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 Contents

Preface

1 Subject pronouns and the present tense

Subject pronouns
The present tense

2 Present tense irregular verbs

Verbs with stem changes in the present tense
Irregular verbs

3 Ser and estar, and adjectives

Ser and estar
Adjectives
Estar and the present progressive

4 The near future, nouns, and articles

The present and the near future
Nouns
Articles

5 Adverbs and comparisons

Adverbs
 Adverbial phrases
Comparatives of adjectives and adverbs

6 Gustar and verbs like gustar

Verbs like gustar
Prepositions and prepositional phrases
Negative and affirmative words and expressions

7 Reflexive verbs and reflexive pronouns

Reflexive pronouns
Reflexive verbs and prepositions

8 Direct and indirect object pronouns and

commands
Direct and indirect object pronouns
Double object pronouns
Commands

9 Demonstrative and possessive adjectives

and pronouns
Demonstrative adjectives
Possessive adjectives
Demonstrative pronouns
Possessive pronouns

10 Idiomatic verbal phrases

Expressions with dar
Expressions with estar
 Expressions with hacer
Expressions with tener

11 Interrogatives and exclamations

Interrogative words
Exclamations

12 Regular verbs in the preterit tense

The preterit tense
Formation of the preterit tense
Verbs with spelling changes in the preterit
Stem-vowel changes in the preterit tense

13 Irregular and stem-changing verbs in the

preterit tense
Irregular verbs in the preterit tense
Stem-changing verbs in the preterit tense
Verbs that change meaning in the preterit

14 The imperfect tense

Regular verbs in the imperfect tense
Irregular verbs in the imperfect
Uses of the imperfect tense
Phrases used with the imperfect
Using the imperfect and the preterit in one sentence

15 The future tense

Regular verbs in the future tense
 Irregular verbs in the future tense
The future tense to express probability in the present

16 The conditional tense

Uses of the conditional tense
Regular verbs in the conditional tense
Irregular verbs in the conditional tense
More uses of the conditional tense in Spanish

17 The present perfect and past perfect

tenses
The present perfect tense
Regular past participles
Uses of the present perfect
Irregular past participles
The past perfect tense
Uses of the past perfect tense

18 The passive voice

The active voice vs. the passive voice
Formation of the passive
The passive reflexive

19 The present subjunctive

Formation of the present subjunctive
Uses of the present subjunctive
Impersonal expressions and opinions
20 The imperfect subjunctive
Formation of the imperfect subjunctive
Uses of the imperfect subjunctive

Answer key
 Preface

Practice Makes Perfect: Intermediate Spanish Grammar is designed

to provide a user-friendly way to study and practice Spanish
grammar at the intermediate level, especially for the self-taught
learner. Users of this book will continue building their competency to
communicate in Spanish.
Each chapter provides an easy way to understand explanations of
grammar usage, by comparisons with English grammar when
needed and clear examples that illustrate and clarify the grammatical
explanations. The exercises that follow each section provide ample
opportunity to practice with clear language and allow the self-learner
to practice without having to search for many new words.
This new edition is supported by flash cards for all vocabulary lists
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the capability, your own responses can be recorded to compare
against the models provided by native speakers. And, new to this
edition, recordings of all example sentences throughout the book
help reinforce correct usage.
The best way to acquire more knowledge and improve writing and
speaking in Spanish is to practice and improve our own knowledge in
order to communicate clearly with Spanish speakers.
Let’s practice now!
 Subject pronouns and the
present tense

You have learned that in English and Spanish there are three
grammatical persons—first, second, and third—in both singular and
plural. Pronouns are used to replace the name of a person or object.

Subject pronouns
Let’s review the subject pronouns in Spanish.

The chart shows that, except the first person singular and the formal
you, subject pronouns have both feminine and masculine forms.
When a plural includes both masculine and feminine, the masculine
form is used.
 The familiar plurals vosotros and vosotras are used in most
regions of Spain; ustedes is the familiar plural used in most of the
rest of the Spanish-speaking world. Ud. and Uds. are abbreviations
of the formal subject pronouns. The context will clarify whether to
use the familiar or the formal pronoun.

By addressing a man as Señor, you are showing this is a formal

context. The word chicos, on the other hand, implies familiarity.
You probably have learned that subject pronouns are usually
omitted in Spanish because the verb endings clarify both person and
number. However, the subject pronoun is used if the subject is not
clear, or if there is a need for emphasis.

Subject pronouns are used as substitutes for nouns or noun

phrases that have already been named or understood in context in
order to avoid unnecessary repetition.

When used as the subject in an indefinite sentence, it has

no equivalent subject pronoun in Spanish.
 Now, practice what you have studied and learned about subject
pronouns in Spanish.

Repaso. Complete the sentence with the appropriate subject

pronoun to replace the underlined words.
1. Mi hermana no vive aquí. ______________ vive en
California.
2. Las chicas no son mexicanas, ______________ son
panameñas.
3. Aquí está ya el Sr. López. ______________ llega temprano,
como siempre.
4. ¿Quién, Carlos o Marta? ______________ bajan la escalera.
5. Marisa y yo leemos siempre en la sala. ______________ nos
llevamos bien.
6. ¡Ana, Pedro! ¡Hola! ¡______________ pueden subir ya!
7. María y Luis son mis amigos. Por eso ______________ me
ayudan tanto.
8. Usted y el Sr. López pasan ahora al frente de la oficina.
______________ deben esperar allí.

The present tense

There are three conjugations of verbs in Spanish with infinitives that
end in -ar, -er, or -ir. To form the present tense, replace the
infinitive ending with the appropriate personal ending:
 The following are examples of regular verbs of each conjugation
in the present tense. Irregular verbs, and verbs with changes in
spelling and in the stem, are reviewed later.

In the first person singular (the yo form), the ending is the

same in all three conjugations. In -er and -ir verbs the
endings are the same in the third person forms.

En casa. Complete the sentence with the appropriate form of the

present tense of the verb in parentheses.
1. Yo ______________. (cantar)
 2. Él ______________. (escuchar)
3. Ustedes ______________. (bailar)
4. Ellas ______________. (descansar)
5. Nosotras ______________ la cena. (preparar)
6. Tú ______________ los platos. (lavar)
7. Tú no ______________ tus secretos. (compartir)
8. Yo ______________ en ti. (confiar)
9. Ellas ______________. (decidir)
10. Ustedes ______________. (responder)
11. Mi esposo ______________. (entrar)
12. Nuestra hija ______________ un regalo. (recibir)
13. Ustedes ______________ las cifras. (sumar)
14. Nosotros ______________ el total. (dividir)
15. Los niños ______________ los juguetes. (romper)
16. Yo los ______________ a la basura. (echar)
17. Julia ______________ de dolor de cabeza. (sufrir)
18. Miguel ______________ el piano. (tocar)
19. Nosotros ______________ este ejercicio. (terminar)
20. Ustedes ______________ ahora por fin. (descansar)

Traducción. Use the present tense to translate each sentence.

Include the subject pronoun if needed.
 1. You (sing., fam.) need to rest.
_____________________________________________
2. He talks, I listen.
_____________________________________________
3. She studies Chinese and Spanish, too.
_____________________________________________
4. We (masc.) spend too much money.
_____________________________________________
5. You (pl., form.) buy expensive shirts.
_____________________________________________
6. I work five days a week.
_____________________________________________
7. They (fem.) dance every Saturday.
_____________________________________________
8. My sister plays the piano, but I play the guitar.
_____________________________________________

Uses of the present tense

The present tense is used in many common expressions.
Actions or situations that are going on at this moment

Activities and routines that take place regularly even if they

are not happening at this moment
 Activities that will happen in the near future

To express what is happening right now, Spanish uses the

present progressive tense. The present progressive is used
less frequently in Spanish than in English. Chapter 3
reviews the uses of estar with the present progressive.

VOCABULARIO

Below are common regular verbs of all three conjugations that you
may use for the exercises that follow.

En la tienda. Traducción.
1. We open the store at eight.
_____________________________________________
 2. You (pl., form.) talk to the customers.
_____________________________________________
3. We answer their questions.
_____________________________________________
4. You (sing., fam.) distribute the flyers (folletos de
publicidad).
_____________________________________________
5. You (sing., fam.) describe the qualities of our products.
_____________________________________________
6. We work a lot here.
_____________________________________________
7. You (pl., form.) spend a lot of time with your family.
_____________________________________________
8. But I admit that I work many hours.
_____________________________________________

Traducción.
I live in Tampa, Florida. Near our office there is a very popular
Cuban restaurant, “Casa Manolo.” My friends and I eat at this
restaurant. We walk to the restaurant and read the lunch menu
with the specials of the day. The waiter always describes the
special dishes. He opens a bottle of mineral water for the table.
Mauricio and I always eat black beans, a typical Cuban dish. A
 nice lunch ends with a delicious dark and sweet coffee, a Cuban
coffee. After lunch we return to the office.

__________________________________________________

__________________________________________________

__________________________________________________

__________________________________________________

__________________________________________________

__________________________________________________

__________________________________________________

__________________________________________________

__________________________________________________

__________________________________________________

Spelling changes in the present tense

In some texts you may find verbs that undergo spelling changes
grouped as irregular verbs. Some verbs have spelling changes in the
yo form only to maintain the sound of the final stem consonant.
Verbs ending in -ncer or -rcer change c to z before the -o
ending

Verbs ending in -rcir change c to z before the -o ending

 Verbs ending in -ger change g to j before the -o ending

Verbs ending in -gir to change g to j before the -o ending

Verbs ending in -guir change gu to g before the -o ending

Mis decisiones ecológicas. Complete each sentence with the

appropriate present tense yo form of the verb in parentheses.
1. ______________ las especies de animales. (proteger)
2. ______________ a mis vecinos para ayudar al medio
ambiente. (convencer)
3. ______________ los derechos de los animales. (exigir)
 4. ______________ las botellas plásticas en mi barrio.
(recoger)
5. ______________ los métodos mejores para ayudar a la
comunidad. (escoger)
6. ______________ una profesión ecológica: biología marina.
(ejercer)
7. ______________ un grupo de jóvenes para recoger basura
en el lago. (dirigir)
8. ______________ las diferencias entre ecología y biología.
(distinguir)

Y en tu caso, ¿verdadero (V) o falso (F)?

1. ______ Escojo a buenos amigos.
2. ______ Gasto mucho dinero en las tiendas.
3. ______ Zurzo mis medias.
4. ______ Saludo a mis vecinos todos los días.
5. ______ Hablo mucho por teléfono.
6. ______ Escucho música por Internet.
7. ______ Lavo mi ropa en una lavadora.
8. ______ Recojo a mis amigos en mi trabajo.
9. ______ Sufro mucho en mi trabajo.
10. ______ Discuto mis problemas con mi jefe.
11. ______ Miro programas de televisión por la noche.
12. ______ Recibo más de veinte mensajes electrónicos en mi
teléfono.
13. ______ No como mucho cuando voy a un restaurante.

Mi familia. Traducción. Use the words in the Vocabulario útil

for your translation.

VOCABULARIO ÚTIL

My wife, Delia, works at a fancy store downtown. I help around

the house. I pick up the garbage every morning. My daughter,
Mariana, always cooperates with me. Today, I convince Mariana:
she sews on my shirt buttons—finally. Mariana and I plant
vegetables in our backyard and we work hard. I always choose
organic products for our meals. Sam, my son, never pretends to
be happy. He rarely wins when he plays baseball with his team.
But he always demands his rights. Sam and I drink a soda and we
talk about sports after the game. That is my family.
__________________________________________________

__________________________________________________

__________________________________________________

__________________________________________________

__________________________________________________

__________________________________________________

__________________________________________________

__________________________________________________

__________________________________________________

__________________________________________________

__________________________________________________

__________________________________________________
 Present tense irregular verbs

You already know that many frequently used verbs in Spanish are
considered irregular. Among these are verbs that undergo a change
in the last vowel of the stem.

Verbs with stem changes in

the present tense
The vowel change in the stem of the present tense does not affect
the personal endings, which remain the same. The stem change
holds for all forms except the nosotros/nosotras and
vosotros/vosotras forms.

Stem change e → ie
The conjugations of -ar, -er, and -ir verbs that change the stem
vowel e to ie are as follows:
 VOCABULARIO

Here are some verbs with the e → ie stem change that you may
use for the exercises that follow.

La rutina de Julia en la casa. Complete each sentence with the

appropriate present tense ella form of the verb in parentheses.
 1. Todos los días, Julia_______________ las escaleras.
(descender)
2. Después,_______________ a su esposo. (despertar)
3. Luego_______________ la luz de la cocina. (encender)
4. _______________ a preparar el café. (empezar)
5. También,_______________ el agua para el té de su esposo.
(hervir)
6. _______________ los platos y las tazas. (fregar)
7. Entonces_______________ el pasillo para ir a su oficina.
(atravesar)
8. _______________ su trabajo en la oficina en su casa.
(comenzar)
9. Después_______________ a su gato en una silla cerca de la
computadora. (sentar)
10. Quiere silencio y_______________ la puerta de la oficina.
(cerrar)

Un programa de radio. First underline the verb in parentheses

that best fits the meaning of each sentence. Then fill in the
appropriate present tense form of the verb.
 1. Ahora_______________ el programa de noticias. (comenzar
/ convertir)
_____________________________________________
2. La presentadora_______________ a los oyentes (listeners).
(confesar / divertir)
_____________________________________________
3. Los oyentes_______________ una voz agradable. (referir /
sentir)
_____________________________________________
4. Los oyentes comentan y_______________ sus ideas.
(defender / encender)
_____________________________________________
5. Los anuncios_______________ muchos productos naturales.
(fregar / recomendar)
_____________________________________________
6. A veces,_______________ una canción antes de otras
noticias. (empezar / perder)
_____________________________________________
7. ¡Noticia de última hora! La emisora_______________ una
tormenta de nieve. (advertir / querer)
_____________________________________________
8. Las autoridades_______________ las autopistas
(expressways) mañana. (encerrar / cerrar)
_____________________________________________

Stem change o → ue
The conjugations of -ar, -er, and -ir verbs that change the stem
vowel o to ue are as follows:
 VOCABULARIO

Below you find verbs with the o → ue stem change, mostly -ar
and -er verbs. Use them for the exercises that follow.

The verb oler also adds an h to all forms except nosotros

and vosotros: huelo, hueles, etc.
 Note also that in the verb jugar, the u in the stem
changes to ue in all forms except nosotros and vosotros.

Mis amigos Bernardo y José. Traducción.

1. Bernardo and José tend to help their friends.
_____________________________________________
2. When it rains, José picks me up at my office.
_____________________________________________
3. Bernardo remembers my birthday every year.
_____________________________________________
4. I eat lunch with José frequently.
_____________________________________________
5. They play golf on Sundays.
_____________________________________________
6. When I play with them, I count the points for the score (el
resultado).
_____________________________________________
7. José flies to Costa Rica every summer.
_____________________________________________
8. He usually returns to Albuquerque after one week.
 _____________________________________________

Usa la lógica. Write in the letter of the phrase that best

completes each sentence.

Stem change e → i
The conjugation of -ir verbs with the e → i stem vowel change is as
follows:
 VOCABULARIO

Now, review the list of commonly used verbs with the e → i stem
change that may be useful for the exercises that follow:

Some verbs in this list have additional spelling changes and

a written accent.
Seguir, conseguir: u follows g where needed to
maintain the hard g sound: sigues, sigue, siguen;
consigues, consigue, consiguen.

All forms of reír and sonreír have a written accent on

the stem vowel í.

In addition to the stem vowel change, the yo form of

elegir is elijo, and the yo form of decir is digo.
Vowel changes in verbs ending in -uir
For verbs ending in -uir not preceded by g, y is inserted after the u,
except in the nosotros and vosotros forms.

VOCABULARIO

This is a short list of commonly used verbs ending in -uir not

preceded by a g.

En el banco. Complete each sentence with the appropriate

present tense form of the verb in parentheses.
1. En el banco, un cliente_______________ una hipoteca
(mortgage). (conseguir)
2. La cajera (teller)_______________ un documento de
identidad (ID card) a los clientes. (pedir)
3. Los empleados saludan a los clientes y_______________.
(sonreír)
 4. Todos los empleados_______________ las reglas de la
oficina. (seguir)
5. Un joven_______________ café a los clientes. (servir)
6. Este banco_______________ con otros bancos en mi barrio.
(competir)
7. Al final del día, el guardia_______________ un robo.
(impedir)
8. El ladrón_______________ en su auto. (huir)
9. ¡Qué pena! El gerente_______________ a dos empleados
hoy. (despedir)
10. El día de trabajo_______________ a las seis de la tarde.
(concluir)

Y en tu caso, ¿verdadero (V) o falso (F)?

1. ______ Gimo cuando siento dolor en una muela.
2. ______ Mido mis palabras cuando hablo con mi jefe.
3. ______ Río cuando escucho chistes.
4. ______ Visto a mi perro con un suéter cuando salimos al
parque.
5. ______ Repito palabras en español en voz alta.
6. ______ Sirvo té a mis colegas en la oficina.
7. ______ Elijo a buenos candidatos en las elecciones de mi
país.
8. ______ Pido sal cuando como en un restaurante.
Irregular verbs
As you have learned, many frequently used irregular verbs change
their forms in different ways. With some (e.g., ir) all forms are
irregular, in others (e.g., tener) only some forms change, and in
many verbs only the yo form is irregular.

Frequently used irregular verbs

Irregular forms in the following frequently used verbs are printed in
bold.

Verbs that are irregular in the yo form only

Many verbs that end in -cer or -cir preceded by e, o, or u add z in
the yo form only.
Some -er verbs add g before the present tense endings.

Other commonly used verbs also are irregular in the yo form only.

VOCABULARIO
The addition of prefixes com-, des-, dis-, pro-, -re, -su, and so
on does not change the irregular forms of the verbs hacer,
poner, tener, and traer.
En la oficina. Complete each sentence with the appropriate
present tense form of the verb in parentheses.
1. Yo nunca miento, siempre_______________ la verdad.
(decir)
2. Marta no_______________ veinte años, ¡treinta! (tener)
3. En la oficina, yo_______________ mi cartera en la gaveta.
(poner)
4. Yo_______________ los nombres de todos los países
europeos. (saber)
5. Carlos_______________ mañana de Argentina. (venir)
6. Yo_______________ las gracias a mis amigos. (dar)
7. Luisa_______________ puertorriqueña. (ser)
8. Ahora yo_______________ aquí, delante de la computadora.
(estar)
9. Yo no_______________ mucho dinero a la oficina. (traer)
10. Brenda y yo_______________ música cuando trabajamos.
(oír)
11. Pedro siempre_______________ su trabajo. (hacer)
12. Pedro propone un restaurante para almorzar pero
yo_______________ otro. (proponer)
 Preguntas personales.
1. ¿A qué hora sales de casa por la mañana?
_____________________________________________
2. ¿Conduces un auto nuevo o viejo?
_____________________________________________
3. ¿Perteneces a un partido político en tu país?
_____________________________________________
4. ¿Qué traes a casa cuando vas al mercado?
_____________________________________________
5. ¿Haces tareas en español o alemán?
_____________________________________________
6. ¿Mereces un descanso después de este ejercicio? ¿Sí o no?
_____________________________________________

Uses of the irregular verbs saber and conocer

Remember both saber and conocer are irregular in the present and
both mean to know. However, in Spanish they are used in different
contexts.

saber: to know information and facts, to know how

conocer: to be familiar with a person, a place, or a location;

to meet a person
Una conversación. ¿Conocer o saber? Complete the following
sentences using the yo form of the present tense of saber or
conocer as appropriate.
1. _______________ a Sebastián, el hijo de Martina.
2. _______________ dónde vive Sebastián.
3. No_______________ este lugar muy bien.
4. _______________ algunas tiendas excelentes aquí.
5. No_______________ los nombres de las estaciones de
trenes tampoco.
6. _______________ que Buenos Aires es una ciudad muy
cosmopolita.
7. _______________ a muchas personas en México.
8. Y_______________ buenas playas en ese país.

La familia y los amigos. Traducción. Use the words in the

Vocabulario útil for your translation.
My cousin Julia comes to my house every Friday evening. I leave
my store early and I drive my car to the supermarket. I choose
green vegetables, lettuce, tomatoes, and other products. I belong
to an organization, “Health is life.” I go to the meetings twice a
month. When I get home, I put the bags in the kitchen and I start
cooking quickly. The door bell rings and I open the door. I see
Julia and I give her a kiss. I always offer Julia an opportunity to
cook our dinner. If my neighbor Felipe hears our voices, or smells
the food, he comes to my house. He has a guitar. He brings the
guitar and he plays two or three songs. Around midnight I say
good-bye. I am sleepy! Bye.

__________________________________________________

__________________________________________________

__________________________________________________

__________________________________________________
__________________________________________________

__________________________________________________

__________________________________________________

__________________________________________________

__________________________________________________

__________________________________________________

__________________________________________________

__________________________________________________
Another random document with
no related content on Scribd:
Wir kommen jetzt auf die
fremden Vögel,
welche zu den Fasanen gehören können.
Unter diesen verdient

der Goldfasan,
oder
der chinesische gehaubte dreyfärbige
Fasan,
mit allem Recht die erste Stelle. A l b i n , K l e i n und H a l l e nennen
diesen Vogel den rothen Fasan: allein man hätte ihn fast eben so gut
den blauen nennen können; aber diese beyde Benennungen wären
eben so unvollkommen gewesen, als der Name Goldfasan, weil alle
drey nur eine von den drey prächtigen Farben, die auf seinem
Gefieder glänzen, anzeigen und die übrigen auszuschließen
scheinen. B ü f f o n hat ihn deswegen den chinesischen gehaubten
dreyfärbigen Fasan genannt. Bey L i n n e heißt er der gemalte und
bey M ü l l e r n der bunte Fasan.
Man kann diesen Fasan als eine Spielart von dem gemeinen
annehmen, die sich unter einem bessern Himmel verschönert hat.
Es sind zween Zweige Einer Familie, die sich seit langer Zeit
getrennet und sogar zwey verschiedene Raçen gemacht haben, die
aber einander doch noch erkennen: denn sie thun sich zusammen,
paaren sich und zeugen mit einander; doch muß man bekennen,
daß die Frucht, die aus ihrer Vermischung entsteht, etwas von der
Unfruchtbarkeit der Maulthiere hat.
 Die Schönheit dieses Vogels hat gemacht, daß man ihn in unsern
Fasanerien gezogen und vermehrt hat, wo man ihn nun oft antrifft.
Er hat keine rothe Haut um die Augen, wie unser Fasan. Der
Augenring, der Schnabel, die Füße und Krallen sind gelb, so, wie der
Busch von langen und schönen Federn, die er erheben kann, wann
er will. H a l l e beschreibt ihn anders, als ihn die B ü f f o n s c h e n
gemalten Figuren angeben. Er sagt, er sey scharlachroth mit
schwarzen parallelen Schuppen quer durchschnitten, der
Federbusch entstehe von den Ohren her, lagere sich auf der Seite
des Halses, liege wie Fischohren an und lasse sich erheben. Bey
dem unsrigen hingegen entstehen diese hellgelbe Federfasern
schon bey dem Ursprunge des Schnabels, bedecken die ganze
Scheitel und die längsten fallen den Nacken hinab. Um die Augen ist
auch noch alles bis an die Backen lichtgelb; gegen die Kehle zu
bekommt diese Farbe eine röthliche Schattirung; der ganze untere
Theil des Körpers ist scharlachroth, und von eben dieser Farbe
gehen über den Schwanzfedern andere lange und schmale Federn
heraus, deren Kiel gelb ist. Der obere Theil des Halses fällt aus dem
Orangefarbigen ins Rothbraune und hat schwarze Schuppen; oben
an dem Rücken ist ein breiter grüner Streif; der übrige ganze Rücken
und Deckfedern des Steißes sind schön gelb. Die längsten
zugespitzten Schwanzfedern haben auf einem dunkeln Grund eine
Menge bräunlichgelber rundlicher kleiner Flecken, andere aber
dunklere Streifen. Der obere Theil des Flügels und die grösten
Federn desselben sind braun, die äussersten davon etwas schwarz
und haben einige weiße Flecken, das übrige ist schön blau; die
Schenkel sind hellbraun. Dieser Fasan ist etwas kleiner, als der
unsrige.
Das Weibchen des Goldfasans ist ein wenig kleiner, als das
Männchen, und sein Schwanz ist kürzer. Man sieht an ihm die
langen Federn des Busches nicht, sondern blos hinten am Kopf
einige kleine Federn etwas hervorragen. Es hat von allen den
schönen Farben des Männchens nichts, sondern die Farben seines
Gefieders sind sehr gemein und noch schlechter, als an der
gewöhnlichen Fasanhenne; mit der Zeit aber wird es manchmal so
schön, als das Männchen. Man hat in England bey der Milady E s s e x
eines gesehen, welches innerhalb sechs Jahren aus seiner unedeln
Schnepfenfarbe in die schöne Farbe des Männchens stuffenweise
übergegangen war, von dem man es blos an den Augen und dem
kürzern Schwanze unterscheiden konnte. Leute, welche Gelegenheit
gehabt haben, auf diese Vögel genau zu merken, haben den Herrn
v o n B ü f f o n versichert, daß diese Veränderung der Farbe bey den
meisten Weibchen Statt fände und anfienge, wenn sie 4 Jahre alt
wären; daß um diese Zeit die Männchen einen Widerwillen gegen
sie bekämen und sie mißhandelten; daß ihnen alsdann die langen
schmalen Federn wüchsen, die bey dem Männchen die
Schwanzfedern begleiten; mit einem Worte, daß sie dem Männchen
immer ähnlicher würden, jemehr sie an Alter zunähmen.
Edwards versichert, man habe bey dem Herzog v o n L e e d s eine
gemeine Fasanhenne gesehen, die das Gefieder des Hahns
angenommen, und setzt hinzu, daß eine solche Veränderung nur
bey Vögeln, die in der Hausthierschaft leben, Statt finde.
Die Eyer der Goldfasanhenne gleichen denen vom Perlhuhne viel
und sind verhältnißmäßig kleiner, als die von der Haußhenne, und
röthlicher, als unsere Fasaneyer.
Hans Sloane hat ein Männchen gegen fünfzehn Jahr erhalten.
Es scheinet, daß dieser Vogel dauerhaft seyn muß, weil er so lang
ausser seinem Vaterlande lebt. Er gewöhnt sich gut an das unsrige
und vermehrt sich leicht, sogar mit unserer europäischen
Fasanhenne. L e R o i hat eine solche chinesische Henne mit einem
französischen Fasanhahn zusammen geworfen, und die zween
Jungen, die davon entstunden, glichen den unsrigen sehr, doch war
das Gefieder schlecht gefärbt und auf dem Kopf hatten sie nur einige
gelbe Federn, wie der chinesische Fasan. Als man diesen beeden
jungen Blendlingshahnen europäische Fasanhennen gab, so
befruchtete einer davon die seinige im zweyten Jahr und es kam
eine Fasanhenne heraus, die nie wieder konnte befruchtet werden.
Die zwey Blendlingshahnen haben bis ins vierte Jahr weiter nichts
gezeugt, in welchem Jahre sie Gelegenheit fanden, zu entwischen.
Vermuthlich ist dieses der schöne Fasan, von dem man sagt, das
die Federn in China mehr gälten, als der Vogel, und einerley mit
dem, den M a r k u s P a o l o in seinen c h i n e s i s c h e n Reisen
bewunderte, und dessen Schwanz drey Schuh lang war.

Der schwarz und weiße chinesische Fasan

scheint nach dem Muster des vorhergehenden gebauet zu seyn, nur
ist er größer: denn er übertrifft selbst den europäischen an Größe.
Mit dem letztern hat er einen sehr merklichen Zug von Aehnlichkeit,
nemlich die rothe Einfassung der Augen, die aber noch breiter, als
bey jenem, ist: denn sie fällt ihm an beyden Seiten unter den
Unterschnabel, in Gestalt der Backenlappen, herab, und auf der
andern Seite erhebt sie sich, wie ein dopelter Kamm, über den
Oberschnabel.
Das Weibchen ist ein wenig kleiner, als das Männchen, von dem
es aber in Absicht auf die Farbe sehr abgeht. Es ist weder, wie das
Männchen, am Obertheile des Körpers weiß, noch am Untertheile
schwarz mit einem purpurfarbigen Widerschein. Man siehet nur
etwas weniges Weißes unter der rothen Einfassung der Augen, die
bey weitem nicht so groß, als am Männchen, ist. Das übrige alles ist
rothbraun, bald dunkler, bald heller, ausser unter dem Bauche und
an den Seitenfedern des Schwanzes, wo man schwarze
Querstreifen auf einem grauen Grunde erblickt. Sonst aber geht das
Weibchen in dieser Raçe weniger von dem Männchen ab, als in den
übrigen Fasanraçen, und hat auch, wie dieses, eine Haube, doch
nicht von so langen Federn, wie das Männchen; sie hat auch die
braune Farbe des Kopfs, da sie hingegen bey dem Männchen
schwarz ist und sich auf dem weißen Nacken vortreflich ausnimmt.
Die Füße sind an beyden roth und bey dem Männchen mit weit
stärkern Sporen, als des Goldfasans seine sind, bewaffnet. In dem
Linne-Müllerischen System heißt dieser Vogel lateinisch
Nycthemerus, deutsch aber, wie bey H a l l e n , der weiße Fasan.

Im nördlichen Theile von China findet man eine Art von Fasanen,
deren Flügel und Schwanz mit einer großen Anzahl runder Flecken,
welche Augen ähnlich sehen, besäet sind, daher man diese Vögel
 Argus,
sonst aber
Luen
nennet. Sie sind gelb mit schwarzen Flecken oder Punkten. Das
Gesicht ist roth und am Kopf eine gedoppelte blaue Federhaube, die
rückwärts fällt; um die Augen herum und an der Wurzel des
Schnabels ist er schwarz; der Hinterkopf, die Kehle und der Hals
sind roth, nur ist der Nacken blau. Der Schwanz ist keilförmig und
hat mit den Flügeln einerley Farbe; die zwo mittlern Federn sind sehr
lang und ragen sehr viel über die andern hervor. Der Größe nach
gleicht dieser Vogel einem indianischen Hahn.

Den Napaul
oder
gehörnten Fasan
setzt E d w a r d s unter die Truthühner, weil er um den Kopf fleischige
Auswüchse hat, nennt ihn aber den gehörnten Fasan. Er scheint in
der That dem Fasan näher, als dem Truthahn, anzugehören: denn
diese fleischige Auswüchse sind nichts weniger, als diesem letztern,
eigen, indeme sie der Hahn, das Perlhuhn, der Kasuar und andre
mehr ebenfalls haben. Man findet sie sogar auch an Fasanen: denn
die Haut um die Augen des weißen Fasans bildet in der That einen
gedoppelten Kamm über dem Schnabel und Backenlappen unter
demselben. Ueberdiß ist der Napaul aus dem Klima der Fasanen,
indem ihn M e a d aus Bengalen bekommen hat; er hat auch den
Schnabel, die Füße, die Sporen, die Flügel und die gänzliche Gestalt
des Fasans.
Der Napaul wird ein gehörnter Fasan genannt, weil er in der That
zwey Hörner auf dem Kopfe hat. Diese Hörner sind blau, cylindrisch,
am Ende stumpf, liegen rückwärts und kommen in Absicht auf ihre
Substanz mit schwieligem Fleisch überein. Er hat keinen Zirkel von
rother und zuweilen schwarz punktirter Haut, wie die Fasanen, um
die Augen, sondern dieser ganze Raum ist mit schwarzen Haaren in
Gestalt der Federn besetzt; unter diesem Raum und dem Ursprung
des Unterschnabels nim̄ t eine Art von Kragen, der aus einer
schlappen Haut bestehet, seinen Anfang, welcher hinab fällt und frey
auf der Kehle und dem Obertheil des Halses hängt. Dieser Kragen
ist in der Mitte schwarz, mit Haaren von eben dieser Farbe besäet
und mit mehr oder weniger tiefen Runzeln gefurcht; und es ist
wahrscheinlich, daß ihn der Vogel aufblasen und zusammen ziehen
kann. Die Seitentheile daran sind blau mit einigen orangefärbigen
Flecken und auswärts ohne Haare; die innere Oberfläche aber, die
auf dem Hals anliegt, ist mit kleinen schwarzen Federn, wie der Theil
des Halses, den sie bedecket, besetzt; der Wirbel des Kopfs ist roth;
der Vordertheil des Körpers röthlich; der Hintertheil mehr
schwarzbraun. Ueber den ganzen Körper, Schwanz und Flügel
mitgerechnet, sieht man schwarze weiß eingefaßte Flecken, die
ganz nahe beysammen ziemlich regelmäßig ausgesäet sind. Diese
Flecken sind am Vordertheile rund, am Hintertheil haben sie die
Gestalt der Thränen, und zwar so, daß sich die Spitze gegen den
Kopf kehret. Die Flügel reichen nicht über den Ursprung des
Schwanzes.

Man hat zwar in Amerika keine wahre Fasanen gefunden; unter

der Menge verschiedener Vögel aber, die diese weite Gegenden
bevölkern, siehet man einige, die mehr oder weniger Aehnlichkeit mit
dem Fasan haben. Von diesen nähert sich jedoch

Der Katraka,
oder, wie er sonst genannt wird,
der Fasan von Guiana
demselben am meisten. Er kommt mit ihm, in Absicht auf die Gestalt
überhaupt, auf den ein wenig gebogenen Schnabel, die roth
eingefaßten Augen und den langen Schwanz, überein. Schnabel und
Füße sind roth und der ganze Vogel ist dunkelrothbraun, die Seiten
des Kopfes, welche röthlich sind, und den Bauch, welcher
aschfarben oder schmutzig weiß ist, ausgenommen.
Man weiß von seiner Naturgeschichte zur Zeit noch nichts, und
der Name Katraka wird ihm in Mexiko gegeben.
 Anhang.

Viele Reise- und Naturbeschreiber haben noch andern Vögeln den

Namen der Fasanen gegeben, die aber B ü f f o n nicht dafür erkennen
will, ob sie gleich auf seinen gemalten Platten unter Fasanennamen
vorkommen.
Diese Vögel sind folgende:
1.) Der Fasan von den Antillen
des B r i s s o n , oder der Fasan von der Insel Kayriouacou des d u
Te r t r e , welcher viel längere Beine und einen kürzern Schwanz, als
der Fasan, hat.
2.) Der gekrönte indianische Fasan
des B r i s s o n , welcher sich von dem Fasan durch seine ganze
Gestalt, durch die besondere Bildung des Schnabels, durch seine
Sitten und Gewohnheiten, durch seine längern Flügel und durch
seinen kürzern Schwanz unterscheidet, und, seine Größe
ausgenommen, mehr Aehnlichkeit mit dem Geschlechte der Tauben
zu haben scheint.
3.) Der gehaubte kayennische Fasan,
ein amerikanischer Vogel, den B ü f f o n unter diesem Namen
bekommen hat, der aber von dem Fasan, in Absicht auf die Größe,
die Stellung des Körpers, den langen und dünnen Hals, den kleinen
Kopf, die langen Flügel ⁊c. abzugehen scheinet.
4.) Der Hokkofasan von Guiana,
welcher nichts weniger, als ein Fasan, ist;
 und 5.) alle andere Hokkos von Amerika,
die B r i s s o n , B a r r e r e und andere zu den Fasanen gerechnet haben,
von denen wir aber, so, wie von den vorigen, hier nicht weiter reden
wollen.
 *** END OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK
NATURGESCHICHTE DES FASANS ***

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