Science of Thinking and Ethics

(SGDN1043)
Thinking and Ethical Beliefs from
Different Ideological Civilizations
 SECULARISM
 Secularism is a latin word- saeculum which
means time and place.
 Terminology: understanding produced by
human mind which supports the idea that
religious affairs are not related to material
things and worldly affairs.
 Separation between the outer and inner,
physical, spiritual, body and soul of a person.
PHILOSOPHY OF SECULARIM
 Religion and its values must be separated
from government and human life.
 Morality is based on the needs and desires
of human alone.
 Live life without referring to the belief in
God, belief in the future, in death and
things that happen after death.
ASSUMPTIONS OF SECULARISM

 Secularism believes that God does not exist or His

existence is in doubt.

 Secularism believes that the universe exists

mechanistically and is organized by its own ruling
(by nature).

 Rational mind can understand natural phenomena

in their own ways.
 MODERNISM
 This was a result from the movement of the
Latin America culture
 Fighting for a new cultural autonomy
emancipation to escape from the Spanish
cultural rule.
 Want something new and different and the birth
of a new light in the culture of the social life of
the western society.
 MODERNISM
 The spirit and soul of modernism began in
the renaissance era 16M-18M century.
 During young adulthood, people began to
control the world and escape the rules of
religious institution.
 People entered a new era, it is post-
medieval era (or modern era).
ELEMENTS OF MODERNISM
1. Subjective and relative: Strong rationale in
solving life’s problems.
2. Subjective, crisis and reflective: Ability to remove
the ties of faith and free oneself from tradition and
historical issues.
3. Historical consciousness: is born by subject. Time
runs in a linear, unique, non-recurring with the
present as a historical source.
4. Universality: modern elements that are normative
for society that perpetuate the reform process.
 CAPITALISM
This ideology is based on individual freedom to
own property and tools for enterprise as well as
full development of financial institutions.
Belief in concept of freedom of competition
and competitiveness, inheritence, and profit
making.
Founder – Rothchilds (1772-1823) who was a
gold dealer in Germany.
 CAPITALISM
 Wiki:An economic and political system in which a
country's trade and industry are controlled by
private owners for profit, rather than by the state.
 In a capitalist economy, capital assets such as
factories, mines, and railroads can be privately
owned and controlled.
 Goalof capitalism – is to include ruling power in
the political group that has machinery for
production and mastery of money and property.
 SOCIALISM
 A way of organizing a society in which major industries are
owned and controlled by the government rather than by
individual people and companies.
 It against individualism for failing to address social
concerns during the industrial revolution, including
poverty, social oppression, and gross inequalities in wealth.
 It is about sharing ownership of resources.
 Social and economic doctrine that calls for public rather
than private ownership or control of property and natural
resources.
Understanding of Socialism
 Man is an animal that has no privileges.
 Man does not have soul but body.
 Fight for the concept of unity.
 Evolution theory suggests according to the natural
methods, “ the law of the jungle” is done at each
stage of an animal including human nature.
 Battle of life with each other to determine who is
powerful or have the right to live.
 COMMUNISM
 System of dictatorship whereby government
has full power.
 People have no say, and the government is
entitled to do whatever it likes (e.g. oppression
of people etc.).
 This doctrine grew throughout the West and the
East
Philosophy and ideology of communism
3 CONCEPTS:
 stress
on materialism.
 using a system of dictatorship
 promote middle class system
 HUMANISM
 Humanism, is a philosophy (or religion) the guiding
principle of which is concentration on the welfare,
progress, and happiness of all humanity in this one and
only life.
 ForHumanism the central concern is always the
happiness of people in this existence.
 Against religion as religious people always give
answers to worldly questions.
 HUMANISM
 Humanists look for answers based on reason,
experience and shared human values.
 Humanists look for evidence before they believe
things.
 They are likely to believe what scientists or their own
experiences tell them, or to remain open-minded about
questions, rather than to believe what someone else
says.
What do humanists believe?
1. we can live good lives without religious or superstitious
beliefs,
2. that we only have one life and we should make the best
of it,
3. creating meaning and purpose for ourselves and making
sense of the world using reason, experience and shared
human values,
4. we should try to live happy and fulfill lives and help
others to do so.
What do humanists believe?
Humanists believe that:
5. we should live responsibly, thinking rationally about
right and wrong, considering the consequences of our
actions and trying to do the right thing.

 Humanism is an ethical worldview, not just an atheistic

or agnostic one.
 ATHEISM
 Atheism’ means the negation of theism, the denial of
the existence of God or gods.
 Many atheists have tendencies towards secular
philosophies such as Humanism and Naturalism.
 InAncient Greece, the 5th Century B.C. philosopher
Diagoras is often credited as the "first atheist" and
strongly criticized all religions and mysticism.
ARGUMENTS FOR ATHEISM
 Some atheists argue a lack of empirical evidence for the
existence of deities and are skeptical of all supernatural
beings.
Among the arguments for atheism are:
1. Epistemological arguments:
 Various arguments claim that people cannot know God or
determine the existence of God.
2. Metaphysical arguments:
 Metaphysical atheists subscribe to some form of Physicalism, which
openly denies the existence of non-physical beings.
ARGUMENTS FOR ATHEISM
Among the arguments for atheism are:
3.Psychological, sociological and economical
arguments:
Anthropologists and the psychologists have argued
that God and other religious beliefs are human
inventions, created to fulfill various psychological and
emotional wants or needs.
Some argued that belief in God and religion are social
functions, used by those in power to oppress and
enslave the working classes.