Diploma in Land Survey Syllabus Typed

REPUBLIC OF KENYA
TECHNICAL EDUCATION
PROGRAMMES {TEP}
TECHINICIAN TRAINING
PROGRAMME
DIPLOMA IN LAND SURVEYING
Syllable and Regulations

TABLE OF CONTENTS
Contents
1.0 NATIONAL AIMS TECHNICAL PROGRAMES.....................................................................................3
2.0 OBJECTIVE OF POST SECONDARY TRAINING PROGRAMMES...........................................................3
3.0 INTRODICTION TO THE COURSE......................................................................................................4
4.0 OBJECTIVES OF THE COURSE...........................................................................................................4
5.0 GENERAL REGULATIONS..................................................................................................................5
7.0 SOCIAL STUDIES.............................................................................................................................18
8.0 ENTREPRENEURSHIP EDUCATION................................................................................................37
1.0 NATIONAL AIMS TECHNICAL PROGRAMES
The aims of technical training at both post-primary and post-secondary level should be:
i) To provide increased training opportunities for school leavers that will enable
them to be self-supporting
ii) To develop practical sill and attitudes which will lead to income- earning
activities in the urban or rural areas through salaried employment self-
employment.
iii) To provide practical education and training skills which are responsive and
relevant on Kenya’s agricultural, industrial, commercial and economic needs.
iv) To provide technical knowledge and vocation skills necessary for manpower and
necessary foe manpower development.
989
v) To provide people who can apply scientific knowledge for the solution of
environmental problems, and , to encourage self-employment while at the same
time producing skilled artisans, technicians and technologist foe both formal and
informal sectors in the ratio of 1:5:30 respectively.
2.0 OBJECTIVE OF POST SECONDARY TRAINING PROGRAMMES

The general objectives of post –secondary training programmes are to: -
a) Develop skills which will be responsible and to the country’s manpower required at
the middle level.
b) Prepare the trainees such that they can enter the world of work with confidence for
either employment of self- reliance.
c) Impart adequate skills which will enable the trainee to operate either as a craftsman or
perform middle supervisory functions.
(iii)
3.0 INTRODICTION TO THE COURSE

THIS Diploma Course in Land Surveying is designs to provide knowledge and skills
requirepreparing trainees for preforming tasks of a Technician Surveyor. The graduate of
the course should be able to so survey computations, conduct a (date) search and carry
out field observations for both planimetric and three-dimensional surveying.
The main emphasis of the course is on competence, efficiency and choice of appropriate
equipment for coat- effectiveness. The aim is to prepare trainees foe supervisory roles
and further training. The duration to the course should be not more than three calendar
years, inclusive of industrial attachment.
4.0 OBJECTIVES OF THE COURSE

At the end of this course the trainee should be able to:-
(a) Operate surveying equipment efficiently an safety;
(b) Understand the scope of land surveying;
(c) Understand computer assisted mapping (CAM)
(d) Communicate professional and administrative matters by means of appropriate media
and channels;
(e) Demonstrate safe working habits and attitudes;
(f) Direct survey work carried out by operators;
(g) Adapt to the needs of the changing environments particularly within the surveying
and mapping industry.

(iv)
5.0 GENERAL REGULATIONS
5.1 AP PROVAL OF THE COURSE
Institution providing instructions in this course must be recognized and approved by the
ministry of Technical Training and Applied Technology. The institutions must provide
facilities for practical work as outlined by the Inspectorate Department of the Ministry.
5.2 The course is designed to have duration of 2970 hours. 2310 hours will be effectively
spent in the institution while 660 hours will be used for industrial attachment. The curse
is organized in three stages. Each stage has 990 hours.
5.3 ENTRY REQUIREMENTS

Trainees entering this course should have the following minimum requirements:
(a) a pass in a relevant craft course;
(b) Passed Kenya Certificate of secondary Education (KCSE) with an average grade of c
in any two of the relevant subject to the trade area.
(c) Occupation test grade 1 or an approved equivalent qualification.

(V)
5.4 EXAMINATIONS
The Kenya National Examinations Council will offer examinations Council will offer
examinations at the end of stage three of the course. Internal examinations will be
conducted by the institutions at the end of first and second stages.
5.4.1 Internal Examinations
Internal examinations will be prepared and marked by the institutions the Kenya National
Examinations Council will not issue certificates for the internal examinations but the
institutions will issue statement of result of stage on and two examinations to the trainees.
Examination papers at the end of stage 1; each of 3 hours
1. .Social Studies.
Entrepreneurship Education Project
Communication.
2. Mathematics
3. Physics.
4. Physical Geography.
5. Surveying Instruments.
6. Topographical.
7. Survey control.
Examination papers at the end od stage 11; each of 3 hours
1. Entrepreneurship Education Project.

2. Mathematics.
3. Physics.
4. Human Geography.
5. Computers and computer Assisted Mapping.
6. Photogrammetry and Remotes Sensing
7.
(vi)
A candidate may proceed from one state to the next only after satisfying all the
requirements of the Internal Examinations.
5.2.2 External Examinations
The KNEC will set, conduct and mark the final examinations for the award of “Diploma
in Land Surveying” to successful candidates.
The following papers shall be examined externally at the end of stage111:
1. Mathematics 3 hours
2. Management 3 hours
3. Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing 3 hours
4. Cartography 3 hours
5. Cadastral Surveying and land Law 3 hours
( cadastral Surveying practical by C.A)
6. Survey control and Engineering Surveying 3 hours
( survey control and Engineering surveying practice by C. A)
7. Project.
5.5 ELIGIBILITY FOR THE ENTRY TO EXAMIANTION
Candidates for the examination must at the time of entry to the examination have
completed the course at an institution recognized and approved for the course at and have
completed 75% at attendance of the course time.
5.6 ATTENDANCE AND COURSE WORK REQUIREMENTS
The candidate arel expected to be attending an institution approved for the course for the
theoretical and practical instruction whereby records of attendance will be kept on a
routine basis.
(vii)
5.6.1 Course Marks
Coursework refers to evaluation done though controlled tests and PRACTICE

exercise, such as homework, class exercise and practical; assignments including
laboratory, workshop, office practice, fieldwork and any specialized activity in
relevant premises, simulated or real.
This trade practice in this syllabus is understood to mean that the trainee will
engage in ‘practice’ definition skills under the guidance of a competent instructor.
Some of the skills; e.g. calculations, may be theoretical in the context o the trade
and others will be highly practical, even to the extent of being literally ‘manual’
The instructor shall continuously monitor the progress andevaluate each trainee
in respect of his or her performance in all the skills.
Continuous assessment marks for the coursework must be kept by the

institutionand details must be submitted to the Kenya National Examinations
Council in respect of each candidate entered for the examination, at least two
weeks before the written examinations are taken.
5.6.1 Continuous assessment will be given a weighting of 30% and the final
examination by the Kenya National Examination council will be given a
weighting of 70% in the determination of the final examination results.
5.7 PROJECT WORK
A project in the context means a complete job carried out by a individual trainees
or by a group carried out by an individual trainees or bay group of trainees and
involves measurement/ collection and processing of various non- homogenous
date. It may be practical, mathematical evaluative, describe or research-based.
The project is to have well- defined objectives so that trainee/trainees have

something definite to aim at, without inhibiting their initiative.
AIMS OF PROJECT WORK
`The aims of project are to give the trainee (s) experience in:
a) Carrying out a full job/ extended piece of practical work.
b) Developing ideas doe implementation.
c) Working with the supervisor (s) end peers to implementtheir own ideas.
d) Coordinating work and keeping records of the work as it proceeds.
e) Technical report writing.
f) Presentation of a project.
5.8 PROJECT SELECTION
The trainee will carry out at least two projects, one of which will be related to the trade
proper and, will be assessed by the Kenya National Examinations Council, while the
others one will be an entrepreneurship project which will be internally administeredand
evaluated ( by continuous assessment) and the marks submitted to the Kenya
NationalExamination Council for verification.
N.Bthe entrepreneurship project is expected to be related to the surveying andmapping

industry. However, trainees are free to choose any project, even if it sin not related to
that industry.
5.8.1 The projects may be decided upon by the institution or sponsors and the list of the
projects should be by the end of stage two of the course.
Each project must be supervised by a staff member to ensure that the candidate is
receiving adequate guidance.
(xi)
5.8.3 Projects will be submitted to the Kenya Nations examinations Council at least to weeks
before the beginning of the final examinations.
5.8.4 Assessment of the project work should he carried out by the internal examiner from the
institution and an external examiner (assessor) appointed by the Kenya National
Examination council.
5.9 INDUSRIAL ATTACHMENT
After the end of STGE 111, trainees shall be sent out on industrial attachment. About 660
hours of the attachment period should be derived from course term and time and the rest
from holidays.
During attachment, every trainee shall be expected to familiarize himself/herself with all,
or most, aspects of photogrammetry and remote sensing.
5.9.1 Issue If Examination Results
For the award of a certificate, the candidate must be assessed thought continuous
assessment, theoretical and practical tests and projects.
The weight of common support subjects to core/ trade subjects shall be in ratio of
40:60%. The grade for each subject should be indicated on the certificate on the basis of
a 12- points scale, being, 12 points as the highest score and 1 as the lowest. The points
shall be accompanied by an expanded system of A, a-, B+ …………..E, as given in the
grading analysis here below:-
(X)
GRADE POINTS
A 12
A-11
B+ 10
B 9
B- 8
C+7
C 6
C-5
D+4
D3
D-2
E1
5.9.2 Candidates will be required to take the same sitting all the relevant papers of the course.
5.9.3 Candidate who wish to improve their performance may do so by taking the examination I
the following sitting of the examination series.
5.10 AWARE OF CERTIFICATE
The Kenya national Examinations Council will award a certificate; “Diploma I Land
Surveying” to candidates who have fulfilled all the requirements of the course.
5.11 GENERAL REGULATIONS
In the event of any inconsistency arising between the current regulations as set out in this
syllabus and the General Regulations published by the General Regulations of the council
shall prevail.
(xi)
COURSE SUMMARY AND ALLOCATION
CODE SUBJECT TOPICS HOURS

7.0 SOCIAL STUDIES  Social Economics
 Government
 Industrial psychology
 Philosophy
 Ethics
 Science an Technology
 Production and commerce
66
 Industrial Relations
8.0 ENTERPRENEURSHIP  Entrepreneurship and self-
EDUCATION employment
 Entrepreneurship opportunities
 Entrepreneurial competence 1
Entrepreneurial competence 11
 Enterprise management
154
9.0 COMMUNICATION  Purpose and process
 Forms od communication
 Storage and retrieval of
information
 Planning and conducting
 Meeting/ Interview
 Communication as a tool of
management
 External aspects of
86
communication
(xii)

10.0 COMPUTERS  Introduction to computer
 Hardware
 Software
 Software
 Algorithm and programming language
 Program Development
 Data processing
 Information Processing
 Application packages and 88
documentation
1.0 MATHEMATICS  Indicates and logarithms

 Algebra
 Mensuration
 Co-ordinations ad Geomatry
 Permulations an combinations
 Binomial Expansion
 Hyperbolic Functions
 Calculus
 Seouencences and series
 Statistics an s probability
 Numerical methods
 Matrices
 Differential Equations 193
 Complex
12.0 PHYSIC  Mechanics
 Heat
 Geometric optics
 Wave/ physical optics
 Electricity
 Management and Electromagnetism
 modern
13.0 GEOGRAPY  Introduction

 Structure and composition of the Earth
 Land forming processes
 Soils an drainage
 Weather and climate
 Vegetation 154
 Agriculture
 Population, settlement an Urbanization,
Minerals and energy resources
 Transport and communication
 Trade and industry
 Tourism and wildlife
 Environmental conversation
 Environmental conservation and resources
management
14.0 COMPUTER  Introduction to CAM
ASSISTED  CAM hardware
 Collection of mapping date
 Process of mapping date
86
 Data presentation
 Data storage and retrieval
 CAM packages
15.0 MANAGEMENT  Introduction to management
 Organization and management
 Office practice
 Work planning
83
 Coasting
 Public Relations an tendering
 Marketing
 Purchasing and stock control
(xiv)

16.0 PHOTOGRAMMERTY  Introduction to photogrammetry
AND REMOTE SENSING  Photographs
 Rectification
 Stereoscopy
132
 Parallexheighting
 Photogrammetric plotters
 Planning of photogrammetric
mapping project
 Photogrammetric products
 Remote sensing
17.0 CARTOGRAPHY  Cartographic Techniques 132
 Cartographic Communication
 Map Production Techniques
 Map Revision
18.0 LAND LAW  Introduction 88
 Ownership of land
 Original and development of
land law in Kenya
 Government control over land
use
 Transactions on land
 Land Arbitration
 Cadastral processes
(xv)
19.0 SURVEYING  The surveyor’s state and

INSTRUMENTS equipment for direct linear
measurement
 The Theodol it’s and
instruments formeasuring
direction and eagles.
 The surveyors level and
instruments for measuring
slope an differences of 110
elevation
 The subtense Bar and optional
distance measuring instruments
 The plans Table
 Electromagnetic Distance
measuring (EMD) Instruments
 The Nautical Sextant and
hydrographic surveying.
20.0 TOPOGRAPHICAL  Introduction to topographical
SURVEYING surveying
 Chain surveying
 Compass surveying 132
 Compass surveying
 Tachometric surveying
 Plane Table Surveying
 controlling
21.0 CADASTRAL  Introduction to cadastral
SURVEYING surveying
 Cadastral computations
field practice for fixed 110
boundary surveying project
 Deed plans
 Checking and quality control of
fixed boundary survey project
 Field practice an presentation
of general boundary surveying
(xvii)
SUBJECT ZONNING AND SUGGESTED DISTRIBUTION OF HOURS
ZONE/ STAGE 1 STAGE 1I STAGE III HOURS

SUBJEC
T
TERMS TERMS TERMS III

I II III I III III I II III
COMON SUPPORTIVE ZONE

7.0 Social studies 4 2 2 88
8.0 Entrepreneurship Ed. 4 2 2 2 2 154
9.0 Communication 4 2 2 88
10.0 Computers 4 4 38
11.0 Mathematics 4 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 198
12.0 Physics 4 4 2 2 2 154
13.0 Geography 4 4 4 2 2 154
TRADE SUPPORT ZONE

14.0 Computer Assisted Mapping 2 2 2 66
15.0 Management 88
16.0 Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing 4 2 2 2 2 132
17.0 Cartography 4 2 2 2 2 132
TRADE SUPPORT ZONE

18.0 Land Law 4 2 2 88
19.0 Surveying Instrument 2 2 2 2 2 110
20.0 Topographical Surveying 4 4 4 132
21.0 Cadastral Surveying 4 4 2 110
22.0 Engineering Surveying 2 2 4 4 2 154
23.0 Survey Control 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 308
24.0 project 2 2 2 66
Minimum Industrial Attachment= 660 hours Totals contact
time 2310hours
-1-
7.0 SOCIAL STUDIES

7.01 INTRODUCTION
Social studies is concerned with the study of factors which affect the total life of an
individual. This course unit, therefore, seeks to equip trainees with essential social skills,
land knowledge about their society. It is also designed to encourage
e positive attitudes which they require in order to effectively play their role on the
society.
7.02 GENERAL OBJECTIVES
At the end of this topic, the trainee should be able to:
a) Portray positive attitudes in relation to work and society.
b) Develop positive cultural values for self-fulfillment.
c) Formulate his/her own ideas.
d) Understand the role of the Government.
e) Relate the behavior of individual to their efficiency and effectiveness in an
organization
-2-
7.03 SUBJECT SUMMARY AND TIME ALLOCATION
CODE TOPIC SUB-TOPIC TIME
7.1.4s SOCIAL  Culture

ECONOMICS  Main features of ethnic groups
 Synthesis of traditional and modern
values
 Urbanization and industrialization
 Growth of towns
 Population
 Management and utilization of Natural
resources
7.1.2s GOVERNMENT  concepts of state

 political systems
 fundamental Human Right and freedom
of the individual
 Kenya’s foreign policy
 Role o the Government on the economy 12
 Government Budget
7.1.3s INDUSTRIAL  meaning of scope

PSYCHOLOGY  conditioning an Learning
 Emotional Expressions: a hierarchical
conception
 Attitude change and social influence
-3-
7.1.4S NATIONAL  Introduction to philosophy

PHILOSOPHY  Great philosophers 8
 National philosophies of
Kenya
7.1.5S ETHICS  Introduction

 Role of Religion in society
 Significance of social in
society
 Significance of social and 8
individual values an ethics
 Development of
Humanism
 Professional ethics
 Technology and Religion
7.1.7S  Evolution
 History and science and
technology
 Appropriate technology 6
and technology
7.1.8S  Types of business

organization
 Registration
 Registration of limited 12
companies
 Contribution of business in
National Development
 Costing, Budgeting an
controls
 Marketing
 Taxation
7.1.8S  History of Trade Unions

 Common causes of dispute
 Procedure for resolving
dispute 10
 Functions of trade unions
and labour organizations
-4-
CODE TOPIC SUB-TOPIC HOURS
7.1.9S LAW  Sources of Kenya Law

 Essential elements of the Law of contract
 Elements of the Law of Tort
 Legal Rights of person Civil law and the
citizen
88 hours
TOTAL
-5-
STAGE 1
7.1.1S SOCIAL ECONOMICS (2HRS)
7.1.1SII Specific objectives
a) Explain the meaning of culture.
b) Outline the main features of the cultural values
c) Evaluate traditional and modern culture of an ethic group in Kenya.
d) Describe the changes that have resulted into urbanization
e) State the main factors affecting growth or towns.
f) Explain the impact of factors urbanization industrialization on the society.
g) State factors that load to rapid increase in population.
h) Sate causes of under population.
i) State effects of over-population.
j) State the effects of over-population.
k) Describe population control measures.
l) Describe appropriate ways of management and effective utilization of natural
resources
7.1. IISII Culture
7.1. IS12 features of culture
- Case study of Kenya ethic group
7.1.1S13 traditional and modern culture
- Synthesis of values relating to
i) Food and eating habits
ii) Family and marriage.
iii) Supernatural beliefs and health practices and law.
iv) Role and statue of the individual
-6-
v) Education
- Formal am informal
vi) Land tenure systems
vii) Languages
7.1.1S14 urbanization and Industrialization.
i) Changes
- Rural/urban changes
- - Industrial changes
ii) Impact Of Urbanization And Industrialization Society
- Negative effects
- Positive effects
7.1.1S15 factors of growth of towns
i) Town planning
-importance
- Effects o unplanned urban development
ii) Constraints to town growth
-land
-finance
7.1.1S16 Factors to Population Increase
- Law education
- Poverty
- Idleness and lack of recreation facilities
- Cultural and religious beliefs and taboos
- Early marriages a high fertility/birth rates
- Poor housing
- Good housing
- Good diet
- Medical facilities
- Immigration
-7-
7.1.1s17 Causes of under population

i)natural calamities and war
ii)affluence
iii)immigration
iv)government policy
7.1.1s18 Effects overpopulation
i)Food crisis
ii)Congestion and scarcity of social services
iii)Unemployment and crime
iv)Pressure on resources
7.1.1s19 Effects of under population
Underutilization resources
Reduced productivity and poverty
7.1.1S110 Population control measures

i) education and family planning
ii) medical facilities
iii) debates, policies and parliaments Acts
7.1.1S111 Management /utilization of Natural Resources
- Soil conservation
- reforestations
- new and renewable sources of energy
- non-renewable energy resources
-education
7.12s GOVERNMENT (13 hrs)
7.1.2S1 Specific objectives
a) State different concepts of the state
b) analyze different types of Government
c) describe the basis rights of the citizen as provided by the Bill of Rights
-8-
d) Analyse the Kenyan constitution

e) discuss the implication of violation of human rights
f) discuss Kenya’s foreign policy of non-alignment
g) describe the role of the Kenya Government in the economy
h) explain the Government income and expenditure patterns
7.1.2.S13 provision by the Bill of Rights

Basic rights
Limitations on rights
7.1.2S14 The constitution
Definition
Supremacy of the constitution
Righs, freedoms and oblation preside for in the constitution
7.1.2S15 implication of violation of human rights
Social
Economic
Political
7.1.2S16 foreign policy of non-alignment
Meaning
Relation with
-9-
-PTA
-OAU
-COMMON WEALTH
-EEC
-BCA
-The Arab League
iii)The Warsaw pact

iv}North Atlantic Treaty
7.1.2S17 Role of the Government in the nation economy

i) strategies
-decentralization
-district focus for rural development
ii) As producer, employer and consumer interdependence of various
sectors of the economy
iii) The National Development plan
- importance
iv) Impact of external economies on the national economy
7.1.2S18 Government income /Revenue and Expenditure

i) The Government Budget
-sources of finance
forms of expenditure
ii) procedure of financing ministries/departments
7.1.3S INDUSTRIAL PSYCHOLOGY ( 8 hrs)
At the end of the topic the trainee should able to:

a) explain the meaning of industrial psychology
b) relate behavior to conditioning and learning
c) discuss the causes of variation in emotional expression
d) relate Ma Slow’s and Hertzberg’s theories on human motivation
-10-
e) explain factor that influence the attitudes of human beings
f) explain factors that affect group relations
g) relate the behavior of individuals to their efficiency and
effectiveness in an organization
7.1.3.S11 Meaning of industrial psychology
-Definition
-Scope
7.1.3.S12 Behavior conditioning and leaning
- conditioning as a means of learning/teaching
- classical conditioning
- operant conditioning
7.1.3/S14 Theories on human motivation
-Ma Slow’s theory
-Hertzberg’s theory
7.1.3.S15 Factors that influence attitudes
- change and social influence
- compliance
- identity and conformity
-internalization
- persuasion
7.1.3.S16 Group relations
- Interdependence
- reference grip
- social stereotypes
7.1.3.S17 Relationship between behavior and efficiency/effectiveness
i) behavioural indicators of efficiency/effectiveness
ii)Factors that affect efficiency/effectiveness individual staff in an
organization
-11-
7.1.4S NATIONAL PHILOSOPHY (8 hrs)
7.1.4.S1 Specific objectives

Explain what is meant by philosophy
Outline the main ideas of well know, philosophers
Outline the national philosophies of Kenya
Discuss major strategies of national development under the Nyayo
philosophy
7.1.4.S11 Philosophy
-definition
-importance/role
7.1.4.S12 Ideas of well know philosopher(s)from:
- Africa
- the East/Orient
-the West/Occident
- the Caribbean
- South America
7.1.4.S13 National philosophies
- Harambee
- Nyayo
7.1.4S14 Strategies for National Development
-Education (8:4:4 system)
-Health and medical Care
-National Food Policy
- District Focus for Rural Development
-12-
7.1.5.S ETHICS (9 hrs)

At the end of this topic, the trainee should be to:
Explain the torn “ethics”
Explain the role of religion in influencing majority
Explain the significance of social values in society
Explain what is meant by humanison
Recognize the relationship between technology and religion/culture
7.1.5.S11 Explanation of Ethics
Meaning
Importance in social relations
Knowledge and significance of professional ethics
7.1.5.12 Religion and morality

i) Major/advanced religions of the world
- African
- Eastern
- Hebranic near and Middle Eastern
- Western
ii) Influence on morality social ethics
- concept of right and wrong action
- authority, punishment and reward systems
 Sin and repentance
 Karma taboo and reincarnation totenism and
sacrifice/atonement
-13-
7.1.5.S13 Social Values
- Significance of group values

- Individuals values
- Ethical issues as values conflicts
- Individuals versus group
7.1.5.S14 Humanism
i) definition
ii) role
- Man-centered development
- Philosophy
- Sitruism and stoicism
7.1.5.S15 Technology and Religion/Culture
i) definitions
- technology
- religion
- culture
ii) Complimentary aspects of technology and religion /culture
iii)conflicting aspects
7.1.6S SCIENCE AND TE CHNOLOGY (6hrs)

a) explain
b) describe the main historical stages in the development of
science and technology
c) determine an appropriate technology for a given situation
-14-
7.1.6,S11 Theories on Evolution
i)Darvin’s theory
- Origin of species
ii)The theory of Natural process
iii)Impact of recent discoveries/inventions
-Electronics and computer on
 Transport (air, road, sea/marine
 Military planning
 Manufacturing and robot technology
 Education
- Genetic Engineering on
 bio-technology
 genetic mutations/evolution
- Astro-physics and space exploration
 Origin formation of the earth solar system
 fate of the galaxies and global environment

7.1.6.S12 Historical stage in the development of science and technology
i)Ancient/mediaeval ideas
ii)The Renaissance
iii)The industrial revolution
iv)Space computer age/scientific revolution
7.1.6.S13 Appropriate Technology

i)Meaning
ii)Types of appropriate technology
- Applications
iii)Sources of energy
- renewable
- non-renewable
-15-
7.1.7.S COMMERCE
7.1.7.S1 At the end of this topic, the trainee should be able to :

a) describe different types of business organization
b) describe the stages involved in the registration of limited companies
c) State the contribution of business in National Development
d) explain the elements of costing
e) explain the term budgeting
f) explain the nature and importance of budgeting controls
g) explain the term marketing
h) stage the major types of taxation in Kenya
i) calculate sums relating to taxation
7.1.7.S11 Types of business organization
i ) Sole proprietor /trader

ii) Partnership
iii )Limited company
iv) Public corporation
v) Multinational cartel
7.1.7.S12 Stages in Resignation of company
i) Memorandum
ii) Articles of Association
iii) Certificate of Incorporation
iv) Certificate of trading
7.1.7.S13 Contribution of business
i) Public corporation
- Creation of income/employment
- Foreign exchange
- Import substitution
-16-
iii) Problems
- some multinationals take most of the profit to mother country
- objectives of some multinationals conflict with those of the
mother country or that of domicile
- some interfere with national policy
-
7.1.7.S14 Costing
i)Elements of cost
ii)behaviour of cost
iii)determination of profit
7.1.7.S15 Budgeting
- definition
- need/reason for budgeting
- types of budgets
-
7.1.7.S16 Budgetary controls
i)nature of controls
ii)authority
iii)importance
7.1.7.S17 Marketing
- Meaning
- Importance/reasons
- Marketing mix
 Price
 Place
 promotion
7.1.7.S18 Types of Taxation
i) need for taxation

ii) direct tax
iii) indirect tax
-17-
7.1.7.S19 Simple calculations relating to common forms of taxation

- Income tax
- Property tax
- Exercise duty
- Sales tax
- VAT (Value added tax)
7.1.8.S INDUSTRIAL RELATIONS

At the end of this topic, the trainee should be able to :
a) Outline the history of the trade union movement
b) Outline common causes of industrial disputes
c) Outline the procedure for solving and industrials dispute
d) Explain the functions of given organization
7.1.8.S11 History of trade union movement

- Reasons for emergence/evolvement of the movement
- Pioneers of the movement in Kenya
7.1.8.S12 Industrial disputes

- Causes/conflicts
7.1.8.S13 Procedure for solving industrial dispute

- Role of trade unions
- Role of industrial court
7.1.8.S14 Functions of
- COTU
- FKE
- ILO
-18-
7.1.9S LAW ( 12 hrs)

a) Sate the legal rights of a person
b) explain the sources of law in Kenya
c) explain he essential elements for a binding agreement under the law of contract
d) explain the element of commissioner omission that are liable to legal action under
the law of Torts
e) explain the element of family law
f) describe the basic interests in land/real property
7.1.9.S11 Legal rights of a person
i) Meaning of “person “under the law

- Legal persons
ii) Importance of the law
- consumer protection/sale of goods Act
- contracts/Hire purchase /credit Sales
- guarantees and trade description
- exclusion clauses
iii) Rights
- legal aid/advice
- filing a suit in court
iv) Role of the Law Society of Kenya
7.1.9.S12 Sources of Law
i) The constitution
ii) Legislations/parliamentary Acts
iii)Customary Law
iv)Islamic law, Hindu, Christian and other religious laws and codes
- 19 -
v) English common law
VI) Indian law
7.1.7.S13 Law of contract
- Definition of contract
- Types of contract
- Types of contract
- Essential elements of a valid contract
 Offer
 Consideration
 Terms of contract
7.1.9. S14 Law of torts
- Definition of tort
- Types of torts
- Essential elements/tendencies
 Malice
 Motive
 General differences(s)/derivation/ (s) from what to expect
of a reasonable/average man
 Capacity
- Legal position on professional negligence
7.1.9.S15 Family law
- Provisions on marriage
- Provision of the law of succession and inheritance on
 Divorce and custody of children
 Inheritance (will and intestacy)
7.1.9S16 Basic interests in land/real property
i) Difference between ownership and possession
ii)Types of land ownership
- Tenancy-in-common
- Joint ownership
- Legal ownership
iii) Legal title
- Leasehold
- Freehold
- Temporary occupation
iv) Rental interests

- Squaring/squatter
- Lease
- Rent controls and the role of rent tribunals
-20-
8.0 ENTREPRENEURSHIP EDUCATION
8.01 INTRODUCTION
This course unit is intended to equip trainees what the necessary knowledge, skills and
attitudes that will enable them to start, operate and manage a personal or group business
enterprise.
a) At the end of this course unit, the trainee should be able to :
b) Demonstrate positive attitudes toward self-employment
c) Identify viable business opportunity
d) Understand factors liable to affect the success of a business
e) Portray a desire to venture into business
f) Apply entrepreneurial competencies in business situations
g) Acquire management skill necessary for running a successful enterprise

-21-
8.03 SUBJECT SUMMARY AND IEM ALLOCATION

(154 HRS)
CODE TOPICS SUB-TOPIC HOURS
8.1.1S ENTREPRENEUSHIP AND AND - Importance of self- employment
SELF-EMPLYEMNT Entrepreneurship contribution to
national development
-Requirement for entry into self- 23
employment.
8.1.2s ENTERPRENEURSHIP -Business opportunities
OPPORTUNITIES -Assessing product demand
- Matching of skill and resources to 30
changing technology
-Evaluating of business environment
8.1.3S ENTREPRENEURIAL -Types of business finance
AWARENESS - Contractual agreements
- Government’s policy on SSE 34
-Tendering procedures
- Problems of starting and operating
a small enterprise
-22-
CODE TOPICS SUB-TOPICS HOURS
8.1.4S ENTREPRENEURIAL - Internal motivation
MOTIVAL factors
- Technique of self-
assessment 14
- External motivation
factors
8.1.5S ENTREPRENEURIAL - Decision making in

COMPETENCE 1 business 9
18.2.5S ENTREPRENEURIAL - Instituting change

COMPETENCE 11 - Coping with competition
utilization 16
- Technique of time
- Leadership
18.2.6S ENTERPRISE - Evaluating business
MANAGEMENT goals
- Efficiency of resource
utilization
- Finance planning
- Production management
- Work study
- Marketing and public
- Relations
- Information
management
- Project planning
o TOTAL _________
154
__________
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8.1.1S ENTREPRENEURSHIP AND SELF EMPLOYMENT (23 HRS)
Specific objectives
a) State the importance of self-employment to individuals.
b) Explain the entrepreneur’s contribution to national development.
c) Determine the requirements for entry into self-employment
d) Explain the roles of a entrepreneur in business.
8.1.1.S11 self-employment
- meaning
- Importance
-Advantages
8.1.1S12 ENTERPRENUER’s contribution to national development
- Entrepreneurial skills
-Management
-Industrial/technical skills
8.1.1. S13 requirements from entry into self-employment
i) capital/financing
i) Machinery and equipment/tools
- Importance
- How to acquire
iii) Premises
-Importance-how to acquire
-24-
8.1.1. S14 roles of entrepreneur
i) Organization/ structuring
- Purpose
- Type
- Design
ii) Roles as
- Promoter
- Shareholder
- Director
8.1.2S ENTREPRENEURIAL OPPORTUNITIES (30hrs)
8.1.1.2. S1 specific objectives
a) identify a suitable business opportunity
b) assess the market demand for a chosen product
c) match available skills and resources to changing technology
d) evaluate prevailing business environments
8.1.2.S11 identification of business opportunity

- Importance of opportunity
- Identifying available opportunity process of selecting and assessing
Guide to selection/assessment of opportunity
8.1.2.S12 assessing product demand
- Market Surveying
- Consumer/user characteristics and behavior
- Location
-25-
8.1.2. S13 matching skills and resources to change technology
- Sources of appropriate technology
i) Product literature
ii) Trade factors and exhibitions,
ii) Business tours
8.1.2.S14 evaluating business environments
i) Market outlets
- Infrastructure
-Market conditions
-Price structure
- Competition
ii) cultural/Religious environment (values and beliefs)
iiii) incentives and the political environment
- Government initiatives
- Initiated by others
8.1.3S ENTREPRENEURIAL AWARENESS (34 hrs)
8.1.3. s1 specific objective
At the end of this topic, the trainee should be able to
a) Evaluate a given type of business finance
b) Engage in a contractual agreement
c) Identity the various measures which the growth and development of the small
scale enterprises (SSE).
d) Describe the procedure of starting a business.
e) PR pare/ use tender documents following laid down( tendering) procedures
f) Explain various problems which an entrepreneur is liable to encounter while
starting and/or operation
-26-
8.1.3.S11 evaluation of business finance
i) Type of capital
- startup capital
- Operation/running expenses
- Expansion capital outlay
ii) Evaluation of various sources of business finance/loans
-short term funds
-medium term funds
-long term funds
8.1.3.S12 contracted agreement for contact
- meaning
-Types
ii) Essential of a binding contract for:
- Partnership agreement
- Employment contracts
- Insurance
- negotiable instruments
iii) Legal aspects of business enterprise
-sale of gods/ services

8.1.3. S13 Government measures
i) Policy on rural industrialization
+
- Incentives
ii) Ministerial agencies that promote SSE development
iii) Government parastatalas that promote SSE development
-27-
8.1.3.S14 procedure if starting a business
i) Identification of
- Business ideal
- Location/premises
ii) Registration of
-business organization
- Businessname
iii) Trading license/permit
iv) Opening up
8.1.3.S15 preparation/use of tendering documents
- Client’s requirement
- Contractor’s requirements
ii) Presentation of documents
iii) Processing of tenders
- authority
- consideration of bods and offer of tender
8.1;1;3S16 problems liable to encounter when starting/operating business
i) Entrepreneurial skills and attitude
ii) Managerial skills
iii) Technical know-how
-knowledge of product market forces
- Capital and fiscal market forces
-material and suppliers
- Labour
-28-
8.1.4. S ENTREPRENEURIAL MOTIVATION (14 hrrs )
8.1.4.s1 Specific Objectives
At the end of this topic the trainee should be able:
a) identify internal entrepreneurial motivators
b) describe the techniques of self-assessment
c) identify entrepreneurial incentives at the external/national level
8.1.4.S11 internal entrepreneurial motivators
- Self-actualization
- desire to success/achieve
- Survival
- Adventure
- Independence
- Profit maximization
8.1.4.S13 self-assessment techniques
- Meditation
- Strength-weakness-Analysis test (SWAT0
8.1.4.S13 external/National motivation incentives
- Infrastructure
- export/import incentive schemes
-pricing policy
-credit facilities
8.1.5S ENTREPRENEURIAL COMPETENCIES (9 hrs)
8.1.5S1 Specific Objectives
a) Analyses the process of decision making
b) Identify different approaches/methods of taking a decision.
c) Make a viable business decision.
-29-
8.1.5.S11 process of decision making
- Problem identification
- Problem analysis
- Alternative solutions
- Choice of most efficient/convenient alternative
Approaches/methods of taking a decision
i) rules of thumb
ii) committee approach
iii) brainstorming
iv) critical path analysis
8.1.5.S13 making a business decision
i) Problem analysis
ii) Identification of alternatives and selection of moat viable/convenient
iii) Implementation
v) feedback and review of decision
SECOND STAGE
8.2.5S ENTREPRENEURIAL COMPETENCE 11 (16 hrs)
a) Determine the necessity to adaptive and innovative changes and the
appropriate methods of instituting change.
b) Cope effectively with copeti0on on business
c) Evaluate business risk in order to determine whether/how it can be reasonably
taken
d) Manage time effectively

e) Project effective leadership styles/image
-30-
8.2.5S11 instituting adaptive an innovative

i) Types if change
- In product
- In service
- In technology
- Policy
ii) Methods of institution change
- Education/training
- Persuasion
- Directives
- Creativity and innovativeness/innovation
8.2.5.S12 coping with competition
i) Process
- undertaking competitor’s advantage (s)
-comparing differences
-development on competitive strategy/strategies
- Implementation an evaluation of strategy/strategies
ii) Coping with change(s)
- Improvement of product/service
- Improvement/increase on efficiency i.e. reduction of production/unit cost
- Trade agreement/business associations
8.2.5.S13 evaluation of business risk
i) Changesteristics of risk takers
- Types
- Personal risk taking
ii) Nature of risks
iii) Techniques id evaluating risks
8.2.5/S14 Time management
- Time consciousness
- Time scheduling
 Prioritization
 Keeping to specific
- 31 -
8.2.5.S15 Leadership styles/image

- Behavior and character
- Leading and motivating others
- Leadership styles
8.2.6S ENTERPRISE MANAGEMENT (28hrs)
At the end of this topic, the trainee should able to:

a) Evaluate business goals
b) Analyse the efficiency of resource utilization
c) Plan the finances of a business
d) Manage production effectively
e) Mange human resources in a business
f) Use simple techniques of work study to optimize production
g) Market a product/service effectively
h) Explain the role of public relation the marketing campaigns of a business
i) Acquire/manage information relevant for starting and operating a
business
j) Determine viability of an investment opportunity project
8.2.6.611 Evaluation of goals
- Identification of goals
- Comparison of actual versus planned
- Causes of deviation
- Adjustments
8.2.6.S12 Efficiency of resource utilization
- Productivity
- Degree of utilization
- Waste management
- Recycling feasibility
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8.2.6.S19 Information management
- Collection
- Processing
- Analysis
- Storage
- Retrieval
- Importance of information for business
8.2.6S110 Determination of project viability
i) Feasibility study
ii) Planning
-Business plan
iii) Project implementation
iv) Project evaluation
v) Cost-benefit analysis
- 34-
9.0 COMMUNICATION SKILLS
9.01 INTRODUCTION
Effective communication is essential in any type or organization. The

syllabus is described to make trainees understand various concepts and
skills of communication for them to apply effectively and situation.
At the end of this course unit the trainee should be able to:
a) Understand the importance of effective communication
b) Comprehend the concepts and method of effective communication
c) Communicate effectively in a given situation
d) Store/retrieve information
e) Appreciate the barriers to communication
-35-
9.03 SUMMARY AND TIME ALLOCATION (88 HOURS)

- Purpose of communication
PURPOSE AND - Process of communication
9.I.1 PROCESSES OF - Informal and formal methods
COMMUNICATION of transmission
- Essentials of effective
communication
- Principles of communication
- Factors of consider in choosing 6
communication media
- Written communication
9.1.2 FORMS OF - Verbal communication
COMMUNICATION - Audial/visual communication
- Traditional forms of
communication 36
- Methods of storage
9.1.3 STORAGE & RETRIEVAL - Setting up filling system 10
OF INFORMATION
PLANNING AND - Interviews
9.1.4 CONDUCTING OF - - Committee meetings 20
INTERVIES AND
MEETINGS
- 36
9.1.5 COMMUNIATION AS A - Meaning of management
TOOL OF MAMAGEMENT - Upward communication
- One way communication 1
- Tow way communication
- Downward communication
- Horizontal communication
- Grapevine communication
9.1.6 EXTERNAL ASPECTS OF - External aspects public
COMMUNICATION relations in an organization 6
- Mass media as a form of
communication
-37-
9.1.1.S PURPOSE AND PROCESS OF COMMUNICATION
At the end of this topic, the trainee should be able to :

a) Explain the purpose of communication
b) Explain the process of communication
c) Identify use informal and formal method of transmitting messages
d) Explain the essentials of effective, communication
e) Identify barriers to effective communication
f) Demonstrate/apply various concepts and skills of effective
communication
9.1.1S11 Purpose of communication

- Receiving
- passing
- Taking action
9.1.1S12 Process of communication
a) Transmission of message
b) Source/sender
c) Message
d) Receiver
e) Feedback
- Reception of message
a) Encoding od a message by sender
b) Transmission of message through a channel
c) Decoding of a message by the receiver
d) Encoding of feedback by the receiver
e) Decoding of feedback by the sender
9.1.1S13 Informal and formal method of transmission

a) Informal
i) The grape-vine passage
ii) Social gatherings
-38-
b) Formal methods
i) Meetings
ii) Memoranda
iii) Letters
iv) Circulars
v) Notices
vi) Reports
9.1. S14 Essentials of effective communication
a) Understanding of the subject

b) Good relationship with the audience
c) Channel for communication
d) Good presentation of the message
e) Establishment of tow-way communication
f) Interpersonal communication
g) Good management of informal communication
9.1.1S15 Barriers of effective communication
a) Age difference
b) Status
c) Language
d) Attitude: sender or receivers
e) Competition for attention
f) Environment
g) Mechanical
h) Psychological
i) Organizational
9.1.1S16 Principles of communication
a) Clear objectives
b) Logical communication
c) Precise expression
d) Brevity
e) Accuracy
f) Clarity
-39 –
9.1.1S17 Factors to consider choosing the communication media

- Cost peed audience
- Availability
- Subject
- Confidentiality
-
9.1.2S FORMS OF COMMUNICATION (36 HRS)

a) Stage the various forms of written communication
b) Differentiate the various forms of verbal communication
c) Use the various forms of audio/visual communication correctly
d) Effectively communicate
e) State traditional forms of communication
9.1.2S11 written communication
a) Letters types, styles

b) Memoranda
c) Agenda
d) Circulars
e) Different types of reports
f) Questionnaires
g) Minutes of meetings
h) Advertisements
i) Telegraphs, telex, essays, etc
j) Different types of summaries
k) Reports
-40-
9.1.2S12 Verbal communication
a) Conversation:- face to face, telephone and walkie-talkie

b) Discussion: small group, face to face an intercom
c) Oral for public speaking: large group, baraza
d)
9.1.2S13 Audio/Visual
a) TV/Vis
b) Films/projectors
c) Radio
d) Micro-filing
9.1.2S14 Non-Verbal communication
a) Signs
b) Signals
c) Symbols(including letters and mimeographs)
d) Gestures
e) Pictures, charts, graphs, table, maps diagrams, etc.
9.1.2S15 Traditional form of communication
a) Drums
b) Horns
c) Fire/smoke
d) Messengers
9.1.3S STORAGE AND RETRIEVAL OF INFORMATION (10 HRS)

a) Identify various methods of storing and retrieving of information
b) Explain the methods of storing and retrieving of information
-41-
c) Store information
d) Retrieve information
e) Set up a good filing system
9.1.3S1 Identification of storage methods

- Filing of papers
- Microfilming
- Recording media, pate, disks, cassettes
- Computer pates, diskettes
9.1.3S12 Explanation of methods of storage and retrieval
9.1.3S13 Storage of information

- Facilities and methods
- Safety precautions
9.1.3S14 Setting up a filling system

- Registry
- Database
9.1.sS PLANNING AND CONDICTING OF INTERVIEW AND MEETINGS

At the end of this topic, the trainee should able to :
a) Explain the procedures used in planning and conducting of interviews and
meetings
b) Differentiate between interviews and meetings
c) Plan interviews and meetings
d) Conduct interview and meetings
9.1.4S11 procedures used in planning and conducting of interviews and meetings

i) Preparation by the convener, interviewer and interviewee)
-42-
ii) notices/letters of invitation to
- recruitment interview
- disciplinary interview/meeting
- investigative interview
iii) Conducting interview/meeting

- minutes of meeting
- role of chairman
9.1.4. S12 Difference between “interview “and “meeting”
9.1.4. S13 Planning an interview/meeting

i) Procedure for
- Unstructured interview
ii) Procedure for committee meetings

- Definition
- Types of procedures for
 structured meeting
 unstructured meeting
 face to face

-Role –conference
 participants (chairperson, secretary, members)
- The chairperson
 Qualities
 Language styles
 Duties
- Notices of meetings
 Layout
 Language style
 Content
 Brevity
 Accuracy
 Validity
-43-
9.1.5S16 Horizontal communication
Communication across departments
Consultation
Sharing of departmental information
9.1.5S7 Grapevine communication
Advantage and disadvantages
Technical report writing
9.1.6 EXTERNAL ASPECTS OF COMMUNICATION

9.16S1 Specific Objectives
Identify various aspects of external communication
Explain how external how external aspects of communication could be effectively use to
achieve good public rations
Demonstrate how external aspects of commination are used
9.1.6S11 External communication
Importance of public image/company’s good name
Public awareness
9.1.6S12 External aspects of communication a tool of public relations
Public relations concept
Role of public relations officer
9.1.6S13 How external communication is used

Targeting of relevant publics
Explanation of organization’s policies and actions
PR. Strategies
Development of PR tools
Implementation and measurement
-44-
9.1.5S COMMUNICATION AS A TOOL OF MANAGEMENT (10)


a) State the meaning of management
b) Explain how the management uses upward communication as at tool in
effective management
c) Explain why and how management use tow-way communication
d) Explain how the management use downward communication as a tool in
effective management
e) Explain the need for effective horizontal communication within an
organization
f) Explain why and how he management use grape-vine communication
9.1.511 Meaning of management
9.1.5s12 upward communication

- Quarries/questions
- Suggestions
- Grievances
9.1.5S13 One-way communication
9.1.5S14 Two-way communication
9.1.5S15 downward communication
- Directive
- Instructions
- Information
-
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10.01 COMPUTERS
10.01 INTRODUCTION:
Computers have hit global community with an increasing impact on professional practice
in all fields, and especially information processing and management. Thus, this course
unit is indented to introduce basic computer awareness and concepts which trainees will
need for their own understanding of computers. The unit is designed, particularly to
impart computer literacy in, at least, one of the following computer languages: BASIC,
FORTRAN and PASCAL.
10.02 General objectives:
At the end of this course unit, the trainee should be able to:-
Understand the basic components of the computer.
a) Understand the purpose of various operating systems.

b) Develop a program using a high level language
c) Use various application packages on computer hardware.
-46-
SUBJECT SUMMARY AND TIME ALLOCTION (88 Hrs)
CODE TOPIC SUB-TOPICS HOURS
10.2.1S INTRODUCTION TO  history of computer
COMPUTERS  use of computer
 types of computer 2
 advantages and disadvantages of
computer
 Computer equipment
10.2.1S HARDWARE  block Diagram
 functions of main components 4
 peripherals
10.2.2S SOFTWARE  operating systems
 types of operating systems 4
 functions of operating systems -
application programs
10.2.5S ALGORITHM AND  algorithm 6
PROGRAMMING  purpose of programming language
LANGUAGE  characteristics of programming
language
 high level languages
-47-
10.2.5 PROGAM DEVELOPMENT  Writing programs
S  Program execution 16
 Control structure
 Program structure
 Data structure
 Interactive techniques
 Computer graphics and
animation technics
DATA PROCESSNG  Computer memories
 Computer files 18
 File organization and data
transcription
 System control
 Data processing modes
 Data facility management
INFORMATION PROCESSING  Networking’s
 database 16
APPLICTION PACKAGES ANS  Types of packages
DOCUMENTATION  Use of Application package 22
 Demonstration
-48-
STAGE 11
10.2.1S INTRODUCTION TO COMPUTERS (2hrs)
10.2.1S1 specific objectives:
At the end id this topic, the trainee should be able to:

a) Give an outline history of computer.
b) State the uses of computer.
c) Explain the different types of computer.
d) State the awareness and disadvantages of using computers.
e) Distinguish between hardware an software aspects of computer equipment.
10.2.1S11 Outlines History:
-Bacus/abacus; 500BC
-Napier’s Bones of 1617
- Ought- Red’s slide Rule of 1632
-Pascal’s calculator of 1642
-jacquard’s Loom of 18801
- Babbage’s Analytical Engine of 1833
-Advent of the Modern computer
1st, 2nd, 3rd, and 4th generations.
10.2.1S12 Uses Of Computer
- Scientific data processing
- Real-time applications
-commercial data processing
-artificial intelligence
-49-
10.2.1S13 Types of Computer
- Digital and Analogue

-mainframe and mainframe
- Microcomputer
102.1S14 (i) advantages of computers
-speed
- Accuracy
-repetitions
-processing of large quantities of data.
(iii) Disadvantages
- Expenses
- Re-training.
- Cost-benefit factor
10.2.1S15 distinction between hardware and software
10.2.2S HARDWARE (4 hours)
10..2.2S1 Specific objectives:
At the end of this topic, the trainee should be able to:-

a) Sketch a block diagram of the components of the computer.
b) Explain the functions of the main components of the computer.
c) State the merit and merits and demerits of computer peripherals.
10.2.2.S11 block diagram
i) Central processing unit
ii) Peripherals
-input
-Output and banking storage
-50-
102.2.2S12 functions of:
i) C.P.U
ii) input devices
 Keyboard
 Digitizers
 Card readers
 Papers-tape readers
 Photogrammetric instruments
 Scanners
iii) Output devices
 Line printers
 Serial printers
 Microfische
 Plotters
 Graphic screens
iv) Backing storage
 Hard disk/disc
 Magnetic tape
 Floppy disk
 Drum
 Cylinder
10.22.2.S13 merits and demerits of:
- Input devices
- Output devices
- Backing storage media

-51-
10.2.3S SOFTWARE (4 hrs.)
10.2. 3S1 Specific Objectives:
At the end of his topic, the trainee should be able to:-
a) Explain what is meant by operating systems on computer.
b) State the various types of operating system.
c) State the functions of an operating systems.
d) Enumerate the applications on an operating system.
e) Explain what is meant by system program.
f) State common types of system program.
g) Describe computer program.
10.2.3S13 Operating system:
-Meaning
-purpose
10.2.3S12 Types Of Operating Systems:
i) single-user
ii) Multi-user
iii) Real-time
iv) Time-sharing
v) Multi-processing
10.2.3S13 Functions of operating systems:
-55-
(v)Coding
10.2.5S12 Program execution
(i) Complication and debugging

(ii)Editing and creation of computer file
(iii) Testing and desk checks
(iv) Running, saving and loading
10.2.513 Control structure

(i)Sequencing
- A simple and unconditional branching
(ii) Sequencing loops
(iii)Selection
- Conditional and multi-conditional
10.2.5S14 Data structure

(i) Computer flies
- Creating/formatting
 Sequential
 Random
 Arrays for list, tables, vectors and matrices ( trainees should use at
least 3 ×3 matrix for practice)
(ii) Records
-Sorting
 Bubble technique
- Searching
 Linear technique
 Binary technique
-56-
10.2.5S15 Program structure
(i) Functions
- library
- User-defined
(ii) Procedures and subroutines

- Simple nested
- Recursive
- Parameter-passing
10.2.5S16 Interactive techniques

- Prompt
- Menu
- Error check
- Validation
- Batch programming
10.2.5S17 Computer graphics and animation

(i)Use of colour and schemes and screen coordinates
(ii)Terminology
- Pixels
- Resolution
- Window
- Viewpoint
(iii)Animation technique
-57 -
10.2.6S DATA PROCESSING (18 HOURS)
10.26S1 Specific objectives:

a) State various computer memories
b) Describe what is meant by compute file
c) Identify different types of computer file
d) Describe how a typical computer file is organized
e) State the main stage of collecting and transcribing data for input into the
computer memory
f) Describe various aspects of system control
g) Describe different modes of data processing using computer
h) Describe the necessary measures that should be taken by the management
in order to guarantee security of data/information in compute facilities
10.2.6S11 Compute memories

- Register
- Sim-conductor (RAM, ROM, PROM AND EPROM)
- Magnetic core
- Magnetic bubble
- Lensor-holographic
- Cache’
10.2.6L2 Computer file

- Character
- Fields
- Data
- Record
- file Creation
- 58-
10.2.6S13 Types of computer file
- Master
- Transaction
- Back-up
- Sort/sorting
- Report
- Reference
10.2.6s14 Organization of computer files

- Sequential
- Random
- Indexed sequential
10.2.6S15 Data collection transcription

(i) Stages of collection
- Extraction from source document
- Transmission
- Conversion from original media/medium
- Input into the computer
(ii) Stages of Transcription:

- From source document into cards or paper tape
- Keying to tape
- Keying to disk
- Transmission
 On-line
 Off-line
- 59 -
10.2.6S16 Aspects of system control
(i) Manual handling/control
(ii) Data verification
(iii) Data validation
- Parity digits
- Check digits
- Check digits
- Size
- Range
- Format
- Compatibility
(iv) Batch controls
10.2.6S17 Modes of data processing

 On-line/off-line
 Distributed
 Real-time
 Batch processing
10.2.6s18 Security measures
(i) Physical security of the premises
(ii) Organizational security
(iii) Systems personnel
10.2.7S INFORMATION PROCESSING (16)

10.2.7S1 Specific objectives:
At the end of this topic, the trainees should be able to:
a) Explain the differences in networking
b) Describe data base models and their respective quality control
parameters
- 60 -
10.2.7S11 Net workings

- Local area network (LAN)
- Wide area network (WAN)
- Interfaces
10.2.7S12 Database models

(i)Definition of debase
(ii)Advantage of database
- Speed
- Accuracy
- Security and integrity
- Consistency
- Sharing Standards
- Standards
iii)) Database competes

- Data
- users
- Hardware and software
iv) System control
v) Models
- Relational
- Hierarchical
- Network
vi) Quality parameters
- Source material
- Method of data/information derivation
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10.2.8S APPLICATION PACKAGES (22 HOURS)
10.2.8S1 Specific Objectives:
(a) Outline the uses of application packages
(b) prepare documentation of a program
(c) use a given application package on the computer to find a solution a
problem
10.2.8S11 Uses of application packages in:

i. Management
ii. Commerce D/base, world processor and spread sheet
iii. Accounting
iv. Statistical and mathematical calculations
v. Transport and communication
vi. Education
vii. Medicine
viii. Industry/manufacturing
ix. Science and technology
 Computer AIDED PROCEDURES
- RAP and SYSSCON
 Computer assisted mapping
- DEMBER and 160s
10.2.8s12 Program Documentation

(i) Definition of the problem
(ii) Statement of method/tool of program design
(iii) Program listing test date
(iv) Writing of notes for user/oration manual
- 62 -
10.2.8. S13 Use of application package/operation of computer
(i) Practice with available package
(ii) Short project using user program
- Problem definition
- Flowcharting
- Program writing
- Test data
- Program documentation
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11.0 MATHEMATICS
11.01 INTRODUCTION
This course unit is aimed at providing the trainee with relevant

mathematical sills necessary to enhance better understanding of
mathematics and its application in Surveying and mapping

At the end of this course unto the trainee should be able to:-
a) Use mathematical techniques to analyze date
b) Use numerical methods for approximation purposes
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11.03S SUBJECT SUMMARY AND TIME ALLOCATION (198)
11.1.1S Indices and -Indices 8

- Logarithms
Logarithms
-Algebra
11.1.2S Algebra - Linear graphs 20
- Non-Linear graphs
-Trigonometric rations
11.1.3.S Trigonometry
- Heroen’s formula
-Solution of triangles
- Compound angles
-Multiple angles
-Factor formula
-Trigonometric equations
-Regular surfaces
11.1.4S Mensuration
-Irregular surfaces
-Regular solids 12
-Irregular solids
11.1.5.S Coordinate -Distance between points

Geometry -Cartesian and polar equations 12
-Parametric equations
-Applications
66 -
11.2.12S Vector -Vector Algebra 10
-Vector Geometry
-Errors
11.2.13S Numerical methods -Linear interpolation
-and extrapolation 8
-Newton-Raphon formula
-Areas of irregular figures
STAGE III
11.3.14S Matrices -Matrix Algebra 10
-Application
11.3.15S Statistics and -Probability distributions

probability II -Confidence intervals- 14
-Hypotheses testing
11.3.16S Differential Equations -First order

-Second order
11.3.17S Complec Numbers -Operation

-Argand diagram
-De’Moivre’s theorem 10
-Euler’s formula
-Relationship to Hyperbolic
functions Total
198 hrs
- 67 -
STAGE 1
11.1.1.S INDICES AND LOGARITHMS
At the end of this topic, the trainee should d be able to:
a) Define the term base, index
b) Derive the laws of indices
c) Evaluate given expression using the laws in (b)
d) Define logarithms
e) State the laws of logarithms
f) Derive the laws of logarithms
g) Evaluate given expressions using laws of logarithm
h) Change the bases of logarithms
i) Apply the laws of logarithms solving related problems
11.1.1. S11 Definition of the terms base, index

n
(i) a ( a≠o )
(ii) n is any real number

11.1.1.S12 Derivation of the laws of indices
m n m
(i) a xa = a + n
m n m
(ii) a /a = a - n
m mn
(iii) (a ) n = a
11.1.1. S13
Evaluation of the given expressions suing the laws of indices, e.g.
3 4 3+4 7
(i) 2 x2 = 2 = 2 =2
8 8 8-8 0
(ii) 3 /3 = 3 =3 +=1
¼ 4
(ii)(41/2)16 = 4 x16 = 4
-68-
11.1.1. S14 Definition of logarithms
11.1.1. S15 Statements of the laws of logarithms

(MN M N
i) Loga ) =Loga +Log a
ii) Log (M/N) M N

a = Loga – Loga
Mx M
iii) Loga = x Log a
11.1.1.S16 Derivation of the above laws

11.1.1.1S17 Evaluation of the given expressions using the laws of logarithms e.g
(7x9) 7
Log 10 = Log 10 +Log10 9
11.1.1. S18 Changing of bases, e.g
b a
Log a = (Log b)/ (Log e )
11.1.1. S19 Application of the laws of logarithms in solving problems involving

i) Roots
ii) Powers of numbers
11.1.2. S ALGEBRA
a) Evaluate algebraic expressions by substitution
b) Transpose given formulae
c) Form linear equations with two unknowns
d) Solve linear equations with two unknowns
e) Form quadratic equations
f) Solve quadratic equations
g) Draw a linear graph
-69-
h) Reduce the properties of linear graph representation
i) Reduce non-linear physical laws to linear equation
j) Draw linear graphs to verify the laws in (i)
k) Draw graphs of quadratic functions
l) Solve quadratic equations by graphically
m) Solve exponential equations graphically
11.1.2. S11 Evaluation of algebraic expressions by substitution
11.1.2. S12 Transposition of given formulae e.g
n= AL
4
d
11.1.2. S13 Formation of linear equations with two unknown

11.1.2. S15 Formation of quadratic equations
11.1.12. S16 Solution quadratic equations
i) Factorization
ii) Completing of squares
iii) Quadratic formula
2
x = -b = + b -4ac
2a
11.1.2. S18 Drawing of linear graphs

11.1, 2.S18 Deduction of the properties of linear graphs representation
11.1.2. S19 Reduction of non-linear physical laws to linear equation
11.1.2. S20 Drawing of linear graphs to verify the laws in 19.
11.1.2. S21 Drawing graphs of quadratic functions
11.1.2. S22 Solution quadratic equations by graphical method
11.1.2. S23 Solution of exponential equations by graphical method
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11.1.3. S TRIGONOMETRY
11.1.3. S1 Specific Objectives
At the end topic, the trainee should ab able to:-
a) Define trigonometric ratios
b) Derive the basic trigonometric identities
c) Use the identities in solving relevant problems
d) Derive the cosine rule
e) Derive the tangent rule
f) Derive the ½ angle formula
g) Find the area of triangle using Heron’s formulae
h) Use the compound angle formulae in providing trigonometric identities
i) Derive the double angle formulae from the angel formulae from the
compound angle formulae
j) Derive the factor formulae from the compound angle formulae
k) Use the factor formulae in solving relevant problems
l) Solve the given trigonometric equations
m) Using the t-formula or compound angle trigonometric functions
n) Use the factor formulae in solving relevant problems
o) Solve the given trigonometric equations using the –formula or compound
angle trigonometric functions
p) Define the radian
q) Convert degrees to radian measure vice-versa
r) Express angular rotations in multiples or radians
s) Solve problems involving area angles measured in radians
-80-
11.1.2.9.S16 Preforming integrate as a reverse process of differentiation
11.1.2.9.S17 integration of standard functions e.g
i) dx = 1nx = c
x
ii) dx =sin -1 x + c
a2-x2 a
-1
iii) dx = 1 tan x + c
a2 +x2 a a
11.1.2.9.S18 preforming integration with given limits
11.1.2.9.S19 application of various methods integration
i) Substitution
ii) Use of partial fractions
iii) By parts
iv) Reduction formula
11.1.2.10.S EQUENCES AND SERIES
11.1.2.10.S1 Specific objectives
(a) Define a sequence

(b) Define a series
(c) Recognize an A.p
(d) Find the nth term of an A.p.
(e) Find the sum of A.P
(f) APPLY AN A.P in solving practical problems
(g) Recognize a G.p
(h) Find the nth term of a G. P
(i) Find the sum of a G.P
(j) Apply a G.p on solving practical problems
(k) Define power series
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I) State Taylor’s series
m) Apply Taylor’s series
n) Derive maclaurin’s
o) Apply Maclaurian’s series
11.2.10.S11 Define of sequence
11.2.10.S12 Define of series
11.2.10. S13 recognition of an A.p
11.2.10.S14 Finding the nth term of a G.p
11.2.10.S18 finding the nth term of an A.p
11.2.10.S19 finding the sum of an A. p
11.2.10.S20 application of an A.P in solving practical problems E.G
I) Depreciation of machines
II) Compound interest
III) Annuities
11.2.10.S21 Definition of power series
11.2.10.S22 Statement of Taylor’s series
11.2.10.S23 Application of Taylor’s series
11.2.10.S24 Derivation of Maclaurin’s series
11.2.10.S25 Application of maclaurin’s series
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11.1.2.S STATISTICS AND PROBABILITY 1
11.1.2.S Specific Objectives

At the end of this topic, the trainees should be able to:-
(a) Collect data organize data

(b) Represent data
(c) Determine skewness
(d) Determine various statistical measures
(e) Define skewness
(f) Determine skewness
(g) Interpret skweness
(h) Interpret data using statistical measures
(i) define the term probability
(j) solve problems involving combinations of probabilities
(k) determine the expected values of variance and standard deviation of a probability
density function
(l) apply the throaty of probability of solving statically problems
11.1.2.S Data collection

i) methods used foe collection data
11.1.2.S Data organization
i. frequency table
ii. frequency distribution
iii. relative frequencies
iv. cumulative frequencies
11.2.11.S13 data representation
I. pictogram
II. pie charts
III. bar charts
IV. histograms
V. frequency
-83-
1.2.11.S14 Determine of statistical measures
i) measures of central tendency

 mean
 mode
 medium (graphic and calculation)
ii) measures of dispersion
 range
 interquartile range
 percentage mean deviation
 coefficient of variation
iii) correlation
 product moment
 rank
11.2.11.S15 Definition of skewness
11.2.11.S16 Determine of skewness
11.2.11.S17 Interpretation of skwness
i) positive skweness
ii) negative skewness
11.2.11.S18 Interpretation of data using statistics measures
11.2.11.S19 Definition of probability
i) empirical
ii) theoretical
11.2.11.S20 Solving problems involving combination of probabilities
i) laws probability
ii) independence
iii) dependence
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11.2.11.S12 Determination of expected values of variance and standard deciation f probability
function
11.2.11.S12 Application of simple probability
11.2.11.S12 Numerical methods
11.2.11.S12 At the end of this topic, the trainee should be able to:
a) state the types of errors on computations

b) do linear interpolation and extrapolation
c) obtain an iterative formula for solving for solving a given equation
d) solve problems using Newtom-Raphson iterative formula
e) determine the area of an irregular figure
11.2.11.S12 Types of errors in computations
i) truncation errors
ii) rounding off errors
iii) experimental errors
iv) significant figures
11.2.11.S12 Doing linear interpolation and extrapolation
11.2.11.S12 Obtaining an iterative formula for solving a given equation
11.2.11.S12 Using Newtom-Raphson iterative formula
11.2.11.S12 Determination of area of an irregular figure
i) trapezoidal rule
ii) mid-ordinate rule
iii) Simpson’s rule
-85-
STAGE 111
11.3.14.S MATRICES
11.3.14.S1 Specific Objectives
a) Define the term matrix

b) State the order of a given matrix
c) Lost different types of matrix
d) Perform mathematical operations on matrices
e) Compute the inverse of a 3x3 matrix
f) Compute the inverse of a 3x3 matrix
g) Compute the co-factors of 3x3 matrix
h) Find the transpose if a 3x3 matrix
i) Solve given linear simultaneous equations using matrix methods
j) Solve given linear simultaneous equations using matrix methods
11.3.14.S11 Define the term matrix
11.3.14.S12 Statement of the order if a given matrix
11.3.14.S13 Listing different types of matrices
i) Identify matrix
ii) Singular matrix
iii) Rectangular matrix
11.3.14.S14 Preforming mathematical operations on matrices
i) Additional
ii) Subtraction
iii) Multiplication
11.3.14.S15 Computing the determinant of a matrix
-86-
11.3.14.S16 Computing the inverse of a 3x3 matrix e.g for a 2x2 matrix
If =A = (-a-b-)
(-c d-)
Then A -1 = 1 1 = (-d-b-)
ad-bc (-c a)
11.3.14.S17 Computing the cofactors of a 3x3 matrix
11.3.14.S18 Finding the transpose of a 3x3
11.3.14.S19 Finding the adjoint of a 3x3 matrix so that the inverse 1 = adjoint
Determinant
11.3.14.S20 Solving given linear simultaneous equations of three unknowns using matrix methods
11.3.14.S STATISTICS AND PROBABILITY 11
a) Illustrate the common probability distributions

b) Determine the probability of a random variable, given the distribution.
c) Calculate the mean and variance of a given distribution to solve practical problems
d) Construct to solve practical problems
e) Construct confidence intervals in large and small samples
f) Carry out hypotheses tests in large and small samples.
-87-
11.3.15.S11 Illustration of the common probability distributions
i) Binomial
ii) Poisson
iii) Joint
iv) Normal
v) Properties of (i) (ii) (iii)
11.3.15.S12 Determination of probability of a random variable

i) Binomial
ii) Poison
iii) Normal
iv) Joint distributions
11..3.S13 calculations from a given distribution

i) Mean
ii) Standard deviation
iii) Standardized values. Z = x-
iv) Covariance
11.3.15.S14 Application of knowledge of probability
i) Manufacturing processes
ii) Selections
11.3.15.S15 Construction of confidence intervals
i) Means
ii) Difference between proportions
iii) Variance
iv) Regression coefficients parameter’s
v) Correlation coefficients
-88-
11.3.15.S16 Carrying out hypotheses
i) Means
ii) Deference between means
iii) Proportions
iv) Difference between proportions
v) Variance
vi) Regression coefficient parameters
vii) Correlation coefficient
11.3.16.S DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS
a) Definition of a differential equation

b) State the order of a differential equation
c) State the degree of a different equation
d) Solve a differential equation
e) Apply differential equations to relevant problems in the trade area .
11.3.16.S12 Definition of a differential equation
11.3.16.S13 Statement of the order of a differential equation
11.3.16.S14 Solving a differential equation
i) General solution
ii) Particular solution
iii) Variables separation
iv) Homogeneous
v) Linear
vi) Exact equation s
11.3.16 .S15 Application of differential equations to problems I the trade area
-89-
11.3.17.S COMPLEX NUMBERS

At the end of this topic the trainee should b able to:
a) Define a complex number

b) Perform operations on complex numbers
c) Represent a complex number on an Argand Diagram
d) Express a complex number in a polar form
e) State De-moivres Theorem
f) Express a complex number on exponential form or Euler’s form
g) Establish relationship between trigonometric and hyperbolic functions
11.3.17.S11 Definition of a complex number
11.3.17.S12 Operations on complex numbers
i) Additional
ii) Subtraction
iii) Multiplication
iv) Division
11.3.17.S13 Representation of a complex number on an Argand Diagram
11.3.17.S14 Expressing of De-Moivre’s theorem in polar from
h) = x+jy= tan -1(y)

X
= (R,Q)
11.3.17.S15 Statement of De- Moivre’s theorem
11.3.17.S16 Expressing a complex number in Euler form
11.3.17.S17 Relationship between trigonometric and hyperbolic functions
-90-
12.0 PHYSICS
INTRODUCTION
12.01 This course unit of intended to provide trainees with relevant basic
knowledge on physics which they need to apply in the trade. The
converge has also been broadened in order to prepare trainees for further
training.
At the end of this unit, the trainee should be able to :-
a) Understand the basic principles of physicals

b) Understand how physical (physics) data is collected
c) Understand the procedures for analyzing physical data.
-91-
13.03.S COURSE SUMMARY AND TIME ALLOCTION (154 HRS )
CODE TOPIC SUB-TOIPC HOURS

12.1.1s FIRST STAGE 1 - Statics
MECHANICS - Kinematics
- Laws of motion
- Work, Energy an power 33
- Gravitation
12.1.2s HEAT - Temperature
- Heat capacities
- Latent Heat
- Heat transfer
- Gases and gas laws 33
12.1.3s GEOMETRIC - Reflection at plane mirrors
OPTICS - Reflection at spherical mirrors
- Reflection at plane surface 24
- Refraction through prisms
- Reflection though lenses
- Optical instruments
12.1.4s WAVE/PHYSICAL - Types of waves
OPTICS - Definitions
- Modes of propagation
- Waves equation 24
- Properties of waves
-92-
12.3.5S ELECTRICITY - Electrostatics
- D.c circuits
- A.c circuits 18
- Measuring instruments
- Main ‘s electricity
12.3.6S MAGNETISM AND - Magnetic materials
ELECTROMAG- - Magnetic field
NETISM - Force on a current caring 12
- Conductor
- Induced emfs
- Applications
12.3.7S MODERN PHSICS - Electron emission
- Electron physics
- Atomic structure 10
- Electronics
-93-
STAGE 1
12.1.1S MECHANICS (33 HRS)
12.1.1.s1 Specific Objective
At the end of his topic, the trainee should be able to ;
a) Distinguish scalar form vector quantities

b) State the parallelogram law for additional o forces
c) Explain the terms moments and couples
d) State the conditions of equilibrium of a body acted on by systems of coplanar forces
e) State the laws of friction
f) State the triangle law of forces on statics
g) Define terms associated with linear motion
h) Draw distance-time covered , velocity- time graphs respectively
i) Obtain distance covered, velocity an time respectively
j) Derive three equations of linear motion
k) Define terms associated with circular motion
l) Derive equation for a body moving at uniform speed in a circular motion
m) Determine the force experienced by a body performing uniform circulars motion
n) Solve problems involving centripetal forces
o) Explain the terms work, energy a and power
p) Explain the terms work energy and power
q) State Newton’s law Gravitation
r) Determine Gravitational force Constant G and mass of earth and sun using Newton’s
law of Gravitation
s) Explain the Gravitation field strength
t) State and derive Keplers laws
u) Explain the applications of Gravitation laws o space exploration
-94-
S12.1.1.S11 Scalar and vector quantities

S12.1.1.S12 Parallelogram of forces
- Resultant forces
- Resultant forces
S12.1.1.S13 Moments and couples
12.1.1.s14 Coplanar forces

- equilibrium condition
12.1.1.s15 Laws of Friction
S12.1.1.S16 Triangle of forces
S12.1.1.S17 Terms associated with linear motion
 Distance/displacement
 Speed/vector
 Acceleration
 Their relationship
S12.1.1.S118 Graphs
- Distance-time graphs (s-t)

- Velocity-me graphs (v-t)
S12.1.1.S119 Distance covered:- area under the v-t graph
Velocity instantaneous slope (gradient) of s-t graph
S12.1.1.S120 Derivation of linear motion equations
V=± at s- distance
V2 = u2 ± 2as u-initial velocity
S -= u t ± (1/2) at 2 final velocit
- 95 -
12.1.1.S21 Terms associated with circular motion
- Angular speed/angular velocity
- Period
- Frequency
- Acceleration
- Acceleration
- Their relationships
12.1.1. S22 Circular motion equation
2 2
- Derivation of a =v /r=rw
Where a= acceleration
- V= Velocity
- W= angular velocity
- r =radius of the circular path
12.1.1. S24 Applications of circular motion
- Banked paths
- Circular path in a vertical plane
- Circular path in a horizontal plane
12.1.1. S25 Laws of motion
- State the three laws
- Explanation
I - Inertia/mass
II - Momentum F = Ma
P = mv
W =mg
Where F = force
P = momentum
W = weight
m=mass
a= acceleration
v=velocity
g=gravity
-96-
12.1.1. S26 Work, Energy and power

- Definitions
- Relationships
- Types of energies - Kinetic
- Potential
- Conservation of energy
12.1.2. S27 Newton’s law of Universal Gravitation

12.1.1. S28 Determination of - Gravitation force, f
- Gravitation constant, G
- Mass of Earth and Sun
12.1.1. S29 Gravitation field strength
- Variation if g
- Relation between g and G
- Experimental determination of g
12.1.1. S30 Kepler’s laws - state and drive
12.1.1. S31 Application Gravitation laws
- Artificial satellites - Satellite orbits
- Launching
- Weight lesseness
- Escape velocity
12.1.2S HEAT (33 HRS)

a) Define temperature
b) Explain temperature scales
c) Describe various types of thermometers
-97-
d) Explain the effects of temperature of materials

e) Define heat capacity
f) Explain heat capacity
g) Describe the methods of measuring heat capacity
h) Define latent heat
i) Explain the experimental determination of latent heat
j) Define thermal conduction
k) Explain the mechanism of heat conduction
l) Define conductivity of heat
m) Explain temperature of distribution along a doctor
n) Describe experimental determination of conductivity
o) Describe thermal radiation
p) Explain pretest theory of exchanges
q) Define black body
r) Explain the energy distribution in a black body
s) Describe thermal convection
t) Stage gas laws
u) Explain the concepts of ideal gas
v) Explain the concepts of kinetic theory of gases
w) Determine work done during a reversible process
x) State the laws of thermodynamics
y) Explain the principles of molar heat capacity of da gas
z) Explain the isothermal and adiabatic process
12.1.1S11 Temperature
- Definition
12.1.2. S12 Temperature scales
- Establishment
 Selection of thermometric property
 Choice of standard or fixed points
 Temperature values calculations
-98 –
- Types centigrade temperature scale
 Thermodynamic or Kelvin temperature scale
 Celsius temperature scale
 Relationships
12.1.2.S13 Thermometers
- Liquid in glass thermometer
- Resistance thermometer
- Thermistors
- Constant gas thermometers
12.1.2. S14 Temperature effects
- External effects
 Hotness or coldness
 Contraction and expansion
 Linear/volume/area expansively
 Calculation
- Internal effects
 Internal energy
 Kinetic theory
12.1.2. S15 Heat capacity
- Definition
- Calculations
12.1.2. S16 Heat losses
- Precautions
- Cooling correction
- Calculation
12.1.2. S17 Measurements of heat capacity
- Electrical methods
 For liquids
 For solids
- Continuous flow method of liquids
-99-
12.1.2. S16 Latent heat

- Definition
- Calculation
12.1.2. S19 Experimental determination of latent heat
- Vaporization determination of latent heat
- Fusion of ice by methods of mixtures
12.1.2. S20 Conduction
- Definition
12.1.2. S21 Conduction mechanism
12.1.2. S22 Thermal conductivity
- Definition
- Calculations
12.1.2. S23 Temperature distribution
- Perfectly lagged bar
- Unlagged bar
- Calculations
12.1.2.S24 Experiential determination of thermal conductivity
- Poor conductors
- Poor conductors
12.1.2. S25 Thermal radiation
12.1.2. S26 Prevost theory of exchanges
12.1.2. S27 Black body
12.1.2. S28 Energy distribution on black body
- Graphical illustrations
- Wiends displacements law
 Stefan’s law
 Calculation
-100 –
12.1.2. S29 Convection
- Description
12.1.2. S30 Gas laws
- Experimental description
12.1.2. S31 Ideal gas
- Concepts
- Ideal gas equation
12.1.2. S32 Kinetic theory of gases
- Concept
12.1.2. S33 Work done during reversible process
- Definition
- External work done by an expanding gas
12.1.2. S34 Thermodynamics laws
12.1.2. S35 Molar heat capacities of gas
- Molar heat capacity of a substance (c)
- Molar heat capacity of a substance at constant volume (CV)
- Molar heat capacity of a substance at constant pressure (CO)
- Show relationship CP-CV=R for gases
- Calculate Cp/Cv
12.1.2. S36 Isothermal and Adiabatic process
- Process definitions
- Comparison
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12.1.3S GEMETRIC OPTICS

a) Explain the nature of light
b) State the laws of refection
c) Determine deviation angles of light rays on plane
d) Explain the nature and location of images of plane mirrors
e) Define terms associated with spherical mirrors
f) Explain the nature and location of images of spherical mirrors
g) Describe method of measuring focal length for spherical mirrors
h) State the laws for refraction
i) Define refractive index
j) Explain the phenomena of real and apparent depth, due to refraction of

light
k) Explain application for total internal reflection
l) Determine deviation angles of light rays through a prism
m) Explain the dispersive phenomena of light through a prism
n) Describe methods of determining refractive indices
o) Define terms associated with the lens
p) Explain the nature and location of images of lenses
q) State and use lens maker’s formulae
r) Determine the power of the lens
s) Determine the focal length of two thin lenses in contact
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t) Describe methods of measuring focal length for lenses
u) Explain the various lens defects (aberration)
v) Describe the various parts of an eye and defects
w) Describe the various parts of a camera expelling terms associated
y) Determine the magnification and magnifying power of a microscope and

telescope from first principles
z) Explain the main features of an eye-piece
12.1.3. S11 Nature of light
- Wave nature of light/rectilinear propagation

- Particle nature of light
12.1.3. S12 Laws of reflection
- Laws - on rays
-on angles
- Regular and Defuses reflection
12.1.3S13 Deviation of light rays
- Incident ray on a plane mirror

- Reflected ray on rotating the plane mirror
- Successive reflections a two inclined mirrors
12.1.3. S14 Images on plane mirrors
- Point objects extended objects

- Extended objects
- No/parallax methods
12.1.3. S15 Spherical mirror

- Type Convex
 Concave
- Definitions
 Centre/radius of curvature
 Pole of the mirror
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 Principle axis
 Aperture of the mirror
 Focal point/Focal length
12.1.3.S16 Images on spherical mirrors

- Nature - Virtual or real
- Erect or inverted
- Magnified or diminished
- Location – Image distance behind or in front of the mirror
- Methods - Graphical – ray tracing mathematical
 Derive mirror formulars
1/u+1/v=1/f-2/r
Derive magnification formula
M=v/u
- Use the formulars
12.1.3.S17 Determination of focal lengths and radius of curvature

- Concave mirrors
 Focusing distant object/rough method
 Self-conjugate method
 Mirror formula method
- Convex mirrors
 Auxiliary concave plane mirror method
 Auxiliary converging lens/mirror method
12.1.3. S18 Laws of refraction

- On rays
- On angles the smell’s law
12.1.3S19 Refractive index

- Definition
- Refractive index relationships
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12.1.3. S20 Real and Apparent depth

Derive d=t (1-1/n)
Where d is displacement of the object,
t the real depth and
n the refractive index of the medium housing the object
12.1.3. S21 Total internal reflection
- Conditions for it to happen

- Critical angles
12.1.3. S22 Example s of total internal reflection
- Natural- mirage
- Artificial - radio wave transmission
- Totally reflecting prism
12.1.3. S23 Deviation of light rays through prism

- Basic features - refracting angle
- Refracting edge
- Principle plane
- Derivation of D = (i,-r,)=(i2-r2) and
A= r1 + r2
Where D, A, is deviation and refracting angles respectively
i1, i2, is incident angles of first and second refracting surface respectively
r1, r2, is refracted angles for first and second refracting surface, respectively
- Relation between A.D where n is the refractive index
12.1.3. S24 Dispersion and spectrum
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12.1.3. S25 Determination of refractive index

- Real and apparent depth method (solids and liquids)
- Concave mirror method (liquids)
- Concave mirror method (liquids)
- Minimum deviation method (solid and liquid)
12.1.3. S26 Thin lens
- Types converging or concave
- Diverging or concave
- Definitions – Focal point/plane/length
- Principle axis
- Conjugate points/planes
- Optical center
- Principal ray paths
12.1.3S27 Images of lenses
- Nature - real or virtual
-Upright or inverted
- Magnified or diminished
- Location - Image distance behind or inform the mirror
-Method - graphical – use of ray paths
- Method- mathematical - derive lens formula
1/u=1/v=1/f
-Derive newton’s formula
-Use of the formulas
12.1.3.S28 Lens makers formula (full lens formula)
-State and use 1/f= (n-1) (1/r1 +1/r2
12.1.3.S29 Power of the lens – p=1/f
12.1.3.S30 Twothin lenses in contact
-derive – 1/f1+1f2=1/f
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12.1.3.S13 Determination of focal lengths of thin lenses
- Concave-focusing a distant object
- Plane mirror method
- Lens formula method
- Displacement method
- Magnification method
-Convex- auxiliary concave mirror method
12.1.3S32 Lens defects (abberation’s)
- Spherical
- Cone
- Astigmatism
- Curvature of field
- Distortions
- Chromatic
- Elimination or reduction
- Proper choice radius of curvature
- Use of doublet lens
- Aspherizing the lens
12.1.3.S33 Eye and its defects
- Parts
- Defects - long and short sight
- Presbyopia
- Visual angles
- Visual angles
12.1.3.S34 Camera – parts
-Terms - film speed
- f-number
- Shutter speed
- Exposure and exposure time
- Depth of field and depth of focus
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12.1.3. S35 Microscopes and telescopes
-General description
-Types – simple and compound microscopes
- Refracting astronomical telescope
- Magnifying powers
- Magnifications
- Resolution and resolving powers
12.1.3.S36 Eye pieces
- General description
- Types – Huygens’s eyepiece
- Randen’s eyepiece
12.1.4S WAVE/PHYSICAL OPTICS (24 Hrs)
a) Identify the different types of waves
b) Define terms associated with waves
c) Describe the modes of propagation of waves
d) Distinguish between travelling (progressive) and stationary
(standing) waves
e) Derive the wave equation
f) State and describe the properties of waves
12.1.4S11 Types of waves

- Light waves
- Water waves
- Sound waves
- Electromagnetic waves
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12.1.4.S12 Definitions
- Velocity
- Frequency
- Amplitude
- Period
- Phase difference
12.1.4.S13 Mode of propagation

- Transverse
- Longitudinal
12.1.4.S14 Progressive and stationery waves
12.1.4.S15 Wave equation

- Y=Asin (2ft+Q)
- Where Y- Displacement of the wave
A= amplitude of the wave
F=Frequency
Q=Phase angle
12.1.4.S16 Properties
- Huygens’s principle
 Wave fronts and rays
 Basis of the principle
 Reflection
 Refraction
 Total internal reflection
- Superposition of the wave
- Interference of wave
 Qualitative treatment
 Yong’s double slit
- Diffraction
 At single slit
 At circular aperture
 Grating
- Polarization
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STAGE 11
12.12.5S ELECTRICITY (18 HRS)
At the end of the topic, the trainee should be able to:

a) Distinguish between conductors and insulators
b) Explain the concepts of electric charges
c) Define coloumb’s law
d) Explain the terms ` electric field strength’ and `electric potentials”
e) Explain the distribution of charges on conductors
f) Explain the electric circuit quantities and their units
g) Explain the mechanism of electric conduction
h) Explain the concept of electromotive force
i) State the common laws used in network solutions
j) Perform circuit calculations
k) Explain the concepts of capacitance
l) Determine total capacince
m) Determine the energy stored in a capacitor
n) Describe the common practical capacitors
o) Explain the generation of alternating currents
p) Define the characteristics of an alternation wave form
q) Explain the principles and operations of moving coil and moving iron
instruments
r) Explain the principles and operations of moving could and moving
iron instruments
s) Extend the range for instruments
t) Explain the principles of Wheatstone bridge and potentiometer
- 110 –
u) State the sources of the mains electricity

v) Explain the transmission of the mains electricity
w) Explain the domestic wiring system
x) Determine energy consumption and costs
12.2.25.S12 Electric charges

Nature- positive and negative charges
Production - rubbing induction
- Electrophorus
- Van de grief’s generator
- Detection and sign determination using gold leaf electroscope
12.2.5S2 Coloumb’s law

- Statement
- Experimental test
- Permittivity
12.2.5.S13 Electric filed strength and potential

- Electric field strength (E)
 Definition
 Due to point charge
 Charge density
- Electric potential (v)
 Work and energy concept
 Meaning of potential
 Equipotential
 Due to a point charge
 Due to conducting sphere
 Electric potential difference
- Relation of E and V for uniform field
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12.2.5.S28 Extension of range
- Shunts
- Multipliers
- Mutineers
- Simple calculations
12.2.5.S29 Wheatstone bridge and potentiometer
- Balancing
- Standardizing
12.2.25S30 Sources of mains electricity
- Solar power
- Hydroelectric power
- Geothermal power
12.2.5.S31 Transmission
12.2.5.S32 Domestic wiring –fuse
12.2.5.S33 Consumption and cost- Kilowatt hours
12.2.6.S MAGNETISM AND ELECTROMAGNETISM
a) Explain the concepts of magnetic and on-magnetic materials
b) Explain the concepts of a force on a current caring conductor and on
a charged particle in a uniform field
c) Explain the applications for force on a current caring conductor
d) Explain the concepts of induced emfs
e) Determine the magnitude and directions of induced emfs
f) Determine induced emfs in the stated conductors
g) Explain the applications of electromagnetic induction
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12.2.6. S11 Magnetic and Non-magnetic materials
- Molecular arrangements
12.2.6. S12 Magnetic field
- Due to magnets
- Due to earth
- Due to currents
 Single straight conductor
 Two parallel straight conductor
 Coils – Plane circular
- Solenoid
12.2. S13 Force on a current carrying conductor and charged particles
- Force on a current carrying conductor
 Magnitude- F= BIL
 Direction- Fleming’s left hand rule
- Force on a charge particle
 Magnitude –F= BPV
- Relationship between force on a current carrying conductor and
charged particle
12.2.6. S14 Applications of force on a current carrying conductor
- Couple on a coil in magnetic field
- Moment on a cook in a magnetic field
- Applications
 Moving coil galvanometers
 Moving cold speakers
 Relays
12.2.6. S15 Induce emfs
- Production
 Relative moments of magnetic field
 Changing the magnetic fields
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12.2.6. S16 Direction and magnitude of induced emfs

- Faraday’s laws
- Lenz’s law
- Fleming’s right hand rule
- Cork-screw rule
- Grip rule
12.2.6. S17 Determination of induced emfs

- Straight conductor
- Rectangular coil
- Rotating coil
12.2.6S18 Applications of electromagnetic induction

- Generators – a.c. and d.c
- Electric motor-a.c and d.c
- Transformers
12.2.7S MODERN PHYSICS

a) Describe photoelectric emission and its applications
b) Describe thermionic emission and its applications moving in uniform fields
c) Explain the effects and motion of an election moving in a uniform field
d) Describe methods of determining the specific charge (e/m)of an electron
e) State the basic constituents of an atom
f) Define terms associate with atoms
g) Explain the importance of valency electron in chemical reactions and
electrical conductions
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h) Explain the concepts of energy levels in atoms
i) Use the band theory treatment of conduction to distinguish between
conductors, semi-conductors and insulators
j) Distinguish between intrinsic and extrinsic semi-conductors
k) Describe the working of P-N junction diodes and their applications
l) Describe the working of junction transistors and their applications
12.2.7. S11 Photoelectric emission
- Phenomenon
- Explanation
 Inability of wave t theory
 Ability of Quantum t theory
 Plank’s theory
 Einstein’s photoelectric equation
 Millikan’s experiment
 Applications
 Photocells and uses
12.2.7.12 Thermionic emission
- Production of electron beam
- Properties of electron beam
- Applications
 Thermionic diodes
 Action and construction
 Function –rectification
 Cathode ray oscilloscope (C.R.O)
 Action and construction
 Functions
- Measuring voltages
- Displaying waveforms
- Measuring time intervals
- Measuring phase angles
- Frequencies comparisons
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12.2.7.S13 Electron moving in a uniform field
- election field effect, F= ef

 motion , parabolic
- magnetic field –effect F= Bev
- Motion, circular arc
12.2.7.S14 Specific charges (e/m) determination
- cathode ray tube method

- fine beam tube method
- Millikan’s oil drop experiment
12.2.7.S15 Atoms – constituents – electrons
- Nucleus - protons
- Neutrons
12.2.7.S16 Terms and defines
- Atomic or proton number

- Mass or nucleon number
- Isotopes
- Atomic mass
12.2.7.S17 Valency elections
- Concepts
- Importance in chemical reactions and in electrical conduction
12.2.7.S18 Energy levels
- Concepts
- Evidence – optical line spectra
- Excitation and ionization potentials
- Electron collision experiment
12.2.7.S19 Band theory treatment of conduction
- Conductors/semi-conductors/insulators
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12.2.7.S20 Intrinsic an extrinsic semi-conductors
- Intrinsic semi-conduct
- Extrinsic semi-conductor – p-and type
12.2.7.S20 p-n junction diode
- Construction
- Action an connection – forward biased
- Voltage/currentcharacteristics zener diode
- Applications – rectification
- Detectors
- Voltage regulator
12.2.7.S20 Junction transistors
- Construction transistors
- - construction – PNP transistors
- action an connections – common- emitter
 common- base
 common- collector
Characteristics in common emitter mode
- input (base)
- output (collector)
- transfer
- experimental determination
Applications – transistor amplifiers
-transistor switches
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13.0 GEOGRAPHY
13.01 Introduction
This course unit is designed to equip the trainee with relevant knowledge that will enable
him or her to develop a sound geographical grounding for studies on surveying and
mapping. The course is divided into two parts or stages.
Stage 1 deals with lad forming processes and related aspects of physical Geography a
sage 11 deal with selected themes and aspects of Human Geography.
It is recommended that as much as possible, trainees should go out on excursions to

collect data on landforms and economic enterprises, at least I the locality on the
institution.
13.02 General objectives
At the end of this course the trainees should be able to:-
a) understand that scope of Geography with the surveying and mapping

b) understand land mapping process
c) appreciate the importance of conversation of natural resources
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SUBJECT SUMMARY AND TIME ALLOCATION

13.1.1.5 INTRODUCTION - Definition
- Scope an importance
- Relationships of Geography
13.1.2S STRUCTURE AN - How the earth was formed
COMPOSITION OF - Shape
THE EARTH - Structure
- Composition
13.1.3S LAND FORMING - Meaning if landform
- Process of land formation
- Formation of rocks
- Identification of land forms
- Terrain analysis
- Measurement of slopes and
gradients
13.1.4S SOILS AND - Meaning if soil
DRAINAGE - Soil constituents
- Soil formation
- Measurement of soil depth
- Soil classification
- Analysis of soil reaction
- Drainage patterns of different
landforms
- Measurement of streams Flow
- Silting in streams
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CODE TOPIC SUB-TOPICS HOUR
13.1.5S WEATHER AND - Element s of weather
CLIMATE - Meteorology an weather
measurements 22
- Macro-climates and microclimates
- Bio-climates
- Air masses, fronts and storms
- Distribution of atmospheric wind s
13.1.1.7S VEGETATION - Classification
- Vegetation distribution
- Impact of man 14
13.1.1.8S STAGE THREE - Agricultural land use
AGRICULTURE - Types of agricultural 8
- Envinmental impact of agricultural
13.1.1.9S POPULATION - Human geography
SETTLEMENT - Agricultural land use 10
AND
URBANIZATION
MINERALS AND - Mineral
ENERGY - Forms of energy 4
RESOURCES - Energy resources

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CODE TOPIC SUBTOPIC HOURS
13.2.10S TRANSPORT AND - Modes of transport
COMMUNICATION - Traffic Density 6
- Evaluation of transport network
13.2.10S TRADE AND - Definitions
INDUSTRY - Bases and types of trade 2
- Factors of industrialization
- Classification of industries
13.2.10S TOURISM AND - Significance of tourism
WILDLIFE - Impact of tourism 4
- Wildlife distribution
13.2.10S ENVIRONMENTAL - Ecological balances
CONSERVATION - Natural resources 10
AND RESOURCES - Resources inventory

MANAGEMENT - Conservation methods
13.2.10S Total 145 hours

.
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13.1.1.S INTRODUCTION
a) Define geography
b) Explain the scope of geography
c) Describe the relationship between geography and given disciplines
13.1.1.S Define of geography
13.1.1.S Scope of geography

 Cosmos
Space science and cosmology
 Physical geography
 - biosphere
 Atmosphere
 Lithosphere
 Hydrosphere
Human geography
 Resources
 Economic activities
13.1.1.S Relationship between geography and each of the following
- Surveying andmapping
- Meteorology andclimatology
- Solis an geology
- Biology
- Demography
- Economics
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13.1.2.S STRUCTURE AND COMPOSITION OF THE EARTH 8HRS
At the end of this topic, this trainee should be able to:
a) Explain some theories on how the earth was formed
b) Explain the shapes associated with the earth
c) Explain the structure and composition of the earth
H13.1.2.S11 How the earth was formed
 Kant’s theory
 Big Bang theory
13.1.2.S12 Shapes associated with the earth
 Geoidal as geoid
 Spherical as sphere
 Ellipsoidal as period
13.1.2.S13 Structure and composition
The crust
-Silica and Alumina (SIAL)
-Silica and Magnesium (SIMA)

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13.1.3S LAND FORMATION PROCESS 36HRS

a) Define the term landform
b) Explain the processes of land formation
c) Explain how rocks were formed
d) Identify different types of landforms
e) Carry out terrain analysis
f) Measure the gradient of sloping ground
13.1.3S11 Definition of landform
13.1.3S12 Process of land formation

 Exogenic/sculpturing process
 Wind
 Mass wasting
 Glacial action
 Coastal wave action
Endogenic processes
 Vulcanicity
 Intrusive features
 Extrusive features
 Folding
 Faulting and rifting
13.1.3S13 Formation of rocks
i) igneous
ii) metamorphic
iii)sedimentary
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13..3S14 Identification of landform
- Fluvial features
- Wind features
- Mass wasting
- Glacial features
- Coastal features
- Volcanic feature
- Folding mountains
- Faults
- Rifts an valleys
- Block mountains
- Rocks
13.1.3S15 Terrain analysis
13.1.3S16 Gradients
 Measurement of relative heights
 Computation
13.1.4S Soils and drainage 26hrs
a) Explain what is meant by soil
b) Describe the main constituents of soil
c) Explain how soil is formed
d) Measure the depth of soil
e) Classify soils according to their morphological properties
f) Analysis soil properties
g) Describe the factors of drainage patterns
h) Measure stream water flow
i) Monitor silting in streams
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13.1.4. S11 Meaning of soil
13.1.4. S11 Constituents of soli
 Organic matter
 Inorganic matter
 Air
 Moisture/water
13.1.4. S11 Formation of soil
i) Process
-alluvial soil
Laterites
Humus
ii) Weather
iii) leaching
13.1.4. S11 measurement of soli depth
- Equipment
- Field procedure
13.1.4. S11 Classification of soils
- Morphological properties
- Colour
- Texture
- Depth
- Structure
ii)Classification
Profile
Soil reaction analysis
- Temperature
- Structure
13.1.4. S11 Types of drainage patterns that occur for different
i) Landforms
- Mountain
-Domes
-Plain
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iii) Soil type
- Story
- Sand
- Loamy
- Clay
13.1.4.S18 Measurement of stream flow
- Equipment
- Filed procedure
- Power of abrasion and attrition
13.1.4. S19 Monitoring of siting
- Equipment
- Observation
- River/stream profile form source to hold stage
13.1.4. S10 Sources of data for soils mapping
13.1.4. 5S WEATHER AND CLIMATE 22HRS

13.1.4. 5S1 Specific Objectives
At the end of this topic the trainee should be able to: -
a) Explain the elements of weather
b) Describe the water precipitation an other forms of condensation
c) Measure given elements of weather
d) Explain the elements of weather
e) Explain elements of climate
f) Distinguishing between macro-climate an micro-climatic classification
g) Explain the effect of bio-climates on eco-systems
h) Describe koppen’s system of climate
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i) Describe the theoretical distribution of atmospheric pressure and wins
j) Explain the origin an characteristics of air masses, fronts an storms
k )give sources of information on weather an climate
13.1.5S11 11Elements of weather
13.1. S12 Koppen’s classification of climates
13.1. 5S13 Forms of condensation

- Convectional
- Relief
- Atmospheric
ii) Other forms
- Dew and frost
- Mist a fog
- Clouds
Weather measurements
i) Precipitation
- Convectional
- Relief
- Atmospheric
ii) Other forms
- Dew an frost
- Mist and fog
- Clouds
13.1.5S14 Weather measurements
i) relative Humidity (RH)
ii) sunshine level
iii)wind speed
iv)dry and temperature
13.1.4.5S15 elements of climate
- Weather t
- Altitude
- Latitude
- Aspect
- Influence of water body
- Impact of them
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13.1.5S16 Distinction between macro-climate and micro-climate
13.1.5S16 Koppen’s classification
13.1.5S16 Affect for bio-climates
i) Ecological balance
Plants a animals
ii) Man’s adaptation (s)
o Clothing and life style
iii) Solar radiation and harsh temperatures
Theoretical distribution of atmospheric pressure and winds
- Causal factors
- Natural pattern of winds and pressure cells
13.1.5S16 Origin and characteristics of
i. Air masses
ii. Fronts
iii. Storms
13.1.5S16 Sources of data on weather and climate
i) Existing maps
Meteorological stations and hydrological services
- Weather reports
- Field data
ii) Publications and consultancy services
- Research findings
- Information dissemination services
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13.1.6S Vegetation 14hrs

At the end of this topic the trainee should be able:-
a) explain the factors the t influence vegetation distribution
b) Classify vegetation
c) explain the impact of a man on vegetation
d) give sources of information on vegetation
13.1.6S11 Factors of vegetation distribution
i. plant colonies /association
ii. soils and rainfall
iii. relief/altitude and temperature
13.1.6S12 Classification of vegetation
i) Forest
ii) Equatorial
- Tropical
 deciduous
 thorn
Evergreen
iii) grassland
- savannah
- veldt
- pampas
- prier
iv) Desert vegetation
-cold desert
- Hot desert
iv) Tundra
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13.1.6S13 Impact of man
- deforestation an afforestation
- desertification
- land reclamation
- effects of agriculturalactivates
 selection/grafting
 export of species
13.1.6S13 Sources of information on vegetation
i) Existing maps
Forestry stations
- statistical
- reports
ii) Publications
- Research findings
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STAGE 11
13.1.7S AGRICULTURE 8HRS
At the end of this topic the trainee should be able to:-
a) Explain the factors that influence agricultural land use
b) Describe various types of agricultural
c) Explain the importance and prosper
d) Explain the current trends of agricultural practice Kenya
e) Give sources of statistics/data on agricultural activities
f) Determine the impact of agricultural practices in his/her locality
13.2.7.S11 Factors of land use
i) security of land tenure
- Freehold/leasehold interest
-inheritance rights
ii) Type /choice of crop
- Weather and climate
- Pests/diseases
- Marketing outlet (s)
- Tradition/religious sanction
Type if farming
- Customary practices
- Availability of labour
Scale of production
- Government/land policy
- Size of market
- Soils and topography
- Capital outlay
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v) Farming organization and management

- subsistence farming
 shifting/nomadic
 Intensive
-commercial farming
 -specialized intensive plantationsettle or ranch
 Specialized intensive production
 Mixed production
- Management
- Owner-occupation farmer
- Tenant farmer
- Contract farmer (lessor/rentor)
- Estate farm manger /directors
- Cooperative farm mangers(s) committee
-
13.2.7.S12 Types of agriculture
i) arable/crops
ii) livestock
ii) Mixed
iv) Ornamental
- Arable
 market gardening
 oriental plants
Livestock
- aquarium
- ornamental birds/animals
-
13.2.7.S12 Importance and prospectors inthe economy
i) i) Contribution/Earnings to GDP
ii)publiceducation
iii) credit advances an agro-targeted financiers
training and Research
- -hybrid seeds/breeds
- Improvements on farming methods
- Appropriate technology
Security of land tenure

-land titles registration an ownership
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13.2.7.S14 Trends of agricultural practices
Farming production strategies
- Modern production management skills
- Land consolidation an vertical integration
- Contract farming
- Capital –intensive investment
Problems affecting production
- Market outlets an disenabling marketing policies
- Limited capital/credit
- Inappropriate technology an soils water pollution
- Inadequate control of pest/diseases
13.2.7.S15 Sources of statistics/data on agricultural activities
13.2.7.S16 Impact
13.2..S8S POPULATION SETTLEMENT AND URBANIZATION 10HRS
13.2.7.8S1 Specific Objects

a) Explain the importance of population census of hi/her locality
b) Carry out a population census of hi/her locality
c) Explain the growth structure of population
d) Explain the patterns of population distribution and settlement
e) Discuss common methods meant to prevent control population explosion
f) Describe the common types of settlement on Kenya
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g) Discuss popular theories on emergency growth and structure of urban

population
h) Explain the structure and functions of urban centers/cities
I) give sources of statistics/data on population distribution and settlement
j) Collect data foe determine desire lines
13.2.8S11 importance of population
i)for economic development
ii)as consumer market
13.2.8S11 population census
i) population and counting strategies
ii)recording
- Vital data
- Verification an methods of recording
Iii
) analysis of data
- Grouping
- Females
- Males
Classification
- Age-grouping
- Age- group limits
- Class/age limits for infants, minors
- Adults and the seniors
- Age composition ratios
 Female male per age-group
 Youth adult retired
 Working age per-group
 Overall ratio female and male
 Overall ratio youth adult retired
 Overall ratio working age non-working age
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13.3.8S13 Growth structure

i) Growth ancient population (pre-17th century)
- Subject to natural controls/calamities
ii)Growthafter industrial revolution (post 17thcentury)
- advert of technology
- conquest over causes of natural calamites
iii) Theoretical model of population growth/development
- Stage 1
- Stage 11
- Tube of stage
- Stage iv
Mitigating factors to population growth
- distances
- Migrations
13.3.8S13 Patterning of distribution and settlement
- Ideal population distribution
- -sex ratio
- Age group ratios
Balances of births
- Factors to high birth rates
- Factors for low both rates
Patterns of settlement
 Scattered
 Nucleated
 Linear
 Star
 Block
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13.2.8S15 Prevention control of population explosion
- Family planning methods
- Education
- Industrialization economic
13.2.8S16 Types of settlement
- Village
- Urban center
- Metropolity/metroplex
13.2.8S17 Theories on urban structure

i) Connectingtheory
Sector theory
Multiple-theory
Multiple nuclei theory
13.2.8S18 urban center/cities
Structure
Basic and non-basic functions
13.2.8S119 Sources of population statistics (CBS)
13.2.8S110 Data collection for desire lines
13.2.9S MINERALS AND ENERGY RESOURCES
a) Categorize minerals
b) Explain he importance of minerals for national development
c) Distinguish between given types of energy
i. Determine the vitality of a given form of energy resources/sources
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e) collection information on renewable and non-renewable sources of energy
13.2.9S11 categories of materials
i) Types
 metal
 nonmetal
 Oil ore
ii) Characteristics and mechanical properties
- Taste and oduor

- Hardness
- Luster
- Crystalline/non-crystalline
- Specific gravity
13.2.9 S12 importance of minerals
 As raw materials for economic production
 As fuel energy resources
13.2.9S13 Importance of minerals
i) renewable
ii) non-renewable
energy resources
i)forms of energy
 fuel
 wood
 coal
 natural gas
 bio-mass gas
power –
electricity
nuclear
13.2.9S14 Energy sources

 solar
 wind
 water
 chemical reactions
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13.2.9S15 Data collection sources of information on Energy sources/resources
13.2.10S TRANSPORT AND COMMUNICATION 6HOURS

At the end of this topic the trainee should be able to
a) Explain what is meant by mode of transport
b) Choose a suitable mode of transport for a passenger or carriage
c) Evaluate a road network within his/he locality
d) Describe a given means of communication
13.2.10S11 Mode of transport

Definitions
- Carriage
- Load
- Passenger
- Mode
Description of modes
- Pack animals/beast of burden
- Road
- Railway
- Waterway
- Airway
- Special modes
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13.2.10S12 Choice of transport
i)cost factor
- distance
- frequency of transportation
ii)convenience
- Nature and size of unit carriage/package
- safety/security
- Speed /urgently
13.2.10S12 Evaluationof road network
i. Traffic density/load
ii. connectivity
iii. quality of road finish
- Surface stress
- Smoothness/fineness
13.2.10S12 mean of communication
i) Wire
- telephone
- cable
- telegraph
ii) Wireless
- Telex
- Facsimile
- Walkie – talkie
- Car telephone
13.2.10S12 TRADE AND INDUSTRY2HRS
a) Define given trade terms
b) Explain the bases of trade
c) Describe a given type of trade
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d) explaining the importance of industrialization
e) Explain the factors that should e consider on order to select a
suitable location for an industry
f) Classify industries qualitatively and qualitatively
13.2.11S11 Definition
- Trade exchange
- Barter
- Monopoly
- Oligopoly
- Retail
- Wholesale
- Middleman
- Agent
- Balance of payment
 Visible
 Invisible
- Capital transfer
- Export
 Visible
 Invisible
- GNP
- GDP
13.2.10S12 Bases of trade
i) Conditions
- product differentiation/variety
- surplus of products
- demand
- enabling environment
 world/local conditions conducive
 adequate transport facilities
ii) Importance of trade
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13.2.11S13 Types of trade
- home/internal
- foreign/external
13.2.11S14 Importance of industrialization
13.2.11S15 Factors affecting location of industry
i) Convenience
- Availability of raw material
Demand/market populations
Transport and communication facilities
- ii)cost factor
- labour
- transport
- economies of scales
iii) Government to policy
13.2.11S16 Classification of industries
i) Rating
- Primary
- Secondary
- Tertiary
- Quartentry
iii) line of business
- agricultural/agro-based
- non-agro
13.2.12S TOURISM AND WILDLIFE 4HOURS
13.2.12S Specific Objectives

At the end of this topic the trainee should be able to:
a) explain the importance of tourism in the economy
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b) Describe the impart of tourism and related socio-economic on activities
aspects of culture and the physical environment.
c) Explain the distribution of wildlife on the national parks and game
reserves
13.2.12S12 Importance of tourism

i) Employmentopportunities
ii) Foreign exchange earnings
Enhancement of economic activities in other sectors
Promotion of national cultural image broad
13.2.10S12 Impact of tourism
Negative aspects
- on the physical environment

- on the cultural environment
positive aspects
13.2.10S13 distribution of wildlife
determinants of distribution
i) Ecologicalbalance
ii)changes in habits
o determinations of vegetation
o missing links in food chains
iii)man’s influence
 praching
- economic activities
environmental conservation and resources management 10hrs

specific objectives
at the end of his topic, the trainee should be able to:-
a )explain the need for ecological balance
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13.2.13S ENVIRONMENT CONSERVATION AND RECOURSES MANAGEMENT
10HOURS
At the end of this topic trainees should be able to:
a) explain the need for ecology balance.
b) explain what of meant by natural resources.
c) evaluate a resources qualitatively and quantitatively.
d) carry of the survey of a given resource.
e) describe different methods of conserving resources.
f) keep an inventory of recourses date.
g) state some organization which are concerned with natural resources
conservation.
h) discuss problem which are liable to affect he physical environment if/as
resources.
13.2.13S11 Ecological balance
- energy transfer/flow
- food chains
- importance
13.2.13S12 meaning of natural resource
13.2.13S13 evaluation of resource
- quality
- quantity
13.2.13S14 Resource survey
Soil survey
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13.2.13S15 Conversation methods for
- soil
- air quality
- water quality
- vegetation
- minerals and ores
- bio-species
13.2.13S16 inventory of resources data
- organization of data an information
- data base control
- registry practice
13.2.13S17 organizations concerned with conservation
- government ministries an departments

- international and local (NGOs)
13.2.13S18
problems
i) inability to support increasing population
ii) industrial pollution
iii) soil depletion and wasting
iv) flooding and silting
v) desertification
vi) acid rain
vii) radiation from outer space
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14.0s COMPUTER ASSISTED MAPPING (C.A.M)
14.10 Introduction
This course unit is intended to introduce the trainee to the concept of computer assisted
mapping and to make/her understanding the use of available computer assisted mapping
packages with minimum supervision.
At the end of this course, the trainee should be able to:-
a) apply standard methods of data collection in computer assisted mapping (C.A.M)
b) operate various computer hardware units used in C.A.M
c) process data collected for a C.A.M project
d) make of a computer assisted mapping package .

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14.03 SUBJECT SUMMARY AN TIME ALLOCATION 6HRS
Stage 111
14.2.1.S INTRODUCTION TO - Outline history
CAM - Advantages of CAM 2
- Drawbacks of CAM
- Mapping services products
14.2.2.S CAM HARDWARE - Unit parts
- Block diagram of CAM systems 6
- Functions of unit parts
- Peripherals of CAM system
14.2.3.S COLLECTION OF - Sources of mapping data
MAPPING DATA - Systems of encoding features 12 data 12
14.2.4.S PROCESSING OF - Demonstration of processing
MAPPING DATA - Interaction work stations 10
- Generation of CAM products
-
14.2.5.S DATA PRESENTATION - Demonstration of a map making
- Devices for data presentation 8
- Symbolization of data for display
- CAM outputs
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Code Topic Sub-topic Hours
14.2.6S DATA STORAGE - Archiving
AND RETRIEVAL - Backup-up 8
- Data banks
and databases
14.2.7S CAM PACKAGES - Surveying and
mapping 20
applications
Total 66 hours
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Stage 11
14.2.1S INTRODUCTION TO CAM 2 HOURS

a) Outline a brief historical advert of computer assisted mapping C.A.M
b) State the main advantages of using C.A.M.
c) sate the major drawbacks of using C.A.M
d) Explain the difference between C.A.M and conventional mapping.
14.2.1S11 brief history
- Development sages
14.2.1S12 Advantages of C.A.M
- elimination of repetitive manual work
- speed
- increase in productivity
- product quality
- new products
- production quality
- new products
- production control
- analysis of data
14.2.1S13 Drawbacks of C.AM
- investment capital
- need for re-organization
- need for re-education
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- Financial implication of dynamism of computers
14.2.1S14 Difference between C.A.M services products andconventional mapping products
i) data handling an accessioning
- Data base/graphical
ii) Types of maps
- Digital /graphical
14.2.2S C.A.M HARDWARE 6HOURS
a) state the unit parts of the hardware used in computer assisted mapping
b) draw a block diagram of a typical CAM systems

c) explain the function of the main parts of the hardware need in C.A.M
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14.2.211 Hardware used in C.A.M
- digital computer
- digital computer devices
- graphic output devices
14.2.211 Block diagram of a CAM
14.2.211 Functions of the main parts of the hardware used in C .A.M
Compute unit /C.P.U
 Central processor
 Main memory
i)Data capture devices
 Xeybrard
 Photogrammetric stro-plotters
 Digitizers
 Tablets
 Total station
ii)Graphical output devices
 Graphic screen/console
 Line printer
 Map plotter and platen
14.2.211 Peripherals
 Streamer
 Magnetic tapes
 Magnetic discs
 Diskettes
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14.2.3S1 COLLECTION OF MAPPING DATA 12HOURS
14.2.3S1 SPECIFIC OBJECTIVES
a) State various sources of data used for C.A.M
b) Explain the use of standard systems of encoding graphic image features to
computer-readable (CR)
c) Enumerate equipment used in data capture for CAM
d) Apply various methods of data capture in CAM
14.2.3S11 Sources of mapping data
- existing maps and diagrams
- surveying and mapping documents/reports and computations

- aerial/terrestrial photographs
- ground surveys
- remote sensing image
14.2.3S12 encoding for CR data
Characteristics of physical features
 Point features
 Line features
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 Surfaces/area feature
 positional data (vector/matrix and raster)
iii) Systems of encoding the following graphical data
- Two-dimensional point
- Three-dimensional point
- Surfaced/areas
- Features-shape
- Attributes
14.2.3S1 Data capture equipment
- Field survey equipment
- total stations
- Manual stations
- Keyboard
- Analytical streo-platens
- Computer/analogue stero- ploters
- Zoom transfer scopes
- Digitizers
 Manual
 Line flower
 Scanner
 Menu able
- Graphical screens
- Satellite scanners
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14.2.3S14 Application of various methods of data capture
- Ground/field survey and related communications
- Stereo plotting from aerial photographs
- Digitalizing from existing maps an related documents
14.2.4S PROCESSING OF MAPPING DATA 10HOURS
a) Explain what is meant by data processing an used in CAM
b) Explain the use of an interactive work station in data processing

c) Describe how to generate give CAM products from collected data as per
specifications
14.2.4S11 Meaning of data processing
- Digital
- Graphical
14.2.4S12 Interactive work station
- Editing
- Lettering/text generation
- Text mounting
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14.2.4S13 Generation of the following
- digital terrain models
- Profiles
- Overlays
- Data layers
- Selective views
14.2.4S Data presentation 8hours
a) State various devices used for data presentation
b) Describe the steps undertaken in map data presentation
c) Demonstrate differ types of products available for C.A.M
14.2.4S11 devices for data presentation
Graphic screens
- Advantages
- Disadvantages
 Line plotters
 Uses
 Quality of products
- Raster plotters
- Line printers
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14.2.4S12 Preparation of data
- Draughting commands
- Symbols design
- Coulor assigns/assignments
14.2.4S13 Presentation of C.A.M
- hard copies
- soft copies
- digital maps
- tables and arrays

14.2.5s DATA STORAGE AN RETRIVAL 8HOURS
a) demonstrate archiving on the computer
b) explain the term Backup
c) explain the use if data banks and data bases
14.2.4S11 arching
- Devices
14.2.4S12 backup
- Need for backup
- Devices for back-up
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14.2.5S13 Data banks/data inventory
- Resources inventory
- Land use information
- Land information management
14.2.6S CAM PACKAGES 20hours
At the end to this topic, the trainee should be able to:-
a) Identify common C.A.M pa

b) Demonstrate common C.A.M packages.
14.2.6S11 C.A.M packages
 Demeter
 IGOS
 GIMMS
 Intergraph
14.2.6S12 Demonstration of mapping using
Any available .C.A.M package
- Map data processing
- Map data presentation
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15.0 ORGANIZATION AND MANAGEMENT
Introduction
15.01 This course unit is designed to provide trainees with basic knowledge to effectively
supervise and cost surveying and mapping projects
At the end of this course unit, the trainee should be able to:
a) Understand general principles of organization and management
b) Effectively organise personnel to carry out surveying and mapping services
effectively
c) Market surveying and mapping services effectively
d) Prepare tender documents
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15.03S SUBJECT SUMMARY AND TIME ALLOCATION THEORY 08HRS
TOPIC SUB-TOPIC HOURS

1 INTRODUCTION Department and layout
2
2 ORGANIZATION AND - Definition of management
MANAGEMENT - Principles of management 12
- Management functions
- Organization structure
3 PERSONNEL - Define of personnel
MANAGEMENT management 10
- Personnel management
functions
4 OFFICE PRACTICE - Filling systems
- Methods of communication 16
- Public relations with other
professionals
- Conducting meetings
5 WORK PLANNING - Importance of work
planning 12
- Methods of work planning
- Factors affecting work
scheduling
6 COSTING - Factors
- Procedure 12
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TOPIC SUB-TOPIC HOURS
7 PUBLIC RELATIONS AND - Relevant publics
TENDERING - Opportunities 10
- Tendering procedure
8 MARKETING - Elements of marketing
- Marketing concept 8
- Role of public relations
- Competition policy
- Distribution
9 PURCHASING AND - Purchasing department
STOCK CONTROL - Purchasing functions 6
- Purchasing procedure
- Stock keeping and stock control
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15.3.1S INTRODUCTION 2HOURS
a) Outline the major department of a surveying and mapping establishment
b) Explain he factors to be considered on landing of the physical layout of
departments of a surveying and mapping establishment
15.3.1S.11 Major departments of a surveying and mapping establishment

i. Administration
ii. Technical
iii. Functions of various departments
15.3.1S12 Factors to be consider in planning the physical layout
i) Location of departments in relation to one another
ii) Workflow
iii) Site optimization
15.3.2S ORGANIZATION AND MANAGEMENT 10HOURS
a) Explain the meaning of management
b) State the meaning of management
c) Explain management functions
d) Explain different types of organization structures
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15.32S11 meaning if management
15.32S11 principles of management

- polices
- goals
- target
15.32S11 management functions
i) Planning
ii)
iii) directing
iv) co-ordinating
v) controlling
vi) motivating
15.32S11 organization structures
- types
- relationship
- chain of command
- span of control
15.32S11 PERSONNEL MANAGEMENT 12 HOURS
15.32S11 Specific Objectives

a) Define personnel management
b) Outline personnel management
15.32S11 Define of personnel management
15.32S11 Personnel management functions

i) Recruitment
ii) Training
iii) Welfare, health and safety
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- Staff appraisal
- Displine and termination procedure
- Renumeration
- Human relations
- Leadership
- Industrial relations
15.3.4.S OFFICE PRACTICE
a) Outline various filing systems
b) Explain different methods of communication
c) Identify good relationship with services required for surveying and mapping
work
d) Conduct meetings
15.3.4.S11 Filling systems
- Folder systems
- Cabinet
- Microfilm/micro fiche
- Computerized systems
15.3.4.S12 Methods of communication
- Oral communications
- Reports
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15.3.4.S13 Relationship with expert services
o accountants
o auditors
o Lawyers
o Income tax assessors
15.3.4.S14 Conducting of meetings

o Top management meetings
o Policy meetings
o Productivity meetings
o Joint consultative meetings
o Progress meetings
o Sectional staff meetings
o Interviews
15.3.4.S Planning 12 hours
15.3.4.S1 Specific objective
a) understand that importance and methods of [planning for efficient projects for
surveying and mapping work
b) plan specific projects for surveying and mapping
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1.3.5.S11 Importance and methods of work planning
- optimization of products
- flow charts
- work programming
- work scheduling
- first come first served (FCFS) rule
1.3.5.S12 projects
o cartographic
o photogrammetric
o surveying
1.3.5.S1 COSTING 12 HOURS
1.3.5.S1 specific objectives
a) explain factors that influence project cost
b) differentiate between piece-rate and time-rate costing
1.3.5.S11 cost factors
- materials
- labour (man-hours
- machine hours
- overheads
1.3.5.S12 rates
Peace –rate
- cost per unit crease/hestareage or unit product
- time rates
Cost per unit time duration
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15.3.7.S PUBLIC RELATIONS AND TENDERING
15.3.7.S 1 SPECIFIC OBJECTIVES

a) identify various public with whom maintain food communication and
interaction
b) Explain the importance of good public relations on relation to job
opportunities in surveying and mapping.
c) Describe the tools of public relations
d) Define terminology used in connection with mapping
e) Write a tender for a project in surveying and mapping
15.3.7.S11 Publics who interact with surveying and mapping agencies
- Users of surveying and mapping services
- Suppliers of equipment and materials
- Professional bodies an organizations
- Leading institutions and other financiers
- training awareness
15.3.7.S 12 Importance of good public relations
- promotions of sales of services products and public awareness
15.3.7.S13 public relations tools
- personal friendship and interaction with relevant publics

- personal selling and lobbying
- sales promotions
- advertisements
- publicity
- introduction letters and visiting cards
- telephone information services
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15.3.7.S14 Tendering terminology

- requisition
- tender document
- quotation
- cost
 unit
 total
- discount
- mobilization payment
15.3.7.S15 writing a tender
o procedure
o acquisition of tender document
o filling
o delivery to requisitioning office
15.3.8.S MARKETING 8 HOURS
a) outline the elements of marketing
b) explain the marketing concepts on consumerism
c) explain the role of public realties
d) explain h term competitor form he consumers view-point
e) outline the end for policy on competition
f) identify distribution outlets for surveying and mapping services products
15.3.7S11 elements of marketing
o awareness of user equipment’s
o market segmentation an targeting
o promotion enterprises
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15.3.8. S12 Market concept
- demand and supply
- setting objectives
- measurement
Number of clients before and after implementation of strategy
15.3.8. S13 Role of public relations
- public awareness of services/product
- business image
- communication of information
- internally
- externally
15.3.8. S14 Definition of competition
15.3.8. S15 Need for policy on completion
15.3.8. S16 Distribution outlets for surveying and mapping services and products
 direct consumers
 wholesalers
 retailers
15.3.9. S PURCHASING AND STOCK CONTROL 6HOURS
a) describe the organization of purchasing department for a surveying and
mapping establishment
b) explain the purchasing functions
c) outline the purchasing procedure
d) keep stores records
e) explain stock control
f) check stock levels
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15.3.9. S11 Organization of purchasing department/section
- suppliers information
- tender documents
- purchasing documents
- storage and stores records
15.3.9.S12 Purchasing functions
15.3.9.S13 Purchasing procedure
- requisition
- selection
- ordering
- receipt and storage
15.3.9.S14 Storekeeping
- records
- stock levels
15.3.9.S15 Stock control
- importance
- control mechanisms
15.3.9.S16 checking stock
Stock-taking
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16.0 PHOTOGRAMMETRY AND REMOTE SENSING 132 HRS
16.01 Introduction
This course unit is intended to introduce trainees in cartography and land surveying to
relevant knowledge and skills of photogrammetry and remote sensing on terms of
photographic and satellite-image interpretation which they will require to apply in their
trade
At the end of this course unit the trainee should be able to:
a) Understand the process of acquisition of aerial photographs.
b) Understand the criteria for interpretation of photographic images
c) Understand the process of producing various photogrammetric outputs
d) Appreciate the application of remote sensing to surveying and Mapping
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16.03 SUBJECT SUMMARY

16.2.1S INTRODUCTION TO - Definition
PHOTOGRAMMETRY - Types of photogrammetry
4
- Applications
16.2.2S PHOTOGRAPHY - Cameras

- Photographic materials and
10
processing
- Types of photographs
- Marginal information
16.2.4S GEOMETRY OF AERIAL - Definition terms

PHOTOGRAPHS - Scale on a vertical photograph
14
- Relief displacement
- Scale on a tilted photograph
- Tilt displacement
- Comparison of a vertical
photograph with a topographical
map
16.2.5S RECTIFICATION - Projective geometry

- Graphical rectification
16
- Optical rectification
- Optical mechanical rectification
16.2.6S STEREOSCOPY - Binocular vision

- Stereoscopic vision
10
- Image separation for stereoscopic
vision
- Factors affecting stereoscopic
vision
- stereoscopes
16.2.6S PARALLAX HEIGHTING - Stereoscopic parallax

- Parallax heighting formulae
14
- Measurement of horizontal
parallax
- Heights from parallax
measurements
- Sources of errors
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16.2.7S PHOTOGRAMMETRIC - Systems in a plotter
PLOTTERS - Classification of plotters 10
- Orientation of analogue plotters
16.2.8S PLANNING MAPPING - Factors influencing panning fight
PROJECTS plan data 12

- Ground requirement s
16.2.9S PHOTOINTERPRETATION - Image characteristics
- Image analysis 6
16.2.10S RADIAL - Principle of radial line
TRIANGULATION triangulation 18
- Mechanical radial triangulation
- Sources of errors
16.2.11S PHOTOGRAMMETRIC - Production processes 8
PRODUCTS - uses
16.2.12S REMOTE SENSING - Physical basics
- Instruments and systems 10
- Sensor platforms
- Applications
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16.0 PHOTO PHOTOGRAMMETRY AND REMOTE SENSING
16.2.1S INTRODUCTION TO PHOTOGRAMMETRY 4HRS
16.2.1S Specific objectives
a) Define the term photogrammetry
b) Outline the various types of photogrammetry
c) Outline various uses od photogrammetry
16.2.1S11 Define on photogrammetry
16.2.1S12 Types of photogrammetry
i. Aerial
ii. Terrestrial
iii. Close range
iv. Extra terrestrial
16.2.1S13 Uses I photographic mapping
i. Land use planning
ii. Cadastral mapping
iii. Forestry
iv. Geological mapping
v. Medicine
vi. Archeology
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16.1.2S PHOTOGRAPHY 10HRS
16.2.2S Specific Objectives
a) Explain the functions of the various components/parts of an aerial frame
camera
b) Distinguish between various types of aerial frame camera
c) Outline the geometric properties of the aerial camera that are determined by
calibration.
d) Outline the composition of photographic materials of photographic images
e) Explain the factors which affect the quality of photogramimages
f) Explain the effects of various factors on the quality of photographic images
g) Outline the procedure for processing black and white film
h) Outline the procedures for printing positives
i) Distinguish various types of aerial photographs
j) Outline the use(s) Various types of aerial photographs
16.2.2S11 Functions of
Magazine
Body
Drive mechanism
Film flattening device
Les aeno assembly
 Lens assembly
 Diaphragm
 Shutter
 Filter
16.2.2S12 Distinction between the following types of camera
i. Narrow ample
ii. Normal ample
iii. Wide angle
iv. Super wide ample
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16.2.2S13 Geometric properties
i. Equivalent focal length
ii. Position of principal point
iii. Lens distortion characteristics
iv. Positions of fiducial marks
v. Nonflatness of the local plane
16.1.2.2.S14 Composition of photographic materials
i. Emulsion
ii. Supporting bases
16.1.2.2 Factors
i. Optical performance of the camera lens
ii. Resolving power of the emulsion
iii. Exposure time
iv. Film speed
v. Reflectance of the object
vi. Atmospheric conditions
vii. Object distance
viii. Sun angle
16.1.2.2s16 Procedure
- Developing
- Stop bath
- Fixing
- Washing
- Drying
16.1.2.2S17 Procedures
 Contact printing
 Projection printing
Distinction
16.1.2.2S18 Distinction between
I. Vertical photograph
II. Low oblique photograph
III. High oblique photograph
16.1.2.2 Uses of
Vertical photographs
a) Tilted photographs
b) Low oblique photographs
c) High oblique photographs
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16.2.3.S GEOMETRY OF AERIAL PHOTOGRAPH 14HRS
a) Define various points, lines and planes associated with the aerial photograph
b) Explain various methods of determining the scale of a vertical photograph
c) Explain the directions of relief displacement on a vertical photograph
d) Aerive the formulae for relief displacement
e) Compare a vertical photograph with a topographical map
f) Explain the directions of tilt displacement on an aerial photograph
g) Derive the formulae for tilt displacement
h) Outline the types and uses of marginal information an aerial photographs
16.2.3.S 11 Definitions
i. Perspective prospective projection
ii. Perspective center (exposure station)
iii. Principal point
iv. Focal length
v. Principal axis
vi. Principal line
vii. Nadir point
viii. Isocentre
ix. Angle of tilt
x. Plate parallel
xi. Isometric parallel
xii. Horizontal trace
xiii. Principal plane
xiv. Negative plane
xv. True horizon
xvi. Vanishing point
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16.2.3.S12 Methods of determining photo scale
i. By ration of focal length to flying height (f/h)
ii. By ration of photograph distance a corresponding distance on existing
map/drawing of known scale)
iii. By comparing photograph distance an corresponding distance on existing
map drawing of kwon scale)
16.2.3.S13 Relief displacement
- Definition
- Direction
16.2.3.S14 Direction of the displacement
16.2.3.S15 Relief displacement formulae
- Derivation
- Application
16.2.3.S16 Comparison of photo an map on terms of
Projection
Scale
Presentation of features
Detail
16.2.3.S17 Title displacement
- Definition
- Directions of the displacement
- Title displacement formulae
- Derivation
- Application
16.2.3.S18 Margin information
Types
From the camera
- Principal distance
- Altimeter
- Level bubble
- Camera number exposure number
- Time recorder
From title strips
Photograph scale
- Contract number
- Date of photograph
- Film number
- Name of site/area /region
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16.2.4S RECTIFICATION 16HOURS
a) Define the term rectification
b) Explain the projective relationship between the photograph a map an ground
planes
c) Describe various methods of graphical rectification
d) Describe various methods of
e) optical reflection
f) Explain the conditions to be satisfied on an optical mechanical rectifier outline the
empirical procedure for setting up a rectifier
g) Define relationship
h) Projective relationship
16.2.4S1 Definition
Proof of properties of enharmonic ratios
16.2.4S13 Graphical methods
Papers strip mentod
Perspective grid
16.2.4S14 Optical methods
- With the aero-sketch master
16.2.4S15 ` Conditions
a) Lens conditions
b) Scheimpflung condition
c) Projectivity condition
16.2.4S working principles of investors
- Pythagorean
- Carpenter
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16.2.5S Stereoscopy 10hours
a) Explain the similarity between the human eye on a camera
b) Explain the various aspects of binocular vision
c) Explain stereoscopic vision
d) Outline various methods of image-separation for stereoscopic vision
e) Outline factors which affect stereoscopic vision
f) Explain the working principles of stereoscopic
g) Describe the procedure for preparing a sere pair for stereoscopic viewing
Si16.2.5S12 similarity between the human eye andcameras a
16.2.5S13 aspectsof binocular vision
Monocular vision
Depth perception
Parallaxesangle s
Eye base
Stereoscopicvision
Stereoscopic model
16.2.5S14 Methods of image separation
16.2.5S14 Factors affecting stereoscopicvision
- Variation of scale
- Nature of terrain exssive tilts
- Non-parallelism between eye base an baseline
16.2.5S17 Workingprinciples of
 Lens stereoscope
 Mirror stereoscope
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SUBJECT SUMMARY AN TIME ALLOCATION 88 HRS

18.3.1.S INTRODUCTION Definition of law
TO LAW Nature of law 4
Sources of law
Types of law
18.3.2.S OWNERSHIP TO Concepts of ownership
LAND Legal definition of land land tenure systems 14
18.3.3.S LEGAL Reasons for control customary law and practice
CONTROL Major provision of land law enactment since 1890 8
OVER LAND
USE
18.3.4.S ORIGINAL AN Customary laws and practice
EVOLUTION OF Major provision of land use systems 20
LAND LAW Government control and land settlement programmes
18.3.5.S LAND Concepts
REGISTRATION Importance of land registration 14
Registrable rights an interest inland
Procedures concerning land registration under
existing under existing Acts
18.3.6.S CADASTRAL Meaning of cadaster
PROCESSES Survey Act and Regulations land adjudication
Deed an title surveys
18.3.7.S TRANSACTION Conveyancing and transfer
S IN LANDS Transfer andsuccession
To unregistered land
Transfer under trust and Act
Legal instruments of land transactions
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DISPUTE - Natures of land dispute
TITRATION - Resolution of dispute under 8
customary law
- Resolution ofdispute under RAL
AND RTA
- Role of land surveyor with regard to
disputeover register’s to
disputeoverregistered land
Total 08
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18.3.1S INTRODUCTION TO LAW 4HOURS
18.3.1S Specific objectives
a) Define the term law
b) Explain the varying nature of law
c) Outline the sources of law on Kenya
d) Distinguish between different types of law
18.3.1S Define of law
- Concept
18.3.1S Nature law
 Natural law of justice of justice
 Realism
 Traditional/custom/precedent
 18.3.1S Code/ethic/corm
18.3.1S Sources of law
- The constitution
- Customary law (traditional an customs
- Parliamentary Acts an subsidiary legislations
- English law ( common law and laws of equity)
- Indian law (Transfer of properties law an mercantile law)
- Judicial procedure/custom
- Religiouscodes an laws
- Books an reports/journals o legal and judicial authority
18.3.1S Types of law
i)Procedural
- Custom/tracition
ii)Statute/substantive public law
- Constitution
- Administrative civil law
- Criminal law
- International law
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- Law of contracts
- Law of torts
- Law of property and succession
- Company law
- Law of taxation
- Family law
18.3.2.S OWNERSHIP TO LAND 14HRS
a) Explain the difference between give concepts of ownership to land
b) Explain the differences between given concept of ownership to land
c) Explain the legal definition of land describe the common systems of land
tenure in Eastern Africa
18.3.2.S11 Concepts of ownership
i. Ultimate ownership/tenancy under African customary law
- Bundles of rights concept
ii. Joint ownership common/tenancy on common
- By survivors (severally and jointly)
- Concept of possession
iii. Difference between ownership and possession
18.3.2.S12 Legal definition of land
- Differencebetween legal concepts andlayman’s ordinary view of land.
- Land as economic property and land as home extent of land in the terms of
height above and depth below the ground surfaces.
- Overriding rights and legal posit on area mineral deposit and valuable
stones.
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18.3.2S13 Difference between the following land tenure systems

i) Freeholds ownership leasehold ownership temporary occupation and squarting
Comparison of interestsand rights of owner andtenant
Comparison of obligations of owner and tenant
ii) Predominant tenure system fie
- Rural holdings
- Urban holdings
18.3.3S LEGAL CONTROL OVER LAND USE 8HRS

a) State the reason for legal control over land use
b) Outline salient features of the customary tenure and land use systems of some
Eastern Africa peoples.
c) Explain the importance of settlement schemes in Kenya and the major
provisions in the laws enacted for control of land use in general
18.3.2S11 Reasons for control over land use

18.3.2S12 Customary tenure and land use systems of the trainees home community PLUS
any other two of the following peoples
i)Baganda of Uganda
- Mailo systems
ii)Gikuyu of Kenya
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c) Describe the statutory process if resolving a land dispute as provided under
RLA an RTA.
d) Evaluate the survey’s role in resolving a land dispute.
18.3.8S11 Nature of land disputes
i) Disputing parties
- Individual Vs neighbor or any individual
- Individual Vs group/corporate body
- Individual Vs state or Government Ministry department
- Corporate body Vs corporate body
- Land lord and tenant(s)
-
ii) Point of disagreement
- Location of boundary
- Entry on the Register
- Inhibition of enjoyment of a right of interest
- Insufficient or lack of effort on the part of one to meet explicit and/or
implied0 obligations
18.3.8S12 Resolving a land dispute under customary law
- Case study any two of the communities listed in 18.3.3S13
i) Traditional Africa moots and tribunal
 Administration of oath (s)
 Part played by elders, ritual office beers and opinion leaders of
varying social rank
 Customs and customary laws/rules applied.
ii) elders’ courts
- constitution and role of elders court under
 Land control Act of 1957
 Land Adjudication Act of 1968
 Magistrates Jurisdiction (Amendment) Act of 1981
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c) Describe the statutory process if resolving a land dispute as provided under
RLA an RTA.
d) Evaluate the survey’s role in resolving a land dispute.
18.3.8S11 Nature of land disputes
iii) Disputing parties
- Individual Vs neighbor or any individual
- Individual Vs group/corporate body
- Individual Vs state or Government Ministry department
- Corporate body Vs corporate body
- Land lord and tenant(s)
-
iv) Point of disagreement
- Location of boundary
- Entry on the Register
- Inhibition of enjoyment of a right of interest
- Insufficient or lack of effort on the part of one to meet explicit and/or
implied0 obligations
18.3.8S12 Resolving a land dispute under customary law
- Case study any two of the communities listed in 18.3.3S13
iii) Traditional Africa moots and tribunal
 Administration of oath (s)
 Part played by elders, ritual office beers and opinion leaders of
varying social rank
 Customs and customary laws/rules applied.
iv) elders’ courts
- constitution and role of elders court under
 Land control Act of 1957
 Land Adjudication Act of 1968
 Magistrates Jurisdiction (Amendment) Act of 1981
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19.0 SURVEYING INSTRUMENTS
19.0 Introduction
This course unit is designed to provide trainee with sufficient knowledge to
enable them to understand the principles of construction and operation of
surveying equipment. It is also intended to provide the skills to carry out tests and
adjustments of various surveying instruments and, to carry out measures of using
the instruments.
At the end of this unit the trainee should be able to
a) understand the construction and operation of various instruments
b) carry out tests and adjustments of various surveying instruments
c) appreciate the siding principles of E.D.M. instruments
d) Understand the need for car and maintenance surveying instruments and tools.
e) Appreciate technological developments in modern surveying instrument
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13.03 SUBJECT SUMMARY AND TIME ALLOCATION THEORY (110 HRS )

19.1.1S THE SURVEY’S CHAIN AND Surveyor’s chain
EQUIPMENT FOR DIRECT Steel Band.
LINEAR MEASUREMENT Measuring tape 12
Ranging rods.
Changing arrows
19.1.2S THE THEODOLITE AND Compass

INSTRUMENTS FOR Theodolite
MEASURING DIRECTION AN Box sextant 20
ANGELS Auto plumb
Plumb site square
19.1.3S THE SURVEYOR’S LEVEL AND Clinometers
INSTRUMENTS FOR Abney level
MEASURING SLOPE AND Cowley level 16
DIFFERENCES OF ELEVATION Altimeter
Telescopic alidude
Leveling staff
SECOND THE SUBSTANCES BAR AND Tachometer
STAGE OPTICAL DISTANCE Substance bar
MEASURING INSTRUMENTS Range Finder 12
Telemeters
19.2.6S THE PLANE TABLE Plane Table board
Accessories of the place table 12
19.2.6S ELECTROMAGNETIC DISTANCE Microwave instruments
MEASURING (EDM) Infrared instruments
INSTRUMENTS Visible light-wave 20
Instruments
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CODE TOPIC SUB- TOPIC HOURS

19.2.7S THE NAUTICAL SEXTANT Nautical sextant
AND HYDROGRAPHIC
Tidal gauge
SURVEYING
Echo sounder
ISNTRUMENTS
Sounding rods 18
Lead lines
Station pointer
Electronic rangers
TOTAL 110
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19.1.1S THE SURVEYOR’S CHAIN AND EQUIPMENT FOR DIRECT LINEAR MEASUREMENT
19.1.1S1 Specific Objective
a) Describe the construction of the surveyor’s chain

b) Describe the design if the survey’s measuring band
c) Describe the design of the measuring tape
d) Identify markers used for ranging and laying out or survey lines.
e) Take linear measurements using a given instrument
19.1.1S11 Construction of a surveyor’s chain.
- Component parts
19.1.1S12 Design of the surveyor’s band
- The parts
19.1.1S13 Design of the measuring tape
- The parts
19.1.1S14 miscellaneous equipment used for ranging and laying out
- Ranging Rods
- Changing Arrows
- Pegs
19.1.1S15 Taking measurements using
 Surveyor’s chain
 Steel measuring band
 Cadastral band
 Tape
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19.1.2S THE THEODOLITE AND INSTRUMENTS FOR MEASURING DIRECTION AND ANGLES
19.1.2S1 Specific Objects
a) State the types of surveying compass.
b) Describe the tests and adjustments to the surveying compass.
c) Describe the tests and adjustments to the surveying compass.
d) Describe the main parts of an optical reading theodolite
e) Describe the tests and adjustments to an optical reading theodolite
f) Compare an optical reading theodolite with a verrier theodolite.
g) State the modern developments in theodolite design.
h) Describe the main parts of a ox sextant
i) Describe the operational principle of a box sextant
j) Describe the parts and adjustments to a box sextant
k) Describe the construction of the auto plumb
l) Describe the working principles of the auto plumb
m) Describe the construction of the site square
n) Describe the working principles of the site square
o) Measurements directions an angles using a given instruments
19.1.2S11 Types of surveying compass.
- Surveyor’s compass
- Prismatic Compass
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19.2.s12 Main parts of the compass
- level parts of the compass
- magnetized needle
- pivot
- graduated circle
- case
- sight wanes
- mirror
- roading prism (only surveyor’s prismatic)
- sun filters
- brake pin/damping liquid
- needle rider
19.1.s13 Test and adjustment (only surveyor’s compass)
- perpendicularity of level tubes to vertical axis
- vertically of sight vanes
- needle straightness
- pivot coincidence with Centre of graduations
19.1.s14 Main parts of optical reading theodolite
- leveling head
- lower and upper plates
- telescope
- buddle tube
- the three orthogonal axes
19.1.s15 Tests and adjustments of optical reading theodolite
- plate bubble
- horizontal collimation
- vertical axis
- cross haire
- optical planet
- micrometer run
- bubble sensitivity
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19.1.2S16 Comparison of and optical reading theodolite with a theodolite.
- Constructional differences.
19.1.2S17 Modern developments in theodolite Design
- Electronic theodolites
- Laser theodolites
- Total stations
19.1.2S18 Main parts of a box sextant
- metal frame
- index arm
- telescope
- index mirror
- horizon glass
19.1.2S19 operational principles of box sextant
- - basic principles
- Relationships
19.1.2S1.10 Tests and adjustments of box sextant
- Adjustment of the index glass
- Adjustment of the horizon glass
- Adjustment of the lone of sight
- Adjustment for index error
19.1.2S1.11 Construction of an
- Sketching and labeling the main parts
19.1.2S1.12 Work principles
- Explanation of the principles
19.1.2S1.13 Construction of the site square
- Sketching and labeling of the parts
19.1.2S1.14 working principles
- Explanation of the principles
19.1.2S1.15 Measurement of direct and angles using compass and box sextant and operation of auto
plumb and site square
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19.1.3S THE SURVEYOR’S LEVEL AND INSTRUMENTS FOR
MEASURING SLOPE AND DIFFERENCES OF ELEVATION
a) Describe the construction of a clinometer
b) Describe the adjustment of an abney level
c) State the types of surveyor’s level
d) State the types of surveyor’s level
e) Describe the construction of the different types of surveyor’s level
f) Describe the test and adjustments of the surveyor’s level
g) State the modern developments in the design of the surveyor’s level
h) Describe the main port of Cowley level
i) Describe the working principles of a Cowley level
j) Describe the construction of a surveying altimeter
k) Describe the working principle ofa surveying
l) Altimeter the construction of a leveling staff.
m) State the uses of each type of staff.
n) Measure slopes and differences in elevation using a given instrument
19.1.3S1.1 Construction of a clinometer

- Label diagram of the main parts
19.1.3S1.2 Construction of the abney level
-Labeled diagram of the main parts
19.1.3S1.3 Adjustments of the abney level
- Level tube adjustment
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19.2.6..515 Application range of E.D.M instructions

o Long range
o Medium range
o Short range
19.2.6..515 Sources of error

- Zero error
- Cyclic error
- Scale Error
- Atmospheric refraction
- Ground swing
19.2.6..515 Corrections to E.D.M. distances.

- Correction for zero error
- Correction for refractive index
- Correction for ground swing
- Correction for ground slope
- Correction for ground sea level
- Correction for ground scale factor
-
19.2.6..515 Measurements using
- Microwave instruments
- Infra-red instruments
- Visible-light instruments
-
19.2.6..515 THE NAUTICAL SEXTANT AND HYDROGRAPHICAL SURVEYING
INSTRUMENTS
19.2.6..515 Specific Objectives

a) Explain the working principle of the Nautical sextant
b) Explain the working principles of the tidal gauge
c) Explain the principles of an echo sounder
d) Describe the station pointer used for plotting tack control points at sea
e) Outline the working principle of electronic rangers used for measuring
distances at sea.
f) Demonstrate how measurements are carried out with any given instrument
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19.2.7511 Nautical sextant
- Working principle
19.2.7512 Tidal gauge
- Diagram of gauge
- Working principle
19.2.7514 Echo sounder
- Working principle
- Limitation in measurement
19.2.7513 Station pointer
- Working principles
19.2..7514 Electronic rangers
- Microwave systems
(Master-Remote functions)
19.2.7516 Measurement using
- The nautical sextant
- Echo sounder
- Station pointer
- Electronic ranger
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20.0T TOPOGRAPHICAL SURVEYING

20.01T Introduction
This course unit is intended to provide trainees with principles and techniques
used in collecting, processing and presenting data foe surveying and mapping
projects.
20.02T General objectives
At the end of this course unit, the trainees should be able to:-
a) Understand the purpose and the scope of topographical surveying
b) Understand the procedure for collecting, interpreting and processing of survey
data.
c) Exercise care safe handling of surveying equipment
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SUBJECT SUMMARY AND TIME ALLOCATION THEORY (55HRS)
20.1.3T TOPIC SUB-TOPIC HOURS

20.1.3T INTRODUCTION - Definition
TO - Linear measurement 2
TOPOGRAPHICAL - Angular measurement
SURVEYING - Methods of topographical surveying
20.1.2T CHAIN - Scope of chain surveying principles of chain
SURVEYING surveying 12
- Equipment used in chain surveying
- Care and handling of equipment
- Sources of error in chain surveying
- Obstacles in chain surveying
20.1.3T COMPASS - Related terminology
SURVEYING - Equipment 4
- Procedures of compass surveying
- Sources of error
20.1.4T TACHOMETRIC - Principles of tachometric surveying

SURVEYING - Procedures of tachometric surveying 15
- Plan drawing
- Sources of error
20.1.4T PLANE TABLE - Related terminology 12
SURVEYING - Equipment for plane table surveying
- Procedure of plane table surveying 12
- Sources of error in plane table surveying
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20.1.5 CONTOURING - related terminology
S - contour characteristics
- methods of site contouring
TOTAL 55
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2..1.1T INTRODUCTION TO TOPOGRAPHICAL SURVEYING (2HRS)
2..1.1T1 Specific Objectives

a) explain what is meant by topographical surveying
b) list common units of linear measurements used in surveying
c) describe different methods of linear measurements
d) list common units of angular measurements used in surveying.
e) List different equipment used for angular measurement
f) Describe different methods of topographical surveying
2..1.1T11 Topographical surveying

 Define of topographical
 Purpose of topographical surveying
 Elements of a topographical survey
2..1.1T12 Units of linear measurements

 Metric
 Imperial
2..1.1T13 Methods of linear measurements

- Pacing
- Chaining
- Taping
- Pedometer
- Electromagnetic distance measurement (E.D.M)
- optical distance measurement (O.D.M)
- sonic distance measurement (S.D.M)
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20.1.1T14 Units if angular measurement
i) sexagessimal system
- degrees minutes seconds of arc
ii) units/scientific system
-radians
iii) Centesimal system

- grads/grades/gon
iii) military oriented systems

- mills
20.1.1T15 equipment for angular measurements

- protractor
- compass
- theodolite
- sextant
- abney level
-
20.1.1T16 Methods of topographical surveying
- chain surveying
- compass surveying
- plane table surveying
- tachometry
- leveling for contouring
-
20.1.1T17 CHAIN SURVEYING
20.1.1T18 Specific Objectives

At the end of this topic the trainees should be able to:-
a) explain the scope of chain surveying
b) state principles of chain surveying
c) describe the equipment for chain surveying
d) describe the field procedures of chain surveying
e) Explain the methods of taking good care of chain surveying
equipment.
f) Explain the sources of error in chain surveying
g) Classifying the obstacles liable to be encountered in chain surveying
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20.1.2T11 Scope of chain surveying
- Define of chain surveying
- Area of coverage
- Principle of linear measurements only
- Off-sets (for picking of detail)
20.1.2T11 Principles of chain surveying
- Well-conditioned triangles
- Provision of check-measures
- Short offsets
- Base line minimal numbed of chain lines
20.1.2T11 Equipment used for
- Distance measuring – chain tape band
- Angular measuring – ( optical square, cross-staff, compass, clinometer
- Making (ranging rod, arrows)
- Plotting (protractors scale rule, technical pens paper weights)
20.1.2T11 Field procedure
- Ranging of chain lines
- Chaining
- Taking offsets
- Qualitative data /Notes
20.1.2T11 Care and handling of equipment
- Handling when in use
- Preparation and packing prior to storage
- Storage conditions
20.1.2T11 Sources of error
- Instrumental
- Human
- Natural
20.1.2T11 Classification of obstacles
- Procedure for overcoming obstacles
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20.1.3T COMPASS SURVEYING

At the end of this topic the topic the trainee should be able to:-
a) Define various terms used in relation to compass surveying
b) List equipment used in compass surveying
c) Describe the procedure of compass surveying
d) Describe various methods of taking good care of compass
surveying equipment
e) Explain sources of error on compass surveying
20.1.3T11 Definitions
- Bearing
- True bearing
- Magnetic bearing
- Forward and back bearing
- Local attraction
- Isogonic line
- Agonic line
20.1.3T12 Equipment used in compass surveying:

- Trough compass
- Prismatic compass
- Surveying compass
- Plotting tools and instruments
20.1.3T13 Procedures for compass surveying

- Radiation
- Traversing
- Graphical adjustment of compass traverse
20.1.3T14 Care of compass surveying equipment

- Handling
- Packing
- Storage conditions
20.1.3T15 Sources of error

- Instrumental
- Human
- Natural
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20.1.4.T PLANE TABLE SURVEYING
At the end of this topic the trainees should be able to:-
a) Explain what is meant by plane table surveying
b) Describe the equipment used on plane table surveying
c) Describe the procedure used in plane table surveying
d) Explain the applications of plane table surveying to topographical mapping
20.1.4T11 Plane table surveying
 Principle as method of surveying by graphic means
 Drawing upon horizontal plane on site
20.1.4T12 Plane table Equipment
- Board
- Alidade
- Plumbing fork an plumb bob
- Indian clinometer
- Spirit level
- Rough compass
- Scale role
- Measuring ban
- Survey umbrella
- Drawing materials
20.1.4T13 Procedures in plane table surveying
i) Choice of scale
ii) Methods of plane table surveying
 Intersection
 Ration
 Resection
 Traversing
iii) Plotting procedure fair dewing an finishing
20.1.4T14 Applications of plane tables surveying in topographical mapping
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TACHOMETRIC SURVEYING
Specific objects
a) Describe the temporary adjustments of a tachometer
b) Describe the procedure of making angular observations
c) Describe different methods of tachometric surveying
d) Explain sources of error on tachometric surveying
Temporary adjustments of tachometer/tachometer
- Setting and centering/center
- Leveling
- Focusing
Observation procedure
- Readings on face left (circle left) and face Right (circle right)
- Horizontal angles
- Vertical angles
Tachometric surveying methods
i) Stadia method
- Derivation of basic tachometric formulae for:
- staff held vertical
- staff held normal to line of sight
- field procedure
ii) Tangential method
-derivation of formulae for:
- Bar held vertical
-Bar held horizontal
- field procedure
iii) self-reducing tachometers
- Field procedure
iv)Office work
- Reductions of field observations
- Platting
- Fair drawing and finishing
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Sources of error
- Instrumental
- Human
- Natural
Contouring
Specific objectives
a) Define the terms used in relation to contouring
b) Explain the characteristics of contours
c) Describe various methods of contouring a site
Terminology
- Contour line
- Contour interval
- Gradient
- Horizontal equivalent
- Spot-height
- Grid interval
- Form line
Cont-our characteristics
Methods of contouring
i) Direct
- field procedure
- plotting
ii) Indirect procedure
- Grid levels
- Spot – heights
- interpolation
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SUBJECT SUMMARY AND TIME ALLOCATION PRACTICE ( 77 HRS )
CODE TOIPC SUB-TOPIC HOURS
20.1.1P Chain surveying - reconnaissance 15
- procedure
- plan drawing
20.1.2P Compass - reconnaissance 6
surveying - procedure
- plan drawing
20.1.3P Tachometric - reconnaissance
surveying - procedure 20
- plan drawing
20.1.4P Plane table - reconnaissance
surveying - field work/procedure 20
20.1.5P Contouring - reconnaissance
- field procedure 16
TOTAL 77
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chain surveying
Specific objectives
At the end of this topic trainee should be able to:-
a) carry out a reconnaissance for chain surveying
b) carry out a topographical detail survey by the method of chain surveying
c) draw a plan form chain surveying field notes
reconnaissance
-selection of stations
- selection of chain lines
Field work
- picking of detail
- making field notes
plan drawing
- symbolization
- detail plotting
- fair drawing and linking
compass surveying
specific objectives
at the end of this topic the trainee should be able to:-
a) carry out a reconnaissance for compass surveying
b) carry out a detail survey by the method of compass surveying
c) Draw a plan from compass surveying field notes.
Reconnaissance for compass surveying
- location of stations
Fieldwork for a compass surveying
- angular observations
- linear measurement
- recording qualitative data/ annotative notes
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20.1.2.P13Plan drawing
- reduction of angular observations
- reduction of linear measurements
- computation of platting data
- symbolization of detail
- plotting of detail
- fair drawing and inking
Tachometric surveying
Specific objectives
a) Carry out reconnaissance for a tachometric survey
b) Carry out a topographical detail survey by the method of tachometric surveying.
c) Draw a plan from a tachometric survey
reconnaissance
- selection of stations
field-work
- establishment of controls
- tachometric observations
- nothing qualitative information for annotation
office –work
i) Reduction of tachometric observation
ii) Plan drawing
- plotting of detail
- - symbolization fair drawing an inking/finishing
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20.14P PLANE TABLE SURVEYING
20.14P1 Specific Objectives

a) Carry out a reconnaissance for plane table surveying
b) Carry out a topical details surveying by plane table surveying
20.14P11 Reconnaissance
-selection of stations
20.14P12 Fieldwork
i) Establishment of controls
- Intersection/triangulation
- Resection
- traversing
- Radiation
iii)picking of detail
- Intersection/triangulation
- Resection
iii) Solution of the error figure
-trial and error method (Lehman’s Rules)
-Collin’s point method (Bessel’s solution)
Quick-leg method
iv) Symbolization and linking/finishing
20.15P CONTOURING
20.15P1 Specific Objectives
at the end of this topic the trainee should be able to:-
a) carry out a reconnaissance for contouring
b) carry-out a site survey for contouring
c) draw a contour plan
20.15P11 Reconnaissance
 selection of staff stations
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20.1.5P12 Field work
i) Direct method
- establishment of control Benchmark (s)
- determination of the staff reading pertaining to each con-our
- cont-our location on the ground/chasing the cont-our
- Contour picking
ii) Indirect method
- -grid method
- -establishment of controls
- Laying down of grids
- Leveling of arid points
Radiation method
-establishment of controls
- picking of spot-heights
20.1.5P13 Office work
- Reduction of field notes
- Interpolation of contours
- Inking
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21.0T CADASTRAL SURVEYING (THEORY)
21.01TIntroduction
This course unit is designed to provide trainees with sufficient knowledge and
skills to enable them carry out surveys for supporting land registration and various
transactions in land
21.02TGENERAL OBJECTIVES
At the end of this course unit, the trainee should be able to:-
a) Understand procedure if conducting cadastral survey for various purposes.
b) Understand the procedure of report writing and presentation of a cadastral
survey
c) Practical interpret/translate the legal provisions concerning checking an
authentication of title surveys.

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21.03 SUBJECT SIMMARY ANS TIME ALLOCATION THEORY 33 HRS

21.3.1T INTRODUCTION TO - Definition of cadastral
CADASTRAL - Purpose of cadastral surveying types 1
SURVEYING of boundaries
21.3.2T CADASTRAL - Theoretical data
SURVEYING - Post field work computations 8
- Survey regulations
- Governing computations
21.3.3T FIELD PRACTICE OF - Reconnaissance

FIXED BOUNDARY - Survey control observations 6
SURVEYS - Beacon placing and field checks
- Surveying regulations
- Governing conduct of survey
21.3.4T REPORT WRITING - Plotting an fair drawing
AND PRESENTATION - Report writing 4
OF FIXED BOUNDARY - Construction of computations file
SURVEY PROJECT - Survey regulations governing
plotting compilation and presentation
of cadastral project
21.3.5T DEED PLANS - Purpose of a deed plan
- Type of deed plans 4
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21.3.6T CHECKING OF QUALITY - Preliminary checker
CONTROL OF FIXED - Final checker 4
BOUNDARY - Authentication
FIELD PRACTICE AND - Adjudication
PRESENTATION OF - Mutation surveys
GENERAL BOUNDARY - Registry index map (R.I.M) 6
SURVEYS
- Preliminary index
- Diagram (P.I.D)
- Conduct od surveys
TOTAL 33 HRS
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INTRODUCTION TO CADASTRAL SURVEYING 2 HRS
21.3.1TI Specific Objectives
a) Define the terms cadstre an part Development plan (FDP)

b) Explain the purpose and scope of cadastral surveying
c) Explain the difference between given types of property boundary
21.3.1T11 Define of
- -cadstre
- PDP
21.3.1T12 Purpose and scope of cadastral surveying
Delineation of boundaries
Registration of title to real property
Registration of transactions rights and interests on land.
21.3.1T13 Types of property boundaries
i) Fixed (mathematic)
ii) General (physical)
21.3.2T Cadastral confutations (14hrs )
21.3.1T1 SpecificObjectives

a) Describe different types of theoretical computations
b) Explain the correct Oder and sequence of computing theoretical data on
development types of post fieldwork computations
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d) State surveying regulations governing cadastral computations
21.3.2T11 Theoretical computations
i) Datum orientation computation

ii) Search data computation layout
iii) Layout data computations
iv) Placing data computations
v) Computations of area by mathematic method from coordinates of corners
21.3.2T12 Order and sequence of computing theoretical
21.3.2T13 Post- field work computations
i) Demonstration of placing sans checks

ii) Boundary data computations
iii) Consistency check
iv) Area check
21.3.2T14 Survey regulations governing cadastral computations
- Regulations to the survey Act
21.3.3T FIELD PRACTICE OF FIXED BOUNDARY SURVEYS 12HRS
21.3.3T11 Specific objectives
a) explain the procedure of carrying out a reconnaissance for a fixed boundary

b) Describe the method of providing horizontal control of fixing a property
boundary.
c) Describe the field procedure of emplacing plot boundary beacons and checks
thereof
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d) Explain the survey regulations governing the field conduct of fixed boundary
surveys.
21.3.3T11 Reconnaissance (Recce)
i)initial preparation
- evaluation of development plan
- Search of old survey records
ii) Site visit
21.3.3T12 Method of providing horizontal control
- Theodolite traverse
- Significances of rays trace traversing
- Selection choice of instrument stations
21.3.3.13 Emplacement of beacons and filed ch
eeks
i) Corner points of the boundary
ii) On-line beacons
21.3.3.14 Survey Regulations governing the conduct of fixed boundary surveys.
- -regulations to the surveying Act
21.3.4T REPORT WRITING AND PRESENTATION OF FIXED BOUNDARY
SURVEY PROJECT 6 HRS
At the end of this topic the trained should be able to:
a) Describe various survey plans depicting property boundaries
b) Prepare a full surveyors report on job he/she has completed.

c) Describe the construction/structure of the computations file
d) Explain the survey regulations governing presentations of a survey project
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21.3.4T11 Description of survey plans
- Ordinary rectilinear an curvilinear plans

- Topo cadastral plans comparison of ordinary visarvistopo cadastral plan sin
terms of scale, amount of detail symbolization and usage.
21.3.4T11 Surveyor’s report
- Content
- Format
21.3.4T11 Construction/structure of computations file contents
i) Surveyor’s report
ii) Index
iii) Co-ordinate list
iv) Computations
v) Consistency check
vi) Area check
vii) Preliminary and final checking sheet.
- Format and order sequence of contents
21.3.4T11 Survey regulations governing the presentations of fixed boundary survey project
-- regulations to the survey Act
DEED PLANS 2 HRS

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a) Define a deed as it relation to land properties.

b) Explain the purpose of a deed plan of deeds on lands
c) Distinguishing between different types ofdeed on land
d) Explain the survey populations governing the preparation of deed
plans.
21.3.5T11 Definition of deed

- Act of securing
- Record of transaction
21.3.5T12 Purpose of deed plan
i) Facilitation of land Registration under P.T.A
Ownership
ii) Facilitation of registration of rights interests and transactions in land
21.3.5T13 Types of deeds
- Alienation and or acquisition

- New grant/allotment f
- Surrender
- Transfer
- Remainder
- Change of user
- Mutation (sub-division and/or amalgamation)
- Resumption
- Conversion
21.3.5T14 Survey regulation preparations of deed plans
- Regulations to the survey Act

i)
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22.3.6.T CHECKING AND QUALITY CONTROL OF FIXED BOUNDARY

SURVEYPROJECT 4 HRS

a) Explain the role of a preliminary checker of a cadastral project
b) Explain the role of final checker of a cadastral project
c) Explain the significance of Authenticationof a tittle survey.
22.3.6T11 Role of final preliminary checker

i)Purpose of preliminary checking
ii) Scope of preliminary checkers work
- -Field-book reductions
- Accuracy of plan plotting and finishing
- Calibration data on instrument used
22.3.6T12 Role of final checker

i) Purpose of final checking
ii) Scope of final checkers work
- Transference of field observation data errors of copying/keying in

- Reference plan data
- Computation
- Theoretical
- Post-field work computations
- Abuttals
- Consistency of plan data
- Area determination
- Transactions track record
22.3.6T13 Significance of Authentication

Masters considered
i) Approval of plans/letters fromcommissioner of parcel of land
ii) Conformity with requirements of the survey Act and Regulations
iii) Deed plan preparation
iv) Amendment of P.I.V
v) Registration of title
ii)
iii)
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22.3.7T FIELD PRACTICE AND PRESENTATION OF GENERAL BOUNDARY SURVEYS 14HRS
a) Describe the methods of carrying out adjudication surveys under the land
Adjudication Act (LAA).
b) Describe the field procedure of carrying out mutation surveys under RLA.
c) Explain the purpose of a Registry Index Map (R.I.M).
d) Explain the purpose of a preliminary the conduct of general boundary surveys.
22.3.7T11 Methods of Adjudication surveys
i) Field completion/drawing on Enlarged photographs

ii) Ground taping
iii) Preparation of R.I.M and/or P.I.D
22.3.7T12 Procedure from carrying out mutation surveys
i) Search of R.I.M/P.I.D
ii) Obtaining consent for sub-division
iii) Preparing of mutation forms
iv) Checking and Approval of mutation survey project
v) R.I.M/P.I.D amendment
22.3.7T13 Purpose of registry Index map (R.I.M)
I) Registration of parcels of land

II) Location/position of parcels of land
Size and shape of individual parcels

22.3.7T14 Purpose of preliminary Index Diagram (P.I.D)
i) Registration of parcels of land

ii) Location/position of parcel
Size and shape of individual parcels (approximate)
22.3.7T15 Provisions of the following acts on conduct of general boundary surveys
i) Land Adjudication Act

ii) Land consolidation Act
iii) Registration
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SUBJECT SUMMARY AND TIME ALLOCATION PRACTICE
CODE TOPIC SUB TOPIC HOURS

21.3.1 PRELIMINARY - Computation of theoretical data
P COMPUTATIONS - Computation of placing data 12
- Computation of orientation an
search data
21.3.2 FIELD PRACTICE OF - Reconnaissance
P FIXED BOUNDARY - Establishment of control points 14
SURVEYS - Ray Trace Traverse
- Placing beacons and filed checks
21.3.3 REPORT WRITING - Plan drawing
P AND - Post-fieldwork computations 12
PRESENTATION OF - Writing of surveyors report
FIXED BOUNDARY - Compilation presentation of
SURVEY PROJECT cadastral survey project file
21.3.4 CHECKING AND - Preliminary checked
P AUTHENTICATION - Final checks 10
OF FIXED - authentication
BOUNDARY
SURVEY
21.3.5 PREPARATION OF - Selection of suitable materials
P THE DEEDS PLAN - Execution 7
- Annotations and abuttals
21.3.6 LAND - Field completion by means of
P ADJUDICATION photo enlargements an tapes 10
- Preparation and amendment of RID
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21.3.9 MUTATION - Application for consent to mutation
p SURVEYS - Office searches 12
- Preparation of mutation forms and theoretical
data
- Field-work execution
- Checking an approval of mutation survey project
- Amendment of RIM
TOTAL 77
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21.3.1P PRELIMINARY COMPUTATIONS PRE-COMPUTATIONS 12 HRS
22.3.1P1 Specific Objective

a) Compute theoretical data for a PDP of a fixed boundary survey project.
b) Compute orientation and search data from datum records.
c) Compute placing data for plot boundary beacons
21.3.1P11 Computation of theoretical data:

 Datum coordinates form plan abutting properties
 Derivation of linear and angular data form PDP
 Order and sequence of layout data computations
 Computation of theoretical for small, medium and large (multiparcel)properties

21.3.1P11 Computation of orientation and search data
 Choice of datum stations
 Computation of joins form datum coordinates
21.3.2P Computation of placing data

 Selection of proximate traverse stations
 join computations between theoretical coordinates and given coordinates of
traverse points

21.3.2P FIELD PRACTICE OF FIXED BOUNDARY SURVEYS 14 HRS
21.3.2P1 Specific Objects

a) Carry out the reconnaissance for a fixed boundary survey.
b) Establish horizontal control point for fixing a plot boundary
c) Run a ray trace traverse between existing points.
d) Place boundary beacon in the their computed positions on the ground
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21.3.P11 Reconnaissance/recce
- Office preparations
- Site inspection an preparation
 Selection of instrument stations
 Cutting lines
21.3.2.P12 Establishment of control
 Theodolite traversing
 Computation an adjustment of traverse
21.3.P13 Ray traces traversing
- Computation and adjustment
21.3.P14 Placing of
- Croner beacons
- Online beacons
- Field checks on placing
21.3.3P REPORT WRITING AND PRESENTATION OF FIXED BOUNDARY

SURVEY PROJECT FILE 12 HRS
21.3.P1 Specific Objectives
At the end o this topic the trainee should be able to:-

a) Draw various types of survey plans
b) Carry out post-fieldwork computations of a fixed boundary survey.
c) Write the survey’s report in full
d) Compile/present a fixed boundary survey project dossier/file I the
conventional format
21.3.3P11 Drawings of survey plans
- Procedure for ordinary rectilinear plan
- Procedure for ordinary curvilinear plan
- Procedure for topo-casastral plan
21.3.3P12 1Post-fieldwork computations/post-computations
- demonstrations of placing and checks
- Boundary data computations
- Consistency
- Area
21.3.3P13 writing of the surveyor’s Report
- Contents
- Format an cross-references
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Compilation/presentation of project file
- Index
- Convectional order and sequence of contents
- App endages preliminary checking sheet and final checking sheet
Checking and authentication of fixed boundary surveys 10hrs
Specific objectives
At the end of this topic this topic the trainee should be able to:-
a) Carry out preliminary checking on a fixed boundary survey project
b) Carry out final checking on a fixed boundary survey project
c) Demonstrate authentication of a fixed boundary survey project
Preliminary checking
Final checking
Demonstration of authentication
- Legal considerations
- Survey considerations
Preparation of deed plan s10hrs
Specific objectives
At the end of his topic the trainee should be able to:-
a) select suitable materials for preparing a did plan
b) prepare a deed plan form an authenticated survey project
c) add necessary annotation an abuttal on a deed plan
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Land adjudication 10hrs
Specific objectives
a) Complete boundary location on the field on photo-enlargements for adjudication
purposes.
b) Prepare a PID form adjudicated boundary survey records
Field completion of boundaries on photo-enlargements
- Procedure
Preparation of PID
- Procedure
- Amendments on existing PID

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Mutation surveys
Specific objectives

a) Write an application for consent to a proposed mutation.
b) Carry out office search in relation to a proposed mutation.
c) Compute theoretical data for a proposed mutation
d) Prepare mutation forms for use in the sub-division/amalgamation of a given mutation
project.
e) Execute a mutation survey in the field.
f) Demonstrate the procedure for making necessary amendments on an existing RIM
Application for consent.
- Sketch of proposal.
- Communication to parties concerned.
Office search
- RIM/PID records
Computation of theoretical data
i) Sub-division of rectilinear and curvilinear properties into
- Equal parcels in area
- Unequal parcels in area
ii) Variation of boundary/area to meet specified conditions
Preparation of mutation forms
- Indication of line data/dimensioning
Execution of mutation survey
- Field procedure
Demonstration of choking an approval of mutation survey
Demonstration of making amendments on RIM
- Amalgamation
- Subdivision
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Engineering surveying
Introduction
This course unit is designed to provide trainee with knowledge and practical skills which they
will need order to carry out site surveys for design and implementation/monitoring if building
and construction engineering structures.
General objectives
At the end to this course unit the trainee should be able to:-
a) Understand that application of leveling to construction and preparation of site plans.
b) Understand engineering surveying computations.
c) Understand to procedure for setting out various constructing engineering features on
accordance with design specifications.
d) Appreciated elements of hydrographic surveying as applied to construction engineering
works.
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Subject summary and time allocation theory 66 hrs

Code Topic Subtopics Hours
22.2.1T STAGE TWO - Construction leveling
Site leveling - Profiles 6
- Design factors
22.2.1T Areas and volumes - Determination of area
- Calculation of volume 16
- Mass Haul Diagrams
22.2.1T Stage three - Linear and curved features
Construction - Construction surveying terminology 28
features - Importance of setting out
- Stages of setting out a predetermined
level
- Methods of setting out linear features
22.2.1T Elements of - Purpose of tunneling surveying

tunneling and - Purpose of mining surveying 4
mining surveying - Characteristics of underground surveys
22.3.1T Curves - Types of curves
- Setting out 4
- Choice of method
- Obstacles
22.3.1T Elements of - Explanation of hydrographic surveying
hydrographic - Offshore control 8
surveying - Sea depth measurement
- Horizontal track control
Total 66 hrs
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Site leveling 6hrs
Specific objectives
a) State the scope of construction leveling
b) Define terms used in construction leveling
c) Explain the normal elements of a profile
d) Enumerate the crucial construction engineering design factors.
Scope o construction leveling
- Vertical control
- Monitoring ok levels
- Setting out of levels and gradients
Define of terms:
- Height
- Datum
- Reduced level
- Longitudinal section
- Cross section
- Sport height
Elements of profits
- Vertical scale
- Horizontal scale
- Ground level
- Formation/design
- Horizontal distance
Design factors
- Location topographical features
- Location of critical points
- Geology and soil characteristics
- Hydrological measurements/data
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Areas and volumes
Specific objectives
At the of the topic the trainee should be able to:-
a) Explain different methods of determining the area of a site.
b) Explain different methods of calculating the volume o the earth to be removed from an
excavation site.
c) Explain the use of a mass haul diagram in relation to route construction.
d) Describe the procedure of constructing a mass hauls diagram.
e) Explain how to balance volumes of earth materials on a mass haul diagram.
Methods of determining area.
i) Graphical mentod
- Resau grid
ii) Mechanical method
- Planimeter
iii) Mathematical methods
- For regular figures formulae
- Sub-division into triangle and other figures area computation form rectangular
coordinates
- For irregular figures
- Trapezoidal formula
- Simpson’s rule
Methods of calculation volume of earth
i) Method of spot heights/spot levels
- Grid
ii) Mechanical of contours
- Volume form closed contours on a depression or found
- Volume from contours on general-purpose map.
iii) Methods of sections
- Calculation of the area of sections at embankments, cuttings an part-in-fill cut
- end-era-areas formula
- Mean area
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- Trapezoidal formula for volume
- Simpson’s Rule for volume
- Prosmoidal formula
iv) Allowance for curvature
- Effect of the earth’s curvature on computed (values of) volume
Use of mass haul diagram
- Purpose
- Definition of related terms
- Properties of mass haul diagram
Construction of a mass haul Diagram
Balancing of volume on a mass haul diagram
Construction features 28hrs
Specific objectives
a) Identify linear and curved man-made features.
b) Define terms used in construction surveying
c) Explain the importance of setting out construction engineering works.
d) Describe the stage involved in setting out a predetermined level/gradient
e) Describe different methods of setting out linear features.
Identification of man-made features
i) Linear features
- Trenches
- Conduits
- Polygonal buildings/foundations
- Centre line of rad /railway
- Power line and telephone line
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ii) curved features
- Rounded kerb (corners )
- Centre line of rad/railway curve
- Roundabout at road junction
- Circular staircase
Construction surveying terminology
- BM
- Gradient
- Section
- Trench level/formation level
- Invert level
- Location coordinates of a point
Importance of setting our
- Site planning and control space economy
- True designed ground position
- Accuracy of implementation
- True deigned size and shape
- Verticality of features
Setting out predetermined level(s)
(i) Provision
- Need for a vertical control
- Leveling
- Use of datum height
- TBM
- BM
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ii) siting
- Need for horizontal control
- Traversing
- Use of traverse points on locating the use of traverse points in location the true deigned
plan metric position(s)
ii) Settings out the required gradient/levels(s) at the located positions (s)
- Procedure using construction Benchmark
- Procedure using sight rails an boning rod
- Procedure using laser
- Slope staking
Methods of setting out linear features.
i) At designed plan metric position
- Using offsets
- Using a theodolite an coordinates
Ii0 at designed formation level
Element of tunneling and mining surveying 4hrs
Specific objectives
At the end of this topic the trainees should be able to:
a) Explain the purpose of tunneling surveying
b) Explain the purpose of mining surveying.
c) State the peculiar characteristics
Purpose of tunneling surveying
Purpose of mining surveying
Characteristics of understood surveys
Lack of visibility
Control transfer from above the ground
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Curves 4hrs
Specific objectives
At the end of this tope the trainee should be able to:
a) Differentiate between given types of curves
b) Describe the procedure of setting out a simple circular horizontal curve
c) Describe the procedure for setting out a vertical curve
d) Explain the procedure of setting out a vertical curve
e) State factors that influence the choice between deferent methods of setting out horizontal
curves.
f) Describe obstacles that are liable to occur in curve ranging
Types of curves
i) Horizontal
- Simple/circular
- Transition/transitional
- Compound
- Reverse
Setting out of simple horizontal curve
i) Geometry of circular curve
- Derivation of formulae for curve properties
ii) Computation of setting out data by the method of
- Deflection angles and deflection distances
- Offsets form tangent offsets form the long chord
- One theodolite
- Two theodolite
ii) Field practice
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Setting out of transition horizontal curve
i) Geometry of transactional curve
- Derivation of formulae for curve properties
ii) Computation of setting out by the method of
- Deflection angle and distance angles and distance
- Offsets
- Theodolites (s)
Setting out a vertical curve
i) Geometry of vertical curve derivation of the equation of a summit an a valley
ii) Computation of setting out data.
Factors influence choice between methods of setting out
Obstacles to curve ranging
Intersection point an tangent points obstructed inaccessible
Line of sight obstructed
Curve passing through inaccessible point
Elements of hydrographical surveying
Specific objectives
a) Explain what meant by hydrographical surveying
b) Outline different methods of off shore positioning
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c) Describe the procedure of determing sea depth by means of soundings
d) Describe the procedure of providing horizontal track control by means sounding
hydrographic surveying
i) Purpose
ii) Scope
- Water bed dredging
- Pier construction
- Installation/location o marine cables
- Sea bed mining
- Preparation of charts
Navigation
Bathymetric
Methods of offshore positioning
- Linear measurement at sea

- Angular measurement at sea
- Graphical method
Determination of sea depth by
Sounding rods
Sounding lines
Echo sounding
Horizontal track control by sounding
- Cross rope method

- Tachometry
- Subtense method
- Range an shore angle method
- Range and boat angle method
- Simultaneous angle method
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Subject summary an the allocation practice 88 hrs
code topic Subtopic Hours
22.2.1P PROFILING - Taking ground levels 16
- Reducing ground levels
- Drawing profiles
22.2.2P DETERMINATION OF - Determination of area 18
AREAS AND - Calculation of volume
VOLUMES ON - Using mass Haul Diagrams

CONSTRUCTION SITES
22.3.3P SETTING OUT OF - Setting out regular structures
LINEAR - Setting out water an drainage 24
CONSTRUCTION conducts
FEATURES
22.3.4P SETTING OUT OF - Setting out simple horizontal curves 30
CURVES setting out transitional horizontal
curves
- Setting out vertical curves
Total 88 hers
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Profiling
Specific objectives
a) take ground levels a long a specified route.
b) Reduce levels
c) Draw the profile plan of the ground along a specified route.
Taking ground levels
- Pegging o the ground at specific/specified intervals of horizontal distance
- - slope allowance
- Taking leveling observations
- Booking procedure
Reducing of levels
- Height of collimation methods
- Rise and fall method
- Adjustment of error of closure
Drawing of profile plan
Choice of scale
Vertical
Horizontal
Information and data to be included on the plan:
- Chainages
- Location/position of critical points
- Geology and soil characteristics
-276-
Determination of areas and volumes on construction sites (18hrs)
Specific objectives
a) Determine site area by different methods
b) Calculate the area of roads sections
c) calculate volumes of earthworks by different methods
d) Construct a mass Haul Diagram for use on a construction site.
e) Balance volumes of earthworks on a mass haul diagram
Determination of area by
i) Graphical method reseau grid
ii) Mechanical method
iii) Mathematical method
- Computation form rectangular
- Coordinates
- Formulae for area
- Sampson’s Rule
- Trapezoidal formula
- Mean offset (mid-ordinates)
- Formula.
Calculation of the area of sections
i) Cutting/embankment
With uniform level cross
With sloping level across
ii) Fart in cut an part in fill section on hillside
-279-
Setting out of curves
Specific objectives
At the end to this topic them trainee should be able to:
a) Set out a horizontal curve on a new route
b) Set out a vertical curve on a new route
Setting out a horizontal curve at the circular an transitional turning or a
i) Street kerb where the radius is great.
- Method of offsets
From tangement
From long chord
Method of tangential defection angles
- Using one theodolite
- Using two theodolites
- Setting out form traverse points
- From coordinates
- Modified method of overcome obstacles
Setting out a vertical curve method of sight rails.
Survey control
Introduction
This course unit of designed to provide trainees with sufficient knowledge and practical skills
which they will require to apply in order to provide precise reference/survey points for
controlling the accuracy of subsidiary surveys in the field.
General objectives
At the end of this course unit, tie trainee should be able to:
a) Understand the nature and scope of survey control
b) Understand horizontal and vertical control techniques.
c) Appreciated the application of field Astronomy to survey control.
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SUBJECT SUMMARY AND TIME ALLOCATION THEORY 123 HRS
CODE TOPIC SUB TOPIC HOURS
23.1.1T INTRODUCTION Explanation of control
TO SURVEY Provision of control 2
CONTROL Survey marks and points
23.1.2T TRAVERSING Definition of traverse
Classification of traverses 32
Construction of traverse
Traversing procedure
Booking and reduction of traverse observations
Computation and adjustment of traverse
23.1.3T ORDINARY SPIRIT Define of terms
LEVELING Leveling principle 18
Leveling procedure
Booking staff readings
Reduction of levels
Sources of error
Earth’s curvature and reflection
23.1.4T STAGE TWO Explanation of triangulation
TRIANGULATIONS Principle of triangulation
Classification of triangulation networks
Construction/erection of triangulation signals
marks
Field procedure of triangulations
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CODE SUB TOPICS HOURS
- Booking and reduction of field observations
- Computation of triangulation surveys 30
23.2.5T - Construction/elections signals
TRIGONOMETRIC - Trig leveling procedure 6
HEIGHTING - Booking an reduction of vertical angles
- Precautions
- Computation and adjustment of differences
in height
23.2.6T - Explanation of trilateration
TRILATERATION - Construction/Erection of trilateration 6
signals/marks
- Field procedure of linear observations
23.3.7T STAGE THREE - Principle of altimetry
BAROMETRIC - Choice of field stations 6
HEIGHTING - Methods of altimetry leveling
- Computation of heights
23.3.8T - Comparison of precise leveling and ordinary
PRECISE leveling 3
LEVELING - Field procedure of precise leveling
- Booking and station reduction
-283-
CODE TOPIC SUBTOPICS HOURS
Precautions against
errors
Determination of
reduced levels
FIELD ASTRONOMY Physical basis of field

astronomy an spherical
trigonometry 20
Time systems an
astronomic
determination of time.
Astronomic
determination of a
position’s latitude,
longitude and azimuth
SPACE TECHNIQUES Explain of space
FOR DETERMINATION positioning techniques 2
OF POSITION Satellite positions
system s
Impact an prospects
Total 132
-284-
Introduction to survey control
Specific objective
a) Explain what is meant by survey control.

b) State the methods of providing survey control
c) Describe the construction and use of various survey marks and monuments.
Explanation of control
- Definition of control
- Purpose of control
- Difference between horizontal and vertical control
Method of providing
i) Planimetric/horizontal control points

- Triangulation
- Trilateration
- Traverse
- Astronomic determinations and space techniques
ii) Vertical control points
- Differential leveling
- Trig heighting
- Barometric heighting
Construction and use of the following survey marks/monuments
i) Pillars
- High pillar
- Short
ii) Pipe in concrete (PIC)
iii) Angle iron in concrete (AIC)
iv) Iron pins
- IPC
- DIPC
- IPCU
-285-
Traversing 23hrs
Specific objectives
a) Define the term ‘traverse’

b) Classify traverse into orders, types and forms of instrumentation.
c) Explain the construction of traversing.
d) Describe the field procedure of traversing
e) State the procedure of booking and reducing of traverse observations in the field
f) Explain how to carry out computations and adjustments of different (classes of0traverses.
Definition of traverse
Classification of traverses
i) According to accuracy
- 1st,2nd,3rd order traverses
ii) According to type
- Loop/circuit traverse
- Open traverse
- Closed/oriented traverse
iii) According to forms of instrumentation
- Theodolite traverse
- EDM TRAVERSE
- Subtends bat traverse
Construction of traverse signals
- Types and use of signals
-286-
Procedure of traversing
i) Reconnaissance (RECCE)
- Choice of locations for traverse points
- Accessibility
- Intervisibility
- Length of traverse points for different orders of accuracy
- Making of traverse points for different orders of accuracy
- Witnessing data
- Annotative information
ii) Traverse observations
- Ideal conditions for linear and angular measurements
- Atmospheric
- Orientation rays
- Linear measurements by means of:
Steel tape an invar tape
Substance bar
EDM instruments
Angular measurements
Repetition method
Reiteration method
Booking and reduction of traverse observations
i) Angular measurements
- Filed book format
- Change of face/circle a change of arc/zero
- Specification of rounds an precision for each order of traverse
- Reductions
Linear measurements
By tape in catenary
Booking if distance an temperature
-287-
Correction of seal level. Temperature, sag, standardization/calibration and tension force.
- By EDM instruments
- Booking procedure
- Corrections for atmospheric factors
- Arc- to – chord corrections correction to sea level
- Scale
By substense bar
Booking of substance observations

Correction to sea level
Scale
Traverse computations and adjustments
i) Bearing sheet
- Normal
- With nodal point
ii) Computation of partial coordinates /difference on Northings and Eastings
- Computation format on c22
- Polar
- Proportional error of closure (accuracy estimate )
iii) Adjustment using
– Bowditch’s method
-transit method
iv) location of gross errors by calculation an plotting
- Identification of traverse leg(s) having a gross angular error

- Identification of traverse legs (s) having a gross linear error
-288-
Ordinary spirit leveling 18hrs
Specific objectives
At he end of this topic the trainees should be able to:-
a) Define given terms as used in spirit leveling

b) Explain the principle of spirit leveling
c) Describe the procedure of ordinary spirit leveling
d) State the conventions practice of booking staff readings during leveling
e) Describe the methods of reducing levels.
f) Explain the sources of errors on spirit leveling and the precautions that the lever should take to
minimize their effect
g) Explain the effect of atmospheric refraction and the earth’s curvature on the accuracy of spirit
leveling
h) Explain the procedure of reciprocal leveling
Definition of the following terms:
- Benchmark (fundamental, permanent and temporary)

- Level line and horizontal line
- Level surface an horizontal surface
Principle of spirit leveling
- Difference on height/depth relative line of sight
Procedure of ordinary spirit leveling
i) Instrument stations/set-ups
ii)staff stations/point
making of staff points an order of taking readings.
Ackwardstaions
Iterdiate station
Forward station
Datum (opening and closing BM)
Booking
- back-sight (B.S)
- inter – sight (s) (I.S)
- fore—sight (f.S)
- qualitative field notes/annotative information
-289-
Reducing levels
i. height – of –collimation method

ii. rise – and- Fall- method
iii. arithmetic checks
iv. adjustment of closing error
Sources of error
- mistakes/human errors
- instrumental
- Natural causes.
- Precautions against errors
Effect of curvature and refraction
- Accuracy of staff readings

- Accuracy of differences in height
- Reciprocal leveling
- - purpose leveling
- Procedure
-290-
Stage two
Triangulation 30hrs
Specific objective
a) Explain what is meant by ‘triangulation’

b) Explain the principles of triangulation.
c) Classify triangulation networks according to their characteristics specifications and field
methodology
d) Explain the construction of triangulation survey signals/mark
e) Describe the field procedure of making triangulation observations
f) State the convectional practice of booking and reducing triangulation surveying
g) Describe the steps involves in computation and presentation of a triangulation survey
Explanation of triangulation
- Definition
- Scope an purpose
Principles of triangulation
- Solution of triangle having known angles

- Geometrical confirmations
- Chains of triangle
- Polygons
Classes of triangulation networks
i) according to specification:
- Primary, secondary and tertiary
ii) According to field methodology
- General/normal
-298-
23.3.9T16 Astronomic determination of position

i) Independent determinations
- Longitude determination by observation of:
 EX-meridian altitude of the sun
 Meridian transit of the sun
- Latitude determination by observation of:
 Meridian transit of the sun
 Circum-meridian along action of the sun
- Azimuth determination by observation of
 Circum-meridian elongation of a star
 Ex-meridian altitude of a balanced star (i.e. on which is on
or near the prime vertical)
 Altitude and hour angle of the sun
ii) Simultaneous determination of longitude, latitude and azimuth
- Hour angle method
- Intercept method
23.3.10T SPACE TECHNIQUES FOR DETERMINATION OF POSITON (5hrs)
23.3.10.T1 Specific Objectives

a) At the end of this topic the trainee should be able to:-
b) Explain what is referred to as space positioning techniques
c) Describe different satellite positioning systems
d) Briefly evaluate in the impact and prospects of space techniques in
comparison with conventional methods
23.3.10T11 Explanation of space positioning techniques

- Meaning of space positioning
- Accuracy and scope
 Applications
23.3.10T12 Satellite positing systems

- Transit D-oppler
- Global positioning
23.3.10.T13 Impact and prospects

- Relative advantages
- Future trends
-299-
23.03 SUBJECT SUMMARY AND TIME ALLOCATION PRACTICE (176 HRS)

_____________________________________________________________________________________
CODE/TOPIC SUBTOPICS HOURS

23.1.1P CONSTRUCTION OF SURVEY -Survey marks
CONTROL POINTS -Witness marks 8
23.1.3P PRAVERSING - Reconnaissance

- Theodolite – and – Tape traverses 34
- EDM traverse
-Subsets-Bar traverse
_____________________________________________________________________________________
23.1.3P ORDINARY SPIRIT LEVELLING - Reconnaissance

-Field observations
-Reduction and presentation of levels 12
_____________________________________________________________________________________
STAGE TWO
23.2.4P TRAINGULATION SURVEYING - Reconnaissance
-Intersection method 42
- Twin fix
- Eccentric station
______________________________________________________________________________
23.2.5P TRIGONOMETRIC REIGHTING - Reconnaissance 12

-Intersection method
-Twin fix
- Eccentric station
______________________________________________________________________________
23.2.5P TRILATERATION SURVEYING - Reconnaissance

- Field observation with EDM instruments
- Computation and adjustment 12
______________________________________________________________________________
-301-
23.1.1P construction of survey control points 8 hrs
23.1.1P1 specific objectives
a) Construct survey monuments and marked according to specification.
b) Provided witness marks for relocation of a survey points
23.1.p11 construction of survey monuments and marks
- materialalso and standard specifications for constructing the following:
IPC
Pipe or bolt in concrete
AIC
IPCU
Short pillar and high pillar
23.1.1p12provision of witness marks

23.1.1P12 traversing 34hrs
32.1.2P1 Specific objectives
a) Conduct reconnaissance surveys for traverse of various orders of accuracy.
b) Run a traverse using a theodolite and steels tape.
c) Run a traverse using EDM instruments.
d) Run a traverse using the Subtence Bar tape.
-302-
23.1.3P11 Reconnaissance for leveling

- Leveling team and equipment
- Location and construction of benchmarks
23.1.3P12 Field conservative and qualitative notes

- Annotative and qualitative notes
- Booking of staff readings
23.1.3.P13 Reduction lf levels by

- Height of collination method
- Rise and fall method
23.1.3p14 Presentation of reduced levels

- Tabulation
- Leveling project report
STAGE TWO
23.2.4P TRAINGULATION SURVEYING (42 Hrs)
23.2.4P1 Specific Objectives

a) Conduct reconnaissance surveys for various triangulation schemes
b) Measure a triangulation base line to specifications
c) Carry out general triangulation b means of specifications
d) Carry out resection by different methods
e) Coordinate a point by resolving the twin-fix problem
f) Coordinate a point by resolving the accentric-statich problem
23.2.4P11 Reconnaissance for triangulation

- Organization: Triangulation team, equipment and materials
- Configuration of network, minimum distance specifications and
general factors to consider for:
 Tertiary triangulation scheme
 Secondary triangulation scheme
 Primary triangulation scheme
- Construction and erection of triangulation towers and other survey
signals
-303-
23.2.4P12 Measurement of triangulation base line by EDM instrument

- Corrections
23.2.4.P13 General triangulation by intersection

- Field observations
- Qualitative and annotative data
- Orientation
- Minimum number of rounds of FL an FR at each station
- Preparations of bearings sheet
- Computation of the coordinates of triangulation points from
- Intersecting rays
- Presentation of triangulation project work
o Tabulation
o Plotting of standard triangulation chart
o Triangulation project report
- Adjustment of braced quadrilateral
23.2.4P14 Resection
i) Field observations and reduction of field notes
ii) Preparation of bearings sheet
iii) Coordination
- By semi-graphic solution
- By colin’s /Bessel’s method
iv) Inaccessible base solution (Two –point problem)
23.2.4.P15 Twin-fix problem
23.2.4.P16 Eccentric-station problem
23.2.5P TRIGONOMETRIC HELGHTING (12 Hrs)

a) Conduct a recce for trig heighting
b) Take trig heighting observations in the field
c) Determine the values of atmospheric refraction and earth’s
curvature between trig statins
d) Compute the final heights of trig statins relative sea level datum
-304-
23.1.2P12 Running a theodolite and tape traverse
i) Close traverse with orientations at the terminal stations only

- Field observations with tape in catenary
 Minimum a s/ zero for angular measurements
 Minimum number of linear measurements per leg
- Reduction of Field notes
- Preparation of the bearings sheet
- Computation and adjustment of partial coordinate
- Proportional error/accuracy
- Computation of coordinates and presentation as standard
traverse
- Survey project report
ii) Close reverse with mid-orientation
- Field work
- Preparation of bearings sheet
- Computation, adjustments and presentation
23.1.2. P13 Running EDM transverse
i) Without mid-orientation
ii) With mid-orientation
23.1.2. P14 Running sub tense bar traverse
- Reductions
- Preparations of bearings sheet
- Computation and adjustment of differences in coordinates
- Computation of coordinates and presentation
23.1.3.P ORDINAR SPIRIT LEVELING (12HRS)

a) Conduct a reconnaissance survey for a leveling project
b) Take leveling field observations
c) Reduce levels complete with arithmetic checks
d) Present reduced levels appropriately
-305-
23.2.5P11 Recce for trig heighting
o Organization
o Minimum distance specifications and general factors for
tertiary, secondary and primary networks/schemes
o Construction and erection of towers and other survey signal
23.2.5P12 Taking trig observations
- Qualitative and annotative data information
- Minimum number of readings on FL and FR
- Measuring of height of instrument
23.2.5P13 Determination of refraction and curvature
23.2.5P14 Computation of final trig heights above/below datum
- Use of datum height/BM
23.2.6P TRILATERATION SURVEYING (12 Hrs)
23.2.6P1 Specific objectives

a) Carry out recce for trilateration surveying
b) Take field observations for trilateration using EDM instruments
c) Compute final positions of trilateration points
23.2.6P11 Recce for trilateration
- Organization
- Minimum distance specifications and general factors to consider
when choosing trilateration stations
- Construction and erection of towers and other survey signals
23.2.6P12 Taking field observations
- Qualitative/annotative information/notes and orientation
- Minimum number of linear measurements per line
- Reduction of observations
23.2.6P13 Computations
- Orientation and differences in coordinates
- Adjustment and final coordinates
-306-
STAGE THREE
23.3.7P BAROMETRIC HEIGHTING (30 Hrs)

a) Conduct recce survey for Barometric Heighting
b) Carry out single altimeter heighting
c) Carry out double-base heighting
d) Carry out leap-frog heighting
23.3.7P11 Recce for Barometric Heighting
- Choice of base
- Preparation and organization
 Determination of clock rate and clock error
 Number in team and equipment
23.3.7P12 Single Altimeter heighting
- Reduction of field notes and computation of final heights
23.3.7P13 Double base heighting
23.3.7P14 Leap frog heighting
- Filed observations
23.3.8P PRECISE LEVELLING (22 Hrs)

a) Conduct recce for precise leveling
b) Make field observation for a precise leveling project
c) Reduce precise leveling field readings to obtain reduced levels
d) Present precise levels appropriately
-307-
23.3.8.p11 Recce for practice leveling
- Organization: leveling team, equipment and materials

- Choice of precise leveling stations
- Construction of BMS witnessing and /or re-location notes and sketches
23.3..P12 Making field observations
- Standard procedure an order of taking sights/readings
- Booking I standard format
23.3.(p13 Reduction of precise leveling observations

- Station adjustments
- reduced levels
23.3.8P14 Presentation of precise reduced levels

Tabulation
a) Drawing/sketches and notes
b) Leveling project report
23.3.8.P9 ASTRONOMIC DETERMINATION OF POSION (12 hrs)
23.3.8.9P Specific Objectives

a) Determine the longitude and latitude of taking meridian-transit observations to
the sun.
b) Determine the mean time at a point by known longitude be taking time
observations to come to the sun.
c) Determine the azimuth at a point by taking observations of the altitude an
hour angle of the sun.
23.3.9P11 determination by meridian-transit observation for
- Longitude
- Latitude
23.3..9P12 Determine of mean time by timing the sun
- Calibration of lock
- Use of chronometer
23.3.9P13 Determination of Azimuth
- Observation of the latitude an hour angle of the sun
-308-
LIST OF MINIMUM TOOLS AND EQUIPMENT FOR A CALSS 20
Vernier scales 10
Drawing scales 20
Mirror stereoscopes 5
Light Tables 5
Analogue plotters 2
Analytical plotters 1
Stereo plotters 2 universal and precision
Kelsh plotters 2
Air camera (for demonstration) 1
Digitizers 2
Guillotines 2
Flanimeters 4
Storage Rock 2
Photogrammetric and Remote sensing
Materials adequate
Cartographic materials adequate
Papers weights 80
Straight edges 10
French curve 2
Pantographs 2
Rectifier project 1 or Access to at least one
Computer 1 CAM systems or Access to ‘some’
Survey measuring tapes 4
Steel measuring bands 4
Land chains 4
Cadastral chains 2
Surveyor’s levels 3 dumpy 3 tiling and 1 automatic
Theodolites 2 universal and 1 Geodetic
Staves 3 ordinary and 1 precision
Phsychromters of Thermometers 4
Magnifying glasses 4
Chairing Tripods
Subtense bar
Electromagnetic distance measuring instruments 1 microwave
1 visible-light and
1 infrated
-309-
Electronic ranger 1 or at least access to one

Precision Time piece 1 chronometer or chronograph
Parallel place micrometer compass 2 sites of surveyors’ compass and 4 of prismatic
Sextant 1 Box and 1NAUTICAL
Auto plumb 2
Site squared w
Clinometer 2
abney level 2
Cowley 2
Altimeter 4
Barometer (aneroid) 1
Tachometer 1 self – reducing (optional)
Range finder 1
Telemeter wedge 1
Plane table equipment 4
Tidal gauges 2
Echo sounders and sounding rods 1
Lead lines 1
Station pointers 2
NB:
The tools and equipment listed here above are deemed sufficient on the presumption that the
time-table will be so programmed that survey practical from TOPOGRAPHICAL SURVEYING
PRACTICE, will precede all the reset at the beginning of the course; following which will come
practicals from SURVEY CONTROL PRACTICE. Alone it is only after competing stage Two
that trainees may embark on practical from ENGINEERING SURVEYING PRACTICE AND
CADASTRAL SURVEYING PRACTICE in that order.

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REPUBLIC OF KENYA

DIPLOMA IN LAND SURVEYING

Syllable and Regulations

2.0 OBJECTIVE OF POST SECONDARY TRAINING PROGRAMMES

3.0 INTRODICTION TO THE COURSE

4.0 OBJECTIVES OF THE COURSE

(a) Operate surveying equipment efficiently an safety;

(b) Understand the scope of land surveying;

(c) Understand computer assisted mapping (CAM)

(d) Communicate professional and administrative matters by means of appropriate media

(e) Demonstrate safe working habits and attitudes;

(f) Direct survey work carried out by operators;

and mapping industry.

5.0 GENERAL REGULATIONS

5.1 AP PROVAL OF THE COURSE

5.3 ENTRY REQUIREMENTS

in any two of the relevant subject to the trade area.

(c) Occupation test grade 1 or an approved equivalent qualification.

Examination papers at the end od stage 11; each of 3 hours

1. Entrepreneurship Education Project.

5.5 ELIGIBILITY FOR THE ENTRY TO EXAMIANTION

5.6 ATTENDANCE AND COURSE WORK REQUIREMENTS

Coursework refers to evaluation done though controlled tests and PRACTICE

Continuous assessment marks for the coursework must be kept by the

5.7 PROJECT WORK

The project is to have well- defined objectives so that trainee/trainees have

a) Carrying out a full job/ extended piece of practical work.

b) Developing ideas doe implementation.

d) Coordinating work and keeping records of the work as it proceeds.

e) Technical report writing.

5.8 PROJECT SELECTION

N.Bthe entrepreneurship project is expected to be related to the surveying andmapping

5.9 INDUSRIAL ATTACHMENT

5.9.1 Issue If Examination Results

5.10 AWARE OF CERTIFICATE

5.11 GENERAL REGULATIONS

CODE SUBJECT TOPICS HOURS

CODE SUBJECT TOPICS HOURS

1.0 MATHEMATICS  Indicates and logarithms

13.0 GEOGRAPY  Introduction

CODE SUBJECT TOPICS HOURS

19.0 SURVEYING  The surveyor’s state and

ZONE/ STAGE 1 STAGE 1I STAGE III HOURS

TERMS TERMS TERMS III

COMON SUPPORTIVE ZONE

TRADE SUPPORT ZONE

TRADE SUPPORT ZONE

7.0 SOCIAL STUDIES

land knowledge about their society. It is also designed to encourage

7.02 GENERAL OBJECTIVES

At the end of this topic, the trainee should be able to:

a) Portray positive attitudes in relation to work and society.

b) Develop positive cultural values for self-fulfillment.

c) Formulate his/her own ideas.

d) Understand the role of the Government.

e) Relate the behavior of individual to their efficiency and effectiveness in an

7.03 SUBJECT SUMMARY AND TIME ALLOCATION

CODE TOPIC SUB-TOPIC TIME

7.1.4s SOCIAL  Culture

7.1.2s GOVERNMENT  concepts of state

7.1.3s INDUSTRIAL  meaning of scope

CODE TOPIC SUB-TOPIC TIME

7.1.4S NATIONAL  Introduction to philosophy

7.1.5S ETHICS  Introduction