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Type 2 diabetes
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Introduction
Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (T2DM) is considered one of the most common metabolic
disorders. The medical condition is caused by a combination of various primary factors including
the inability of the insulin-sensitive tissues to respond to the changing levels of insulin in the
body and secretion by the pancreatic beta. Since the release of insulin in the body and activity are
vital processes when it comes to glucose homeostasis, molecular mechanisms are often involved
in the process of the release of insulin and synthesis of the same as well and the detection is often
highly regulated. It is important to mention that any defects in any of the mechanisms involved
in the listed processes are bound to lead to an imbalance in the metabolism responsible for the
development of the particular disease. Early diagnosis of the disease is considered important to
counter the same. Patients are advised to seek medical attention earlier before the condition
worsens. This review examines the key aspects of the condition, medical applications,
contribution to the clinical decision-making, and conclusion.

Analysis
An individual is likely to suffer from type 2 diabetes because of various risk factors. The
risk factors associated with the diseases include prediabetes, being overweight, having a parent,
brother, or sister with diabetes, being physically less active, having gestational diabetes, raca, and
other conditions. The listed conditions increase the risk levels of a person suffering from the
condition. The manifestations of type 2 diabetes include urinating more than often, feeling tired,
feeling very thirsty, unexplained weight loss, itchiness around the genital areas, regular bouts,
wounds, cuts that are not health, and blurred vision, which makes the eyes dry. Several
complications related to Type 2 diabetes include eye-related problems, diabetes foot-related
problems, kidney problems, gum-related diseases, cancer, mouth problems and nerve damage,
heart attacks, and stroke among others. The risk level of cardiovascular neuropathy depends on a
wide range of factors including the duration of diabetes as well as the degree of glycemic control
and the same tends to co-exist which is also associated with complications such as angiopathy,
nephropathy, and retinopathy. Studies show that an average of 20% of the asymptomatic patients
suffering from FD are likely to suffer from cardiovascular, autonomic neuropathy cardiovascular
autonomic neuropathy is likely to reduce the subjective perspective. Persons with diabetes tend
to have less ischemic symptoms such as showing signs of angina compared to those patients
without diabetes (Van Bastelaar et al., 2019).
Medical application
Metformin
Metformin is among the common medications for the treatment of type 2 diabetes. Metformin is
often classified as a biguanide medication and is the only medication for the condition in this
class. The medication is known for lowering blood glucose levels by decreasing the amount of
glucose that the liver secretes or produces. The medication assists in lowering the blood sugar
levels by making the patient's tissues more sensitive to insulin so that the blood glucose levels
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present are used in the production of energy. The medication is often taken twice per day.
However, the side effects of the disease include diarrhea. To avoid extreme effects, it is
recommended to take the drug after eating (Rawshani et al., 2018)
DPP-4 Inhibitors
According to Fisher et al., 2019, DPP-4 Inhibitors assist in the improvement of the measures of
the average blood sugar levels within a period of three to four months. The medication works by
preventing the breakdown of the naturally occurring hormones in an individual's body. The
hormones tend to reduce the levels of blood sugar levels within the body. However, they tend to
break down at a faster rate whenever they are taken into the body in the form of drugs. The
common drugs in this category are
• Alogliptin (Nesina)
• Linagliptin (Tradjenta)
• Saxagliptin (Onglyza)
• Sitagliptin (Januvia)
SGLT2 Inhibitors
SGLT2 Inhibitors assist in passing through the kidney where it is either excreted from the body
through your urine or reabsorbed through the human bloodstream. The inhibitors tend to work in
the kidney in the absorption of glucose. The new medication assists in blocking the action thus
causing the elimination of glucose through urine. By increasing the level of glucose excreted in
the body through urine, the patients can realize improved levels of glucose, a small decline in the
level of blood sugar levels, and weight loss among others. The medication is used by persons
with type 2 diabetes and health-related or kidney problems. The medication increases the level of
glucose in the body with side effects including genital yeast infections (Rossing et al.,2015)
Contribution to clinical decision-making
The knowledge helps in the optimization of medicine usage. The information assists
health experts to understand the possible causes, risk factors, interactions, manifestations, and
complications related to the condition thus making it easier for better decision making in the long
run. The knowledge also inspires medical experts to consider the right options as far as the
treatment of the health condition is required. Health experts without the knowledge are likely to
consider other options not within the range (Chatterjee et al.,2021).

Conclusion
Type 2 diabetes is considered a long-term illness that tends to affect different body components
including the heart vessels, blood vessels, nerves, adrenal glands, the eyes, cardiovascular,
immune systems, and nervous systems. The condition has significant consequences on a person’s
life in different ways. The inability of the body to create enough insulin or react effectively in
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response to insulin normally produced causes the disorder, which significantly results in elevated
levels of sugar within the body. Type 2 diabetes can lead to a wide range of contributions
including stroke, autoimmune, improved danger of cardiovascular ailment, chronic neuropathy,
diabetic stroke and retinopathy, and others. The medical, therapy, supplies, and equipment costs
of treating type 2 diabetes are quite high, which has adversely affected most of the persons with
the conditions leading to their deaths. Diabetes 2 illness is severe but an individual can maintain
reasonable levels or control of the same to appropriate care and treatment. It is recommended to
regularly visit the doctors, conduct adequate blood sugar level management, and perform regular
exercises and associated effects. Individuals diagnosed with the conditions require assistance
through a wide range of initiatives such as the Affordable Care Act among others. The
government has a wide range of adoptions to enable persons with the condition to overcome the
same in the long run.

References
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Chatterjee, S., Khunti, K., & Davies, M. J. (2017). Type 2 diabetes. The Lancet, 389(10085), 2239-2251.

Fisher, L., Mullan, J. T., Skaff, M. M., Glasgow, R. E., Arean, P., & Hessler, D. (2019). Predicting diabetes
distress in patients with type 2 diabetes: a longitudinal study. Diabetic Medicine, 26(6), 622-627.

Rawshani, A., Rawshani, A., Franzén, S., Sattar, N., Eliasson, B., Svensson, A. M., ... & Gudbjörnsdottir,
S. (2018). Risk factors, mortality, and cardiovascular outcomes in patients with type 2 diabetes. New
England journal of medicine, 379(7), 633-644.

Van Bastelaar, K. M., Pouwer, F., Cuijpers, P., Riper, H., & Snoek, F. J. (2019). Web-based depression
treatment for type 1 and type 2 diabetic patients: a randomized, controlled trial. Diabetes care, 34(2), 320-
325.