HUMAN DIGESTIVE SYSTEM

• ileum – continues into the large intestine

• Rectum
• Intestinum Crassum (Large Intestine)
• Intestinum Tenue (Small Intestine)
• Pancreas
• Stomachus (Stomach)
• Hepar (Liver)
• Esophagus
• Glandula Parotidea (Parotid Gland)
• Glandula Submandibularis (Submandibular
Gland)
• Glandula Sublingualis (Sublingual Gland)
SALIVA
- Composed of amylase that begins to digest
carbohydrates in the mouth.
o Split carbohydrates into smaller
units.
- Bolus – ball like mixture of food with saliva
o Pushed into the throat by the
tongue.
(right lower abdomen), absorbs electrolytes,
such as calcium, vitamin B12, zinc.
Food is transported by PERISTALSIS – chyme is
transported from ascending colon to transverse
colon to descending colon, on its way to the large
intestine, water is removed from the chyme.
Mucus is added for proper excretion of waste.
SEGMENTATION CONTRACTIONS served to mix
the chyme.
Bauhin’s valve – connects the small intestine and
large intestine.
Ampulla of vater- mixes chyme with duodenum,
bile and pancreatic secretions

Esophagus – propels the bolus to the stomach.

Layers: the TWO OUTER MUSCLE layers
are responsible for peristalsis

Esophageal Lumen
- opening inside the esophagus
- very flexible

STOMACH ( gaster and ventriculus)

• Fundus
• Cardia
• Body
• Antrum
• Gatekeeper
• Duodenum

Stomach Wall
- contains gastric glands
o produce mucus (protect stomach
wall from the secreted gastric acid)

Gastric acid is produced by simply smelling or

seeing food, spices, and stretching the stomach.
1-2 liters of gastric juice is produced per day.

-The stomach and esophagus are separated by a

sphincter.
-Food contains bacteria that can damage the body.
-LIPASE dissolves fat
-PEPSINOGEN break down proteins in stomach
-VITAMIN B12 helps keep the body’s nerve and
blood cells healthy and helps make DNA.
-More effective fat digestion takes place in the
small intestine
-Through gastric juice and stomach movements
(every 20 seconds), the individual boluses are
mixed to a semi fluid mass of partly digested food
the so-called CHYME.
-Pancreatic juice contains numerous digestive
proenzymes and enzymes.

EMULSIFICATION – bile breaks the fats down into

tiny droplets.
Bile is produced by the liver cells and transported
to the gallbladder.

SMALL INTESTINE
• duodenum/ jejunum – circular folds to
increase the contact surface with the food
• covered by finger-like projections called villi