Internet Addiction Among Young Adults of 18-29 years age group

(Case Study of Budhanilkantha-9, Kathmandu)

Chapter 1: Introduction

1.1 Background

"Internet addiction involves excessive use of the internet, leading to negative consequences in

various areas of life such as work, relationships, and health" (Young, 1996). Internet addiction is

a mental condition characterized by excessive use of internet usually to the detriment of the user.

It is any online related compulsive behavior which interferes with normal living and causes stress

on family, friends and one’s work environment. In contemporary society, internet addiction has

become a pervasive issue affecting individuals of all ages, exacerbated by the widespread use of

digital technology. "Internet addiction is a behavioral addiction involving excessive internet use

despite negative consequences" (Shapira et al., 2000).

Excessive screen time and dependence on online activities have notably negative

consequences for mental health and overall well-being. This study adopts a multidisciplinary

approach to explore the root causes and outcomes of internet addiction. Internet addiction, also

known as problematic internet use or compulsive internet use, refers to excessive and compulsive

use of the internet, leading to negative consequences in various aspects of life such as

psychological, social, and occupational functioning (Griffiths, 1996). Studies have shown that

internet addiction is associated with a range of mental health issues including depression,

anxiety, and stress (Kuss & Griffiths, 2011).

The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-5) does not officially

recognize internet addiction as a distinct disorder but includes "Internet Gaming Disorder" as a
condition warranting further research (American Psychiatric Association, 2013). Internet

addiction is a behavioral disorder characterized by compulsive and harmful online activities,

significantly impacting one's general well-being and daily functioning. Various online activities,

such as social networking and gaming, have detrimental effects on health, academic

performance, and psychological well-being. Kimberly S. Young's influential work in 1998

established diagnostic criteria for internet addiction, including features like online obsession,

withdrawal symptoms, tolerance, unsuccessful self-control attempts, and persistent use despite

negative effects. Research suggests that individuals with internet addiction may exhibit

symptoms similar to those of substance use disorders, such as tolerance, withdrawal, and

unsuccessful attempts to cut back on internet use (Young, 1998).

Factors contributing to internet addiction include easy access to the internet, the presence

of online social networks, and the availability of online activities that provide immediate

gratification (Davis, 2001). Internet addiction can lead to negative consequences such as

academic underachievement, impaired interpersonal relationships, and decreased productivity

(Chou & Hsiao, 2000). Treatment approaches for internet addiction may include cognitive-

behavioral therapy, family therapy, and support groups aimed at helping individuals develop

healthier internet usage habits (Young, 1999).

Prevention strategies for internet addiction focus on promoting digital literacy, teaching healthy

internet use habits from a young age, and encouraging balanced use of online and offline

activities (Ko et al., 2005). "Internet addiction is characterized by excessive or poorly controlled

preoccupations, urges, or behaviors regarding computer use and internet access that led to

impairment or distress" (Shaw & Black, 2008). "Internet addiction is a maladaptive pattern of

internet use, leading to significant impairment or distress" (Griffiths, 2000). The availability of
the internet increased dramatically in the late 20th century, which is when young teens first

became addicted to it. With their groundbreaking research on problematic internet use,

academics such as Kimberly S. Young laid the foundation for the field's initial recognition as a

social concern in the early 2000s. Due to their increased access to online resources, young

adolescents become especially vulnerable. Further research, particularly studies by Kuss and

Griffiths (2017), delves into the psychological mechanisms underlying internet addiction,

examining aspects like escapism, mood modification, and cognitive salience. Additionally, cross-

cultural research, exemplified by Cheng and Li's meta-analysis (2014), reveals variations in the

prevalence of internet addiction globally. As digital technologies evolve, addressing internet

addiction remains essential for promoting positive online behavior and overall well-being.

"Internet addiction is a behavioral addiction characterized by excessive internet use and

withdrawal symptoms when unable to access the internet" (Meerkerk et al., 2009). Overall,

internet addiction remains a complex and multifaceted issue that requires a comprehensive

approach involving individuals, families, communities, and policymakers (Block, 2008).

In Nepal, internet addiction has become a growing concern due to the rapid expansion of

digital technology and increased internet accessibility. "Among Nepalese youth, internet

addiction manifests as a maladaptive pattern of internet use, leading to social isolation, academic

difficulties, and emotional disturbances" (Gurung & Thapa, 2017). Research in the Nepalese

context has shed light on the prevalence, factors, and consequences of internet addiction among

various population groups. "In Nepal, internet addiction is defined as a behavioral addiction

involving excessive online gaming, social networking, and information seeking, resulting in

functional impairment" (Sharma et al., 2018).

 A study by Shrestha et al. (2020) conducted in Nepal explored the prevalence and

associated factors of internet addiction among college students. The findings revealed a

significant prevalence rate of internet addiction, with factors such as increased duration of

internet use, social media engagement, and online gaming contributing to higher addiction levels.

Another study by Acharya et al. (2019) focused on internet addiction among adolescents

in Nepal. The research highlighted the impact of parental monitoring, peer influence, and

psychological factors on adolescents' internet usage patterns and addiction tendencies. "Internet

addiction in Nepal is conceptualized as a psychological dependence on the internet, with

symptoms such as preoccupation, withdrawal, and tolerance" (Karki & Bista, 2016).

1.2 Statement of Problem

Internet addiction among adolescents has become a significant concern globally, with studies

indicating its prevalence and impact on various aspects of adolescent life. In the context of

budhanilkantha-9, Kathmandu district, Nepal, there is a growing need to understand the extent,

nature, and consequences of internet addiction among young adults, particularly regarding its

prevalence, associated socio-demographic factors, and impact on academic performance and

overall well-being. While research on internet addiction among young adults is available

globally, there is a dearth of comprehensive studies focusing on budhanilkantha-9, Kathmandu

district, specifically examining the prevalence, severity, and socio-demographic correlates of

internet addiction among young adolescents. Furthermore, limited attention has been given to

exploring how internet addiction affects academic performance and overall well-being among

adolescents in this region.

Therefore, this study aims to address these gaps by investigating the extent and nature of

internet addiction among adolescents residing in budhanilkantha-9, Kathmandu district.

Specifically, the study aims to assess the prevalence and severity of internet addiction, identify

socio-demographic factors associated with internet addiction, and explore its impact on academic

performance and overall well-being among young adults. The hypothesis to be tested in this

study is whether internet addiction is more prevalent among females compared to males in

budhanilkantha-9, Kathmandu district, based on the assumption that gender may play a role in

susceptibility to internet addiction among young adults.

By conducting this research, we seek to contribute valuable insights into the

understanding of internet addiction among young adults of budhanilkantha-9, Kathmandu

district, which can inform targeted interventions and support systems to address this growing

issue effectively.

1.3 Objectives

1.3.1 General Objectives

 To investigate the extent and nature of internet addiction among young adults residing in

budhanilkantha-9, Kathmandu district, with the aim of understanding its overall prevalence

and impact.

1.3.2 Specific Objectives

 To assess the prevalence and severity of internet addiction among young adults of

budhanilkantha-9, Kathmandu area.

 To identify the socio-demographic factors associated with internet addiction among young

adults.

 To explore the impact of internet addiction on the academic performance and overall well-

being of young adults.

1.4 Hypotheses
H0 = There is no internet addiction Among Adults.

H1= Internet Addiction is more on female adult then male.

H2= Internet Addiction is more in male adult then female.

1.5 Rationale of the Study

The prevalence of internet addiction among adolescents has garnered significant attention

globally due to its potential impact on various aspects of their lives. In the context of

budhanilkantha-9, Kathmandu district, Nepal, where digital technology adoption is rapidly

increasing, there is a critical need to understand the extent and nature of internet addiction among

young adults and its associated consequences.

Research conducted by Khatiwoda et al. (2021) in Nepal indicates a rising trend in

internet use among adolescents, with concerns about addictive behaviors and their implications

on mental health and academic performance. This aligns with the broader global concern

highlighted by studies such as those by Young (1998) and Chou & Hsiao (2000), emphasizing

the need for targeted research to address internet addiction among young adults. The statement of

the problem underscores the gaps in existing literature, particularly the lack of comprehensive

studies focusing on Kathmandu district specifically. Studies by Gurung & Thapa (2017) and

Sharma et al. (2018) highlight the need for local context-specific research to understand the

socio-demographic factors contributing to internet addiction and its impact on academic

performance and overall well-being among Nepalese young adults.

The objectives outlined in the study align with the recommendations of international

scholars such as Kuss & Griffiths (2011) and Young (1999), emphasizing the importance of

assessing prevalence rates, identifying associated factors, and exploring the impact of internet

addiction on adolescents' lives. The hypothesis regarding gender differences in internet addiction
is supported by studies such as those by Meerkerk et al. (2009) and Ko et al. (2007), which

suggest that gender may play a role in susceptibility to internet addiction among adults.

By conducting this study, we aim to contribute empirical evidence to the existing body of

knowledge on internet addiction among young adults in budhanilkantha-9, Kathmandu district,

Nepal. The findings of this research can inform targeted interventions, educational programs, and

support systems aimed at mitigating the negative impact of internet addiction and promoting

healthy digital habits among young adults.

1.6 Limitations of the Study

 The findings of the study may have limited generalizability beyond Kathmandu district, as

socio-cultural factors, access to technology, and internet usage patterns can vary significantly

across different regions of Nepal (Shrestha et al., 2020).

 The study's cross-sectional design limits the ability to establish causal relationships between

internet addiction and its impact on academic performance and well-being, as it does not

capture changes over time or account for potential confounding variables (Acharya et al.,

2019).

 The study does not specifically address the role of parental monitoring, family environment,

or parental internet use patterns, which are known factors influencing adolescent internet

addiction and could provide valuable insights into preventive strategies (Lam, 2014).

By acknowledging these limitations, the study can provide a more nuanced interpretation of its

findings and guide future research directions to address these gaps effectively.

1.7 Operational Definitions

 Internet Addiction: For the purpose of this study, internet addiction refers to excessive and

compulsive internet use among young adults in budhanilkantha-9, Kathmandu district,

 characterized by symptoms such as loss of control, preoccupation with online activities,

withdrawal symptoms when offline, and negative consequences in various domains of life

(Young, 1998).

 Prevalence of Internet Addiction: The prevalence of internet addiction will be assessed

using standardized tools such as the Internet Addiction Test (IAT), measuring the degree of

addiction based on self-reported responses from adolescents in Kathmandu district (Ko et al.,

2005).

 Severity of Internet Addiction: The severity of internet addiction will be categorized based

on the scores obtained from the IAT, with scores indicating mild, moderate, or severe levels

of addiction among adolescents (Meerkerk et al., 2009).

 Socio-Demographic Factors: Socio-demographic factors associated with internet addiction

will include variables such as gender, age, family background, socioeconomic status, and

educational level, analyzed using statistical methods to identify correlations (Acharya et al.,

2019).

 Impact on Academic Performance: The impact of internet addiction on academic

performance will be measured using academic achievement indicators such as grades,

attendance records, and self-reported academic difficulties among adolescents in Kathmandu

district (Sharma et al., 2018).

 Impact on Overall Well-being: The impact of internet addiction on overall well-being will

be assessed using validated scales measuring psychological well-being, social functioning,

emotional health, and quality of life among adolescents (Gurung & Thapa, 2017).

 Limitations of the Study: Limitations of the study include potential biases in self-reported

data, sample representativeness limited to Kathmandu district, cross-sectional design limiting

 causal inferences, and reliance on subjective measures for assessing internet addiction and its

impact (Acharya et al., 2019; Shrestha et al., 2020).

 Young Adults: The World Health Organization defines young adults as individuals aged 18

to 29 years old. This age group is also commonly referred to as "emerging adults" in

psychological and developmental literature (WHO, 2018).

 Budhanilkantha-9: The geographic location of Kathmandu district. It is ward no. 9 of

Kathmandu district. It is specified according to administrative boundaries and local

municipal divisions. The study focusses on participants residing within this region.

 Socio-Demographic Factors: - Socio-demographic factors include variables such as age,

gender, socioeconomic status, and educational level. These factors will be measured through

a structured questionnaire to assess their association with internet addiction among young

adolescents.

 Coping Mechanism: - Coping mechanisms are operationally defined as the strategies

employed by young adolescents in response to feelings of internet addiction. This includes

self-reported behaviors such as reducing screen time, seeking social support, engaging in

offline activities, and other adaptive strategies.

 Chapter 2: Literature Review

2.1 Conceptual Review

Internet addiction has emerged as a significant issue globally, affecting individuals across

different age groups and demographics. This literature review aims to explore key themes related

to internet addiction, including its prevalence, factors contributing to addiction, impacts on

mental health and well-being, assessment tools, treatment approaches, and future directions for

research. Globally, there are 5.32 billion (67% of global population) mobile users, 5.00 billion

people (63% of global population) using the internet and there are 4.65 billion (58.7% of global

population) social media users around the world in April 2022. The annual growth rate of

internet user’s is 4.1% (i.e., 196 million people). Average duration of the internet use is 6 hours

and 57 minutes per day on connected activities. Younger people tend to spend more time online

than older generations do, with young women spending the greatest amount of time using the

internet (S. Kemp, 2022).

Worldwide, the prevalence of internet addiction has been estimated at 6%, considering

that only about 39% of the world population has internet access. There seems to be a significant

variation in rates of internet addiction between countries (M. Hull and D.A. Proulx, 2022). The

prevalence of severe problematic Internet use (PIU)/Internet addiction ranged from 0 to 47.4%,

whereas the prevalence of Internet overuse/possible Internet addiction ranged from 7.4% to

46.4% among students from Southeast Asia (Balhara et al., 2018). The extreme use of internet

showed the addictive behaviour of the internet use (Khazaie et al., 2021). Physical impairments

in the form of insomnia (26.8%), daytime sleepiness (20%), and eye strain (19%) were reported
among users (Balhara et al., 2018). Internet users in Nepal increased by 822 thousand (+7.7

percent) between 2021 and 2022 (Kemp, 2022).

The Internet is an essential tool in daily life that has changed our society, revolutionized

communications and allowed for immediate access to information (Kim et al., 2006). A full 54%

of the world's population uses the Internet, including around 90% of the population in countries

such as South Korea, Australia or Canada (Poushter, 2016). Internet use comprises a range of

activities, such as accessing social networking sites; online gaming and shopping; searches for

work-related information; emailing; blogging; and browsing, downloading or viewing web sites

offering television series, news or pornography. Online interaction can promote social

relationships and generate benefits in terms of socialization and self-esteem (Mei et al., 2016,

Shaw and Black, 2008). However, evidence indicates that maladaptive and excessive use of the

Internet may lead to addiction, which in turn could lead to psychosocial health problems (Spada,

2014).

Internet addiction (IA) is a relevant topic in recent diagnostic research, although it has not

been officially recognized as a nosology category in the DSM-5 (American Psychiatric

Association, 2013, Kardefelt-Winther et al., 2017) or in the final version of ICD-11 (Grant et al.,

2014). Despite this situation, it has been suggested that problematic Internet use is an addictive

behavior, since the four fundamental characteristics are manifested (Spada, 2014, Tao et al.,

2010). The first characteristic relates to frequent or excessive use and uncontrollability at the

expense of other important activities, and considers that those who use the Internet for more than

38 h a week for a purpose that is not academic or work-related are displaying addictive behavior

(Guillot et al., 2016). The second refers to the tolerance arising from the need to be connected to

the Internet for hours on end to get great benefit from it. The third is associated with the
withdrawal that occurs when Internet use is not possible. Finally, the fourth involves the adverse

consequences of the behavior, that is, the difficulties that arise in the daily lives of individuals

with IA, which cause a deterioration in their psychological well-being, social relations and

academic or work performance (Samaha & Hawi, 2016).

Several factors contribute to the development and maintenance of internet addiction.

Psychological factors such as impulsivity, loneliness, and low self-esteem have been linked to

higher levels of internet addiction (Cheng & Li, 2014). Additionally, environmental factors such

as easy access to the internet, availability of online gaming and social media platforms, and peer

influence play a significant role in fueling internet addiction among individuals (Davis, 2001).

Internet addiction is associated with a range of negative impacts on mental health and well-

being. Research suggests that individuals with internet addiction may experience symptoms of

depression, anxiety, social isolation, and poor sleep quality (Ko et al., 2007). Furthermore,

internet addiction has been linked to academic difficulties, impaired interpersonal relationships,

and decreased overall life satisfaction (Young, 1998). Various assessment tools have been

developed to measure internet addiction and its severity. The Internet Addiction Test (IAT)

developed by Young (1996) is one of the most widely used tools, assessing aspects such as

preoccupation, withdrawal symptoms, and functional impairment due to internet use. Other

scales such as the Compulsive Internet Use Scale (CIUS) (Meerkerk et al., 2009) and the

Problematic Internet Use Questionnaire (PIUQ) (Demetrovics et al., 2008) also provide valuable

insights into internet addiction assessment. Treatment approaches for internet addiction

encompass a range of strategies, including cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT), psychosocial

interventions, family therapy, and pharmacological interventions in some cases (Kuss & Lopez-

Fernandez, 2016). CBT, in particular, has shown promising results in reducing internet addiction
symptoms and improving coping strategies (Young, 1999). Additionally, support groups and

online interventions have been effective in helping individuals manage and overcome internet

addiction (Griffiths, 2000).

Future research on internet addiction should focus on several key areas. Firstly,

longitudinal studies are needed to understand the trajectory of internet addiction over time and its

long-term impacts on individuals' lives. Secondly, research should explore cultural and

contextual factors influencing internet addiction prevalence and patterns across different regions

and populations. Lastly, interventions and prevention strategies tailored to specific age groups,

such as adolescents, young adults, and older adults, should be developed and evaluated for their

effectiveness in addressing internet addiction (Kuss & Lopez-Fernandez, 2016).

(Shrestha et. Al., 2020) Internet addiction is a growing concern globally, and its impact

on adolescents in Nepal is an area of increasing interest. This conceptual review aims to explore

research on internet addiction among adolescents in Nepal, focusing on prevalence rates, factors

contributing to addiction, impacts on mental health and well-being, assessment tools, treatment

approaches, and future directions for research. Research specific to Nepal has highlighted

varying prevalence rates of internet addiction among adolescents.

"Internet addiction among Nepalese adolescents is characterized by compulsive internet

use, loss of control, and interference with daily activities" (Acharya et al., 2019). Several factors

contribute to internet addiction among adolescents in Nepal. Socio-demographic factors such as

age, gender, family environment, and socioeconomic status have been linked to higher levels of

internet addiction (Acharya et al., 2019). Additionally, easy access to the internet, availability of

online gaming platforms, and peer influence play significant roles in fueling internet addiction

among Nepalese adolescents (Sharma et al., 2018). Internet addiction in Nepal has been
associated with negative impacts on mental health and well-being among adolescents. Studies

have shown that excessive internet use can lead to symptoms of depression, anxiety, social

isolation, and poor academic performance (Gurung & Thapa, 2017). Furthermore, internet

addiction has been linked to decreased overall life satisfaction and impaired interpersonal

relationships among Nepalese adolescents (Shrestha et al., 2020).

Various assessment tools have been used to measure internet addiction among

adolescents in Nepal. The Internet Addiction Test (IAT) adapted for the Nepalese context has

been utilized to assess aspects such as preoccupation, withdrawal symptoms, and functional

impairment due to internet use (Sharma et al., 2018). Other scales such as the Problematic

Internet Use Questionnaire (PIUQ-NP) have also been employed to measure internet addiction

severity among Nepalese adolescents (Gurung & Thapa, 2017). Treatment approaches for

internet addiction in Nepal encompass a range of strategies, including cognitive-behavioral

therapy (CBT), psychosocial interventions, and family therapy. A study by Acharya et al. (2019)

highlighted the effectiveness of CBT in reducing internet addiction symptoms and improving

coping strategies among Nepalese adolescents. Additionally, community-based interventions and

awareness programs have been implemented to address internet addiction issues in Nepal

(Sharma et al., 2018).

Future research on internet addiction among adolescents in Nepal should focus on several

key areas. Longitudinal studies are needed to understand the trajectory of internet addiction over

time and its long-term impacts on mental health and well-being among Nepalese adolescents.

Furthermore, culturally sensitive interventions tailored to the Nepalese context should be

developed and evaluated for their effectiveness in addressing internet addiction issues in this

population (Gurung & Thapa, 2017).

 Internet addiction among adolescents in Nepal is a complex and multifaceted issue with

significant implications for mental health and well-being. By synthesizing research findings

specific to Nepal, this conceptual review provides a comprehensive overview of key themes

related to internet addiction, highlighting the need for continued research, culturally appropriate

interventions, and awareness programs to address this growing concern in Nepal.

2.2 Empirical Review

"Internet addiction is characterized by excessive or poorly controlled preoccupations, urges, or

behaviors regarding computer use and internet access that led to impairment or distress" (Shaw

& Black, 2008).

Internet addiction among young adults has become a significant concern globally due to the

widespread use of digital technologies. This review aims to provide an empirical overview of

internet addiction in this demographic, focusing on prevalence rates, contributing factors,

impacts on mental health, assessment tools, treatment approaches, and cultural considerations.

Numerous studies have investigated the prevalence of internet addiction among young adults.

For instance, a study by Kuss et al. (2018) found that approximately 10% of young adults aged

18-25 exhibited signs of problematic internet use. Similarly, a survey conducted by Statista

(2023) reported that 26% of young adults in the United States spent more than four hours online

daily, indicating a high level of internet engagement that could lead to addictive behaviors.

Several factors contribute to internet addiction among young adults. Psychosocial factors,

such as loneliness and social anxiety, have been linked to excessive internet use (Brand et al.,

2019). Additionally, environmental factors, including easy access to digital devices and peer

influence, play a role in fostering addictive behaviors (Andreassen et al., 2016).

 Research has shown that internet addiction can have detrimental effects on the mental

health and well-being of young adults. A study by Lam et al. (2020) revealed a significant

correlation between internet addiction and symptoms of depression and anxiety among college

students. Similarly, a meta-analysis by Li et al. (2018) found that internet addiction was

associated with poor self-esteem and decreased life satisfaction among young adults.

Various assessment tools have been developed to measure internet addiction in young

adults. The Internet Addiction Test (IAT) developed by Young (1998) is one of the most widely

used instruments for assessing problematic internet use. The Bergen Social Media Addiction

Scale (BSMAS) is another tool specifically designed to assess addiction to social media

platforms among young adults (Andreassen et al., 2017).

Cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT) and psychoeducation. A randomized controlled trial

by Winkler et al. (2021) demonstrated the efficacy of CBT in reducing internet addiction

symptoms and improving psychological well-being among young adults. Additionally,

mindfulness-based interventions have shown promise in addressing addictive behaviors related

to internet use (King et al., 2022).

Cultural factors play a significant role in shaping internet addiction patterns among young

adults. For example, a study by Park et al. (2019) highlighted cultural differences in internet use

between Western and Eastern societies, with Eastern cultures emphasizing social connectedness

and group harmony, leading to distinct internet addiction profiles. Regarding the prevalence of

addiction by country or geographical area, numerous studies report high rates in Asian countries.

Referring, in every case, to young adult population, these rates range between 51% in the

Philippines and 48% in Japan (Mark et al., 2014). In Europe, and depending on the study and the

country (Germany, Italy, Romania, Estonia and Spain), the prevalence of addiction ranges
between 2% and 8% (Pontes et al., 2016; Ustinaviciene et al., 2016). In South American

countries, there are large differences. For instance, Chile presents over 11% (Berner et al., 2014)

and, in Brazil, some studies report 30% (Cruz et al., 2018). Furthermore, it is paradoxical that a

developing country like Bangladesh shows a prevalence of 27.1% (Hassan et al., 2020). The

differences in cultural factors can vary depending on the diagnosis criteria and also on the

measurement instruments used (Błachnio et al., 2017; Hassan et al., 2020). In this sense, parents

in Asian countries consider that any behaviour that takes time from educational and family

activities is pathological (Griffiths et al., 2016). Therefore, in some cultures, any use of the

Internet that does not have an educational purpose appears as problematic (Kuss et al., 2014).

Several studies also point out that the areas and countries with higher rates of Internet

consumption are those with greater pollution and dissatisfaction with life (Chern & Huang,

2018). That is, they associate the prevalence rate with the quality of life, obtaining the highest

values in countries of the Middle East and the lowest values in Northern and Western Europe

(Cheng & Li, 2014). However, diversity can also be found in the same country, as is the case of

China, as a function of the geographical situation (coastal or inland) (Lei et al., 2018a).

In recent years (2017–2020) there has been an explosion of research on Internet addiction

in young adults. In total, the meta-analysis consists of 30 studies with k = 37 samples from

Europe, Asia, America and Oceania. The total sample of participants is 21,378, with 51.22%

being male, 48.78% female (three studies do not provide data on the sex of their participants).

Regarding the size of the samples, the heterogeneity of sizes should be highlighted, the smallest

being 22 participants and the largest 3851 participants. On the other hand, the sample size k = 37,

is large enough to prevent the upper confidence limit from experiencing distortion (Bonett &

Price, 2014). Regarding culture, social anthropology points out the need to attend to cultural
diversity. In this study, 21.11% are Asian (China and Korea), 70.50% are European (Germany,

UK, Spain, Turkey, Ukraine, Poland, Italy, Austria, Switzerland, Hunagy), 7.58% are American

(USA) and 0.81% from Oceania (New Zealand and Australia). The mean age of the participants

was 23.55 years, although some studies did not provide a specific mean age, but a range of years,

the arithmetic mean being taken.

(Khanal et al., 1018) Few researchers have studied IA in Nepal. "Internet addiction in

Nepal refers to excessive and uncontrollable use of the internet, leading to negative

consequences in academic, social, and psychological domains" (Shrestha et al., 2020). While

there is a great appreciation of IA in the international literatures. Our findings suggest that IA is

associated with various socio-demographic and internet use factors. Our study revealed that

prevalence rate of addictive internet users was 79.9% and non-addictive internet users were

20.1%. IA has been classifed: None= 20.1%, Mild Addiction=38.5%, Moderate Addiction

=40.8% and Severe Addiction= 0.6%. Likewise, among all of the respondent’s age group,

adolescents of 17 years (34.91%) were found to more addicted whereas, 15 years (1.18%) group

adolescents were less addicted than other groups. Regarding sex, male (45%) was highly

addicted than female (34.9%). Likewise, 89.9% use Internet for chatting, 70.4% for study

purpose, 74.6% for social networking sites, 62.7% for downloading movies/music, 42.0% for

online games, 23.1% for news, 16.0% for pornography, 10.7% for online shopping, 7.1% for

gambling and 3.6% for websites/blogging.

Similar to this study, a cross sectional study was conducted among 236 health Science

students. Participants were selected through stratifed random sampling method. Of 236

participants, 74.6% were females. The study revealed that 50.8% had mild addiction, 40.7%

moderate and 1.3% had severe addiction. (Maharatta et,al..)

 Similarly, a cross sectional survey, was conducted between May and June 2010, using a

self-administered questionnaire distributed to randomly selected 770 secondary schools’

students, using 20-item Young’s internet addiction test, and the Center for epidemiological

studies depression scale, with questions related to demographic, social, academic and internet

use factors. 716 students answered the questionnaire, 391 are males and 325 are females.

Prevalence was 5.3%, with male predominance. Internet addiction was associated with a lower

degree of school performance, more hours using internet every day. (Al-hantoushi, Al-

abdullateef ,2014).

"In Nepal, internet addiction is defined as a behavioral addiction involving excessive

online gaming, social networking, and information seeking, resulting in functional impairment"

(Sharma et al., 2018). The prevalence of Internet addiction was found to be 29.90% (95% CI:

25.0-34.9). In the chi-squared test relationship with parents, parental control over the Internet

use, perceived feeling of loneliness, and time spent on internet per day were found to be

statistically associated (p < 0.05) with Internet addiction. (Sonu et al., 2023)

In conclusion, "Internet addiction in Nepal is conceptualized as a psychological

dependence on the internet, with symptoms such as preoccupation, withdrawal, and tolerance"

(Karki & Bista, 2016). Internet addiction among young adults is a complex phenomenon

influenced by various factors. The prevalence of internet addiction is notable, with psychosocial,

environmental, and cultural factors contributing to its development. The impacts on mental

health are substantial, underscoring the need for effective assessment tools and treatment

approaches tailored to this demographic. Future research should continue to explore the nuanced

aspects of internet addiction among young adults to inform preventive strategies and

interventions. "Among Nepalese youth, internet addiction manifests as a maladaptive pattern of

internet use, leading to social isolation, academic difficulties, and emotional disturbances"

(Gurung & Thapa, 2017).

2.3 Conceptual Framework

The overall conceptual framework of the study mainly consists of the conceptualization of
identification of issues and specification of the data. Collection tool, formulation of data and
finally data presentation and analysis. Various Independent variables such as demographic
factors, social factors and environmental factors are responsible for such addiction and Youngs
internet addiction scale as a dependent variable to meet the objectives and hypothesis testing of
the research.

Independent Variables Dependent Variables

Demographic factors:
Age, Gender, Social
Economic Status,
Educational Level and
Cultural Backgrounds

Environmental factors:
Access to Technology,
Internet Connectivity, Internet Addiction
Parental Monitoring and Score:
School/Work stress Youngs Internet
Addiction Scale
(YIAS)

Social factors:
Social Support, Peer
Influence, Family
Dynamics, and usage of
social media

Figure: Conceptual Framework

 Chapter III

Research Methodology

3.1. Research Design

This research design combines quantitative methods, utilizing valid instruments, with a cross-

sectional approach to capture a snapshot of internet addiction among young adults in the

budhanilkantha-9 area of Kathmandu district. The design allows for statical analysis to identify

patterns, correlates and predictors of internet addiction, offering valuable insights for academia

and practical interventions.

3.2. Universe of the Study

The universe of the study is young adults i.e;18-29 age group of budhanilkantha-9, Kathmandu

district of Nepal.

a. Description of the Sample

Young adults of age group 18-29 years are the sample of this study. Below or above of this age

group is excluded. This sample is choses as now-a-days, internet addiction is mostly seen among

adults.

b. Location of the Study

This research study will be conducted at budhanilkantha-9, Kathmandu district of Nepal.

3.3. Sample design

Male Respondents Female Respondents Total

50 50 100
Figure: Male and Female Respondents

3.3 Sampling

Simple Random Sampling is the method of sampling technique in which each sampling has an

equal probability of being chosen. A sample chosen randomly is meant to be an un biased

representation of the total population.

3.4 Inclusion and Exclusion Criteria

Inclusive criteria: young adults both male and female of 18-29 age group.

Exclusion criteria: Male and Female respondents below 18 years and above 29 years of age

group will not be included.

3.5 Data Collection Tools

Tools of data collection is divided into two parts:

Part 1: Sociodemographic Details

The sociodemographic details include the age, province, sexuality, education level, employment

and marital status of the participants.

Part 2: The Internet Addiction Test (IAT)

"Internet addiction involves excessive use of the internet, leading to negative consequences in

various areas of life such as work, relationships, and health" (Young, 1996). Internet Addiction

Test (IAT) is a validated instrument to measure Internet addiction (Karmacharya et al., 2018).

The Internet Addiction Test was primarily developed by Dr. Kimberly Young, which is a 20-item

5-point Likert scale ranging from 0 to 5 (0 = less extreme behaviour to 5 = most extreme

behaviour) that measures the severity of self-reported compulsive use of the internet (Cash et al.,
2012). The sum of the ratings was calculated for the 20-item responses for the total IAT score.

The maximum IAT score is 100 points. IAT scores were categorized as internet users who scored

<50 were considered average user and who scored ≥50 were considered internet addicted. The

questionnaire consisted of four sections where the first section consisted of sociodemographic

information, second section consist of behavioral factors related to the internet use, third section

was about the perceived psychological status and interpersonal relationship, and the final section

consisted of Young’s 20-item Internet Addiction Test (IAT). The questionnaire was pretested

among 10% of the sample population prior to data collection. Data were collected by the help of

a self-administered method. During the process of data collection, the nature of the study was

explained in detail to the participants; the details regarding the duration of the study, informed

consent, and confidentiality concerns. Questionnaires were distributed to all the students

possessing inclusion criteria. The term Internet is used to refer to all contact that individuals have

with web-based services, including websites, Internet-based games, social media, and online

entertainment, accessed on all types of computers, screens, devices, phones, portable electronic

devices, and other forms of technology (Young, 1998).

3.6 Sampling and Data Collection Techniques

Simple random sampling technique was used to choose various schools, colleges and households

from the Budhanilkantha-9, Kathmandu district using a lottery method where a total of 100

students were enrolled at the time of the study. Youngs Internet Addiction Test (YIAT) has been

used as questionnaire survey method to collect data to measure the prevalence and level of

severity among young adults of budhailkantha-9, Kathmandu districts. The required number of

young adults from each selected areas were estimated based on the number of Respondents
enrolled in various schools, colleges and their households to ensure proper representation of the

young adults’ participants.

Finally, all the estimated number of respondents from various areas were approached by

enumerating all the respondents present in the randomly selected area at the time of data

collection. The ethical approval for research was taken from college prior to the data collection

and the approval was taken from concerned colleges, schools and residents of respondents to

conduct the research. Informed consent was taken from the participants with explanation of aim

and nature of the study prior to data collection.

3.7 Techniques of Data Analysis

The data will be entered, cleaned, sorting’s in MS Excel. IBM SPSS Statistics 29 is being used

for overall data analysis of the research.

3.8 Ethical Considerations

Confidentiality of the respondents will be addressed.

3.9 Duration of the study: Time frame

Duration will be 2 to 3 months.

Data Collection February

Data Analysis February

Discussion and Conclusion March

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Appendix

INTERNET ADDICTION TEST

Name…………………………

Male……………….. Female…………………

Age……….. Years Online…………… Do you use the Internet for work? Yes……..

No……………

This questionnaire consists of 20 statements. After reading each statement carefully, based upon

the 5-point Likert scale, please select the response (0, 1, 2, 3, 4 or 5) which best describes you. If

two choices seem to apply equally well, circle the choice that best represents how you are most

of the time during the past month. Be sure to read all the statements carefully before making your

choice. The statements refer to offline situations or actions unless otherwise specified.

0 = Not Applicable

1 = Rarely

2 = Occasionally

3 = Frequently

4 = Often

5 = Always

1. ……………How often do you find that you stay online longer than you intended?

2. …………….How often do you neglect household chores to spend more time online?
3. ……………How often do you prefer the excitement of the Internet to intimacy with your

partner?

4. ……………How often do you form new relationships with fellow online users?

5. ……………How often do others in your life complain to you about the amount of time you

spend online?

6. ……………How often do your grades or school work suffer because of the amount of time

you spend online?

7. ……………How often do you check your email before something else that you need to do?

8. ……………How often does your job performance or productivity suffer because of the

Internet?

9……………How often do you become defensive or secretive when anyone asks you what you

do online?

10. ……………How often do you block out disturbing thoughts about your life with soothing

thoughts of the Internet?

11. ……………How often do you find yourself anticipating when you will go online again?

12. ……………How often do you fear that life without the Internet would be boring, empty, and

joyless?

13. ……………How often do you snap, yell, or act annoyed if someone bothers you while you

are online?

14. ……………How often do you lose sleep due to being online?

15. ……………How often do you feel preoccupied with the Internet when off-line, or fantasize

about being online?

16. ……………How often do you find yourself saying "just a few more minutes" when online?
17. ……………How often do you try to cut down the amount of time you spend online and fail?

18. ……………How often do you try to hide how long you've been online?

19. ……………How often do you choose to spend more time online over going out with others?

20. ……………How often do you feel depressed, moody, or nervous when you are off-line,

which goes away once you are back online?