if the winds are onshore.
Finally, relief too plays a major role in determining the climate of a place. High
mountains act as barriers for cold or hot winds, they may also cause precipitation if
they are high enough and lie in the path of rain bearing winds.
1. Due to the of the earth, the amount of solar energy received varies according to
latitude.
(A) circumference (B) radius (C) curvature (D) diameter
2. As one goes from the surface of the earth to higher altitudes, the _____
becomes less dense and temperature decreases.
(A) Atmosphere (B) Biosphere (C) Hydrosphere (D) Lithosphere
3. What is the condition known as when it is very hot during summers and very
cold during winters?
(A) Continuity of Climate (B) Climatic Condition
(C) Continentality of Climate (D) Changing Climate
4. Relief feature plays a major role in determining:
(A) The temperature of a place (B) The weather of a place
(C) The season of a place (D) The climate of a place

69 Read the following sources and give the answer - 4

The cold weather season begins from mid-November in Northern India and stays
till February. December and January are the coldest months in the Northern part of
India. The temperature decreases from South to the North. The average
temperature of Chennai, on the eastern coast is between 24 degree Celsius to 25
degree Celsius, while in the Northern Plains its changes between 10 degree
Celsius and 15 degree Celsius. Days are warm and nights are cold. Frost is
common in the north and the higher slopes of the Himalayas experience snowfall.
 During this season, the north east trade winds prevail over the country they blow
from land to sea and hence, for most part of the country, it is a dry season. some
amount of rainfall occur on the Tamil Nadu coast from these winds here blow
from sea to land.
In the Northern part of the country, a feeble high pressure region develops, with
light winds moving outwards from the area. Influenced by the relief, these winds
blow throw the Ganga Valley from the west and northwest. The weather is
normally marked by clear sky, low temperature and low humidity and feeble,
variable winds.
1. In which part of India the coldest period is felt in December and January?
2. During winters why Tamil Nadu coast experiences rain?
3. During winter season Frost is common in which region of the country?
4. What is the average temperature of Chennai on the eastern coast during
November to December?

70 Read the following sources and give the answer - 4

The summer months experience rising temperature and falling air pressure in the
northern part of the country.
Towards the end of May and elongated low pressure area develops in the region
extending from the thar desert in the northwest to Patna and Chota Nagpur plateau
in the east and southwest. Circulation of air begins to set in around this trough. A
striking feature of the hot weather season is the ‘Loo’. These are strong, gusty,
hot, dry, rains blowing during the day over the north and northwestern India.
Sometimes they even continue until late in the evening. Direct exposure to these
winds may even prove to be fatal. Dust storms are very common during the month
of May in northern India. These storms bring temporary relief as they lower the
temperature and may bring light rain and cool breeze. This is also the season for
localised thunderstorms associated with violent winds, torrential downpours often
a accompanied by hail. In West Bengal, these storms are known as ‘Kal Baisakhi’.
towards the close of the summer season, pre- monsoon showers are common
especially in Kerala and Karnataka. They help in the early ripening of mangoes
and are often referred to as ‘mango showers.
1. The rising temperature and falling air pressure in summer is seen in which
part of the country?
2. The wind blowing in the Northern plains in summer is known as?
3. ‘Kal Baisakhi’ is associated with which state?
4. Mango showers occur in which group of two states?

71 Coast of Tamil Nadu-During the cold weather season, the northeast trade winds 4
prevail over the country. They blow from land to sea. In their way they pick up
moisture from Bay of Bengal and give rainfall to the Tamil Nadu coast.

Due to the inflow of cyclonic disturbances from the west and the northwest. These
low-pressure systems originate over the Mediterranean Sea and western Asia and
move into India, along with the westerly flow. They cause the much-needed
winter rains over the plains and snowfall in the mountains. Although the total
amount of winter rainfall locally known as ‘mahawat’ is small, they are of
immense importance for the cultivation .
 a)Duringwinter season which trade wind prevail over the country?
b)Which pressure system occurs on Western Asia during winter season?
c)What do you mean byMahawat?

72 4
There is a lot of debate regarding the importance of reducing Indian agriculture’s
dependence on monsoons.

For instance, there is progress being made in the field of climate-resilient

agriculture. Heat tolerant rice genotypes are being developed for the northeast
region. Weather resistant crops that can withstand drought or flooding and even
higher salinity levels could well be the game changing innovations that India
needs.

It is also important to increase the coverage of irrigated land and irrigation

infrastructure. This will signal a shift away from rain-fed fields. For instance, drip
irrigation systems can help conserve water and multitask as nutrient supply
systems as well.

Given that almost 50% of agricultural land in India is dependent on monsoon, it is

vital to not just hope that the rains are kind but to also implement systems that can
cater for the vagaries of rainfall.
a) Where the heat tolerance rice are being developed?
b) What percentage of land dependent on monsoon?
State the importance of drip irrigation.
73 The monsoon lasts from June to September and contributes almost 75% of the 4
rainfall in India. Kharif crops rely on this monsoon heavily. Any shift in the
pattern of rainfall impacts the farmer, their fields and the economy significantly.

This year, the monsoon was delayed by around 15 days. This has led to a lower
planting or sowing rate for kharif crops like:

• Rice

• Groundnut

• Maize

• Cotton

• Bajra (pearl millet) and

• Ragi (finger millet) among others

The area under planting has declined from last year to the tune of 12%. Farmers
have planted their monsoon crops on 151 million acres of land but this is lower
 than last year. But the steady revival of the monsoon has led to some optimism in
the outlook for yields. Yes, the country will have to monitor the monsoon’s
progress very closely but hopefully, the revival brings good news too. It is not just
the kharif crops and the bountiful yield of a field, monsoons have an impact on-
Conservation and replenishment of water resources in India,Inflation,Electricity
generation and the fiscal outlay of the government.

a) During monsoon______% of rainfall India got.

b) Which kind of crop cultivation common in rainy season?

c)Write two examples of Kharif crop.

74 The Monsoon, unlike the trades, does not have steady winds but is pulsating in 4
nature, affected by different atmospheric conditions encountered by it, on its way
over the warm tropical seas. The duration of the monsoon is between 100-120 days
from early June to mid-September. Around the time of its arrival, the normal rainfall
increases suddenly and continues constantly for several days. This is known as the
‘burst’ of the monsoon and can be distinguished from the pre-monsoon showers.
The monsoon arrives at the southern tip of the Indian peninsula generally by the
first week of June. Subsequently, it proceeds into two-the Arabian Sea branches and
the Bay of Bengal branch. The Arabian Sea branch reaches Mumbai about ten days
later on approximately the 10th of June. This is a fairly rapid advance. The Bay of
Bengal branch also advances rapidly and arrives in Assam in the first week of June.
The lofty mountains cause the monsoon winds to deflect towards the west over the
Ganga plains. By mid-June, the Arabian Sea branch of the monsoon arrives over
Saurashtra-Kuchchh and the central part of the country. The Arabian Sea and the
Bay of Bengal branches of the monsoon merge over the northwestern part of the
Ganga plains. Delhi generally receives the monsoon showers from the Bay of
Bengal branch by the end of June (the tentative date is the 29th of June). By the first
week of July, western Uttar Pradesh, Punjab, Haryana, and eastern Rajasthan
experience the monsoon. By mid-July, the monsoon reaches Himachal Pradesh and
the rest of the country.
1. What is the duration of monsoon in India?
2. What do you mean by pre monsoon shower?
What is “monsoon burst”?
75 The climate of a region is determined by various factors such as latitude, altitude, 4
distance from the sea, and the presence of mountain ranges. India has a diverse
climate due to its vast geographical extent and these influencing factors. The
major climatic regions in India include the tropical monsoon, tropical savanna,
humid subtropical, hot desert, and alpine climates. The tropical monsoon climate
dominates most of India, characterized by distinct wet and dry seasons. The
southwest monsoon, which brings rainfall to the country, is a significant feature of
this climate. The Himalayan region experiences an alpine climate with cold
winters and cool summers. The Thar Desert in Rajasthan represents the hot desert
climate, with extremely high temperatures and low rainfall. Understanding the
different climatic regions is crucial for agriculture, planning, and adapting to the
local environment.
 1. What type of climate is experience by the Himalaya region?
2. Which monsoon climate dominate the India?
3. What are the various factor which determine the climate of a region?

76 You have already known the way the Himalayas protect the subcontinent from 4
extremely cold winds from central Asia. This enables northern India to have
uniformly higher temperatures compared to other areas on the same latitudes.
Similarly, the Peninsular plateau, under the influence of the sea from three sides,
has moderate temperatures. Despite such moderating influences, there are great
variations in the temperature conditions.Nevertheless, the unifying influence of
the monsoon on the Indian subcontinent is quite perceptible. The seasonal
alteration of the wind systems and the associated weather conditions provide a
rhythmic cycle of seasons. Even the uncertainties of rain and uneven distribution
east to west, eagerly await the arrival of the monsoon. These monsoon winds bind
the whole country by providing water to set the agricultural activities in
motion.The river valleys which carry this water also unite as a single river valley
unit.
1. Who protect the subcontinent from cold waves?
2. The agricultural activities of India depend upon
Which conditions provide a rhythmic cycle of seasons?
77 Examine the regional variations in climatic conditions within the country with 5
reference to temperature and precipitation.
78 Compare between the advancing of monsoon and retreating of monsoon. 5

79 What are the variations in precipitation in India? 5

80 5
Why does Mumbai receive rainfall in summer while Chennai receive rainfall in
winter?

81 Describe the regional variations in the climatic conditions of India with the help of 5
suitable examples.
82 Identify following features, write name of the features and Locate these features 5
on the outline Map of India.
A. Area receives rainfall less than 20cm (any one)
B. Area receives rainfall more than 400cm (any one)
C. Area where Loo occurs
D. Areas where Mango shower occurs
E. Areas where kaal Baisakhi occurs
83 What role do monsoons play in India's agriculture? 5

84 How do farmers in India prepare for the monsoon season, and what 5
challenges do they face in terms of water management and crop cultivation
during this period?

85 What is the significance of the retreating monsoon 5

86 “There are important factors that influence Monsoon Mechanism ” state any four. 5

87 What do you mean by Southern Oscillation? 5

88 “Retreating Monsoon is common phenomena in India every year ”-describe the 5

statement with example.
 ANSWER

Q. No ANSWER
1 Kerala
2 b) Both (A ) and (R) true , but (R) is not the correct explanation of (A)
3 Loo(any other relevant point)
4 a)Both (A) and (R) are true, and (R) is the correct explanation of (A).
5 Summer
6 Gravity
7 Uttar Pradesh
8 True -400 cm in Meghalaya,less than 10 cm in Ladakh
9 Correct.The temperature of air decreases at the rate of 1degree C for every 165 m of ascent.
10 Advancing Monsoon
11 (C) Coriolis Force
12 Southwest monsoon winds
13 Subtropical high-pressure belts
14 Only (i) and (ii) are correct.
15 (iii) and (iv)
16 (C) India lies in the region of South easterly winds.
17 Parts of western coasts and northeastern India receive over about 400 cm of rainfall
annually.
18 Both A and R are true, and R is the correct explanation of A.
19 A is false, but R is true.
20 A is false, but R is true.
21 Climate
22 -45 degree Celsius
23 Mango showers are the pre-monsoon showers that takes place on the coast of Kerala and
Karnataka. Since they help in the early ripening of mangoes, they are called mango
showers.
24 Mediterranean Sea
25 c) Jet Stream
26 b) The Western cyclonic disturbance

27 b) Winter
28 b) Leh
29 b) Seasons
30 a) Southwest monsoon winds

31 The primary cause of monsoons is the differential heating of land and water surfaces. Land
heats up and cools down more quickly than oceans, leading to the creation of low-pressure
areas over land during summer, which draws in moist air from the oceans, resulting in the
monsoon winds
32 Temperature decreases with increasing altitude.
33 Jet streams.
34 Shorter daylight hours, lower temperatures, possibility of snowfall and frost.
35 Summer solstice and winter solstice
36 a) Both A and R are true, and R is the correct explanation of A.

37 Agricultural activities
38 B) Mumbai experiences a more even distribution of rainfall throughout the year compared
to Chennai.

39 The southwest monsoon.

40 Kaal Baisakhi occurs during the months of April and May
41 The summer monsoon rains in India are caused by moist air from the Indian Ocean being
drawn towards the land due to the temperature difference between the warm ocean and the
heated landmass
42 India's monsoon season is characterized by heavy rainfall, high humidity, and the reversal
of wind patterns, with moist southwest winds dominating during summer.

43 The maximum possible latitude value is 90 degrees, which corresponds to the North Pole
(90 degrees North) and the South Pole (90 degrees South).
44 When monsoon arrive in India the normal rainfall increase suddenly and continues
constantly for server days this is called brust of monsoon.
45 It is because as one goes from the surface of the earth to higher altitudes, the atmosphere
becomes less dense and temperature decreases. That is why hills are cooler in summer.
46 Western disturbance are the temperature cyclones which originate
47 When the trough moves north of its original position, rain ceases abruptly over the plains of
northern India and south but increases equally rapidly in intensity over the foothills of
northeast India. This is called a 'break in monsoon’.
48 Jet streams are cold, fast-moving winds that circulate high in the atmosphere. Jet streams
pose a major danger to climbers on Mount Everest. With freezing winds at 120 kilometers
per hour (70 miles per hour,) climbers are stuck until the jet streams die down.
49 Because of the influence of the Sea,e.g.Mumbai experiences an equable climate.
50 The Tropic of Cancer divides India into the Tropical zone which lies to the south and the
sub-tropical area lies to the north. It gives India’s climate a tropical and a sub-tropical
character.
51 The Indian monsoon is characterised by the following features:

1. Seasonal reversal of direction in wind system : The monsoon winds blow from land
to sea in winter and from sea to land in summer.
2. Seasonal heavy rainfall and drought are common features of the Indian monsoon.

In spite of local variations in climatic conditions, it unites the whole country in a single
climatic thread of monsoon.
52 In terms of relief, the Western Ghats are much higher in comparison to the Eastern Ghats.
The Western Ghats are continuous stretches of high mountains.

Therefore, when the moisture-laden Arabian Sea branch of Southwest Monsoon first strikes
the Western Ghats, it brings heavy rainfall along the windward side of the Western Ghats.
In Eastern Ghats, rain, bearing winds of Southwest Monsoon do not face such orographic
barrier and hence-receive much lower amount of rainfall.
53 Yes, the monsoon is known for its uncertainties.
1. The alteration of the day and wet spells vary in intensity, frequency and duration.
2. While it causes heavy floods in one part, it may be responsible for droughts in other.
3. It is often irregular in its arrival and its retreat.
Hence, it sometimes disturbs the farming schedule of millions of farmers all over the
country.
54 By the early November, the low-pressure conditions over North-Western India get
transferred to the Bay of Bengal.
With this shift there is occurrence of cyclonic depression (originating over the Andaman
Sea).
These cyclones, after coming under influence of retreating monsoon, cross the Eastern
coasts (direction of flow East to west) of India. They cause heavy and widespread rain.
Therefore, the delta regions of Eastern India are struck by cyclones.
55 The change in pressure conditions over the Southern oceans affect the monsoons as
1. When the tropical Eastern south Pacific Ocean experiences high pressure, the
tropical Eastern Indian Ocean experiences low pressure. In this condition, the
monsoon rainfall will be average.
2. In some years, it is reverse when pressure difference is negative- means below
average and late monsoon.
The change in pressure conditions is connected to the EL Nino.
56
The western disturbances originate near the Mediterranean sea in the winter. They move
eastwards. The westerly jet stream prevails over the northern plains of India in winter.
Hence, these disturbances come under the influence of the westerly jet stream— which
brings them to the Indian subcontinent. They cause widespread rainfall in this region. This
winter rainfall is very useful and effective for rabi-crops.

57 The word, monsoon is derived from the Arabic word, Mausim. It means season. Hence, the
word, monsoon implies the seasonal reversal in the wind direction during a year. It conveys
the rhythm of seasons and changes in direction of winds and in the distribution pattern of
rainfall and temperature with the change of seasons. The monsoon winds move six months
from sea to land and another six months from land to sea.
58 The Tropic of Cancer passes through the middle of the country from the Rannof Kachha in
the west to Mizoram in the east. Half of the country, lying south of the Tropic of Cancer,
belongs to the tropical area. The remaining area, north, of the Tropic, lies in the sub-tropics.
Therefore, India’s climate has characteristics of tropical as well as subtropical climates.
59 Latitude, altitude, distance from the sea and ocean currents
60 The Tropic of Cancer passes through the middle of the country from the Rann of Kachchh
in the west to Mizoram in the east. Almost half of the country, lying south of the Tropic of
Cancer, belongs to the tropical area. A1 the remaining area, north, of the Tropic, lies in the
sub-tropics. Therefore, India’s climate has characteristics of tropical as well as subtropical
climates.
61 Climate: - sum total of weather conditions and variations over a large area for a longer time. Its
permanent, element are temperature, atmospheric pressure, wind, humidity and precipitation.
Weather: - sum total of weather conditions and variations over a large area for a short time. Its
temporary, element are temperature, atmospheric pressure, wind, humidity and precipitation.
62 High-pressure areas have descending air, which leads to clear skies and fair weather. Air
moves outward from the high-pressure centre in a clockwise direction in the Northern
Hemisphere
63 The retreating monsoon typically occurs between October and December in the Indian
subcontinent. During this period, the southwest monsoon winds, which usually bring rain to
the region from June to September, start to retreat.
64 Rain shadows occur on the leeward side of mountains, where moist air from the ocean rises,
cools, and loses moisture, leading to arid conditions.
65 1 C) Human activities releasing greenhouse gases
2.C) They trap heat in the atmosphere
3 B) Melting of polar ice
4 C) It makes them more intense and frequent

66 1.Rainfall patterns vary based on geographical location, climate, and topography.

2 Rainfall plays a pivotal role in shaping the environment and ecology by influencing
ecosystems, agriculture, water resources, and cultural practices
3 Arid regions experience minimal rainfall and often rely on alternative water sources like
groundwater and rivers.
67 1 B) Prevailing wind patterns
2 A) Rain shadows
3 D) Tropical regions
4 Soil erosion and landslides
68 1. (C) is correct.
2. (A) is correct.
3. (C) is correct.
4. (D) is correct.

69 1. Northern part
2. Because winds blow for sea to land.
3. Northern region
4. 10 to 15 Celsius
70 1. Northern
2. Loo
3. Bengal
Kerala and Karnataka
71 a) Northeast trade wind
b) Low pressure
c) Mahawat in terms of geography is a small amount of winter rainfall due to western
and north western cyclonic disturbances.
This is best for rabi crops which are grown during the winter season.
72 a) North east India
b) 50%
Conserve waterand supply proper nutrients to crops.
73 a)75%
b)Kharif
c) rice, groundnut ( any relevant point)
74 1. The duration of the monsoon is between 100-120 days from early June to mid-
September.
2. The monsoon arrives at the southern tip of the Indian peninsula generally by the
first week of June is known as by pre monsoon shower.
 Around the time of the monsoon arrival, the normal rainfall increases suddenly and continues
constantly for several days. This is known as the ‘burst’ of the monsoon.
75 1. The Himalayan region experiences an alpine climate with cold winters and cool
summers.
2. The tropical monsoon climate dominates most of India,
The climate of a region is determined by various factors such as latitude, altitude, distance
from the sea, and the presence of mountain ranges.
76 1. The Himalayas protect the subcontinent from extremely cold winds from central
Asia.
2. The monsoon winds bind the whole country by providing water to set the
agricultural activities in motion.
The seasonal alteration of the wind systems and the associated weather conditions provide a
rhythmic cycle of seasons.
77 Temperature:
1. In May, 45˚C temperature is common to be experienced in North-western parts of
India.
2. In December and January, the temperature decreases from South to North, e.g.,
Chennai 25˚C and in Northern plains 10˚C.
Precipitation:
1. In June and July, windward side of Western Ghats receives very heavy rainfall.
2. Mawsynram receives the highest average rainfall in the world.
Rajasthan and parts of Gujarat get scanty rainfall.
78 Advancing Monsoon Retreating monsoon
Duration The advancing monsoon The month of October
prevail during the months and November are
of June, July, August and known for retreating of
September. monsoon.
Pressure condition The low-pressure During this season, the
conditions prevail over monsoon trough of low
the north-western plains. pressure becomes weaker
By early June the trade and gradually replaced
winds of southern by high pressure.
hemisphere are attracted
towards this region.
Prevailing winds The south-east trade Tropical cyclones and
winds prevail during this other local winds prevail
season. These are of during this period.
oceanic origin. After
crossing the equator these
follow a south-west
direction. This is why
they are known as the
south-west monsoon.
79 1. There are variations not only in the form and types of precipitation but also in its
amount and the seasonal distribution.
2. The rest of the country receives moderate rainfall. Snowfall is restricted to the
Himalayan region.
 3. The annual precipitation varies from over 400 cm in Meghalaya to less than 10 cm
in Ladakh and western Rajasthan.
4. Owing to the nature of monsoons, the annual rainfall is highly variable from year to
year. Variability is high in the regions of low rainfall, such as parts of Rajasthan,
Gujarat and the leeward side of the Western Ghats.
Most parts of the country receive rainfall from June to September but some parts like the
Tamil Nadu coast gets most of its rains during October and November.

80 Mumbai receive rainfall in summer from the Arabian sea branch from June to September.
Mumbai receive rainfall in summer as it is located on the Western coast.
It is on the windward side of Western Ghat.
Chennai is located on the eastern coast.
The Arabian sea branch become offshore.
The bay of Bengal branch moves parallel to the eastern coast.
Chennai receive rainfall from the North East monsoon by cyclones from the October to
November.

81 There is regional variation in the climatic conditions of India. Temperature and

Precipitation vary from place to place and season to season.
→ In summers the temperature rises up to 50°C in parts of Rajasthan, whereas it may be
around 20°C in Pahalgam in Kashmir.
→ In winters night temperature in Dress in Kashmir may be minus 45°C, whereas in
Tiruvanantapuram in Kerala may have a temperature of 20°C.
→ In Andaman Islands the difference between day and night temperature may be hardly 7°
– 8°C.
→ Coastal areas experience less contrast in the temperature, whereas seasonal contrasts are
more in the interior of the country.
82 1. Mawsynram (Meghalaya)
2. Rajasthan
3. North region
4. Kerala
5. West Bengal

83 Monsoons play a pivotal and irreplaceable role in India's agriculture, influencing every
aspect of crop production, water management, and rural livelihoods. The arrival and
behaviour of the monsoon determine the success or failure of crops, affecting food security,
economic stability, and overall well-being of millions of people.
1. Water Source: The monsoon is the primary source of water for agriculture in India..
2. Crop Growth: Adequate and timely rainfall during the monsoon is essential for initiating
and sustaining crop growth
3. Seasonal Crop Cycle: Indian agriculture follows a seasonal crop cycle aligned with the
monsoons. Kharif crops, including rice, millets, and pulses, are sown with the onset of the
monsoon rains.
4. Rabi Crops: The post-monsoon months are crucial for the growth of Rabi crops like
wheat, barley, and oilseeds..
5. Food Security: The success of monsoon-dependent crops directly impacts food security.
A good monsoon translates to higher agricultural output, availability of staple foods, and
stable prices..
84 Monsoon rainfall replenishes water sources like reservoirs, rivers, and groundwater aquifers.
This is crucial for water availability in various sectors such as agriculture, drinking water
 supply, and energy generation. Adequate monsoon rainfall ensures sufficient water reserves
for irrigation, household use, industrial activities, and hydropower production.
85 The retreating monsoon plays a crucial role in replenishing groundwater levels, filling
reservoirs, and supporting agriculture in regions that receive rainfall during this period. It
also marks the end of the rainy season and the beginning of the dry season, allowing farmers
to harvest crops and plan for the upcoming winter season.
86 The following factors influence the Indian monsoon system:
*Subtropical Westerly Jet Stream
*The differential heating and cooling of land and water.
*Heating of Tibet plateau
* Tropical easterly jet stream
* shift of the position of Inter Tropical Convergence Zone (ITCZ)
*El Nino–Southern Oscillation (ENSO)
Indian ocean dipole.

(Explain any four)

87
a)Normally when the tropical eastern south Pacific Ocean experiences high pressure, the
tropical eastern Indian Ocean experiences low pressure. But in certain years, there is a
reversal in the pressure conditions and the eastern Pacific has lower pressure in comparison
to the eastern Indian Ocean. This periodic change in pressure conditions is known as the
Southern Oscillation.

b)A feature connected with the SO is the El Nino phenomenon in which a warm ocean
current that flows past the Peruvian Coast, in place of the cold Peruvian current, every 2 to
5 years. The changes in pressure conditions are connected to the El Nino. Hence, the
phenomenon is referred to as ENSO (El Nino Southern Oscillations).

88 a)The months of October-November mark a period of transition from hot rainy season to
cold dry winter conditions. With the apparent movement of the sun southwards, the low-
pressure monsoon trough over the Northern Plains weakens and is gradually replaced by a
high-pressure system. The low-pressure conditions shift to the Bay of Bengal.

b)retreat of the monsoon is marked by clear skies and rise in temperature. While day
temperatures are high, nights are cool and pleasant. The land is still moist.As a result, the
southwest monsoon winds weaken and start withdrawing gradually from India. By the
beginning of October, it withdraws from the Northern Plains. This period is known as the
Retreating Monsoon. While days are warm, nights are cool and pleasant. High rate of
evaporation from the land that is still moist results in high humidity and oppressive weather
conditions during the day. This phenomenon is known as ‘October heat’.

c)The low-pressure conditions in India, get transferred to the Bay of Bengal by early
November. This shift is associated with the occurrence of cyclonic depressions, which
originate over the Andaman Sea. Sometimes, these cyclones arrive at the coasts of Odisha,
West Bengal and Bangladesh. The bulk of the rainfall of the Coromandel Coast is derived
from depressions and cyclones.