Full Ebook of Intelligent Computing Proceedings of The 2021 Computing Conference Volume 1 1St Edition Kohei Arai Online PDF All Chapter

Intelligent Computing: Proceedings of
the 2021 Computing Conference,

Volume 1 1st Edition Kohei Arai
Visit to download the full and correct content document:
https://ebookmeta.com/product/intelligent-computing-proceedings-of-the-2021-compu
ting-conference-volume-1-1st-edition-kohei-arai/
More products digital (pdf, epub, mobi) instant
download maybe you interests ...
Intelligent Computing Proceedings of the 2021 Computing

Conference Volume 2 Lecture Notes in Networks and
Systems 284 Kohei Arai (Editor)
https://ebookmeta.com/product/intelligent-computing-proceedings-
of-the-2021-computing-conference-volume-2-lecture-notes-in-
networks-and-systems-284-kohei-arai-editor/
Intelligent Computing Proceedings of the 2021 Computing

Conference Volume 3 Lecture Notes in Networks and
Systems 285 Kohei Arai (Editor)
https://ebookmeta.com/product/intelligent-computing-proceedings-
of-the-2021-computing-conference-volume-3-lecture-notes-in-
networks-and-systems-285-kohei-arai-editor/
Intelligent Systems and Applications Proceedings of the

2021 Intelligent Systems Conference IntelliSys Volume 1
294 Lecture Notes in Networks and Systems Kohei Arai
(Editor)
https://ebookmeta.com/product/intelligent-systems-and-
applications-proceedings-of-the-2021-intelligent-systems-
conference-intellisys-volume-1-294-lecture-notes-in-networks-and-
systems-kohei-arai-editor/
Proceedings of the Future Technologies Conference FTC

2020 Volume 3 Kohei Arai
https://ebookmeta.com/product/proceedings-of-the-future-
technologies-conference-ftc-2020-volume-3-kohei-arai/
Proceedings of the Future Technologies Conference FTC
2020 Volume 2 Kohei Arai
https://ebookmeta.com/product/proceedings-of-the-future-
technologies-conference-ftc-2020-volume-2-kohei-arai/
International Conference on Innovative Computing and

Communications Proceedings of ICICC 2021 Volume 1
Advances in Intelligent Systems and Computing 1387
Ashish Khanna (Editor)
https://ebookmeta.com/product/international-conference-on-
innovative-computing-and-communications-proceedings-of-
icicc-2021-volume-1-advances-in-intelligent-systems-and-
computing-1387-ashish-khanna-editor/
International Conference on Innovative Computing and

Communications Proceedings of ICICC 2021 Volume 3 1st
Edition Ashish Khanna
https://ebookmeta.com/product/international-conference-on-
innovative-computing-and-communications-proceedings-of-
icicc-2021-volume-3-1st-edition-ashish-khanna/
Soft Computing for Problem Solving Proceedings of

SocProS 2020 Volume 1 Advances in Intelligent Systems
and Computing 1392 Aruna Tiwari (Editor)
https://ebookmeta.com/product/soft-computing-for-problem-solving-
proceedings-of-socpros-2020-volume-1-advances-in-intelligent-
systems-and-computing-1392-aruna-tiwari-editor/
Smart Computing Techniques and Applications Proceedings

of the Fourth International Conference on Smart
Computing and Informatics Volume 1 1st Edition Suresh
Chandra Satapathy
https://ebookmeta.com/product/smart-computing-techniques-and-
applications-proceedings-of-the-fourth-international-conference-
on-smart-computing-and-informatics-volume-1-1st-edition-suresh-
Lecture Notes in Networks and Systems 283
Kohei Arai Editor
Intelligent
Computing
Proceedings of the 2021 Computing
Conference, Volume 1
Lecture Notes in Networks and Systems
Volume 283
Series Editor
Janusz Kacprzyk, Systems Research Institute, Polish Academy of Sciences,
Warsaw, Poland
Advisory Editors
Fernando Gomide, Department of Computer Engineering and Automation—DCA,
School of Electrical and Computer Engineering—FEEC, University of Campinas—
UNICAMP, São Paulo, Brazil
Okyay Kaynak, Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering,
Bogazici University, Istanbul, Turkey
Derong Liu, Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University
of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, USA; Institute of Automation, Chinese Academy
of Sciences, Beijing, China
Witold Pedrycz, Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering,
University of Alberta, Alberta, Canada; Systems Research Institute,
Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
Marios M. Polycarpou, Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering,
KIOS Research Center for Intelligent Systems and Networks, University of Cyprus,
Nicosia, Cyprus
Imre J. Rudas, Óbuda University, Budapest, Hungary
Jun Wang, Department of Computer Science, City University of Hong Kong,
Kowloon, Hong Kong
The series “Lecture Notes in Networks and Systems” publishes the latest
developments in Networks and Systems—quickly, informally and with high quality.
Original research reported in proceedings and post-proceedings represents the core
of LNNS.
Volumes published in LNNS embrace all aspects and subfields of, as well as new
challenges in, Networks and Systems.
The series contains proceedings and edited volumes in systems and networks,
spanning the areas of Cyber-Physical Systems, Autonomous Systems, Sensor
Networks, Control Systems, Energy Systems, Automotive Systems, Biological
Systems, Vehicular Networking and Connected Vehicles, Aerospace Systems,
Automation, Manufacturing, Smart Grids, Nonlinear Systems, Power Systems,
Robotics, Social Systems, Economic Systems and other. Of particular value to both
the contributors and the readership are the short publication timeframe and the
world-wide distribution and exposure which enable both a wide and rapid
dissemination of research output.
The series covers the theory, applications, and perspectives on the state of the art
and future developments relevant to systems and networks, decision making, control,
complex processes and related areas, as embedded in the fields of interdisciplinary
and applied sciences, engineering, computer science, physics, economics, social, and
life sciences, as well as the paradigms and methodologies behind them.
Indexed by SCOPUS, INSPEC, WTI Frankfurt eG, zbMATH, SCImago.
All books published in the series are submitted for consideration in Web of
Science.
More information about this series at http://www.springer.com/series/15179

Kohei Arai
Editor
Intelligent Computing
Proceedings of the 2021 Computing
Conference, Volume 1
123
Editor
Kohei Arai
Faculty of Science and Engineering
Saga University
Saga, Japan
ISSN 2367-3370 ISSN 2367-3389 (electronic)

Lecture Notes in Networks and Systems
ISBN 978-3-030-80118-2 ISBN 978-3-030-80119-9 (eBook)
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-80119-9
© The Editor(s) (if applicable) and The Author(s), under exclusive license
to Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2022
This work is subject to copyright. All rights are solely and exclusively licensed by the Publisher, whether
the whole or part of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of
illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilms or in any other physical way, and
transmission or information storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar
or dissimilar methodology now known or hereafter developed.
The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc. in this
publication does not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are exempt from
the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use.
The publisher, the authors and the editors are safe to assume that the advice and information in this
book are believed to be true and accurate at the date of publication. Neither the publisher nor the
authors or the editors give a warranty, expressed or implied, with respect to the material contained
herein or for any errors or omissions that may have been made. The publisher remains neutral with regard
to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
This Springer imprint is published by the registered company Springer Nature Switzerland AG
The registered company address is: Gewerbestrasse 11, 6330 Cham, Switzerland
Editor’s Preface
It is a great privilege for us to present the proceedings of the Computing Conference

2021, held virtually on July 15 and 16, 2021.
The conference is held every year to make it an ideal platform for researchers to
share views, experiences and information with their peers working all around the
world. This is done by offering plenty of networking opportunities to meet and
interact with the world-leading scientists, engineers and researchers as well as
industrial partners in all aspects of computer science and its applications.
The main conference brings a strong program of papers, posters, videos, all in
single-track sessions and invited talks to stimulate significant contemplation and
discussions. These talks were also anticipated to pique the interest of the entire
computing audience by their thought-provoking claims which were streamed live
during the conferences. Moreover, all authors had very professionally presented
their research papers which were viewed by a large international audience online.
The proceedings for this edition consist of 235 chapters selected out of a total of
638 submissions from 50+ countries. All submissions underwent a double-blind
peer-review process. The published proceedings has been divided into three vol-
umes covering a wide range of conference topics, such as technology trends,
computing, intelligent systems, machine vision, security, communication, elec-
tronics and e-learning to name a few.
Deep appreciation goes to the keynote speakers for sharing their knowledge and
expertise with us and to all the authors who have spent the time and effort to
contribute significantly to this conference. We are also indebted to the organizing
committee for their great efforts in ensuring the successful implementation of the
conference. In particular, we would like to thank the technical committee for their
constructive and enlightening reviews on the manuscripts in the limited timescale.
We hope that all the participants and the interested readers benefit scientifically
from this book and find it stimulating in the process.
v
vi Editor’s Preface
Hope to see you in 2022, in our next Computing Conference, with the same
amplitude, focus and determination.
Kohei Arai
Contents
Analytical View on Non-invasive Measurement of Moving Charge

by Various Topologies of Wannier Qubit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
Krzysztof Pomorski
Multi-population Genetic Algorithm with the Actor Model Approach
to Determine Optimal Braking Torques of the Articulated Vehicle . . . . 56
Kornel Warwas and Szymon Tengler
A Novel Three-Way Merge Algorithm for HTML/XML Documents
Using a Hidden Markov Model . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75
Nikolaos G. Bakaoukas and Anastasios G. Bakaoukas
Scaling Out Transformer Models for Retrosynthesis
on Supercomputers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 102
Joris Mollinga and Valeriu Codreanu
Naming Processes in Multichannels with Beeps in the Weak Model . . . 118
Layla S. Aldawsari and Tom Altman
Distributed Evolution of Deep Autoencoders . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 133
Jeff Hajewski, Suely Oliveira, and Xiaoyu Xing
Computational Power of a Hybrid Algorithm for Solving the
Multiple Knapsack Problem with Setup . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 154
Samah Boukhari, Isma Dahmani, and Mhand Hifi
Accelerated Quantum Computation based on Quantum Coherent
Dynamics of Evanescent Photons in Liquid Water . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 169
Luigi Maxmilian Caligiuri
Computer Scientist’s and Programmer’s View on Quantum
Algorithms: Mapping Functions’ APIs and Inputs to Oracles . . . . . . . . 188
Ilie-Daniel Gheorghe-Pop, Nikolay Tcholtchev, Tom Ritter,
and Manfred Hauswirth
vii
viii Contents
Orca: A Software Library for Parallel Computation of Symbolic

Expressions via Remote Evaluation on MPI Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 204
Ahmet Artu Yıldırım
Solving High-Dimensional Nonlinear Equations with Infinite
Solutions by the SVM Visualization Method . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 218
Yu-Yuan Lin and Jeng-Nan Tzeng
A Novel GPU Implementation for Image Stripe Noise Removal . . . . . . . 232
Pasquale De Luca, Ardelio Galletti, and Livia Marcellino
DevOps for Open Source Multimedia Frameworks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 244
Juan Zhao, Ullysses Eoff, Focus Luo, Guangxin Xu, Haihao Xiang,
and Hongcheng Zhong
Designing a Cost-Efficient Network for a Small Enterprise . . . . . . . . . . 255
Lucky Osemwengie, Fahimeh Jafari, and Amin Karami
Staff Rostering Optimization: Ideal Recommendations vs.
Real-World Computing Challenges . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 274
Kimmo Nurmi, Jari Kyngäs, and Nico Kyngäs
Resolution of the Frobenius Problem with an Adiabatic
Quantum Computer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 292
J. Ossorio-Castillo and José M. Tornero
The Design of Customizable Distributed Algorithms for
InDiGO Framework . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 311
Valeriy Kolesnikov
Computational Optimization of Voids on 3D Woven Composites
Truss Structures During Infusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 326
Spiridon Koutsonas and Hasan Haroglu
Towards AGI: Cognitive Architecture Based on Hybrid
and Bionic Principles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 337
R. V. Dushkin
An Array Abstraction to Amortize Reasoning About Parallel
Client Code . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 346
Alan Weide, Paolo A. G. Sivilotti, and Murali Sitaraman
Parallel Accurate and Reproducible Summation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 363
Farah Benmouhoub, Pierre-Loic Garoche, and Matthieu Martel
Cell Assembly-based Task Analysis (CAbTA) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 383
Dan Diaper and Chris Huyck
PDSA Computing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 401
Shuichi Fukuda
Contents ix
An Iterative Randomized Rounding Algorithm for the k-Clustering

Minimum Completion Problem with an Application in
Telecommunication Field . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 410
Mhand Hifi and Shohre Sadeghsa
Non-dominated Ranking Biogeography Based Optimization
Algorithm for Virtual Machine Placement in Cloud Computing . . . . . . 423
Asma Bouhank and Mourad Daoudi
Multi-core Aware Virtual Machine Placement for Cloud Data
Centers with Constraint Programming . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 439
Nagadevi and Kasmir Raja
Finding Critical Packet-Drop Levels of Streaming at Cloud Edge
Networks and the Proposed Solution . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 458
Nader F. Mir, Chandramouli Santhanam, and Kriti Sharma
Cyber Security in Cloud: Risk Assessment Models . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 471
Carlos Bendicho
In-Place VM Migration for Fast Update of Hypervisor Stack . . . . . . . . 483
Pavel Tatashin and William Moloney
Robustness Comparison of Scheduling Algorithms
in MapReduce Framework . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 494
Amirali Daghighi and Jim Q. Chen
Seamless Update of a Hypervisor Stack . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 509
Pavel Tatashin and William Moloney
Developing a Framework of Critical Factors Affecting the Adoption
of Cloud Computing in Government Systems (ACCE-GOV) . . . . . . . . . 520
Naif Al Mudawi, Natalia Beloff, and Martian White
Approximate Analysis of Deviant Behavior on Social Media . . . . . . . . . 539
Anton Ivaschenko, Arkadiy Krivosheev, Anastasia Stolbova,
and Pavel Sitnikov
Investigating the Characteristics of the Response Waiting Time
in a Chat Room . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 548
Gibson O. Ikoro, Raul J. Mondragon, and Graham White
Some Socio-demographic Usage Patterns in Ephemeral Content
Sharing Social Networks: The Case of Snapchat . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 563
Ons Al-Shamaileh, Anas Aloudat, Amal Alrayes, and Hakim Hacid
Automatic Extraction of Emojiset . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 580
Phil Roesch, Caleb Franco, William Bernier, and Salem Othman
How Twitter Interactions Leak Political Trends . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 591
M. Solé, F. Giné, and M. Valls
x Contents
Public Reaction on Social Media During COVID-19: A Comparison

Between Twitter and Weibo . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 612
Tian Wang, Ian Brooks, and Masooda Bashir
Word Frequency Analysis of Community Reaction to Religious
Violence on Social Media . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 626
Samah Senbel, Carly Seigel, and Emily Bryan
Humans Digital Avatar Reconstruction for Tactical
Situations Animation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 634
Ilya Zuev, Alexander Gilya-Zetinov, Alexander Khelvas, Egor Konyagin,
and Julien Segre
Action Recognition in Handball Scenes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 645
Kristina Host, Marina Ivasic-Kos, and Miran Pobar
Application of Robotics to Domestic and Environmental
Cleanup Tasks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 657
Amritha Ananthanarayanan, Chase G. Frazelle, Sowmya Kethireddy,
Chen-Ho Ko, Rohan Kumar, Vignesh Prabhu,
Bhargav Srinivas Vasudevan, and Ian D. Walker
RF Mapping for Sensor Nodes Connectivity and Communication
Signal Recovery . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 666
Mustafa Ayad and Richard Voyles
DBA-Filter: A Dynamic Background Activity Noise Filtering
Algorithm for Event Cameras . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 685
Sherif A. S. Mohamed, Jawad N. Yasin, Mohammad-Hashem Haghbayan,
Jukka Heikkonen, Hannu Tenhunen, and Juha Plosila
Gamification in a Learning Resource for the Study of Human
Computer Interaction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 697
Dawn Carmichael, Claire MacEachen, and Jacqueline Archibald
Machine Learning Control for Mobile Robot by Approximation
Extremals by Symbolic Regression . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 718
Askhat Diveev
Towards Synchronous Model of Non-emotional Conversational
Gesture Generation in Humanoids . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 737
Aditi Singh and Arvind K. Bansal
MQTT Based Appliance Control and Automation with Room
Occupancy Monitoring Using YOLO . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 757
Janine Grace B. Abad, Diana G. Romero, Jerome M. Dolalas,
Raymark C. Parocha, and Erees Queen B. Macabebe
Multi-scale Defect Detection Network for Tire Visual Inspection . . . . . . 771
Minghua Wei, Ren Wang, and Qiang Guo
Contents xi
Guided Filter Bank . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 783

Hui Yin, Yuanhao Gong, and Guoping Qiu
High-Speed Multi-person Tracking Method Using
Bipartite Matching . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 793
Alexander Gilya-Zetinov, Alexander Bugaev, Alexander Khelvas,
Egor Konyagin, and Julien Segre
Modular Image Synthesizer for Annotated Test Sets on Incremental
Parameter Fields . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 810
Benny Platte, Rico Thomanek, Christian Roschke, Tony Rolletschke,
Frank Zimmer, and Marc Ritter
Learning Action Correlation and Temporal Aggregation for
Group Representation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 823
Haoting Wang, Kan Li, and Xin Niu
Self-adaptive Perception Model for Action Segment Detection . . . . . . . . 834
Jiahe Li, Kan Li, and Xin Niu
Hierarchical Feature Generating Network for Zero-Shot Learning
by Knowledge Graph . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 846
Yi Zhang, Kan Li, and Xin Niu
Comparing Partitions: Metric Characterizations, Mean Partition,
and Distortion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 857
Jyrko Correa-Morris, Abel Urra-Yglesias, Estefano Reyes, Juan Martínez,
and Belarmino Gonzalez
A Preliminary Comparison Between Compressive Sampling
and Anisotropic Mesh-Based Image Representation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 876
Xianping Li and Teresa Wu
Self-exciting Point Processes with Image Features as Covariates
for Robbery Modeling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 886
Mateo Dulce Rubio, Paula Rodríguez Díaz, Juan S. Moreno Pabón,
Álvaro J. Riascos, and Jorge E. Camargo
Development of an Automatic Document to Digital Record Association
Feature for a Cloud-Based Accounting Information System . . . . . . . . . . 899
Daniel S. Jabonete and Marlene M. De Leon
Improving Accuracy and Latency in Image Re-identification by
Gallery Database Cleansing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 911
Niall O’. Mahony, Sean Campbell, Anderson Carvalho, Lenka Krpalkova,
Daniel Riordan, and Joseph Walsh
Real-Time Crack Detection Using ROV . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 922
Haythem El-Messiry, Hany Khaled, Ahmed Maher, Amin Ahmed,
and Faris Hussian
xii Contents
Web-Based Learning for Cultural Adaptation: Constructing

a Digital Portal for Persian Speaking Immigrants in Finland . . . . . . . . 930
Zahra Hosseini and Jussi Okkonen
Enhanced Reinforcement Learning Model for Extraction of Objects
in Complex Imaging . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 946
Usman Ahmad Usmani, Arunava Roy, Junzo Watada, Jafreezal Jaafar,
and Izzatdin Abdul Aziz
Causal BERT: Language Models for Causality Detection Between
Events Expressed in Text . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 965
Vivek Khetan, Roshni Ramnani, Mayuresh Anand, Subhashis Sengupta,
and Andrew E. Fano
Social Media Mining for Business Intelligence Analytics:
An Application for Movie Box Office Forecasting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 981
Belén Usero, Virginia Hernández, and Cynthia Quintana
Solving the Story Cloze Test Using Graph Feature Extraction . . . . . . . . 1000
Grabaskas Nathaniel
MegaLite-2: An Extended Bilingual Comparative Literary Corpus . . . . 1014
Luis-Gil Moreno-Jiménez and Juan-Manuel Torres-Moreno
VBSRL: A Semantic Frame-Based Approach for Data Extraction
from Unstructured Business Documents . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1030
Simone Scannapieco, Andrea Ponza, and Claudio Tomazzoli
Generating Correction Candidates for OCR Errors using BERT
Language Model and FastText SubWord Embeddings . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1045
Mahdi Hajiali, Jorge Ramón Fonseca Cacho, and Kazem Taghva
Measuring Meaning . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1054
Ignazio Mauro Mirto
The Impact of Agile Methods and “DevOps” on Day 2+ Operations
for Large Enterprises . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1068
R. Cherinka, S. Foote, J. Burgo, and J. Prezzama
Mapping Risk Assessment Strategy for COVID-19 Mobile
Apps’ Vulnerabilities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1082
Tanusree Sharma, Hunter A. Dyer, Roy H. Campbell, and Masooda Bashir
Explainable Graph-Based Search for Lessons-Learned Documents
in the Semiconductor Industry . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1097
Hasan Abu-Rasheed, Christian Weber, Johannes Zenkert, Roland Krumm,
and Madjid Fathi
Contents xiii
Improving the Efficiency of Industrial Enterprise Management

Based on the Forge Software-analytical Platform . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1107
Nodirbek Yusupbekov, Fakhritdin Abdurasulov, Farukh Adilov,
and Arsen Ivanyan
Consumer-Oriented Web of Things Solution for
Competitive Swimmers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1114
Rusho Yonit, Resh Amit, Benaroch Mickael, Bronshtein Nikita,
Shahar Lior, and Beni Valotker
Factors Influencing the Adoption of Online Banking in
South Africa: An UTAUT Study . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1128
Mathias Mujinga
Machine Learning Application in LAPIS Agile Software
Development Process . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1136
Tuğrul Tekbulut, Nurdan Canbaz, and Tuğba Öztürk Kaya
Transforming HR and Improving Talent Profiling with Qualitative
Analysis Digitalization on Candidates for Career and Team
Development Efforts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1149
Antonis Vatousios and Ari Happonen
Author Index . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1167

Analytical View on Non-invasive
Measurement of Moving Charge by
Various Topologies of Wannier Qubit
Krzysztof Pomorski1,2(B)
1
Cracow University of Technology,
Faculty of Computer Science and Telecommunications,
Department of Computer Science,
31-155 Kraków, Poland
2
Quantum Hardware Systems, 94-056 L ódź, Poland
http://www.quantumhardwaresystems.com
Abstract. Detection of moving charge in free space is presented in the

framework of single electron CMOS devices. It opens the perspective for
construction of new type detectors for beam diagnostic in accelerators.
General phenomenological model of noise acting on position based qubit
implemented in semiconductor quantum dots is given in the framework
of simplistic tight-binding model. At first linear position-based qubit also
known as Wannier qubit is considered with the situation of being excited
by external movement of charged particle in its proximity. Analytical
formulas describing the change of qubit state are derived analytically. In
the next steps the roton semiconductor qubit representing closed loop of
coupled quantum dots is given and the effect of external moving charge
on the change of qubit state is determined by analytical formulas. Roton
qubit physical state can be controlled by external magnetic and electric
field what is the extension of controlling mechanism in comparison with
linear Wannier qubit, when we have N quantum dots aligned.
Keywords: Weak measurement · Linear and circular Wannier qubits ·

Tight-binding model
1 Motivation for Weak Measurement of Moving Charged

Particles
In nature matter has the attribute of having electric charge. Interaction between
charged particles is the foundation base for atoms and molecules. Currently
various experiments are conducted with charged particles as present in CERN
and DESY accelerators. The controlled movement of charged particles as pro-
tons, electrons, light and heavy ions or other elementary particles takes place
under static and time-dependent electric field and magnetic field generated in
well organized pattern that is consequence of Maxwell equations. In particu-
lar one uses the magnetic focusing to keep the accelerator beam confined to
c The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2022
K. Arai (Ed.): Intelligent Computing, LNNS 283, pp. 1–55, 2022.
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-80119-9_1
2 K. Pomorski
certain finite geometrical space. Moving charges generate electric and magnetic
field what is reflected in time-dependent electric field and time-dependent vector
potential field. Such time-dependent electric and magnetic field can be sensed
by various types of detectors. If movement of the charged particle is traced only
by time-dependent fields that are generated by observed particle one can deal
with weak non-invasive measurement. Moving particle will always bring some
action on the detector. On another hand the detector will respond to the action
of external time-dependent magnetic and electric field. This detector response
will generate counter electric and magnetic field that will try to compensate the
effect of field trying to change the state of detector. Therefore one has mutual
interaction between moving charged particles and detector. However if the speed
of moving particles is very high this interaction will take very short time and
will only slightly deflect the trajectory of moving charged particle that is under
observation. Therefore one deals with weak measurement that is changing the
physical state of object under observation in perturbative way [1]. Now we will
concentrate on the description of the detector of moving charged particles. One
can choice various types of detectors as measuring device for example: supercon-
ducting SQUIDs, Josephson junctions, NV-diamond sensors or single electron
semiconductor devices. Because of rapid developments in cryogenic CMOS tech-
nology and scalability of those detectors we will concentrate on single electron
semiconductor devices as most promising detectors for massive use described by
[1,3,4,8].
2 Single Electron Devices as Detectors of Moving

Charged Particles
Quite recently it has been proposed by Fujisawa and Petta to use single electron
devices for classical and quantum information processing. This technology relies
on the chain of coupled quantum dots that can be implemented in various semi-
conductors. In particular one can use CMOS transistor with source and drain
with channel in-between that is controlled by external polarizing gate as it is
depicted in Fig. 1. Recent CMOS technologies allow for fabrication of transistor
with channel length from 22 nm to 3 nm. If one can place one electron in source-
channel-drain system (S-CH-D) than one can approximate the physical system
by two coupled quantum dots. It is convenient to use tight-binding formalism to
describe electron dynamics with time. In such case instead of wavefunction of
electron it is useful to use maximum localized wavefunctions (Wannier functions)
of that electron on the left and right quantum dot that are denoted by |1, 0 and
|0, 1. One obtains the following simplistic Hamiltonian of position-based qubit
given as
H = Ep (1) |1, 0 1, 0| + Ep (2) |0, 1 0, 1| + |t|1→2 |1, 0 0, 1| + |t|2→1 |0, 1 1, 0| .
(1)
Here Ep (1) or Ep (2) has the meaning of minima of confining potential on the
left or right quantum dot. It can be recognized as localized energy on the left
Analytical View on Non-invasive Measurement of Moving Charge 3
or right quantum dot. The tunneling process between left and right quantum
dot or classical movement electron between left and right quantum dot can
be accounted by the term |t|1→2 that has the meaning of delocalized energy
(energy participating in particle transfer between quantum dots). If electron
kinetic energy is much beyond the potential barrier separating left and right
quantum dot that one can assign the meaning of kinetic energy to the term |t|1→2
or |t|2→1 . The quantum state of position based qubit is given as superposition
of presence on the left and right quantum dot and is expressed by the formula
|ψ = αt |1, 0 + βt |0, 1 , (2)
where |1, 0 = wL (x), |0, 1 = wR (x) are maximum localized functions on the
left and right side of position based qubit. In case of position dependent qubit
we have
d Ep1 ts12
i |ψ = ∗ |ψ = E(t) |ψ . (3)
dt ts12 Ep2
For simplicity we consider Ep1 = Ep2 = Ep , ts12 = ts . We have two eigenenergies
E1 = Ep − ts and E2 = Ep + ts and eigenstates are as follows

1 1 +1
|E1 = √ (|1, 0 − |0, 1) = √ ,
2 2 −1

1 1 +1
|E2 = √ (|1, 0 + |0, 1) = √ . (4)
2 2 +1
In general case we have superposition of energy levels E1 and E2 as |ψ =
cE1 eiφE1 |E1t + cE2 eiφE2 |E2t and in details we have
⎛ ⎞ ⎛ ⎞ ⎛ ⎞ ⎛ ⎞
E1 E2 E1 E2
⎜ t t⎟ ⎜+eiφE1 c t iφ t⎟
i ⎟ ⎜+c
iφE1 ⎜+cE1 e ⎟ iφ ⎜ E2 e i ⎟ ⎜ E1 e i + e E2 cE2 e i ⎟ ⎜α(t)⎟
⎜ ⎟
|ψ = e ⎜ E1 ⎟ + e E2 ⎜ E2 ⎠ ⎟ = ⎜ E1 E2 ⎠ ⎟ = ⎝ ⎠
⎝ t⎠ ⎝ t ⎝ t t
−cE1 e i +cE2 e i −eiφE1 cE1 e i + eiφE2 cE2 e i β(t)
(5)
where |cE1 |2 + |cE2 |2 = 1 (sum of occupancy probability of energy level 1 and 2)

and |α(t)|2 + |β(t)|2 = 1 (sum of probability of occupancy of left and right side
by electron). Under influence of very quickly moving charge we have

d Ep1 + f1 (t) ts12 + f3 (t)
i |ψ = ∗ |ψ = E(t) |ψ . (6)
dt ts12 + f3 (t)∗ Ep2 + f2 (t)
More exactly we have

d α(t) Epef f 1 (t) tef f −s12 (t) α(t) Ep1 + f1 (t) ts12 + f3 (t) α(t) α(t)
i = = = E(t)
dt β(t) tef f −s12 (t)∗ Epef f 2 (t) β(t) t∗ ∗
s12 + f3 (t) Ep2 + f2 (t) β(t) β(t)
(7)
Single proton movement in proximity of position based qubit

N protons N protons
f1 (t) = V1 (k)δ(t − t1 (k)), f2 (t) = V2 (k)δ(t − t1 (k)),
k=1 k=1
N protons
(8)
f3 (t) = (V3 (k) + iV4 (k))δ(t − t1 (k)).
k=1
4 K. Pomorski
In general case one shall have effective values of Epef f 1 (t), Epef f 2 (t), tef f −s12 (t)
and tef f −s21 (t) given by formulas
+∞
∗ 2 d 2
Epef f 1 (t) = dxwL (x)(− + Vpol (x) + Vp (t))wL (x),
−∞ 2me dx2
+∞
∗ 2 d 2
Epef f 1 (t) = dxwR (x)(− + Vpol (x) + Vp (t))wR (x),
−∞ 2me dx2
+∞
∗ 2 d 2
tef f −s12 (t) = dxwR (x)(− + Vpol (x) + Vp (t))wL (x),
−∞ 2me dx2
+∞
∗ 2 d 2
tef f −s21 (t) = dxwL (x)(− + Vpol (x) + Vp (t))wR (x), (9)
−∞ 2me dx2
where wL (x) and wR (x) are maximum localized states (Wannier functions) in the
left and right quantum dots and where Vpol (x) is the qubit polarizing electrostatic
potential with Vp (t) as electrostatic potential coming from proton moving in the
accelerator beam. For simplicity let us consider 3 terms perturbing single electron
qubit Hamiltonian
f1 (t) = V1 δ(t − t1 ), f2 (t) = V2 δ(t − t2 ), f3 (t) = (V3 + iV4 )δ(t − t2 ) (10)
and we obtain the modified Hamiltonian of qubit as

d α(t) Ep1 + V1 δ(t − t1 ) ts12 + (V3 + iV4 )δ(t − t1 ) α(t) α(t)
i =
t∗
= E(t) (11)
dt β(t) s12 + (V3 − iV4 )δ(t − t1 ) Ep2 + V2 δ(t − t1 ) β(t) β(t)
and is the system of two coupled differential equations

d
i α(t) = (Ep1 + V1 δ(t − t1 ))α(t) + (ts12 + (V3 + iV4 )δ(t − t1 ))β(t),
dt
d
i β(t) = (Ep2 + V2 δ(t − t1 ))β(t) + (t∗s12 + (V3 − iV4 )δ(t − t1 ))α(t),
dt
(12)
that can be rewritten in discrete form as
1
i (α(t + δt) − α(t − δt)) = (Ep1 + V1 δ(t − t1 ))α(t) + (ts12 + (V3 + iV4 )δ(t − t1 ))β(t),
2δt
1 ∗
i (β(t + δt) − β(t − δt)) = (Ep2 + V2 δ(t − t1 ))β(t) + (ts12 + (V3 − iV4 )δ(t − t1 ))α(t), (13)
2δt
t −δt
Applying operator t11−δt dt to both sides of previous equations with very
small δt → 0 we obtain two algebraic relations as
−
1 ) − α(t1 )) = V1 α(t1 ) + (V3 + iV4 )β(t1 ),
i(α(t+ + +
−
1 ) − β(t1 )) = V2 β(t1 ) + (V3 − iV4 )α(t1 ).
i(β(t+ + +
(14)
Linear combination of quantum states of qubit before the measurement is
expressed by quantum states of qubit after weak measurement that was due
to the interaction of qubit with external passing charged particle so we obtain
−
(i − V1 )α(t+
1 ) − (V3 + iV4 )β(t1 ) = iα(t1 ),
+
−
(i − V2 )β(t+
1 ) − (V3 − iV4 )α(t1 ) = iβ(t1 ).
+
(15)
Last equations can be written in the compact form as

+ −
(i − V1 ) −(V3 + iV4 ) α(t1 ) α(t1 )
= i (16)
−(V3 − iV4 ) (i − V2 ) β(t+
1 ) β(t−
1)
or equivalently
+ −1 −
α(t1 ) (i − V1 ) −(V3 + iV4 ) α(t1 )
= i (17)
β(t+
1 ) −(V 3 − iV 4 ) (i − V 2 ) β(t−
1)
and it implies that quantum state after weak measurement is obtained as the
linear transformation of the quantum state before the measurement so
⎛ ⎞ ⎛ ⎞
+ −
α(t1 ) ( + iV2 ) (−iV3 + V4 ) α(t1 )
⎝
+
β(t1 )
⎠ =
2 2 (−iV3 − V4 ) ( + iV1 )
⎝
−
β(t1 )
⎠ (18)
( + iV1 )( + iV2 ) + V3 + V4
and hence

α(t+
1 ) α(t−
1 ) α(t+
1 ) M1,1 M1,2 α(t−
1 )
= M̂ =
β(t+
1 ) β(t−
1 ) β(t+
1 ) M2,1 M2,2 β(t−
1 )
1
=
(4 + (−V1 V2 + V32 + V42 )2 + 2 (V12 + V22 + 2(V32 + V42 )))

Mr(1,1) + iMi(1,1) Mr(1,2) + iMi(1,2)
× . (19)
Mr(2,1) + iMi(2,1) Mr(2,2) + iMi(2,2)
Now we identify diagonal parts of matrix M̂ as M1,1

(2 (2 + V22 + V32 + V42 ))
M1,1 = +
(4 + (−V1 V2 + V32 + V42 )2 + 2 (V12 + V22 + 2(V32 + V42 )))
((−2 V1 + V2 (−V1 V2 + V32 + V42 )))
+ i( )=
+ (−V1 V2 + V32 + V42 )2 + 2 (V12 + V22 + 2(V32 + V42 )))
(4
1
= ×
(4 + (−V1 V2 + V32 + V42 )2 + 2 (V12 + V22 + 2(V32 + V42 )))
× [(2 (2 + V22 + V32 + V42 )) + i((−2 V1 + V2 (−V1 V2 + V32 + V42 )))] =
1
= [Mr(1,1) + iMi(1,1) ] (20)
(4 + (−V1 V2 + V32 + V42 )2 + 2 (V12 + V22 + 2(V32 + V42 )))
and M2,2
(2 (2 + V12 + V32 + V42 ))
M2,2 = +
(4 + (−V1 V2 + V32 + V42 )2 + 2 (V12 + V22 + 2(V32 + V42 )))
((−2 V2 + V1 (−V1 V2 + V32 + V42 )))
+ i( )=
(4 + (−V1 V2 + V32 + V42 )2 + 2 (V12 + V22 + 2(V32 + V42 )))
1
= ×
(4 + (−V1 V2 + V32 + V42 )2 + 2 (V12 + V22 + 2(V32 + V42 )))
× [(2 (2 + V12 + V32 + V42 )) + i((−2 V2 + V1 (−V1 V2 + V32 + V42 )))] =
1
= [Mr(2,2) + iMi(2,2) ]. (21)
(4 + (−V1 V2 + V32 + V42 )2 + 2 (V12 + V22 + 2(V32 + V42 )))
6 K. Pomorski
Non-diagonal parts of matrix are given as

((−(V1 + V2 )V3 + (2 − V1 V2 + V32 )V4 + V43 ))
M1,2 = ×
(4 + (−V1 V2 + V32 + V42 )2 + 2 (V12 + V22 + 2(V32 + V42 )))
((2 V3 + (V1 + V2 )V4 + V3 (−V1 V2 + V32 + V42 )))
× (−i)( )=
(4 + (−V1 V2 + V32 + V42 )2 + 2 (V12 + V22 + 2(V32 + V42 )))
1
= ×
(4 + (−V1 V2 + V32 + V42 )2 + 2 (V12 + V22 + 2(V32 + V42 )))
× [((−(V1 + V2 )V3 + (2 − V1 V2 + V32 )V4 + V43 )) +
+ (−i)(((2 V3 + (V1 + V2 )V4 + V3 (−V1 V2 + V32 + V42 ))))] =
1
= [Mr(1,2) + iMi(1,2) ] (22)
(4 + (−V1 V2 + V32 + V42 )2 + 2 (V12 + V22 + 2(V32 + V42 )))
and
(((V1 + V2 )V3 + (2 − V1 V2 + V32 )V4 + V43 ))
M2,1 = (−( )) +
(4 + (−V1 V2 + V32 + V42 )2 + 2 (V12 + V22 + 2(V32 + V42 )))
((−2 V3 + (V1 + V2 )V4 − V3 (−V1 V2 + V32 + V42 )))
+ i( )=
(4 + (−V1 V2 + V32 + V42 )2 + 2 (V12 + V22 + 2(V32 + V42 )))
1
= ×
(4 + (−V1 V2 + V32 + V42 )2 + 2 (V12 + V22 + 2(V32 + V42 )))
× [−(((V1 + V2 )V3 + (2 − V1 V2 + V32 )V4 + V43 )) +
+ i((−2 V3 + (V1 + V2 )V4 − V3 (−V1 V2 + V32 + V42 )))] =
1
= [Mr(2,1) + iMi(2,1) ]. (23)
(4 + (−V1 V2 + V32 + V42 )2 + 2 (V12 + V22 + 2(V32 + V42 )))
We recognize energy transfer during proton movement in close proximity to
position dependent qubit so the quantum state after weak measurement is given
as
E1 E2
iφE1m t iφE2m t
|ψm = e c E1m e i |E1 + e c E2m e i |E2 =
⎛ E1 E2
⎞
⎝+e
iφE1m
cE1m e i t + eiφE2m cE2m e i t ⎠ M1,1 M1,2
= E1 E2 =
M2,1 M2,2
−eiφE1m cE1m e i t + eiφE2m cE2m e i t
⎛ E1 E2
⎞
iφE1 t t
⎝+e cE1 e i + eiφE2 cE2 e i
⎠
E1 E2 (24)
−eiφE1
cE1 e i t + e iφE2
cE2 e i t
We obtain the quantum state after weak measurement in the form as

E1 ⎛ E1 E2
⎞
e− i t
M1,1 M1,2 iφE1
cE1 e i t + eiφE2 cE2 e i t ⎠
e
iφE1m
c E1m = √ 1 −1 ⎝+e E1 E2 (25)
2 M2,1 M2,2
−eiφE1 cE1 e i t + eiφE2 cE2 e i t
and
E2 ⎛ E1 E2
⎞
e− i t
M1,1 M1,2 iφE1 t
+ eiφE2 cE2 e t
⎝+e cE1 e i i
iφ
e E2m c E2m = √ 11 E1 E2
⎠ (26)
2 M2,1 M2,2
−eiφE1
cE1 e i t + e iφE2
cE2 e i t
We have
iφE1m 1 (i(φE2 +(E1 −E2 )t))
e c E1m = √ (cE2 e (M1,1 + M1,2 − M2,1 − M2,2 ) +
2
(iφE1 )
+ cE1 e (M 1,1 − M1,2 − M2,1 + M2,2 )) (27)
and
1
eiφE2m cE2m = √ (cE2 e(i(φE1 +(−E1 +E2 )t)) (M1,1 − M1,2 + M2,1 − M2,2 ) +
2
+ cE2 e(iφE2 ) (M1,1 + M1,2 + M2,1 + M2,2 ))(28)
Last expression are given with parameters of weak measurement as

iφE1m 1
e cE1m = ×
2(4 + (−V1 V2 + V32 + V42 )2 + 2 (V12 + V22 + 2(V32 + V42 )))

2 2 2 2
× (cE1 |(2 + V1 + V2 + 2V1 V3 + 2V3 (V2 + V3 ) + 2V4 )Cos[φE1 ] +
2 2 2 2 3
+ cE2 ((−V1 + V2 ) + 2( − V1 V2 + V3 )V4 + 2V4 )Cos[φE2 + (E1 − E2 )t] +
2 2 2
+ cE1 ( (V1 + V2 − 2V3 ) + (V1 + V2 + 2V3 )(V1 V2 − V3 − V4 ))Sin[φE1 ] +

2 2 2
+ cE2 ((V1 − V2 )( − V1 V2 + V3 ) + 2(V1 + V2 )V4 + (V1 − V2 )V4 )Sin[φE2 + (E1 − E2 )t])) +
2 2 2
+ i[((cE1 (− (V1 + V2 − 2V3 ) − (V1 + V2 + 2V3 )(V1 V2 − V3 − V4 ))Cos[φE1 ] −
2 2 2
− cE2 ((V1 − V2 )( − V1 V2 + V3 ) + 2(V1 + V2 )V4 + (V1 − V2 )V4 )Cos[φE2 + (E1 − E2 )t] +
2 2 2 2
cE1 (2 + V1 + V2 + 2V1 V3 + 2V3 (V2 + V3 ) + 2V4 )Sin[φE1 ] +

2 2 2 2 3
+ cE2 ((−V1 + V2 ) + 2( − V1 V2 + V3 )V4 + 2V4 )Sin[φE2 + (E1 − E2 )t])) (29)
and consequently we have

iφE2m 1
e cE2m = ×
2(4 + (−V1 V2 + V32 + V42 )2 + 2 (V12 + V22 + 2(V32 + V42 )))

2 2 2 2 2
× ((cE2 (2 + V1 + V2 − 2(V1 + V2 )V3 + 2V3 + 2V4 )Cos[φE2 ] +
2 2 3
−cE1 ((V1 − V2 )(V1 + V2 ) + 2( − V1 V2 + V3 )V4 + 2V4 )Cos[φE1 + (−E1 + E2 )t] +
2 2 2
+cE2 ( (V1 + V2 + 2V3 ) + (V1 + V2 − 2V3 )(V1 V2 − V3 − V4 ))Sin[φE2 ] +

2 2 2
+cE1 ((V1 − V2 )( − V1 V2 + V3 ) − 2(V1 + V2 )V4 + (V1 − V2 )V4 )Sin[φE1 + (−E1 + E2 )t])) +

2 2 2
+i (−cE2 ( (V1 + V2 + 2V3 ) + (V1 + V2 − 2V3 )(V1 V2 − V3 − V4 ))Cos[φE2 ] +
2 2 2
+cE1 (−(V1 − V2 )( − V1 V2 + V3 ) + 2(V1 + V2 )V4 + (−V1 + V2 )V4 )Cos[φE1 − (E1 − E2 )t] +
2 2 2 2 2
+cE2 (2 + V1 + V2 − 2(V1 + V2 )V3 + 2V3 + 2V4 )Sin[φE2 ]

2 2 3
−cE1 ((V1 − V2 )(V1 + V2 ) + 2( − V1 V2 + V3 )V4 + 2V4 )Sin[φE1 − (E1 − E2 )t]) (30)
It is quite straightforward to obtain probability of occupancy of energy E1 by

electron in position based qubit after weak measurement (one interaction with
passing charge particle) and it is given as
2
(cE1m )2 = ×
(4(4 + (−V1 V2 + V32 + V42 )2 + 2 (V12 + V22 + 2(V32 + V42 ))))
× [(c2E1 (42 + (V1 + V2 + 2V3 )2 ) + c2E2 ((V1 − V2 )2 + 4V42 ) +
+ 2cE1 cE2 (−(V1 − V2 )(V1 + V2 + 2V3 ) + 4V4 )Cos[φE1 − φE2 − (E1 − E2 )t1 ] −
− 4cE1 cE2 [(V1 − V2 ) + (V1 + V2 + 2V3 )V4 ]Sin[φE1 − φE2 − (E1 − E2 )t1 ])] (31)
8 K. Pomorski
2
(cE2m )2 = ×
4(4 + (−V1 V2 + V32 + V42 )2 + 2 (V12 + V22 + 2(V32 + V42 )))

× c2E2 (42 + (V1 + V2 − 2V3 )2 ) + c2E1 ((V1 − V2 )2 + 4V42 ) −
− 2cE1 cE2 ((V1 − V2 )(V1 + V2 − 2V3 ) + 4V4 )Cos[φE1 − φE2 − (E1 − E2 )t] +

+ 4cE1 cE2 ((V1 − V2 ) − (V1 + V2 − 2V3 )V4 )Sin[φE1 − φE2 − (E1 − E2 )t] (32)
Consequently we obtain phase imprint on energy eigenstate E1 given by the

relation

iφE1m 1
e = ×
2(4 + (−V1 V2 + V32 + V42 )2 + 2 (V12 + V22 + 2(V32 + V42 )))

2 2 2 2
× (cE1 |(2 + V1 + V2 + 2V1 V3 + 2V3 (V2 + V3 ) + 2V4 )Cos[φE1 ] +
2 2 2 2 3
+ cE2 ((−V1 + V2 ) + 2( − V1 V2 + V3 )V4 + 2V4 )Cos[φE2 + (E1 − E2 )t] +
2 2 2
+ cE1 ( (V1 + V2 − 2V3 ) + (V1 + V2 + 2V3 )(V1 V2 − V3 − V4 ))Sin[φE1 ] +

2 2 2
+ cE2 ((V1 − V2 )( − V1 V2 + V3 ) + 2(V1 + V2 )V4 + (V1 − V2 )V4 )Sin[φE2 + (E1 − E2 )t])) +
2 2 2
+ i[((cE1 (− (V1 + V2 − 2V3 ) − (V1 + V2 + 2V3 )(V1 V2 − V3 − V4 ))Cos[φE1 ]
2
2(V1 + V2 )V4 + (V1 − V2 )V4 )Cos[φE2 + (E1 − E2 )t] +
2 2 2 2
+ cE1 (2 + V1 + V2 + 2V1 V3 + 2V3 (V2 + V3 ) + 2V4 )Sin[φE1 ] +

2 2 2 2 3
+ cE2 ((−V1 + V2 ) + 2( − V1 V2 + V3 )V4 + 2V4 )Sin[φE2 + (E1 − E2 )t])) ×

2
× ×
(4(4 + (−V1 V2 + V32 + V42 )2 + 2 (V12 + V22 + 2(V32 + V42 ))))
2 2 2 2 2 2
× [(cE1 (4 + (V1 + V2 + 2V3 ) ) + cE2 ((V1 − V2 ) + 4V4 ) +
+ 2cE1 cE2 (−(V1 − V2 )(V1 + V2 + 2V3 ) + 4V4 )Cos[φE1 − φE2 − (E1 − E2 )t] −
− 1
2
− 4cE1 cE2 [(V1 − V2 ) + (V1 + V2 + 2V3 )V4 ]Sin[φE1 − φE2 − (E1 − E2 )t])] (33)
and phase imprint on energy eigenstate E2 given by the relation

iφE2m 1
e = ×
(4 + (−V1 V2 + V32 + V42 )2 + 2 (V12 + V22 + 2(V32 + V42 )))

2 2 2
× i (−cE2 ( (V1 + V2 + 2V3 ) + (V1 + V2 − 2V3 )(V1 V2 − V3 − V4 ))Cos[φE2 ] +
2 2 2
+ cE1 (−(V1 − V2 )( − V1 V2 + V3 ) + 2(V1 + V2 )V4 + (−V1 + V2 )V4 )Cos[φE1 − (E1 − E2 )t] +
2 2 2 2 2
+ cE2 (2 + +
− 2(V1 + V2 )V3 + 2V3 + 2V4 )Sin[φE2 ] −
V1 V2

2 2 3
− cE1 ((V1 − V2 )(V1 + V2 ) + 2( − V1 V2 + V3 )V4 + 2V4 )Sin[φE1 − (E1 − E2 )t]) +

2 2 2 2 2
+ ((cE2 (2 + V1 + V2 − 2(V1 + V2 )V3 + 2V3 + 2V4 )Cos[φE2 ] −
2 2 3
− cE1 ((V1 − V2 )(V1 + V2 ) + 2( − V1 V2 + V3 )V4 + 2V4 )Cos[φE1 + (−E1 + E2 )t] +
2 2 2
+ cE2 ( (V1 + V2 + 2V3 ) + (V1 + V2 − 2V3 )(V1 V2 − V3 − V4 ))Sin[φE2 ] +

2 2 2
+ cE1 ((V1 − V2 )( − V1 V2 + V3 ) − 2(V1 + V2 )V4 + (V1 − V2 )V4 )Sin[φE1 + (−E1 + E2 )t])) ×

2 2 2 2 2 2
× ((cE2 (4 + (V1 + V2 − 2V3 ) ) + cE1 ((V1 − V2 ) + 4V4 ) −
− 2cE1 cE2 ((V1 − V2 )(V1 + V2 − 2V3 ) + 4V4 )Cos[φE1 − φE2 − (E1 − E2 )t] +
− 1
2
+ 4cE1 cE2 ((V1 − V2 ) − (V1 + V2 − 2V3 )V4 )Sin[φE1 − φE2 − (E1 − E2 )t])) (34)
.
In general case of the position based qubit with complex values of hopping
coefficients ts12 = tsr + itsi brings eigenenergies

1
E1 = − (Ep1 − Ep2 )2 + 4 (t2si + t2sr ) + (Ep1 + Ep2 ) ,
2

1
E2 = (Ep1 − Ep2 )2 + 4 (t2si + t2sr ) + (Ep1 + Ep2 ) (35)
2
that are referred to the eigevectors

⎛ ⎞
i(tsi −itsr ) (Ep1 −Ep2 )2 +4(t2si +t2sr )−Ep1 +Ep2
⎜− ,⎟
⎜ √2 2 ⎟
⎜ 2 tsi +t2sr 14 (Ep1 −Ep2 )2 +4(t2si +t2sr )−Ep1 +Ep2 +t2si +t2sr ⎟
|E1 = ⎜
⎜ √ ⎟
⎟
⎜
t2si +t2sr ⎟
⎝ 2 ⎠
1
4 (Ep1 −Ep2 )2 +4(t2si +t2sr )−Ep1 +Ep2 +t2si +t2sr
and
⎛ ⎞
i(tsi −itsr ) (Ep1 −Ep2 )2 +4(t2si +t2sr )+Ep1 −Ep2
⎜ ,⎟
⎜ √2 2 ⎟
⎜ 2 tsi +t2sr 14 (Ep1 −Ep2 )2 +4(t2si +t2sr )+Ep1 −Ep2 +t2si +t2sr ⎟
|E2 = ⎜
⎜ √ ⎟.
⎟
⎜
t2si +t2sr ⎟
⎝ 2 ⎠
1
4 +(Ep1 −Ep2 )2 +4(t2si +t2sr )+Ep1 −Ep2 +t2si +t2sr
The quantum state before weak measurement is given in the form as

E1 t E2 t α(t),
|ψt = cE1 eiφE1 e i |E1 + cE2 eiφE2 e i |E2 =
β(t), x
and the quantum state after measurement is given in the form as

E1 t E2 t αm (t),
|ψt = cE1m eiφE1m i
e |E1 + cE2m eiφE2m i
e |E2 = .
βm (t), x
and for the weak measurement taking part at time instant t1 we have
−
αm (t+
1 ), M1,1 M1,2 α(t1 ),
= .
βm (t+
1 ), x
M 2,1 M 2,2 β(t−
1 ), x
or equivalently
∗
∗
M1,1 M2,1
αm (t+ ∗ + ∗
1 ) , βm (t1 ) , x = α(t− ∗ − ∗
1 ) , β(t1 ) , x ∗ ∗ (36)
M1,2 M2,2
10 K. Pomorski
Last two relations implies

∗ ∗

+
αm (t ), M1,1 M2,1 M1,1 M1,2
−
α(t ),
+ + = α(t− )∗ , β(t− )∗ ,
1 = αm (t )∗ , βm (t )∗ , 1
+ ∗ ∗
1
− = 1
1 1 x βm (t ) 1 1 x M1,2 M2,2 M2,1 M2,2 β(t )
1 x 1
that simply means

∗ ∗
M1,1 M2,1 M1,1 M1,2 1 0
∗
M1,2 ∗
M2,2 M2,1 M2,2
= 1̂ =
0 1
. (37)
Such reasoning can be conducted also for many particle states. Basing on the
conducted analysis we obtain the parameters of the quantum state in eigenenergy
representation after weak measurement at time t1 in the form as
E1
eiφE1m cE1m = e− i t1
√ √
−i(tsi −itsr ) (Ep1 −Ep2 )2 +4(t2si +t2sr )−Ep1 +Ep2 t2si +t2sr
√
√ 2 √ , ×
2 t2si +t2sr 1
(Ep1 −Ep2 )2 +4(t2si +t2sr )−Ep1 +Ep2 +t2si +t2sr t2si +t2sr + 14 (−Ep1 +Ep2 + (Ep1 −Ep2 )2 +4(tsi +t2sr ))2 2
4
−
M1,1 M1,2 α(t1 ),
× =
M2,1 M2,2 β(t−
1 ),
√ √2 2
E1 −i(tsi −itsr ) (Ep1 −Ep2 )2 +4(t2si +t2sr )−Ep1 +Ep2 tsi +tsr
= e− i t1 √
√ 2 √ , ×
2 t2si +t2sr 1
(Ep1 −Ep2 )2 +4(t2si +t2sr )−Ep1 +Ep2 +t2si +t2sr t2si +t2sr + 14 (−Ep1 +Ep2 + (Ep1 −Ep2 )2 +4(t2si +t2sr ))2
4

1 −
√
(Ep1 −Ep2 )2 +4(t2 2
si +tsr )+(Ep1 +Ep2 )
M1,1 α(t− −
1 ) + M1,2 β(t1 )
2
× = e− i t1
×
M2,1 α(t− −
1 ) + M2,2 β(t1 )

−i(tsi − itsr ) (Ep1 − Ep2 )2 + 4 (t2si + t2sr ) − Ep1 + Ep2
2 (M1,1 α(t− −
1 ) + M1,2 β(t1 )) +
2 t2si + t2sr 14 (Ep1 − Ep2 )2 + 4 (t2si + t2sr ) − Ep1 + Ep2 + t2si + t2sr
t2si + t2sr
+ (M2,1 α(t− −
1 ) + M2,2 β(t1 )) =
t2si + t2sr + 14 (−Ep1 + Ep2 + (Ep1 − Ep2 )2 + 4(t2si + t2sr ))2
= eiφE1m cE1m .
(38)
and
2 E
eiφE2m cE2m = e− i t1
√ √2 2
+i(tsi −itsr ) (Ep1 −Ep2 )2 +4(t2si +t2sr )−Ep2 +Ep1 tsi +tsr
√
√ 2 √ , ×
2 t2si +t2sr 14 (Ep1 −Ep2 )2 +4(t2si +t2sr )−Ep2 +Ep1 +t2si +t2sr t2si +t2sr + 14 (−Ep2 +Ep1 + (Ep1 −Ep2 )2 +4(t2si +t2sr ))2
−
M1,1 M1,2 α(t1 ),
× =
M2,1 M2,2 β(t−
1)
√ √
E2 +i(tsi −itsr ) (Ep1 −Ep2 )2 +4(t2si +t2sr )−Ep2 +Ep1 t2si +t2sr
e− i t √
√ 2 √ , ×
2 t2si +t2sr 1
(Ep1 −Ep2 )2 +4(t2si +t2sr )−Ep2 +Ep1 +t2si +t2sr t2si +t2sr + 14 (−Ep2 +Ep1 + (Ep1 −Ep2 )2 +4(t2si +t2sr ))2
4

M1,1 α(t− −
1 ) + M1,2 β(t1 ),
× =
M2,1 α(t− −
1 ) + M2,2 β(t1 )
√
1 (Ep1 −Ep2 )2 +4(t2 2
2 si +tsr )+(Ep1 +Ep2 )
= e− i t
×

+i(tsi − itsr ) (Ep1 − Ep2 + + )2
− Ep2 + Ep1 4 (t2si t2sr )
2 (M1,1 α(t− −
1 ) + M1,2 β(t1 ))) +
2 t2si + t2sr 14 (Ep1 − Ep2 )2 + 4 (t2si + t2sr ) − Ep2 + Ep1 + t2si + t2sr
t2si + t2sr
+ (M2,1 α(t− −
1 ) + M2,2 β(t1 ))) = e
iφE2m
cE2m .
1
t2si + t2sr + 4( Ep2 + Ep1 + (Ep1 Ep2 )2 + 4(t2si + t2sr ))2
Fig. 1. (Top left): Scheme of position based qubit as given by [6] and act of weak
measurement by external charged probe [3]; (Top right): Act of passage of charged
particle in the proximity of position based qubit and renormalization of qubit con-
fining potential due to the external perturbation; (Middle Left): Scheme of various
energy levels present in qubit [4]; (Middle Right): Different effective potential of sin-
gle electron obtained by various voltages applied to 3 electrodes; (Bottom): Different
qubit eigenenergy levels for different confining potential cases from (Middle Right). It is
worth mentioning that passing electric charge can induce quantum system transitions
between many energetic levels.
12 K. Pomorski
3 Dynamic of Two Qubit Electrostatic Entanglement

Under Influence of Weak Measurement
We have the following two interacting qubits (1 and 2) Hamiltonian with nodes
(1,2) and (1 , 2 ) for isolated quantum system [3] given in the form
⎛ 2 ⎞
E + Ep1 + d q ts2 ts1 0
⎜ p1 1,1 ⎟
⎜ ⎟
⎜ q2 ⎟
⎜ t∗
s2 E p1 + E + 0 t s1 ⎟
⎜ p2 d
1,2 ⎟
H =⎜
⎜ 2 ⎟.
⎟
(39)
⎜ t∗
s1 0 Ep2 + Ep1 + d q ts2 ⎟
⎜ 2,1 ⎟
⎝ q2
⎠
0 t∗
s1 t ∗
s2 E p2 + E p2 + d
2,2
Placement of external probing particle affecting only qubit 1 modifies this Hamil-
tonian
q2
Ep1 + f1 (t) + Ep1 + d1,1 ts2 ts1 + f3 (t) + if4 (t) 0
q2
t∗s2 Ep1 + f1 (t) + Ep2 + d1,2 0 ts1 + f3 (t) + if4 (t)
H= q2
t∗s1 + f3 (t) − if4 (t) 0 Ep2 + f2 (t) + Ep1 + d2,1 ts2
q2
0 t∗s1 + f3 (t) − if4 (t) t∗s2 Ep2 + f2 (t) + Ep2 + d2,2
Let us investigate the equations of motion for 2-qubit system under influence of
external charge particle. Let us assume that the quantum system is given as
⎛ ⎞
γ1
⎜γ2 ⎟
|ψ(t) = ⎜ ⎟
⎝γ3 ⎠ , |γ1 (t)| + |γ2 (t)| + |γ3 (t)| + |γ4 (t)| = 1
2 2 2 2
(40)
γ4
We end up with four equation system given as
q2 d
[Ep1 + f1 (t)) + Ep1 + ]γ1 (t) + ts2 γ2 (t) + ts1 γ3 (t) + [f3 (t) + if4 (t)]γ3 (t) = i γ1 (t), (41)
d1,1 dt
∗ q2 d
ts2 γ2 (t) + [Ep1 + f1 (t) + Ep2 + ]γ2 (t) + [ts1 + f3 (t) + if4 (t)]γ4 (t) = i γ2 (t), (42)
d1,2 dt
∗ q2 d
(ts1 + f3 (t) − if4 (t))γ1 (t) + [Ep2 + f2 (t) + Ep1 + ]γ3 (t) + ts2 γ4 (t) = i γ3 (t), (43)
d2,1 dt
∗ ∗ q2 d
(ts1 + f3 (t) − if4 (t))γ2 + ts2 γ3 (t) + (Ep2 + f2 (t) + Ep2 + )γ4 (t) = i γ4 (t) (44)
d2,2 dt
with single proton movement in proximity of position based qubit generating

N protons
N protons
f1 (t) = V1 (k)δ(t − t1 (k)), f2 (t) = V2 (k)δ(t − t1 (k)),
k=1 k=1

N protons
f3 (t) = (V3 (k) + iV4 (k))δ(t − t1 (k)), (45)
k=1
that in most simple version has the form

f1 (t) = V1 δ(t − t1 ), f2 (t) = V2 δ(t − t1 ), f3 (t) = (V3 ) + iV4 )δ(t − t1 ). (46)
t −δt
Applying operator t11−δt dt to both sides of 41 equation with very small δt → 0
we obtain four algebraic relations as
−
1 ) − γ1 (t1 )) = V1 γ1 (t1 ) + [V3 + iV4 ]γ3 (t1 ),
i(γ1 (t+ + +
−
1 ) − γ2 (t1 )) = V2 γ2 (t1 ) + [V3 + iV4 ]γ4 (t1 ),
i(γ2 (t+ + +
−
1 ) − γ3 (t1 )) = [V3 − iV4 ]γ1 (t1 ) + V2 γ3 (t1 ),
i(γ3 (t+ + +
−
1 ) − γ4 (t1 )) = [V3 − iV4 ]γ2 (t1 ) + V2 γ4 (t1 ),
i(γ4 (t+ + +
(47)
and is equivalent to the relation
⎛ ⎞⎛ ⎞ ⎛ ⎞
i − V1 0 −[V3 + iV4 ] 0 γ1 (t+
1 ) γ1 (t−1 )
⎜ ⎟ ⎜ − ⎟
1 ⎜
⎜ 0 i − V1 0 −[V3 + iV4 ]⎟
⎟⎜ γ2 (t+ )⎟ ⎜γ2 (t1 )⎟
⎝ i − V2 ⎠ ⎜ 1
+ ⎟ = ⎜
⎝γ3 (t1 )⎠ ⎝γ3 (t−
⎟ (48)
i −[V3 − iV4 ] 1 )⎠
0 0
0 −[V3 − iV4 ] 0 i − V2 γ4 (t+
1 ) γ4 (t −
1 )
what brings the system of coupled quantum states of position based qubit after
the passage of charged particle at time t+1 in dependence on the quantum state
at time t−
1 with condition t +
1 = t −
1 + Δt for Δt → 0 is given in the algebraic form
as
⎛ +
⎞
γ1 (t )
⎜ 1 ⎟
⎜γ2 (t+ )⎟ +
+
ψ(t1 ) = ⎜ 1 ⎟ 1 t1 dt Ĥ(t ) ψ(t− )
⎜ + ⎟ = i − 1
⎝γ3 (t1 )⎠ t1
+
γ4 (t )
1
⎛ ⎞−1
i − V1 0 −[V3 + iV4 ] 0
⎜ 0 i − V1 0
⎟
−[V3 + iV4 ]⎟
⎜
= i ⎜
⎝−[V3 − iV4 ] 0 i − V2 0
⎟
⎠
(49)
0 −[V3 − iV4 ] 0 i − V2
⎛ −
⎞ ⎛ −
⎞
γ1 (t ) γ1 (t )
⎜ 1 ⎟ ⎜ 1 ⎟
⎜γ2 (t− )⎟ ⎜γ2 (t− )⎟
⎜ 1 ⎟ ⎜ 1 ⎟ −
⎜γ (t− )⎟ = M̂ ⎜γ (t− )⎟ = M̂ ψ(t1 ) =
⎝ 3 1 ⎠ ⎝ 3 1 ⎠
− −
γ4 (t ) γ4 (t )
1 1
⎛ ⎞⎛ −
⎞
M1,1 M1,2 M1,3 M1,4 γ1 (t )
⎜ 1 ⎟
⎜M ⎟ ⎜ − ⎟
M2,2 M2,3 M2,4 ⎟ ⎜γ2 (t1 )⎟
⎜
= ⎜ 2,1 ⎟ − ⎟ =
⎝M3,1 M3,2 M3,3 M3,4 ⎠ ⎜⎝γ3 (t1 )⎠
M4,1 M4,2 M4,3 M4,4 −
γ4 (t )
1
⎛ ⎞
M1,1 M1,2 M1,3 M1,4
⎜M M2,4 ⎟
⎜ M2,2 M2,3 ⎟ − − − −
= ⎜ 2,1 ⎟ [γ1 (t1 ) |x1 + γ2 (t1 ) |x2 + γ3 (t1 ) |x3 + γ4 (t1 ) |x4 ] =
⎝M3,1 M3,2 M3,3 M3,4 ⎠
M4,1 M4,2 M4,3 M4,4
− − − −
= M̂ (|E1 E1 | + |E2 E2 | + |E3 E3 | + |E4 E4 |)[γ1 (t ) |x1 + γ2 (t ) |x2 + γ3 (t ) |x3 + γ4 (t ) |x4 ] =
1 1 1 1
− − − −
= M̂ (E1 | |x1 γ1 (t ) + E1 | |x2 γ2 (t ) + E1 | |x3 γ3 (t ) + E1 | |x4 γ4 (t )) |E1 +
1 1 1 1
− − − −
+ M̂ (E2 | |x1 γ1 (t ) + E2 | |x2 γ2 (t ) + E2 | |x3 γ3 (t ) + E2 | |x4 γ4 (t )) |E2 +
1 1 1 1
− − − −
+ M̂ (E3 | |x1 γ1 (t ) + E3 | |x2 γ2 (t ) + E3 | |x3 γ3 (t ) + E3 | |x4 γ4 (t )) |E3 +
1 1 1 1
− − − −
+ M̂ (E4 | |x1 γ1 (t ) + E4 | |x2 γ2 (t ) + E4 | |x3 γ3 (t ) + E4 | |x4 γ4 (t )) |E4 =
1 1 1 1
⎛ ⎞⎛ −
⎞
|E1 E1 | |x1 |E1 E1 | |x2 |E1 E1 | |x3 |E1 E1 | |x4 γ1 (t )
1
⎜|E E | |x |E E | |x |E E | |x |E E | |x ⎟ ⎜ ⎜ (t
− ⎟
)⎟
⎜ 2 2 1 2 2 2 2 2 3 2 2 ⎟ γ
4 ⎟⎜ 2 1 ⎟ =
= M̂ ⎜
⎝|E3 E3 | |x1 |E3 E3 | |x2 |E3 E3 | |x3 |E3 E3 | |x4 ⎠ ⎜ − ⎟
⎝γ3 (t1 )⎠
|E4 E4 | |x1 |E4 E4 | |x2 |E4 E4 | |x3 |E4 E4 | |x4 −
γ4 (t )
1
⎛ −
⎞
γ1 (t )
1
⎜ ⎜γ2 (t− )⎟
⎟
= M̂ |E1 [ E1 | |x1 , E1 | |x2 , E1 | |x3 , E1 | |x4 ⎜ 1 ⎟
⎜γ (t− )⎟] +
⎝ 3 1 ⎠
−
γ4 (t )
1
⎛ −
⎞
γ1 (t )
⎜ 1 ⎟
⎜γ2 (t− )⎟
+ M̂ |E2 [ E2 | |x1 , E2 | |x2 , E2 | |x3 , E2 | |x4 ⎜ ⎜
1 ⎟
− ⎟] +
⎝γ3 (t1 )⎠
−
γ4 (t )
1
14 K. Pomorski
⎛ −
⎞
γ1 (t )
1 ⎟
⎜
⎜γ2 (t− )⎟
+ M̂ |E3 [ E3 | |x1 , E3 | |x2 , E3 | |x3 , E3 | |x4 ⎜ 1 ⎟
⎜γ (t− )⎟] +
⎝ 3 1 ⎠
−
γ4 (t )
1
⎛ −
⎞
γ1 (t )
1 ⎟
⎜
⎜γ2 (t− )⎟
+ M̂ |E4 [ E4 | |x1 , E4 | |x2 , E4 | |x3 , E4 | |x4 ⎜ 1 ⎟
⎜γ (t− )⎟] =
⎝ 3 1 ⎠
−
γ4 (t )
1
⎛ ⎞⎛ − − − −
⎞
M1,1 M1,2 M1,3 M1,4 E1 | |x1 γ1 (t ) + E1 | |x2 γ2 (t ) + E1 | |x3 γ3 (t ) + E1 | |x4 γ4 (t )
1 1 1 1 ⎟
⎜M ⎟⎜⎜E | |x (t
−
) + E | |x (t
−
) + E | |x (t
−
) + E | |x (t
− ⎟
)
⎜ M M M 2,4 ⎟ ⎜ 2 1 γ1 1 2 2 γ2 1 2 3 γ3 1 2 4 γ4 1 ⎟
= ⎜ 2,1 2,2 2,3
⎟
⎝M3,1 M3,2 M3,3 M3,4 ⎠ ⎜ − − − − ⎟
⎝E3 | |x1 γ1 (t1 ) + E3 | |x2 γ2 (t1 ) + E3 | |x3 γ3 (t1 ) + E3 | |x4 γ4 (t1 )⎠
M4,1 M4,2 M4,3 M4,4 − − − −
E4 | |x1 γ1 (t ) + E4 | |x2 γ2 (t ) + E4 | |x3 γ3 (t ) + E4 | |x4 γ4 (t )
1 1 1 1
and matrix M̂ can be rewritten as
(V2 − i) 0 −(iV4 + V3 ) 0

i ⎜ 0 (V2 − i) 0 −(iV4 + V3 ) ⎟
M̂ = ×⎜ ⎝ .⎟
⎠=
(V32 )2
+ V4 + ( + iV1 )( + iV2 ) −(−iV4 + V3 ) 0 (V1 − i) 0
0 −(−iV4 + V3 ) 0 (V1 − i)
1 2 2 2 2
= 2 × [( (V1 + V2 )) + i(( − V1 V2 + V3 + V4 ))] ×
4 + 2 (V12 + V22 + 2 (V32 + V42 )) + (−V1 V2 + V32 + V42 )
⎛ ⎞
(V2 − i) 0 −(iV4 + V3 ) 0
⎜ 0 (V − i) 0 −(iV + V )⎟
×⎜⎝−(−iV4 + V3 )
2 4 3 ⎟=
⎠
0 (V1 − i) 0
0 −(−iV4 + V3 ) 0 (V1 − i)
1
= 2 ×‘
4 + 2 (V12 + V22 + 2 (V32 + V42 )) + (−V1 V2 + V32 + V42 )
⎛ ⎞
1000
⎜0 1 0 0⎟
× ((2 V2 (V1 + V2 )) + (2 (2 − V1 V2 + V32 + V42 ))) + i(−3 (V1 + V2 ) + V2 ((2 − V1 V2 + V32 + V42 ))) ⎜ ⎝0 0 0 0⎠ +
⎟
0000
⎛ ⎞
0000
⎜0 0 0 0⎟
+ ((2 V1 (V1 + V2 )) + (2 (2 − V1 V2 + V32 + V42 ))) + i(−3 (V1 + V2 ) + V1 ((2 − V1 V2 + V32 + V42 ))) ⎜ ⎝0 0 1 0⎠ +
⎟
0001
⎛ ⎞
0010
⎜0 0 0 1⎟
−[( (V1 + V2 )) + i(( − V1 V2 + V3 + V4 ))]V3 ⎜
2 2 2 2
⎝1 0 0 0⎠ +
⎟
0100
⎛ ⎞
0 0 −1 0
2 2 2 2
⎜ 0 0 0 −1⎟
+[i( (V1 + V2 )) − (( − V1 V2 + V3 + V4 ))]V4 .
+1 0 0 0
0 +1 0 0
One ends up with algebraic condition for the quantum state just after t1 = t+
1
−
so we have the relation between quantum state at t+1 and t1 expressed in the
algebraic way as
E1 t1 E2 t1 E3 t1 E4 t1
cE1m eiφE1m e |E1 + cE2m eiφE2m e |E2 + cE3m e eiφE3m |E3 + cE4m eiφE4 e |E4 =

⎛ ⎞
γ1 (t+
1)
⎜γ2 (t+ )⎟ 1
=⎜ ⎝γ3 (t+
1 ⎟=
⎠ 4 + 2 (V 2 + V 2 + 2 (V 2 + V 2 )) + (−V V + V 2 + V 2 )2 ×
1) 1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4
+
γ4 (t1 )
⎛ ⎞
1000
⎜0 1 0 0⎟
((2 V2 (V1 + V2 )) + (2 (2 − V1 V2 + V32 + V42 ))) + i(−3 (V1 + V2 ) + V2 ((2 − V1 V2 + V32 + V42 ))) +
0000
0000
⎛ ⎞
0000
⎜ ⎟
0 0 0 0
+ (( V1 (V1 + V2 )) + ( ( − V1 V2 + V3 + V4 ))) + i(− (V1 + V2 ) + V1 (( − V1 V2 + V3 + V4 ))) ⎜
2 2 2 2 2 3 2 2 2
⎝0 0 1 0⎠ +
⎟
0001
⎛ ⎞
0010
⎜ 0 0 0 1 ⎟
−[(2 (V1 + V2 )) + i((2 − V1 V2 + V32 + V42 ))]V3 ⎜ ⎝1 0 0 0⎠ +
⎟
0100
⎛ ⎞ ⎛ ⎞
0 0 −1 0 γ1 (t−
1)
⎜ 0 0 0 −1⎟ ⎜γ2 (t− )⎟
+[i( (V1 + V2 )) − (( − V1 V2 + V3 + V4 ))]V4 ⎜
2 2 2 2 ⎟ ⎜
⎝+1 0 0 0 ⎠ ⎝γ3 (t−
1 ⎟=
⎠
1)
0 +1 0 0 γ4 (t−
1)
1
= 2 ×
4 + 2 (V12 + V22 + 2 (V32 + V42 )) + (−V1 V2 + V32 + V42 )
⎛ ⎞
+ ((2 V2 (V1 + V2 )) + (2 (2 − V1 V2 + V32 + V42 ))) + i(−3 (V1 + V2 ) + V2 ((2 − V1 V2 + V32 + V42 ))) γ1 (t− 1)
⎜ ⎟
⎜ ⎟
⎜+ ((2 V2 (V1 + V2 )) + (2 (2 − V1 V2 + V32 + V42 ))) + i(−3 (V1 + V2 ) + V2 ((2 − V1 V2 + V32 + V42 ))) γ2 (t− 1 )⎟
⎜ ⎟+
⎜ 2 2 2 2 2 3 2 2 2 − ⎟
⎜+ (( V1 (V1 + V2 )) + ( ( − V1 V2 + V3 + V4 ))) + i(− (V1 + V2 ) + V1 (( − V1 V2 + V3 + V4 ))) γ3 (t1 )⎟
⎝ ⎠
+ ((2 V1 (V1 + V2 )) + (2 (2 − V1 V2 + V32 + V42 ))) + i(−3 (V1 + V2 ) + V1 ((2 − V1 V2 + V32 + V42 ))) γ4 (t− 1)
⎛ ⎞
− [(2 (V1 + V2 ))V3 + ((2 − V1 V2 + V32 + V42 ))V4 ] − i[(2 (V1 + V2 ))V4 + ((2 − V1 V2 + V32 + V42 ))V3 ] γ3 (t− 1)
⎜ ⎟
⎜ ⎟
⎜ − [2 (V1 + V2 ))V3 + ((2 − V1 V2 + V32 + V42 ))V4 ] − i[(2 (V1 + V2 ))V4 + ((2 − V1 V2 + V32 + V42 ))V3 ] γ4 (t− 1 )⎟
⎜ ⎟ =
⎜ 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 − ⎟
⎜ − [(( − V1 V2 + V3 + V4 ))V4 + ( (V1 + V2 ))V3 ] + i[( (V1 + V2 ))V4 − (( − V1 V2 + V3 + V4 ))V3 ] γ1 (t1 )⎟
⎝ ⎠
− [((2 − V1 V2 + V32 + V42 ))V4 + (2 (V1 + V2 ))V3 ] + i[(2 (V1 + V2 ))V4 − ((2 − V1 V2 + V32 + V42 ))V3 ] γ2 (t− 1)
− − − −
E1 t1 E2 t1 E3 t1 E4 t1
= M̂ [cE1 eiφE1 e |E1 + cE2 eiφE2 e |E2 + cE3 e eiφE3 |E3 + cE4 eiφE4 e |E4 ].
Last equation implies four relations

− −
E1 t1 E1 t1 E2 t1
cE1m eiφE1m e = E1 | M̂ [cE1 eiφE1 e |E1 + cE2 eiφE2 e |E2 +
− −
E3 t1 E4 t1
+ cE3 e eiφE3 |E3 + cE4 eiφE4 e |E4 ] =
⎛ ⎞
γ1 (t−
1)
⎜γ2 (t )⎟
−
= E1 | M̂ ⎜ 1 ⎟,
⎝γ3 (t− ⎠
1)
−
γ4 (t1 )
(50)
− − − −
E2 t1 E1 t1 E2 t1 E3 t1 E4 t1
cE2m eiφE2m e = E2 | M̂ [cE1 eiφE1 e |E1 + cE2 eiφE2 e |E2 + cE3 e eiφE3 |E3 + cE4 eiφE4 e |E4 ] =
⎛ ⎞
γ1 (t−
1)
⎜γ2 (t− )⎟
= E2 | M̂ ⎜
⎝γ3 (t−
1 ⎟
⎠
1)
γ4 (t−
1)
(51)
16 K. Pomorski
− − − −
E3 t1 E1 t1 E2 t1 E3 t1 E4 t1

⎛ ⎞
γ1 (t−
1)
⎜γ2 (t− )⎟
= E3 | M̂ ⎜
⎝γ3 (t−
1 ⎟,
⎠
1)
γ4 (t−
1)
(52)
− − − −
E4 t1 E1 t1 E2 t1 E3 t1 E4 t1

⎛ ⎞
γ1 (t−
1)
⎜γ2 (t− )⎟
= E4 | M̂ ⎜
⎝γ3 (t−
1 ⎟
⎠
1)
γ4 (t−
1)
(53)
The probability of occupancy of eigenenergy E1 , E2 , E3 and E4 for interacting
qubit system after measurement of charged particle passage is given by |cE1m |2 ,
|cE2m |2 ,|cE3m |2 ,|cE4m |2 and phase imprint of given eigenenergy state is given by
factors eiφE1m eiφ2m ,eiφE3m ,eiφE4m . Let us consider the case of two symmetric
qubits whose system is depicted at Fig. 2.
Fig. 2. Concept of two electrostatically interacting qubits and charged particle [2]
We have the following Hamiltonian

Ep1 + Ep1 + Ec(1,1 ) it2si + t2sr it1si + t1sr 0
t2sr − it2si Ep1 + Ep2 + Ec(1,2 ) 0 it1si + t1sr
Ĥ =
t1sr − it1si 0 Ep2 + Ep1 + Ec(2,1 ) it2si + t2sr
0 t1sr it1si t2sr it2si Ep2 + Ep2 + Ec(2,2 ) (54)
that can be simplified by placement of two qubit system in the geometrical

configuration giving the following electrostatic energies as Ec(1,1 ) = Ec(2,2 ) =
2 2
Ec1 = qd and Ec(2,1 ) = Ec(1,2 ) = Ec2 = √ 2 q 2
. We set Ep2 = Ep2 =
d +(a+b)
2
q2
Ep1 = Ep1 = Ep and we introduce Epp = 2Ep + qd and Epp1 = 2Ep + √ .
d2 +(a+b)2
First simplfied Hamiltonian of two qubit system has the structure
⎛ ⎞
Epp ts ts 0
⎜ ts Epp1 0 ts ⎟
Ĥ = ⎜
⎝ ts 0 Epp1 ts ⎠
⎟ (55)
0 ts ts Epp
and we assume that ts ∈ R. The eigenstates of simplified Hamiltonian are

⎛ ⎞ ⎛ ⎞
− √12 0
⎜ 0 ⎟ ⎜− √ ⎟
1
|E1 = ⎜ ⎟ ⎜ 2⎟
⎝ 0 ⎠ , |E2 = ⎝ √1 ⎠ (56)
2
+ √12 0
and
⎛ √ ⎞
(Epp −Epp1 )2 +16t2s −Epp +Epp1
,
⎜ 2√(Epp −Epp1 )2 +16t2 −Epp +Epp1 2 +32t2 ⎟
⎜ s s ⎟
⎜ ⎟
⎜ − √ 4ts
2 ,⎟
⎜ (Epp −Epp1 ) +16ts −Epp +Epp1 +32ts ⎟
2 2 2
⎜ 2 ⎟
|E3 = ⎜ ⎟ (57)
⎜ − √ 4ts
2 ,⎟
⎜ (Epp −Epp1 ) +16ts −Epp +Epp1 +32ts ⎟
2 2 2
⎜ 2
√ ⎟
⎜ ⎟
⎝
(Epp −Epp1 )2 +16t2s −Epp +Epp1 ⎠
√ 2
2 (Epp −Epp1 )2 +16t2s −Epp +Epp1 +32t2s
and
⎛ √ ⎞
(Epp −Epp1 )2 +16t2s +Epp −Epp1
,
√
⎜ 2 (Epp −Epp1 )2 +16t2 +Epp −Epp1 2 +32ts2 ⎟
⎜ s ⎟
⎜ ⎟
⎜ √ 4ts
2 ,⎟
⎜ 2 (Epp −Epp1 )2 +162 +Epp −Epp1 +32t2 ⎟
⎜ ts s ⎟
|E4 = ⎜ ⎟ (58)
⎜ √
4ts
2 ⎟
⎜ 2 (Epp −Epp1 )2 +16t2s +Epp −Epp1 +32t2s ⎟
⎜ √ ⎟
⎜ ⎟
⎝
(Epp −Epp1 )2 +16t2s +Epp −Epp1 ⎠
√ 2
2 (Epp −Epp1 )2 +16t2s +Epp −Epp1 +32t2s
18 K. Pomorski
We obtain
1
eiΦE1m cE1m = (ieiEpp t1 (cE1 ei(φE1 −Epp t1 ) (−2i + V1 + V2 ) √
2
1√
+ [ 2cE2 ei(φE2 −Epp1 t1 ) (2V3 + i( − 1)V4 )
2
1
−[cE3 exp i t1 (Epp − Epp1 )2 + 16t2s − t1 (Epp + Epp1 ) + 2φE3
2

2
[Epp (V2 − V1 ) + 4ts 4ts (V2 − V1 ) + i( + 1)V4 (Epp − Epp1 )2 + 16t2s +

2
+Epp (V1 − V2 ) (Epp − Epp1 )2 + 16t2s + 2Epp1 + Epp1 (V2 − V1 ) (Epp − Epp1 )2 + 16t2s + Epp1 (V2 − V1 )]]×
1
+
(Epp − Epp1 )2 + 16t2s 16t2s − (Epp − Epp1 ) (Epp − Epp1 )2 + 16t2s − Epp + Epp1
√
1 2 2
iφE4 − 2 it1 (Epp −Epp1 ) +16ts +Epp +Epp1
+[cE4 e ×

2
[Epp (V1 − V2 ) + 4ts 4ts (V1 − V2 ) + i( + 1)V4 (Epp − Epp1 )2 + 16t2s +

Epp (V1 − V2 ) (Epp − Epp1 )2 + 16t2s − 2Epp1 +

2
+Epp1 (V2 − V1 ) (Epp − Epp1 )2 + 16t2s + Epp1 (V1 − V2 )]] ×
1
]])
(Epp − Epp1 )2 + 16t2s (Epp − Epp1 ) (Epp − Epp1 )2 + 16t2s + Epp − Epp1 + 16t2s
1
×√
2 (2 + i(V1 + V2 + V4 (V3 − iV4 )) − V1 V2 + V3 (V3 − iV4 ))
(59)
The probability of occurrence of quantum state in energy E1 after weak mea-
surement is therefore equal to |eiΦE1m cE1m |2 . and
1 √
eiΦE2m cE2m = [ieiEpp1 t1 [ [ 2cE1 ei(φE1 −Epp t1 ) (2V3 + i( − 1)V4 ) +
2
√
1i t (Epp −Epp1 )2 +16t2
s −t1 (Epp +Epp1 )+2φE3
+[cE3 e 2 1

(−i( + 1)V4 (Epp − Epp1 ) (Epp − Epp1 )2 + 16t2s − Epp + Epp1 +
+4ts (V2 − V1 ) (Epp − Epp1 )2 + 16t2s + 16i( + 1)t2s V4 )]

1
× +
(Epp − Epp1 )2 + 16t2s 16t2s − (Epp − Epp1 ) (Epp − Epp1 )2 + 16t2s − Epp + Epp1
√
iφ − 1 it (Epp −Epp1 )2 +16t2
s +Epp +Epp1
+(cE4 e E4 2 1 ×
×[i( + 1)V4 (Epp − Epp1 )( (Epp − Epp1 )2 + 16t2s + Epp − Epp1 ) + 4ts (V1 − V2 ) (Epp − Epp1 )2 + 16t2s + 16i( + 1)t2s V4 ])
1
× ]+
(Epp − Epp1 ) + 16ts (Epp − Epp1 )
2 2 (Epp − Epp1 )2 + 16t2s + Epp − Epp1 + 16t2s
cE2 ei(φE2 −Epp1 t1 ) (−2i + V1 + V2 )

+ √ ]] ×
2
1
×√
2 (2 + i(V1 + V2 + V4 (V3 − iV4 )) − V1 V2 + V3 (V3 − iV4 ))
and
1
it − (E −E )2 +16t2 +E +E
eiΦE3m cE3m = −[ie 2 1 pp pp1 s pp pp1

1 √ −it1 (Epp +Epp1 )
( ( 2e (cE2 ei(Epp t1 +φE2 ) 4ts (V1 − V2 ) + i( + 1)V4 (Epp − Epp1 )2 + 16t2s − Epp + Epp1
2

−cE1 ei(Epp1 t1 +φE1 ) ((V1 − V2 )( (Epp − Epp1 )2 + 16t2s − Epp + Epp1 ) + 4i( + 1)ts V4 )) +

+[2icE3 16t2s − (Epp − Epp1 ) (Epp − Epp1 )2 + 16t2s − Epp + Epp1

1
exp i t1 (Epp − Epp1 )2 + 16t2s − t1 (Epp + Epp1 ) + 2φE3
2

2 (Epp − Epp1 )2 + 16t2s − 2ts V4 + i(V1 + V2 ) (Epp − Epp1 )2 + 16t2s + 4ts (V4 + 2iV3 ) ] ×
1
× )
(Epp − Epp1 )2 + 16t2s

4cE4 ts (Epp − Epp1 )(2V3 + i( − 1)V4 ) exp 12 i 2φE4 − t1 (Epp − Epp1 )2 + 16t2s + Epp + Epp1
− )] ×
(Epp − Epp1 ) (Epp − Epp1 )2 + 16t2s + Epp − Epp1 + 16t2s
1
× ×
2 16t2s − (Epp − Epp1 ) (Epp − Epp1 )2 + 16t2s − Epp + Epp1
1
×
(2 + i(V1 + V2 + V4 (V3 − iV4 )) − V1 V2 + V3 (V3 − iV4 ))
(60)
and
20
√
1 ei(φE1 −Epp t1 ) cE1
it1 Epp +Epp1 + (Epp −Epp1 )2 +16ts2
×eiΦE4m cE4m = [ie 2 ( Epp − Epp1 + (Epp − Epp1 )2 + 16t2s × (( √ +
2

1
√
i 2φE3 +t1 Epp +Epp1 + (Epp −Epp1 )2 +16t2s
+[e−i(Epp +Epp1 )t1 (e 2 16t2s − (Epp − Epp1 ) −Epp + Epp1 + (Epp − Epp1 )2 + 16t2s cE3 +

1
√
i 2φE4 +t1 Epp +Epp1 − (Epp −Epp1 )2 +16t2s
+cE4 e 2 16t2s + (Epp − Epp1 ) Epp − Epp1 + (Epp − Epp1 )2 + 16t2s )]
K. Pomorski
1
× )(V1 − i)
2
(Epp − Epp1 )2 + 16t2s
√
iφ − 1 it E +E + (Epp −Epp1 )2 +16t2s
ei(φE2 −Epp1 t1 ) cE2 2cE4 e E4 2 1 pp pp1 ts
+(− √ +
2
16t2s + (Epp − Epp1 ) Epp − Epp1 + (Epp − Epp1 )2 + 16t2s
√
1
i 2φE3 −(Epp +Epp1 )t1 +t1 (Epp −Epp1 )2 +16t2s
2cE3 e 2 ts
− )
2
16ts − (Epp − Epp1 ) −Epp + Epp1 + (Epp − Epp1 ) + 16t2s 2
(iV4 − V3 )) + (61)
√
iφE4 − 21 it1 Epp +Epp1 + (Epp −Epp1 )2 +16ts2
ei(φE2 −Epp1 t1 ) cE2 2cE4 e ts
+4ts (( √ +
2
√
1 2
i 2φE3 −(Epp +Epp1 )t1 +t1 (Epp −Epp1 ) +16ts2
2cE3 e 2 ts
− )(V1 − i) +
16t2s − (Epp − Epp1 ) −Epp + Epp1 + (Epp − Epp1 )2 + 16t2s
√
1
E3 1 pp pp1 pp
i 2φ pp1
+t sE +E + (E −E )2 +16t2
+((e−i(Epp +Epp1 )t1 (e 2

16t2s − (Epp − Epp1 ) −Epp + Epp1 + (Epp − Epp1 )2 + 16t2s cE3 +

1
√
i 2φE4 +t1 Epp +Epp1 − (Epp −Epp1 )2 +16ts2
+cE4 e 2 16t2s + (Epp − Epp1 ) Epp − Epp1 + (Epp − Epp1 )2 + 16ts2 ))
1 cE1 ei(φE1 −Epp t1 )

× − √ )
2 (Epp Epp1 )2 + 16ts2 2
√
1
i 2φE3 +t1 (Epp +Epp1 + (Epp −Epp1 )2 +16t2s )
(iV4 − V3 )) + Epp − Epp1 + (Epp − Epp1 )2 + 16t2s (([e−i(Epp +Epp1 )t1 (e 2 ×

16t2s − (Epp − Epp1 ) −Epp + Epp1 + (Epp − Epp1 )2 + 16t2s cE3 +

1
√
+cE4 e 2 16t2s + (Epp − Epp1 ) Epp − Epp1 + (Epp − Epp1 )2 + 16t2s )] ×
1 cE1ei(φE1 −Epp t1 )
− √ )(V2 − i)
2 (Epp − Epp1 )2 + 16ts2 2
√
iφ − 1 it E +E + (Epp −Epp1 )2 +16t2s
−( √ +
2
√
1
i 2φE3 −(Epp +Epp1 )t1 +t1 (Epp −Epp1 )2 +16ts2
2cE3e 2 ts
− )(V3 + iV4 )) +
2
16ts − (Epp − Epp1 ) −Epp + Epp1 + (Epp − Epp1 ) + 16t2s 2
√
iφ − 1 it E +E + (Epp −Epp1 )2 +16t2s
+4ts ((− √ +
2 2
16ts + (Epp − Epp1 ) Epp − Epp1 + (Epp − Epp1 )2 + 16t2s
√
1
i 2φE3 −(Epp +Epp1 )t1 +t1 (Epp −Epp1 )2 +16t2s
2cE3 e 2 ts ei(φE1 −Epp t1 ) cE1
− )(V2 − i) − [ √ +
2
16t2s − (Epp − Epp1 ) −Epp + Epp1 + (Epp − Epp1 )2 + 16t2s

1
√
i 2φE3 +t1 Epp +Epp1 + (Epp −Epp1 )2 +16ts2
+[e−i(Epp +Epp1 )t1 (e 2 16t2s − (Epp − Epp1 ) −Epp + Epp1 + (Epp − Epp1 )2 + 16t2s cE3 +
√
1
+cE4 e 2

1
16t2s + (Epp − Epp1 ) Epp − Epp1 + (Epp − Epp1 )2 + 16t2s )] ](V3 + iV4 )))]
2 (Epp − Epp1 )2 + 16t2s

1
× ×
2 16t2s + (Epp − Epp1 ) Epp − Epp1 + (Epp − Epp1 )2 + 16t2s (2 + i(V1 + V2 + (V3 − iV4 )V4 ) − V1 V2 + V3 (V3 − iV4 ))
21
22 K. Pomorski
Another step towards more general Hamiltonian for the system of symmetric
coupling electrostatic qubits is when we assume the existence of complex values
hopping constants it2si + t2sr and it1si + t1sr and in such case the Hamiltonian
has the following form
⎛ ⎞
Epp it2si + t2sr it1si + t1sr 0
⎜ t2sr − it2si Epp1 0 it1si + t1sr ⎟
Ĥ = ⎜
⎝ t1sr − it1si
⎟ (62)
0 Epp1 it2si + t2sr ⎠
0 t1sr − it1si t2sr − it2si Epp
Later it will be shown that particularly interesting case is Berry phase that can be
acquired by single-electron charge qubits. This will be based on the analogies of
tight-binding Hamiltonian of single qubit to spin 1/2 particle. Such analogies was
firstly expressed by work [3]. We refer to the physical situation two symmetric
qubits as by [3] and utilize the correlation function C to capture as to what extent
the two electrons are in a correlated state being both either on the left or on the
right side that is corresponding to terms N(-,-), N(+,+), or in an anticorrelated
state (expressed by terms N(+,-) and N(-,+). Such function is commonly used in
spin systems and is a measure of non-classical correlations. Using a tight-binding
model describing two electrostatically coupled SELs (Single Electron Lines [3]
as it is the case of 2 paralelly placed double quantum dots) and using the same
correlation function applicable in the test of Bell theory of entangled spins, we
obtain the correlation function C given by formula
N (+, +) + N (−, −) − N (−, +) − N (+, −)
C= =
N (+, +) + N (−, −) + N (−, +) + N (+, −)
√p √p (t − t )cos(−t (E − E )2 + 4(t − t )2 + φ
E1 E2 s1 s2 c1 c2 s1 s2 E10 − φE20 )
=4
(Ec1 − Ec2 )2 + 4(ts1 − ts2 )2
√ √
pE3 pE4 (ts1 + ts2 )cos(−t (Ec1 − Ec2 )2 + 4(ts1 + ts2 )2 + φE30 − φE40 )
+
(Ec1 − Ec2 )2 + 4(ts1 + ts2 )2
pE1 − pE2 pE3 − pE4
−(Ec1 − Ec2 ) + ,
2
(Ec1 − Ec2 ) + 4(ts1 − ts2 ) 2 2
(Ec1 − Ec2 ) + 4(ts1 + ts2 )2
(63)
where Ec1 and Ec2 are two Coulomb energies corresponding to interactions
between nodes ((1, 1 ), (2, 2 )) and ((1, 2 ), (2, 1 )) in the system of 2 coupled
Wannier qubits and we have evolution of quantum state expressed as
√ E1 t √ E2 t √ E3 t √ E4 t
|ψ >= pE1 eiφE10 e i |E1 > + pE2 eiφE20 e i |E2 > + pE3 eiφE30 e i |E3 > + pE4 eiφE40 e i |E4
(64)
√ √
and pE1 , .., pE4 are probability of occupancy of eigenergies E1 , .., E4 .
and the Hamiltonian of the system is given as

⎛ ⎞
2Ep + Ec1 ts2 eiβ ts1 eiα 0
⎜ ts2 e−iβ 2Ep + Ec2 0 ts1 eiα ⎟
Ĥ = ⎜⎝ ts1 e−iα
⎟ (65)
0 2Ep + Ec2 ts2 e+iβ ⎠
0 ts1 e−iα ts2 e−iβ 2Ep + Ec1
The passage of charged particle close to proximity of two SELs system is induc-
ing new φE10 → φEn10 , φE20 → φEn20 ,φE30 → φEn30 ,φE40 → φEn40 as well as
√ √ √ √ √ √ √ √
pE1 → pE1n , pE2 → pE2n , pE3 → pE3n , pE4 → pE4n . Also we
encounter α → αn and β → βn as the result of weak measurement conducted
on 2SELs by external charged particle. Therefore the correlation function C has
changed from C → Cn . Now we consider the interesting case of two electrostat-
ically interacting qubits placed in parallel given as
Ec1 0 0 0
Ep (t) t∗s (t) 10 10 −Ep (t) t∗s (t) ⎜ 0 Ec2 0 0 ⎟
Ĥt = × + × ⎜
+⎝ ⎟=
ts (t) −Ep (t) 01 01 ts (t) +Ep (t) 0 0 Ec2 0 ⎠
0 0 0 Ec1
= E1 |E1 >< E1 | + E2 |E2 >< E2 | + E3 |E3 >< E3 | + E4 |E4 >< E4 | + f12 (t)|E1 >< E2 | + f21 (t)|E2 >< E1 | +
+f13 (t)|E1 >< E3 | + f31 (t)|E3 >< E1 | + f14 (t)|E1 >< E4 | + f41 (t)|E4 >< E1 | +
+f23 (t)|E2 >< E3 | + f32 (t)|E3 >< E2 | + f24 (t)|E1 >< E4 | + f42 (t)|E4 >< E2 | +
+f34 (t)|E3 >< E4 | + f43 (t)|E4 >< E3 | = ĤSEL
(66)
As it will be shown such system coupled to quantum electromagnetic resonant
cavity can be immune from external noise due to the induction of Berry phase.
In such case we have the tight-binding Jaymess Cumming model introduced for
the first time by [6,7] in the form as
24 K. Pomorski
Ĥ = ĤQEC + ĤSEL + ĤQEC−SEL =

ECav1 |ECav1 >< ECav1 | + ECav2 |ECav2 >< ECav2 | + ECav3 |ECav3 >< ECav3 | + ECav4 |ECav4 >< ECav4 | ×

|E1 >< E1 | + |E2 >< E2 | + |E3 >< E3 | + |E4 >< E4 | +

|ECav1 >< ECav1 | + |ECav2 >< ECav2 | + |ECav3 >< ECav3 | + |ECav4 >< ECav4 | ×

+ E1 |E1 >< E1 | + E2 |E2 >< E2 | + E3 |E3 >< E3 | + E4 |E4 >< E4 | + f12 (t)|E1 >< E2 | + f21 (t)|E2 >< E1 | +
f43 (t)|E4 >< E3 | + f34 (t)|E3 >< E4 | + f13 (t)|E1 >< E3 | + f31 (t)|E3 >< E1 | + f14 (t)|E1 >< E4 | +

f41 (t)|E4 >< E1 | + f23 (t)|E2 >< E3 | + f32 (t)|E3 >< E2 | + f24 (t)|E1 >< E4 | + f42 (t)|E4 >< E2 | +
+g(ECav1 , E1 , ECav2 , E2 )|ECav2 > |E2 >< ECav1 | < E1 | + g(ECav2 , E2 , ECav1 , E1 )|ECav1 > |E1 >< ECav2 | < E2 | +
+.. +
+.. +
+g(ECav4 , E4 , ECav3 , E3 )|ECav3 > |E3 >< ECav4 | < E4 | + g(ECav3 , E3 , ECav4 , E4 )|ECav4 > |E4 >< ECav3 | < E3 | =
=4
K,L,S,U
(1 − K,L )(1 − K,S )(1 − K,U )(1 − L,S )(1 − L,U )(1 − U,S ) ×
K,L,S,U =1
×(g(ECavK , EL , ECavS , EU )|ECavS > |EU >< ECavK | < EL | + g(ECavS , EU , ECavK , EL )|ECavK > |EL >< ECavS | < EU |) +
4
(2K − 1) 4

+[ ω] × ÎSEL + ÎQEC × [ EK |EK >< EK |] +
K=1 2 K=1
K,L=4

+ (1 − K,L )fK,L (t)|EL >< EK |.
K,L=1
(67)
We identify that it is possible to construct holonomic SELs system interacting

with Quantum Electromagnetic Cavity. It is possible that three ground states
are selectively coupled to the excited states by external fields as it was shown
by work L.M.Duan, J.I.Cirac and P.Zoller entitled ‘Geometric Manipulation of
Trapped Ions for Quantum Computation’ (ArXiv : 0111086v1, 2001). In our
case we have three ground states of quantum electromagnetic cavity, ground
state of position-based qubit in upper line and ground state of position-based
qubit in lower line. The detailed considerations on Quantum Electromagnetic
Cavity interacting with single-electron devices is not the main subject of this
work. Now we come back to Hamiltonian of the form 62.
We obtain four orthogonal eigenstates of the system
⎛ ⎞

⎜ (t1si−it1sr)(t2si−it2sr) (Epp−Epp1)2 +4 −2 t1si2 +t1sr2 t2si2 +t2sr2 +t1si2 +t1sr2 +t2si2 +t2sr2 −Epp +Epp1 ⎟
⎜ ⎟
⎜ ,
⎟
⎜
⎟
⎜ ⎟
⎜2
⎜ t2 +t2
1si 1sr t 2 +t2
2si 2sr
4 −2 t2 +t2
1si 1sr t 2 +t2
2si 2sr +t2 +t2 +t2 +t2
1si 1sr 2si 2sr −(E pp −E pp1 ) (E pp −E pp1 )2 +4 −2 t2 +t2
1si 1sr t2 +t2
2si 2sr +t 2 +t2 +t2 +t2
1si 1sr 2si 2sr −E pp +E pp1 ⎟
⎟
⎜ ⎟
⎜ ⎟
⎜ ⎟
⎜ (t1sr+it1si) t1si2 +t1sr2 t2si2 +t2sr2 −t1si2 −t1sr2 ⎟
⎜ ⎟
⎜ , ⎟
⎜ ⎟
⎜ ⎟
⎜ t1si2 +t1sr2 4 −2 t1si2 +t1sr2 t2si2 +t2sr2 +t1si2 +t1sr2 +t2si2 +t2sr2 −(Epp−Epp1) (Epp−Epp1)2 +4 −2 t1si2 +t1sr2 t2si2 +t2sr2 +t1si2 +t1sr2 +t2si2 +t2sr2 −Epp+Epp1 ⎟
⎜ ⎟
⎜ ⎟
⎜
|E1 = ⎜ ⎟
⎟
⎜ (t2sr+it2si) t1si2 +t1sr2 t2si2 +t2sr2 −t2si2 −t2sr2 ⎟
⎜ ⎟
⎜ ⎟
⎜ , ⎟
⎜ ⎟
⎜ ⎟
⎜ t2si2 +t2sr2 4 −2 t1si2 +t1sr2 t2si2 +t2sr2 +t1si2 +t1sr2 +t2si2 +t2sr2 −(Epp−Epp1) (Epp−Epp1)2 +4 −2 t1si2 +t1sr2 t2si2 +t2sr2 +t1si2 +t1sr2 +t2si2 +t2sr2 −Epp+Epp1 ⎟
⎜ ⎟
⎜ ⎟
⎜ ⎟
⎜ ⎟
⎜ (Epp−Epp1)2 +4 −2 t1si2 +t1sr2 t2si2 +t2sr2 +t1si2 +t1sr2 +t2si2 +t2sr2 −Epp+Epp1 ⎟
⎜ ⎟
⎜ ⎟
⎜ ⎟
⎜
⎟
⎝ ⎠
24 −2 t1si2 +t1sr2 t2si2 +t2sr2 +t1si2 +t1sr2 +t2si2 +t2sr2 −(Epp−Epp1) (Epp −Epp1 )2 +4 −2 t1si2 +t1sr2 t2si2 +t2sr2 +t1si 2 +t2 +t2 +t2
1sr 2si 2sr −Epp +Epp1
⎛ ⎞

⎜ (t1si−it1sr)(t2si−it2sr) (Epp−Epp1)2 +4 −2 t1si2 +t1sr2 t2si2 +t2sr2 +t1si2 +t1sr2 +t2si2 +t2sr2 +Epp−Epp1 ⎟
⎜ ⎟
⎜ ,⎟
⎜
⎟
⎜ ⎟
⎜ t1si2 +t1sr2 t2si2 +t2sr2 (Epp−Epp1) (Epp−Epp1)2 +4 −2 t1si2 +t1sr2 t2si2 +t2sr2 +t1si2 +t1sr2 +t2si2 +t2sr2 +Epp−Epp1 +4 −2 t1si2 +t1sr2 t2si2 +t2sr2 +t1si2 +t1sr2 +t2si2 +t2sr2 ⎟
⎜2 ⎟
⎜ ⎟
⎜ ⎟
⎜ 2 2 ⎟
⎜ (t1sr+it1si) − t1si2 +t1sr2 t2si2 +t2sr2 +t1si +t1sr ⎟
⎜ ⎟
⎜ , ⎟
⎜ ⎟
⎜ ⎟
⎜ t1si2 +t1sr2 (Epp−Epp1) (Epp−Epp1)2 +4 −2 t1si2 +t1sr2 t2si2 +t2sr2 +t1si2 +t1sr2 +t2si2 +t2sr2 +Epp−Epp1 +4 −2 t1si2 +t1sr2 t2si2 +t2sr2 +t1si2 +t1sr2 +t2si2 +t2sr2 ⎟
⎜ ⎟
⎜ ⎟
⎜
|E2 = ⎜ ⎟
⎟
⎜ (t2sr+it2si) − t1si2 +t1sr2 t2si2 +t2sr2 +t2si2 +t2sr2 ⎟
⎜ ⎟
⎜ , ⎟
⎜ ⎟
⎜ ⎟
⎜ 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 ⎟
⎜ t2si +t2sr (Epp−Epp1) (Epp−Epp1) +4 −2 t1si +t1sr t2si +t2sr +t1si +t1sr +t2si +t2sr +Epp−Epp1 +4 −2 t1si2 +t1sr2 t2si2 +t2sr2 +t1si2 +t1sr2 +t2si2 +t2sr2 ⎟
⎜ ⎟
⎜ ⎟
⎜ ⎟
⎜ ⎟
⎜ (Epp−Epp1)2 +4 −2 t1si2 +t1sr2 t2si2 +t2sr2 +t1si2 +t1sr2 +t2si2 +t2sr2 +Epp−Epp1 ⎟
⎜ ⎟
⎜ ⎟
⎜ ⎟
⎜ ⎟
⎝ ⎠
2 (Epp−Epp1) (Epp−Epp1)2 +4 −2 t1si2 +t1sr2 t2si2 +t2sr2 +t1si2 +t1sr2 +t2si2 +t2sr2 +Epp−Epp1 +4 −2 t1si2 +t1sr2 t2si2 +t2sr2 +t1si2 +t1sr2 +t2si2 +t2sr2
25
26
⎛ ⎞

⎜ (t1si−it1sr)(t2si−it2sr) −Epp+Epp1+ (Epp−Epp1)2 +4 t1si2 +t1sr2 +t2si2 +t2sr2 +2 t1si2 +t1sr2 t2si2 +t2sr2 ⎟
⎜ ⎟
⎜− ⎟
⎜
⎟
⎜ ⎟
⎜ 2 t1si2 +t1sr2 t2si2 +t2sr2 4 t1si2 +t1sr2 +t2si2 +t2sr2 +2 t1si2 +t1sr2 t2si2 +t2sr2 −(Epp−Epp1) −Epp+Epp1+ (Epp−Epp1)2 +4 t1si2 +t1sr2 +t2si2 +t2sr2 +2 t1si2 +t1sr2 t2si2 +t2sr2 ⎟
⎜ ⎟
⎜ ⎟
⎜ ⎟
⎜ ⎟
⎜
⎜ i(t1si−it1sr) t1si2 +t1sr2 + t1si2 +t1sr2 t2si2 +t2sr2 ⎟
⎟
⎜ − ⎟
⎜ ⎟
⎜ ⎟
⎜ t1si2 +t1sr2 4 t1si2 +t1sr2 +t2si2 +t2sr2 +2 t1si2 +t1sr2 t2si2 +t2sr2 −(Epp−Epp1) −Epp+Epp1+ (Epp−Epp1)2 +4 t1si2 +t1sr2 +t2si2 +t2sr2 +2 t1si2 +t1sr2 t2si2 +t2sr2 ⎟
⎜ ⎟
⎜ ⎟
⎜
|E3 = ⎜ ⎟
⎟
⎜ i(t2si−it2sr) t2si2 +t2sr2 + t1si2 +t1sr2 t2si2 +t2sr2 ⎟ (68)
⎜ ⎟
⎜ ⎟
K. Pomorski
⎜ − ⎟
⎜ ⎟
⎜ ⎟
⎜ t2si2 +t2sr2 4 t1si2 +t1sr2 +t2si2 +t2sr2 +2 t1si2 +t1sr2 t2si2 +t2sr2 −(Epp−Epp1) −Epp+Epp1+ (Epp−Epp1)2 +4 t1si2 +t1sr2 +t2si2 +t2sr2 +2 t1si2 +t1sr2 t2si2 +t2sr2 ⎟
⎜ ⎟
⎜ ⎟
⎜ ⎟
⎜ ⎟
⎜ −Epp+Epp1+ (Epp−Epp1)2 +4 t1si2 +t1sr2 +t2si2 +t2sr2 +2 t1si2 +t1sr2 t2si2 +t2sr2 ⎟
⎜ ⎟
⎜ ⎟
⎜ ⎟
⎜ ⎟
⎝ ⎠
24 t1si2 +t1sr2 +t2si2 +t2sr2 +2 t1si2 +t1sr2 t2si2 +t2sr2 −(Epp−Epp1) −Epp+Epp1+ (Epp−Epp1)2 +4 t1si2 +t1sr2 +t2si2 +t2sr2 +2 t1si2 +t1sr2 t2si2 +t2sr2
⎛ ⎞

(t1si −it1sr )(t2si −it2sr ) (Epp −Epp1 )2 +4 2 t2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
⎜ 1si +t1sr t2si +t2sr +t1si +t1sr +t2si +t2sr +Epp −Epp1 ⎟
⎜ ⎟
⎜− ⎟
⎜
⎟
⎜ 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 ⎟
⎜
⎜ 2 t2
1si +t1sr t2si +t2sr
(E
pp −Epp1 ) (Epp −Epp1 )2 +4 2 t21si +t1sr t2si +t2sr +t1si +t1sr +t2si +t2sr +Epp −Epp1 +4 2 t21si +t1sr t2si +t2sr +t1si +t1sr +t2si +t2sr
⎟
⎟
⎜ ⎟
⎜ ⎟
⎜ 2 2 ⎟
⎜ (t1sr+it1si) t1si2 +t1sr2 t2si2 +t2sr2 +t1si +t1sr ⎟
⎜ ⎟
⎜ , , ⎟
⎜ ⎟
⎜ ⎟
⎜ t1si2 +t1sr2 (Epp−Epp1) (Epp−Epp1)2 +4 2 t1si2 +t1sr2 t2si2 +t2sr2 +t1si2 +t1sr2 +t2si2 +t2sr2 +Epp−Epp1 +4 2 t1si2 +t1sr2 t2si2 +t2sr2 +t1si2 +t1sr2 +t2si2 +t2sr2 ⎟
⎜ ⎟
⎜ ⎟
|E4 = ⎜ ⎟
⎜ ⎟
⎜ (t2sr+it2si) t1si2 +t1sr2 t2si2 +t2sr2 +t2si2 +t2sr2 ⎟ (69)
⎜ ⎟
⎜ ⎟
⎜ ⎟
⎜ ⎟
⎜ 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 ⎟
⎜ t2si +t2sr (Epp−Epp1) (Epp−Epp1) +4 2 t1si +t1sr t2si +t2sr +t1si +t1sr +t2si +t2sr2 +Epp−Epp1 +4 2 t1si2 +t1sr2 t2 ⎟
⎜ 2si +t2sr +t1si +t1sr +t2si +t2sr ⎟
⎜ ⎟
⎜ ⎟
⎜ ⎟
⎜ 2
(Epp −Epp1 ) +4 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 ⎟
⎜ t1si +t1sr t2si +t2sr +t1si +t1sr +t2si +t2sr +Epp −Epp1 ⎟
⎜ ⎟
⎜
, ⎟
⎜ ⎟
⎝ 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 ⎠
2(Epp −Epp1 ) (Epp −Epp1 )2 +4 2 2 +t2
t1si 1sr t2si +t2sr +t1si +t1sr +t2si +t2sr +Epp −Epp1 +4 2 t2
1si +t1sr t2si +t2sr +t1si +t1sr +t2si +t2sr
with 4 energy eigenvalues

1
E1 = − (Epp − Epp1 )2 + 4 −2 (t21si + t1sr
2 ) (t2 + t2 ) + t2 + t2 + t2 + t2
2si 2sr 1si 1sr 2si 2sr + Epp + Epp1
2
(70)

1 2 + t2 ) (t2 + t2 ) + t2 + t2 + t2 + t2
E2 = (Epp − Epp1 )2 + 4 −2 (t1si 1sr 2si 2sr 1si 1sr 2si 2sr + Epp + Epp1
2
(71)

1
E3 = − (Epp − Epp1 )2 + 4 2 (t21si + t21sr ) (t22si + t22sr ) + t21si + t21sr + t22si + t22sr + Epp + Epp1
2
(72)

1
E4 = (Epp − Epp1 )2 + 4 2 (t21si + t21sr ) (t2si
2 + t 2 ) + t2 + t 2 + t 2 + t 2
2sr 1si 1sr 2si 2sr + Epp + Epp1
2
(73)
4 Concept of Position Dependent Electrostatic Roton

Qubit
The idea is depicted in the Fig. 4. Electron placed in the structure has two
minima and two maxima in the effective confining potential. After one circulation
the wavefunction of such electron is changed by 2Πn phase and is coming back
to its original value so we are dealing with periodic boundary conditions. We
can express electron dynamics by effective Hamiltonian that is of the form
⎛ ⎞
Ep1 t21 0 t41
⎜ t12 Ep2 t32 0 ⎟
H=⎜ ⎝ 0 t23 Ep3 t43 ⎠
⎟ (74)
t14 0 t34 Ep4
Hermicity of Hamiltonian implies the condition t∗kl = tlk . If four minima and four
maxima of effective confining potential are the same the Hamiltonian reduced
to the form
⎛ ⎞
Ep1 ts 0 ts
⎜ ts Ep2 ts 0 ⎟
H=⎜ ⎝ 0 ts Ep1 ts ⎠
⎟ (75)
ts 0 ts Ep2
28 K. Pomorski
After renormalization Hamiltonian can be simplified to be of the form

⎛ ⎞
Epq1 1 0 1
⎜ 1 Epq2 1 0 ⎟
H=⎜ ⎝ 0
⎟ (76)
1 Epq1 1 ⎠
1 0 1 Epq2
The wavefunction of electron can be expressed in Wannier representation in the

following form
⎛ ⎞
γ1 (t)
⎜γ2 (t)⎟
|ψ = ⎜
⎝γ3 (t)⎠
⎟ (77)
γ4 (t)
where |γ1 (t)|2 + .. + |γ4 (t)|2 = 1 and

⎛ ⎞ ⎛ ⎞
1 0
⎜0⎟ ⎜ 0⎟
⎜ ⎟ , .., ⎜ ⎟ (78)
⎝0⎠ ⎝ 0⎠
0 1
are denoting four orthonormal maximized localized wavefunctions (Wannier

functions). The system eigenstates and eigenenergies are given as
The passing proton can affect the Hamiltonian in the following way given as
H=
Ep1 + V1 (t − t1 ) t21 + V3 (t − t1 ) + iV4 (t − t1 ) 0 t41 + V5 (t − t1 ) + iV6 (t − t1 )

⎜t12 + V3 (t − t1 ) − iV4 (t − t1 ) Ep2 t32 0 ⎟
⎜ ⎟
0 t23 Ep3 t43
t14 + V5 (t t1 ) iV6 (t t1 ) 0 t34 Ep4
(79)
Such Hamiltonian shall be referred to the situation given in Fig. 3 and in

Fig. 4. Let us assume symmetric position-based roton qubit having two minima
(denoted by A) and two maxima (denoted by B) of electron confining poten-
tial that has periodic boundary condition. Then in first approximation we have
semiconductor transmon Hamiltonian of the form
H=
EA + V1 (t − t1 ) ts + V3 (t − t1 ) + iV4 (t − t1 ) 0 ts + V5 (t − t1 ) + iV6 (t − t1 )
ts + V3 (t − t1 ) − iV4 (t − t1 ) EB ts 0
0 ts EA ts
ts + V5 (t − t1 ) − iV6 (t − t1 ) 0 ts EB
(80)
Such Hamiltonian has eigenvalues as
E1 = Ep1 = EA , E2 = Ep2 = EB ,

1
E3 = − (Ep1 − Ep2 ) + 16ts + Ep1 + Ep2 ,
2 2
2

1
E4 = + (Ep1 − Ep2 ) + 16ts + Ep1 + Ep2 .
2 2 (81)
2
We have eigenvectors
−1 0
1 0 1 −1
|E1 = √ , |E2 = √
2 +1 2 0
0 +1 (82)
−4ts ,
1 (Ep1 − Ep2 )2 + 16t2s + Ep1 − Ep2
|E3 =
2 −4ts ,
2 (Ep1 − Ep2 )2 + 16t2s + Ep1 − Ep2 + 32t2s (Ep1 Ep2 )2 + 16t2s + Ep1 Ep2
(83)
4ts
1 (Ep1 − Ep2 )2 + 16t2s − Ep1 + Ep2
|E4 =
2 4ts
2 (Ep1 − Ep2 )2 + 16t2s − Ep1 + Ep2 + 32t2s (Ep1 − Ep2 )2 + 16t2s − Ep1 + Ep2
(84)
It brings the following effective boundary condition for equation of motion
at nearest presence of moving charged particle affecting position based qubit in
the form
−
1 ) + (V3 + iV4 )γ2 (t) + (V5 + iV6 )γ4 (t1 ) = i(γ1 (t1 ) − γ1 (t1 ))
V1 γ1 (t+ + +
−
(V3 − iV4 ))γ1 (t+
1 ) = i(γ2 (t1 ) − γ2 (t1 ))
+
−
(V5 − iV6 )γ1 (t+
1 ) = i(γ4 (t1 ) − γ4 (t1 ))
+
(85)
We can express this boundary condition in the matrix form as

⎛ ⎞⎛ ⎞ ⎛ ⎞
(V1 − i) (V3 + iV4 ) 0 (V5 + iV6 ) γ1 (t+
1) γ1 (t−
1)
⎜(V3 − iV4 ) −i 0 0 ⎟ ⎜γ2 (t+ )⎟ ⎜ − ⎟
⎜ ⎟⎜ 1 ⎟ = −i ⎜γ2 (t1 )⎟ (86)
⎝ 0 0 −i 0 ⎠ ⎝ + ⎠
γ3 (t1 ) ⎝ γ3 (t−
1)
⎠
−
(V5 − iV6 ) 0 0 −i +
γ4 (t1 ) γ4 (t1 )
Equivalently last matrix equation can be represented as

−1
γ1 (t+
1 ) (V1 − i) (V3 + iV4 ) 0 (V5 + iV6 ) γ1 (t−
1 ) γ1 (t−
1 )
γ2 (t+
1 ) (V3 − iV4 ) −i 0 0 γ2 (t−
1 ) γ2 (t−
1 )
= −i = M̂
γ3 (t+
1 ) 0 0 −i 0 γ3 (t−
1 ) γ3 (t−
1 )
γ4 (t+
1 ) (V5 − iV6 ) 0 0 −i γ4 (t−
1 ) γ4 (t−
1 )
(87)
and we obtain matrix M of the following structure

2 (V4 −iV3 ) (V6 −iV5 )
2 +iV1 +V32 +V42 +V52 +V62 2 +iV1 +V32 +V42 +V52 +V62
0 2 +iV1 +V32 +V42 +V52 +V62
(iV3 +V4 ) V 2 +V 2 (V3 −iV4 )(V5 +iV6 )
− 2 +iV +V 2 +V 2 +V 2 +V 2 1 − 2 +iV +V3 2 +V4 2 +V 2 +V 2 0 − 2 +iV +V 2 +V 2 +V 2 +V 2
M= 1 3 4 5 6 1 3 4 5 6 1 3 4 5 6
0 0 1 0
(iV5 +V6 ) (V3 +iV4 )(V5 −iV6 ) 2 +iV1 +V32 +V42
− 2 +iV 2 2 2 2 − 2 +iV +V 2 +V 2 +V 2 +V 2
0 2 +iV1 +V32 +V42 +V52 +V62
1 +V3 +V4 +V5 +V6 1 3 4 5 6
(88)
30 K. Pomorski
4.1 Case of Symmetric Semiconductor Roton

We can also consider the simplest version of semiconductor roton qubit. Such
system can be approximated by four symmetric quantum dots on the square or
by semiconductor nanoring of radius R. In both cases the Hamiltonian can be
given as
⎛ ⎞
Ep ts eiα 0 ts eiα
⎜ts e−iα Ep ts eiα 0 ⎟
H=⎜ ⎝ 0 ts e−iα Ep ts eiα ⎠
⎟ (89)
−iα
ts 0 ts e Ep
that has four energy eigenvalues

α α α α
E1 = Ep − 2ts | sin |, E2 = Ep + 2ts | sin |, E3 = Ep − 2ts | cos( )|, E4 = Ep + 2ts | cos( )|
2 2 2 2 (90)
and has 4 eigenstates

⎛3 ⎞ ⎛ 3 ⎞
−iei 2 α +iei 2 α
1 ⎜ −eiα ⎟ ⎜ iα ⎟
⎟ , |E2 = 1 ⎜ −e α ⎟
|E1 = ⎜
2 ⎝ ie 2 ⎠ 2 ⎝ −iei 2 ⎠
α
i
1 1
⎛ i3α ⎞ ⎛ i3α ⎞
−e 2 e 2
1⎜ +e ⎟ iα ⎟ 1 ⎜ eiα ⎟
|E3 = ⎜ ⎝ ⎠ , |E4 = ⎜ ⎝
⎟. (91)
iα
ei 2 ⎠
α
2 −e 2 2
1 1
The presence of electron at nodes 1, 2, 3, 4 is expressed by vectors
⎛ ⎞ ⎛ ⎞ ⎛ ⎞ ⎛ ⎞
1 0 0 0
⎜0⎟ ⎜1⎟ ⎜0⎟ ⎜0⎟
|x1 = ⎜ ⎟ ⎜ ⎟ ⎜ ⎟ ⎜ ⎟
⎝ 0 ⎠ , |x2 = ⎝ 0 ⎠ , |x3 = ⎝ 1 ⎠ , |x4 = ⎝ 0 ⎠ ,
0 0 0 1
|ψ(t) = γ1 (t) |x1 + .. + γ1 (t) |x4 , |γ1 (t)|2 + .. + |γ4 (t)|2 = 1. (92)
In all energy eigenstates we see the systematic phase imprint across ring of semi-
conductor quantum dots what might correspond to the placement of semicon-
ductor ring to the external magnetic field. It is due to magnetic Aharonov-Bohm
effect. Otherwise with case of placement of semiconductoring of quantum dots in
environment with zero magnetic field we have α = 0. Kinetic energy and momen-
tum of quantum roton (semiconductor “transmon” qubit) is due to non-zero term
ts . Otherwise we are dealing with the case when electron position is localized
among one between four nodes. If we refer to description of semiconductor roton
qubit as ring of quantum dots of radius R we have the condition for single-value
wavefunction after one circulation across ring/square expressed mathematically
n
by condition 2πkn R = 2πn that implies kn = R . This also implies that ts = nt0
and n is integer number. In the conducted considerations we have set n=1 so

inside semiconductor ring we have one fluxon (one quantized flux of magnetic
field is passing via interior of quantum ring so we have approximate mathemat-
2
ical condition for flux quantization Ba2 = e n in case of 4 symmetric quantum
2
dots on the square and with condition 2πR2 B = e n in case of nanoring, where
B is value of magnetic field in the center of square/nanoring that is presumed to
be constant in square/nanoring). We also √
recognize
√
that
√
4α = 2Πn√
what√ brings
α = 2 and consequently Sin( 2 ) = + 2 , 1, + 2 , 0, − 2 , −1, − 2 , 0, + 22 , .. as
πn α 2 2 2 2
√ √ √ √ √
well as. Cos( α2 ) = 0, − 22 , −1, − 22 , 0, + 22 , 1, + 22 , 0, − 22 , .. and therefore the
spectrum of eigenenergies E1 , .., E2 can be tunned with magnetic field. This tun-
ning however implies discrete eigenenergies. We can also regulate the spectrum
of eigenenergies by electric field as by tunning Ep what we can do in the contin-
uous manner (as chemical potential can be tunned in the continuous manner).
Furthermore the Hamiltonian 89 can also refer to the square of four symmetric
quantum dots with confining potential having four minima and four maxima. In
such case we can tune both ts and Ep in electrostatic way. It is also noticeable
that the system of four symmetric quantum dots can be the source of magnetic
field as when we are dealing with wavepacket of one electron moving in clockwise
or anticlockwise direction and generating one flux (or many) of magnetic field
2
(fluxon given by e ). In such situation we have physical system that is simi-
lar to superconducting SQUID that can generate or detect one flux of magnetic
field with occurrence of circulating non-dissipative electric current. In both cases
we are assuming that quantum wavepacket is coherence along semiconductor or
semiconductor ring. However it shall be underlined that in the superconductor
the coherence time of wavepacket can be significantly bigger than in the case
of semiconductor where decoherence time is in the range of ns. This is because
superconductivity is the manifestation of macroscopic quantum effect that is
thermodynamically supported so in first approximation non-dissipative circulat-
ing current in mesoscopic size SQUID (usually having bigger size that 300 nm
2
and with value of quantized magnetic flux set to 2e , where factor two comes from
the fact that Cooper pair participates in electrical transport) can last infinitely
long time. This is not the case of semiconductor nanorings that has size usually
below 300 nm. We can presume that before weak measurement of probing charge
particle we have the quantum system given as
E1 t1 E4 t1
|ψ(t1 ) = cE1 e i eiφE1 |E1 + ... + cE4 e i eiφE4 |E4 , (93)
where |cE1 |2 , ... |cE4 |2 are the probabilities of occupancy of energy level E1 , ...
E4 by single electron in roton qubit and normalization condition holds |cE1 |2 +
... + |cE4 |2 = 1. After measurement at time t1 by probing particle we have
+ E t
−
E t
−
ψ(t ) = cE1m e 1i1 eiφE1m |E1 + .. + cE4m e 4i1 eiφE4m |E4 =
1
− −
E1 t1 E4 t1
M̂ (cE1 e i eiφE1 |E1 + .. + cE4 e i eiφE4 |E4 ), (94)
Another random document with
no related content on Scribd:
4048 Davis H, S’t 38 July
A 27
Dec
12311 Delancey L D Art 2F
9
111 Aug
7013 Day W H
H 27
Sept
9073 Decker C Cav 7M
17
119 Aug
4608 Decker J P
C 3
Aug
7150 Demos B F 78 F
29
16 June
2497 Denhart W Cav
K 26
79 July
4422 Denior E, S’t
B 31
31 Sept
7514 Deming Joseph
D 1
15 Feb
12660 Denton E, Cor 65
B 16
Detreeman D, 44 June
2231 64
S’t E 20
16 Aug
5165 DePue J W
C 9
21 Apr
352 Deraus G W
B 2
89 June
2365 Drieks Henry
C 23
15 Jan
12547 Dilley A 65
E 28
May
1314 Dodson M, S’t Cav 3H 64
23
8187 Dock C “ 9H Sept
8
July
3834 Dodd G W 21 F
23
July
4207 Dodson R B Cav 6B
29
July
2867 Dooley James Cav 16 L
4
May
1441 Doran W H 78 I
28
May
1103 Donen C 6 I
15
38 June
1727 Dowd J W
G 8
16 May
1342 Dowdy John
K 24
112 Oct
10143 Dowell J W
K 1
24 Oct
10496 Downer A
H 8
65 Jan
12436 Doyle P 65
H 11
112 Jan
12476 Doyle J
I 17
34 Aug
5053 Drake R R 64
H 8
24 Oct
10332 Dresser C
G 4
89 Sept
9678 Drum G
- 24
July
3123 Dudley J W 89 F
10
35 June
2666 Dumond P
E 29
9947 Dunn Alexander 75 Sept
A 28
30 Jan
12496 Dunsing A 65
C 21
30 Sept
9037 Dyer J C 64
D 17
53 Feb
12686 Drew E 65
D 20
26 Mar
209 Eadley Levi 64
H 28
100 Sept
8045 Easinbeck M
D 6
Easley W A, 21 Oct
10909
Cor G 14
Aug
5992 Eastman Wm 36 F
17
51 Aug
4962 Edwards C D
K 7
92 Sept
8084 Elliott Ed
B 7
26 Sept
9703 Ellis William
G 25
Sept
9734 Ellison W Cav 14 F
25
112 July
2249 Elslin James
E 24
22 Aug
4502 Emery J 64
K 1
Aug
4979 Emmerson J Cav 16 L
7
Sept
9717 Erb J 9C
25
12628 Ermains F Cav 14 Feb 65
M 14
16 Mch
214 Errickson Cav 64
M 28
29 June
2211 Ench W
H 20
Nov
11727 Enrow W Cav 7M
1
Sept
2986 Evans J 9C
25
July
3373 Eydroner R 74 F
15
23 Aug
6268 Fagan O
G 20
June
2436 Fandish S Art 1A
25
21 June
2230 Farmer F
A 20
51 Aug
4991 Farnham C A
D 7
Ferguson L, 115 Oct
10740
Corpl K 14
June
2512 File R 11 K
26
14 Feb
12628 Fermer J 65
M 20
21 July
3854 Finch F M 64
G 24
Sept
10097 Fink J P 53 F
30
65 Oct
11541 Fish J
G 27
123 Sept
9845 Fisher S F
F 27
2129 Fitzgerald H Cav 16 I June
18
42 Sept
9992 Flanagan J
H 29
Aug
6972 Floyd A 7A
27
Oct
10881 Ford W J, S’t 17 I
13
112 Mch
161 Folk A P
G 26
93 June
2564 Forney D
G 27
16 Sept
8230 Foster A J Cav
M 8
112 Sept
7720 Foster B B
G 12
Foster E S, Jan
12473 9A 65
Corpl 17
14 April
531 Fowler John 64
D 13
120 Dec
12275 Frame W
E 17
April
12837 Francis J F 12 I 65
19
Aug
5933 Franklin H 81 F 64
17
16 April
432 Frass Louis
E 8
July
4031 Freeman D Cav 11 L
26
129 June
2080 French J 63
B 17
2210 Fritz P, S’t 38 June 64
C 20
May
1055 Fremont James Cav 7B
13
112 April
497 Fuller Ira B
D 11
Sept
8114 Funk Wm 26 F
8
23 June
2021 Furlong H
B 15
20 Sept
9926 Gaines C
B 28
21 May
1347 Gallagher P
C 24
59 Apr
579 Garvin John, S’t
- 16
30 Mar
12801 Gerlock D 65
C 30
24 May
1340 German P 64
G 24
93 May
1416 Gibson H D
K 27
July
4201 Gibson L F 78 I
29
16 Aug
4485 Gichma J, S’t Cav
G 1
89 June
1652 Giles J V
H 5
112 Sept
7988 Giles S P
A 6
84 Aug
5144 Gillespie J W
H 9
May
1499 Gillgrease J Cav 16 I
30
1868 Gilmore J “ 16 June
E 12
14 Mar
12731 Gleason G M “ 65
A 4
73 June
1850 Glidwell F, Cor 64
K 11
51 June
2001 Goffinet P
D 15
89 Oct
10307 Goddard H
G 4
47 July
4203 Gooles H F, S’t
B 29
114 Apr
12847 Gordon I 65
B 25
Sept
7953 Gore F 36 I 64
5
15 Sept
7761 Gore N
C 4
Aug
6111 Garrig J 78 F
18
39 Jan
12461 Gott H 65
C 15
24 Sept
9403 Graber J 64
H 21
81 Sept
9312 Graber J F
D 20
21 June
2164 Grace W
D 19
41 Aug
6617 Graham M J 64
E 23
51 Oct
10998 Gravel J
C 16
2942 Greadley H 20 July
A 6
Aug
4560 Greathouse J 6 I
2
Greaves 16 Apr
783
George K 28
79 Nov
12116 Green C
A 22
23 Oct
11155 Green John
H 19
Sept
7836 Green M 9C
4
July
3111 Greenwall B Cav 16 L
11
120 Nov
11778 Greer Geo, Cor
D 3
29 Oct
10594 Gress J
B 10
42 Apr
12834 Grimmins M A 65
H 17
79 July
4083 Griswold J P 64
E 27
66 June
2501 Grogan H
B 26
42 Oct
10466 Grower H
K 7
79 July
3730 Gulk P
B 21
72 Aug
5025 Guyen William
E 8
16 Aug
5961 Gonder H Cav
B 17
16 Aug
5074 Hageman Jas “
E 8
4094 Haggard E “ 16 July
K 27
89 Nov
11959 Haginis W
B 11
14 July
2825 Haines Theo Cav
M 3
16 Mar
63 Haks William
E 19
Oct
11572 Hall G H Cav 7B
27
41 Dec
12314 Hall H C, Cor
D 20
Aug
7194 Hall J L 9C
29
89 Dec
12223 Hall J L
G 4
103 Nov
11833 Hall Peter, Cor
D 5
22 Sept
10061 Haley C H
H 30
82 May
1241 Hallam Wm
H 20
21 June
2605 Hanna P
G 28
107 Mar
187 Hanna H, Cor
C 24
39 Oct
11188 Hansom D
E 19
65 Apr
318 Harken John
E 2
Aug
6684 Harlan J C 7L
24
6113 Harrell G 120 Aug
K 19
112 June
2633 Harrington S M
A 29
79 Nov
11725 Harris E K
C 1
Oct
10447 Harris G W 9G
7
Harshman 84 Sept
8715
Peter H 14
16 June
2677 Hart George Cav
K 30
16 June
2202 Hart W
K 19
39 June
1980 Harney E
B 15
15 Oct
10606 Hathaway S Cav
B 10
15 Mar
12791 Hanch L 65
D 18
Sept
8608 Hawkins J W 79 I 64
12
Hayward W G, June
2326 16 I
Cor 22
Aug
5192 Hayworth F Cav 7 I
10
June
1852 Hegenberg W 24 F
11
77 Sept
8798 Helch S
K 15
31 Aug
6489 Hendson Geo B
C 22
23 July
1162 Henry Wm P
A 17
6035 Herdson Wm H 107 Aug
C 18
14 Sept
8428 Herrell Wm Cav
K 11
84 June
2365 Hess H
G 27
38 June
1906 Hester John
G 13
Sept
7865 Hicks Geo W 65 F
5
11 Sept
8303 Hicks H
G 10
85 May
1102 Hicks W
D 15
14 Nov
12070 Highland C Cav
C 17
24 Apr
725 Hilderbrand N
G 25
115 Sept
8830 Hill Aaron
C 15
36 Mar
67 Hill David, Cor
A 19
11 Sept
8721 Hill Henry
- 14
Aug
4489 Hill J Cav 9F
1
Feb
12683 Hinchcliff J 8B 65
20
112 Aug
6117 Hoen Peter 64
H 19
July
3825 Hoffman J Cav 7 I 64
23
11847 Hofman R 35 Nov
C 5
98 June
2098 Hook Jas J, S’t
E 17
112 July
3255 Hoppock I
F 13
Sept
9880 Honeson A F 38 F
27
Sept
9214 Hormer J 38 F
19
86 Nov
12090 Horn T
A 18
Mar
89 Horseman W Cav 16 I
21
79 Aug
5812 Howard D N, S’t
E 16
Howard G S, 127 Nov
10782
Cor K 3
July
3211 Howell J W 78 F
12
100 Oct
11506 Hoye J
A 26
Aug
5741 Hude C 24 F
15
107 Aug
6035 Hudson W H
C 13
125 Sept
9962 Hughes D L
H 28
14 Mar
12755 Hulse A B 65
D 12
108 Oct
11140 Hungerford N 64
I 19
Aug
6085 Huntley R 89 F
18
1136 Hulburt D 84 May
C 16
23 May
1162 Hurry W B
A 16
104 Aug
5019 Hutchins S
A 8
92 Aug
4583 Hustand B F, S’t
D 2
July
4091 Hyber John Cav 6A
27
July
3312 Iverson J S Cav 16 I
14
Jaccards S A, 29 July
4132
S’t E 28
51 June
2658 Jackson H
C 29
123 Oct
10287 Jackson M
F 4
Mar
12797 Janks J P Cav 3A 65
18
73 July
3686 Jarvis J 64
K 20
30 Aug
6733 Jenningsen G B
E 24
June
1845 Jenny E H, Cor 79 F
11
14 June
2135 Jewet F
A 18
June
1996 Johnson C W Cav 7F
15
Johnson 125 Sept
9458
Joseph K 21
1412 Johnson J S 7C May
27
Johnson 100 Aug
5395
Samuel B 12
27 Sept
9827 Jones G W
E 27
117 Sept
8971 Jones J
E 16
41 Aug
4889 Jones P
G 6
112 Apr
644 Jones Thomas
E 12
June
2567 Jones Thos Cav 16 F
27
27 July
2990 Jones Wm
D 7
84 June
1764 Jordan B W
D 9
38 Sept
9153 Jordan M
C 18
July
2961 Joy B 16 I
6
90 June
2241 Joyce A
D 20
Oct
10513 Justice H Cav 7H
8
95 Nov
12052 Kane H
A 16
29 July
4308 Kappel H
H 30
Aug
4743 Keefe James P Art 2M
5
20 Sept
8348 Kelaze E
G 10
18 Kell M R, Cor 49 Mar
D 7
Aug
7183 Kelly John 75 F
29
Aug
6795 Kelley William 94 I
25
38 Aug
5518 Kennedy M
C 13
Jan
12488 Kent J 14 F 65
19
96 Aug
5707 Kerbey John 64
H 15
22 Apr
396 Kiger John
E 6
42 Oct
10520 Kilkreath J
A 8
Mar
82 Kimball Jas Art 25 L
20
16 Mar
158 Kinkle John
G 25
82 Apr
696 Kinderman G
D 26
38 Sept
7807 Kingham J
G 4
65 Apr
685 Klinehaus D
G 23
113 Aug
4766 Kenigge A
C 5
Aug
4908 Knight J 9H
6
108 Nov
11891 Knoble P
E 7
4700 Koahl J Cav 16 Aug 64
H 4
July
2754 Krail J “ 16 I
1
14 Feb
12685 Kreiger J 65
E 20
16 Apr
652 Kaiber John 64
D 20
June
1809 Keyser John 32 I
10
89 Sept
7927 Lacost J M
E 5
100 Aug
7299 Ladien J
H 23
38 Aug
7105 Lambert C
D 20
78 Oct
10419 Lamsden W H
A 6
59 Nov
12044 Lance V
D 16
14 Dec
12270 Langley G
K 12
Aug
5906 Lanner W A Cav 9E
16
93 May
1233 Law Henry
G 20
89 Sept
9635 Lawrene L G
G 24
125 Oct
10179 Lape J
A 1
98 Oct
10896 Leatherman M
E 14
115 Sept
8464 Leach W
B 11
4172 Lee A 112 July
B 28
16 Sept
8524 Lee P, Corp
A 12
May
963 Lee Thomas 8E
9
May
1297 Lee W E Cav 16 I
23
79 Oct
11258 Lewis Charles
A 21
Aug
6238 Lewis Thomas 2L
20
Oct
10148 Lickey J B, S’t 96 F
1
113 Sept
8295 Liday J
I 9
112 Aug
6295 Liken John, S’t
I 20
57 June
1685 Linday B
H 6
99 Sept
7768 Linderman H A
B 4
113 Aug
6414 Lindsay A
D 22
June
1818 Linebergh I, Cor 16 F
10
Oct
11449 Linwood J 79 F
25
Dec
12358 Lipsey D, Cor Cav 2C
30
112 Oct
10405 Lord L B, Corpl
B 6
11222 Lorsam C 89 Oct
C 20
16 June
2268 London L Cav
D 21
35 May
1017 Lowry Frank
E 11
29 June
2342 Lusk John
B 23
23 May
1456 Lutz John
H 29
100 Sept
8196 Lyman J
D 8
38 Oct
11467 Lynch V, Corpl
C 26
14 Oct
10849 Mack J Cav
G 13
96 Aug
5390 Madden L
D 12
Maddock J W, 79 Oct
11358
S’t A 23
12 Aug
10982 Madrill A
A 12
38 July
3935 Malcolm J R
K 25
215 July
2868 Manning A
A 4
16 May
953 Manty P, S’t Cav
E 8
16 June
2050 Markman Wm Cav
K 16
Aug
6333 Marritt H Cav 16 L
21
Marshall A, 96 July
2762
Corpl C 2
8444 Martin A Cav 16 L May
28
July
4071 Martin I 9K
27
42 Mch
12757 Masman S 65
G 12
93 May
863 Mason Thos B 64
B 3
111 May
1428 Massey W H
D 28
12 April
746 Master Wm
A 26
Mathening A D, April
429 79 I
S’t 8
32 Mch
12744 Mathews F M 65
G 7
19 May
1061 Maxem H C 64
H 13
July
3280 Maxwell S Cav 8C
13
Sept
10319 May M H 89 I
29
104 July
3100 McCampbell D
B 10
Mch
56 McCleary Thos Cav 16 L
17
16 May
1315 McClusky Jas Cav
K 27
103 Aug
4850 McCray A
A 6
96 June
1617 McCready Wm
C 4
6513 McCreary J 119 Aug
C 22
16 Aug
5724 McCone R Cav 64
K 15
13 July
3050 McCunne H
C 8
16 July
3470 McEntire L Cav
K 17
30 Aug
5283 McGee Wm
D 11
119 Oct
11623 McGivens J
A 28
89 Nov
11952 McLarens B
A 10
June
1634 McLaughlin B 90 I
5
McLing Benj, 23 July
3169
Cor E 11
93 Aug
4725 McMahon M
E 4
McMillan W B, 112 May
1337
Cor E 24
78 Sept
9763 McMiller W B
D 25
80 April
692 McShaw B
B 23
92 Sept
9710 McWorthy W M
G 25
19 July
3279 Mead G
H 14
Aug
4648 Medler H 38 I
3
51 Aug
6266 Mee William
C 20

Full Ebook of Intelligent Computing Proceedings of The 2021 Computing Conference Volume 1 1St Edition Kohei Arai Online PDF All Chapter

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Title

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

Full Ebook of Intelligent Computing Proceedings of The 2021 Computing Conference Volume 1 1St Edition Kohei Arai Online PDF All Chapter

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

Intelligent Computing: Proceedings of

the 2021 Computing Conference,

Intelligent Computing Proceedings of the 2021 Computing

Intelligent Computing Proceedings of the 2021 Computing

Intelligent Systems and Applications Proceedings of the

Proceedings of the Future Technologies Conference FTC

International Conference on Innovative Computing and

International Conference on Innovative Computing and

Soft Computing for Problem Solving Proceedings of

Smart Computing Techniques and Applications Proceedings

Kohei Arai Editor

More information about this series at http://www.springer.com/series/15179

ISSN 2367-3370 ISSN 2367-3389 (electronic)

It is a great privilege for us to present the proceedings of the Computing Conference

Analytical View on Non-invasive Measurement of Moving Charge

Orca: A Software Library for Parallel Computation of Symbolic

An Iterative Randomized Rounding Algorithm for the k-Clustering

Public Reaction on Social Media During COVID-19: A Comparison

Guided Filter Bank . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 783

Web-Based Learning for Cultural Adaptation: Constructing

Improving the Efﬁciency of Industrial Enterprise Management

Author Index . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1167

Abstract. Detection of moving charge in free space is presented in the

Keywords: Weak measurement · Linear and circular Wannier qubits ·

1 Motivation for Weak Measurement of Moving Charged

2 Single Electron Devices as Detectors of Moving

where |cE1 |2 + |cE2 |2 = 1 (sum of occupancy probability of energy level 1 and 2)

Single proton movement in proximity of position based qubit

and is the system of two coupled diﬀerential equations

Last equations can be written in the compact form as

Now we identify diagonal parts of matrix M̂ as M1,1

Non-diagonal parts of matrix are given as

We obtain the quantum state after weak measurement in the form as

Last expression are given with parameters of weak measurement as

and consequently we have

It is quite straightforward to obtain probability of occupancy of energy E1 by

Consequently we obtain phase imprint on energy eigenstate E1 given by the

and phase imprint on energy eigenstate E2 given by the relation

that are referred to the eigevectors

The quantum state before weak measurement is given in the form as

and the quantum state after measurement is given in the form as

Last two relations implies

that simply means   

3 Dynamic of Two Qubit Electrostatic Entanglement

with single proton movement in proximity of position based qubit generating

that in most simple version has the form

and matrix M̂ can be rewritten as

(V2 − i) 0 −(iV4 + V3 ) 0

Last equation implies four relations

We have the following Hamiltonian

that can be simpliﬁed by placement of two qubit system in the geometrical

and we assume that ts ∈ R. The eigenstates of simpliﬁed Hamiltonian are

+4ts (V2 − V1 ) (Epp − Epp1 )2 + 16t2s + 16i( + 1)t2s V4 )]

cE2 ei(φE2 −Epp1 t1 ) (−2i + V1 + V2 )

1 cE1 ei(φE1 −Epp t1 )

2 (Epp − Epp1 )2 + 16t2s

and the Hamiltonian of the system is given as

Ĥ = ĤQEC + ĤSEL + ĤQEC−SEL =

We identify that it is possible to construct holonomic SELs system interacting

with 4 energy eigenvalues

4 Concept of Position Dependent Electrostatic Roton

After renormalization Hamiltonian can be simpliﬁed to be of the form

The wavefunction of electron can be expressed in Wannier representation in the

that simply means