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Chapter 08 - The Wage Structure

Chapter 8 MULTIPLE-CHOICE QUESTIONS

1. Assuming workers and jobs are identical, if information is perfect and job search and migration
are costless, then:
a. labor may or may not flow among employers
b.* labor will flow among employers until all wages are equal
c. labor will flow among employers until all economic profits are zero, but wages may be
unequal
d. all firms will hire the same number of workers in equilibrium and pay them all the same
wage

2. Assuming workers and jobs are identical, if information is perfect but job search and migration
are costly, then:
a.* labor may or may not flow among employers
b. labor will flow among employers until all wages are equal
c. labor will flow among employers until all economic profits are zero, but wages may be
unequal
d. all firms will hire the same number of workers in equilibrium and pay them all the same
wage

Questions 3 and 4 refer to the following diagram:

Wage

Wage

SA SB

DA DB
Labor Labor

3. Consider the two labor markets shown in the diagram above. The wage rates shown represent:
a. long run equilibrium
b.* long run equilibrium if all nonwage aspects of the jobs are identical
c. long run equilibrium provided the workers are in noncompeting groups
d. long run equilibrium if information is perfect and costless

4. Suppose that all other nonwage aspects of the jobs in these two markets are identical. We would
expect labor supply in B to increase if:
a. the probability of job loss rises in B
b.* earnings are more variable in A
c. job safety improves in A
d. there are better prospects for advancement in A

8-1
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Chapter 08 - The Wage Structure

5. Of the following occupational groups, 2011 average hourly earnings were greatest among:
a. service workers
b. installation, maintenance, and repair workers
c. production workers
d.* management, business, and financial workers

6. Of the following industries, 2011 average hourly earnings were greatest in:
a. public administration
b. services
c.* mining
d. construction

7. In 2010, hourly pay (measured in U.S. dollars) was highest in:

a. Sweden b. Japan c. U.S. d.* Norway

8. Average hourly pay for production workers in the U. S. in 2010 was:

a. higher than in most other industrialized countries in Europe and Asia
b. lower than in most other industrialized countries in Europe and Asia
c. about the same as in most other industrialized countries in Europe and Asia
d.* lower than in many other industrialized countries in Europe but greater than in newly
industrialized countries such as Singapore, Taiwan, and Korea

9. Heterogeneous jobs are those that:

a. pay identical wages c. have identical nonwage attributes
b.* have differing nonwage attributes d. require no special skill

10. Which of the following is not a source of persistent compensating wage differentials?
a.* migration from lower paying jobs to higher paying jobs
b. fringe benefits
c. job status
d. different skill requirements

11. Suppose all workers are identical but working for Ajax is more pleasant than working for Acme.
In all other nonwage respects the two firms offer the same job characteristics. In equilibrium:
a. the wage at Ajax will be higher than at Acme
b.* the wage at Ajax will be lower than at Acme
c. workers will have lower net utility at Acme
d. employment will be higher at Ajax if demand is the same in both markets

12. If job X pays more than identical job Y, then the wage rates will:
a. remain different if mobility is costless
b. remain different if information is perfect
c. equalize because labor will migrate from X to Y
d.* equalize if information is perfect and mobility is costless

13. The wage rate paid workers at Flow, Inc. will most likely exceed that at otherwise identical Stock
Co. if:
a. Flow, Inc. is a more prestigious firm than Stock Co.
b. earnings are subject to greater variability at Stock, Co.
c.* Stock Co. offers better pension and insurance benefits than Flow, Inc.
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Chapter 08 - The Wage Structure

d. the demand for labor at Stock Co. exceeds the demand for labor at Flow, Inc.

Questions 14 and 15 refer to the diagram below, which represents a local labor market consisting of two
submarkets. All workers are assumed to be identical.
Wage

Wage
SB
SA

12

10

DA DB
Labor Labor
Market A Market B

14. Assume that information is perfect, mobility between jobs is costless, and that all nonwage
aspects of the two are identical. The outcome shown in the diagram:
a. represents an equilibrium
b. does not represent an equilibrium. The demand for labor in market A will shift rightward,
and that in market B will shift leftward until wage rates equalize
c.* does not represent an equilibrium. The supply of labor in market A will shift leftward,
and that in market B will shift rightward until the wage rates equalize
d. does not represent an equilibrium. The supply of labor in market B will shift leftward,
and that in market A will shift rightward until the wage rates equalize

15. Suppose that the wage in B is higher because workers perceive disutility of $2 associated with
this job relative to A. Assuming that information is perfect and mobility between jobs is costless,
we can conclude that:
a.* the wage differential between jobs A and B is an equilibrium differential
b. workers will flow from job A to job B
c. workers will flow from job B to job A
d. the demand for labor in B will fall and the demand for labor in A will rise

16. All else equal, the wage paid to steelworkers in Youngstown, Ohio will be lower if:
a.* the cost of living in Youngstown is lower than elsewhere
b. working in the steel industry is louder and more dangerous than similar jobs
c. steelworkers have less control over their work environment than in similar jobs
d. there are fewer prospects for promotion among steelworkers than in similar jobs

17. Which of the following would tend to increase labor supply to a particular job?
a. The employer cuts back the scope and coverage of the medical plan
b. Vesting in the firm’s pension plan is pushed back from 1 year to 5 years
c. The crime rate rises in the city where the job is located
d.* The perceived status of the job improves

8-3
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Chapter 08 - The Wage Structure

18. Lower-paid workers often seem to have less desirable working conditions as well because:
a. lower-paid workers tend to have proportionately greater fringe benefits.
b. employers discriminate against unskilled workers
c.* the compensating differential for skill often outweighs the compensating differential for
poor working conditions
d. the compensating differential for poor working conditions often outweighs the
compensating differential for skill

19. People who receive relatively high pay also tend to work in a relatively desirable work
environment. This is probably because:
a. employers have imperfect information
b. highly paid and poorly paid workers are in noncompeting groups
c. firms with desirable working conditions are operating off their normal isoprofit curves
d.* the differential required to compensate for high skill more than offsets the differential
required for poor working conditions

20. Which of the following research findings would support an efficiency wage explanation of pay
differentials?
a. Firms with higher turnover costs pay lower than average wages
b.* Firms with higher costs of detecting shirking pay higher than average wages
c. Pay is positively correlated with human capital investments in a given industry
d. Differences in observable worker characteristics explain most of the variance in pay
across industries

21. Suppose a firm decides to raise pay as a way to reduce worker turnover. The resulting pay
differential:
a. is a transitional differential
b. will reduce labor supply to the firm
c. will normally be offset by other pay differentials, leaving the policy ineffective
d.* is an equilibrium differential

22. All else equal, large firms tend to pay higher wages. This may be explained by all of the
following, except:
a. large firms may be more bureaucratic and a less pleasant place to work
b. large firms are more likely to be unionized
c. workers at large firms are more highly specialized, requiring more on-the-job training
d.* large firms are more likely to discriminate against women and minorities

23. The concept of noncompeting groups suggests that workers in different groups:
a. are legally prevented from competing with one another
b.* are imperfect substitutes for one another
c. have comparable characteristics but work for firms in different industries
d. have identical stocks of human capital but differing preferences for nonwage job
characteristics

24. Which one of the following is a true statement?

a. Workers can never move from one noncompeting group to another
b.* Wage differentials caused by the existence of noncompeting groups can persist over time

8-4
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Chapter 08 - The Wage Structure

c. The concept of noncompeting groups applies only to workers in different geographical

locations; it does not apply to productivity differences among workers
d. The concept of noncompeting groups explains why wage rates do not fall in a recession

25. Compared to present-oriented people, individuals who are more future-oriented tend to have
_______ discount rates and consequently tend to obtain _______ education and earnings:
a.* lower; more c. higher; more
b. lower; less d. higher; less

26. Consider a worker who faces a tradeoff between wages on the vertical axis and job safety on the
horizontal axis. The less averse a worker is to risk of injury on the job, the:
a. lower is the wage earned by the worker
b. steeper is this worker’s indifference curves
c.* flatter is this worker’s indifference curves
d. lower are the profits of this worker’s employer

Questions 27 – 29 refer to the following diagram.

27. The shape of the worker’s indifference curves— I3

I1, I2, and I3—indicates that: I2
a. the worker faces a constant trade-off Wage I1
between job safety and wages
b.* for each successive reduction in job
safety, greater increases in wages are
required to maintain the same utility
c. for each successive reduction in job
safety, smaller increases in wages are
required to maintain the same level of
utility
d. for each successive reduction in job
safety, smaller reductions in wages are P
required to maintain the same utility
Job Safety

28. The firm’s isoprofit curve, P, is shown as concave to the origin, reflecting the assumption that:
a. the firm faces a constant trade-off between job safety and wages
b. each successive increase in job safety comes at a decreasing expense to the firm
c. each successive increase in job safety requires a smaller drop in wages to maintain
normal profits
d.* each successive increase in job safety comes at an increasing expense to the firm

29. The highest level of utility the worker can possibly achieve is:
a. I1, if P is a normal-profit isoprofit curve
b.* I2, if P is a normal-profit isoprofit curve
c. I1, if P represents a positive economic profit
d. I3, if P is a normal-profit isoprofit curve

30. Which of the following is not predicted by the hedonic theory of wages, all else constant?
a. workers that have strong preferences for particular nonwage amenities will be matched
with firms that can provide them most cheaply
8-5
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Chapter 08 - The Wage Structure

b.* firms that pay lower wages but offer more amenities have higher than average profits

c. jobs that offer high levels of safety will pay less than those in which working conditions
are less safe
d. firms will tend to offer those nonwage amenities that they can provide most cheaply

Questions 31 and 32 refer to the following diagram.

Wage
X
31. Consider a worker who faces a trade-off between
higher wages and a more relaxed work
environment as shown in the diagram. A worker
whose indifference curves are relatively steep:
a.* places a relatively high value on additional
informality on the job Y
b. will tend to work at a firm with a relatively
informal environment, like firm X
c. will not willingly sacrifice informality for
higher wages
d. does not place a relatively high value on
additional informality on the job Informality

32. Which one of the following best explains the differences in the isoprofit curves of the two firms?
a. X has lower profits than Y because X is paying higher wages
b. X has higher profits than Y because X’s high wages attract workers who are less relaxed
and thereby less likely to shirk on the job
c.* X pays a higher cost than Y for providing additional informality
d. Y pays a higher cost than X for providing additional informality

33. The hedonic theory of wages predicts that:

a. workers and firms will be matched randomly, but in equilibrium firms will be
maximizing profits and workers will be maximizing utility
b. other things equal, workers who value job safety least will tend to work for firms that
have the lowest cost of providing safe jobs
c.* other things equal, workers who value job safety least will tend to work for firms that
have the highest cost of providing safe jobs
d. other things equal, workers who value job safety most will tend to work for firms that
have the highest cost of providing safe jobs

8-6
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Chapter 08 - The Wage Structure

Questions 34 – 36 refer to the following diagrams.

A
Wage

Wage
X

Job Safety Job Safety

34. From the indifference curves, we can infer that worker A:

a. has a stronger taste for job safety relative to income than worker B
b. has the same taste for job safety relative to income than worker B
c.* has a stronger taste for income relative to job safety than worker B
d. has a lower skill level than worker B

35. In equilibrium:
a.* worker A will work for firm X; worker B will work for firm Y
b. worker A will work for firm Y; worker B will work for firm X
c. both workers will work for firm X
d. both workers will work for firm Y

36. As a result of the matching between workers and firms, firm X will pay:
a. a lower wage and provide less job safety than firm Y
b. a lower wage and provide more job safety than firm Y
c.* a higher wage and provide less job safety than firm Y
d. a higher wage and provide more job safety than firm Y

37. Fringe benefit packages differ substantially from one firm to the next because:
a. labor market information is costless
b. adjustment periods tend to be short
c. worker mobility costs are low
d.* firms may structure their fringe benefit packages to attract specific types of workers

38. Imperfect and costly labor market information will likely result in:
a. wages converging to a common rate
b.* a distribution of wages around the mean for any occupation, independently of
compensating differentials
c. an inverse relationship between wages and the risk of injury on the job
d. instantaneous adjustment to equilibrium in response to short-run wage differentials
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Chapter 08 - The Wage Structure

39. An example of a sociological immobility is:

a. ties to family and friends prevent workers from moving to a region with relatively high
wages
b. craft unions limit the access of nonunion workers to apprenticeship positions
c. state governments require workers in many jobs to obtain a license
d.* the so-called “glass ceiling” (a form of discrimination) prevents women from moving into
certain high-paying managerial jobs

40. “The high psychic costs of leaving friends and family deter migration in response to wage
differentials.” This statement reflects the existence of:
a.* geographic immobilities c. institutional immobilities
b. sociological immobilities d. wage immobilities

41. (World of Work 8-1) Edlund and Korn suggest that prostitutes are highly paid primarily because:
a. there is a wage differential to compensate for the risks of getting caught or acquiring a
disease
b. there is a wage differential to compensate for doing without wage and earnings growth
c. most of their earnings goes to their “pimp” or “madam”
d.* there is a wage differential to compensate for doing without the benefits of marriage

42. (World of Work 8-2) Research by Krueger and Allen suggests that a substantial proportion of the
increase in the college wage premium in the 1980s and 1990s can be explained by:
a. increased college enrollment by men
b. increased college enrollment by women
c. increased immigration rates
d.* skill-biased technological change

43. (World of Work 8-5) According to research by Kostiuk, “shift work”:

a. is relatively rare because such workers do not earn a compensating wage differential
b. is more common than generally understood because such workers do not earn a
compensating wage differential
c. provides a greater wage premium for highly educated workers than for less educated
workers
d.* provides a greater wage premium for less educated workers than for highly educated
workers

44. (World of Work 8-6) The hedonic method of valuing a human life:
a.* is based on the “price” of accepting risk as revealed in compensating wage differentials
b. estimates the present value of the amount of wage and fringe benefits that would have
been made had the worker not been killed
c. typically results in a value of between $500,000 and $700,000 per life lost
d. typically yields lower estimates than does the human capital approach

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Maotente, 103
Fueiros, 119
Cunheiras, 121
Espelhos, 125
Revindo, 126, 128, 287
A pe quedo, 132
Preguntas d’estrada, 135
Salsa de Palmela, 137
Era a rodo, 137
Reguengnos, 149
Boinhos, 150
Bregios, 156
Jogo de malham, 159, 167
Desviados, 165
Mosseos, 167
Sonaves, 181
Cofos, 185
Pelote de usteda, 187
Ceroules, 188
Cervilhas, 188
Bouçaes, 200
Vivos, 216
Enxarafas, 232
Comeeira, 244, 260, 337
En cocras, 247
Alambeis, 266
Releixo, 287
Hopa, 296
Humiziados, 297
Menuta, 314
Escodilhinas, 332
Moucho, 333
Sem tresposta, 336
Cerolho, 340
Revezado, 343
De mao em mao, 365
Impidosa, 384
T. RICHARDS, PRINTER, 37, GREAT QUEEN STREET.
 FOOTNOTES:
[1] See the St. James’s Gazette. Criticism of Mr. Justin
McCarthy’s language, October 29th, published since the above
was written.
[2] Sic.
[3] Or “of the Vision”, according to some.
[4] Caspar Correa says it was a breviary on parchment, and
describes a picture contained in it on paper which had come from
Jerusalem or Rome.
[5] Gaspar Correa says that at this leave-taking the
Portuguese sounded their trumpets and drums and the fleet
saluted, and a ball from a camel gun made three rebounds
amongst the men of the Barnegaes, without hitting anyone. The
Governor sent to ask pardon of him, saying it was a mistake of
the bombardier. The Barnegaes answered that no one was safe
unless God pleased, and that the ball had done no one any harm.
[6] Gaspar Correa says of the Embassy that Don Rodrigo de
Lima was a man of good presence, and a fit man for such a
service; that Jorge d’Abreu, the second person of the Embassy,
was a very well dressed gentleman; that Francisco Alvarez was a
very prudent man, and well informed in all matters of the altar and
divine services; that Estevan Palharte was a good fencer; the
three Portuguese who accompanied Mattheus were Miguel
Fernandez, Diogo Tatys, and João d’Alvarenga, all men skilful in
manual arts, and who could sing at mass, for which the priest
carried rich ornaments and all that was necessary, and irons for
making wafers.
[7] Anta.
[8] “Matos idiabrados”, not in Bluteau.
[9] Meijoada, not in Bluteau.
[10] Oporto.
[11] Alosna.
[12] Como em chacola, dancing and singing, i.e., not
reverentially.
 [13] Como quem anda per mãos diante da imagem. According
to the Spanish translation of Miguel de Salves. Saragossa, 1561.
[14] Oussia.
[15] Under a canopy.
[16] Symam.
[17] By threes.
[18] Mansfield Parkins calls it teff, the species of corn most
esteemed in this country.
[19] Zamboa, not referred to in Selves’ translation.
[20] Should be teskar.
[21] Castar should be Teskar; Mansfield Parkyns calls it a sort
of funereal feast, where charities are bestowed on the poor and
the priests.
[22] Couto, an asylum, an enclosure; celeiro, a granary.
[23] Zagonaes. Ethiopian corruption of diakonos.
[24] Dibarua, hillock seen from afar.
[25] Bait en-negus.
[26] Azorague, a kurbach, or whip of hide, cravache.
[27] A Portuguese measure equal to about three pints.
[28] Padrinho.
[29] Shoa.
[30] Rumană Wark, the golden pomegranate.
[31] This opinion of the Abyssinians appears to have
anticipated the Sorbonne judgment of 1733, given in the 20th
chapter of Tristram Shandy.
[32] Crisma.
[33] Envorilhados for enrodilhados.
[34] Adens and marrecas.
[35] No las assombram a terra: perhaps this means with a
paper kite. This passage is omitted in Selve’s translation.
[36] Cevado, literally, allured.
[37] The favourite or preferred, Bitwaddad, because he was
liked.
 [38] Ar-ras.
[39] Mount Sinai.
[40] Foy desordenado e feito leigo; not a correct expression.
[41] A gold coin in some parts of Africa.
[42] Bechugarias.
[43] Zafoens or Safoens.
[44] Tufas.
[45] Nubians.
[46] Dafilla.
[47] Igzio maranna Kristos, Amharic.
[48] The Latin text of a similar excommunication of noxious
animals was given in the Pall Mall Gazette, or Times, in 1879.
[49] Kurbayra.
[50] Tigri mahom, should be Tigri măkuănăm.
[51] “Where”, should be “here”; this river, the Mareb, not the
Nile, separates the country of the Barnagais from that of Tigré.
[52] This and other passages show that some of the churches
in Abyssinia, which are sometimes called Portuguese churches
by travellers, are anterior to the Portuguese.
[53] Sic.
[54] This passage appears to have been inserted here by
some error of the printer, and to belong to some other chapter.
[55] Pontões.
[56] Sobarbava.
[57] Pliny says Candace was the name of many Queens, as
Pharaoh was of the Kings of Egypt.
[58] Mansfield Parkyns calls it a sycamore tree, and says it is
remarkable for the extraordinary circumference of its trunk and
the great spread of its branches, which cast their shade over such
a space of ground as would be sufficient for the camp of the
largest caravan.
[59] Mansfield Parkyns thus describes it: “The principal obelisk
is carved on the south side, as if to represent a door, windows,
cornices, etc.”
 [60] Mancal, an unknown game, antiquated in the reign of Don
Manuel; the translation of Selves calls it a juego de herradura.
“Baton ferré des deux bouts”.—Roquette’s Dict.
[61] Arouca, a town in the bishopric of Lamego.
[62] Nebrete, i.e., Nabrĭd, imposed by hand, the title of the
Governor of Axum.
[63] Maabar or Mahabar, a club, gathering.
[64] Feitos igoaes; the Selves translation has, las camas
hechas, y por cubrir.
[65] Abacinete, i.e., Amba Sanete, name of a hill.
[66] Estefarruz is probably a misprint of Alvarez for Estefanuz,
or Stephen.
[67] i.e., Fillets.
[68] Maluk.
[69] Or Kyriakos.
[70] Gada is an expedition sent from the highlands to collect
the salt, Băal means master or chief; Băalgada is a title given to
the chiefs of those expeditions, and is a title still used in Ethiopia,
like Duke or Count.
[71] Estrevimento, antiquated.
[72] The drachm of gold; that is, the salt increases in value.
[73] Dagusa (Eleusine tocusso), used for bread, but more for
brewing beer. Mansfield Parkyns says (vol. i, p. 265): “very little
‘teff’ is grown in this neighbourhood, but chiefly millet (mashéla)
and dagousha”.
[74] Valuras.
[75] Maotente.
[76] Igzio maranna kristos.
[77] Nug (Guizotia oleifera), Pampilhos, a plant like olho de
boy.
[78] Apodavam.
[79] Cătăma, a camp.
[80] Or Caravan of merchants.
 [81] Conquest here means maintaining the struggle, or the
duty of conquering. Whilst the Moors were still unconquered in
the south of Spain, certain parts of their territory were said to
belong to the Conquest of Castile, others to the Conquest of
Aragon.
[82] Poçoncha.
[83] Twenty-six almudes make a pipe.
[84] Both these towns of Corcora are in the modern maps.
[85] Por amor de unas sierras.
[86] Gabya.
[87] Esparto.
[88] Yĭkun amlak, may he be Lord.
[89] This passage is not very clear. Selves translates: “the
church lies to the east, and the Epistle is said at the west”.
[90] Fueiros, projections over the sides of a cart to enable it to
carry more load, side rails, wings, thripples, shelvings.
[91] Terza, nine o’clock.
[92] Cunheiras, not in the dictionaries, possibly for wedge
marks.
[93] Palmo, measure of four inches.
[94] Corucheo; Selves calls it coroza.
[95] Espelhos.
[96] Frecheiros.
[97] Lunas.
[98] Of the wall of inclosure.
[99] Revindas, Revindo, a, not in any dictionary except the
Diccionario Portatil of Santa Rosa de Viterbo, Coimbra, 1825,
which says: “Arco, on abobeda de meio circulo perfeito que dizem
de meia volta em berço”.
[100] Revinda.
[101] Curral.
[102] A pe quedo.
 [103] Preguntas d’estrada, wayside questions. The question
about the length of time the Holy Family passed in Egypt was not,
however, a simple or purposeless question, as the Abyssinians
assert that during that time they visited Abyssinia.
[104] Salsa de Palmela.
[105] Era a rodo.
[106] Church of the Trinity.
[107] With his knapsack in his hand. Con la barjuleta en la
mano, Selves.
[108] Furou na silveira; Rompiendo por una enramada,
Selves.
[109] In the preceding chapter it was said to be two days’
journey in circumference.
[110] This is the worst trait of Abyssinian character to be found
in any of the accounts of that country; and instances of similar
conduct are only to be found in Russia.
[111] See Major Harris for an account of the imitation by the
King of Shoa of this custom of shutting up the King’s relations.
[112] Esparavel, a parasol or umbrella, apparently a mark of
rank.
[113] Morgados ou coutos.
[114] Reguenguos, private estates of the King.
[115] De ab inicio.
[116] Amhara.
[117] See Cap. 57, p. 139.
[118] Cabaça.
[119] Boinhos.
[120] Gumari, a hippopotamus.
[121] Lixa squatina.
[122] Makana Selase, place of the Trinity.
[123] Bregĭos for brejos.
[124]? West.
[125] Mareados.
 [126] Valuras.
[127] Piçarra.
[128] Joguos de malham. Selves translates: “juegos de
herraduras.”
[129] Espinguam. Selves calls it cuchilla.
[130] Meijoada.
[131] Moyo, modius, measure of sixty alqueires, or bushels.
[132] Probably Debra Libanos.
[133] Maioral.
[134] Ichage is the chief monk of Ethiopia.
[135] Misprinted testar.
[136] Găbăz is a prior in Aksum. There is a Găbăz in every
church, but there the title means the chief of the vestry.
[137] Alqueire.
[138] Cingida.
[139] Hawaryat means apostles, and is thus used in the name
of a church.
[140] Desciados.
[141] Franks; who these were is explained in Cap. 72.
[142] Malham.
[143] Mosseos.
[144] Not translated by Selves.
[145] Bitwaddad, because he was liked, a favourite.
[146] Cacha.
[147] De Xio, a Greek.
[148] Copts. They still call white people Copts; see M.
Parkyns.
[149] Encoiradas.
[150] Selves translates, “when he lowers it”.
[151] Sonaves. Selves has traves.
[152] Băzzăto means carded cotton.
 [153] Cofos.
[154] Cruzados.
[155] Manicordio, also written monocordio. See Grove’s
Dictionary of Music for a note on the Monochord.
[156] Pelote de usteda; not mentioned by Selves: a jacket or
tunic without sleeves.
[157] Ceroules. Selves has çaraguelles.
[158] Cervilhas. Selves has Xervilletas.
[159] Of Nice. Selves has Niceno.
[160] Selves renders this: “the church of Greece had been
founded by the Apostle St. John at Ephesus, and that of
Alexandria by St. Mark the Evangelist.”
[161] The Council of Nice.
[162] This date does not agree with the preceding one, which
would make it Monday.
[163] Alaquequa, Selves translates lazos. “Alaqueca, laqueca,
pierre des Indes qui arrête le flux de sang.”—Roquette’s Dict.
[164] Bouçaes, boçal.
[165] Selves has corrected this to St. Paul.
[166] Maçaã baiones.
[167] Detença.
[168] St. Barlaam, November 19.
[169] 25th November is St. Catharine’s day.
[170] Or fugleman.
[171] Vivos, an ornament for coifs.
[172] Sendeiros Galegos.
[173] Padiola, a hand-barrow.
[174] See Chapter lxv, p. 160.
[175] From this it appears that his leg-bone was not quite
broken.
[176] Sancta sanctorum.
[177] Sombreira, the same word is used for umbrellas or hats.
 [178] Or hollow.
[179] Enxarafas.
[180] A canada equal to three pints.
[181] Adoration of the Magi. Col. Meadows Taylor describes a
similar miracle play represented at Aurungabad by the
Portuguese monks.—Story of my Life, p. 39.
[182] De comeeira, omitted by Selves.
[183] Selves has abridged this chapter considerably.
[184] En cocras, for en cocaras.
[185] Deacons, from diaconos.
[186] This passage is not clear. Selves has, “They put their
hands on the church door as though opening and shutting it.”
[187] From Selves.
[188] Que zagonassem, literally to zagonise.
[189] Of Egypt.
[190] Tero.
[191] Bedem.
[192] Comprida de comieira. See page 244.
[193] Sidy, Sir, Arabic.
[194] Mozo d’espolas.
[195] Alambeis; almayzales, Selves.
[196] The Constant Prince.
[197] Cruzados.
[198] See Gaspar Correa’s account of King John’s scouts in
Vasco da Gama’s Voyages, pp. 8–11.—Hakluyt Society.
[199] The leg-bone, supposed by popular superstition in Spain
to be buried in the great mosque of Cordova.
[200] Jerusalem.
[201] The Portuguese fleet.
[202] Selves translates: “one was wounded in four places by a
gun which must have been loaded with slugs.”
 [203] This passage is very obscure; it either means that the
lords had not seen Jorge d’Abreu and his companions, or that
they did not wish to see them.
[204] The ships of the captain-major.
[205] Milho zaburro.
[206] Guza, probably dagusha.
[207] Agriones.
[208] Revinda.
[209] Releixo.
[210] Pendenças.
[211] Maundy, from the words of Christ, “Hic est mandatum
meum”.
[212] De molde.
[213] In albis.
[214] Pascoela.
[215] Cernache dos alhos, two leagues from Coimbra.
[216] I.e., the termination of the wooden ladder.
[217] Paredinhas.
[218] Seto.
[219] Macho murzelo; mulo morzillo.—Selves.
[220] Hopa, a cloak without sleeves.
[221] Humiziados, Selves translates enfermos, sick people.
Humiziados are persons hiding on account of some crime they
have committed.
[222] Obscure; perhaps the words, “to stay longer”, have been
omitted.
[223] See chapter cix.
[224] Mahfuz.
[225] This figure, xix, is probably a misprint.
[226] Neither Barros nor G. Correa give this date.
[227] Or Seville belonging to Spain, etc., etc.; Selves
translates: “I told him to write Spain under Seville, Galicia under
Corunna, and Portugal under Lisbon.”
 [228] All this passage is omitted by Selves.
[229] Menuta.
[230] Ouquia, a gold coin worth twelve cruzados.
[231] Sultan, apparently the title of a magistrate of Arquigo.
[232] A king’s messenger.
[233] Gulto.
[234] Tribute.
[235] Gaveta.
[236] Or such as is still generally worn by the Aragonese
peasants.
[237] 12,000 men in all.
[238] Gaveta.
[239] See chapter xlviii, p. 110.
[240] Esperavel, should be esparavel.
[241] Corregido; Selves has, la corte ... estaba aderezado.
[242] January 6, Twelfth Day.
[243] The Prester’s ambassador.
[244] Escodilhinas, for escudellinhas.
[245] Mouchas for mochas, without horns, or points, or, in the
case of chairs, may be arms.
[246] Desembargadores.
[247] See chapter cvi, p. 278, where the Abdenago acted in
this way.
[248] Sem tresposta.
[249] Comierias for cumieiras, summit, point of a building. See
pp. 244, 260.
[250] I.e., of the open space going to the market.
[251] Cerolho. This passage is omitted in Selves’ translation.
Cerolho might be a misprint for serodio, late, tardy.
[252] Palmos.
[253] Atabales.
[254] Of Egypt.
 [255] Meijoadas.
[256] Or, alternately, revezadas.
[257] Na falha.
[258] Aduares.
[259] Dankali.
[260] The palace.
[261] Entrudo, Shrove Tuesday.
[262] Or, inhabitants.
[263] Era lhe dado por conto ou camara para hum pequeno
mosteiro; or, “in payment for”, as Selves translates.
[264] Sysones, omitted by Selves.
[265] This man appears to be one of the Prester’s officials.
See before, p. 316.
[266] Golfam.
[267] De mao em mao.
[268] Pardao, Indian coin worth 3 testoons and 3 vintems.
[269] Fortuna.
[270] Gulf of Ormuz.
[271] Selves translates: no hace de noche sino arañar la tierra
y buscar.
[272] The kingdom of Fartaque was on the Arabian coast, east
of Aden. It contained the town of Dhafar.
[273] The 25th of November is St. Catherine’s day, so that
there must be an error as to Saturday or Sunday. Selves avoids
this difficulty.
[274] This superstition still exists among sailors.
[275] Almadia.
[276] Agraço.
[277] Impidosa.
[278] Almotacem-mor.
[279] This would be the gate of the oldest part of the town.
Selves omits all reference to the topography of Coimbra.
 [280] On the coast of India, to the north of Goa.
[281] Milhōes.
[282] Should be seven years.
[283] Akegue, an Emperor.
[284] Pampilhos, also called olho de boy.
[285] Anta is a South American animal.
[286] Probably hyænas.
[287] Adens, marrecas.
[288] Tahu. This is the Tau-cross or T-shaped crutch emblem
of St. Anthony, so called from the name of the letter in the Greek
alphabet.
[289] Tigia.
[290] The Malabar Christians had the same custom. See
Duarte Barbosa.
[291] As mais acavalanas logo.

Transcriber’s Notes:

1. Obvious printers’, punctuation and spelling errors have been corrected

silently.

2. Where hyphenation is in doubt, it has been retained as in the original.

3. Some hyphenated and non-hyphenated versions of the same words have

been retained as in the original.

4. Errata and notes have been silently corrected.

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