GOLIS UNIVERSITY

Large scale fading

Shadowing

Faculty: telecommunication

Name :Yasin Mohmed Ahmed

Semester: five.

ID: 20174.

Shift : evening.

Assignment ( shadowing)

Course: wireless communication.

Lecturer: Eng.Abdiasiis.

Date(hand over): 21-mar-2023.

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What is shadowing

Shadowing is caused by obstacles between the transmitter and receiver that attenuate signal power
through absorption, reflection, scattering, and diffraction. When the attenuation is strong, the signal is
blocked.

In other words, Shadowing is multiplicative attenuation factor, r(d). That accounts for large obstacles
between the transmitter and receiver.

Thus, The distribution of TdB(d) is determined empirically from the average received power
measurement plot.

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The basic idea of shadowing

In this figure shown below. Usually our environment is not save about barriers. Therefore
shadowing coming in here. As we know that large scale fading is the prediction of mean signal
strength at the receiver. As well as we will work this concept with respecting scattering,
reflection and diffraction which can be advantage some times and disadvantage.

Thus, in order to predict the mean signal strength. We need to know the mean d of all the
directions and possible places that can be but the receiver. Thus, while we are taking a fuel
from this concept we will get the mean distance with respecting some random variables due to
mention of barriers. This is the main general idea of shadowing.

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The equation of shadowing
When working in dB, shadowing becomes additive.
Pŕ dB(d)=p⁰(d⁰)- 10n log(d/d⁰)+TdB(d).

Example.

A signal has been sent in Hargeisa. While p⁰(d⁰) = 1, distance between the Tx and Rx is 1000m
while d⁰ is 10m. While the vector of shadowing is 20, while n=2.

Solution
Given

1. TdB(d)= 20.
2. D= 1000m.
3. d⁰=10m.
4. P⁰(d⁰)=1.
5. N=2.

Solution
PrdB(d)= 1-10(2)log(1000/10)+20.
= -19log(100)+20.
=-19(2)+20.
=-38+20
= -8dB.

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