2017 年 12 月大学英语四级考试真题(第 3 套)

２０１７年１２月大学英语四级考试真题（第３套）
ＰａｒｔＩ
Part I Ｗｒｉｔｉｎｇ
Writing (30 ｍｉｎｕｔｅｓ）
（３０ minutes)
Ｄｉｒｅｃｔｉｏｎｓ：
Directions:Ｆｏｒ
Forｔｈｉｓ
this ｐａｒｔ， ｙｏｕ are
part, you ａｒｅ allowed
ａｌｌｏｗｅｄ 30
３０ minutes
ｍｉｎｕｔｅｓ ｔｏ ｗｒｉｔｅ aａshort
to write ｓｈｏｒｔessay
ｅｓｓａｙonｏｎhow
ｈｏｗ to
ｔｏ best
ｂｅｓｔ handle
ｈａｎｄｌｅ the
ｔｈｅ relationship
ｒｅｌａｔｉｏｎｓｈｉｐ
ｂｅｔｗｅｅｎ
betweenｄｏｃｔｏｒｓ ａｎｄand
doctors ｐａｔｉｅｎｔｓ．
patients.Ｙｏｕ
Youｓｈｏｕｌｄ
shouldｗｒｉｔｅ
writeａｔat ｌｅａｓｔ １２０ words
least 120 ｗｏｒｄｓ but
ｂｕｔ no
ｎｏ more
ｍｏｒｅ than
ｔｈａｎ 180
１８０ words.
ｗｏｒｄｓ．

Ｐａｒｔ ＩＩ
Part II Ｌｉｓｔｅｎｉｎｇ Ｃｏｍｐｒｅｈｅｎｓｉｏｎ
Listening Comprehension
(25 minutes)
（２５ ｍｉｎｕｔｅｓ）
说明∶由于２０１７年１２月四级考试全国共考了２套听力，本套真题听力与前２套内容完全一样，只是顺序不一
说明：由于 2017 年 12 月四级考试全国共考了 2 套听力，本套真题听力与前 2 套内容完全一样，只是顺序不一
样，因此在本套真题中不再重复出现。
样，因此在本套真题中不再重复出现。

Ｐａｒｔ Ⅲ
Part Ⅲ Ｒｅａｄｉｎｇ Ｃｏｍｐｒｅｈｅｎｓｉｏｎ
Reading Comprehension ( 40ｍｉｎｕｔｅｓ）
（４０ minutes )
Ｓｅｃｔｉｏｎ
Section AＡ
Ｄｉｒｅｃｔｉｏｎｓ：Ｉｎ
Directions: Inｔｈｉｓthisｓｅｃｔｉｏｎ，
section,ｔｈｅｒｅ
there ｉｓ
is aａ passage
ｐａｓｓａｇｅ with
ｗｉｔｈ ten
ｔｅｎ blanks.
ｂｌａｎｋｓ．ＹｏｕYouａｒｅ areｒｅｑｕｉｒｅｄ
required ｔｏ
to ｓｅｌｅｃｔ ｏｎｅ word
select one ｗｏｒｄ ｆｏｒ
for ｅａｃｈ
each ｂｌａｎｋ
blank ｆｒｏｍ
fromａaｌｉｓｔ
list
ｏｆofｃｈｏｉｃｅｓ
choices ｇｉｖｅｎ
given ｉｎ in ａa word
ｗｏｒｄ ｂａｎｋ
bankｆｏｌｌｏｗｉｎｇ
following ｔｈｅ the ｐａｓｓａｇｅ．Ｒｅａｄ
passage. Readｔｈｅ theｐａｓｓａｇｅ
passageｔｈｒｏｕｇｈ
throughｃａｒｅｆｕｌｌｙ ｂｅｆｏｒｅ making
carefully before ｍａｋｉｎｇ ｙｏｕｒ
your ｃｈｏｉｃｅｓ．
choices.
Ｅａｃｈ
Eachｃｈｏｉｃｅ
choiceｉｎinｔｈｅtheｂａｎｋ
bankｉｓis ｉｄｅｎｔｉｆｉｅｄ
identified byｂｙ aａ letter.
ｌｅｔｔｅｒ．Please
Ｐｌｅａｓｅmarkｍａｒｋtheｔｈｅcorresponding
ｃｏｒｒｅｓｐｏｎｄｉｎｇletter
ｌｅｔｔｅｒ ｆｏｒ ｅａｃｈ
for each item ｉｔｅｍ ｏｎ ＡｎｓｗｅｒSheet
on Answer Ｓｈｅｅｔ 2２
ｗｉｔｈ
withａaｓｉｎｇｌｅ
single ｌｉｎｅ ｔｈｒｏｕｇｈ the
line through ｔｈｅcentre.
ｃｅｎｔｒｅ．Ｙｏｕ ｍａｙ ｎｏｔ
You may not ｕｓｅ ａｎｙ ｏｆof the
use any ｔｈｅ words
ｗｏｒｄｓ inｉｎ the
ｔｈｅbank
ｂａｎｋmore
ｍｏｒｅ than
ｔｈａｎ once.
ｏｎｃｅ．
Ｑｕｅｓｔｉｏｎｓ
Questions２６26ｔｏto３５
35ａｒｅ
are ｂａｓｅｄ
based ｏｎ
on ｔｈｅ
the ｆｏｌｌｏｗｉｎｇ ｐａｓｓａｇｅ．
following passage.
ＷｅWeａｌｌallｋｎｏｗ
knowｔｈｅｒｅ
thereｅｘｉｓｔｓ
exists ａa great
ｇｒｅａｔ void
ｖｏｉｄ（空白）ｉｎ
（空白）in theｔｈｅ ｐｕｂｌｉｃ
public ｅｄｕｃａｔｉｏｎａｌ
educational ｓｙｓｔｅｍ
system ｗｈｅｎit comes
when ｉｔ ｃｏｍｅｓ
to ｔｏ＿２６＿ｔｏ ＳＴＥＭ（Ｓｃｉｅｎｃｅ，
26 to STEM （Science,
Ｔｅｃｈｎｏｌｏｇｙ，
Technology,Ｅｎｇｉｎｅｅｒｉｎｇ
Engineering ａｎｄ
and Ｍａｔｈｅｍａｔｉｃｓ）ｃｏｕｒｓｅｓ．
Mathematics）courses.Ｏｎｅ
Oneｅｄｕｃａｔｏｒ
educatorｎａｍｅｄ
namedＤｏｒｉ
DoriＲｏｂｅｒｔｓ
Robertsｄｅｃｉｄｅｄ
decidedｔｏ
to ｄｏ ｓｏｍｅｔｈｉｎｇ toｔｏ change
do something ｃｈａｎｇｅ
ｔｈｉｓ
this ｓｙｓｔｅｍ．
system. Ｄｏｒｉ
Dori ｔａｕｇｈｔ
taught ｈｉｇｈ
high ｓｃｈｏｏｌ
school ｅｎｇｉｎｅｅｒｉｎｇ
engineering ｆｏｒ ｌｌ years.
for 11 ｙｅａｒｓ． She
Ｓｈｅ noticed
ｎｏｔｉｃｅｄ there
ｔｈｅｒｅwas
ｗａｓ aａreal
ｒｅａｌvoid
ｖｏｉｄinｉｎquality
ｑｕａｌｉｔｙ ＳＴＥＭ education
STEM ｅｄｕｃａｔｉｏｎ
ａｔatａｌｌ
all ２７27ｏｆ ｔｈｅ
of the public
ｐｕｂｌｉｃ educational
ｅｄｕｃａｔｉｏｎａｌ system.
ｓｙｓｔｅｍ． ＳｈｅShe said,＂Ｉ“Iｓｔａｒｔｅｄ
ｓａｉｄ， started Ｅｎｇｉｎｅｅｒｉｎｇ
Engineering Ｆｏｒ
ForＫｉｄｓ
Kids（ＥＦＫ）ａｆｔｅｒ
(EFK)afterｎｏｔｉｃｉｎｇ
noticingａa ｒｅａｌ
real lack
ｌａｃｋ of
ｏｆ
ｍａｔｈ，
math,ｓｃｉｅｎｃｅ ａｎｄ engineering
science and ｅｎｇｉｎｅｅｒｉｎｇprograms
ｐｒｏｇｒａｍｓtoｔｏ28２８ my
ｍｙ ｏｗｎ
ownｋｉｄｓ ｉｎ＂
kids in”
ＳｈｅSheｄｅｃｉｄｅｄ
decidedｔｏ
to ｓｔａｒｔ
start anａｎafterschool
ａｆｔｅｒｓｃｈｏｏｌprogram
ｐｒｏｇｒａｍwhere
ｗｈｅｒｅchildren
ｃｈｉｌｄｒｅｎ29２９＿ inｉｎSTEM-based
ＳＴＥＭ－ｂａｓｅｄ ｃｏｍｐｅｔｉｔｉｏｎｓ．Ｔｈｅ
competitions. The ｃｌｕｂ ｇｒｅｗ quickly
club grew ｑｕｉｃｋｌｙ
ａｎｄ
andｗｈｅｎ
whenｉｔitｒｅａｃｈｅｄ
reached１８０
180ｍｅｍｂｅｒｓ
membersａｎｄandｔｈｅtheｋｉｄｓ
kidsｉｎinｔｈｅ
the ｐｒｏｇｒａｍ
programｗｏｎ
wonｓｅｖｅｒａｌ
severalｓｔａｔｅ＿３０，
state 30 ｓｈｅ ｄｅｃｉｄｅｄ
, she ｔｏ toｄｅｖｏｔｅ
decided devoteａｌｌ
all ｈｅｒ
her ｔｉｍｅ ｔｏ
time to
ｃｕｌｔｉｖａｔｉｎｇ ａｎｄ ＿３１31 ｉｔ．it. The
cultivating and Ｔｈｅ ｇｌｏｂａｌ ｂｕｓｉｎｅｓｓEFK
global business ＥＦＫ was
ｗａｓ born.
ｂｏｒｎ．
Ｄｏｒｉ
Doriｂｅｇａｎ
beganｏｐｅｒａｔｉｎｇ
operatingＥＦＫ
EFKｏｕｔoutｏｆofｈｅｒherＶｉｒｇｉｎｉａ
Virginia ｈｏｍｅ，
home, ｗｈｉｃｈ
whichｓｈｅ
sheｔｈｅｎ
then ｅｘｐａｎｄｅｄ
expandedｔｏto＿３２＿＿ｒｅｃｒｅａｔｉｏｎ
32 recreationｃｅｎｔｅｒｓ．
centers. Ｔｏｄａｙ， ｔｈｅ
Today, the
ＥＦＫ
EFKｐｒｏｇｒａｍ ３３ ＿＿ｏｖｅｒ
program １４４ ｂｒａｎｃｈｅｓ
33 over ｉｎ ３２inｓｔａｔｅｓ
144 branches ｗｉｔｈｉｎ
32 states ｔｈｅtheＵｎｉｔｅｄ
within Ｓｔａｔｅｓ
United Statesａｎｄ
andｉｎin２１
21ｃｏｕｎｔｒｉｅｓ． Ｓａｌｅｓhave
countries. Sales ｈａｖｅ doubled
ｄｏｕｂｌｅｄ from
ｆｒｏｍ
￥５$5ｍｉｌｌｉｏｎ
million ｉｎ ２０１４ ｔｏ
in 2014 ￥１０ ｍｉｌｌｉｏｎ
to $10 ｉｎ 2015,with
million in ２０１５，ｗｉｔｈ 25
２５ new
ｎｅｗ branches
ｂｒａｎｃｈｅｓ planned
ｐｌａｎｎｅｄ ｆｏｒ ２０１６． The
for 2016. Ｔｈｅ EFK
ＥＦＫ ｗｅｂｓｉｔｅ
websiteｓｔａｔｅｓ，＂Ｏｕｒ
states, “Ourｎａｔｉｏｎ
nation ｉｓ
is
ｎｏｔ
not ３４ｅｎｏｕｇｈ
34 ｅｎｇｉｎｅｅｒｓ．
enough Ｏｕｒ ｐｈｉｌｏｓｏｐｈｙ
engineers. ｉｓ ｔｏisｉｎｓｐｉｒｅ
Our philosophy ｋｉｄｓkidsａｔ atａ ｙｏｕｎｇ
to inspire ａｇｅage
a young ｔｏ toｕｎｄｅｒｓｔａｎｄ
understandｔｈａｔ
thatｅｎｇｉｎｅｅｒｉｎｇ
engineering ｉｓ
is ａa
ｇｒｅａｔ
great 35３５＂
.”
Ａ）ａｔｒａｃｔｅｄ
A）attracted Ｄ）ｆｅｅｄｉｎｇ
I）feeding
Ｂ）B）career
ｃａｒｅｒ Ｊ）ｇｒａｄｕａｔｉｎｇ
J）graduating
Ｃ）ｃｈａｍｐｉｏｎｓｈｉｐｓ
C）championships Ｋ）K）interest
ｉｎｔｅｒｅｓｔ
ＤD）degrees
ｄｅｇｒｅｓ Ｌ）ｌｅｖｅｌｓ
L）levels
Ｅ）ｄｅｖｅｌｏｐｉｎｇ
E）developing Ｍ）ｌｏｃａｌ
M）local
Ｆ）F）enroll
ｅｎｒｏｌ Ｎ）ｏｐｅｒａｔｅｓ
N）operates
Ｇ）G）exposure
ｅｘｐｏｓｕｒｅ Ｏ）ｐａｒｔｉｃｉｐａｔｅｄ
O）participated
Ｈ）ｆｅａｓｉｂｌｅ
H）feasible

Ｓｅｃｔｉｏｎ
Section BＢ
Ｄｉｒｅｃｔｉｏｎｓ：
Directions:ＩｎInｔｈｉｓ
this ｓｅｃｔｉｏｎ， ｙｏｕ ａｒｅ
section, you are ｇｏｉｎｇ
going ｔｏ
to ｒｅａｄ
read ａa ｐａｓｓａｇｅ
passage ｗｉｔｈ
with ｔｅｎ
ten ｓｔａｔｅｍｅｎｔｓ
statements ａｔｔａｃｈｅｄ
attached ｔｏ
to ｉｔ． Ｅａｃｈ statement
it. Each ｓｔａｔｅｍｅｎｔ contains
ｃｏｎｔａｉｎｓ
ｉｎｆｏｒｍａｔｉｏｎ
informationｇｉｖｅｎ
givenｉｎin ｏｎｅ
oneｏｆ
of ｔｈｅ ｐａｒａｇｒａｐｈｓ． Identify
the paragraphs. Ｉｄｅｎｔｉｆｙthe
ｔｈｅparagraph
ｐａｒａｇｒａｐｈfrom
ｆｒｏｍ which
ｗｈｉｃｈ the
ｔｈｅ information
ｉｎｆｏｒｍａｔｉｏｎ isｉｓderived.
ｄｅｒｉｖｅｄ．You
Ｙｏｕmay
ｍａｙ choose
ｃｈｏｏｓｅ aａ
ｐａｒａｇｒａｐｈ
paragraphｍｏｒｅ
moreｔｈａｎ
thanｏｎｃｅ．
once.Ｅａｃｈ
Eachｐａｒａｇｒａｐｈ
paragraphｉｓisｍａｒｋｅｄ
markedｗｉｔｈ
withａ aｌｅｔｔｅｒ． Ａｎｓｗｅｒ ｔｈｅ
letter. Answer ｑｕｅｓｔｉｏｎｓ by
the questions ｂｙ marking
ｍａｒｋｉｎｇ ｔｈｅ ｃｏｒｒｅｓｐｏｎｄｉｎｇ
the corresponding
ｌｅｔｔｅｒ
letter onｏｎAnswer
Ａｎｓｗｅｒ Ｓｈｅｅｔ
Sheet ２．
2.

１1
 Ｗｈｙ
Whyａｒｅｎ＇ｔ
aren'tｙｏｕ
you ｃｕｒｉｏｕｓ ａｂｏｕｔwhat
curious about ｗｈａｔhappened?
ｈａｐｐｅｎｅｄ？
Ａ）＂Ｙｏｕ ｓｕｓｐｅｎｄｅｄ
A) “You ＲａｙRay
suspended ＲｉｃｅRice
ａｆｔｅｒ
afterｏｕｒ
ourｖｉｄｅｏ，＂ａ
video,” aｒｅｐｏｒｔｅｒ ｆｒｏｍ TMZ
reporter from ＴＭＺ ｃｈａｌｌｅｎｇｅｄ
challenged Ｎａｔｉｏｎａｌ ＦｏｏｔｂａｌｌLeague
National Football ＬｅａｇｕｅCommissioner
Ｃｏｍｍｉｓｓｉｏｎｅｒ
RogerＧｏｏｄｅｌｌ
Ｒｏｇｅｒ Goodellｔｈｅ
theｏｔｈｅｒ
otherｄａｙ．＂Ｗｈｙ
day. “Why didn’t
ｄｉｄｎ＇ｔ ｙｏｕyou have
ｈａｖｅ ｔｈｅtheｃｕｒｉｏｓｉｔｙ
curiosityｔｏ
to ｇｏ
go ｔｏ
to the
ｔｈｅ casino (赌场) yourself?” The ｉｍｐｌｉｃａｔｉｏｎ
ｃａｓｉｎｏ（赌场）ｙｏｕｒｓｅｌｆ？＂Ｔｈｅ implication of
ｏｆ
ｔｈｅtheｑｕｅｓｔｉｏｎ
question ｉｓ ｔｈａｔaａmore
is that ｍｏｒｅcurious.
ｃｕｒｉｏｕｓ．ｃｏｍｍｉｓｓｉｏｎｅｒ
commissioner ｗｏｕｌｄ
wouldｈａｖｅ
haveｆｏｕｎｄ
foundａ aｗａｙ
wayｔｏtoｇｅｔ
getｔｈｅ
the ｔａｐｅ．
tape.

B) The
Ｂ）Ｔｈｅ accusation
ａｃｃｕｓａｔｉｏｎ ｏｆ of incuriosityｉｓis ｏｎｅ
ｉｎｃｕｒｉｏｓｉｔｙ oneｔｈａｔ
that ｗｅ
weｈｅａｒ
hearｏｆｔｅｎ，
often, ｃａｒｒｙｉｎｇ
carrying the
ｔｈｅ suggestion
ｓｕｇｇｅｓｔｉｏｎ that
ｔｈａｔthere
ｔｈｅｒｅisｉｓsomething
ｓｏｍｅｔｈｉｎｇwrong
ｗｒｏｎｇ with
ｗｉｔｈ not
ｎｏｔ
ｗａｎｔｉｎｇ
wantingｔｏtoｓｅａｒｃｈ
searchｏｕｔ
outｔｈｅ
the ｔｒｕｔｈ．＂Ｉ ｈａｖｅ ｂｅｅｎ
truth. “I have been ｂｏｔｈｅｒｅｄ
botheredｆｏｒ
for ａa ｌｏｎｇ
long ｔｉｍｅtime ａｂｏｕｔ
about ｔｈｅ ｃｕｒｉｏｕｓ lack
the curious ｌａｃｋ ofｏｆ curiosity,”
ｃｕｒｉｏｓｉｔｙ，＂ｓａｉｄ
said a ａDemocratic
Ｄｅｍｏｃｒａｔｉｃ
ｍｅｍｂｅｒ
memberｏｆ ｔｈｅ ＮｅｗNew
of the ＪｅｒｓｅｙJersey
ｌｅｇｉｓｌａｔｕｒｅ ｂａｃｋback
legislature ｉｎ Ｊｕｌｙ， ｒｅｆｅｒｒｉｎｇ
in July, referringｔｏ toａｎ anｉｎｓｕｆｆｉｃｉｅｎｔｌｙ
insufficientlyｉｎｑｕｉｒｉｎｇ
inquiringａｔｔｉｔｕｄｅ
attitude ｏｎ onｔｈｅ
the ｐａｒｔ
part ｏｆ
of ａｎ
an ａｓｓｉｓｔａｎｔ
assistant
ｔｏtoＮｅｗ
NewＪｅｒｓｅｙ
JerseyＧｏｖｅｒｎｏｒ
GovernorＣｈｒｉｓ
ChrisＣｈｒｉｓｔｉｅ
Christie ｗｈｏ
whoｃｈｏｓｅ
choseｎｏｔ
notｔｏto ａｓｋ
ask ｈａｒｄ
hard ｑｕｅｓｔｉｏｎｓ ａｂｏｕｔ the
questions about ｔｈｅ George
Ｇｅｏｒｇｅ Washington
Ｗａｓｈｉｎｇｔｏｎ Ｂｒｉｄｇｅ
Bridge ｔｒｆｆｉｃ
traffic
ｓｃａｎｄａｌ．
scandal. ＂Ｉｓｎ＇ｔ ｔｈｅ mainstream
“Isn’t the ｍａｉｎｓｔｒｅａｍ ｍｅｄｉａ
media ｔｈｅthe ｌｅａｓｔ ｂｉｔcurious
least bit ｃｕｒｉｏｕｓabout
ａｂｏｕｔwhat
ｗｈａｔhappened?”
ｈａｐｐｅｎｅｄ？＂ｗｒｏｔｅ
wrote ｃｏｎｓｅｒｖａｔｉｖｅ
conservative ｗｒｉｔｅｒ ＪｅｎｎｉｆｅｒRubin
writer Jennifer Ｒｕｂｉｎ
ｅａｒｌｉｅｒ
earlier ｔｈｉｓ ｙｅａｒ，referring
this year, ｒｅｆｅｒｒｉｎｇtoｔｏtheｔｈｅattack
ａｔｔａｃｋonｏｎAmericans
ＡｍｅｒｉｃａｎｓinｉｎBenghazi,
Ｂｅｎｇｈａｚｉ， Libya.
Ｌｉｂｙａ．

C) The
Ｃ）Ｔｈｅ implication,
ｉｍｐｌｉｃａｔｉｏｎ， ｉｎ inｅａｃｈ
each case, isｔｈａｔ
ｃａｓｅ，ｉｓ thatｃｕｒｉｏｓｉｔｙ
curiosity ｉｓ
is aａ good thing, and
ｇｏｏｄ ｔｈｉｎｇ， ａｎｄ aａ lack
ｌａｃｋ ofｏｆcuriosity
ｃｕｒｉｏｓｉｔｙisｉｓa problem. Are such
ａ ｐｒｏｂｌｅｍ．Ａｒｅ ｓｕｃｈ accusations
ａｃｃｕｓａｔｉｏｎｓ
ｓｉｍｐｌｙ
simplyｅｆｆｏｒｔｓ
effortsｔｏtoｓｃｏｒｅ
scoreｐｏｌｉｔｉｃａｌ ｐｏｉｎｔｓ for
political points ｆｏｒ one's
ｏｎｅ＇ｓ party?
ｐａｒｔｙ？ OrＯｒ isｉｓ there
ｔｈｅｒｅsomething
ｓｏｍｅｔｈｉｎｇ ｏｆof particular
ｐａｒｔｉｃｕｌａｒ value
ｖａｌｕｅ about
ａｂｏｕｔ curiosity
ｃｕｒｉｏｓｉｔｙ inｉｎand
ａｎｄ ofｏｆ
ｉｔｓｅｌｆ？
itself?

D) The
Ｄ）Ｔｈｅ journalist ｌａｎ
ｊｏｕｒｎａｌｉｓｔ Ian Ｌｅｓｌｉｅ，
Leslie, inｉｎhis
ｈｉｓnew
ｎｅｗand
ａｎｄenjoyable
ｅｎｊｏｙａｂｌｅbook
ｂｏｏｋCurious:
Ｃｕｒｉｏｕｓ：The
ＴｈｅDesire
Ｄｅｓｉｒｅto ｔｏ
Know
Ｋｎｏｗand
ａｎｄWhy
Ｗｈｙ Your
Ｙｏｕｒ Fatter
ＦａｔｔｅｒDepends
Ｄｅｐｅｎｄｓ on
ｏｎ
Ｉｔ，It, ｉｎｓｉｓｔｓ ｔｈａｔtheｔｈｅanswer
insists that ａｎｓｗｅｒ toｔｏ that
ｔｈａｔlast
ｌａｓｔquestion
ｑｕｅｓｔｉｏｎisｉｓ‘Yes.’
＇Ｙｅｓ．＇Ｌｅｓｌｉｅ ａｒｇｕｅｓthat
Leslie argues ｔｈａｔcuriosity
ｃｕｒｉｏｓｉｔｙis ｉｓa much-overlooked
ａ ｍｕｃｈ－ｏｖｅｒｌｏｏｋｅｄhuman
ｈｕｍａｎ ｖｉｒｔｕｅ，
virtue,
ｃｒｕｃｉａｌ
crucialｔｏto ｏｕｒ
ourｓｕｃｃｅｓｓ，
success,ａｎｄ
andｔｈａｔ
that ｗｅ
weａｒｅ
areｌｏｓｉｎｇ
losingｉｔ．
it.

E)We
Ｅ）Ｗｅ ａｒｅareｓｕｆｆｅｒｉｎｇ，
suffering, ｈｅ
he ｗｒｉｔｅｓ，
writes, from
ｆｒｏｍ aａ “serendipity
＂ｓｅｒｅｎｄｉｐｉｔｙdeficit.” The word
ｄｅｆｉｃｉｔ．＂Ｔｈｅ ｗｏｒｄ“serendipity” was coined
＂ｓｅｒｅｎｄｉｐｉｔｙ＂ｗａｓ ｃｏｉｎｅｄ by
ｂｙ Horace
Ｈｏｒａｃｅ Walpole in an
Ｗａｌｐｏｌｅ ｉｎ ａｎ
１８５４
1854ｌｅｔｔｅｒ， ｆｒｏｍ aａ tale
letter, from ｔａｌｅofｏｆthree
ｔｈｒｅｅprinces
ｐｒｉｎｃｅｓwhoｗｈｏ“were
＂ｗｅｒｅ always
ａｌｗａｙｓ making
ｍａｋｉｎｇ ｄｉｓｃｏｖｅｒｉｅｓ，
discoveries, ｂｙ
by ａｃｃｉｄｅｎｔ， ｏｆｔｈｉｎｇｓ
accident, of ｔｈｅｙ were
things they ｗｅｒｅ ｎｏｔ
not ｉｎ ｓｅａｒｃｈ
in search
ｏｆ，＂Ｌｅｓｌｉｅ
of,” Leslieｗｏｒｒｉｅｓ
worriesｔｈａｔthatｔｈｅ
theｒｉｓｅ
rise ｏｆ ｔｈｅ Internet,
of the Ｉｎｔｅｒｎｅｔ，among
ａｍｏｎｇ ｏｔｈｅｒ ｓｏｃｉａｌ and
other social ａｎｄ technological
ｔｅｃｈｎｏｌｏｇｉｃａｌ changes,
ｃｈａｎｇｅｓ， has
ｈａｓ reduced
ｒｅｄｕｃｅｄ ｏｕｒ
our ａｐｐｅｔｉｔｅ ｆｏｒ
appetite for
ａｉｍｌｅｓｓ
aimlessａｄｖｅｎｔｕｒｅｓ．
adventures. Ｎｏ Noｌｏｎｇｅｒ
longerｈａｖｅ
haveｗｅwe ｔｈｅtheｉｎｃｌｉｎａｔｉｏｎ
inclinationｔｏto ｌｅｔ ｏｕｒｓｅｌｖｅｓ wander
let ourselves ｗａｎｄｅｒ ｔｈｒｏｕｇｈ
through ｆｉｅｌｄｓ ｏｆ know
fields of ｋｎｏｗ ｌｅｄｇｅｓ， ｒｅａｄｙ to
ledges, ready ｔｏ be
ｂｅ
ｓｕｒｐｒｉｓｅｄ．
surprised. Ｉｎｓｔｅａｄ， ｗｅ seek
Instead, we ｓｅｅｋ only
ｏｎｌｙ the
ｔｈｅ information
ｉｎｆｏｒｍａｔｉｏｎ we
ｗｅ want.
ｗａｎｔ．
F) Why
Ｆ）Ｗｈｙ is thisａ aｐｒｏｂｌｅｍ？
ｉｓ ｔｈｉｓ problem? Because
Ｂｅｃａｕｓｅ without
ｗｉｔｈｏｕｔ curiosity
ｃｕｒｉｏｓｉｔｙ ｗｅ we
ｗｉｌｌwill loseｔｈｅ
ｌｏｓｅ theｓｐｉｒｉｔ
spirit ｏｆ
of innovation
ｉｎｎｏｖａｔｉｏｎ and
ａｎｄ entrepreneurship.
ｅｎｔｒｅｐｒｅｎｅｕｒｓｈｉｐ． We will see
Ｗｅ ｗｉｌｌ ｓｅｅ
ｕｎｉｍａｇｉｎａｔｉｖｅ
unimaginativeｇｏｖｅｒｎｍｅｎｔｓ
governmentsａｎｄandｄｙｉｎｇ ｃｏｒｐｏｒａｔｉｏｎｓ
dying corporationsｍａｋｅ ｄｉｓａｓｔｒｏｕｓ
make disastrousｄｅｃｉｓｉｏｎｓ．
decisions. Ｗｅ
Weｗｉｌｌ
willｌｏｓｅ
lose ａa ｖｉｔａｌ ｐａｒｔofｏｆwhat
vital part ｗｈａｔhasｈａｓmade
ｍａｄｅ
ｈｕｍａｎｉｔｙ
humanityａｓasａ aｗｈｏｌｅ
wholeｓｏsoｓｕｃｃｅｓｓｆｕｌ
successfulａｓas ａa ｓｐｅｃｉｅｓ．
species.

G) Leslie
Ｇ）Ｌｅｓｌｉｅ presentsｃｏｎｓｉｄｅｒａｂｌｅ
ｐｒｅｓｅｎｔｓ considerable evidence
ｅｖｉｄｅｎｃｅ ｆｏｒforｔｈｅtheｐｒｏｐｏｓｉｔｉｏｎ
propositionｔｈａｔ
thatｔｈｅ
theｓｏｃｉｅｔｙ
society ａｓ
as ａa ｗｈｏｌｅ
wholeｉｓis ｇｒｏｗｉｎｇ
growingｌｅｓｓ
less ｃｕｒｉｏｕｓ．
curious. Ｉｎ
In the
ｔｈｅ U.S.
Ｕ．Ｓ．
ａｎｄandＥｕｒｏｐｅ，
Europe,ｆｏｒ
forｅｘａｍｐｌｅ，
example,ｔｈｅtheｒｉｓｅ
riseｏｆof ｔｈｅ
the Ｉｎｔｅｒｎｅｔ ｈａｓ led
Internet has ｌｅｄ toｔｏ aａ declining
ｄｅｃｌｉｎｉｎｇconsumption
ｃｏｎｓｕｍｐｔｉｏｎ ofｏｆ news
ｎｅｗｓ ｆｒｏｍ
from ｏｕｔｓｉｄｅ
outside ｔｈｅ
the ｒｅａｄｅｒ＇ｓ
reader’s
borders .But
ｂｏｒｄｅｒｓ．Ｂｕｔ ｎｏｔnot everything
ｅｖｅｒｙｔｈｉｎｇ ｉｓ isｔｏtoｂｅbeｂｌａｍｅｄ
blamed
ｏｎ on technology.
ｔｅｃｈｎｏｌｏｇｙ． Ｔｈｅ The decline
ｄｅｃｌｉｎｅ in interest
ｉｎ ｉｎｔｅｒｅｓｔ ｉｎ in literaryｆｉｃｔｉｏｎ
ｌｉｔｅｒａｒｙ fiction ｉｓ
is also
ａｌｓｏ one
ｏｎｅ of
ｏｆ the
ｔｈｅ causes
ｃａｕｓｅｓ
ｉｄｅｎｔｉｆｉｅｄ ｂｙ Leslie.
identified by Ｌｅｓｌｉｅ．Ｒｅａｄｉｎｇ
Readingｌｉｔｅｒａｒｙ ｆｉｃｔｉｏｎ，heｈｅsays
literary fiction, ｓａｙｓ，ｍａｋｅ ｕｓ more
,make us ｍｏｒｅ curious.
ｃｕｒｉｏｕｓ．
H)Moreover,
Ｈ）Ｍｏｒｅｏｖｅｒ， ｉｎinｏｒｄｅｒ
orderｔｏtoｂｅbeｃｕｒｉｏｕｓ，＂ｙｏｕ
curious, “you have
ｈａｖｅ ｔｏ toｂｅbeａｗａｒｅ
aware
ｏｆofａ aｇａｐ
gapｉｎinｙｏｕｒ
yourｋｎｏｗｌｅｄｇｅ
knowledgeｉｎinｔｈｅ
theｆｉｒｓｔ
first place.” Although Ｌｅｓｌｉｅ
ｐｌａｃｅ．＂Ａｌｔｈｏｕｇｈ Leslie
ｐｅｒｈａｐｓ
perhapsｐａｉｎｔｓ
paints ａa ｂｉｔ ｂｒｏａｄｌｙ inｉｎcontending
bit broadly ｃｏｎｔｅｎｄｉｎｇthat
ｔｈａｔmost
ｍｏｓｔofｏｆusｕｓareａｒｅunaware
ｕｎａｗａｒｅofｏｆhowｈｏｗmuch
ｍｕｃｈ we
ｗｅ ｄｏｎｔ
don’t ｋｎｏｗ，ｈｅ＇ｓ
know, he’sｓｕｒｅｌｙ
surelyｒｉｇｈｔ
right ｔｏ
to
ｐｏｉｎｔ
pointｏｕｔ
outｔｈａｔ
that ｔｈｅ ｐｒｏｂｌｅｍ ｉｓis growing:
the problem ｇｒｏｗｉｎｇ： ＂Ｇｏｏｇｌｅ
“Googleｃａｎ
canｇｉｖｅ
giveｕｓusｔｈｅ
theｐｏｗｅｒｆｕｌ
powerfulｉｌｌｕｓｉｏｎ
illusionｔｈａｔ ａｌｌquestions
that all ｑｕｅｓｔｉｏｎｓhave
ｈａｖｅ definite
ｄｅｆｉｎｉｔｅanswers.”
ａｎｓｗｅｒｓ．＂
I）Indeed, Google, forｗｈｉｃｈ
Ｉ）Ｉｎｄｅｅｄ，Ｇｏｏｇｌｅ，ｆｏｒ whichＬｅｓｌｉｅ
Leslieｅｘｐｒｅｓｓｅｓ
expresses ａｄｍｉｒａｔｉｏｎ，ｉｓ
admiration, is also
ａｌｓｏhis
ｈｉｓfrequent
ｆｒｅｑｕｅｎｔwhipping
ｗｈｉｐｐｉｎｇbody(替罪羊). He quotes
ｂｏｄｙ（替罪羊）．Ｈｅ ｑｕｏｔｅｓGoogle
Ｇｏｏｇｌｅ
ｃｏ－ｆｏｕｎｄｅｒ
co-founderＬａｒｒｙ
LarryＰａｇｅ
Pageｔｏtoｔｈｅ
the ｅｆｆｅｃｔ ｔｈａｔtheｔｈｅ＂ｐｅｒｆｅｃｔ
effect that ｓｅａｒｃｈengine”
“perfect search ｅｎｇｉｎｅ＂ｗｉｌｌ＂ｕｎｄｅｒｓｔａｎｄ ｅｘａｃｔｌｙwhat
will “understand exactly ｗｈａｔI Ｉmean
ｍｅａｎand
ａｎｄ give
ｇｉｖｅmeｍｅ back
ｂａｃｋ
ｅｘａｃｔｌｙ
exactly ｗｈａｔ
whatＩ I ｗａｎｔ．＂Ｅｌｓｅｗｈｅｒｅ ｉｎ inｔｈｅtheｂｏｏｋ，
want.” Elsewhere book,Ｌｅｓｌｉｅ
Leslieｗｒｉｔｅｓ：＂＂Ｇｏｏｇｌｅ
writes: “Googleａｉｍｓ
aimsｔｏtoｓａｖｅ
saveｙｏｕ
youｆｒｏｍ ｔｈｅtheｔｈｉｒｓｔ
from thirstｏｆofｃｕｒｉｏｓｉｔｙ
curiosity
ａｌｔｏｇｅｔｈｅｒ．＂
altogether.”

Ｊ） Ｓｏｍｅｗｈａｔ ｎｏｓｔａｌｇｉｃａｌｌｙ（怀旧地），ｈｅ
J) Somewhat ｑｕｏｔｅｓ John
nostalgically( 怀 旧 地 ), he quotes Ｊｏｈｎ Maynard
Ｍａｙｎａｒｄ Ｋｅｙｎｅｓ＇ｓｊｕｓｔｌｙ
Keynes’s justlyｆａｍｏｕｓ
famousｗｏｒｄｓ ｏｆ ofｐｒａｉｓｅ
words praiseｔｏtoｔｈｅ
theｂｏｏｋｓｔｏｒｅ∶
bookstore:
＂Ｏｎｅ
“Oneｓｈｏｕｌｄ ｅｎｔｅｒ
should enterｉｔitｖａｇｕｅｌｙ，
vaguely,ａｌｍｏｓｔ
almostｉｎinａaｄｒｅａｍ，
dream,ａｎｄ
andａｌｌｏｗ
allowｗｈａｔ ｉｓ isｔｈｅｒｅ
what thereｆｒｅｅｌｙ
freelyｔｏto ａｔｔｒａｃｔ ａｎｄ influence
attract and ｉｎｆｌｕｅｎｃｅ the
ｔｈｅ eye.
ｅｙｅ．ToＴｏ walk
ｗａｌｋ the
ｔｈｅ
乙2
ｒｏｕｎｄｓ
roundsｏｆofｔｈｅ
theｂｏｏｋｓｈｏｐｓ，
bookshops,ｄｉｐｐｉｎｇ
dippingｉｎinａｓasｃｕｒｉｏｓｉｔｙ ｄｉｃｔａｔｅｓ，should
curiosity dictates, ｓｈｏｕｌｄbeｂｅanａｎafternoons
ａｆｔｅｒｎｏｏｎｓentertainment.”
ｅｎｔｅｒｔａｉｎｍｅｎｔ．＂Ｉｆｏｎｌｙ！
If only!

K) Citingｔｈｅ
Ｋ）Ｃｉｔｉｎｇ theｗｏｒｋ
workｏｆofｐｓｙｃｈｏｌｏｇｉｓｔｓ
psychologistsａｎｄ
andｃｏｇｎｉｔｉｖｅ（认知的）ｓｃｉｅｎｔｉｓｔｓ，Ｌｅｓｌｉｅ
cognitive( 认知的)scientists, Leslie criticizes
ｃｒｉｔｉｃｉｚｅｓtheｔｈｅreceived
ｒｅｃｅｉｖｅｄwisdom
ｗｉｓｄｏｍ that
ｔｈａｔacademic
ａｃａｄｅｍｉｃ
ｓｕｃｃｅｓｓ
successｉｓisｔｈｅ
theｒｅｓｕｌｔ
result ｏｆ
of aａ combination
ｃｏｍｂｉｎａｔｉｏｎ ｏｆofｉｎｔｅｌｌｅｃｔｕａｌ ｔａｌｅｎｔand
intellectual talent ａｎｄ hard
ｈａｒｄ work.
ｗｏｒｋ． Ｃｕｒｉｏｓｉｔｙ， ｈｅ argues,
Curiosity, he ａｒｇｕｅｓ， isｉｓtheｔｈｅthird
ｔｈｉｒｄkeyｋｅｙfactor--and
ｆａｃｔｏｒ－ａｎｄ aａ
ｄｉｆｆｉｃｕｌｔ ｏｎｅ ｔｏto ｐｒｅｓｅｒｖｅ．
difficult one preserve. Ｉｆ ｎｏｔ cultivated,
If not ｃｕｌｔｉｖａｔｅｄ，itｉｔwillｗｉｌｌnotｎｏｔsurvive:
ｓｕｒｖｉｖｅ：“Childhood
＂Ｃｈｉｌｄｈｏｏｄ curiosity
ｃｕｒｉｏｓｉｔｙisｉｓa ａcollaboration
ｃｏｌｌａｂｏｒａｔｉｏｎbetween
ｂｅｔｗｅｅｎ child
ｃｈｉｌｄ and
ａｎｄ
ａｄｕｌｔ．
adult.Ｔｈｅ
Theｓｕｒｅｓｔ
surestｗａｙ ｔｏ toｋｉｌｌkillｉｔit ｉｓis to
way ｔｏ leave
ｌｅａｖｅ itｉｔalone.”
ａｌｏｎｅ．＂

Ｌ）Ｓｃｈｏｏｌ ｅｄｕｃａｔｉｏｎ，
L) School education,ｈｅheｗａｒｎｓ，
warns,ｉｓisｏｆｔｅｎ
often ｃｏｎｄｕｃｔｅｄ
conductedｉｎin ａa ｗａｙ
wayｔｈａｔ
that ｍａｋｅｓ
makesｃｈｉｌｄｒｅｎ
children ｉｎｃｕｒｉｏｕｓ． Ｃｈｉｌｄｒｅｎ ofｏｆ educated
incurious. Children ｅｄｕｃａｔｅｄ and
ａｎｄ
ｕｐｐｅｒ－ｍｉｄｄｌｅ－ｃｌａｓｓ
upper-middle-classｐａｒｅｎｔｓ
parents ｔｕｒｎ
turn ｏｕｔ
out ｔｏ
to ｂｅ
be ｆａｒ ｍｏｒｅ ｃｕｒｉｏｕｓ，
far more ｅｖｅｎ ａｔ
curious, even ｅａｒｌｙ ages,
at early ａｇｅｓ， than
ｔｈａｎ children
ｃｈｉｌｄｒｅｎofｏｆworking
ｗｏｒｋｉｎｇ class
ｃｌａｓｓ and
ａｎｄ lower
ｌｏｗｅｒ
ｃｌａｓｓ
classｆａｍｉｌｉｅｓ．Ｔｈａｔ
families. Thatｌａｃｋ
lackｏｆof ｃｕｒｉｏｓｉｔｙ ｐｒｏｄｕｃｅｓ ａa ｒｅｌａｔｉｖｅ
curiosity produces ｌａｃｋofｏｆknowledge,
relative lack ｋｎｏｗｌｅｄｇｅ，ａｎｄ
andｔｈｅ
the ｌａｃｋ
lack ｏｆ
of ｋｎｏｗｌｅｄｇｅ
knowledgeｉｓisｄｉｆｉｃｕｌｔ
difficult ｉｆ ｎｏｔ
if not
ｉｍｐｏｓｓｉｂｌｅ
impossibleｔｏto ｃｏｍｐｅｎｓａｔｅ
compensateｆｏｒ
forｌａｔｅｒ ｏｎ．
later on.

M）Although
Ｍ）Ａｌｔｈｏｕｇｈ Leslie’s
Ｌｅｓｌｉｅ＇ｓ ｂｏｏｋbook
ｉｓｎ＇ｔisn’t about
ａｂｏｕｔ politics,
ｐｏｌｉｔｉｃｓ， ｈｅhe doesn’tｅｎｔｉｒｅｌｙ
ｄｏｅｓｎ＇ｔ entirelyｓｈｙ
shyａｗａｙ
away from
ｆｒｏｍ ｔｈｅthe problem.
ｐｒｏｂｌｅｍ． Politicalｌｅａｄｅｒｓ，
Ｐｏｌｉｔｉｃａｌ leaders, ｌｉｋｅ
like leader
ｌｅａｄｅｒ
ｏｆofｏｔｈｅｒ
other ｏｒｇａｎｉｚａｔｉｏｎｓ， ｓｈｏｕｌｄ be
organizations, should ｂｅ curious.
ｃｕｒｉｏｕｓ．They
Ｔｈｅｙ should
ｓｈｏｕｌｄ ask
ａｓｋ questions
ｑｕｅｓｔｉｏｎｓ atａｔcrucial
ｃｒｕｃｉａｌmoments
ｍｏｍｅｎｔｓ．. There
Ｔｈｅｒｅ serious
ｓｅｒｉｏｕｓ consequences,
ｃｏｎｓｅｑｕｅｎｃｅｓ， he
ｈｅ
ｗａｒｎｓ，
warns,ｉｎin ｎｏｔ ｗａｎｔｉｎｇ toｔｏknow.
not wanting ｋｎｏｗ．

Ｎ）Ｈｅ ｐｒｅｓｅｎｔｓ
N) He ａｓ asａｎanｅｘａｍｐｌｅ
presents ｔｈｅtheｆａｉｌｕｒｅ
example failureｏｆ
of ｔｈｅ
the Ｇｅｏｒｇｅ
George Ｗ．Ｂｕｓｈ ａｄｍｉｎｉｓｔｒａｔｉｏｎ
W. Bush administrationｔｏtoｐｒｅｐａｒｅ
prepareｐｒｏｐｅｒｌｙ
properly ｆｏｒ ｔｈｅ after-effects
for the ａｆｔｒ－ｅｆｅｃｔｓ ofｏｆ
ｔｈｅ
the ｉｎｖａｓｉｏｎ
invasion ｏｆ
of Ｉｒａｇ． Ａｃｃｏｒｄｉｎｇ to
Iraq. According ｔｏ Leslie,
Ｌｅｓｌｉｅ，those
ｔｈｏｓｅwho
ｗｈｏ ridiculed
ｒｉｄｉｃｕｌｅｄformer.
ｆｏｒｍｅｒ．Defense
ＤｅｆｅｎｓｅSecretary
ＳｅｃｒｅｔａｒｙDonald
Ｄｏｎａｌｄ Rumsfeld
Ｒｕｍｓｆｅｌｄ ｆｏｒ ｈｉｓ 2002
for his ２００２
ｒｅｍａｒｋ
remarkｔｈａｔ
that ｗｅ
we ｈａｖｅ
have ｔｏ
to ｂｅ ｗａｒｙ ｏｆ
be wary ｔｈｅ＂ｕｎｋｎｏｗｎ
of the “unknownｕｎｋｎｏｗｎｓ＂ｗｅｒｅ
unknowns” were ｍｉｓｔａｋｅｎ．
mistaken.Ｒｕｍｓｆｅｌｄ＇ｓ
Rumsfeld’sｉｄｅａ，Ｌｅｓｌｉｅ
idea, Leslie ｗｒｉｔｅｓ，＂ｗａｓｎ＇ｔ
writes, “wasn’t
ａｂｓｕｒｄ－ｉｔ
absurd- itｗａｓ
wasｓｍａｒｔ．＂＂Ｈｅ
smart.” Heａｄｄｓ，＂Ｔｈｅ ｔｒａｇｅｄｙ
adds, “The ｉｓisｔｈａｔ
tragedy that ｈｅ
he ｄｉｄｎ＇ｔ ｆｏｌｌｏｗ his
didn’t follow ｈｉｓown
ｏｗｎ advice.”
ａｄｖｉｃｅ．＂
O) All
Ｏ）Ａｌｌ ｏｆofｗｈｉｃｈ
which bringsｕｓusｂａｃｋ
ｂｒｉｎｇｓ backｔｏtoＧｏｏｄｅｌｌ
Goodellａｎｄ
andｔｈｅ
theＣｈｒｉｓｔｉｅ
Christie ｃａｓｅ
case ａｎｄ
and Ｂｅｎｇｈａｚｉ．Ｅａｃｈ
Benghazi. Each criticｉｎin ｔｈｏｓｅ
ｃｒｉｔｉｃ those ｅｘａｍｐｌｅｓ
examplesｉｓis ｃｈａｒｇｉｎｇ，
charging, in
ｉｎ
ａ aｄｉｆｆｅｒｅｎｔ
different ｗａｙ，
way,ｔｈａｔ
thatｓｏｍｅｏｎｅ
someoneｉｎ inａｕｔｈｏｒｉｔｙ ｉｓ isｉｎｔｅｎｔｉｏｎａｌｌｙ
authority intentionallyｂｅｉｎｇ
beingｉｎｃｕｒｉｏｕｓ．
incurious.Ｉ Iｌｅａｖｅ
leaveｉｔitｔｏto ｔｈｅ
the ｒｅａｄｅｒ＇ｓ
reader's ｐｏｌｉｔｉｃａｌ ｐｒｅｆｅｒｅｎｃｅ toｔｏ
political preference
ｄｅｃｉｄｅ
decideｗｈｉｃｈ，
which,ｉｆifａｎｙ，
any, ｃｈａｒｇｅｓ
charges ｓｈｏｕｌｄ
shouldｓｔｉｃｋ． Ｂｕｔ ｌｅｔ＇ｓ
stick. But let’s beｂｅcareful
ｃａｒｅｆｕｌabout
ａｂｏｕｔdemanding
ｄｅｍａｎｄｉｎｇ ｃｕｒｉｏｓｉｔｙ ａｂｏｕｔ the
curiosity about ｔｈｅ other
ｏｔｈｅｒside’s
ｓｉｄｅ＇ｓweaknesses
ｗｅａｋｎｅｓｓｅｓ
ａｎｄ
andｒｅｍａｉｎｉｎｇ
remainingｄｅｔｅｒｍｉｎｅｄｌｙ
determinedlyｉｎｃｕｒｉｏｕｓ
incurious ａｂｏｕｔ
about ｏｕｒ ｏｗｎ． Ｗｅ
our own. Weｓｈｏｕｌｄ
should ｂｅ
be ｄｅｌｉｇｈｔｅｄ ｔｏ pursue
delighted to ｐｕｒｓｕｅknowledge
ｋｎｏｗｌｅｄｇｅ forｆｏｒ itsｉｔｓown
ｏｗｎsake--even
ｓａｋｅ－ｅｖｅｎ
when
ｗｈｅｎ what
ｗｈａｔ ｗｅ we find
ｆｉｎｄ ｏｕｔoutｉｓisｓｏｍｅｔｈｉｎｇ
somethingｗｅweｄｉｄｎ＇ｔ
didn’tｐａｒｔｉｃｕｌａｒｌｙ
particularly want
ｗａｎｔ to
ｔｏ know.
ｋｎｏｗ．

３６．
36. Ｔｏ
Toｂｅ
beｃｕｒｉｏｕｓ，
curious, ｗｅweｎｅｅｄ
needｔｏtoｒｅａｌｉｚｅ
realize ｆｉｒｓｔ ｏｆallａｌｌthat
first of ｔｈａｔthere
ｔｈｅｒｅareａｒｅ ｍａｎｙthings
many ｔｈｉｎｇｓweｗｅdon’t
ｄｏｎ＇ｔknow.
ｋｎｏｗ．
３７．Ａｃｃｏｒｄｉｎｇ ｔｏ toＬｅｓｌｉｅ，
37. According Leslie,ｃｕｒｉｏｓｉｔｙ
curiosityｉｓisｅｓｓｅｎｔｉａｌ ｔｏ one’s
essential to ｏｎｅ＇ｓ success.
ｓｕｃｃｅｓｓ．
３８．
38. Ｗｅ
Weｓｈｏｕｌｄ
shouldｆｅｅｌ ｈａｐｐｙ when
feel happy ｗｈｅｎ ｗｅweｐｕｒｓｕｅ
pursue ｋｎｏｗｌｅｄｇｅ
knowledgeｆｏｒ
for ｋｎｏｗｌｅｄｇｅ＇ｓ
knowledge’s ｓａｋｅ．
sake.
３９．Ｐｏｌｉｔｉｃａｌ
39. Politicalｌｅａｄｅｒｓ＇ｌａｃｋ
leaders’ lackｏｆof ｃｕｒｉｏｓｉｔｙ ｗｉｌｌ result
curiosity will ｒｅｓｕｌｔinｉｎbadｂａｄconsequences.
ｃｏｎｓｅｑｕｅｎｃｅｓ．
４０．
40.Ｔｈｅｒｅ
Thereａｒｅ
areｏｆｔｅｎ
oftenａｃｃｕｓａｔｉｏｎｓ
accusationsａｂｏｕｔ ｐｏｌｉｔｉｃｉａｎｓ＇
about politicians'ａｎｄ
andｔｈｅ
theｍｅｄｉａ＇ｓ
media’sｌａｃｋ
lackｏｆofｃｕｒｉｏｓｉｔｙ
curiosityｔｏtoｆｉｎｄ
find ｏｕｔ
out ｔｈｅ
the ｔｒｕｔｈ．
truth.
４１．Ｔｈｅ ｌｅｓｓlessｃｕｒｉｏｕｓ
41. The curiousａ aｃｈｉｌｄ
childｉｓ， ｔｈｅ less
is, the ｌｅｓｓknowledge
ｋｎｏｗｌｅｄｇｅ ｔｈｅ
the ｃｈｉｌｄ ｍａｙ ｔｕｒｎ
child may turn ｏｕｔ
out ｔｏ ｈａｖｅ．
to have.
４２．Ｉｔ
42. Itｉｓis ｗｉｄｅｌｙ
widely ａｃｃｅｐｔｅｄ
acceptedｔｈａｔ ａｃａｄｅｍｉｃ ａｃｃｏｍｐｌｉｓｈｍｅｎｔ
that academic accomplishmentｌｉｅｓliesｉｎinｂｏｔｈ
bothｉｎｔｅｌｌｉｇｅｎｃｅ ａｎｄ ｄｉｌｉｇｅｎｃｅ．
intelligence and diligence.
４３．Ｖｉｓｉｔｉｎｇ
43. Visitingａ aｂｏｏｋｓｈｏｐ
bookshopａｓasｃｕｒｉｏｓｉｔｙ
curiosityｌｅａｄｓ
leads ｕｓ
us ｃａｎ
can ｂｅ
be ａa good
ｇｏｏｄ ｗａｙ
wayｔｏto ｅｎｔｅｒｔａｉｎ ｏｕｒｓｅｌｖｅｓ．
entertain ourselves.
４４．
44.Ｂｏｔｈ
Bothｔｈｅ
theｒｉｓｅ
riseｏｆof ｔｈｅ
the Ｉｎｔｅｒｎｅｔ
Internet ａｎｄ
and ｒｅｄｕｃｅｄ
reducedａｐｐｅｔｉｔｅ
appetiteｆｏｒ
forｌｉｔｅｒａｒｙ ｆｉｃｔｉｏｎ contribute
literary fiction ｃｏｎｔｒｉｂｕｔｅ toｔｏpeople’s
ｐｅｏｐｌｅ＇ｓ declining
ｄｅｃｌｉｎｉｎｇｃｕｒｉｏｓｉｔｙ．
curiosity.
４５．Ｍａｎｋｉｎｄ ｗｏｕｌｄｎ＇ｔ
45. Mankind ｂｅ beｓｏ soｉｎｎｏｖａｔｉｖｅ
wouldn’t innovativeｗｉｔｈｏｕｔ
withoutｃｕｒｉｏｓｉｔｙ．
curiosity.

Ｓｅｃｔｉｏｎ
Section CＣ
Ｄｉｒｅｃｔｉｏｎｓ：
Directions:Ｔｈｅｒｅ
Thereａｒｅ
are２2ｐａｓｓａｇｅｓ
passagesｉｎin ｔｈｉｓ ｓｅｃｔｉｏｎ．Ｅａｃｈ
this section. Each ｐａｓｓａｇｅ
passage ｉｓ ｆｏｌｌｏｗｅｄ by
is followed ｂｙ ｓｏｍｅ
someｑｕｅｓｔｉｏｎｓ
questions ｏｒ
or ｕｎｆｉｎｉｓｈｅｄ
unfinished ｓｔａｔｅｍｅｎｔｓ． Ｆｏｒ
statements. For
eachｏｆof ｔｈｅｍ
ｅａｃｈ themｔｈｅｒｅ
there ａｒｅ
are ｆｏｕｒ
four ｃｈｏｉｃｅｓ
choices marked A), Ｂ），
ｍａｒｋｅｄ Ａ）， B), C) and Ｄ）．
Ｃ） ａｎｄ D). Ｙｏｕ
You ｓｈｏｕｌｄ
should ｄｅｃｉｄｅ
decide ｏｎ
on ｔｈｅ
the ｂｅｓｔ
best choice
ｃｈｏｉｃｅ and
ａｎｄ mark the
ｍａｒｋ ｔｈｅ
ｃｏｒｒｅｓｐｏｎｄｉｎｇ
correspondingｌｅｔｔｅｒ ｏｎ Answer
letter on Ａｎｓｗｅｒ Ｓｈｅｅｔ ２ ｗｉｔｈ
Sheet ａ ｓｉｎｇｌｅ
2 with a singleｌｉｎｅ
lineｔｈｒｏｕｇｈ
throughｔｈｅ
the ｃｅｎｔｒｅ．
centre.

Ｐａｓｓａｇｅ Ｏｎｅ
Passage One
Ｑｕｅｓｔｉｏｎｓ
Questions４６46ｔｏto５０
50ａｒｅ
are ｂａｓｅｄ
based ｏｎ
on ｔｈｅ
the ｆｏｌｌｏｗｉｎｇ ｐａｓｓａｇｅ．
following passage.

３3
 Ａｇｉｎｇ
Agingｈａｐｐｅｎｓ ｔｏ ａｌｌ
happens ｏｆofｕｓ，ａｎｄ
to all ｉｓ isｇｅｎｅｒａｌｌｙ
us, and ｔｈｏｕｇｈｔ
generally ｏｆ ofａｓ asａ aｎａｔｕｒａｌ
thought naturalｐａｒｔ
partｏｆofｌｉｆｅ．Ｉｔ ｗｏｕｌｄ ｓｅｅｍ
life. It would seemｓｉｌｌｙ
silly ｔｏ
to ｃａｌｌ ｓｕｃｈ aａ thing
call such ｔｈｉｎｇ aａ
＂ｄｉｓｅａｓｅ．＂
“disease.”
ＯｎOnｔｈｅtheｏｔｈｅｒ
otherｈａｎｄ，
hand,ｓｃｉｅｎｔｉｓｔｓ
scientists ａｒｅ
are ｉｎｃｒｅａｓｉｎｇｌｙ
increasingly ｌｅａｒｎｉｎｇ ｔｈａｔ aging
learning that ａｇｉｎｇ and
ａｎｄ ｂｉｏｌｏｇｉｃａｌ ａｇｅ are
biological age ａｒｅ two
ｔｗｏ ｄｉｆｆｅｒｅｎｔ ｔｈｉｎｇｓ，ａｎｄ
different things, and ｔｈａｔ
that
ｔｈｅ
theｆｏｒｍｅｒ
formerｉｓisａa ｋｅｙ
keyｒｉｓｋ
risk ｆａｃｔｏｒ ｆｏｒ conditions
factor for ｃｏｎｄｉｔｉｏｎｓ such
ｓｕｃｈ as
ａｓ heart
ｈｅａｒｔ disease,
ｄｉｓｅａｓｅ，cancer
ｃａｎｃｅｒand
ａｎｄ many
ｍａｎｙ ｍｏｒｅ．Ｉｎ
more. Inｔｈａｔ
thatｌｉｇｈｔ，
light, ａｇｉｎｇ
aging ｉｔｓｅｌｆ ｍｉｇｈｔ be
itself might ｂｅ
ｓｅｅｎ
seenａｓasｓｏｍｅｔｈｉｎｇ
somethingｔｒｅａｔａｂｌｅ，
treatable, ｔｈｅ
the ｗａｙ
wayｙｏｕ
youｗｏｕｌｄ
wouldｔｒｅａｔ
treatｈｉｇｈ
highｂｌｏｏｄ
bloodｐｒｅｓｓｕｒｅ
pressureｏｒ
or ａa ｖｉｔａｍｉｎ
vitamin ｄｅｆｉｃｉｅｎｃｙ．
deficiency.
Ｂｉｏｐｈｙｓｉｃｉｓｔ
BiophysicistＡｌｅｘ
AlexＺｈａｖｏｒｏｎｋｏｖ
Zhavoronkovｂｅｌｉｅｖｅｓ ｔｈａｔthatａｇｉｎｇ
believes agingｓｈｏｕｌｄ
shouldｂｅbeｃｏｎｓｉｄｅｒｅｄ
consideredａ aｄｉｓｅａｓｅ．
disease. Ｈｅ
Heｓａｉｄ
said ｔｈａｔ ｄｅｓｃｒｉｂｉｎｇ aging
that describing ａｇｉｎｇ asａｓ aａ
ｄｉｓｅａｓｅ
diseaseｃｒｅａｔｅｓ
creates ｉｎｃｅｎｔｉｖｅｓ
incentives ｔｏ ｄｅｖｅｌｏｐ treatments.
to develop ｔｒｅａｔｍｅｎｔｓ．
＂Ｉｔ“Itｕｎｔｉｅｓ
unties ｔｈｅ
the ｈａｎｄｓ
handsｏｆ
of ｔｈｅ
the ｐｈａｒｍａｃｅｕｔｉｃａｌ（制药的）ｉｎｄｕｓｔｒｙ
pharmaceutical(制药的)industryｓｏsoｔｈａｔ
thatｔｈｅｙ
theyｃａｎ
canｂｅｇｉｎ
beginｔｒｅａｔｉｎｇ
treating ｔｈｅ
the ｄｉｓｅａｓｅ
disease ａｎｄ
and ｎｏｔ
not ｊｕｓｔ ｔｈｅ
just the
ｓｉｄｅ
sideｅｆｆｅｃｔｓ，＂
effects,” heｈｅ said.
ｓａｉｄ．
＂Ｒｉｇｈｔ
“Rightｎｏｗ，
now,ｐｅｏｐｌｅ
peopleｔｈｉｎｋ
thinkｏｆof ａｇｉｎｇ
aging ａｓ
as ｎａｔｕｒａｌ ａｎｄ something
natural and ｓｏｍｅｔｈｉｎｇ ｙｏｕ
youｃａｎ＇ｔ
can’t ｃｏｎｔｒｏｌ，＂ｈｅ
control,” he ｓａｉｄ．＂Ｉｎ
said. “In ａｃａｄｅｍｉｃ
academicｃｉｒｃｌｅｓ， ｐｅｏｐｌｅ
circles, people
ｔａｋｅ
take ａｇｉｎｇ
agingｒｅｓｅａｒｃｈ
research ａｓ
as ｊｕｓｔ ａｎ interest
just an ｉｎｔｅｒｅｓｔarea
ａｒｅａwhere
ｗｈｅｒｅthey
ｔｈｅｙcan
ｃａｎtry
ｔｒｙtoｔｏdevelop
ｄｅｖｅｌｏｐinterventions.
ｉｎｔｅｒｖｅｎｔｉｏｎｓ．TheＴｈｅmedical
ｍｅｄｉｃａｌcommunity
ｃｏｍｍｕｎｉｔｙ ａｌｓｏ ｔａｋｅｓ
also takes
ａｇｉｎｇ
agingｆｏｒ
forｇｒａｎｔｅｄ，
granted, ａｎｄ
and ｃａｎ
can ｄｏ
do ｎｏｔｈｉｎｇ
nothingａｂｏｕｔ
aboutｉｔｅｘｃｅｐｔ
it except ｋｅｅｐ
keepｐｅｏｐｌｅ
peopleｗｉｔｈｉｎ
withinａa ｃｅｒｔａｉｎ ｈｅａｌｔｈrange.”
certain health ｒａｎｇｅ．＂
ＢｕｔButｉｆifａｇｉｎｇ
agingｗｅｒｅ
wereｒｅｃｏｇｎｉｚｅｄ
recognizedａｓasａ aｄｉｓｅａｓｅ，
disease, ｈｅ
he ｓａｉｄ， ＂Ｉｔwould
said, “It ｗｏｕｌｄ attract
ａｔｔｒａｃｔfunding
ｆｕｎｄｉｎｇand
ａｎｄchange
ｃｈａｎｇｅ the
ｔｈｅ way
ｗａｙ we
ｗｅ ｄｏdo ｈｅａｌｔｈ
health ｃａｒｅ．
care.
Ｗｈａｔ
Whatｍａｔｔｅｒｓ
mattersｉｓisｕｎｄｅｒｓｔａｎｄｉｎｇ
understandingｔｈａｔ
that ａｇｉｎｇ
aging ｉｓ ｃｕｒａｂｌｅ．＂
is curable.”
＂Ｉｔ ｗａｓ ａｌｗａｙｓ
“It was always ｋｎｏｗｎ
knownｔｈａｔ
that ｔｈｅ ｂｏｄｙ ａｃｃｕｍｕｌａｔｅｓ
the body accumulates ｄａｍａｇｅ，＂ｈｅ
damage,” heａｄｄｅｄ．＂Ｔｈｅ ｏｎｌｙ
added. “The ｗａｙway
only ｔｏ toｃｕｒｅ
cureａｇｉｎｇ
agingｉｓisｔｏ
to ｆｉｎｄ ｗａｙｓ to
find ways ｔｏ
ｒｅｐａｉｒ
repairｔｈａｔ ｄａｍａｇｅ．Ｉ Iｔｈｉｎｋ
that damage. thinkｏｆofｉｔ ａｓ preventive
it as ｐｒｅｖｅｎｔｉｖｅ medicine
ｍｅｄｉｃｉｎｅ ｆｏｒ ａｇｅ－ｒｅｌａｔｅｄ conditions.”
for age-related ｃｏｎｄｉｔｉｏｎｓ．＂
Ｌｅｏｎａｒｄ
LeonardＨａｙｆｌｉｃｋ，
Hayflick,ａ aｐｒｏｆｅｓｓｏｒ
professorａｔat ｔｈｅ
the Ｕｎｉｖｅｒｓｉｔｙ
University ｏｆ
of Ｃａｌｉｆｏｒｎｉａ， Ｓａｎ Francisco,
California, San Ｆｒａｎｃｉｓｃｏ，ｓａｉｄ ｔｈｅ idea
said the ｉｄｅａ that
ｔｈａｔaging
ａｇｉｎｇcanｃａｎbeｂｅ cured
ｃｕｒｅｄ
ｉｍｐｌｉｅｓ
impliesｔｈｅ
the ｈｕｍａｎ
humanｌｉｆｅｓｐａｎ
lifespanｃａｎ
can ｂｅ
be ｉｎｃｒｅａｓｅｄ， ｗｈｉｃｈ ｓｏｍｅ
increased, which someｒｅｓｅａｒｃｈｅｒｓ
researchers ｓｕｇｇｅｓｔ
suggest ｉｓ ｐｏｓｓｉｂｌｅ．Ｈａｙｆｌｉｃｋ
is possible. Hayflick isｉｓnot
ｎｏｔamong
ａｍｏｎｇ them.
ｔｈｅｍ．
＂Ｔｈｅｒｅ＇ｒｅ
“There’reｍａｎｙ
manyｐｅｏｐｌｅ
peopleｗｈｏ
whoｒｅｃｏｖｅｒ ｆｒｏｍfrom
recover ｃａｎｃｅｒ，ｓｔｒｏｋｅ， ｏｒorｈｅａｒｔ
cancer, stroke, heartｄｉｓｅａｓｅ．Ｂｕｔ
disease. Butｔｈｅｙ
theyｃｏｎｔｉｎｕｅ
continueｔｏto ａｇｅ，
age, ｂｅｃａｕｓｅ
because ａｇｉｎｇ
aging ｉｓ
is
ｓｅｐａｒａｔｅ
separateｆｒｏｍ
fromｔｈｅｉｒ
their ｄｉｓｅａｓｅ，＂Ｈａｙｆｌｉｃｋ
disease,” Hayflickｓａｉｄ．＂Ｅｖｅｎ
said. “Evenｉｆifｔｈｏｓｅ
those ｃａｕｓｅｓ
causes ｏｆ
of ｄｅａｔｈ
death ｗｅｒｅ
were ｅｌｉｍｉｎａｔｅｄ， ｌｉｆｅexpectancy
eliminated, life ｅｘｐｅｃｔａｎｃｙ would
ｗｏｕｌｄ ｓｔｌｌ ｎｏｔ
still not
ｇｏ ｍｕｃｈ ｂｅｙｏｎｄ ９２ ｙｅａｒｓ．＂
go much beyond 92 years.”

４６．Ｗｈａｔ ｄｏdoｐｅｏｐｌｅ
46. What peopleｇｅｎｅｒａｌｌｙ
generallyｂｅｌｉｅｖｅ ａｂｏｕｔ aging?
believe about ａｇｉｎｇ？
Ａ）A)ＩｔIt ｓｈｏｕｌｄ
should cause
ｃａｕｓｅ no
ｎｏ alarm
ａｌａｒｍ whatsoever.
ｗｈａｔｓｏｅｖｅｒ．
B)They
Ｂ）Ｔｈｅｙ justｃａｎｎｏｔ
ｊｕｓｔ cannotｄｏdoａｎｙｔｈｉｎｇ
anythingａｂｏｕｔ
aboutｉｔ．
it.
Ｃ）C)ＩｔIt ｓｈｏｕｌｄ
shouldｂｅ
beｒｅｇａｒｄｅｄ
regardedａｓasａa ｋｉｎｄ
kind ｏｆ
of ｄｉｓｅａｓｅ．
disease.
D)They
Ｄ）Ｔｈｅｙ ｃａｎcan delayｉｔitｗｉｔｈ
ｄｅｌａｙ with ａｄｖａｎｃｅｓ
advancesｉｎ
in ｓｃｉｅｎｃｅ．
science.

４７．
47. Ｈｏｗ
Howｄｏdoｍａｎｙ
manyｓｃｉｅｎｔｉｓｔｓ ｖｉｅｗ aging
scientists view ａｇｉｎｇnow?
ｎｏｗ？
Ａ）A)ＩｔIt ｍｉｇｈｔ
might ｂｅ
be ｐｒｅｖｅｎｔｅｄ
prevented ａｎｄ
and ｔｒｅａｔｅｄ．
treated.
B) Itｃａｎ
Ｂ）Ｉｔ canｂｅbeａｓasｒｉｓｋｙ
riskyａｓ
as ｈｅａｒｔ
heart ｄｉｓｅａｓｅ．
disease.
Ｃ）C)ＩｔItｒｅｓｕｌｔｓ ｆｒｏｍ ａa vitamin
results from ｖｉｔａｍｉｎ deficiency.
ｄｅｆｉｃｉｅｎｃｙ．
D)Itｉｓisａｎ
Ｄ）Ｉｔ anｉｒｒｅｖｅｒｓｉｂｌｅ
irreversible biological
ｂｉｏｌｏｇｉｃａｌ process.
ｐｒｏｃｅｓｓ．

４８．Ｗｈａｔ ｄｏｅｓ
48. What Ａｌｅｘ
does Ｚｈａｖｏｒｏｎｋｏｖ
Alex ｔｈｉｎｋ
Zhavoronkov ｏｆ of＂ｄｅｓｃｒｉｂｉｎｇ
think “describingａｇｉｎｇ
agingａｓas ａa ｄｉｓｅａｓｅ＂？
disease”?
A) Itｗｉｌｌ
Ａ）Ｉｔ will ｐｒｏｍｐｔ
promptｐｅｏｐｌｅ
peopleｔｏto ｔａｋｅ
take ａｇｉｎｇ
aging ｍｏｒｅ
moreｓｅｒｉｏｕｓｌｙ．
seriously.
Ｂ）B)ＩｔItｗｉｌｌ
will ｇｒｅａｔｌｙ
greatly ｈｅｌｐ
help ｒｅｄｕｃｅ
reduceｔｈｅ
the ｓｉｄｅ
side ｅｆｆｅｃｔｓ
effects of
ｏｆ aging.
ａｇｉｎｇ．
Ｃ）Ｉｔ
C) Itｗｉｌｌ
willｆｒｅｅ
free ｐｈａｒｍａｃｉｓｔｓ
pharmacists ｆｒｏｍ
fromｔｈｅ
theｃｏｎｖｅｎｔｉｏｎａｌ
conventionalｂｅｌｉｅｆｓ
beliefs ａｂｏｕｔ
about ａｇｉｎｇ．
aging.
Ｄ）Ｉｔ
D)Itｗｉｌｌ
will ｍｏｔｉｖａｔｅ
motivateｄｏｃｔｏｒｓ
doctorsａｎｄ
andｐｈａｒｍａｃｉｓｔｓ
pharmacistsｔｏtoｆｉｎｄ
findｗａｙｓ
waysｔｏtoｔｒｅａｔ ａｇｉｎｇ．
treat aging.

４９．Ｗｈａｔ
49. Whatｄｏdoｗｅweｌｅａｒｎ
learn ａｂｏｕｔ ｔｈｅmedical
about the ｍｅｄｉｃａｌcommunity?
ｃｏｍｍｕｎｉｔｙ？
Ａ）Ｔｈｅｙ ｎｏｗnow
A) They ｈａｖｅhave
ａ ｓｔｒｏｎｇ ｉｎｔｅｒｅｓｔ
a strong interestｉｎin ｒｅｓｅａｒｃｈ ｏｎ aging.
research on ａｇｉｎｇ．
B) They
Ｂ）Ｔｈｅｙ differｆｒｏｍ
ｄｉｆｆｅｒ fromｔｈｅtheａｃａｄｅｍｉｃ
academic circlesｉｎinｔｈｅｉｒ
ｃｉｒｃｌｅｓ their view on ａｇｉｎｇ．
ｖｉｅｗ ｏｎ aging.
C)They
Ｃ）Ｔｈｅｙ ｃａｎcan contribute
ｃｏｎｔｒｉｂｕｔｅ ｔｏ toｐｅｏｐｌｅ＇ｓ
people’sｈｅａｌｔｈ
healthｏｎｌｙ
onlyｔｏtoａa ｌｉｍｉｔｅｄ
limited ｅｘｔｅｎｔ．
extent.
D) They
Ｄ）Ｔｈｅｙ have
ｈａｖｅ ways
ｗａｙｓ ｔｏ to interveneｉｎinｐｅｏｐｌｅ＇ｓ
ｉｎｔｅｒｖｅｎｅ people’s ａｇｉｎｇ
aging ｐｒｏｃｅｓｓ．
process.

５０．Ｗｈａｔ
50. Whatｄｏｅｓ
doesＰｒｏｆｅｓｓｏｒ
Professor Ｌｅｏｎａｒｄ
LeonardＨａｙｆｌｉｃｋ
Hayflick ｂｅｌｉｅｖｅ？
believe?

４
4
 A)Theｈｕｍａｎ
Ａ）Ｔｈｅ human lifespanｃａｎｎｏｔ
ｌｉｆｅｓｐａｎ cannot ｂｅ
be ｐｒｏｌｏｎｇｅｄ．
prolonged.
B)Aging
Ｂ）Ａｇｉｎｇ ｉｓisｈａｒｄｌｙ
hardlyｓｅｐａｒａｂｌｅ
separable ｆｒｏｍ
from ｄｉｓｅａｓｅ．
disease.
Ｃ）C)Ｆｅｗ
Fewｐｅｏｐｌｅ
peopleｃａｎ
canｌｉｖｅ
liveｕｐ
upｔｏ
to ｔｈｅ ａｇｅ ofｏｆ９２．
the age 92.
Ｄ）D)Ｈｅａｒｔ
Heartｄｉｓｅａｓｅ
diseaseｉｓis ｔｈｅ
the ｍａｊｏｒ
major ｃａｕｓｅ
cause ｏｆ
of ａｇｉｎｇ．
aging.

Ｐａｓｓａｇｅ Ｔｗｏ
Passage Two
Questions５１51ｔｏto５５
Ｑｕｅｓｔｉｏｎｓ 55 ａｒｅ
are ｂａｓｅｄ
based ｏｎ
on ｔｈｅ
the following
ｆｏｌｌｏｗｉｎｇ passage
ｐａｓｓａｇｅ

Ｆｅｍａｌｅ
Femaleａｐｐｌｉｃａｎｔｓ
applicantsｔｏtoｐｏｓｔｄｏｃｔｏｒａｌ
postdoctoralｐｏｓｉｔｉｏｎｓ
positionsｉｎinｇｅｏｓｃｉｅｎｃｅｓ
geosciencesｗｅｒｅ
wereｎｅａｒｌｙ
nearlyｈａｌｆ
halfａｓasｌｉｋｅｌｙ
likelyｔｏtoｒｅｃｅｉｖｅ
receive ｅｘｃｅｌｌｅｎｔ
excellent ｌｅｔｔｅｒｓ ｏｆ
letters of
ｒｅｃｏｍｍｅｎｄａｔｉｏｎ，
recommendation,ｃｏｍｐａｒｅｄ ｗｉｔｈwith
compared ｔｈｅｉｒtheir
ｍａｌｅmale
ｃｏｕｎｔｅｒｐａｒｔｓ． Ｃｈｒｉｓｔｏｐｈｅｒ
counterparts. Ｉｎｔａｇｌｉａｔａ
Christopher Intagliataｒｅｐｏｒｔｓ．
reports.
ＡｓAsｉｎinｍａｎｙ
manyｏｔｈｅｒ ｆｉｅｌｄｓ，
other fields,ｇｅｎｄｅｒ
genderｂｉａｓ
biasｉｓis ｗｉｄｅｓｐｒｅａｄ
widespreadｉｎin ｔｈｅ
the ｓｃｉｅｎｃｅｓ．
sciences. Ｍｅｎ
Menｓｃｏｒｅ
scoreｈｉｇｈｅｒ
higherｓｔａｒｔｉｎｇ
starting ｓａｌａｒｉｅｓ， ｈａｖｅmore
salaries, have ｍｏｒｅ
ｍｅｎｔｏｒｉｎｇ（指导）， ａｎｄ have
mentoring (指导), and ｈａｖｅ better
ｂｅｔｔｅｒodds
ｏｄｄｓofｏｆbeing
ｂｅｉｎｇhired.
ｈｉｒｅｄ．Ｓｔｕｄｉｅｓ ｓｈｏｗthey’re
Studies show ｔｈｅｙ＇ｒｅalso
ａｌｓｏ ｐｅｒｃｅｉｖｅｄ
perceived as ａｓ ｍｏｒｅcompetent
more ｃｏｍｐｅｔｅｎｔthan
ｔｈａｎwomen
ｗｏｍｅｎ
ｉｎin ＳＴＥＭ（Ｓｃｉｅｎｃｅ，
STEM(Science, Technology,
Ｔｅｃｈｎｏｌｏｇｙ， Engineering,
Ｅｎｇｉｎｅｅｒｉｎｇ， ａｎｄandＭａｔｈｅｍａｔｉｃｓ）
Mathematics) fields.Ａｎｄ
ｆｉｅｌｄｓ． Andｎｅｗ
new researchｒｅｖｅａｌｓ
ｒｅｓｅａｒｃｈ revealsｔｈａｔ
that ｍｅｎ
menａｒｅ
are ｍｏｒｅ
moreｌｉｋｅｌｙ
likely ｔｏ
to
ｒｅｃｅｉｖｅ
receiveｅｘｃｅｌｌｅｎｔ
excellent ｌｅｔｔｅｒｓ
letters ofｏｆrecommendation,
ｒｅｃｏｍｍｅｎｄａｔｉｏｎ， ｔｏｏ．
too.
＂Ｓａｙ，
“Say,ｙｏｕ
youｋｎｏｗ， ｔｈｉｓthisｉｓ isｔｈｅtheｂｅｓｔ
know, bestｓｔｕｄｅｎｔ
studentＩ＇ｖｅ
I’veｅｖｅｒ
everｈａｄ，＂
had,”ｓａｙｓ
saysＫｕｈｅｌｉ
KuheliＤｕｔｔ，
Dutt,ａ aｓｏｃｉａｌ
socialｓｃｉｅｎｔｉｓｔ
scientist ａｎｄ
andｄｉｖｅｒｓｉｔｙ
diversity ｏｆｆｉｃｅｒ ａｔ
officer at
Ｃｏｌｕｍｂｉａ
ColumbiaＵｎｉｖｅｒｓｉｔｙ＇ｓ
University’s Ｌａｍｏｎｔ
Lamontｃａｍｐｕｓ．
campus.＂Ｃｏｍｐａｒｅ ｔｈｏｓｅ
“Compare ｅｘｃｅｌｌｅｎｔ
those excellentｌｅｔｔｅｒｓ
letters ｗｉｔｈ
with ａa merely
ｍｅｒｅｌｙ ｇｏｏｄ
good ｌｅｔｔｅｒ：＇Ｔｈｅ ｃａｎｄｉｄａｔｅ was
letter: ‘The candidate ｗａｓ
ｐｒｏｄｕｃｔｉｖｅ，
productive,ｏｒorｉｎｔｅｌｌｉｇｅｎｔ，ｏｒ
intelligent, or ａa ｓｏｌｉｄ
solid ｓｃｉｅｎｔｉｓｔ ｏｒ something
scientist or ｓｏｍｅｔｈｉｎｇ ｔｈａｔ＇ｓ
that’s ｃｌｅａｒｌｙ ｓｏｌｉｄ praise,’
clearly solid ｐｒａｉｓｅ，＇ｂｕｔ ｎｏｔｈｉｎｇ ｔｈａｔ
but nothing ｓｉｎｇｌｅｓ out
that singles ｏｕｔ the
ｔｈｅ
ｃａｎｄｉｄａｔｅ
candidateａｓasｅｘｃｅｐｔｉｏｎａｌ
exceptionalｏｒorｏｎｅ
oneｏｆofａa ｋｉｎｄ．＂＂
kind.”
Ｄｕｔｔ
Duttａｎｄ
andｈｅｒ
herｃｏｌｌｅａｇｕｅｓ
colleaguesｓｔｕｄｉｅｄ
studiedｍｏｒｅ
moreｔｈａｎ
than１，２００
1,200ｌｅｔｔｅｒｓ
letters ｏｆ
of ｒｅｃｏｍｍｅｎｄａｔｉｏｎ
recommendationｆｏｒ
forｐｏｓｔｄｏｃｔｏｒａｌ
postdoctoralｐｏｓｉｔｉｏｎｓ
positions ｉｎ ｇｅｏｓｃｉｅｎｃｅ．
in geoscience.
Ｔｈｅｙ
Theyｗｅｒｅ
wereａｌｌallｅｄｉｔｅｄ
edited ｆｏｒ
for ｇｅｎｄｅｒ
gender ａｎｄ
and ｏｔｈｅｒ
other ｉｄｅｎｔｉｆｙｉｎｇ ｉｎｆｏｒｍａｔｉｏｎ，ｓｏ
identifying information, Ｄｕｔｔ and
so Dutt ａｎｄ her
ｈｅｒ team
ｔｅａｍ could
ｃｏｕｌｄ assign
ａｓｓｉｇｎ them
ｔｈｅｍ ａa score
ｓｃｏｒｅ without
ｗｉｔｈｏｕｔ
ｋｎｏｗｉｎｇ
knowingｔｈｅtheｇｅｎｄｅｒ ｏｆ ofｔｈｅtheｓｔｕｄｅｎｔ．
gender student.Ｔｈｅｙ ｆｏｕｎｄ
They ｔｈａｔthatｆｅｍａｌｅ
found ａｐｐｌｉｃａｎｔｓ
female ｗｅｒｅ
applicants ｏｎｌｙonly
were ｈａｌｆhalf
ａｓ asｌｉｋｅｌｙ
likelyｔｏtoｇｅｔ
getｏｕｔｓｔａｎｄｉｎｇ
outstandingｌｅｔｔｅｒｓ，
letters,
ｃｏｍｐａｒｅｄ
comparedｗｉｔｈwithｔｈｅｉｒ
theirｍａｌｅ
maleｃｏｕｎｔｅｒｐａｒｔｓ．Ｔｈａｔ
counterparts. Thatｉｎｃｌｕｄｅｓ
includesｌｅｔｔｅｒｓ ｏｆ recommendation
letters of ｒｅｃｏｍｍｅｎｄａｔｉｏｎ ｆｒｏｍ
fromａｌｌ
all ｏｖｅｒ
over ｔｈｅ ｗｏｒｌｄ， and
the world, ａｎｄ written
ｗｒｉｔｔｎ ｂｙ， ｙｅｓ，
by, yes,
menａｎｄ
ｍｅｎ andｗｏｍｅｎ．
women.
ＴｈｅThe findings
ｆｉｎｄｉｎｇｓ ａｒｅareｉｎinｔｈｅ
the ｊｏｕｒｎａｌ
journal Nature
Ｎａｔｕｒｅ Geoscience.
Ｇｅｏｓｃｉｅｎｃｅ．
Ｄｕｔｔ
Duttｓａｙｓ
saysｔｈｅｙ
theyｗｅｒｅ ｎｏｔnot
were ａｂｌｅable
ｔｏ toｅｖａｌｕａｔｅ ｔｈｅtheａｃｔｕａｌ
evaluate ｓｃｉｅｎｔｉｆｉｃ
actual scientificｑｕａｌｉｆｉｃａｔｉｏｎｓ
qualificationsｏｆofｔｈｅ
theａｐｐｌｉｃａｎｔｓ
applicantsｕｓｉｎｇ
usingｔｈｅ
theｄａｔａ
dataｉｎinｔｈｅ
theｆｉｌｅｓ．
files.
Ｂｕｔ
Butｓｈｅ
sheｓａｙｓ
saysｔｈｅ
theｒｅｓｕｌｔｓ
results ｓｔｉｌｌ ｓｕｇｇｅｓｔwomen
still suggest ｗｏｍｅｎ ｉｎin ｇｅｏｓｃｉｅｎｃｅ
geoscience ａｒｅ
are ａｔ
at aａ potential
ｐｏｔｅｎｔｉａｌ disadvantage
ｄｉｓａｄｖａｎｔａｇｅ from
ｆｒｏｍ ｔｈｅ ｖｅｒｙ ｂｅｇｉｎｎｉｎｇ
the very beginning ｏｆ
of ｔｈｅｉｒ
their
ｃａｒｅｅｒｓ
careersｓｔａｒｔｉｎｇ ｗｉｔｈ those
starting with ｔｈｏｓｅ less
ｌｅｓｓthan
ｔｈａｎoutstanding
ｏｕｔｓｔａｎｄｉｎｇ letters
ｌｅｔｔｅｒｓofｏｆrecommendation.
ｒｅｃｏｍｍｅｎｄａｔｉｏｎ．
＂Ｗｅ＇ｒｅ
“We’reｎｏｔnotｔｒｙｉｎｇ
tryingｔｏtoａｓｓｉｇｎ
assignｂｌａｍｅ
blameｏｒ orｃｒｉｔｉｃｉｚｅ
criticize ａｎｙｏｎｅ
anyoneｏｒorｃａｌｌ
call ａｎｙｏｎｅ
anyoneｃｏｎｓｃｉｏｕｓ
consciousｓｅｘｉｓｔ．
sexist.Ｒａｔｈｅｒ，
Rather, ｔｈｅ
the ｐｏｉｎｔ
point ｉｓ ｔｏ use
is to ｕｓｅ the
ｔｈｅ
ｒｅｓｕｌｔｓ
results ｏｆ
of ｔｈｉｓ ｓｔｕｄｙ to
this study ｔｏ open
ｏｐｅｎ ｕｐ
up ｍｅａｎｉｎｇｆｕｌ
meaningfulｄｉａｌｏｇｕｅｓ ｏｎonｉｍｐｌｉｃｉｔ
dialogues implicitｇｅｎｄｅｒ ｂｉａｓ，
gender bias,ｂｅbeｉｔitａｔat ａa ｄｅｐａｒｔｍｅｎｔａｌ
departmentalｌｅｖｅｌ
levelｏｒorａｎ
anｉｎｓｔｉｔｕｔｉｏｎａｌ
institutional
ｌｅｖｅｌ
level ｏｒ
or ｅｖｅｎ
even ａa discipline
ｄｉｓｃｉｐｌｉｎｅlevel.”
ｌｅｖｅｌ．＂Ｗｈｉｃｈ
Which ｍａｙ
mayｌｅａｄ
lead ｔｏ ｓｏｍｅ ｒｅｃｏｍｍｅｎｄａｔｉｏｎｓ
to some recommendationsｆｏｒforｔｈｅtheｌｅｔｔｅｒ
letter ｗｒｉｔｅｒｓ ｔｈｅｍｓｅｌｖｅｓ．
writers themselves.

５１．Ｗｈａｔ ｄｏ doｗｅ we
51. What ｌｅａｒｎ ａｂｏｕｔ
learn ａｐｐｌｉｃａｎｔｓ
about applicantsｔｏtoｐｏｓｔｄｏｃｔｏｒａｌ
postdoctoral ｐｏｓｉｔｉｏｎｓ ｉｎgeosciences?
positions in ｇｅｏｓｃｉｅｎｃｅｓ？
Ａ）A)Ｔｈｅｒｅ
There ａｒｅ
are many more ｍｅｎ
ｍａｎｙ ｍｏｒｅ men ａｐｐｌｙｉｎｇ
applying than
ｔｈａｎwomen.
ｗｏｍｅｎ．
B)Chances for women to get the positions are scare.
Ｂ）Ｃｈａｎｃｅｓ ｆｏｒ ｗｏｍｅｎ ｔｏ ｇｅｔ ｔｈｅ ｐｏｓｉｔｉｏｎｓ ａｒｅ ｓｃａｒｅ．
Ｃ）C)Ｍｏｒｅ
More males
ｍａｌｅｓ than
ｔｈａｎ females
ｆｅｍａｌｅｓ ａｒｅareｌｉｋｅｌｙ
likelyｔｏto ｇｅｔ
get outstanding
ｏｕｔｓｔａｎｄｉｎｇ letters
ｌｅｔｔｅｒｓofｏｆrecommendation.
ｒｅｃｏｍｍｅｎｄａｔｉｏｎ．
Ｄ）D)Ｍａｌｅ
Male applicantsｈａｖｅ
ａｐｐｌｉｃａｎｔｓ have more
ｍｏｒｅ interestｉｎinｔｈｅｓｅ
ｉｎｔｅｒｅｓｔ theseｐｏｓｉｔｉｏｎｓ
positions ｔｈａｎ
than ｔｈｅｉｒ
their female
ｆｅｍａｌｅ counterparts.
ｃｏｕｎｔｅｒｐａｒｔｓ．

５２．Ｗｈａｔ ｄｏdoｓｔｕｄｉｅｓ
52. What studiesａｂｏｕｔ
about ｍｅｎ
menａｎｄ
andｗｏｍｅｎ
womenｉｎ inｓｃｉｅｎｔｉｆｉｃ ｒｅｓｅａｒｃｈshow?
scientific research ｓｈｏｗ？
Ａ）Ｗｏｍｅｎ ｅｎｇａｇｅｄ
A) Women ｉｎ ｐｏｓｔｄｏｃｔｏｒａｌ
engaged ｗｏｒｋ
in postdoctoral ａｒｅareｑｕｉｃｋｌｙ
work quicklyｃａｔｃｈｉｎｇ
catching ｕｐ．
up.
Ｂ）B)Ｆｅｗｅｒ
Fewerｗｏｍｅｎ
womenａｒｅ are applying
ａｐｐｌｙｉｎｇ ｆｏｒfor postdoctoralｐｏｓｉｔｉｏｎｓ
ｐｏｓｔｄｏｃｔｏｒａｌ positionsｄｕｅ
dueｔｏto ｇｅｎｄｅｒ
gender ｂｉａｓ．
bias.
Ｃ）C)Ｍｅｎ
Menａｒｅareｂｅｌｉｅｖｅｄ
believedｔｏtoｂｅbeｂｅｔｔｅｒ
better ａｂｌｅ
able to
ｔｏ excel
ｅｘｃｅｌ inｉｎSTEM disciplines.
ＳＴＥＭ ｄｉｓｃｉｐｌｉｎｅｓ．
D)Women
Ｄ）Ｗｏｍｅｎ ｗｈｏ who
ａｒｅ are keenly
ｋｅｅｎｌｙ interested
ｉｎｔｅｒｅｓｔｅｄ ｉｎinＳＴＥＭ
STEM fieldsａｒｅ
ｆｉｅｌｄｓ areｏｆｔｅｎ
often ｅｘｃｅｐｔｉｏｎａｌ．
exceptional.

５３．Ｗｈａｔ
53.Whatｄｏdoｔｈｅ
theｓｔｕｄｉｅｓ
studies ｆｉｎｄ ａｂｏｕｔ the
find about ｔｈｅ recommendation
ｒｅｃｏｍｍｅｎｄａｔｉｏｎ ｌｅｔｔｅｒｓ ｆｏｒwomen
letters for ｗｏｍｅｎ ａｐｐｌｉｃａｎｔｓ？
applicants?
A)Theyａｒｅ
Ａ）Ｔｈｅｙ areｈａｒｄｌｙ
hardlyｅｖｅｒ
ever ｓｕｐｐｏｒｔｅｄ
supported ｂｙ
by ｃｏｎｃｒｅｔｅ
concrete examples.
ｅｘａｍｐｌｅｓ．
B)They
Ｂ）Ｔｈｅｙ contain
ｃｏｎｔａｉｎ nothing
ｎｏｔｈｉｎｇ thatｄｉｓｔｉｎｇｕｉｓｈｅｓ
ｔｈａｔ distinguishesｔｈｅ
the ａｐｐｌｉｃａｎｔｓ．
applicants.
Ｃ）C)Ｔｈｅｙ
Theyｐｒｏｖｉｄｅ
provideｏｂｊｅｃｔｉｖｅ
objective ｉｎｆｏｒｍａｔｉｏｎ
information ｗｉｔｈｏｕｔ
without exaggerate.
ｅｘａｇｇｅｒａｔｅ．
D)They are often filled with praise for exceptional applicants.
Ｄ）Ｔｈｅｙ ａｒｅ ｏｆｔｅｎ ｆｉｌｌｅｄ ｗｉｔｈ ｐｒａｉｓｅ ｆｏｒ ｅｘｃｅｐｔｉｏｎａｌ ａｐｐｌｉｃａｎｔｓ．
５5
５４．Ｗｈａｔ
54.Whatｄｉｄ
didＤｕｔｔ
Duttａｎｄ
andｈｅｒ
herｃｏｌｌｅａｇｕｅｓ
colleagues ｄｏ
do ｗｉｔｈ ｔｈｅ more
with the ｍｏｒｅ than
ｔｈａｎ 1,１，２００
200 ｌｅｔｔｅｒｓ
letters ofｏｆrecommendation?
ｒｅｃｏｍｍｅｎｄａｔｉｏｎ？
A)They
Ａ）Ｔｈｅｙ asked
ａｓｋｅｄ unbiasedｓｃｈｏｌａｒｓ
ｕｎｂｉａｓｅｄ scholarsｔｏ
to ｅｖａｌｕａｔｅ
evaluate them.
ｔｈｅｍ．
B)Theyｉｎｖｉｔｅｄ
Ｂ）Ｔｈｅｙ invitedｗｏｍｅｎ
women professionalsｔｏtoｅｄｉｔ
ｐｒｏｆｅｓｓｉｏｎａｌｓ edit them.
ｔｈｅｍ．
C)Them
Ｃ）Ｔｈｅｍ assignedｔｈｅｍ
ａｓｓｉｇｎｅｄ themｒａｎｄｏｍｌｙ
randomlyｔｏtoｒｅｖｉｅｗｅｒｓ．
reviewers.
Ｄ）D)Ｔｈｅｙ
Theyｄｅｌｅｔｅｄ
deletedａｌｌ
all information
ｉｎｆｏｒｍａｔｉｏｎ about
ａｂｏｕｔ gender.
ｇｅｎｄｅｒ．

５５．
55. Ｗｈａｔ
Whatｄｏｅｓ
doesＤｕｔｔ
Duttａｉｍ
aimｔｏto ｄｏ
do ｗｉｔｈ
with ｈｅｒ ｓｔｕｄｙ？
her study?
Ａ）A)Ｒａｉｓｅ
Raiseｒｅｃｏｍｍｅｎｄａｔｉｏｎ
recommendation writers’ awareness
ｗｒｉｔｅｒｓ＇ａｗａｒｅｎｅｓｓ of gender
ｏｆ ｇｅｎｄｅｒ ｂｉａｓbias
ｉｎ in theirｌｅｔｔｅｒｓ．
ｔｈｅｉｒ letters.
B)Open
Ｂ）Ｏｐｅｎ ｕｐup freshａｖｅｎｕｅｓ
ｆｒｅｓｈ avenuesｆｏｒ
forｗｏｍｅｎ
women post-doctorsｔｏtoｊｏｉｎ
ｐｏｓｔ－ｄｏｃｔｏｒｓ join ｉｎ
in research
ｒｅｓｅａｒｃｈ work.
ｗｏｒｋ．
Ｃ）C)Ａｌｅｒｔ
Alertｗｏｍｅｎ
women researchers
ｒｅｓｅａｒｃｈｅｒｓ ｔｏtoａｌｌ
all ｔｙｐｅｓ
types ｏｆ
of gender bias in
ｇｅｎｄｅｒ ｂｉａｓ ｉｎ the
ｔｈｅSTEM disciplines.
ＳＴＥＭ ｄｉｓｃｉｐｌｉｎｅｓ．
Ｄ）D)Ｓｔａｒｔ
Startａa ｐｕｂｌｉｃ
public ｄｉｓｃｕｓｓｉｏｎ
discussion ｏｎ
on ｈｏｗ
howｔｏto ｒａｉｓｅ
raise women’s status ｉｎ
ｗｏｍｅｎ＇ｓ ｓｔａｔｕｓ in ａｃａｄｅｍｉｃ
academicｃｉｒｃｌｅｓ．
circles.

Ｐａｒｔ
Part Ⅳ Ⅳ Ｔｒａｎｓｌａｔｉｏｎ
Translation (30 ｍｉｎｕｔｅｓ）
（３０ minutes)
Ｄｉｒｅｃｔｉｏｎｓ： Ｆｏｒ ｔｈｉｓ ｐａｒｔ，ｙｏｕ ａｒｅ ａｌｌｏｗｅｄ ３０ ｍｉｎｕｔｅｓ ｔｏ ｔｒａｎｓｌａｔｅ ａ ｐａｓｓａｇｅ ｆｒｏｍ Ｃｈｉｎｅｓｅ ｉｎｔｏ English.
Directions: For this part, you are allowed 30 minutes to translate a passage from Chinese into Ｅｎｇｌｉｓｈ．You
Ｙｏｕ should
ｓｈｏｕｌｄ
ｗｒｉｔｅ ｙｏｕｒ answer
write your ａｎｓｗｅｒonｏｎAnswer
Ａｎｓｗｅｒ Sheet
Ｓｈｅｅｔ 2２．.
黄山位于安徽省南部。它风景独特，尤以其日出和云海著称。要欣赏大山的宏伟壮丽，通常得向上看。但要欣
黄山位于安徽省南部。它风景独特，尤以其日出和云海著称。要欣赏大山的宏伟壮丽，通常得向上看。但要欣
赏黄山美景，得向下看。黄山的湿润气候有利于茶树生成，是中国主要产茶地之一。这里还有许多温泉，其泉水有
赏黄山美景，得向下看。黄山的湿润气候有利于茶树生成，是中国主要产茶地之一。这里还有许多温泉，其泉水有
助于防治皮肤病。黄山是中国主要旅游目的地之一，也是摄影和传统国画最受欢迎的主题。
助于防治皮肤病。黄山是中国主要旅游目的地之一，也是摄影和传统国画最受欢迎的主题。

６6