EXPERIMENT -1

AIM: To design op-amp as summing and difference amplifier.

APPARATUS REQUIRED: Breadboard, resistors, DSO, power supply, connecting wires,
741 1C op-amp.
THEORY: The operational amplifier (abbreviated as op-amp) is a direct-coupled high gain
amplifier to which feedback is added to control its overall response characteristics. It is used
to perform a wide variety of linear functions (and also some non-linear operations) and is
oftenrefered to as the basic linear (or more accurately, analog) integrated circuit.
Many analog systems (both linear and non-linear) are constructed with the op-amp as
building block.
PIN DIAGRAM OF IC 741OP-AMP:

The pin configuration of the IC 741 operational amplifier is shown below. It comprises of
eight pins where the function of each pin is discussed below.
741
8-pin DIL (Dual ln Line)

ofset null 1 8 not connected

inverting input 2

non.inverting input 3 6 output

-V 4 |5 offset null

(viewed from above)

Pin-1 is offset null.

Pin-2 is Inverting (-) ip terminal.
Pin-3 is a non-inverting (+) i/p terminal.
Pin-4 is -ve voltage supply (VCC)
Pin-5 is offset null.

Pin-6 is the o/p voltage.

Pin-7 is tve voltage supply (+VCC)
Pin-8 is not connected.

Adder or Summing Amplifier: The arrangement shown below is used to obtain an

which is alinear combination of a number of input signals. Since a output
virtual ground exists at
the op-amp input, then

I, =,+htl, = -l + V2
RËn Rin Rin
 Inverting equation: Vout RE Vin
Rin
Then Vout = -[V, + RE V2 RE V4]
-Rin RËn Rin
However, if all the input impedances, (Rin )are cqual in value, we can simplify the above
equation to give an output voltage of:
R
Vout = (V + V; + V3.... +V,)
Rin
and the output is proportional to the sum of the inputs.

Rin RF
I
Vi
Rin
Vo X
I, Rn A
V3O
Virtual earth Vaut
summing point
Ov

FIG.IOPERATIONAL ADDER OR SUMMING AMPLIFIER

The above circuit is a operational amplifier circuit that will amplify each individual input
voltage and produce an output voltage signal that is proportional to the algebraic SUM" of
the three individual input voltages V, VË and V,. We can also add more inputs if required as
each individual input "see's" their respective resistance, Rin as the only input impedance.

Difference Amplifier: The arrangement shown below is used to amplify the

difference (VË-v2) between the two input signals. By connecting each input in
turnto 0vground we can use superposition to solve for the output voltage Vo. out.

Then the transfer function for a Differential Amplifier circuit is given as:
V;- Vb Va-Vout
R1 R2 R3

Va= Vb
R4
and V = Vp+R4
 ifV,-0, then Vout(a)=-V()

if V,=0, then Vout (b) = V2 RatR2

R
(1+ ))
Vout = Vout(b) - Vout (a)
R4
Vout = V,
R4 + Rz (1)-)
When resistors, R = R, and R, = Ry the above transfer function for the
differential amplifier can be simplified to the following expression:
R3
Vout = (V, - V)
RË

R3

R1 V

Vaut
R2 A
Vb

R4

FIG.2 DIFFERENCE AMPLIFIER

PROCEDURE:

(A) Summing Amplifier:

1. Take abreadboard and insert in it 741 IC carefully.
2. Assemble the circuit as shown in circuit diagram (FIG.).
3. Connect pin no. 3to ground.
4 Connect sine wave from wave form generator to pin 2.
5. Apply +ve bias to pin 7 and -ve bias to pin 4.
6 For the output , pin no, 6 is connected to DSO for the observation
 (B) Difference Amplifier:
1. Take a breadboard and insert in it 741 1C carefully.
2. Assemble the circuit as shown in circuit diagram (FIG.2).
3. Apply two sine waves, one at the inverting and the other at the non
inverting terminal..
4. Apply tve bias to pin 7 and -ve bias to pin 4.
5. To observe output wave form connect pin 6 to DSO.

RESULT: