How to Think about God An Ancient

Guide for Believers and Nonbelievers

1st Edition Marcus Tullius Cicero
Visit to download the full and correct content document:
https://ebookmeta.com/product/how-to-think-about-god-an-ancient-guide-for-believers
-and-nonbelievers-1st-edition-marcus-tullius-cicero/
More products digital (pdf, epub, mobi) instant
download maybe you interests ...

How to Be a Friend An Ancient Guide to True Friendship

1st Edition Marcus Tullius Cicero

https://ebookmeta.com/product/how-to-be-a-friend-an-ancient-
guide-to-true-friendship-1st-edition-marcus-tullius-cicero/

How to Grieve 1st Edition Marcus Tullius Cicero

https://ebookmeta.com/product/how-to-grieve-1st-edition-marcus-
tullius-cicero/

How to Grow Old Ancient Wisdom for the Second Half of

Life 1st Edition Marcus Tullius Cicero

https://ebookmeta.com/product/how-to-grow-old-ancient-wisdom-for-
the-second-half-of-life-1st-edition-marcus-tullius-cicero/

How to Think about Abstract Algebra 1st Edition Lara

Alcock

https://ebookmeta.com/product/how-to-think-about-abstract-
algebra-1st-edition-lara-alcock/
How to Give An Ancient Guide to Giving and Receiving
1st Edition Seneca

https://ebookmeta.com/product/how-to-give-an-ancient-guide-to-
giving-and-receiving-1st-edition-seneca/

How to Be Free An Ancient Guide to the Stoic Life

Ancient Wisdom for Modern Readers 1st Edition
Epictetus

https://ebookmeta.com/product/how-to-be-free-an-ancient-guide-to-
the-stoic-life-ancient-wisdom-for-modern-readers-1st-edition-
epictetus/

How to Think About Weird Things: Critical Thinking for

a New Age 8th Edition Theodore Schick

https://ebookmeta.com/product/how-to-think-about-weird-things-
critical-thinking-for-a-new-age-8th-edition-theodore-schick/

How to Focus: A Monastic Guide for an Age of

Distraction (Ancient Wisdom for Modern Readers) Cassian

https://ebookmeta.com/product/how-to-focus-a-monastic-guide-for-
an-age-of-distraction-ancient-wisdom-for-modern-readers-cassian/

How to Keep Your Cool An Ancient Guide to Anger

Management First Edition Seneca

https://ebookmeta.com/product/how-to-keep-your-cool-an-ancient-
guide-to-anger-management-first-edition-seneca/
HOW TO THINK ABOUT GOD
Ancient Wisdom for Modern Readers

How to Think about God: An Ancient Guide for Believers

and Nonbelievers by Marcus Tullius Cicero

How to Keep Your Cool: An Ancient Guide to Anger

Management by Seneca

How to Think about War: An Ancient Guide

to Foreign Policy by Thucydides

How to Be Free: An Ancient Guide to the Stoic Life

by Epictetus

How to Be a Friend: An Ancient Guide to True Friendship

by Marcus Tullius Cicero

How to Die: An Ancient Guide to the End of Life by Seneca

How to Win an Argument: An Ancient Guide to the Art

of Persuasion by Marcus Tullius Cicero

How to Grow Old: Ancient Wisdom

for the Second Half of Life by Marcus Tullius Cicero

How to Run a Country: An Ancient Guide

for Modern Leaders by Marcus Tullius Cicero

How to Win an Election: An Ancient Guide for Modern

Politicians by Quintus Tullius Cicero
HOW TO THINK
ABOUT GOD

An Ancient Guide for Believers

and Nonbelievers

Marcus Tullius Cicero

Selected, translated, and introduced

by Philip Freeman

PRINCE T O N U N IV E RSIT Y P RE SS

PRINC E T O N AN D O X FO RD
 Copyright © 2019 by Philip Freeman
Requests for permission to reproduce material from this work
should be sent to Permissions, Princeton University Press
Published by Princeton University Press
41 William Street, Princeton, New Jersey 08540
6 Oxford Street, Woodstock, Oxfordshire OX20 1TR
press.princeton.edu
All Rights Reserved
ISBN 978-­0-­691-­18365-­7
British Library Cataloging-­in-­Publication Data is available
Editorial: Rob Tempio and Matt Rohal
Production Editorial: Ali Parrington
Text and Jacket Design: Pamela L. Schnitter
Production: Merli Guerra
Publicity: Jodi Price, Amy Stewart, and Alyssa Sanford
Jacket/Cover Credit: Shutterstock
This book has been composed in
Stempel Garamond and Futura
Printed on acid-­free paper. ∞
Printed in the United States of America
1 3 5 7 9 10 8 6 4 2
 CONTENTS

Introduction vii

On the Nature of the Gods

(2.1–­44) 3

The Dream of Scipio 95

Notes 141

Further Reading 151

 INTRODUCTION

Ancient Rome was a land full of gods.

Every Roman family honored the an­
cestral Lares and guardian Penates who
watched over their household, as well as
Vesta, the goddess who cared for the sacred
hearth fire at the center of every home. Be-
yond the doorway (secured by Janus, who
faced both directions) were countless dei-
ties of field, stream, and forest. Unlike the
Greek gods, these divine spirits rarely had
statues or stories connected with them.
They were instead forces of nature that an-
imated every corner of the Roman world—­
and were ignored at one’s own peril. Aside
from household and nature gods, there were

vii
 I ntroduction

also state cults devoted to divinities such as

Jupiter the lord of the heavens, Mars the
god of agriculture (as well as war), and Bona
Dea—­the good goddess—­worshipped only
by women.
But as the Romans expanded across the
Mediterranean, they met other gods and
many new ideas. Foreign divinities were
sometimes welcomed into the Roman pan-
theon, though often with great suspicion,
especially those from the exotic East. Cy-
bele, the Great Mother goddess of Asia
Minor, came to Rome during the war against
Hannibal. The Jews, despite their peculiar
notion of a single God, were allowed to
worship freely in the city as long as they
paid their taxes and caused no trouble.
From the beginning of Roman history
there were undoubtedly atheists and skep-
tics, but it was the encounter with Greek

viii
 I ntroduction

philosophy that caused many educated Ro-

mans to question the religious traditions
of their ancestors. Some were intrigued by
Pythagoras and his teachings on reincarna-
tion and a mathematical order to the uni-
verse. Others were drawn to Plato, a stu-
dent of Socrates and founder of the Athenian
Academy, who taught that there was an in-
visible world more real than our own and
urged a rational quest for the good life.
Many, like the Roman poet and philoso-
pher Lucretius, found comfort in the doc-
trine of Epicurus, who believed the supreme
good in life was happiness, with no evi-
dence of divine interest in humanity in a
universe made only of atoms. But the most
popular brand of Greek philosophy among
educated Romans was the Stoicism taught
by Zeno and his followers, such as Chry-
sippus and Posidonius, who believed that

ix
 I ntroduction

virtue was the supreme good in a material-

istic and yet divine universe.
Marcus Tullius Cicero was among those
Romans in the waning years of the Repub-
lic who searched for answers beyond the
religion of his forefathers. He loved and
honored the traditions of his homeland, but
they failed to satisfy a deep longing to know
about the role of gods in earthly life, how
the universe was organized, and, perhaps
most of all, whether the human spirit might
survive death.
Cicero had been born in a small Italian
town outside of Rome, but by determina-
tion and an extraordinary mind had risen
in 63 BC to the office of consul, the highest
office in the Roman Republic. His skills
as an orator were unmatched, as were his
talents for compromise and moderation in
an age of political extremes. But in spite of

x
 I ntroduction

his best efforts to maintain the role of the

Senate in governing the state, the Republic
slipped into dictatorship under Julius Cae-
sar, leaving Cicero on the margins if not
outright exile more than once during his
political career.
It was during these absences from Rome
that Cicero devoted himself to study and
writing, producing some of the most im-
portant political and philosophical writings
of the classical age. As he freely admitted,
most of his ideas were Greek, but he was
no mere copyist. His ability to adapt the
teachings of the greatest Greek minds to a
broader world influenced not only his own
time but readers for centuries to come, from
St. Augustine and Dante to Voltaire and
Alexander Hamilton.
In 45 BC, the year before Julius Caesar
was assassinated, Cicero wrote a number

xi
 I ntroduction

of important philosophical and rhetorical

works including On the Nature of the Gods
(De natura deorum), in which several key
figures from Roman history stage an imag-
inary debate on the proper way to think
about the divine. In this long and fascinating
book, Velleius the Epicurean argues against
the idea of the gods having any interest in
human affairs. Balbus the Stoic, in contrast,
advocates a view of the universe as a living
whole controlled by a divine yet still materi-
alistic God who is the ultimate reality (mod-
ern readers may see something similar in
the Force of the Star Wars saga). Cotta the
Academic, representing the later skeptical
teachings developed from Plato, casts both
views into doubt. The heart of Balbus’s Stoic
argument is presented in this volume.
A few years earlier, in 51 BC, Cicero had
imitated Plato in writing a book on the

xii
 I ntroduction

ideals of government. Called On the Re-

public (De re publica), most of the text was
lost to modern readers until 1820, when a
large part of the book was discovered in the
Vatican. Only the conclusion of the book,
known as the Dream of Scipio, was pre-
served and studied continuously from an-
tiquity through the Middle Ages and be-
yond. In this extraordinary dream narrative,
given here in its entirety, the Roman hero
Scipio is taken on a tour of the heavens by
his adoptive grandfather Scipio Africanus.
In this nighttime visitation, the younger
Scipio discovers the Stoic heavenly design
of the universe and the place of a virtuous
and eternal soul in it.
Cicero was no religious dogmatist and
was indeed a man full of doubts. His own
beliefs, reflected in his many treatises and
letters, changed repeatedly throughout his

xiii
 I ntroduction

troubled life. At most times he seems to

have believed hopefully in the God of the
Stoics—­though he never identified himself
as a Stoic—­and the possibility of eternal life
for the virtuous. At other periods he appears
to have doubted almost everything about
religion, including the belief that there was
any life beyond the grave. His writings
translated in this short volume reflect the
more hopeful periods of his life and his
preference for the Stoic view of the divine.
Unlike his justly celebrated works on friend-
ship and growing older,1 I present his reli-
gious views here for a modern audience not
so much for imitation in one’s own life as to
gain an appreciation for a profound and in-
fluential view of the divine just before the
dawn of the Christian age.2

xiv
HOW TO THINK ABOUT GOD
 DE NATURA DEORUM
(2.1–­4 4)

1. Quae cum Cotta dixisset, tum Velleius:

“Ne ego” inquit “incautus, qui cum Aca-
demico et eodem rhetore congredi conatus
sim. Nam neque indisertum Academicum
pertimuissem nec sine ista philosophia
rhet­orem quamvis eloquentem; neque enim
flumine conturbor inanium verborum nec
subtilitate sententiarum si orationis est sic-
citas. Tu autem, Cotta, utraque re valuisti;
corona tibi et iudices defuerunt. Sed ad ista
alias, nunc Lucilium, si ipsi commodum est,
audiamus.”

2
 ON THE NATURE OF THE GODS
(2.1–­4 4)

1. When Cotta had finished speaking, Vel-

leius replied: “I was foolish to try to debate
someone who is both an Academic and
skilled at rhetoric.1 I wouldn’t have been
afraid of an Academic who was a poor
speaker nor of an excellent rhetorician who
had a poor grasp of philosophy; for I have
no fear of a stream of empty, eloquent
words nor sharp arguments presented badly.
However you, Cotta, are skilled at both!
All you lacked was a circle of listeners and
a jury. But I’ll respond to your criticisms
some other time. Let us now hear Lucilius
Balbus, if he is willing.”

3
 D e natura deorum

2. Tum Balbus: “Eundem equidem mallem

audire Cottam, dum qua eloquentia falsos
deos sustulit eadem veros inducat. Est enim
et philosophi et pontificis et Cottae de dis
inmortalibus habere non errantem et vagam
ut Academici sed ut nostri stabilem certam-
que sententiam. Nam contra Epicurum satis
superque dictum est; sed aveo audire tu ipse,
Cotta, quid sentias.”
“An” inquit “oblitus es quid initio dix-
erim, facilius me, talibus praesertim de rebus,
quid non sentirem, quam quid sentirem
posse dicere?

4
 O n the N ature of the G ods

2. Then Balbus spoke: “I would prefer to

hear Cotta further, if only he would por-
tray the true gods as eloquently as he has
exposed the false. A man like Cotta, who is
both a philosopher and a priest, should
have a vision of the immortal gods that isn’t
ambiguous and vague like the Academics
but instead sure and certain like what we
Stoics hold. We’ve heard enough and more
than enough to disprove the views of the
Epicureans. What I’d really like to hear from
you now, Cotta, are your own beliefs.”
“Surely,” Cotta said, “you haven’t for-
gotten what I said at the beginning of our
discussion, that it is much easier for me,
especially in matters such as these, to talk
about what I disbelieve rather than what I
believe.

5
 D e natura deorum

3. “Quod si haberem aliquid quod liqueret,

tamen te vicissim audire vellem, cum ipse
tam multa dixissem.”
Tum Balbus: “Geram tibi morem et agam
quam brevissume potero; etenim convictis
Epicuri erroribus longa de mea disputatione
detracta oratio est. Omnino dividunt nostri
totam istam de dis inmortalibus quaestio-
nem in partis quattuor. Primum docent esse
deos, deinde quales sint, tum mundum ab
his administrari, postremo consulere eos
rebus humanis. Nos autem hoc sermone,
quae priora duo sunt sumamus; tertium et
quartum, quia maiora sunt, puto esse in
aliud tempus differenda.”
“Minime vero” inquit Cotta “nam et oti-
osi sumus et his de rebus agimus, quae sunt
etiam negotiis anteponenda.”

6
 O n the N ature of the G ods

3. “But even if I had something definite to

say, I would much rather listen to you in
your turn, especially since I’ve already spo-
ken at length.”
Then Balbus replied: “Very well, I will
do as you ask as briefly as I can. Since the
errors of the Epicureans have already been
refuted at length, I can omit much of what
I was planning to say.
In general, we Stoics divide the whole
question of the immortal gods into four
parts: first, we teach that they exist; sec-
ond, we discuss their nature; third, we show
how they govern the universe; and finally,
we describe how they care about human af-
fairs. In this present discussion, I think we
should focus on the first two points and
leave aside the latter two for another time,
since they are so vast.”

7
 D e natura deorum

4. Tum Lucilius: “Ne egere quidem videtur”

inquit “oratione prima pars. Quid enim po­
test esse tam apertum tamque perspicuum,
cum caelum suspeximus caelestiaque con-
templati sumus, quam esse aliquod numen
praestantissimae mentis, quo haec regantur?
Quod ni ita esset, qui potuisset adsensu
omnium dicere Ennius ‘aspice hoc sublime
candens, quem invocant omnes Iovem’—
illum vero et Iovem et dominatorem rerum
et omnia motu regentem et, ut idem Ennius,
‘patrem divumque hominumque’ et prae-
sentem ac praepotentem deum? Quod qui
dubitet, haud sane intellego, cur non idem,
sol sit an nullus sit, dubitare possit.

8
 O n the N ature of the G ods

“I disagree,” said Cotta. “For we have

plenty of time and are concerned about
questions so important that they should
take precedence over any other business.”

4. “Very well,” said Balbus. “It seems to me

that the first point—­that the gods exist—­
scarcely needs discussing. For what could be
more clear and obvious when we gaze at the
sky and contemplate the heavens, than that
there is some divine power of surpassing
intelligence which rules over this realm? If
this weren’t true, how is it that everyone ap-
proves of the words of Ennius when he says

Look up at the shining firmament

which all call on as Jupiter

and not only as the god Jupiter but as lord

of the universe, a present and mighty god,

9
 D e natura deorum

5. “Qui enim est hoc illo evidentius? Quod

nisi cognitum conprehensumque animis ha-
beremus, non tam stabilis opinio permaneret
nec confirmaretur diuturnitate temporis nec
una cum saeclis aetatibusque hominum in-
veterare potuisset. Etenim videmus ceteras
opiniones fictas atque vanas diuturnitate
extabuisse. Quis enim hippocentaurum
fuisse aut Chimaeram putat, quaeve anus
tam excors inveniri potest quae illa quae
quondam credebantur apud inferos portenta

10
 O n the N ature of the G ods

who rules everything by his command? As

Ennius calls him:

the father of gods and men.2

I can hardly imagine how anyone doubts

this. If so, they might as well doubt the ex-
istence of the Sun!

5. “For how is the Sun’s existence more

obvious than that of God? If this idea of
the divine was not so clearly known and
planted in our minds, would it have en-
dured and become stronger as the centuries
passed? How could it have become more
steadfast with every succeeding age and
generation of humanity? We see that other
vain and false beliefs have passed away with
time. Who now believes that hippocentaurs
or the Chimaera ever existed?3 Is there any

11
 D e natura deorum

extimescat? Opinionis enim commenta delet

dies, naturae iudicia confirmat.
Itaque et in nostro populo et in ceteris
deorum cultus religionumque sanctitates ex-
istunt in dies maiores atque meliores.

6. “Idque evenit non temere nec casu, sed

quod et praesentes saepe di vim suam declar-
ant, ut et apud Regillum bello Latinorum,
cum A. Postumius dictator cum Octavio
Mamillio Tusculano proelio dimicaret, in
nostra acie Castor et Pollux ex equis pugnare
visi sunt, et recentiore memoria idem Tyn-
daridae Persem victum nuntiaverunt. P.
enim Vatinius avus huius adulescentis cum
e praefectura Reatina Romam venienti noctu
duo iuvenes cum equis albis dixissent regem

12
 O n the N ature of the G ods

ignorant old woman left who still believes

in the monsters of the underworld which
people once feared? Time erases false be-
liefs, but confirms the judgments of nature.
The result is that among our own people as
with others, the worship of the gods and the
observance of sacred rites grows stronger
and more perfect as time passes.

6. “This doesn’t happen randomly nor by

chance, but because the gods themselves
often make their power known to us. For
example, in our war with the Latin League
at Lake Regillus, when the dictator Aulus
Postumius was battling Octavius Mamilius
of Tusculum, Castor and Pollux appeared
on horseback on the front lines with our
soldiers.4 More recently these divine sons of
Tyndareus appeared to announce the defeat
of Perses. Publius Vatinius, the grandfather

13
 D e natura deorum

Persem illo die captum, <cum> senatui

nuntiavisset, primo quasi temere de re pu-
blica locutus in carcerem coniectus est, post
a Paulo litteris allatis cum idem dies consti-
tisset, et agro a senatu et vacatione donatus
est. Atque etiam cum ad fluvium Sagram
Crotoniatas Locri maximo proelio devicis-
sent, eo ipso die auditam esse eam pugnam
ludis Olympiae memoriae proditum est.
Saepe Faunorum voces exauditae, saepe
visae formae deorum quemvis aut non
hebetem aut impium deos praesentes esse
confiteri coegerunt.

14
 O n the N ature of the G ods

of our young contemporary, was traveling

to Rome by night from his magistracy at
Reate when two young men dressed in
white told him that Perses had been cap-
tured that very day.5 When Vatinius an-
nounced this to the Senate, he was thrown
into jail for making reckless claims about
state business. But afterward a letter arrived
from Aemilius Paulus confirming victory
on that very day, so that the Senate gave
Vatinius a grant of public land and special
privileges. As another example, when the
Locrians soundly defeated the army of the
Crotons at the Sagra River, the outcome of
the battle, it is said, was heard at the games
in Olympia on that same day.6 Oftentimes
voices of fauns have been heard and appa-
ritions of the gods have been seen so that
anyone who is not a fool or impious would
have to admit that the gods were present.

15
 D e natura deorum

7. “Praedictiones vero et praesensiones

rerum futurarum quid aliud declarant nisi
hominibus ea quae sint ostendi, monstrari,
portendi, praedici, ex quo illa ostenta, mon-
stra, portenta, prodigia dicuntur. Quod si
ea ficta credimus licentia fabularum, Mop-
sum, Tiresiam, Amphiaraum, Calchantem,
Helenum (quos tamen augures ne ipsae
quidem fabulae adscivissent, si res omnino
repudiarent), ne domesticis quidem exem-
plis docti numen deorum conprobabimus?
Nihil nos P. Clodi bello Punico primo te-
meritas movebit, qui etiam per iocum deos
inridens, cum cavea liberati pulli non pas-
cerentur, mergi eos in aquam iussit, ut bib-
erent, quoniam esse nollent? Qui risus classe
devicta multas ipsi lacrimas, magnam po-
pulo Romano cladem attulit. Quid collega
eius, <L.> Iunius, eodem bello nonne tem-
pestate classem amisit, cum auspiciis non

16
 O n the N ature of the G ods

7. “Then there is the evidence of prophecies

and premonitions of things to come. These
are proof that the future is being revealed,
shown, portended, and foretold to human-
ity, thus they are called revelations, signs,
portents, and predictions. Even if we be-
lieve the ancient stories of Mopsus, Teire-
sias, Amphiaraus, Calchas, and Helenus are
mere fictions and fables—­ although their
powers would not have been recognized
in fiction unless they had some foundation
in fact—­will we as learned men dismiss ev-
idence of divine powers if it is from our
own recent history?7 Won’t we learn from
the outrageous behavior of Publius Clau-
dius in the First Punic War? He mocked the
gods as a joke, for when the chickens were
released from their cages and refused to eat,
he ordered them thrown into the sea, say-
ing they could drink instead. But that jest

17
 D e natura deorum

paruisset? Itaque Clodius a populo condem-

natus est, Iunius necem sibi ipse conscivit.

8. “C. Flaminium Coelius religione ne-

glecta cecidisse apud Transumenum scribit
cum magno rei publicae vulnere. Quorum
exitio intellegi potest eorum imperiis rem
publicam amplificatam, qui religionibus
paruissent.
Et si conferre volumus nostra cum ex-
ternis, ceteris rebus aut pares aut etiam in-
feriores reperiemur, religione, id est cultu
deorum, multo superiores.

18
 O n the N ature of the G ods

led to a great defeat for the fleet of Claudius

and a disaster for the Roman people. And
didn’t his colleague Lucius Junius in the
same war lose his ships in a storm because
he neglected the auspices?8 In the end Clau-
dius was condemned by the Roman people
and Junius committed suicide.

8. “Coelius records that Gaius Flaminius

perished at Trasimene because he neglected
religious observances, resulting in grave
danger to the Roman Republic.9 The fate
of these men helps us understand that the
good of our country was increased when
these generals followed religious practices.
Now, if we compare ourselves to other
nations, we will find ourselves equal or even
inferior in some respects—­but not in reli-
gion, that is, the worship of the gods, in
which we are far superior.

19
 D e natura deorum

9. “An Atti Navi lituus ille, quo ad investi-

gandum suem regiones vineae terminavit,
contemnendus est? Crederem, nisi eius au-
gurio rex Hostilius maxima bella gessisset.
Sed neglegentia nobilitatis augurii disci-
plina omissa veritas auspiciorum spreta est,
species tantum retenta; itaque maximae rei
publicae partes, in is bella quibus rei publi-
cae salus continetur, nullis auspiciis admin-
istrantur, nulla peremnia servantur, nulla
ex acuminibus, nulli viri vocantur, ex quo
in procinctu testamenta perierunt; tum enim
bella gerere nostri duces incipiunt, cum aus-
picia posuerunt.

20
 O n the N ature of the G ods

9. “Or should we laugh at the augural staff

of Attus Navius, who used it to trace out
the sections of his vineyard to find his lost
pig?10 I would believe laughter justified ex-
cept that King Tullus Hostilius called on
his services as an augur before he waged
great wars. But nowadays our leaders have
abandoned the art of augury and no longer
believe in the truth auspices teach, continu-
ing only the empty forms. And so the great-
est affairs of state, including the wars that
ensure our safety, are conducted without
taking the auspices. We no longer call on the
gods when crossing rivers nor when our
spears flash nor when men are called up for
service. Soldiers no longer write their wills
before going into battle and generals wage
war without first conducting the auspices.

21
 D e natura deorum

10. “At vero apud maiores tanta religionis

vis fuit, ut quidam imperatores etiam se
ipsos dis inmortalibus capite velato verbis
certis pro re publica devoverent. Multa ex
Sibyllinis vaticinationibus, multa ex harus-
picum responsis commemorare possum
quibus ea confirmentur, quae dubia nemini
debent esse. Atqui et nostrorum augurum
et Etruscorum haruspicum disciplinam P.
Scipione C. Figulo consulibus res ipsa
probavit. quos cum Ti. Gracchus consul
iterum crearet, primus rogator, ut eos rettu-
lit, ibidem est repente mortuus. Gracchus
cum comitia nihilo minus peregisset rem-
que illam in religionem populo venisse sen-
tiret, ad senatum rettulit. Senatus quos ad
soleret, referendum censuit. Haruspices
introducti responderunt non fuisse iustum
comitiorum rogatorem.

22
 O n the N ature of the G ods

10. “Truly the power of religious feelings

was so strong in the past that some of our
generals even devoted themselves to the im-
mortal gods, with heads veiled and formal
prayers recited, for the good of our coun-
try.11 I could recount many examples of
Sibylline prophecies or words from sooth-
sayers, the fulfillment of which no one
ought to doubt. But instead let me remind
you of the truth of augury and the divine
power of Etruscan soothsayers by recalling
the events that occurred in the consulship
of Publius Scipio and Gaius Figulus.12
Tiberius Gracchus was presiding over
their election during his second consulship
when suddenly the senior voting official
dropped dead just as he was announcing
their names. Gracchus nonetheless went
through with the election. Later he realized

23
 D e natura deorum

11. “Tum Gracchus, ut e patre audiebam,

incensus ira: ‘Itane vero, ego non iustus,
qui et consul rogavi et augur et auspicato?
an vos Tusci ac barbari auspiciorum populi
Romani ius tenetis et interpretes esse co-
mitiorum potestis?’ Itaque tum illos exire
iussit. Post autem e provincia litteras ad
collegium misit, se cum legeret libros recor-
datum esse vitio sibi tabernaculum captum
fuisse hortos Scipionis, quod, cum pome-
rium postea intrasset habendi senatus causa,

24
 O n the N ature of the G ods

that the unusual proceedings had troubled

the religious sensibilities of the common
people, so he referred the matter to the Sen-
ate. The Senate then referred it to the usual
religious officers for consideration. These
Etruscan soothsayers responded that the in-
correct appointment of the official who had
died made the elections invalid.

11. “My own father told me that Gracchus

was furious at this ruling and shouted:
‘What? How could I have been out of order
when I myself, being both consul and
augur, had taken the proper auspices? Are
you barbaric Etruscans really going to be
the arbiters of what is right concerning the
auspices of the Roman people and what
is valid in how we conduct our elections?’
Then he threw them out of the Senate
chambers. But afterward he sent a letter to

25
 D e natura deorum

in redeundo cum idem pomerium transiret

auspicari esset oblitus; itaque vitio creatos
consules esse. Augures rem ad senatum; se-
natus ut abdicarent consules; abdicaverunt.
Quae quaerimus exempla maiora: vir sa-
pientissimus atque haud sciam an omnium
praestantissimus peccatum suum, quod cel-
ari posset, confiteri maluit quam haerere
in re publica religionem, consules summum
imperium statim deponere quam id tenere
punctum temporis contra religionem.

26
 O n the N ature of the G ods

the College of Augurs from his province

stating that, after consulting the augural
books, he realized he had been mistaken in
choosing the Gardens of Scipio as the site
of his tent for taking the auspices before the
election. For he had subsequently crossed
the boundary of Rome to hold a meeting of
the Senate, then had omitted taking the aus-
pices at the city limit on his return journey.
Thus, he said, the election of the consuls
had been invalid. The augurs then sent word
to the Senate, which informed the elected
consuls, who immediately resigned.
Do we need a better example than this?
Here we have one of our wisest leaders,
perhaps the most eminent man of all, con-
fessing he had made a mistake—­which, by
the way, he could have easily concealed. But
he preferred to admit his behavior was

27
 D e natura deorum

12. “Magna augurum auctoritas; quid ha-

ruspicum ars nonne divina? Haec <et> in-
numerabilia ex eodem genere qui videat
nonne cogatur confiteri deos esse? Quorum
enim interpretes sunt, eos ipsos esse certe
necesse est; deorum autem interpretes sunt;
deos igitur esse fateamur. At fortasse non
omnia eveniunt, quae praedicta sunt. Ne
aegri quidem quia non omnes convalescunt,
idcirco ars nulla medicina est. Signa ostend-
untur a dis rerum futurarum; in his si qui
erraverunt, non deorum natura, sed homi-
num coniectura peccavit.

28
 O n the N ature of the G ods

wrong rather than allow a religious error to

harm the Republic. And the elected consuls
preferred to lay down the highest power
granted by the state rather than risk offend-
ing the gods.

12. “The authority of augurs is great; and

surely shouldn’t we grant that the art of
soothsayers is divine? Wouldn’t anyone
who acknowledges my previous examples
and countless others of the same sort have
to confess that the gods exist? Whenever
people employ spokesmen, those people
by necessity exist. The gods have spokes-
men, therefore we must agree that the gods
exist. Perhaps someone might say that not
all predictions turn out to be true. But we
wouldn’t say that because not all sick peo-
ple get better there is no art of medicine.

29
 D e natura deorum

Itaque inter omnis omnium gentium

summa constat; omnibus enim innatum est
et in animo quasi inscriptum esse deos.

13. “Quales sint, varium est, esse nemo

negat. Cleanthes quidem noster quattuor de
causis dixit in animis hominum informatas
deorum esse notiones, primam posuit eam,
de qua modo dixi, quae orta esset ex prae-
sensione rerum futurarum; alteram, quam
ceperimus ex magnitudine commodorum,
quae percipiuntur caeli temperatione, fe-
cunditate terrarum aliarumque commodi-
tatum complurium copia.

30
 O n the N ature of the G ods

The gods give us signs of things yet to come;

if some spokesman errs in interpreting
these, the fault lies not with the nature of
the gods but with human interpretation.
And so concerning this there is agree-
ment among all people of every nation. It
is, so to speak, engraved from birth in the
hearts of us all that the gods exist.

13. “Concerning what the gods are like,

there are many opinions—­but no one de-
nies that they exist. Cleanthes of our Stoic
tradition said there are four ways in which
the nature of the gods is made known to
our souls.13 The first, which I just now dis-
cussed, arises from the foreknowledge of
future events. The second, we perceive from
the abundant benefits that come to us from
our temperate climate, the fertility of the
Earth, and many other blessings.

31
Another random document with
no related content on Scribd:
 CHAPTER V.
THE NAVAL BRIGADE LANDS.

W HEN I went on deck the following morning, I found that the

steam-pinnace had towed the Flying-fish to an anchorage in
the roadstead not many cable lengths from the Rattler. I at once
observed the strong resemblance she bore to the Snapping Turtle,
and I no longer felt surprise at the mistake Mr. Osborne had made at
Santiago de Cuba.
Mr. Thompson was standing by the taffrail narrowly observing her
through a telescope.
“I should like to see a race between her and the Snapping Turtle,
sir,” I said to him. “I’m not surprised the Yankee skipper was so keen
on it, for they’re wonderfully alike in build and rig.”
“Indeed they are,” answered the lieutenant; “one might almost call
them twin-vessels. The main difference is that the American’s masts
rake more.”
“It’s a curious thing about the cargo having been all taken out of
the Flying-fish, sir; and by all accounts it’s a valuable one.”
The gunnery lieutenant turned and looked at me keenly.
“You young rascal,” he said, “you’re trying to pump me; but you do
it in such a clumsy way that I can’t help seeing through you.”
I felt rather confused.
“Well, sir,” I said, “I do hope that I may be allowed to go on the
expedition up country if it is true that a force is to be landed.”
“It will be no secret in an hour’s time, Darcy, so I may as well tell
you that to-morrow morning a naval brigade is to be landed in order
to hunt down the mutineers and rebels; and I think there is a very fair
chance of your being able to go. The captain, I believe, has
permission from the captain-general to take any steps he may think
necessary to bring the delinquents to justice.”
I begged the gunnery lieutenant, who had always shown me great
kindness, to try to get me appointed to the expedition, and he
promised to use his influence in that direction. I then ran off to the
sick-bay to see my friend Charlie and tell him the news, which I felt
sure he had not as yet heard. I found him much better; and the
surgeon, who was just leaving the sick-bay as I entered, told me that
I need have no fear as to his recovery.
This was very good news; but I found that I had been forestalled
as news-carrier by Dr. Grant, and that Charlie was as well informed
on the subject of the expedition as I was myself.
“It’s jolly hard lines that I can’t go, old chap,” he said to me; “but
the surgeon says I must be on the broad of my back and nurse this
wretched old head of mine for some time to come. Pleasant
prospect, eh?”
“I’m very sorry indeed,” I answered; “and you must try to console
yourself with the fact that you’ve still a head screwed tight and fast
on your shoulders. Poor Lobb had his taken off by a round-shot.”
“Oh, I’m as grateful as anything, of course, Jack; not only on my
own account, but because as an out-and-out patriot I have the best
interests of my country at heart. What an irreparable loss it would
have been to Great Britain if my brains had bespattered the battle-
field! National mourning for a fortnight, eh, and messages to my
bereaved relatives from the Queen and the other members of the
royal family, to say nothing of minute guns, half-mast flags, and a
tomb near Nelson’s in the crypt of St. Paul’s? By Jove! it makes me
quite excited to think of it.”
“Has Grant ordered you any soothing draught?” I asked, hunting
about with pretended anxiety amongst a whole brigade of medicine-
bottles that stood upon a table at my elbow.
“Yes; Mother Gimcrack’s soothing syrup!” said my chum with a
laugh. “Good for teething babes; and do you know, Jack”—this very
solemnly—“I lost two or three of my front teeth in that nasty
somersault I took yesterday. My beauty is gone for ever and ever!”
I had noticed the disfigurement my friend referred to, but had not
alluded to it for fear of hurting his feelings.
“There is always a silver lining to the cloud,” continued Charlie
more cheerfully. “That rascal of a gunroom steward won’t be able to
palm off on me any longer his wofully tough salt horse and brickbat
biscuit. No; he’ll have to feed me on a special diet of Brand’s beef
jelly, Benger’s food, turtle soup, and jams of all sorts, varied
occasionally by oysters (real natives of course), tipsy cake, and fruit
jellies. Not a bad idea, eh? I’ll give you a tuck-in now and again,
Jack, as you’re a good chum to me!”
“Thanks, awfully!” I said; “but I’m certain the steward would rather
go to the expense of buying you a new set of teeth from a London
dentist, than feed you up on all the delicacies of the season for the
rest of the commission. Now I’m certain you oughtn’t to talk any
more, Charlie, so I’m going to make myself scarce; and you must try
to sleep till dinner-time, when I shall come and see you again.”
Half an hour later the Rattler was a scene of great excitement, for
orders had gone forth that immediate preparations were to be made
for landing a powerful naval brigade. I was very quickly caught up in
the whirl of excitement, for Ned Burton, the coxswain of my boat,
came hurrying to me to say that he had received orders from the first
lieutenant to get the second cutter in readiness to assist in landing
men, stores, and ammunition.
“It’s to be a picked force, sir,” said the seaman in conclusion, “and
I’m glad to say that we’re both detailed for service.”
“I’m delighted to hear it,” I answered, “for I was half afraid that
midshipmen would be excluded. When do we land, Ned?”
“I think in the evening, sir, so as to be ready for a start in the
morning. We can’t take no field-guns, more’s the pity, for they say
the country is a sight too hilly for anything but mountain guns.”
“How about the commissariat, ammunition, tents, and so forth?” I
asked; “we shall require transport animals of some kind.”
 “I believe the Spanish Government is going to let us have a lot of
mules that are accustomed to that sort of work,” said my coxswain.
“Oh, we shall pig it out somehow, I dare say,” I exclaimed with a
laugh, “and it would be rather fun to rough it a bit.”
That evening we occupied the fort in force. The dead had been
buried at an early hour in the morning, and so there was little or no
trace of the struggle that had taken place so recently, except in the
fort itself, where the dismounted and spiked guns told their own tale.
In all we numbered one hundred officers and men, well supplied with
all that was necessary for a short campaign. At the time of my story,
machine-guns had not been invented, and that underhand weapon
of warfare, the torpedo, was unknown. A few of the former would
have been extremely serviceable to our brigade on this occasion; but
still we were extremely well armed in accordance with the ideas of
that day, each man being supplied with a breech-loading rifle, a
cutlass which could be used as a sword-bayonet if necessary, and a
revolver. An ammunition-pouch, a blanket, a water-bottle, and a pair
of leggings for each man completed the equipment, nothing being
showy, but everything extremely serviceable.
As before, Mr. Thompson was appointed to command the brigade,
as he had had a great deal of experience in shore-going expeditions
in a previous commission on the west coast of Africa. Two
lieutenants, the captain of marines, Dr. Grant, four sub-lieutenants,
the gunner, Fitzgerald, and myself made up the list of officers; and
about seventy picked blue-jackets and twenty marines composed the
rank-and-file. No commanding officer could have wished for finer
men. Not only was their physique splendid, but they were tried,
trustworthy fellows who had all seen service on previous occasions,
and could be relied on to do their duty in the direst emergency.
Tenacious bull-dogs! that’s what they were. It would be impossible
to describe them better in a couple of words.
 CHAPTER VI.
“COLD PIG” AND “SLING THE MONKEY.”

I WAS effectually roused from my slumbers on the following

morning by the shrill bugle-calls which the drummer seemed to
take a delight in blowing as near the gunroom tent as possible. On
murderous thoughts intent, and clad in very scanty apparel,
Fitzgerald and I made a desperate sortie, one carrying a huge bath-
sponge saturated with water, and the other a well-knotted towel.
“What a lark!” exclaimed Fitzgerald, capering about with delight;
“cold pig for the drummer, and a lambasting afterwards to warm him
up and prevent any possibility of his catching cold whilst so far away
from his mammy’s protecting care!”
Dawn had scarcely broken, and it was almost dark outside the tent
and rather unpleasantly chilly. The bugle-calls had ceased, but we
thought we distinguished the drummer some yards away just upon
the point of raising his instrument of torture to his lips again.
“I’ll put a stopper on his little game,” said Fitzgerald hastily to me.
“Ready! present! fire!” and he hurled the heavy sponge with
admirable aim straight at the dusky little figure; whilst I darted
forward with a sort of Red Indian war-whoop, waving the knotted
towel over my head.
The sponge landed with a splosh full upon the head of the
individual it was intended for, and the latter staggered and gave a
shout of dismay and disgust as the highly-unpleasant projectile came
into contact with him.
“Good shot!” I cried exultingly. The next moment I recoiled in
horror, and Fitzgerald turned deadly pale, for we recognized in our
unlucky victim the short but sturdy Mr. Triggs, the gunner, who, being
a very early riser, had taken it into his head to emerge from his tent
and endeavour to make out the Rattler through a pair of night-
glasses. How would he take our explanation that we had mistaken
him for the drummer-boy tooting on a bugle?
Before we had time to think or apologize for our mistake, the
sponge was sent hurtling back through the air by the muscular arm
of Mr. Triggs. I was relieved to see that it was aimed at the real
delinquent, Fitzgerald, and not at me.
“O you mischievous middies!” shouted the gunner, running
towards us; “you’re always up to some tomfoolery or other!”
Fitzgerald saw the sponge flying towards him, and tried to dodge
it, but as ill luck would have it trod with his bare foot upon a sharp
stone. The pain was so great that it brought him to the ground; but in
trying to save himself he threw out his arms and they unfortunately
encountered me, and I felt myself seized in a grip which there was
no shaking off. In a moment we were both sprawling upon the
ground, arms and legs inextricably mixed up in a sort of “limb hotch-
potch.”
The gunner, chuckling with delight at our misadventure, now came
running up, his hair and face dripping from the effects of his lately-
inflicted “cold pig.”
“If I don’t pay you youngsters out, my name ain’t Timothy Triggs!”
he exclaimed; “and ’tis a grand opportunity I’ve got,” and so saying
he snatched the knotted towel out of my hand, and began
belabouring us both with it with remarkable muscular energy.
“Stop, stop, stop!” I yelled; “we mistook you for the drummer, and
are awfully sorry, Mr. Triggs!”
Whack, whack, whack! The blows fell with wonderful regularity and
with marvellous impartiality, first on Fitzgerald and then on me.
All this time the gunner was chuckling with suppressed laughter,
for he was thoroughly enjoying the joke, being at heart a most good-
natured man.
“You can just imagine you’re playing ‘sling the monkey,’” he
exclaimed; “’tis a right good game and no mistake!”
 Fitzgerald and I, however, had by this time managed to
disentangle our arms and legs, and we were on our feet again in a
moment. We did not at all appreciate this novel kind of “sling the
monkey.”
“Is that the enemy coming over the hill?” I exclaimed in an alarmed
voice, and pointing away to the rising ground which, beyond the
confines of the fort, rose steep and dark against the primrose-tinted
sky.
Mr. Triggs promptly turned his head to look, and in an instant I had
snatched the towel from his hand.
“Cut and run, Fitz!” I cried; “I thought I’d gammon him,” and so
saying I fled precipitately in the direction of the gunroom tent, my
brother-middy hobbling after me as fast as his wounded foot would
allow.
Mr. Triggs, however, did not attempt to give chase, feeling, I
suppose, that his skylarking days—now that he was on the shady
side of fifty—were over. So the worthy warrant-officer contented
himself with keeping up a hot and strong running fire of anathemas
upon us as long as we remained in sight.
“The bath-sponge, Fitz, the bath-sponge!” I gasped out, as I ran
panting into the tent and flung myself upon the ground, which formed
the only flooring.
“By Jove! I forgot all about it,” said my hobbling messmate; “I hope
old Triggs won’t appropriate it.”
At that moment the real drummer-boy passed our tent whistling a
merry air.
I promptly stopped him.
“Do you mind seeing, like a good fellow, if there’s a bath-sponge
lying just over there by that tent?” I said.
“All right, sir, I’ll have a look,” answered the drummer-boy, good-
naturedly, and off he went.
In a minute or two he returned with it.
 “Here you are, sir. Been playing Aunt Sally with it, I suppose?”
“No, Uncle Triggs,” I said laughingly. “You’ve had an awfully
narrow escape, bugler, only you don’t know it. I should strongly
advise you not to come near the gunroom tent in the early morning,
for Mr. Fitzgerald there always gets a violent attack of homicidal
mania about that time.”
An hour later the tents were struck and we had started on our
march up country to the tune of “Rule Britannia,” played with
tremendous energy by our fife-and-drum band.
Little did I anticipate what was before me—such adventures as
even in my wildest dreams had not occurred to my mind.
 CHAPTER VII.
NED AND THE MULE-DRIVER.

W E had two sets of native auxiliaries. One consisted of a fine lot

of Spanish baggage-mules, strong hardy beasts, thoroughly
acclimatized, and remarkably sure-footed; and the other a little bevy
of guides, interpreters, and spies, without whose aid we could have
accomplished little or nothing, for we were entirely ignorant of the
country we were about to traverse, and our knowledge of Spanish
was confined to about a dozen words or so.
The spies, some of whom were negroes and the others half-
castes, assured us that they had tracked the mutineers for some
distance, and were well acquainted with the route they had taken,
which was a beaten track leading straight into the interior. These
swarthy fellows also asserted that a body of insurgents had
accompanied the lawless crew of the Flying-fish in their retreat. We
questioned them as to any knowledge they might have acquired with
regard to the whereabouts of the valuable cargo which it was the
object of our expedition to recover. About that they declared that they
knew nothing whatever, although they confessed to having heard
rumours that large bodies of men were passing and repassing
between the shores of the creek and the spurs of the inland hills
during the whole of the day before the Rattler’s arrival upon the
scene.
“’Tis a good thing we’ve no field-guns and limber-waggons with
us,” said Ned Burton to me as we marched along; “they’d have
delayed us terribly, and prevented our making forced marches.”
“You think we’ll soon come up with them then?” said I. “For my
own part I hope the fun won’t be over too soon. If we returned
victorious in a couple of days, the fellows left on board would be sure
to jeer at us, and say we had only gone for a sort of picnic into the
mountains.”
 “Ah, ’twill take more than a couple of days even under the most
favourable circumstances,” answered Ned. “I take it these merchant-
service fellows haven’t got marching-legs, so to speak, and are
perhaps encumbered with wounded men, but still they’ve got a pretty
fair start, you see, and that ain’t a thing to be sneezed at.”
“The difficulty will be to find where they have hidden away the
booty,” I said; “no doubt the insurgents have put them up to a wrinkle
or two, knowing every inch of the country as they do.”
“Doesn’t the Rattler look jolly?” exclaimed an enthusiastic voice at
my elbow.
I turned and beheld Fitzgerald, who still had a slight limp as a
legacy from the morning’s fracas.
“Poor old ‘hop-and-go-one,’ what’s he trying to say?” I asked in a
jocose tone, and clapping him on the shoulder rather harder than
was altogether necessary.
“‘Do you bite your thumb at me, sir?’” demanded Fitzgerald,
tapping his sword-hilt with his left hand, and trying hard but very
unsuccessfully not to laugh.
“‘I do bite my thumb, sir,’” I answered promptly, and trying to put on
a swashbuckler air; “but I need not say that I should infinitely prefer
to bite yours or even Mr. Triggs’s.”
“Then old ‘hop-and-go-one’ and old ‘hop-o’-my thumb’ would be
sworn chums for ever and ever,” laughed Fitzgerald; “but at this
moment I don’t want to fall out with you, honour bright! I want you to
look back at that magnificent view, and the dear old Rattler in the
middle of it. I never saw a more lovely picture!”
Fitz was an artist of no mean capacity, and I strongly suspected
that he had at that moment a paint-box and brushes in his pocket.
Hand-cameras would have enchanted him, but they had not then
been invented.
It certainly was a lovely view, and I felt grateful to my brother-
middy for calling my attention to it.
 We had been winding gradually along the summit of a low range of
hills, on the outermost spur of which was situated the fort we had just
evacuated. The gradient was upwards, though in no place steep,
and we had now reached a somewhat extensive plateau covered
with short springy sward. From this point of vantage we had a full
and extensive view of the winding tortuous creek; the hills, clad with
palm groves, which enclosed it; and the broad blue sea beyond,
glittering in the sunshine, and here and there barred with purple
cloud-shadows. For the primrose streaks of colour in the sky had
melted away as if by magic, and the glorious sun had recalled a
sleeping world to life. In the roadstead our beautiful frigate lay calmly
and serenely at anchor, her guns frowning from the portholes, and
her shapely hull and taut spars and rigging reflected with
extraordinary fidelity in the waters which appeared to sleep in the
warm rays of the sun. Astern lay the Flying-fish, which, though a
well-built vessel, lacked the trim appearance and impressiveness of
the British man-of-war. Above, the blue vault of heaven stretched
away into limitless infinity, its tint of deepest azure only broken here
and there by a few sluggishly-moving clouds and the white wings of
innumerable sea-gulls.
As we gazed admiringly at our floating home we saw the proud
white ensign slowly ascend to her gaff, drooping listlessly in the
stagnant air; and the distant strains of “God save the Queen” came
faintly to our ears through the still, clear atmosphere of a Cuban
early morning.
“Eight bells!” I cried. “If we were on board the old hooker, Fitz, we
should be just sitting down to eat salt-junk and swill gunroom catlap.”
“Instead of which we’re out upon the war-path,” said Fitzgerald,
“and, like Fenimore Cooper’s Indian braves, are dying to scalp the
enemy.”
A halt was called just at this moment on account of a stampede
amongst some of the baggage-mules.
The gunnery lieutenant, who was very anxious to push on and find
traces of the enemy, was exceedingly angry at this unlooked-for
delay.
 “Mr. Darcy,” he sang out to me, “ascertain at once the cause of
that stampede among the mules; and if it was due in any way to the
cruelty of the Spanish drivers, have the delinquents brought before
me, and I’ll give them a lesson they won’t forget in a hurry.”
I touched my cap and ran off to the rear to make inquiries,
expecting endless difficulties in having to conduct an investigation
with native mule-drivers who were most probably as ignorant of the
English language as I was of Spanish.
Meanwhile about a dozen of the mules were careering about wildly
in the neighbouring ravines, pursued by their shouting and
screaming owners. Some of the frightened animals had already rid
themselves of their burdens, and the ground was strewn with bags of
biscuit, preserved provisions, and cases of ammunition.
The worthy Mr. Triggs proved to be a friend in need to me, for on
reaching the spot where the main body of the baggage-animals was
collected, I found him firmly holding a swarthy Cuban by the scruff of
the neck and administering to another portion of his body some
hearty kicks.
“This is the rascal that caused all the mischief with the mules, Mr.
Darcy,” he exclaimed in rather breathless tones as I ran up. “The
cruel brute broke several sticks over the back of a poor mule that
had gone dead lame, and the wretched animal was in such pain and
so frightened that it broke away, and seems to have infected a lot of
the others with its terror.”
I promptly seized the culprit by one arm.
“You come along with me,” I said; “our chief is going to have you
tried by a drumhead court-martial, and perhaps shot, according to
the regulations of war.”
I do not know if the wretch understood what I was saying, but he
commenced to struggle and shout defiantly in his native tongue.
Mr. Triggs, however, seized him by the other arm in an iron grip,
and, in spite of his writhings and kickings, we hurried him forward to
the spot where the gunnery lieutenant was standing awaiting events.
 The gunner related to his superior in a few words how he had
caught the culprit in the very act of brutally ill-treating a helpless
lame mule.
“Is there an interpreter there?” demanded Mr. Thompson.
A respectable-looking elderly Spaniard stepped forward and took
off his sombrero with a sweeping bow.
“Be good enough to tell this fellow that he is a heartless cowardly
brute,” said the lieutenant sternly, and pointing to the still defiant-
looking mule-driver; “ask him what he means by such conduct.”
The Spaniard interpreted the officer’s words, but the culprit
obstinately and sullenly refused to answer a word.
“Where is the stick with which he belaboured the poor mule?”
demanded the gunnery lieutenant.
“Here it is, sir,” said Ned Burton, coming up at that moment with a
long, business-like cane in his hand.
“We’ll now give him a taste of what the poor mule felt,” said the
lieutenant. “A couple of you smart blue-jackets tie the fellow up to
that stump of a tree.”
The culprit resisted with all his strength, and attempted to bite,
scratch, and kick; but the two brawny seamen made short work of
his struggles, and soon had him securely lashed to the tree.
“One dozen,” said Mr. Thompson, nodding to Ned Burton
significantly.
My coxswain touched his cap, grinned, and rolled up his sleeve in
a workmanlike manner.
“Trust me to polish him off!” I heard him mutter to himself; “I can’t
abide them furriners that wreaks their bad temper on dumb animals
that can’t ’it you back agin—smother me if I can!”
As soon as the fellow’s flogging was over, he was turned out of the
camp and told that his services were no longer required. Then, the
scattered mules having been secured again, we once more set out
on our march towards the interior.
 The sun had now attained to a considerable altitude in the
heavens, and as there was an absence of wind, even upon the
heights, the heat and glare became intense. Not a single grumble
was heard, however, the men being much too gay and light-hearted
to care whether they were baked like salamanders or not. Our spirits
were kept up by the novelty and excitement of active service on
shore and the assurances of the guides that ere long we should
reach the outskirts of a forest, which it would be necessary to
traverse, and where plenty of shade would shield us from the sun’s
overpowering rays.
“Give me old Father Sol and an open country,” observed Ned
Burton to me, “in preference to jungle and the shade of trees. I’d
sooner chance a sunstroke than the ambush of a skulking enemy!”
“You think they may lie in wait for us,” I said. “If they do we shall
give them a drubbing.”
“I wouldn’t put it past them,” said my coxswain. “These Cubans, I
believe, are as wily as sarpents; and as to drubbing them and their
mutinous pals, it’s just a question of whether they’ve the sperrit to
meet us in the open or not. If they have, well, we shall just eat ’em
up. Trust the Rattler boys for an out-and-out shindy, Mr. Darcy.”
I was on the point of replying to my coxswain, when my attention
was entirely absorbed by the sudden apparition of a large and
compact cloud of horsemen emerging from behind some steep
scarped rocks immediately in front, and some four or five hundred
yards distant from the head of our column. They appeared to be
about to charge us.
“Cavalry, as I’m a living sinner!” exclaimed Ned, slipping a
cartridge into his rifle. “I’m jiggered if that don’t beat everything!”
It was certainly strange to find that the enemy had already secured
some mounted allies. It looked as if we should find this expedition no
child’s play—in fact, a great deal more like catching a Tartar.
“Prepare for cavalry!” thundered the gunnery lieutenant. “Keep
steady, men, and we’ll soon send them to the right about.”
 The horsemen were evidently provided with carbines, for as they
wheeled up into position they fired a wild volley at us, and then
dashed forward at full gallop straight in our direction.
 CHAPTER VIII.
“PREPARE FOR CAVALRY!”

T HE Rattler’s officers had reason to be proud of their little brigade

of seamen and marines. In this sudden emergency they were
calm, cool, and self-reliant. Their discipline and the celerity of their
movements were beyond praise. It was a severe test, and they came
out of it with flying colours.
As the enemy’s irregular cavalry came thundering down towards
us over the broken ground, we formed square, and, with loaded rifles
and fixed bayonets, stood ready to receive them. There was no time
to get the baggage-animals and native drivers into the centre of the
square, and so they were forced to remain huddled together in the
rear—a squad of marines being told off to guard them to the best of
their ability.
The horsemen seemed nothing daunted by our steadiness and
military formation, but swept on at a gallop. Two of their steeds,
however, stumbled badly on the rough ground and threw their riders,
after which they rushed away in the direction from which they had
come like mad creatures.
I was all excitement at the idea of this unexpected brush with the
enemy, and drew my loaded revolver from my belt. Ned Burton was
standing up just in front of me in the square, looking the essence of
determination and tenacious valour. The outer ranks were kneeling.
The rays of the tropical sun flashed on the serried lines of bayonets
and glinted on the less polished rifle barrels.
On came the cavalry with desperate bravery. Even on that rocky
ground they raised a cloud of dust. The horsemen had slung their
carbines and drawn their sabres, the blades of which flashed
ominously over their heads like the gleams of sheet lightning.
 “Give the swabs a volley,” muttered Ned Burton, “and we’ll empty
some of their saddles for ’em.”
At that very moment the order to fire was given.
Little tongues of flame and puffs of grey smoke darted from the
muzzles of the rifles defending one side of the square, and the crash
of a volley of musketry rang out into the air with almost deafening
effect. Amid it all I seemed to hear distinctly the thunder of the
chargers’ hoofs.
“Give them another volley!” shouted the gunnery lieutenant; and
darting about, hither and thither, amid the blinding, choking smoke,
we juniors repeated his order.
It was too late.
They were dashing horsemen these irregular cavaliers of the
enemy, for our steady, well-directed fire did not check them or smash
up their formation as we had expected. Though many of their
saddles had been emptied, a cheer of defiance arose from their
ranks as they dashed on into the curtain of smoke which enveloped
us, and which the sluggish air seemed powerless to disperse. When
they were almost upon us, their wings wheeled to right and left and
hurled themselves upon the two side faces of the square, while the
centre squadron dashed in upon the ranks where Ned Burton and I
were standing awaiting the onset.
“No more cartridges; it’s steel to steel!” said my coxswain grimly,
as he gripped his rifle firmly and prepared for the shock.
In another moment it came. Through the slowly-dispersing
vaporous smoke I saw the towering forms of the snorting chargers
and the fierce-looking, swarthy faces of their riders. Shouts of
defiance and rage arose on all sides, together with the angry clash of
steel as sabre and bayonet contended for the mastery, though these
sounds were almost drowned in the sharp stinging reports of the
revolvers brought into use at close quarters by the officers.
One naturally hesitates to speak of one’s own acts on an occasion
of this sort for fear of being thought egotistical; but being bound to
describe what actually occurred, I cannot avoid stating that I saved
my coxswain’s life on the occasion of this cavalry charge, and I am
very thankful that I had it in my power to do him that service.
It was a simple matter. Just at the point where Ned was standing
and forming part of the hedge of steel, the full brunt of the cavalry
charge seemed to fall, and for a few seconds I really almost feared
that the face of the square would be driven in. Certainly there was a
little disorder for a moment, and a swaying motion in the ranks which
told its own tale. However, it was only for a moment; for it is just at
these critical times that the tenacity of the British bull-dog comes into
play.
Amidst the hurly-burly of the mêlée I caught sight of Ned Burton
hard pressed by two horsemen. He seemed to have been brought to
his knees almost under the hoofs of one of the horses, while the two
horsemen were bending forward in their saddles and aiming terrific
blows at his head with their sabres. Ned was endeavouring to the
best of his ability to protect himself, but there was no doubt that he
was in great jeopardy.
My revolver was fortunately still loaded with three cartridges, and I
immediately took steady aim at the horseman nearest to Ned. No
bullet ever went truer, for it pierced the man’s heart, and he fell from
the saddle without even a groan and lay dead at my coxswain’s feet.
His steed, recognizing that there was no longer a restraining hand on
the bridle, took to his heels, and, with distended nostrils and wildly
tossed mane, galloped away from the battle-field.
Almost at the moment that I had accomplished this feat, the
charger of the other horseman was shot dead by one of our seamen,
and his rider was thrown to the ground with some violence. I instantly
rushed forward, seized the man, and demanded his surrender. Not
liking the look of my revolver, the barrel of which was within a couple
of inches of his temples, the fellow sullenly acquiesced, and I had
him disarmed and sent into the square under an escort. Ned had
nearly been crushed by the falling horse, but had fortunately
escaped with a few bruises.
The square remained unbroken. On three of its faces the
squadrons of horsemen had dashed like little whirlwinds, but in no
case had an entrance been forced. A fierce hand-to-hand struggle
had taken place for a few moments, but on every side our men were
triumphant. The cavalry charge was fairly repulsed, and as the
horsemen beat a hasty retreat they were terribly harassed by the
withering fire of our riflemen. We had not gone unscathed, however,
for one of our sub-lieutenants and a marine had been killed, and we
had one man seriously and three slightly wounded. In the volley from
their carbines the enemy had wasted their ammunition sadly, for not
a single shot took effect, all the casualties having occurred during
the hand-to-hand struggle. The enemy, we found, had suffered
severely, having lost eleven men killed outright and seven horses,
whilst we found upon the field eighteen wounded men, of whom five
or six were mortally injured. We had also secured half a dozen
prisoners, all of whom were Cuban insurgents. Needless to say, we
questioned these fellows closely; but they obstinately kept their lips
sealed and would divulge no secrets, though we tried to impress
upon them how foolish they were to league themselves with such
disreputable scoundrels as the mutineers of the Flying-fish.
The spot where this skirmish took place was not more than four
miles distant from the creek where we had landed, although any
view of the latter was shut out by an intervening ridge. We could see
the distant blue ocean stretching away to the horizon line, and dotted
here and there with the sails of passing vessels, but the Rattler and
the Flying-fish were invisible.
We at once told off a party to convey the wounded back to the
shores of the creek, that they might be taken on board the frigate as
quickly as possible. Mr. Triggs was placed in charge of this
detachment, which included the prisoners, and had orders to rejoin
the main body as expeditiously as he could, so that there might be
no delay.
A fatigue party was also told off to bury the dead—a mournful duty
which brings forcibly to one’s mind the horrors of warring with one’s
fellow-creatures.
Fitzgerald and I felt this most acutely, for we had lost a very dear
messmate, and it was part of our sad task to assist to lay him in his
narrow grave in this foreign land far from his home and kindred.
“It will break his mother’s heart,” said a mournful voice near us, as
we began to fill up the poor fellow’s last resting-place with the sand
which we had dug out.
I turned and saw that it was Dr. Grant who had spoken.
“You know her?” I said interrogatively.
The surgeon nodded assent. Then he quoted,—

“We laid him in the sleep that comes to all,

And left him to his rest and his renown.”