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MULTIPLE CHOICE. Choose the one alternative that best completes the statement or answers the question.
Determine the value or values that are excluded from the following expression.
3
1) 1)
x-8
A) -8 B) 0 C) 8 D) none
3
2) 2)
x+2
A) -2 B) 0 C) 2 D) none
x
3) f(x) = 3)
5x - 9
9 5 9 5
A) - B) ,0 C) D) - ,0
5 9 5 9
x-2
4) 4)
x2 - 64
1
A) B) 8 C) 64 D) 8, -8
32
x - 81
5) 5)
2
x - 8x + 12
A) 9 B) 6, 2 C) -6, -2 D) 0
x2 - 25
6) 6)
4x2 - 3x - 7
7 7 7
A) -1, B) -5, -1, ,5 C) - ,1 D) -5, 5
4 4 4
x+4
7) 7)
x2 + 4
A) -2, -4, 2 B) -2, 2 C) 0, -4 D) none
11x - 1
8) 8)
(x + 3)2
1
A) -3 B) 3 C) ,3 D) none
11
Determine the domain of the function.

-6
9) f(x) = 9)
8x + 5
5 5
A) {x|x ≠ 6} B) {x|x ≠ } C) {x|x ≠ 0} D) {x|x ≠ - }
8 8
1
4x
10) h(x) = 10)
x-9
A) {x| x ≠ 0} B) {x| x is a real number}
C) {x| x ≠ 9} D) {x| x ≠ -9}
x+3
11) f(x) = 11)
2
x - 64x
A) {x| x ≠ 0 and x ≠ 64} B) {x| x ≠ -8, x ≠ 8, and x ≠ -3}
C) {x| x ≠ -8 and x ≠ 8} D) {x| x is a real number}
x+4
12) g(x) = 12)
x2 - 1
A) {x| x ≠ 0 and x ≠ 1} B) {x| x is a real number}
C) {x| x ≠ -1, x ≠ 1, and x ≠ -4} D) {x| x ≠ -1 and x ≠ 1}
4x - 3
13) f(x) = 13)
x2 - 25
A) {x|x ≠ 5 and x ≠ -5} B) {x|x ≠ 5}
3
C) {x|x ≠ 25} D) {x|x ≠ }
4
x+7
14) g(x) = 14)
x2 + 64
A) {x| x ≠ -8, x ≠ 8, and x ≠ -7} B) {x|x ≠ -8 and x ≠ 8}
C) {x| x ≠ 0 and x ≠ -64} D) {x| x is a real number}
x3 + 2x4
15) f(x) = 15)
x2 + 64
1
A) {x|x ≠ -8} B) {x|x ≠ 0 and x ≠ - }
2
C) {x|x ≠ -64} D) {x|x is a real number}
x2 + x - 20
16) r(x) = 16)
x2 - 14x + 48
A) {x| x ≠ -5 and x ≠ 4} B) {x| x ≠ -6 and x ≠ -8}
C) {x| x ≠ 6 and x ≠ 8} D) {x| x ≠ 5 and x ≠ -4}
2x2 - 4
17) f(x) = 17)
3x2 + 6x - 45
A) {x| x is a real number} B) {x| x ≠ 3, x ≠ -3, and x ≠ -5}
C) {x| x ≠ -3 and x ≠ 5} D) {x| x ≠ 3 and x ≠ -5}
2
3x2 - 5x - 2
18) p(x) = 18)
x2 - 4
A) {x| x is a real number} B) {x| x ≠ 2 and x ≠ -2}
C) {x| x ≠ 2} D) {x| x ≠ -2}
1 - 7x
19) f(x) = 19)
x - 16x2 + 15x
3
1
A) {x|x ≠ 15, x ≠ 1, and x ≠ } B) {x|x ≠ -15, x ≠ 1, and x ≠ 0}
7
1
C) {x|x ≠ 15, x ≠ 1, and x ≠ 0} D) {x|x ≠ 15, x ≠ 1, x ≠ , and x ≠ 0}
7
Simplify the rational expression.

a + ab
20) 20)
a
A) 1 + b B) a + b C) 1 + ab D) b
14x - 49x2
21) 21)
7x
A) 0 B) 2 - 7x C) 1 D) 2 + 7x
4-m
22) 22)
m-4
A) -1 B) 0 C) 1 D) -m
2k - 14
23) 23)
35 - 5k
2 2
A) -1 B) 1 C) - D)
5 5
z5 - z3
24) 24)
z2 - 1
A) z B) z 2 - 1 C) z 2 D) z 3
12x2 y3 - 33xy + 12x7 y7

25) 25)
9x2 y
4xy2 - 33 + 12x6 y6 4y2 - 11 + 4x6 y6
A) B)
3x 3x
4y2 - 11 + 4x7 y7 4xy2 - 11 + 4x6 y6
C) D)
3x 3x
3
5x2 + 15x3
26) 26)
8x + 24x2
5 + 15x3 5x 5 5x2 + 15x3
A) B) C) D)
8x + 24 8 8 8x + 24x2
m2 - 9m
27) 27)
9-m
A) m B) -m C) m + 3 D) -(m + 3)
3x2 - 27
28) 28)
18 - 6x
x+3 x+3 x2 - 9
A) - B) -2(x + 3) C) D)
2 2 3-x
y3 - 125
29) 29)
y-5
1 y3 - 125
A) B) y2 - 25 C) y2 + 5y + 25 D)
y-5 y-5
64x3 + 27y3
30) 30)
4x + 3y
A) 16x2 + xy + 9y2 B) 4x2 + xy + 3y2
C) 16x2 - 12xy + 9y2 D) 16x2 + 12xy + 9y2
u3 - w 3
31) 31)
u2 - w 2
u2 - uw + w2 u2 - uw + w2 u2 + uw + w2
A) u+ w B) C) D)
u- w u+w u+w
(x - 4)(x + 10) + (x - 4)(x - 9)

32) 32)
5(x - 4)
x+1 2x + 1 1
A) 2x + 1 B) C) D)
5 5 5
2x2 - 23x + 63
33) 33)
x-7
2x2 - 23x + 63 1
A) B) 2x - 9 C) 2x2 - 32 D)
x-7 x-7
4x + 2
34) 34)
2
20x + 26x + 8
4x + 2 4x + 5 1 4x
A) B) C) D)
2
20x + 26x + 8 5x + 26 5x + 4 5x + 4
4
81 - k2
35) 35)
2
k - 4k - 45
k+9 k+9 k-9 k+9
A) - B) - C) - D)
k-5 k+5 k+5 k+5
q3 + 216
36) 36)
2q2 + 13 + 6
q2 - 6q + 36 q2 - 6q + 36 q2 + 6q - 36 q2 + 6q + 36
A) B) C) D)
2q - 1 2q + 1 2q + 1 2q - 1
y2 - 4y - 21
37) 37)
y2 - 5y - 24
y-7 -4y - 21 y2 - 4y - 21 -4y - 7
A) B) C) - D)
y-8 -5y - 24 y2 - 5y - 24 -5y - 8
x2 + 10x + 16
38) 38)
x2 + 15x + 56
10x + 2 10x + 16 x2 + 10x + 16 x+2
A) B) C) - D)
15x + 7 15x + 56 x2 + 15x + 56 x+7
y2 + 10y + 24
39) 39)
y2 + 15y + 54
y+4 10y + 4
A) B)
y+9 15y + 9
10y + 24 y2 + 10y + 24
C) D) -
15y + 54 y2 + 15y + 54
m 2 + 6mn + 8n 2
40) 40)
m2 + 8mn + 16n 2
m + 4n m + 2n m + 2n m+2
A) B) C) D)
m + 2n (m + 4n)2 m + 4n m+4
a 2 - ab + 8a - 8b
41) 41)
a+8
a 2 - ab + 8a - 8b
A) B) a - 2b + 1
a+8
1
C) D) a - b
a+8
5
w3 + 5w2 + 7w + 35
42) 42)
w2 + 10w + 25
w2 - 7 w2 + 5 w2 + 7 w-5
A) B) C) D)
w-5 w+7 w+5 w2 - 7
u2 + 8u - uw - 8w
43) 43)
u2 - uw + 7u - 7w
u+8 8u - 8w u-8 u +8
A) B) C) D)
u+ 7 7u + 7w u+7 u-7
Multiply.
2x2 10
44) ∙ 44)
5 x3
x 4 20x2 4x2
A) B) C) D)
4 x 5x3 x3
3z 3 30
45) ∙ 45)
5 z2
18z2 z 18
A) B) 18z C) D)
z3 18 z
3xy5 -16x4 y6
46) ∙ 46)
4x5y3 15x6 y10
4 4 4 45y6
A) - B) - C) - D) -
5x7 y2 5x6 y2 5x5 y3 64x2
2p - 2 9p2
47) ∙ 47)
p 8p - 8
18p3 - 18p2 4
A) B)
8p2 - 8p 9p
9p 16p2 + 32p + 16
C) D)
4 9p3
3y 14y + 7
48) ∙ 48)
6y + 3 6
7y 7 7y y
A) B) C) D)
18 6 6 6
2x 6x + 3
49) ∙ 49)
4x + 2 5
3x 3 3x x
A) B) C) D)
10 5 5 5
6
x-8 7-x
50) ∙ 50)
x-7 8-x
8 8
A) - B) C) 1 D) -1
7 7
1 x2 + 2x - 8
51) ∙ 51)
x-2 x+4
x-4 x+2
A) B) 1 C) x - 2 D)
x-2 x+4
x3 + 1 10x
52) ∙ 52)
x3 - x2 + x -60x - 60
x2 + 1 1 x+1 x3 + 1
A) - B) - C) D) -
6 6 6(-x - 1) 6(x + 1)
10x - 15x2 9x2 + 18x + 8

53) ∙ 53)
2
9x + 24x + 16 9x2 - 4
5x(2 - 3x) 5x 5x
A) 1 B) C) - D)
3x + 4)(3x - 2) 3x + 4 3x + 4
9x4 - 72x x2 + x - 2
54) ∙ 54)
3x2 - 12 4x3 + 8x2 +16x
3x(x - 1)(x - 2)2 3(x - 1)
A) B)
4(x + 2)2 4
3x(x - 1) 3x(x + 1)
C) D)
4 4
y2 - 9 y2 + 13y + 36
55) ∙ 55)
y2 - 16 y2 - 7y + 12
(y - 3)(y + 9) (y + 3)(y + 9) (y + 3)(y + 9) (y + 3)(y + 9)
A) B) C) D)
(y + 4)2 (y + 4)2 (y - 4)2 y-4
9m 2 + 18mn + 9n 2 n-m
56) ∙ 56)
2
m -n 2 5m + 5n
9 9 9
A) - B) C) D) -9
5 5 5(m + n)
z 3 - 27 2z 2 - 5z - 12
57) ∙ 57)
z 2 - 7z + 12 11z 2 + 33z + 99
z+3 2z + 3 (z + 3)(z + 3) (2z + 3)(z + 3)
A) B) C) D)
11 11 11(z - 3) 11(z - 3)
7
x2 + 6x + 8 x2 + 17x + 72
58) ∙ 58)
x + 10x + 16 x2 + 13x + 36
2
1 x+8 x+4
A) B) C) 1 D)
x+9 x+9 x+8
x2 + 13x + 42 x2 + 7x
59) ∙ 59)
x2 + 14x + 49 x2 - 2x - 48
x x(x + 7) x 1
A) B) C) D)
2
x + 14x + 49 x-8 x-8 x-8
x3 + x2 y + 4x + 4y 6x3
60) ∙ 60)
3x4 + 12x2 3x2 - 3y2
2x 2x 2x 2x(x + y)
A) B) C) D)
(x - y) 3(x + y) 3(x - y) 3(x - y)
2x2 - 20x + 50 4x2 - 38x - 20

61) ∙ 61)
4x2 - 18x - 10 4x2 - 30x + 50
x+2 x+2 x - 10 x - 10
A) B) C) D)
4x - 5 2x - 5 2x - 5 4x - 5
(x + y)3 x2 - y2
62) ∙ 62)
x3 + y3 (x + y)2
(x + y)(x - y) (x + y)(x - y) x2 - y2
A) B) C) -1 D)
x2 - xy + y2 x2 + xy + y2 x2 + y2
-2x + y 12x2 + 19xy + 4y2

63) ∙ 63)
3x + 4y -8x2 + 2xy + y2
-2x - y 4x + y
A) B) C) -1 D) 1
3x + 4y 3x - 4y
x3 - 6x2 + 5x - 30 4x3 + 16x2 + x + 4

64) ∙ 64)
x5 - 4x4 + 5x3 - 20x2 4x3 - 24x2 + x - 6
(x2 + 5)(x + 4) 1
A) B)
(x4 + 5x2)(x - 4) x2
4 x+4
C) D)
x(x - 4) x2 (x - 4)
Divide.
2x2 x3
65) ÷ 65)
4 16
32x2 8 8x2 x
A) B) C) D)
4x3 x x3 8
8
6a 2 4a
66) ÷ 66)
b3 7b2
24a3 21a 21 21ab
A) B) C) D)
7b5 2b 2ab 2
27x - 27 9x - 9
67) ÷ 67)
10 70
1 243(x - 1)2 7(27x - 27)
A) B) 21 C) D)
21 700 9x - 9
2x - 2 7x - 7
68) ÷ 68)
x 8x2
16x2 (x - 1) 7 14(x + 1)2 16x
A) B) C) D)
7x(x - 1) 16x 8x3 7
x - y x2 - y2
69) ÷ 69)
xy 3x2 y
3x 3 3 3x
A) B) C) - D)
x+y y y x-y
(y - 2)2 5y - 10
70) ÷ 70)
5 25
1 (y - 2)3 5(y - 2)2
A) B) C) y - 2 D)
y-2 25 5y - 10
a 2 - 9a + 14
71) ÷ (a + 7) 71)
2-a
a+7 a-7
A) - B) - C) -1 D) -(a - 7)(a + 7)
a-7 a+7
x2 - 10x + 25 11x - 55
72) ÷ 72)
10x - 50 110
x2 - 10x + 25 (x - 5)2
A) 110 B) C) 1 D)
(x - 5)2 100
z 2 + 9z + 20 z 2 + 4z
73) ÷ 73)
z 2 + 13z + 40 z 2 + 15z + 56
z z+7 z+7
A) B) C) D) z + 7
2
z + 13z + 40 z 2 + 8z z
9
x2 + 5x + 6 x2 + 3x
74) ÷ 74)
2 2
x + 8x + 12 x + 10x + 24
x+4 x x+4
A) B) x + 4 C) D)
x 2
x + 8x + 12 x2 + 6x
6x - 2x2 x
75) ÷ 75)
3
x - 27 2
x + 3x + 9
1 2(3 - x)
A) -2 B) - C) 2 D) -
2 (x - 3)
x2 - 16 5x2 - 40x + 80
76) ÷ 76)
3x + 12 x2 + 8x + 16
15(x - 4) (x + 4)2 (x + 4)2 (x + 4)
A) B) C) D)
(x + 4)2 15(x - 4) 15(x + 4) (x + 4)2
20r2 + 39rt + 18t2 28r2 - 3rt - 18t2

77) ÷ 77)
35r2 + 17rt - 30t2 35r2 + 12rt - 36t2
(4r - 3t)2 (7r + 5t)
A) B)
(5r - 6t)(7r + 5t) (5r - 6t)
(4r + 3t)2 5r + 6t
C) D)
(5r + 6t)(7r - 5t) 7r - 5t
(x - y)2 x2 - 2xy + y2
78) ÷ 78)
(x + y)2 x2 - y2
x+y x-y x2 - 2xy + y2
A) B) C) -2xy D)
x-y x+y (x + y)2
c2 + d2 (c2 - d2 )2
79) ÷ 79)
c4 - d4 (c2 - d2 )3
c2 + d2
A) B) 1
(c4 - d4 )(c2 - d2 )
c 2 + d2 c 2 - d2
C) D)
c 2 - d2 c 2 + d2
x2 - 25 x2 + 10x + 25
80) ÷ 80)
x3 - 125 (x2 + 5x + 25)
1 1 1 2x
A) B) C) D)
x+5 x-5 2x(x - 5) x-5
10
p2 - 11p + pq - 11q p - 11
81) ÷ 81)
2
3p - 3q 2 5p - 5q
5 5(p2 - 11p + pq - 11q)
A) B)
3 3(p + q)(p - 11)
(p - 11)2
C) D) 1
15(p - q)2
5b + 10 ab - 3b + 2a - 6
82) ÷ 82)
3a + 9 a 2 - 6a + 9
3(a + 3) 5(a - 3) 5(a + 3) 5(a - 3)
A) B) - C) D)
5(a - 3) 3(a + 3) 3(a - 3) 3(a + 3)
3x2 + 3xy - xy2 - y3 x3 + 2x + x2 y + 2y

83) ÷ 83)
x3 + 10x2 + xy2 + 10y2 x3 + 2x + 10x2 + 20
-3x 3x + y2 3x - y2 2
A) B) C) D)
x2 x2 + y2 x2 + y2 x
Perform the indicated operations.

5x2 - 13x - 6 y2 + 3y - 4 3x2 - 7x - 6
84) ∙ ÷ 84)
y2 + 2y - 3 15x2 + 11x + 2 6x2 - 13x - 5
3x + 2 (y + 4)(2x - 5) (y + 4)
A) B) 1 C) D)
2x - 5 (y + 3)(3x + 2) (y + 3)
5x2 + 3x - 14 x2 - 7x 4x + 8
85) ∙ ÷ 85)
8x - 56 25x2 - 49 5x3
5x4 5x3 32 4(x + 2)2
A) B) C) D)
32(5x + 7) 32(5x + 7) 5x4 (5x + 7) 40x2 (5x + 7)
Solve the problem.

x2 - 2x - 3 x4
86) A parallelogram has area and height . Find the length of its base, b, by dividing its 86)
x x+1
area by its height.
(x - 3)(x + 1)2 (x - 3)(x + 1)2 x-3

A) B) C) D) x3 (x - 3)
x5 x3 x3
11
87) Consider the rectangle below. Its area is x2 + 2xy + y2 and its width is 9x + 9y. Find its width, w, 87)
in terms of x and y by dividing its area by its length.
9x + 9y
x +2xy + y x+y x2 + 2xy + y2 9

A) B) C) D)
9 9 9(x + y) x+y
88) Consider the triangle below. If its area is x2 + 15xy + 14y2 and its base is x + 14y, find its height, h. 88)
1
Use area = (base)(height).
2
x + 14y
x+y
A) B) 2(x + y) C) x + y D) 2(x + 14y)
2
Add or subtract.
16 6
89) - 89)
q-5 q-5
16(q - 5) 10 10 22
A) B) C) D)
6(q - 5) q q-5 q-5
x -4
90) + 90)
x+4 x+4
x-4 -4x -3x
A) B) - 1 C) D)
x+4 2
x + 8x + 16 x+4
5x 7
91) + 91)
x+8 x+8
5x + 7 12x 5x - 7 5x + 7
A) B) C) D)
x+8 x+8 x+8 2(x + 8)
9x 4
92) - 92)
3x - 3 3x - 3
5x 9x - 4 9x - 4 9x + 4
A) B) C) D)
3x - 3 2(3x - 3) 3x - 3 3x - 3
12
9x2 -9x
93) + 93)
x-1 x-1
9x(x + 1) 9x
A) 0 B) C) D) 9x
x-1 x-1
m2 - 7m 10
94) + 94)
m-2 m-2
m 2 - 7m + 10
A) m - 5 B) m + 5 C) m - 2 D)
m-2
4x - 1 -3 - 3x
95) + 95)
2 2
x + 3x - 28 x + 3x - 28
1 1 x+4 1
A) B) C) D)
x2 + 3x - 28 x-4 x2 + 3x - 28 x+7
4x2 - 21x + 34 3x2 - 8x - 6

96) - 96)
x2 - 17x + 72 x2 - 17x + 72
x2 - 13x + 40 x+5 x-5 x-5
A) B) C) D)
x2 - 17x + 72 x-9 x+9 x-9
12y2 - 6y - 30 9y2 - 6
97) - 97)
2
9y - 36 9y2 - 36
y-4 3y - 6 12y + 1 3y + 6
A) B) C) D)
3y - 6 3y + 6 3y + 6 3y - 6
3x2 - 45 -8x 2x2 - 4x

98) + - 98)
x+5 x+5 x+5
x+5 x-9
A) B) x - 9 C) x - 5 D)
x-9 x+5
8y2 + 4 3 - 9y 5y2 + 5y
99) - - 99)
6y + 7y + 1 6y + 7y + 1 6y2 + 7y + 1
2 2
y+1 3y + 1 3y - 1 3y + 1
A) B) C) D)
6y + 1 y+1 6y + 1 6y + 1
Find the least common denominator.

7 7
100) + 100)
9x 4 27x2
A) 243x4 B) 243x6 C) 27x6 D) 27x4
2 6
101) + 101)
10xy 4x2
A) 20xy2 B) 20x3 y C) 20x2 y D) 20xy3
13
11 1
102) - 102)
20a 2 b2 25a 3b
A) 2000a 5 b3 B) 100a 5b3 C) 100a 3 b2 D) 100a 2b3
9 5
103) + 103)
t t+1
A) 45 B) t(t + 1) C) t + 1 D) t
8 7
104) - 104)
19(x + 1) x
A) 19x(x + 1) B) 19(x2 + 1) C) 19x2 + 1 D) 19x + 1
x+1 x+4
105) + 105)
x-8 x-9
A) (x - 8)(x + 4) B) (x - 8)(x - 9)
C) (x + 1)(x - 8)(x + 4)(x - 9) D) (x + 1)(x + 4)
10x + 5 18x
106) - 106)
8x - 7 8x + 7
A) 18x(10x + 5)(8x - 7)(8x + 7) B) 18x(10x + 5)
C) (8x - 7)(8x + 7) D) (8x - 7) or (8x + 7)
6 3
107) - 107)
9a + 72 a 2 + 8a
A) 9a + 8 B) 9a(a + 8) C) 9a2 + 8 D) 9a 2 + 72
3p + 1 p-1
108) - 108)
p2 - 36 p4 - 6p3
A) p3 (p + 6)(p - 6)2 B) p2 (p + 6)(p - 6)
C) p3 (p + 6)(p - 6) D) p3 (p - 6)
4 9
109) + 109)
x2 - 36 x(x - 6)
A) x(x - 6) B) (x2 + 6)(x2 - 6) C) x(x + 6) D) x(x + 6)(x - 6)
9 8
110) + 110)
2
x + 6x + 5 4x + 20
A) 4(x + 1)(x + 5) B) 4(x - 1)(x + 5) C) 4(x + 1)(x - 5) D) 4(x - 1)(x - 5)
1 1
111) - 111)
r2 + 4r + 4 r2 + 2r
A) r(r + 2)2 B) (r + 2)2 C) r(r + 1)(r + 2) D) r(r + 2)
14
2 7
112) + 112)
m2 + 6m m 2 + 9m + 18
A) m(m + 6)(m + 3) B) m(m + 3)(m + 3)
C) m(m + 3)2 D) (m + 3)2
2 8
113) - 113)
2 2
x + 3x - 10 x - 8x + 12
A) (x - 2)(x - 6) B) (x + 5)(x - 2)
C) (x - 5)(x + 2)(x - 6) D) (x + 5)(x - 2)(x - 6)
3x x-1 1
114) - + 114)
2 2 2
x - 5x - 36 x - 16 x - 13x + 36
A) (x - 9)(x - 4) B) (x - 9)(x + 4)(x - 4)
C) (x - 9)(x + 4)2 D) (x - 9)(x + 4)
Add or subtract.
2 7
115) - - 115)
25 5x
2x - 35 -2x + 35 -9 -2x - 35
A) B) C) D)
25x 25x 25 - 5x 25x
4 8
116) - 116)
x2 x
4 - 8x 8x - 4 4x + 8 4 + 8x
A) B) C) D)
x2 x x2 x2
3 8
117) + 117)
40x 5x2
3x + 64 3x + 8 3x + 64 3x + 64
A) B) C) D)
40x 40x2 40x2 40x3
3x - 1 3x - 8
118) + 118)
x 8x
27x - 16 27x - 16 27x + 0 21x - 16
A) B) C) D)
8x2 8x 8x 8x
7 6
119) - 119)
20a 3 b 25ab2
35b - 24a2 35b - 24a 2 35b - 6a 2 35b + 24a 2
A) B) C) D)
100a 2 b3 100a3 b2 100a 3 b2 100a 3 b2
15
9
120) +8 120)
x+7
17 8x + 47 8x + 65 8x + 119
A) B) C) D)
x+7 x+7 x+7 x+7
7x - 8
121) +1 121)
x+6
6x - 2 7x - 2 8x - 2 7x + 2
A) B) C) D)
x+6 x+6 x+6 x+6
5 7
122) + 122)
x x-4
20x - 12 12x - 20 20x - 12 12x - 20
A) B) C) D)
x(4 - x) x(4 - x) x(x - 4) x(x - 4)
4 - x 2x + 5
123) - 123)
x-5 5-x
x+9 x-1 x+9 x-1
A) B) - C) - D)
x-5 x-5 x-5 x-5
3 5
124) - 124)
x+2 x-2
-2x + 16 -2x - 16 -2 -2x + 4
A) B) C) D)
(x + 2)(x - 2) (x + 2)(x - 2) (x + 2)(x - 2) (x + 2)(x - 2)
y+8 y+8
125) - 125)
y-8 y-2
-6(y + 8) -10(y + 8) 6(y + 8)
A) B) C) 0 D)
(y - 8)(y - 2) (y - 8)(y - 2) (y - 8)(y - 2)
8y 8x
126) + 126)
2
x -y 2 y - x2
2
8 y-x 8 8
A) B) C) - D)
x-y x2 - y2 x+y x+y
2 6
127) + 127)
x2 - 3x + 2 x2 - 1
8x - 10 10x - 8
A) B)
(x - 1)(x + 1)(x - 2) (x - 1)(x + 1)(x - 2)
24x - 10 8x - 10
C) D)
(x - 1)(x + 1)(x - 2) (x - 1)(x - 2)
16
x 4
128) - 128)
x2 - 16 x2 + 5x + 4
x2 - 3x + 16 x2 - 3x + 16
A) B)
(x - 4)(x + 4)(x + 1) (x - 4)(x + 4)
x2 - 3 x2 + 3x + 16
C) D)
(x - 4)(x + 4)(x + 1) (x - 4)(x + 4)(x + 1)
1 3
129) - 129)
(x - 2)(x + 2) (x + 2)(x + 0)
-2(x - 1) 2(x - 3)
A) B)
(x - 2)(x + 2)(x + 0) (x - 2)(x + 2)(x + 0)
-2(x - 3) 2(2x - 3)
C) D)
(x - 2)(x + 2)(x + 0) (x - 2)(x + 2)(x + 0)
x2 - 28 7 - 2x
130) + 130)
x2 + 5x - 14 14 - 5x - x2
x-5 (x - 7)(x + 5) x+7 x-5
A) B) C) D)
2
x + 5x - 14 (x + 7)(x - 2) x-2 x-2
x+4 2x + 3
131) + 131)
2 2
x + 9x + 18 x + 8x + 15
3x2 + 24x + 38
A) B) 3x + 7
(x - 3)(x - 6)(x - 5)
3x2 + 24x + 38 3x + 7
C) D)
(x + 3)(x + 6)(x + 5) 2x2 + 17x + 33
3x 6
132) + 132)
2 2
5x - 22x + 8 x - 2x - 8
3x + 6 3x2 - 36x - 12
A) B)
(5x - 2)(x - 4)(x + 2) (5x - 2)(x - 4)(x + 2)
3x2 + 36x + 12 3x2 + 36x - 12
C) D)
(5x - 2)(x - 4)(x + 2) (5x - 2)(x - 4)(x + 2)
m+n m + 2n
133) + 133)
2
m + 16mn + 64n 2 m + 5mn - 24n 2
2
-12mn - 19n 2 2m2 + 8mn + 13n 2

A) B)
(m + 8n)2 (m - 3n) (m + 8n)2 (m - 3n)
2m2 + 8mn + 13n 2 2m2 + 8mn - 13n 2
C) D)
(m - 3n)2 (m + 8n) (m + 8n)2(m - 3n)
17
x 5 6
134) + - 134)
x2 - 25 x+5 x
6x2 - 25x + 150 25(x - 6)

A) B)
x(x + 5)(x - 5) (x + 5)(x - 5)
25(x + 6) -25(x - 6)
C) D)
x(x + 5)(x - 5) x(x + 5)(x - 5)
10 4 2
135) + + 135)
x2 + 5x x x+5
8 6 4 2
A) B) C) D)
x x x x
6x 7 12
136) + - 136)
x + 1 x - 1 x2 - 1
6x - 5 6x - 5 6x x+1
A) B) C) D)
x+1 x-1 x-1 x-1
3x x-1 1
137) - + 137)
2 2 2
x - 5x - 36 x - 16 x - 13x + 36
2x2 - 21x + 13 2x - 1
A) B)
(x - 9)(x + 4)(x - 4) (x - 9)(x - 4)
2x - 1 2x2 - x - 5
C) D)
(x - 9)(x + 4) (x - 9)(x + 4)(x - 4)
2 x 1
138) - + 138)
2 2
x - 4 x - 4x + 4 x +2
-4x 3-x -4x 4x
A) B) C) D)
(x + 2)(x - 2)2 (x + 2)(x - 2)2 (x + 2)(x - 2) (x + 2)(x - 2)2
Solve the problem.

139) Find the profit function, P(x). 139)
4-x 2x + 3
R(x) = and C(x) =
x-2 2-x
x+7 x+1 x+7 x+1
A) P(x) = - B) P(x) = C) P(x) = D) P(x) = -
x-2 x-2 x-2 x-2
3 7
140) For f(x) = and g(x) = , find (f + g)(x). 140)
2
y - 3y + 2 2
y -1
11y - 10 42y - 11
A) B)
(y - 1)(y + 1)(y - 2) (y - 1)(y + 1)(y - 2)
10y - 11 10y - 11
C) D)
(y - 1)(y - 2) (y - 1)(y + 1)(y - 2)
18
x 8
141) For f(x) = , and g(x) = , find (f - g)(x). 141)
x2 - 16 x2 + 5x + 4
x2 - 7x + 32 x2 - 7x + 32
A) B)
(x - 4)(x + 4)(x + 1) (x - 4)(x + 4)
x2 + 7x + 32 x2 - 7
C) D)
(x - 4)(x + 4)(x + 1) (x - 4)(x + 4)(x + 1)
142) Consider the rectangle given below. Find the perimeter. 142)
7
x + 11
7
x
49 28 7(2x + 11) 14(2x + 11)
A) B) C) D)
x(x + 11) x(x + 11) x(x + 11) x(x + 11)
Provide an appropriate response.

143) A is a fraction that has a rational expression in its numerator or its denominator 143)
or both its numerator and denominator.
A) complex fraction B) numerator
C) reciprocal D) denominator
144) The expression above the main fraction line is the of the complex fraction. 144)
A) reciprocal B) numerator C) denominator D) opposite
145) The expression below the main fraction line is the of the complex fraction. 145)
A) denominator B) opposite C) reciprocal D) numerator
Simplify.
1
+1
x
146) 146)
1
-1
x
x 1+x
A) B) C) 1 - x2 D) 1
1 - x2 1-x
6
+1
a
147) 147)
6
-1
a
a2 6+a
A) 6 B) C) D) 6 - a 2
6 - a2 6-a
19
2
4+
x
148) 148)
x 1
+
4 8
16 x
A) B) 1 C) D) 16
x 16
x
8
149) 149)
3
x+3
x(x + 3) x+3 3x
A) B) 24x(x + 3) C) D)
24 24x 8(x + 3)
3
y
150) 150)
2
y+2
3(y + 2) y+2 2y
A) B) C) 6y(y + 2) D)
2y 6y 3(y + 2)
x- 1
x2
151) 151)
x- 1
x3
x x(x2 - x + 1) x(x2 + x + 1) 1
A) B) C) D)
(x - 1)(x + 1) (x + 1)(x2 + 1) (x + 1)(x2 + 1) x+1
2m9 n 2
5m
152) 152)
7m3 n 6
3n 2
6m6 6m 6 6m5 6m 5
A) B) C) D)
35n 3 35n 6 35n 2 35n 3
49q2 - 25p2
pq
153) 153)
7 5
-
p q
5p + 7q pq
A) 7p + 5q B) 5p + 7q C) D)
pq 7p + 5q
20
x+9 x-9
+
x-9 x+9
154) 154)
x+9 x-9
-
x-9 x+9
(x + 9)3 (x + 9)2 x2 + 81
A) B) 1 C) D)
36x(x + 10) 18x 18x
4 2
+
x2 + 3x - 18 x2 + 4x - 21
155) 155)
4 2
+
x2 + 13x + 42 x2 + 2x - 15
(x - 3)(x + 7) (x + 3)(2x + 9) (6x + 40)(x + 5) 2x2 + 16x + 34

A) B) C) D)
2x2 + 16x + 34 (x - 3)(2x + 13) 6x2 + 34x + 24 (x - 3)(x + 7)
156) 156)
2 5
+
x x2
4 25
-
x2 x
1 1 2x2 + 5 2x + 5
A) B) C) D)
2 - 5x 2x - 5 4 - 25x 4 - 25x
157) 157)
10 11
+
11 - x x - 11
5 6
+
x x - 11
x 21x 21x x
A) B) C) - D) -
11x - 55 11x - 55 11x - 55 11x - 55
158) 158)
3
+5
x
9
- 25
x2
x x 1 1
A) B) C) D)
3x - 5 3 - 5x 3x - 5 3 - 5x
21
159) 159)
7
1-
x
49
x-
x
1 1
A) B) x + 7 C) D) x - 7
x-7 x+7
160) 160)
4
-4
7r - 1
4
+4
7r - 1
7r 2 - 7r 2 + 7r 2-r
A) B) C) D)
2 - 7r 7r 7r r
x
4
161) 161)
3(x + 9)-1
x+9 4x x(x + 9)
A) B) C) 12x(x + 9) D)
12x 3(x + 9) 12
a -1 + 1
162) 162)
a -1 - 1
1+a a
A) B) 1 - a 2 C) 1 D)
1-a 1 - a2
2 4 5
- -
x y xy
163) 163)
4y-1 + 2x-3
7(x3 + y) 7x2
A) - B) -
6(x - y - xy) 4x3 + 2y
16xy - 32x2 - 40x 2x2 y - 4x3 - 5x2
C) D)
2x3 + 4y 4x3 + 2y
6x-1 + 5y-1 + (4xy) -1

164) 164)
7 10
+
x y
204 12(x + y)
A) B)
(x + y)(x + y + 4xy) 17(x + y + 4xy)
24y + 20x + 1 20y + 24x + 1
C) D)
28y + 40x 840y + 1200x
22
m-1 + z -1
165) 165)
m-1 - z -1
z+m z-m z+m z+m
A) B) C) D)
m z z z-m
-5x-1 - 4y-1
166) 166)
8x-2 + 8y-2
8x2 + 8y2 8y2 + 8x2 5xy2 + 4x2 y -5xy2 - 4x2 y
A) B) C) D)
-5x - 4y -5xy2 - 4x2 y -8y2 + 8x2 8y2 + 8x2
-5x-1 + (6y)-1
167) 167)
x-2
x2 -30xy + x2 6y -5xy + 6x2
A) B) C) D)
-5x + 6y 6y -30xy + x2 y
1
+1
x
168) 168)
1
-1
x
x 1+x
A) 1 B) C) D) 1 - x2
1 - x2 1-x
3
9+
x
169) 169)
x 1
+
4 12
36 x
A) 36 B) 1 C) D)
x 36
x
9
170) 170)
7
x+5
x+5 x(x + 5) 7x
A) B) C) 63x(x + 5) D)
63x 63 9(x + 5)
9
y
171) 171)
7
y+8
y+8 7y 9(y + 8)
A) B) C) D) 63y(y + 8)
63y 9(y + 8) 7y
23
5
+1
a
172) 172)
5
-1
a
5+a a2
A) 5 - a 2 B) C) D) 5
5-a 5 - a2
x- 1
x2
173) 173)
x- 1
x3
x x(x2 - x + 1) x(x2 + x + 1) 1
A) B) C) D)
(x - 1)(x + 1) (x + 1)(x2 + 1) (x + 1)(x2 + 1) x+1
7m 9 n 2
6m
174) 174)
3m 5 n 7
5n 3
35m4 35m 3 35m4 35m 3

A) B) C) D)
18n 3 18n 2 18n 6 18n 3
64u2 - 49t2
tu
175) 175)
8 7
-
t u
7t + 8u tu
A) 8t + 7u B) 7t + 8u C) D)
tu 8t + 7u
x+1 x-1
+
x-1 x+1
176) 176)
x+1 x-1
-
x-1 x+1
(x + 1)2 x2 + 1 (x + 1)3
A) B) C) D) 1
2x 2x 4x(x + 2)
4 3
+
x2 + 3x - 18 x2 + 4x - 21
177) 177)
4 3
+
x2 + 13x + 42 x2 + 2x - 15
(7x + 46)(x + 5) (x + 3)(2x + 9) 2x2 + 16x + 34 (x - 3)(x + 7)

A) B) C) D)
7x2 + 47x + 66 (x - 3)(2x + 13) (x - 3)(x + 7) 2x2 + 16x + 34
24
178) 178)
4 5
+
x x2
16 25
-
x2 x
4x2 + 5 4x + 5 1 1
A) B) C) D)
16 - 25x 16 - 25x 4 - 5x 4x - 5
179) 179)
7 8
+
8-x x-8
5 3
+
x x-8
x 15x 15x x
A) B) - C) D) -
8x - 40 8x - 40 8x - 40 8x - 40
180) 180)
5
+3
x
25
-9
x2
1 x x 1
A) B) C) D)
5x - 3 5 - 3x 5x - 3 5 - 3x
181) 181)
4
1-
x
16
x-
x
1 1
A) x + 4 B) C) D) x - 4
x-4 x+4
182) 182)
6
-6
7r - 1
6
+6
7r - 1
2 - 7r 7r 2 + 7r 2-r
A) B) C) D)
7r 2 - 7r 7r r
25
4 3 5
- -
x y xy
183) 183)
3y-1 + 4x-3
48xy - 36x2 - 60x 4(x3 + y)
A) B) -
4x3 + 3y 7(x - y - xy)
4x2 4x2 y - 3x3 - 5x2

C) - D)
3x3 + 4y 3x3 + 4y
6x-1 + 5y-1 + (4xy) -1

184) 184)
7 10
+
x y
12(x + y) 24y + 20x + 1
A) B)
17(x + y + 4xy) 28y + 40x
204 20y + 24x + 1
C) D)
(x + y)(x + y + 4xy) 840y + 1200x
m-1 + z -1
185) 185)
m-1 - z -1
z+m z+m z-m z+m
A) B) C) D)
m z-m z z
4x-1 + 4y-1
186) 186)
-3x-2 + 4y-2
-3x2 + 4y2 4xy2 + 4x2 y -3y2 + 4x2 -4xy2 - 4x2 y
A) B) C) D)
4x + 4y -3y2 + 4x2 4xy2 + 4x2 y 3y2 + 4x2
-2x-1 + (8y) -1
187) 187)
x-2
-2xy + 8x2 -16xy + x2 x2 8y
A) B) C) D)
y 8y -2x + 8y -16xy + x2
SHORT ANSWER. Write the word or phrase that best completes each statement or answers the question.
Solve the problem.

1 1
1 +
188) The focal length f of a lens with index of refraction n is = (n - 1) R1 R2 where 188)
f
R1 and R2 are the radii of curvature of the front and back surfaces of the lens. Express f as
a rational expression.
189) An electrical circuit contains three resistors connected in parallel. If the resistance of each is 189)
R1 , R2 , and R3 ohms, respectively, their combined resistance R is given by the formula
1 1 1 1
= + + . Express R as a rational expression.
R R1 R2 R 3
26
MULTIPLE CHOICE. Choose the one alternative that best completes the statement or answers the question.
Solve the equation and check your solution.

9x 1
190) +9= 190)
2 7
2 125 124 188
A) B) - C) - D)
9 63 63 63
x x
191) - =7 191)
6 9
A) 42 B) 54 C) 126 D) 63
41 1
192) =6- 192)
x x
3 41
A) B) 7 C) D) 6
20 6
12
193) 3 - =6 193)
a
A) 4 B) -4 C) -12 D) 12
5
194) m - =4 194)
m
1 1
A) -5, 1 B) -1, 5 C) -1, D) - ,1
5 5
3x
195) -5=x 195)
4
1 1 4
A) B) - 20 C) - D)
20 2 3
x 1 x-7
196) - = 196)
10 5 5
A) 5 B) 6 C) 12 D) 13
8 1 5
197) + = 197)
x 3 x
5
A) B) 9 C) -9 D) -3
8
5-a 3 7
198) + = 198)
a 4 a
8
A) -4 B) 8 C) -8 D) -
7
27
1 30
199) 1 + = 199)
x x2
1 1
A) 6, 5 B) - , C) -6, 5 D) 6, -5
6 5
8 1
200) =1- 200)
4x2 + 8x x+2
A) 0 B) -2, 1 C) 8 D) 1
1 5
201) 6 - = 201)
2x - 3 2x - 3
A) -2 B) 4 C) 0, 2 D) 2
1 1 x-7
202) + = 202)
x x-8 x-8
A) 8, -1 B) 8, 1 C) 1 D) -8, 1
x -2x 2x - 3
203) = + 203)
2x + 2 4x + 4 x+1
3 12
A) B) 3 C) - D) -3
2 5
3 1 2
204) - = 204)
2x x+1 3x2 + 3x
5 5
A) -5 B) - C) - D) no solution
3 6
5 9 2
205) - = 205)
y + 5 y - 5 y2 - 25
A) 72 B) 18 C) 2 17 D) -18
1 3 -3
206) + = 206)
x + 7 x + 4 x2 + 11x + 28
A) -7 B) 0 C) 4 D) no solution
x+ 5 5 x- 5
207) - = 207)
2 2 2
x + 6x + 5 x + 2x + 1 x + 6x + 5
A) 45 B) -3 C) 3 D) 15
Provide an appropriate response.

208) Whenever solving a(n) with a variable denominator, you must check the value(s) 208)
obtained in the original equation.
A) extraneous solution B) proportion
C) rational equation D) complex fraction
28
209) When solving a rational equation with a variable denominator, a value obtained that makes a 209)
denominator 0 is called a(n) .
A) extraneous solution B) complex fraction
C) rational equation D) no solution
Solve the equation and check your solution.

3 15
210) = 210)
x 10
2
A) B) 0 C) 2 D) no solution
3
x+3 x+4
211) = 211)
4 5
7 1 7
A) B) C) D) 1
20 20 9
x-7 x+2
212) = 212)
4 7
57 7
A) 19 B) 9 C) D)
28 4
5 3
213) = 213)
x+8 x-8
A) - 32 B) 8 C) 32 D) 2
x-3 2
214) = 214)
x+2 3
A) -13 B) 1, 13 C) 10 D) 13
2 t
215) = 215)
t 5t - 12
24
A) 0, 36 B) 4, 6 C) 0, D) 0
9
x2 + 2 27
216) = 216)
x x
A) -5, 0, 5 B) -5, 5 C) -25, 25 D) no solution
x2 - 13 9
217) =- 217)
4x 4x
A) -2, 0, 2 B) -2, 2 C) 2 D) no solution
1 8
218) = 218)
x - 4 x2 - 16
29
x-5 24
219) = 219)
x x+5
A) 5, -1 B) 25, 1 C) 5, 1 D) 25, -1
x+8 6
220) = 220)
x+2 x+2
x+8 2
221) = 221)
x+6 x+6
A) 0, 1 B) -8, 8 C) -8, 1 D) no solution
5x + 6 16
222) = 222)
2-x 2-x
A) 2 B) -2 C) 0, 2 D) no solution
x+3 x+1
223) = 223)
x-6 x+3
15 11 11 9 11
A) - B) ,- C) - D)
11 4 4 11 4
For the pair of similar figures, find the length of the unknown side.
224) 224)
15 3 5
12 4
A) 5 B) 9 C) 3 D) 12
225) 225)
20 30
16 24
32
A) 50 B) 32 C) 40 D) 38
For the rational function given, find all values a for which f(a) has the indicated value.
-8
226) f(x) = 4x + , f(a) = 4 226)
x
A) -2, -3 B) -1, 2 C) 1, -2 D) - 1
30
-5
227) f(x) = 2x + , f(a) = -9 227)
x
5 1
A) 5, - 2 B) C) -9, - 2 D) , -5
11 2
x+3 2
228) f(x) = , f(a) = 228)
x-5 5
8 25 4
A) B) - C) D) 0, -5
7 3 3
5 1
229) f(x) = + , f(a) = 5 229)
x 3x
16 6 16 2
A) B) C) D)
15 5 5 5
Solve the problem.

29,000 + 240x
230) The function f(x) = models the average cost per unit, f(x), for Electrostuff to 230)
x
manufacture x units of Electrogadget IV. How many units must the company produce to have an
average cost per unit of $440?
A) 121 units B) 120 units C) 146 units D) 145 units
7200
231) The average cost of producing x specialty phones is given by the function f(x) = 20 + . Find the 231)
x
number of phones that must be produced for the average cost to be $32.
A) 540 phones B) 660 phones C) 600 phones D) 60 phones
2582x
232) Suppose a cost-benefit model is given by y = , where y is the cost in thousands of dollars 232)
100 - x
for removing x percent of a given pollutant. What percent of pollutant can be removed for $33,000?
Round to the nearest tenth of a percent.
A) 9.3% B) 92.7% C) 561.0% D) 108.5%
108,000
233) The cost per ton of building an oil tanker can be represented by the model y = , where y is 233)
x + 215
the cost in dollars per ton and x is the tons (in thousands). What size of oil tanker (in thousands of
tons) can be built for $200 per ton? Round to the nearest thousand tons.
A) 755 thousand tons B) 325 thousand tons
C) 260 thousand tons D) 33 thousand tons
Solve the formula for the indicated variable.

1 1 1
234) + = for q (optics) 234)
p q f
fp 1 1 1
A) q = - B) q = C) q = pf - D) q = -p
f-p pf p f
31
1 1 1
235) + = for f (optics) 235)
p q f
p+q pq
A) f = B) f = C) f = p + q D) f = pq(p + q)
pq p+q
A
236) P = for r (finance) 236)
1 + rt
A-P P-1 P-A
A) r = B) r = C) r = P - tA D) r =
Pt At 1+t
2A
237) h = for B (geometry) 237)
B+b
2A + bh A - bh 2A - bh
A) B = B) B = C) B = 2A - bh D) B =
h h h
PV pv
238) = for P (chemistry) 238)
T t
pvT pv tvT pvV
A) P = B) P = C) P = D) P =
tV tTV pV tT
1
239) A = h(B + b) for b (geometry) 239)
2
2A + Bh A - Bh 2A - Bh
A) b = B) b = 2A - Bh C) b = D) b =
h h h
PV pv
240) = for V (chemistry) 240)
T t
tvT pv pvP pvT
A) V = B) V = C) V = D) V =
pP tTP tT tP
A
241) P = for t (finance) 241)
1 + rt
A- P P-A P-1
A) t = P - rA B) t = C) t = D) t =
Pr 1+r Ar
-GMm
242) F = for M (physics) 242)
r2
-FGm Fr2 -Fr2
A) M = B) M = C) M = -Fr2 - Gm D) M =
r2 Gm Gm
Fd
243) P = for t (economics) 243)
t
P Fd
A) t = B) t = Fd - P C) t = D) t = P - Fd
Fd P
32
Answer the question asked. When necessary, round to the nearest hundredth.
244) A painter can finish painting a house in 8 hours. Her assistant takes 10 hours to finish the same job. 244)
How long would it take for them to complete the job if they were working together?
9 4
A) hr B) 7 hr C) 4 hr D) 9 hr
40 9
245) One pump can drain a pool in 9 minutes. When a second pump is also used, the pool only takes 4 245)
minutes to drain. How long would it take the second pump to drain the pool if it were the only
pump in use?
1 5 10
A) 7 min B) min C) 2 min D) 31 min
5 36 13
246) A baker can decorate the day's cookie supply four times as fast as his new assistant. If they 246)
decorate all the cookies working together in 20 minutes, how long would it take for each of them to
decorate the cookies working individually?
A) baker: 100 min B) baker: 100 min
assistant: 25 min assistant: 400 min
1
C) baker: 6 min D) baker: 25 min
4
assistant: 100 min
assistant: 25 min
247) Glenn and Paula want to dig an irrigation channel for their newest garden. Together it takes them 247)
1.1 hours to dig an appropriately sized irrigation channel. If Paula can dig the channel by herself in
2.4 hours, how long would it take Glenn by himself to dig the channel? If necessary, round to the
nearest tenth of an hour.
A) 0.9 hr B) 2 hr C) 1.3 hr D) 3.5 hr
248) One conveyor belt can move 1000 boxes in 7 minutes. Another can move 1000 boxes in 9 minutes. 248)
If another conveyor belt is added and all three are used, the boxes are moved in 3 minutes. How
long would it take the third conveyor belt alone to do the same job?
37 26 3 5
A) min B) 1 min C) 12 min D) min
63 37 5 63
249) Mark and Rachel both work for Smith Landscaping Company. Mark can finish a planting job in 4 249)
hours, while it takes Rachel 5 hours to finish the same job. If Mark and Rachel will work together
on the job, and the cost of labor is $40 per hour, what should the labor estimate be? (Round to the
nearest cent, if necessary.)
A) $177.78 B) $88.89 C) $180.00 D) $18.00
250) Three gift wrappers can wrap a box full of gifts in 10 minutes, 30 minutes, and 80 minutes, 250)
respectively. How long will it take them to wrap the box full of gifts if they work together? (Round
to the nearest minute, if necessary.)
A) 7 min B) 8 min C) 120 min D) 40 min
Write an equation that can be used to solve the problem. Then solve the equation and answer the question.
251) Two times the reciprocal of a number equals 28 times the reciprocal of 35. Find the number. 251)
5 8
A) 70 B) 9 C) D)
2 5
33
252) Five divided by the difference of a number and 3 equals the quotient of 10 and the sum of the 252)
number and 11. Find the number.
14 17
A) 17 B) C) D) 5
5 3
253) If three times a number added to 1 is divided by the number plus 11, the result is four thirds. Find 253)
the number.
3 41 29
A) - B) 7 C) D)
2 5 9
254) Five divided by the sum of a number and 1, minus the quotient of 3 and the difference of the 254)
number and 1 is equal to 6 times the reciprocal of the difference of the number squared and 1.
What is the number?
1
A) 4 B) 7 C) -1 D) -
4
5
255) One number is 9 times larger than another. The sum of their reciprocals is . Determine the two 255)
18
numbers.
2 18
A) 9 and 81 B) 36 and 324 C) 4 and 36 D) and
13 13
4
256) The denominator of the fraction is increased by an amount so that the value of the resulting 256)
17
1
fraction is . Determine the amount by which the denominator was increased.
6
7
A) 12 B) C) 7 D) 41
6
Answer the question asked. When necessary, round to the nearest hundredth.
257) A car travels 400 miles on level terrain in the same amount of time it travels 160 miles on 257)
mountainous terrain. If the rate of the car is 30 miles per hour less in the mountains than on level
ground, find its rate in the mountains.
A) 80 mph B) 50 mph C) 40 mph D) 20 mph
258) A boat moves 8 kilometers upstream in the same amount of time it moves 20 kilometers 258)
downstream. If the rate of the current is 6 kilometers per hour, find the rate of the boat in still
water.
1
A) 4 km/hr B) 14 km/hr C) 6 km/hr D) 13 km/hr
3
259) Jim can run 5 miles per hour on level ground on a still day. One windy day, he runs 11 miles with 259)
the wind, and in the same amount of time runs 6 miles against the wind. What is the rate of the
wind?
8 1
17 2
34
260) Julie and Eric row their boat (at a constant speed) 24 miles downstream for 4 hours, helped by the 260)
current. Rowing at the same rate, the trip back against the current takes 6 hours. Find the rate of
the current.
A) 1 mph B) 0.5 mph C) 2 mph D) 5 mph
261) A twin-engined aircraft can fly 960 miles from city A to city B in 4 hours with the wind and make 261)
the return trip in 8 hours against the wind. What is the speed of the wind?
262) A cyclist bikes at a constant speed for 22 miles. He then returns home at the same speed but takes a 262)
different route. His return trip takes one hour longer and is 27 miles. Find his speed.
263) Two automobiles going in opposite directions leave at the same time. One automobile travels 10 263)
mph faster than the other. In 6 hours the automobiles are 420 miles apart. Find the speed of each.
A) 40 mph, 50 mph B) 20 mph, 30 mph
C) 30 mph, 40 mph D) 10 mph, 60 mph
264) A barge takes 3 hours to move (at a constant rate) downstream for 21 miles, helped by a current of 264)
2 miles per hour. If the barge's engines are set at the same pace, find the time of its return trip
against the current.
A) 42 hr B) 3 hr C) 5 hr D) 7 hr
265) In a race, Car A starts 1 mile behind Car B. Car A is traveling at 65 miles per hour, while Car B is 265)
traveling at 55 miles per hour. How long will it take for Car A to overtake Car B?
1 1
A) 33 min B) 5 min C) 6 min D) min
2 10
266) Two bicyclists, one averaging 8 mph and one averaging 14 mph, start from the same point. The 266)
slower bicyclist arrives at the end of the course a half-hour after the other bicyclist. Find the
distance of the ride. Round to the nearest whole mile.
2
A) 5 mi B) mi C) 16 mi D) 9 mi
3
Write the variation.

267) g varies directly as b. 267)
k k
A) g = kb B) k = gb C) b = D) g =
g b
268) r varies directly as the square of f. 268)

k k
A) r = kf2 B) r = k f C) r = D) r =
f f2
Find the quantity indicated.

269) b varies directly as a. Find a when b = 135 and k = 9. 269)
1
A) a = 17 B) a = 15 C) a = 126 D) a =
15
35
270) b varies directly as a. Find k when a = 52 and b = 4. 270)
1
A) k = 13 B) k = C) k = 12 D) k = 48
13
271) s varies directly as the square of r. Find s when k = 5 and r = 6. 271)

1
A) s = B) s = 30 C) s = 180 D) s = 5 6
180
272) y varies directly as z. If y = 216 when z = 18, find y when z = 17. 272)
A) y = 144 B) y = 324 C) y = 204 D) y = 289
273) y varies directly as z2. If y = 147 when z = 7, find y when z = 5. 273)

A) y = 35 B) y = 21 C) y = 105 D) y = 75
Solve the problem.

274) The amount of water used to take a shower is directly proportional to the amount of time that the 274)
shower is in use. A shower lasting 21 minutes requires 10.5 gallons of water. Find the amount of
water used in a shower lasting 9 minutes.
A) 4 gal B) 4.5 gal C) 189 gal D) 5 gal
275) If the resistance in an electrical circuit is held constant, the amount of current flowing through the 275)
circuit is directly proportional to the amount of voltage applied to the circuit. When 6 volts are
applied to a circuit, 150 milliamperes (mA) of current flow through the circuit. Find the new
current if the voltage is increased to 9 volts.
A) 54 mA B) 216 mA C) 225 mA D) 250 mA
276) The amount of gas that a helicopter uses is directly proportional to the number of hours spent 276)
flying. The helicopter flies for 4 hours and uses 40 gallons of fuel. Find the number of gallons of
fuel that the helicopter uses to fly for 6 hours.
A) 66 gal B) 24 gal C) 70 gal D) 60 gal
277) The distance that an object falls when it is dropped is directly proportional to the square of the 277)
amount of time since it was dropped. An object falls 128 feet in 2 seconds. Find the distance the
object falls in 5 seconds.
A) 160 ft B) 320 ft C) 10 ft D) 800 ft
278) For a resistor in a direct current circuit that does not vary its resistance, the power that a resistor 278)
must dissipate is directly proportional to the square of the voltage across the resistor. The resistor
1
must dissipate watt of power when the voltage across the resistor is 10 volts. Find the power
16
that the resistor must dissipate when the voltage across it is 20 volts.
1 25 1 5
A) watt B) watts C) watt D) watt
4 4 8 8

279) d varies inversely as t. 279)
k t
A) d = B) kd = t C) d = D) d = kt
t k
36
280) s varies inversely as the square of h. 280)
k k h h2
A) s = B) s = C) s = D) s =
h h2 k k

281) g varies inversely as f. Find k when g = 4 and f = 14. 281)
7 2
A) k = 56 B) k = 52 C) k = D) k =
2 7
282) x varies inversely as v. If x = 8 when v = 7, find x when v = 28. 282)

A) x = 14 B) x = 49 C) x = 2 D) x = 4
283) x varies inversely as y2. If x = 2 when y = 20, find x when y = 5. 283)

A) x = 50 B) x = 32 C) x = 4 D) x = 16
Solve the problem.

284) When the temperature stays the same, the volume of a gas is inversely proportional to the pressure 284)
of the gas. If a balloon is filled with 60 cubic inches of a gas at a pressure of 14 pounds per square
inch, find the new pressure of the gas if the volume is decreased to 20 cubic inches.
10
A) 28 lb/in.2 B) 42 lb/in.2 C) 39 lb/in.2 D) lb/in.2
7
285) The amount of time it takes a swimmer to swim a race is inversely proportional to the average 285)
speed of the swimmer. A swimmer finishes a race in 50 seconds with an average speed of 3 feet
per second. Find the average speed of the swimmer if it takes him 37.5 seconds to finish the race.
A) 6 ft/sec B) 3 ft/sec C) 4 ft/sec D) 5 ft/sec
286) If the voltage, V, in an electric circuit is held constant, then the current, I, is inversely proportional 286)
to the resistance, R. If the current is 210 milliamperes (mA) when the resistance is 4 ohms, find the
current when the resistance is 28 ohms.
A) 1463 mA B) 120 mA C) 1470 mA D) 30 mA
287) The gravitational attraction between two masses varies inversely as the square of the distance 287)
between them. If the force of attraction is 4 lb when the masses are 3 ft apart, what is the attraction
when the masses are 6 ft apart?
A) 3 lb B) 1 lb C) 4 lb D) 2 lb
288) If the force acting on an object stays the same, then the acceleration of the object is inversely 288)
proportional to its mass. If an object with a mass of 28 kilograms accelerates at a rate of 3 meters
per second per second by a force, find the rate of acceleration of an object with a mass of
7 kilograms that is pulled by the same force.
3
A) m/sec 2 B) 9 m/sec 2 C) 12 m/sec2 D) 8 m/sec 2
4
37
289) While traveling at a constant speed in a car, the centripetal acceleration passengers feel while the 289)
car is turning is inversely proportional to the radius of the turn. If the passengers feel an
acceleration of 36 feet per second per second when the radius of the turn is 40 feet, find the
acceleration the passengers feel when the radius of the turn is 120 feet.
A) 5 ft/sec2 B) 7 ft/sec2 C) 6 ft/sec2 D) 4 ft/sec2

290) f varies jointly as m and the square of z. 290)
km kz 2
A) f = B) f = kmz 2 C) f = D) f =kmkz 2
z2 m
291) d varies jointly as m and c. 291)

km kc
A) d = B) d = kmc C) d = kmkc D) d =
c m

292) c varies jointly as a and b. Find k when c = 42, a = 21, and b = 18. 292)
1 1
A) k = B) k = 9 C) k = 18 D) k =
18 9
293) h varies jointly as f and g. Find h when f = 32, g = 15, and k = 4. 293)
15
A) h = B) h = 1920 C) h = 480 D) h = 120
8
294) f varies jointly as q2 and h, and f = 24 when q = 2 and h = 2. Find f when q = 3 and h = 5. 294)
A) f = 27 B) f = 15 C) f = 135 D) f = 45
295) f varies jointly as q2 and h, and f = -96 when q = 4 and h = 2. Find f when q = 3 and h = 6. 295)
A) f = -27 B) f = -162 C) f = -54 D) f = -18
296) f varies jointly as q2 and h, and f = 24 when q = 2 and h = 3. Find q when f = 192 and h = 6. 296)
A) q = 4 B) q = 6 C) q = 3 D) q = 2
297) f varies jointly as q2 and h, and f = 54 when q = 3 and h = 2. Find h when f = 240 and q = 4. 297)
A) h = 4 B) h = 3 C) h = 2 D) h = 5
Solve the problem.

298) The amount of paint needed to cover the walls of a room varies jointly as the perimeter of the 298)
room and the height of the wall. If a room with a perimeter of 50 feet and 6-foot walls requires
3 quarts of paint, find the amount of paint needed to cover the walls of a room with a perimeter of
55 feet and 10-foot walls.
A) 55 qt B) 11 qt C) 5.5 qt D) 550 qt
299) The amount of simple interest earned on an investment over a fixed amount of time is jointly 299)
proportional to the principle invested and the interest rate. A principle investment of $1800.00 with
an interest rate of 1% earned $36.00 in simple interest. Find the amount of simple interest earned if
the principle is $2200.00 and the interest rate is 6%.
A) $44.00 B) $216.00 C) $264.00 D) $26,400.00
38
300) The voltage across a resistor is jointly proportional to the resistance of the resistor and the current 300)
flowing through the resistor. If the voltage across a resistor is 24 volts for a resistor whose
resistance is 4 ohms and when the current flowing through the resistor is 6 amperes, find the
voltage across a resistor whose resistance is 5 ohms when the current flowing through the resistor
is 8 amperes.
A) 40 V B) 48 V C) 32 V D) 30 V
301) The power that a resistor must dissipate is jointly proportional to the square of the current flowing 301)
through the resistor and the resistance of the resistor. If a resistor needs to dissipate 32 watts of
power when 2 amperes of current is flowing through the resistor whose resistance is 8 ohms, find
the power that a resistor needs to dissipate when 8 amperes of current are flowing through a
resistor whose resistance is 5 ohms.
A) 320 W B) 200 W C) 80 W D) 40 W
302) While traveling in a car, the centripetal force a passenger experiences as the car drives in a circle 302)
varies jointly as the mass of the passenger and the square of the speed of the car. If a passenger
experiences a force of 352.8 newtons when the car is moving at a speed of 70 kilometers per hour
and the passenger has a mass of 80 kilograms, find the force a passenger experiences when the car
is moving at 40 kilometers per hour and the passenger has a mass of 90 kilograms.
A) 144 N B) 160 N C) 115.2 N D) 129.6 N

303) t varies directly as r and inversely as s. Find k when t = 5, r = 35, and s = 28. 303)
5 1
A) k = B) k = C) k = 7 D) k = 4
4 4
25
304) z varies directly as x and inversely as y. Find z when x = 126, y = 45, and k = . 304)
14
5 125
A) z = B) z = C) z = 5 D) z = 1125
15876 126
Solve the problem.

305) The volume V of a given mass of gas varies directly as the temperature T and inversely as the 305)
pressure P. A measuring device is calibrated to give V = 237.6 in3 when T = 540°C and
P = 25 lb/in2. What is the volume on this device when the temperature is 460°C and the pressure is
20 lb/in2 ?
A) V = 23 in3 B) V = 253 in3 C) V = 243 in3 D) V = 263 in3
306) The time in hours it takes a satellite to complete an orbit around the earth varies directly as the 306)
radius of the orbit (from the center of the earth) and inversely as the orbital velocity. If a satellite
completes an orbit 760 miles above the earth in 11 hours at a velocity of 24,000 mph, how long
would it take a satellite to complete an orbit if it is at 1100 miles above the earth at a velocity of
24,000 mph? Use 3960 miles as the radius of the earth, and round your answer to the nearest
hundredth of an hour.
A) 117.92 hr B) 15.92 hr C) 11.79 hr D) 2.56 hr
39
307) The pressure of a gas varies jointly as the quantity of the gas (measured in moles) and the 307)
temperature and inversely as the volume of the gas. Suppose that the pressure of a particular gas is
1440 kiloPascals (kPa) when the quantity is 4 moles , the temperature is 320 Kelvin (K), and the
volume is 480 cc. Find the pressure of that gas when the number of moles is 5, the temperature is
260 K, and the volume is 300 cc.
A) 2340 kPa B) 1170 kPa C) 2160 kPa D) 1260 kPa
40
Answer Key
Testname: UNTITLED6
1) C
2) A
3) C
4) D
5) B
6) A
7) D
8) A
9) D
10) C
11) A
12) D
13) A
14) D
15) D
16) C
17) D
18) B
19) C
20) A
21) B
22) A
23) C
24) D
25) D
26) B
27) B
28) A
29) C
30) C
31) D
32) C
33) B
34) C
35) B
36) B
37) A
38) D
39) A
40) C
41) D
42) C
43) A
44) B
45) B
46) B
47) C
48) C
49) C
50) C
41
Answer Key
Testname: UNTITLED6
51) B
52) B
53) C
54) B
55) C
56) A
57) B
58) C
59) C
60) C
61) C
62) A
63) D
64) D
65) B
66) B
67) B
68) D
69) A
70) C
71) B
72) C
73) C
74) A
75) A
76) B
77) D
78) B
79) B
80) A
81) A
82) D
83) C
84) C
85) A
86) A
87) B
88) B
89) C
90) A
91) A
92) C
93) D
94) A
95) D
96) D
97) A
98) B
99) D
100) D
42
Answer Key
Testname: UNTITLED6
101) C
102) C
103) B
104) A
105) B
106) C
107) B
108) C
109) D
110) A
111) A
112) A
113) D
114) B
115) D
116) A
117) C
118) B
119) B
120) C
121) C
122) D
123) A
124) B
125) D
126) C
127) A
128) A
129) C
130) D
131) C
132) D
133) B
134) D
135) B
136) B
137) D
138) A
139) C
140) D
141) A
142) D
143) A
144) B
145) A
146) B
147) C
148) A
149) A
150) A
43
Answer Key
Testname: UNTITLED6
151) C
152) C
153) B
154) D
155) C
156) D
157) A
158) B
159) C
160) B
161) D
162) A
163) D
164) C
165) D
166) D
167) B
168) C
169) C
170) B
171) C
172) B
173) C
174) B
175) B
176) B
177) A
178) B
179) A
180) B
181) C
182) A
183) D
184) B
185) B
186) B
187) B
R1 R2
188) f =
(n - 1)(R1 + R2 )
R1 R2 R3
189) R =
(R2 R3 + R1 R3 + R1 R2 )
190) C
191) C
192) B
193) B
194) B
195) B
196) C
197) C
44
Answer Key
Testname: UNTITLED6
198) C
199) C
200) D
201) D
202) C
203) B
204) B
205) D
206) D
207) C
208) C
209) A
210) C
211) D
212) A
213) C
214) D
215) B
216) B
217) B
218) D
219) D
220) D
221) D
222) D
223) A
224) B
225) C
226) B
227) D
228) B
229) A
230) D
231) C
232) B
233) B
234) A
235) B
236) A
237) D
238) A
239) D
240) D
241) B
242) D
243) C
244) C
245) A
246) D
247) B
45
Answer Key
Testname: UNTITLED6
248) C
249) B
250) A
251) C
252) A
253) C
254) B
255) C
256) C
257) D
258) B
259) B
260) A
261) D
262) B
263) C
264) D
265) C
266) D
267) A
268) A
269) B
270) B
271) C
272) C
273) D
274) B
275) C
276) D
277) D
278) A
279) A
280) B
281) A
282) C
283) B
284) B
285) C
286) D
287) B
288) C
289) D
290) B
291) B
292) D
293) B
294) C
295) B
296) A
297) D
46
Answer Key
Testname: UNTITLED6
298) C
299) C
300) A
301) A
302) D
303) D
304) C
305) B
306) C
307) A
47
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[6] Herodotus, I.
[7] Herodotus, I.
[8] Ibid.
CHAPTER VIII
THE BEGINNING OF THE PERSIAN WARS[1]
I. DARIUS AND THE IONIAN REVOLT
The rule of the Lydian Kings over the Ionian cities in Asia Minor had not
been a hard one, but that of the Persians was different, for they established
tyrants in all the Greek cities, and required the assistance of their soldiers
and sailors in their wars, things which were very bitter to the freedom-loving
Greeks.
When Darius had become King, he determined, like the Great Kings
before him, to add yet more lands to his empire, and so made ready an army
which was to invade Scythia, the region north of the Black Sea. As the
Persians themselves were not naturally sailors, the Greeks in the Ionian cities
were forced to send a large number of ships to the help of this expedition.
Darius and his army set out, and, arriving at the River Ister (now known
as the Danube), were joined by the Ionian ships. Here Darius commanded
that a bridge of boats should be built, and then taking a cord in which he tied
sixty knots, he called the Ionian leaders together and said to them:
Men of Ionia, do ye now keep this rope and do as I shall say:—So
soon as ye shall have seen me go forward against the Scythians, from that
time begin, and untie a knot on each day: and if within this time I am not
here, and ye find that the days marked by the knots have passed by, then
sail away to your own lands. Till then, guard the floating bridge, showing
all diligence to keep it safe and to guard it. And thus acting, ye will do for
me a very acceptable service.
Having said this Darius hastened forward on his march.
Scythia was a land totally unknown to the Persians, and strange tales
were told in after years of the adventures of the King and his army. The
Scythians were a nomad people, and they believed themselves to be
invincible. When they heard that Darius was in their land with the intention
of conquering it, they "planned not to fight a pitched battle openly, but to
retire before the Persians and to drive away their cattle from before them,
choking up with earth the wells and the springs of water by which they
passed and destroying the grass from off the ground." For some time Darius
pursued this mysterious people, but he could never come up with them.
Now as this went on for a long time and did not cease, Darius sent a
horseman to the King of the Scythians and said as follows: "Thou most
wondrous man, why dost thou fly for ever, when thou mightest do of
these two things one?—if thou thinkest thyself able to make opposition to
my power, stand thou still and cease from wandering abroad, and fight;
but if thou dost acknowledge thyself too weak, cease then in that case
also from thy course, and come to speech with thy master, bringing to
him gifts of earth and of water." To this the King of the Scythians made
reply: "My case, O Persian, stands thus: Never yet did I fly because I was
afraid, either before this time from any other man, or now from thee; nor
have I done anything different now from that which I was wont to do also
in time of peace: and as to the cause why I do not fight with thee at once,
this also I will declare unto thee. We have neither cities nor land sown
with crops, about which we should fear lest they be captured or laid
waste, and so join battle more speedily with you; but know this that we
have sepulchres in which our fathers are buried; therefore come now, find
out these and attempt to destroy them, and ye shall know then whether we
shall fight with you for the sepulchres or whether we shall not fight.
Before that, however, we shall not join battle with thee. About fighting let
so much as has been said suffice; but as to masters, I acknowledge none
over me but Zeus my ancestor and Hestia the Queen of the Scythians. To
thee then in place of gifts of earth and water I shall send such things as it
is fitting that thou shouldest receive; and in return for thy saying that thou
art my master, for that I say, woe betide thee."
The King of Scythia sent gifts to Darius as he had promised, strange and
mysterious gifts. He sent him a bird, a mouse, a frog and five arrows. At first
the Persian could not imagine what these gifts might mean, but one of his
wise men interpreted them as meaning that "unless ye become birds and fly
up to the heaven, or become mice and sink down under the earth, or become
frogs and leap into the lakes, ye shall not return back home, but shall be
smitten by these arrows."
The Scythians continued to lead the Persians from place to place in this
strange campaign, until at last they brought them back again to the Ister
where the Ionians were guarding the bridge of boats. The Scythians arrived
first, and they tried to persuade the Ionians to break up the bridge, so that
Darius would find no means of escape and would then fall into their hands.
Some of the Greeks were in favour of doing this, but the Tyrant of Miletus,
who wanted to keep on good terms with Darius, advised against such
treachery and his word prevailed. In order to get the Scythians away, they
pretended, by moving a few of the boats,, that they were going to destroy the
bridge, but when Darius came, after a moment's fear that he had been
deserted, he found the bridge still there, and he crossed safely and returned
to his own land.
When Darius learned that it was owing to the advice of the Tyrant of
Miletus that the bridge had been saved, he sent for him and praised him
highly for what he had done, telling him he knew him to be a man of
understanding and well-disposed towards him, and that in consequence he
wished him to go with him to Susa, to eat at his table and to be his
counsellor. Darius did this because in reality he distrusted him and preferred
that he should be near him in Susa, where his movements could be watched.
In the meanwhile a kinsman of this Tyrant had been left in his place at
Miletus, and when a rebellion broke out in Naxos, he undertook to put it
down, hoping that this would bring him favour from the King. Unfortunately
for him, he was unsuccessful, and as he very much feared the wrath of the
King, he decided that as he could not put down the rebellion, he would
himself join it. The Greeks in Miletus were more than willing to revolt from
the Persian yoke and they were joined by other Ionian cities. But they did
not feel strong enough to stand alone against Persia, so they sent
ambassadors to Greece asking for help from their kinsmen there. Sparta was
asked first. The ambassador appealed to the King and told him that the
Ionians felt it was a disgrace not only to themselves but also to the Spartans,
who were looked upon as the leaders of all men of Greek birth, that they
should be slaves instead of freemen. "Now therefore," he said, "I entreat you
by the gods of Hellas to rescue from slavery the Ionians who are your own
kinsmen." He then went on to describe the Persians whom he might conquer,
the wealth of their land and all the benefits that would come to him if he
would help the Ionians to become free. The King told him he would think it
over and give him an answer on a day following. When the day came, the
King asked the ambassador from Miletus how many days' journey it was
from the sea of the Ionians to the residence of the King. Now it must be
remembered that no part of Greece was far from the coast, and that no
Greek, not even a Spartan who was a soldier rather than a sailor, was happy
if he felt out of reach of the sea. So the feelings of the Spartan King can be
understood, when he was told that to reach the city of the King of Persia was
a journey of three months from the sea. His mind was quickly made up.
"Guest-friend from Miletus," he said, "get thee away from Sparta before the
sun has set; for thou speakest a word which sounds not well in the ears of the
Lacedaemonians, desiring to take them a journey of three months away from
the sea."
The ambassador then went to Athens, where he was more successful. The
Athenians sent twenty ships to help the Ionians, and the Eretrians, out of
gratitude for help once received from Miletus when they were in need, added
five. With this assistance, the Greeks marched to Sardis and seized it. But a
house accidentally caught fire, and the fire began to spread over the whole
town. This gave the Persians time to rally from the surprise of the attack and
they drove out the Greeks, who scattered in dismay. Some were overtaken
and slain, and the rest retreated to their ships.
Darius was in Susa at this time, and the news of the burning of Sardis was
taken to him there. He did not take much account of the Ionians who had
taken part,
because he knew that they at all events would not escape unpunished for
their revolt, but he enquired who the Athenians were; and when he had
been informed, he asked for his bow, and having received it and placed an
arrow upon the string, he discharged it upwards towards heaven, and as
he shot into the air he said: "Zeus, that it may be granted me to take
vengeance upon the Athenians!" Having so said he charged one of his
attendants, that when dinner was set before the King he should say
always three times: "Master, remember the Athenians."
Darius remembered the Athenians, but he had first to punish the Ionian
cities for their share in the revolt. One by one he attacked them, and they fell
before him, until at last only Miletus was left. Her only hope of safety lay in
her sea-defences, and all the ships the Ionians could collect were gathered at
Lade, an island just outside the harbour of Miletus. Now the Ionians had
copied many of the customs of their Lydian neighbours, and they were more
luxurious and led softer lives than their kinsmen on the mainland. Efforts
were made by one of the Greek leaders to make the Ionians drill and exercise
themselves every day, that they might all be in good condition when the day
of battle should come. For a time they submitted, but they were lazy and
unaccustomed to such toil, and the hard work and exercise so exhausted
them, that they declared they would prefer slavery to such hard work as was
being forced upon them. So they refused to drill any more, and "they pitched
their tents in the island like an army, and kept in the shade, and would not go
on board their ships or practise any exercises."
There could only be one result to this. The Persians gave battle and the
Ionians were defeated, some of them even disgraced themselves by sailing
away without fighting at all. The men of Chios refused to play the coward
and fought to the end, but there were too few of them to turn the tide of
battle and the Persians overcame them completely. Miletus was taken by
storm, the city was destroyed by fire, the men were all put to death, and the
women and children sent as slaves to Susa.
The news of the fall of Miletus was a terrible blow to the Greek world.
Up to that time she had been the greatest of the Greek cities. She was rich,
not only in material wealth, but in all that concerned the intellectual life, and
now she had fallen! It was, above all, a blow to the Athenians, for Athens
and Miletus were closely bound by ties of kinship, and when an Athenian
dramatist
composed a drama called the "Capture of Miletus," and put it on the
stage, the body of spectators fell to weeping, and the Athenians moreover
fined the poet heavily on the ground that he had reminded them of their
own calamities; and they ordered also that no one in future should
represent this drama.
Thus it came about that again the Ionians became the subjects of the
Persian King. They had been punished to the utmost for daring to revolt
from his power, and there was no fear that they would do it again. Darius
was now free to remember the Athenians.
II. MARATHON
In 492 B.C. Darius sent Mardonius, a general who was high in his favour,
across the Hellespont with orders to march through Thrace and Macedonia,
and having firmly secured their allegiance, to march on to Greece, where
Athens and Eretria were to be severely punished for their share in the
burning of Sardis. Darius had several reasons for this expedition: the
punishment of Athens and Eretria was the one about which most was said,
but as it never entered his mind that he could be defeated, Darius probably
intended so to destroy the cities on the mainland that the Greeks in Ionia
would see that it would be useless to rely on the help of their kinsmen should
they ever think of another revolt, and so to punish the European Greeks that
they would never dare to interfere again in the affairs of the Persian Empire.
But underneath all these reasons were dreams of conquest. The Great King
had visions of subduing the whole of Greece and of extending his empire
into Europe.
Preparations were made and Mardonius set out. A fleet was to sail close
to the coast and to keep in constant touch with the army. All went well until
Mount Athos was reached and here a great storm arose.
The north wind handled them very roughly, casting away very many of
their ships. It is said that the number of ships destroyed was three
hundred, and more than twenty thousand men; for as this sea which is
about Athos is very full of sea monsters, some were seized by these and
so perished, while others were dashed against the rocks; and some of
them did not know how to swim and perished for that cause, others again
by reason of cold.
The army fared little better, for it was attacked by some Thracian
tribesmen, and though Mardonius forced them to submit to him, he suffered
so much loss in the fighting, that as his fleet also had been almost entirely
destroyed, he was obliged to depart back to Asia having gained no honour in
this undertaking.
Two years went by, and then another expedition was planned. Before it
started, Darius sent messengers to Athens and Sparta and other Greek states
demanding of them earth and water, the symbols of submission to the Great
King. Some states agreed to the demand, either because they were struck
dumb with terror at the mere thought that the Great King might invade their
land, or because they thought that he was certain to conquer and that by
submitting at once they would secure themselves and their land from
destruction. Athens and Sparta, however, refused uncompromisingly. The
messengers were thrown by the Athenians into a pit, and by the Spartans into
a well, and told that if they wanted earth and water they could get them for
themselves. On hearing what had happened to his messengers, Darius gave
orders to the generals to set out at once for Greece, and to punish every state
which had refused submission by enslaving all the inhabitants and bringing
them bound to Susa. In particular, Athens and Eretria, for their other
misdeeds, were to receive the severest treatment. So the expedition started.
Remembering the disaster at Mount Athos, the fleet sailed this time
across the Aegean, touching at Naxos, the first of the Ionian cities that had
revolted, and which now received its punishment by being burnt and its
people enslaved. Then the Persians went on to Delos, where they offered
sacrifices to Apollo, and from there they sailed to Eretria which they
immediately attacked. The city held out for six days and then traitors within
the walls opened the gates to the Persians who entered and took the city.
They burnt it to the ground and carried off all the inhabitants into slavery.
And so Eretria was punished for her share in daring to burn a city of the
Great King.
News of these movements of the Persians had, of course, reached Athens,

but up to this time the Athenians had not considered them as having any
dangerous consequences to themselves. But Eretria was not very far from
Athens, and when the news of the utter destruction of this city arrived, the
Athenians realized the full extent of their peril. Now Hippias, the exiled
Tyrant, had taken refuge with the Persians, but he had never given up hope
of one day returning to Athens. He was at this very time plotting with friends
in the city, and the Persians, knowing this, hoped for their aid in taking
Athens. So the Athenians were threatened with dangers both from within and
without.
It is easy to imagine the dismay of the Athenians when they heard that
Eretria had been destroyed, and that the Persians, the conquerors of the
world, were even then on their way to Athens. How could they hope, with
their small army, to stand against the great empire? Help must be had, and
that quickly. To whom should they turn, if not to Sparta, the foremost
military state in Greece, and which, should Athens fall, would be the next
state attacked? Self-defence, if no other reason, would surely bring them
with speed to Athens. So the Athenians sent Pheidippides, a swift runner,
with a message imploring help. The distance from Athens to Sparta is a
hundred and fifty miles, and the hours must have seemed very long to the
Athenians as they waited for his return with the answer. But so swiftly did he
run that he was back before they had dared expect him. How had he done it?
For two days and nights he had raced "over the hills, under the dales, down
pits and up peaks," and in less than forty-eight hours he had reached Sparta.
He rushed into the midst of their Assembly with but scant ceremony, and
passionately entreated them to come to the help of Athens.
But to this cry for help the Spartans gave but a cool answer. They would
come, certainly, but must wait five days until the moon was full when it was
their custom to sacrifice to Apollo, and to break this custom would be to
slight the god. When the full moon had come, then they would send help to
the Athenians. Pheidippides only waited long enough to receive the answer,
and then with despair in his heart, he started back to Athens. Over the hills
and the plains, through woods and across streams he raced, appealing in his
heart to the gods to whom Athens had ever shown honour, yet who seemed
to have deserted her in her utmost need. Was there no help? Suddenly he
stopped; whom did he see, sitting in a cleft of a rock? It was Pan, the Goat-
God.
"Stop, Pheidippides," he cried, and stop he did. Graciously and kindly did
the god then speak to him, asking him why it was that Athens alone in
Greece had built him no temple, yet he had always been and would forever
be her friend. And now in her peril, he would come to her aid. He bade
Pheidippides go home and tell Athens to take heart, for Pan was on her side.
If Pheidippides had run swiftly before, now he ran as if wings had been
given to him. He hardly touched the earth but seemed to race through the air,
and burst upon the waiting Athenians who had not dared expect him so soon,
with the news that Sparta indeed had failed them, but that Pan, mighty to
save, would fight for them!
But now grave news was brought: the Persians were landing in Attica. It
was September of the year 490 B.C., and the hot summer days had not yet
passed away. The Athenians could not wait for the Spartans, they must go
out alone and meet the foe. They marched twenty-four miles in the heat over
a rough and rugged road, until they reached the plain of Marathon. There
they found the Persians.
Now the Persians had probably never intended to fight at Marathon. They
hoped that the friends of Hippias in Athens would in the end betray the city
to them, and their plan in landing where they did was to bring the Athenian
army away from the city, and if possible to keep it away, until they should
have received the expected signal from the traitors. The plain of Marathon is
surrounded by hills except where it slopes down to the sea. The Athenians
occupied the stronger and higher positions, the Persians were encamped near
the sea, and their ships were anchored close to the coast. For several days the
armies watched each other and waited. The Athenians counted the days until
the moon should be full, when there was hope that the Spartans might come;
the Persians knew that every added day gave the conspirators more time to
do their treacherous work in the city. And so both sides waited.
Suddenly help came to the Athenians from an unexpected quarter, help

which cheered and inspirited them. Through a cloud of dust on one of the
roads leading down into the plain, they saw the gleam of spears and helmets.
It could not be the Spartans, for they would not come from that direction. As
the men drew nearer, they were found to be an army from Plataea, a little
city in Boeotia, to which, when some years before Thebes had threatened her
independence, Athens had sent succour. Now, though not thought of by the
Athenians as an ally, because she was small and not powerful, she had
remembered those who had befriended her in the hour of need, and had
come down with all her fighting men to help Athens in her peril.
Miltiades was the Athenian general at Marathon. He knew why the

Persians were waiting, and when messengers brought him word that they
were embarking some of their men, knowing that this meant their intention
to sail round to Athens, because the conspirators in the city were ready to
act, he gave the signal to attack. There were probably two Persians to every
Greek, so the Greek army had been arranged in the best way to face these
odds. The centre line was thin, but the wings were very strong. On the first
onslaught from the Persians this centre gave way, but the wings immediately
wheeled round and attacked the Persians with such force that these gave way
before them and fled down to the shore. The Greeks pursued, and there was
terrific fighting and slaughter. Seven of the Persian ships were destroyed by
fire, but the others escaped. The Persians fled to these remaining ships,
leaving over six thousand dead on the plain and quantities of rich plunder.
They set sail for Athens, and knowing that the Athenian army was still on
the plain of Marathon, they hoped to find the city undefended and that the
traitors would open the gates to them. But the Athenians who had won at
Marathon were not going to let their city fall into the hands of the enemy, so
when they saw the Persian ships setting sail, wearied as they were with the
strain of battle, they marched over the twenty-four miles of rough road to the
defence of their beloved city, leaving only a small force behind to guard the
bodies of the slain and to prevent thieves from carrying off the plunder.
On his return from Sparta, Pheidippides had been asked what reward
should be given him for the race he had run. All he asked was to be allowed
to fight for Athens, and when the Persians had been driven away, then to
wed the maid he loved and to dwell in his own home. It was given him as he
asked. He fought in the fight at Marathon, but when the victory had been
gained, one more race was asked of him. Over the rough road he ran to
Athens to shout in the ears of the waiting Athenians: "Athens is saved!" But
his heart could not contain such great joy, and having delivered his message,
he died.
The Athenian army reached Athens before the enemy, and when in the
moonlight the Persian ships sailed into the bay near Athens, there, ready to
meet them, were the same men who had defeated them at Marathon earlier in
the day. The Persians were not willing to meet them again so soon; they
realized that they had indeed suffered grievous defeat, and commands were
given for the broken army and crippled fleet to set sail for Asia.
The Spartans came as they had promised, but too late to take any part in
the battle.
There came to Athens two thousand of them after the full moon,
making great haste to be in time, so that they arrived in Athens on the
third day after leaving Sparta: and though they had come too late for the
battle, yet they desired to behold the Medes; and accordingly they went
on to Marathon and looked at the bodies of the slain; and afterwards they
departed home, commending the Athenians and the work which they had
done.
But no part of the honour of Marathon belonged to Sparta.
The Athenians lost about two hundred men in the battle. They were
buried where they had fallen, a great mound was erected over their graves,
and their names were inscribed on tall pillars near by. Much rich plunder was
left by the Persians on the plain, some of which was offered to Apollo as a
thank-offering for the victory. The Athenians built a beautiful little temple,
known as the Treasury of the Athenians, at Delphi, and Pan was not
forgotten. A grotto on the side of the Acropolis was dedicated to him, where
sacrifices were offered in memory of his help and encouragement when both
had been sorely needed.
The Greeks who had fought at Marathon had many tales to tell of the
battle, and many a wondrous deed was said to have been performed. It was
thought that the gods themselves and the ancient heroes of Athens had taken
part. Pan, they said, had struck such fear into the hearts of the Persians that
they had fled in disorder and terror, a terror ever after known as a panic.
Some even said that Theseus and other heroes had been seen, and for a long
time the spirits of those who had been slain were thought to haunt the
battlefield.
The battle of Marathon was one of the great events in history. For the first
time the East and the West had met in conflict, and the West had prevailed.
The Athenians were the "first of all the Hellenes who endured to face the
Median garments and the men who wore them, whereas up to this time the
very name of the Medes was to the Hellenes a terror to hear." Never before
had a little state faced the world empire of the Persians and conquered. The
Greek soldiers had shown themselves capable of facing the Persians, long
looked upon as the conquerors of the world, and of prevailing against them.
The civilization of the East had met with a check on the very threshold of
Europe, and Athens had saved Greece. But the Great Kings of Persia were
not accustomed to defeat; would they accept this, and was Greece and,
through Greece, Europe, safe, or would the Persians come again?
[1] Chapter VIII is taken chiefly from the History of Herodotus.
CHAPTER IX
THE GREAT PERSIAN INVASION UNDER
XERXES[1]
I. THE PREPARATIONS
(a) The Persians
The Persians came again. When the report came to Darius of the battle
which was fought at Marathon, the King, who even before this had been
greatly exasperated with the Athenians on account of the attack made upon
Sardis, then far more than before displayed indignation, and was still more
determined to make a campaign against Hellas. He at once sent messengers
to the various cities of the Empire and ordered that they should get ready
their forces. Each city or community was called upon to send more men than
at the former time, and to send also ships of war, and horses, provisions and
transport vessels. When these commands had been carried all round, all Asia
was moved for three years, for all the best men were being enlisted for the
expedition against Hellas, and were making preparations. But before the
expedition was ready, a rebellion broke out in Egypt, and soon after Darius
died, and "thus he did not succeed in taking vengeance upon the Athenians."
Darius was succeeded by his son Xerxes. The first thing he did was to
crush Egypt, and then he turned his attention to Greece. Mardonius, the
general who had been forced to retire from Thrace after the wreck of the
fleet off Mount Athos, was anxious to persuade the King to undertake
another invasion. He probably wanted to retrieve the reputation he had lost
on the former occasion, and hoped that if Greece became a Persian province,
he would be made governor. "Master," he would say to the King, "it is not
fitting that the Athenians, after having done to the Persians very great evil,
should not pay the penalty for that which they have done," and he would add
that Greece was "a very fair land and bore all kinds of trees that are
cultivated for fruit and that the King alone of all mortals was worthy to
possess it."
Xerxes did not need much persuasion. He came of a race of kings whose
word was the law of the Medes and Persians that changeth not, and his wrath
was great against the states that had not only refused to submit to the Persian
King, but had actually defeated his army in battle. He would wreak his
vengeance upon them for what they had done, and he declared that he would
march an army through Europe against Greece, in order, as he said, "that I
may take vengeance on the Athenians for all the things which they have
done both to the Persians and to my father. I will not cease until I have
conquered Athens and burnt it with fire."
Our knowledge of the preparations made for this invasion by Xerxes

comes from Herodotus.[2] He may have exaggerated some things in his
account, but his history was written for the Greeks of his own time and he
wanted to make clear to them how great was the difference between the East
and the West; how much better their freedom and independence were than
the slavery endured by states which were ruled by the Great King. For these
states had no voice in the affairs of the Empire; if the King went to war, they
had to follow him and lay down their lives for causes in which they had no
concern, and which generally only ministered to the greed and avarice of
their rulers.
Having decided on the invasion of Greece, Xerxes sent heralds

throughout the Empire proclaiming the war and bidding all fighting men
make ready and join the King at Sardis. There the troops were mustered, and
in the spring of 480 B.C. ten years after the battle of Marathon, Xerxes and
his army were ready to set out. They were to march to the Hellespont, and
then, by way of Thrace and Macedonia, to descend into Greece. The fleet
was to join the army at the Hellespont, and by sailing close to the shore, to
keep in constant touch with the army on land.
At last all was ready and the day came for the army to leave Sardis. First
the baggage-bearers led the way together with their horses, and after these,
half the infantry of all the nations who followed the Great King. Then a
space was left, after which came the King himself. Before him went first a
thousand horsemen, chosen from amongst the noblest Persians, and then a
thousand spearmen; these were followed by ten sacred horses with rich
trappings, and behind the horses came the sacred chariot of the great Persian
god, drawn by eight horses, with the reins held by a charioteer on foot, for
no human creature might mount upon the seat of that chariot. Then followed
Xerxes himself, attended by spearmen chosen from the best and most noble
of all the Persians. They were in turn followed by a body of men known as
the Immortals, of which there were always ten thousand. They bore this
name, because if any one of them made the number incomplete, either by
death or illness, another man filled his place, and there were never either
more or fewer than ten thousand. These were the very flower of the Persian
army; nine thousand of them carried spears ending with silver pomegranates,
and the spears of the thousand who guarded the front and rear were
ornamented with pomegranates of gold.
Now of all the nations, the Persians showed the greatest splendour of
ornament and were themselves the best men, and they were conspicuous for
the great quantity of gold they used. The Medes and Persians wore tunics
and trousers, for which the Greeks always felt the greatest contempt because
they were worn by the Barbarian and not the Greek, and soft felt caps on
their heads. They carried wicker shields and had short spears and daggers
and bows and arrows. Besides these a host of nations followed the Great
King: there were Assyrians, famous throughout all ancient history as a great
fighting race, with bronze helmets, linen breastplates, and wooden clubs
studded with iron; there were Bactrians with bows of reed and short spears;
Scythians with their pointed sheepskin caps, and their battle axes; there were
Caspians dressed in skins and wielding short swords; there were men of
strange and savage appearance, some wearing dyed garments, with high
boots, others dressed in skins, and all bearing bows and arrows, daggers and
short spears. Arabians came too, with their loose robes caught up ready for
action and long bows in their hands; and dark Ethiopians, fearful to look
upon in their garments made of the skins of the leopard and the lion; these
fought with long bows with sharp pointed arrows, and with spears and clubs,
and when they went in to battle, each man painted half his body white and
half of it red. And other Ethiopians there were, who wore upon their heads
horses' scalps with the ears and manes still attached. Many more nations and
tribes were represented in this mighty army. Some carried small shields and
small spears and daggers, others wore bronze helmets to which the ears and
horns of an ox were attached.
All these and many more made up the army of the Great King; they came
from North and South, from East and West, and from the islands of the sea,
and they marched in magnificent array from Sardis to the shores of the
Hellespont, where the fleet was to meet them. When Xerxes reached the
strait, he had a throne of white marble built for him and there he took his
seat and gazed upon his army and his ships. Now Xerxes had given orders
that a bridge should be built across the Hellespont over which his army
should pass into Europe. But when the strait had been bridged over, a great
storm arose which destroyed the bridge. When Xerxes heard of it, he was
exceedingly enraged and bade his soldiers scourge the Hellespont with three
hundred strokes of the lash, and he let down into the sea a pair of fetters.
Whilst this was being done, the sea was thus addressed:
Thou bitter water, thy master lays on thee this penalty, because thou
didst wrong him, though never having suffered any wrong from him; and
Xerxes the King will pass over thee, whether thou be willing or no.
The sea was punished in this way, and command was given to cut off the
heads of those who had had charge of building the bridge. Not with impunity
was the Great King disobeyed. A new bridge was then built, stronger and
more secure than the first, and over this the army passed in safety.
In order that no accidents might happen, honour was paid to the gods, and
incense and fragrant perfumes were burnt upon the bridge and the road was
strewn with branches of myrtle. The crossing was to take place early in the
morning, and all were ready before the dawn broke. As the sun was rising,
Xerxes poured a libation from a golden cup into the sea, and prayed to the
Sun that no accident might befall him till he had conquered Europe, even to
its furthest limits. Having prayed, he cast the cup into the Hellespont and
with it a golden mixing bowl and a Persian sword, as gifts to the powers of
the sea. When Xerxes had done this, the great army passed over the bridge in
brilliant array. It took seven days and seven nights without any pause for the
whole army to pass over and it is said that at the end, a man who dwelt on
that coast and who had watched the crossing, exclaimed:
Why, O Zeus, in the likeness of a Persian man and taking for thyself
the name of Xerxes instead of Zeus, hast thou brought all the nations of
men to subdue Hellas? Was it not possible for thee to do it without the
help of these?"
When the whole army had crossed over safely, Xerxes inspected it. He
drove through all the ranks in his chariot, and scribes who accompanied him
wrote down for him the names of all the nations who were represented.
When he had done this, the ships were drawn down into the sea, and Xerxes,
changing from his chariot to a ship of Sidon, sat down under a golden
canopy and sailed along by the prows of the ships and inspected his fleet.
The ships then set sail, and were to go along the coast to Therma where the
land army was to meet them again.
Xerxes and the army then proceeded on their march through Thrace and
Macedonia. Messengers had been sent on ahead some time before to make
arrangements for provisioning this great host. All the towns through which
the Persians passed were compelled to provide food and drink for the men
and the animals with them. It was a tremendous undertaking, and scarcity
and want were left behind as the invaders passed on. The inhabitants had to
provide great quantities of wheat and barley, they were made to give up the
best of the fatted cattle, their birds and fowls, and to provide everything in
the way of gold and silver needed for the service of the table. All this was a
great hardship to the people of the land, and in one place they went in a body
to their temple and entreated the gods that for the future they would keep
them from such evil. Nevertheless they offered up a thanksgiving to the gods
for all the mercies they had shown to them in the past, and especially for
having granted that Xerxes, whilst in their city had only thought good to take
food once in each day, for it would have been altogether impossible for them
to have provided him with breakfast in the same manner as dinner.
The fleet sailed safely to Therma and was joined there by the army as had
been arranged. So far all had gone well for the Persians. They had succeeded
in a great achievement, for apparently without any serious mishaps, this
tremendous army had been transported from Sardis right round the Aegean
and had been fed and cared for on the way. The difficulties must have been
very great, and only splendid organization could have done it successfully.
But it had been done, and now Xerxes, in order to wreak his vengeance on
one Greek city, stood with his army composed of the fighting men of forty-
six nations on the very threshold of Greece. From Therma he could look
across to the mountains of Thessaly, he could see snow-topped Olympus, the
home of the gods who watched over the fortunes of the freedom-loving
Greeks. The Athenians had withstood the Persians at Marathon, but now the
whole of the eastern world was marching against them. Could they withstand
that mighty host, or would they be forced to submit?
(b) The Greeks
Ten years had passed between the battle of Marathon and the arrival of
Xerxes on the borders of Greece. In the years preceding 490 B.C. the Persian
power had been a terror to the Greek. Not content with subduing Asia even
to the dim borders of India, the Great Kings had pushed their way to the
Aegean and had even conquered the Greeks who dwelt along its eastern
coasts. Then, like an ominous war-cloud, this mighty power had crossed the
sea to Greece itself. But there the unexpected had happened. At Marathon
the Persians had sustained at the hands of a small state, till then
comparatively unknown, the first great defeat they had ever met with. The
Plataeans had helped, it is true, but their numbers had been small and it was
the Athenians who had really defeated the Persians. Since then the Athenians
had enjoyed a great reputation for their military power. Myths and legends
had woven themselves round the name of Marathon with the result that the
power of the Athenians was reputed greater than perhaps it actually was, and
that of Persia was certainly depreciated. If she had been as formidable as had
always been supposed, how could the Athenians have defeated her almost
unaided? So for a number of years the Greeks had felt less terror at the name
of Persia, and they had been enjoying a certain feeling of security little
realizing how false it was.
But suddenly they were shaken out of their calm. Rumours of the Persian
preparations for an invasion of Greece reached them, rumours which were
doubtless exaggerated, but which nevertheless had much truth in them. It is
amazing how in spite of slow and difficult communication news was swiftly
carried in those days from place to place. So the Greeks were fairly well-
informed as to what the Persians were doing. At this crisis the Athenians
took the lead, and
if anyone should say that the Athenians proved to be the saviours of
Hellas, he would not fail to hit the truth; these were they who, preferring
that Hellas should continue to exist in freedom, roused up all of Hellas.
Nor did fearful oracles which came from Delphi and cast them into dread,
induce them to leave Hellas.
The first thing the Greeks did was to hold a conference at Corinth, which
was attended by envoys from all the leading states except Argos and Thebes,
which stood aloof. At this conference the Greeks made three important
decisions. They resolved that they would reconcile all their own differences
and bring to an end the wars they had with one another; as Hellenes they
would unite against the common foe. Then they determined to send spies to
Asia, who should bring back accurate reports of the preparations and power
of Xerxes. And lastly, they would send messengers to the colonies in Sicily,
Corcyra and Crete asking for assistance.
Three spies set out, but they were captured in Sardis and condemned to
death. When Xerxes, however, heard what had happened, he sent for the
spies, who were brought into his presence. To their surprise, instead of being
led out to immediate execution, Xerxes commanded that they should be led
round and shown the whole army, both foot and horse, and when they had
seen everything, they were to be set free to return home. He did this, because
he said that
if the spies had been put to death, the Hellenes would not have been
informed of his power, how far beyond any description it was; while on
the other hand by putting to death three men, they would not very greatly
damage the enemy; but when these returned back to Hellas, he thought it
likely that the Hellenes, hearing of his power, would deliver up their
freedom to him themselves, before the expedition took place, and thus
there would be no need for them to have the labour of marching an army
against them.
Little did Xerxes know the kind of freedom-loving people with whom he had
to deal. So the spies looked at everything and then returned to Greece.
Meanwhile the messengers to the colonies returned. The answers to the
appeal for support were very disappointing. Neither Sicily, Corcyra nor
Crete would help. They either refused outright or made uncertain answers.
They seem to have thought more of their own preservation than of the safety
of Greece as a whole; they thought the Persian would probably win, and they
preferred either to be on the winning side, or to be in such a position that
they could make good terms with the Persian, did he conquer.
The Greeks now made ready to go out with their armies to meet the
Persian foe. The chief command was given to Sparta, the greatest military
state in Greece, and they marched to the Vale of Tempe in the north of
Thessaly, where they hoped to meet Xerxes and prevent him from coming
into Greece. When they got there, however, they found that it would not be
possible to hold the pass against the enemy, for it was so situated that the
Persians could attack them by sea as well as by land, and there was another
path over the mountains by which the Persians could attack them in the rear.
So the Greeks withdrew to Corinth, in order to deliberate further where they
would meet the enemy. This retreat from Thessaly took place while Xerxes
and his army were crossing the Hellespont, and it had important
consequences for the Persians, for the Thessalians, hitherto never very loyal
to Greece, seeing the other Greeks leave their land, "took the side of the
Medes with a good will and no longer half-heartedly, so that in the course of
events they proved very serviceable to the King."
The Greeks now decided on making a stand much further south at

Thermopylae. This was a narrow pass and easier to defend, so they resolved
to guard it and not permit the Barbarian to go by into Hellas, and they
resolved that the fleet should sail to Artemisium, for these points are near
to one another, so that each division of their forces could have
information of what was happening to the other.
At Thermopylae the Greeks awaited the Persians.

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Introductory and Intermediate Algebra for College

Introductory and Intermediate Algebra for College

Determine the domain of the function.

A) {x|x ≠ 5 and x ≠ -5} B) {x|x ≠ 5}

C) {x|x ≠ -64} D) {x|x is a real number}

Simplify the rational expression.

12x2 y3 - 33xy + 12x7 y7

(x - 4)(x + 10) + (x - 4)(x - 9)

10x - 15x2 9x2 + 18x + 8

2x2 - 20x + 50 4x2 - 38x - 20

-2x + y 12x2 + 19xy + 4y2

x3 - 6x2 + 5x - 30 4x3 + 16x2 + x + 4

20r2 + 39rt + 18t2 28r2 - 3rt - 18t2

3x2 + 3xy - xy2 - y3 x3 + 2x + x2 y + 2y

Perform the indicated operations.

Solve the problem.

(x - 3)(x + 1)2 (x - 3)(x + 1)2 x-3

x +2xy + y x+y x2 + 2xy + y2 9

4x2 - 21x + 34 3x2 - 8x - 6

3x2 - 45 -8x 2x2 - 4x

Find the least common denominator.

A) 20xy2 B) 20x3 y C) 20x2 y D) 20xy3

A) x(x - 6) B) (x2 + 6)(x2 - 6) C) x(x + 6) D) x(x + 6)(x - 6)

-12mn - 19n 2 2m2 + 8mn + 13n 2

6x2 - 25x + 150 25(x - 6)

Solve the problem.

Provide an appropriate response.

(x - 3)(x + 7) (x + 3)(2x + 9) (6x + 40)(x + 5) 2x2 + 16x + 34

6x-1 + 5y-1 + (4xy) -1

35m4 35m 3 35m4 35m 3

(7x + 46)(x + 5) (x + 3)(2x + 9) 2x2 + 16x + 34 (x - 3)(x + 7)

4x2 4x2 y - 3x3 - 5x2

6x-1 + 5y-1 + (4xy) -1

Solve the problem.

Solve the equation and check your solution.

Provide an appropriate response.

Solve the equation and check your solution.

Solve the problem.

Solve the formula for the indicated variable.

Write the variation.

268) r varies directly as the square of f. 268)

Find the quantity indicated.

271) s varies directly as the square of r. Find s when k = 5 and r = 6. 271)

273) y varies directly as z2. If y = 147 when z = 7, find y when z = 5. 273)

Solve the problem.

Write the variation.

Find the quantity indicated.

282) x varies inversely as v. If x = 8 when v = 7, find x when v = 28. 282)

283) x varies inversely as y2. If x = 2 when y = 20, find x when y = 5. 283)

Solve the problem.

Write the variation.

291) d varies jointly as m and c. 291)

Find the quantity indicated.

Solve the problem.

Find the quantity indicated.