Ma. Catherine S.

Rosales II-Agoncillo

THE MUSCULAR SYSTEM

The human body contains more than 650 individual muscles which are attached to the skeleton, which provides the pulling power for us to move around. The main job of the muscular system is to provide movement for the body. The muscular system consist of three different types of muscle tissues : skeletal, cardiac, smooth. Each of these different tissues has the ability to contract, which then allows body movements and functions. There are two types of muscles in the system and they are the involuntary muscles, and the voluntary muscles. The muscle in which we are allow to control by ourselves are called the voluntary muscles and the ones we can? control are the involuntary muscles. The heart, or the cardiac muscle, is an example of involuntary muscle. Cardiac Muscle The cardiac muscles are the muscle of the heart itself. The cardiac muscle is the tissue that makes up the wall of the heart called myocardium. Also like skeletal muscles, the cardiac muscle is striated and contracts through sliding a filament method. However, it is different from other types of muscles because it forms branching fibers. Unlike the skeletal muscles, the cardiac muscle is attached together instead of being attached to the bone. Skeletal Muscle The skeletal makes up about 40% of an adults body weight. It has stripe-like markings or striations. The skeletal muscles are composed of long muscle fibers. Each of these muscle fibers is a cell containing several nuclei. The nervous system controls the contraction of the muscle. Many of skeletal muscle contractions are automatic. However, we can still control the action of the skeletal muscle because it is a voluntary muscle. Smooth Muscle Much of our internal organ is made up of smooth muscles. They are found in the urinary bladder, arteries and veins. Also the digestive tract is made up of smooth muscles well. The smooth muscles are controlled by the nervous system and hormones. We cannot consciously control the smooth muscle that is why it is called an involuntary muscle.

MUSCLES
Hallucis The hallux (plural, hallucis) are muscles pertaining to the big toe. The "extensor hallucis longus" are muscles used in extending the toe; the "flexor hallucis longus" are used in flexing it and moving it to the side. Adductor Muscles Abduction refers to movement of a limb away from the central line of the body or of a digit away from the axis of a limb. Muscles, then, that carry out this type of movement are called "abductor muscles." Adductor muscles move a limb toward the central line of the body or a digit toward the axis of a limb. It comes from the Latin word, "adductus," meaning "one that draws to". An adductor is also a muscle that closes the valves in a clam or other bivalve mollusk, but it isn't the one that snaps the human mouth shut. Anconeus Muscle The anconeus is a small, triangular muscle, which lies on the elbow joint and appears to be a continuation of the triceps brachii. It assists in extending the forearm and is supplied by a branch of the radial nerve.

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Adductor Longus The adductor longus is a long, triangular muscle that runs from the pubic bone to the femur. It functions to adduct, or move the thigh inward, and assists in flexing and rotating it to the side. Brachioradalis Muscle The brachioradalis connects the humerus (upper arm bone) to the radius (shortest lower arm bone) and aids in flexing the elbow. Calcaneal (Achilles) Tendon The calcaneal (or Achilles) tendon is the thickest and strongest in the human body and is about 15 cm in length. This tendon connects the calf muscle to the heel bone. It puts a spring in the step and helps one to stand on tiptoe. Unlike the other tendons in the body, though, it has no protective covering and is therefore very vulnerable to inflammation and injury. Even shoes which don't fit correctly can inflame or tear the tendon. The Greek warrior, Achilles, was the son of a sea goddess and of a mortal father. When he was a baby, his mother tried to make him immortal by dipping him in the River Styx. She held him by his heel, which never touched the water, becoming his only vulnerable spot. Years later, he died in the Trojan War when his enemy shot him in the heel with an arrow. Deltoid Muscles The deltoid is the triangular muscle of the shoulder that forms the rounded flesh of the outer part of the upper arm. It passes up and over the shoulder joint. The wide end of the triangle is attached to the shoulder blade (scapula) and the collarbone (clavicle). The apex of the triangle is attached to the upper arm bone (humerus), about halfway down its length. Its strongest point is the central section, which raises the arm sideways. The front and back parts of the muscle twist the arm. The ligaments which connect the muscles to the bone endings are called "deltoid ligaments." Deltoid comes from the Greek word "deltoeides," meaning shaped like a (river) delta. Pubic Symphysis The pubic symphysis is a cartilage-like articulation between the pubic bones. It is a slightly movable joint that contains three ligaments: the superior pubic, the arcuate pubic and the interpubic disk. Extensor Retinaculum A structure called the "extensor retinacula" consists of a group of heavy connective fibers in the tissues of the wrist. It connects the lateral margin of the radius (shorter forearm bone) with the inside border of the ulna (longer forearm bone) and with certain bones of the wrist. The retinaculum gives off branches of connective tissue to the underlying wrist bones, creating a series of sheath-like compartments through which the tendons of the extensor muscles pass to the wrist and fingers. As in the case of the wrist, the tissue formations in various regions of the ankle is thickened to form retinacula. Toward the front, for example, extensor retinacula connect the tibia and fibula (lower leg bones) as well as the calcaneus (Achilles tendon) and tissue of the sole of the foot. These retinacula form sheaths for tendons crossing the front of the ankle. Extensor Muscles Muscle extension occurs when the angle between the bones is increased - as when the forearm is aligned with the arm. An "extensor", then, is any muscle serving to extend a bodily part (usually a limb) away from the body or when a digit is extended from its base.

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Abdominal Oblique Muscles The "external abdominal oblique muscle" lies on the sides and front of the abdomen and is the largest and the most superficial of the three flat muscles in this area. It is broad, thin and irregularly four-sided and occupies the lateral walls of the abdomen, stretching across to the front. Both sides, acting together, flex the vertebral column by drawing the pubis toward the xiphoid process (the smallest of the three parts of the breastbone). One side also bends the vertebral column sideways and rotates it, bringing the shoulder of that side forward. The "internal abdominal oblique muscle" is also irregularly four-sided in form and lies under the external oblique muscle. Both sides, acting together, flex the vertebral column, drawing cartilages down toward the pubis. One side acting alone bends the vertebral column sideways, rotating it to bring the shoulder of the opposite side forward. Both of the abdominal oblique muscles work to compress abdominal contents, assist in the digestive process and in forced expiration. Posterior Thigh Muscles The "gluteus maximus" is the strongest muscle in the body and covers a large part of the buttock. It connects the ilium, sacrum, and coccyx to the femur by tissues of the thigh and acts to extend the thigh. The gluteus maximus causes the leg to straighten at the hip when a person walks, runs, or climbs. It is also used to raise the body from a sitting position. The "gluteus medius" is partly covered by the gluteus maximus. Its fibers extend from the ilium to the femur, and they function to move the thigh out and rotate it medially. The "gluteus minimus" lies beneath the gluteus medius and is its companion in attachments and functions. The "tensor fasciae latae" connects the ilium to the tissues of the thigh, which continues downward to the tibia (bone in the lower leg). This muscle functions to abduct and flex the thigh and to rotate it. Flexor Muscles A flexor muscle is one which decreases the angle between two bones, as in bending the arm at the elbow; raising the leg toward the stomach as in kicking a football; or bringing the lower leg up toward the thigh. Another flexor muscle will bring the thumb across the palm of the hand. A "dorsiflexior" is used for the movement at the ankle joint in trying to bring the foot in proximity to the leg. Flexor Retinaculum Posteriorly, on the inside, a "flexor retinaculum" runs between the medial malleolus (network of nerve tissues and muscle around the ankle) and the calcaneus (Achilles tendon) and forms sheaths for tendons passing beneath the foot. "Peroneal retinacula" connect the lateral malleolus and the calcaneus, providing sheaths for tendons on the outside of the ankle. There is a corresponding flexor retinaculum in the wrist and palm of the hand. Galea Aponeurotica The "galea aponeurotica" is a long-winded word for the muscle which covers the upper part of the cranium (skull). Its attachment to the frontal and occipital bellies (muscles on the brow at the front and on the upper back of the head) allows it to move the scalp freely over the underlying skull bone. The occipital and frontal bellies work together with this muscle to draw back the scalp, raise the eyebrows, and wrinkle the forehead in an expression of surprise. Gracilis Muscle The "gracilis" is a long, straplike muscle that passes from the pubic bone to the tibia in the lower leg. It functions to adduct the thigh and to flex and rotate the leg medially at the knee.

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Iliotibial Tract At the border of the gluteus maximus the "gluteal aponeurosis" splits to enclose the muscle. Here, the thin external layer of this tissue (called the "gluteal fascia") is closely bound to the superficial fascia and the muscle, and it sends divisions down between the large bundles of the muscle. The muscular fasciculi end in a broad tendon, which becomes fused with more tissue in what is known as the "iliotibial tract." Connective Tissue An individual skeletal muscle is separated from adjacent muscles and held in place by layers of fibrous connective tissues call "fascia." This connective tissue surrounds each muscle and may project beyond the end of its muscle fibers to form a cordlike "tendon". Fibers in a tendon intertwine to attach the fibers of the muscle to the bone. In other cases, the fascia associated with a muscle may form broad, fibrous sheets called "aponeuroses," which may be attached to the coverings of the adjacent muscles. The layer of fascia that closely surrounds a skeletal muscle is called the "epimysium". Other layers of fascia, called the "perimysium," extend inward from the skeletal muscle and separate the tissue into small compartments which contain bundles of bones muscle fibers called "fascicles". Each muscle fiber within a fascicle is surrounded by a layer of fascia in the form of a thin, delicate covering; so, all parts of a skeletal muscle are wrapped in layers of fascia, allowing the parts to have independent movement. Many nerves and blood vessels pass through the layers as well. \ Evertor Muscle The "peroneus longus" is the evertor muscle, meaning to turn the sole of the foot outward. It is a long, straplike muscle located on the outside of the lower leg. It connects the tibia and the fibula (the lower leg bones) to the foot by means of a stout tendon that passes behind the lateral malleolus (network of nerves and muscles around the ankle). It functions in eversion of the foot, assists in plantar flexion (moving it downward), and helps support the arch of the foot. The corresponding muscle in the hand and forearm is called the "peroneus brevis" muscle. Plantaris Muscle The plantaris muscle is a weak flexor of the leg at the knee joint and a plantar flexor of the foot at the ankle joint. It is a rudimentary muscle, which is sometimes compared to the one in the forearm. (See "palmaris longus") Sartorius Muscle The sartorius is the longest muscle in the body. It is narrow and ribbon-like and stems from the iliac spine and the upper half of the notch below it. It slants across the front of the upper thigh from the side to the middle and then descends vertically to the knee. It ends in a tendon that expands to be inserted into the surface of the body of the tibia (leg bone). The sartorius flexes, abducts (moves away from the body), and rotates the thigh sideways at the hip. It also flexes the leg at the knee joint and rotates it slightly after flexing. These actions draw the lower extremities into a sitting position and place the heel of one foot on the knee of the other. This is sometimes called a "tailor's position". Semispinalis Capitis The semispinalis capitis muscle is a broad, sheetlike muscle extending up from the vertebrae in the neck and thorax to the occipital bone. It functions to extend the head, bend it to one side, and rotate it. Splenius Capitis The splenius capitis is a broad, straplike muscle located in the back of the neck. It connects the base of the skull to the vertebrae in the neck and upper thorax. One acting singly causes the head to rotate and bend toward one side; together, these muscles bring the head into an upright position. Sternocleidomastoid Muscle The sternocleidomastoid is a long muscle in the side of the neck that extends up from the thorax to the base of the skull behind the ear. When the sternocleidomastoid on one side contracts, the face is turned to the opposite side. When both muscles contract, the head is bent toward the chest. If the immovable

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end is fixed in position by other muscles, it can raise the sternum (breastbone) - an action which aids in forceful inhalation of air.

Joints
There are three types of joints: immovable, partly movable, and synovial. Immovable joints, like those connecting the cranial bones, have edges that tightly interlock. Partly movable joints allow some degree of flexibility and usually have cartilage between the bones; example: vertebrae. Synovial joints permit the greatest degree of flexibility and have the ends of bones covered with a connective tissue filled with synovial fluid; example: hip. The outer surface of the synovial joints contains ligaments that strengthen joints and hold bones in position. The inner surface (the synovial membrane) has cells producing synovial fluid that lubricates the joint and prevents the two cartilage caps on the bones from rubbing together. Some joints also have tendons (connective tissue linking muscles to bones). Bursae are small sacs filled with synovial fluid that reduce friction in the joint. The knee joint contains 13 bursae.

Types of Joint
A joint is the point where two or more bones meet. There are three main types of joints; Fibrous (immoveable), Cartilagenous (partially moveable) and the Synovial (freely moveable) joint. Fibrous joints Fibrous (synarthrodial): This type of joint is held together by only a ligament. Examples are where the teeth are held to their bony sockets and at both the radioulnar and tibiofibular joints. Cartilagenous Cartilagenous (synchondroses and sympheses): These joints occur where the connection between the articulating bones is made up of cartilage for example between vertebrae in the spine. A cartilagenous joint between two vertebrae Synchondroses are temporary joints which are only present in children, up until the end of puberty. For example the epiphyseal plates in long bones. Symphesis joints are permanant cartilagenous joints, for example the pubic symphesis. Synovial Joints Synovial (diarthrosis): Synovial joints are by far the most common classification of joint within the human body. They are highly moveable and all have a synovial capsule (collagenous structure) surrounding the entire joint, a synovial membrane (the inner layer of the capsule) which secretes synovial fluid (a lubricating liquid) and cartilage known as hyaline cartilage which pads the ends of the articulating bones. There are 6 types of synovial joints which are classified by the shape of the joint and the movement available.

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Types of Synovial Joint

Joint Type Movement at joint Examples Structure

Hinge

Flexion/Extension

Elbow/Knee

Hinge joint

Pivot

Rotation of one bone around another

Top of the neck (atlas and axis bones)

Pivot Joint

Ball and Socket

Flexion/Extension/Adduction/ Abduction/Internal & External Rotation

Shoulder/Hip

Ball and socket joint

Saddle

Flexion/Extension/Adduction/ Abduction/Circumduction

CMC joint of the thumb

Saddle joint

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Condyloid

Flexion/Extension/Adduction/ Abduction/Circumduction

Wrist/MCP & MTP joints

Condyloid joint

Gliding

Gliding movements

Intercarpal joints

Gliding joint

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