15. 에너지동력공학 핵융합공학 - 배포용

에너지동력공학(182096-31001)
Fusion Engineering
김범석
서울과학기술대학교 기계·자동차공학과
Fusion Future
Fusion in Korea – from KSTAR to K-DEMO
KSTAR ITER K-DEMO
Plasma science Net energy Net electricity
1st Tokamak with World largest fusion TOKAMAK DEMOnstration fusion reactor
superconducting magnet (Nb3Sn) EU, US, Russia, Japan, China, India, KO
Preliminary experimental facility Magnetic field ~ 7.4 T

for ITER design and construction 500 MW fusion power Operation type ~ continuous / pulsed
Integrated operation of tech. for fusion Plasma current ~ > 12 MA
D-T plasma reaction Fusion power ~ 2200-3000 MW

Magnetic field ~ 3.5 T
T breeding for self-sustainability Target net power ~ 400-700 MWe
Operation time ~ 300 s
Plasma current ~ 2.0 MA Demonstrate fusion safety
Plasma temp. ~ 3
에너지동력공학 (2023-2학기) 2
Fusion Future Fusion Engineering for Plant Components & System
Vacuum vessel
Tokamak Engineering Systems
VACUUM
TOKAMAKVESSEL
► Codification
► → Designto/harness
A machine designed Remotethe
maintenance
energy of fusion
scheme
Fusion Eng. Des. 146 2323 (`19, `21); Appl. Therm. Eng. 110 1578 (`17); KFE Tech. Rep. (`17-`19)
KFE K-DEMO Conceptual Study Report (`20-`21)
Magnets
Vacuum vessel
Cable-in-conduit conductor swirler
MAGNETS
VACUUM
TOKAMAKVESSEL
►Thermal
► Codification
A machine → Design
stability
designed
against
to/harness
Remote
quenchthe
maintenance
S-He
energy
at 4~10
of fusion
Kscheme
Cryostat
Magnets
Vacuum vessel
CRYOSTAT
MAGNETS
VACUUM
TOKAMAKVESSEL
►►Ensures
Thermal
Codification
A machine
an → Design
stability
ultra-cool
designed
against
to
&/vacuum
harness
Remote
quenchenvironment
the
maintenance
S-He
energy
at 4~10
of fusion
Kscheme
Cryostat
Magnets
Blanket
Vacuum vessel
CRYOSTAT
MAGNETS
VACUUM
BREEDING
TOKAMAKVESSEL
BLANKET
►Ensures
►
► Thermal
Codification
A machine
an → Design
stability
design:
ultra-cool
designed
energy
against
to
&/vacuum
harness
conversion
Remote
quenchenvironment
the
maintenance
S-He
&energy
Tatself-sufficiency
4~10
of fusion
Kscheme
Divertor
Cryostat
Magnets
Blanket
Vacuum vessel
Plasma facing area
Coolant
(He, H2O, CO2)
Max Temp of monoblock in RAFM model Design of monoblock tiles
CRYOSTAT
MAGNETS
VACUUM
BREEDING
DIVERTOR
TOKAMAKVESSEL
BLANKET
►Ensures
►
► Thermal
Codification
Plasma
A machine →surface
facing
an
stability
design:
ultra-cool
designed
Design
energy
against
to
&~/vacuum
harness
conversion
q’’
Remote
quench
of hundreds
environment
the
maintenance
S-He
&energy
Tatself-sufficiency
of4~10
MW/m
of fusion
Kscheme
2
Engineering Design
FR0 : Generate electric power (전기생산)

DP0 : Demonstration fusion power plant (핵융합실증로)
FR1 : 핵융합에너지를 열에너지로 변환 FR2 : 열에너지를 전기에너지로 변환

DP1 : Fusion reaction system (핵융합로 계통) DP2 : Power conversion system (전력변환계통)
FR1.1 : Startup plasma reaction

DP1.1 : Tokamak system (start-up stage)
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FR1.2 : Maintain steady-state reaction

DP1.2 : Tokamak system (maintain…)
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FR1.3 : Shutdown plasma system

DP1.3 : Tokamak system (shutdown stage)
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Engineering Design



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Engineering Design



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The Way to a New Energy System
Crosscriteria
Lawson sectionfor
~ f ignition
(T)
Issues in Fusion Engineering
 Review on the “Source Terms”
Q. What is the most detrimental or significant factor threatening the ‘Integrity of a System’ ?
[ ITER RPrS (2011); Fusion Eng. Des. 89 2028 (2014)]

[ NFRI, TN_042_2018-Safety-001-v01 (2018); TN_043_2018-Safety-002-v01 (2018); TN_044_2019-Safety-002-v01 (2019) ]
Decay heat from a fusion reactor [MW]
[ B. S. Kim et al. Fusion Eng. Des. 146 2323 (2019) ]
Components Layer (material) Weight [ton]

Blanket W 49.42
RAFM 526.7
Pebbles 335.4
Divertor W 120.0
RAFM 1211
(as of ‘18.11)
[ Nature Physics 12 391 (2016) ]
Concentration limit for low level rad-waste
[ 방사성폐기물 분류 및 자체처분 기준 규정 (2017) ]
Safety and Regulation in Fusion Engineering
※ 국내 규제
중∙저준위 방사성폐기물 인도규정
- 「원자력안전법 시행령」에 따라 원자력안전위원회가 정하는 중∙저준위 방사성폐기물에 해당.
- 폐기물에 포한되어 있는 전체 방사능량의 95% 이상을 구성하는 방사성핵종을 규명하여야 함.
※ 방사성폐기물 분류에 따른 처분방식

- 심층처분: 지하 깊은 곳, 안정 지층구조 + 천연 또는 공학적 방벽
- 천층처분 가. 동굴처분: 지하 동굴 또는 암반 + 천연 또는 공학적 방벽
나. 표층처분: 지표면 가까이 + 천연 및 공학적 방벽
다. 매립형처분: 지표면 가까이 + 천연방벽
※ 방사성폐기물 처분방식 및 분류 기준
심 층 처 분 고준위방사성폐기물
고준위폐기물기준
동굴처분 중준위방사성폐기물
저준위폐기물 농도 제한치
천층처분
표층처분 저준위방사성폐기물
자체처분허용농도 × 100
매립형처분 극저준위방사성폐기물
자체처분허용농도 + 자체처분허용선량(10 μSv/y)
자체처분 ※ 방사선관리구역 >10 μSv/h
Safety and Regulation in Fusion Engineering
“Safety technology” + “Regulatory framework”
• γ radiation • Decay heat • Plasma events

• Release of T & rad-material • Chemical reaction - fusion overpower
Identification- &
(corrosion, dust, etc.) Evaluation of Safety
coolant - disruption
• Toxic material (Be, V, etc.) - water/air + PFC - delayed shutdown
• E-field → Occupational
• Coolantsafety
stored energy • LOCA / LOVA
• • Magnet coil stored energy
Vacuum
→ Needlessness of evacuation • Magnet events
• Cryogenic fluids • Plasma magnetic energy • Loss of cryogen
• Chemical reaction • Plasma thermal energy • Tritium plant events
• High voltage • Vacuum • Auxiliary system events
Conformity with the current legal framework

→ Socioeconomic acceptance of fusion technology
“with a sense of safety”
Fusion under Regulatory Compliance
Global Impact on the Implementation of Nuclear Energy involving Fusion ?!
Domestic Regulatory Framework
Quiz Hint
1. 핵융합로의 주요 구성요소
2. 핵융합의 Safety와 규제의 이해

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에너지동력공학(182096-31001)

KSTAR ITER K-DEMO

Plasma science Net energy Net electricity

Preliminary experimental facility Magnetic field ~ 7.4 T

Integrated operation of tech. for fusion Plasma current ~ > 12 MA

D-T plasma reaction Fusion power ~ 2200-3000 MW

Cable-in-conduit conductor swirler

Cable-in-conduit conductor swirler

Cable-in-conduit conductor swirler

Cable-in-conduit conductor swirler

Max Temp of monoblock in RAFM model Design of monoblock tiles

FR0 : Generate electric power (전기생산)

FR1 : 핵융합에너지를 열에너지로 변환 FR2 : 열에너지를 전기에너지로 변환

FR1.1 : Startup plasma reaction

FR1.2 : Maintain steady-state reaction

FR1.3 : Shutdown plasma system

FR0 : Generate electric power (전기생산)

FR1 : 핵융합에너지를 열에너지로 변환 FR2 : 열에너지를 전기에너지로 변환

FR1.1 : Startup plasma reaction

FR1.2 : Maintain steady-state reaction

FR1.3 : Shutdown plasma system

FR0 : Generate electric power (전기생산)

FR1 : 핵융합에너지를 열에너지로 변환 FR2 : 열에너지를 전기에너지로 변환

FR1.1 : Startup plasma reaction

FR1.2 : Maintain steady-state reaction

FR1.3 : Shutdown plasma system

[ ITER RPrS (2011); Fusion Eng. Des. 89 2028 (2014)]

Decay heat from a fusion reactor [MW]

[ B. S. Kim et al. Fusion Eng. Des. 146 2323 (2019) ]

Components Layer (material) Weight [ton]

[ Nature Physics 12 391 (2016) ]

Concentration limit for low level rad-waste

[ 방사성폐기물 분류 및 자체처분 기준 규정 (2017) ]

※ 방사성폐기물 분류에 따른 처분방식

“Safety technology” + “Regulatory framework”

• γ radiation • Decay heat • Plasma events

Conformity with the current legal framework

Global Impact on the Implementation of Nuclear Energy involving Fusion ?!

2. 핵융합의 Safety와 규제의 이해

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