udkj iïm;a l<ukdlrK rYañh

udkj iïm;a l<ukdlrK úu¾Yk" fj¿u 6" wxl 1" 2016 1

ISSN: 2012-7235

[01]
fiajduKav, l<ukdlrKh iy udkj iïm;a l<ukdlrKh(
kHdhd;aul úu¾Ykhla

fyauka; fldaÜgj;a;

1' ye`Èkaùu
ixúOdk l<ukdlrKfha§;a iudc l<ukdlrKfha§;a wNsfhda.d;aul ld¾hh
jkqfha ksYÑ a ;mrud¾: bgqlr .ekSug udkj n,h l<ukdlrKh lsÍu fõ'
ixúOdkhl meje;au ;SrKh lsÍug;a ;r.ldÍ jdis w;am;a lr .ekSug;a
udkj iïm; yd tys Wmfhdackh fnfyúka bjy,ajkq ,nk ksid j¾;udkfha
§ udkj iïm; ms<sn|j;a udkj iïm;a l<ukdlrKh ms<sn|j;a we;s Wkkaÿj
iS.%fhka jeä fjñka mj;S'

udkj iïm;a l<ukdlrKh ms<sn| ie,lSfï § udkj iïm;a l<ukdlrKh

fukau fiajd uKav, l<ukdlrKh hk wkqj¾; kduhka Ndú; lsÍu ±lsh
yelsfõ' ta ksidu udkj iïm;a l<ukdlrKh iy fiajd uKav,
l<ukdlrKh w;r fjkila mj;skafka o@ keoao@ hkak fidhd ne,Su miq.sh
ld,h mqrd isÿlrkq ,eîh[01]' úYaùhj ms<s.;a fmdÿ u;hla fï i|yd ±l.;
fkdyels w;r iuyr m¾fhaIlhkag wkqj udkj iïm;a l<ukdlrKh hkq
fiajd uKav, l<ukdlrKh i|yd fh¥ fjk;a kduhla fõ' kuq;a iuyr
m¾fhaIlhka olajk mßÈ udkj iïm;a l<ukdlrKh iy fiajd uKav,
l<ukdlrKh w;r meyeÈ,s fjkila ±l.; yelsfõ' fuu ,smsfhys mrud¾:h
jkqfha fiajd uKav, l<ukdlrKh iy udkj iïm;a l<ukdlrKh hkq
tlu úIh lafIa;%hla o@ hkak iy ke;fyd;a udkj iïm;a l<ukdlrKh
iy fiajd uKav, l<ukdlrKh w;r fjkila ±lsh yelso@ hkak fidhd
ne,Su fõ'

2' fiajl Wmfhdackfha w;S; woyia

w;S;fha ñksid ish Ôjk l%ufõoh ir, wdldrfhka ilid .;a w;r Ôú;ho
ir, wdldrfhka mj;ajdf.k hkq ,eîh' 18 jk Y; j¾Ih olajdu ñksidf.a
Ôjk rgdj fkdfjkiajQ w;r úfYAIfhkau lDIsl¾udka;h mokï jQ Ôjk
l%ufha mej;s wjYH;d yd jqjukdjka ir, Ôjk pl%fhka msßuid.kakd ,È[02]'
19 jk Y; j¾Ifha § ñksidf.a wjYH;d ixlS¾Kùu;a ir, Ôjk rgdj
fjkqjg ixlS¾K Ôjk rgdjlg ñksid fhduqù;a ksid ir, wd¾Ól moaO;shg
ñksia wjYH;d imqrd,Sfï fkdyelshdj cks; úh[03]' 1900 g fmr hq.fha
l¾udka;Yd,d fiajlhka ms<sn| hïlsis wdldrhl wjOdkhla fhduql<
mqoa.,hd jkqfha Robert Owen h[04]' Tyq úiska 1813 § A New View of Society .%ka:h
;=<ska jvd fydo ld¾ñl iïnkaO;djhla iy fiajd ;;a;ajhka j¾Okh lsÍu
ms<sn| ixjdohl fhfokq ,eìKs[05]' fiajlhka iïnkaOfhka Tyqf.a wdl,amh
fnfyúka ysff;IS jQ w;r ,sys,a (Liberal) úh' Owen úiska ish fiajlhka i|yd
 udkj iïm;a l<ukdlrK rYañh
udkj iïm;a l<ukdlrK úu¾Yk" fj¿u 6" wxl 1" 2016 2
ISSN: 2012-7235

l¾udka;Yd,dj wi,skau ksjdi ;kd§u isÿl< w;r ,ud Y%uh bj;a lsÍu o
isÿlrkq ,eîh' fiajlhka i|yd fi!LH iïmkak ys;ldó mßir ;;a;ajhla
iemhSu isÿlrkq ,enQ w;r[06] ta ksidu Owen fiajd uKav, l<ukdlrKfha
wdrïNlhd f,i ye`Èkaúh yelsfõ[07]'

j¾I 1900 isg 1920 olajd ld,h ld¾hCIu iy m<odhS;d jHdmdr hq.h f,ig
kïlr we;s w;r th úoHd;aul l<ukdlrK ixl,amh Ndú; lrkq ,enQ hq.h
fõ[08]' fuu hq.fha jeä odhl;ajhla ,ndfokq ,enqfõ FW Taylor úisks' fÜ,¾
úiska y÷kajd ÿka úoHd;aul l<ukdlrK ixl,amh ;=<ska fiajl p¾hd
mqfrdal;kh isÿl< w;r mqyqKqj yd ixj¾Okfha jeo.;alu y÷kajd fokq
,enqfõ Tyq úisks[09]' Bg wu;rj fiajl m%;s,dN i|yd tall u; jegqma f.ùu
fhdackd l< fÜ,¾ úfYaIs; /lshdjkag úfYAIs; oCI;d wjYHjk nj;a
fiajlhka wjYH m%ñ;sfhka ksIamdokh isÿl< hq;= nj;a olajkq ,eîh[10]'

1920 isg 1930 olajd jQ oilh ;=< iqNidOkuh iy ld¾ñl ufkda úoHdj
ms<sn| wjOdkhla fhduqjQ hq.hlajk w;r fï olajd fiajd uKav,
l<ukdlrKh ks¾jpkhg muKla iSud jQ lafIa;%hla jkq ,eìh[11]' úoHd;aul
l<ukdlrKhg tÈßj ld¾ñl ufkdaúoHdj y÷kajd§u isÿjQ fuu hq.fha
ufkdaúoHd;aul mÍCIK" iïuqL mÍCIK" fiajlhka mqyqKq lsÍu" uQ,H fkdjk
Èß §ukd wd§ kj Wml%u ms<sn|j wjOdkh fhduqùu;a y÷kajd§u;a isÿjkq
,eìK[12]' fuu l%shdldrlï Tiafia fiajd uKav, l<ukdlrKh i|yd jD;a;Sh
uÜgula ,nd ÿka w;r ta ksid fiajd uKav, l<ukdlrKh jD;a;shla f,ig
m%;HCIùu wdrïN ùu;a ixúOdk ;=< úfYaI{hkaf.a Ys%;hla njg m;aùu;a
isÿjkq ,eîh[13]'

1930 isg 1950 olajd jQ ld,h udkj iïnkaO;d hq.h f,ig y÷kajkq ,nk
w;r t,agka udfhda iy Tyqf.a iydhlhka úiska isÿl< fydaf;daka wOHhkh
fuys§ jeo.;a odhl;ajhla ,nd ÿks[14]' ksIamdokh i|yd úYd, n,mEula
we;slrkqfha fN!;sl iïm;aj,g jvd udkj iïm;a nj wkdjrKh lrkq
,eîh' fiajlhkag udkjhl= f,ig ie,lSu isÿl< hq;= nj;a fiajlhkaf.a
iudc" ufkdaúoHd;aul iy iodpdrd;aul iycnqoaêh l<ukdlrejka úiska
iïmQ¾Kfhkau ms<s.; hq;= nj;a olajkq ,eîh[15]' f;dard.ekSu" mqyqKqj yd
wkqia:dmkh wdÈfhys kj Ys,aml%u 1940 isg 1950 olajd ld,h ;=< y÷kajd§ula
isÿl< w;r fiajl msßi ms<sn| o¾Ykh "ñksiqka mokï" o¾Ykhlska hqla;
úh' jD;a;Sh iñ;s by< uÜgfuka jecfUk wdldrfhka l%shd;auljQ w;r
fiajlhkag Fringe m%;s,dN iemhSu fmdÿ lreKla njg m;ajkq ,eîh[16]'

1950 isg udkj iïm;a l<ukdlrK ixl,amh olajd jQ ld,fha fiajd uKav,
l<ukdlrKfhys kj;u j.lSula f,ig ld¾ñl m%cd;ka;%jdoh ms<sn| woyia
cks;jkq ,eîh' fiajd uKav, l<ukdlrKh fndfydaúg iajdêk lafIa;%hla
f,ig l%shd;auljQ w;r 1960 miq hq.fha § fiajl Wmfhdackh i|yd p¾hd
 udkj iïm;a l<ukdlrK rYañh
udkj iïm;a l<ukdlrK úu¾Yk" fj¿u 6" wxl 1" 2016 3
ISSN: 2012-7235

úoHdjka Ndú; lrkq ,eîh[17]' úfYaIfhkau ixúOdk p¾hd ±kqu Ndú;fhka

.eg¨ úi`§u isÿlrkq ,eîu fuu hq.fha isÿjkq ,enQ úfYAI isoaêhls' 1970 miq
hq.fha § újD; moaO;s (Open System) iy ld¾ñl moaO;s (Industrial System) jHdmdr
i|yd fnfyúka ckm%shjkq ,enQ w;r[18] Bg wu;rj fiajd uKav,
l<ukdlrKh mQ¾K jYfhka jD;a;shla f,ig ms<s.ekSu isÿ úh'

fiajd uKav, l<ukdlrKh iïnkaê; m%fõYhka wOHhkh lsÍfuka w;S;fha

§ ixúOdk úiska udkj iïm; Wmfhdackh l< wdldrh ms<sn|j woyila
,nd.ekSfï yelshdj mj;S' fj<o NdKav m%fõYh (Commodity Approach) fï
hgf;a ±lsh yels m<uq iy idïm%odhsl m%fõYh fõ' th ksIamdokfha idOl
m%fõYh (Factor of Production Approach) f,ig fukau Y%ufha hdka;%sl ixl,amh
(Mechanical Concept of Labour) f,ig o ye`Èkafõ' b,a¨u iemhqu kS;shg wkqj
b,a¨ug idfmaCIj Y%uh ys`. wjia:dfõ § jevqma jeäùu;a" b,a¨ug idfmaCIj
Y%uh jeä wjia:dfõ § jegqma wvqùu;a fuu m%fõYfha § oelsh yels lreKla
fõ' Y%uh fj<o NdKavhla f,ig i,lkq ,nk fuu m%fõYfha § Y%uh keu;s
NdKavh wfkl=;a NdKav f,i ñ,§.; yelsnj úYajdi lrkq ,nhs' fuu
m%fõYh ;yjqre lsÍug úoHd;aul l<ukdlrK ixl,am fnfyúka WmldÍúh'
úfYaIfhkau úoHd;aul l<ukdlrKfha § ñksidf.a wd¾Ól ixl,amh ms<sn|
woyia bÈßm;a lrkq ,eìK[20]' ta wkqj jev lsÍfï § ñksiqka wNsfm%arKh
lsÍug fnfyúka iM,odhS wNsfm%arK l%uh uqo,a njg ms<s.kq ,eìK'

fuu m%fõYh hgf;a § rcfha ueÈy;aùu wjuùu iy Y%u kS;s wju uÜgul
mej;Su ksid Y%uh iQrdlEu ±lsh yelsúh' ksYamdok hka;%j, ±;a; ^frdaofhys
±;a;& f,ig l¾udka; whs;slrejka fiajlhkaj fhdod.kq ,enQ w;r th
Y%ufha hdka;%sl Y%u ixl,amhg (Machinery Labour Concept of Labour) fhduqùula
úh[21]' fiajdfhdaclhkaf.a o¾Ykh jQfha fiajlhka wmqoa.,$ mqoa.,fhl=g
iïnkaO ke; hk wdl,amh fõ' fï ksid idudkHfhka fiajlhka ish uki
fjfyijkq ,enQfõ l¾udk;aYd,dfõ ksIamdokhg fkdj ish wdrCIdj foig
h[22]' fuu m%fõYh 19 jk Y;j¾Ih olajdu mej;s w;r jeä jev" wvq mä"
wfhda.H jev mßirh ;;a;ajh iy Y%u iQrdlEu ±lsh yels ,CIK úh' mka;s
igk iy fiajl whs;sjdislï wdrCId lsÍug jD;a;Sh iñ;s we;sùu fuu hq.fha
±lsh yels ,CIKhla fõ[23]'

wdrCIl m%fõYh fiajd uKav, l<ukdlrKh úu¾Ykh i|yd Ndú; l< yels
;j;a tla m%fõYhls' m<uq f,dal hqoaOfhka miq fiajdfhdaclhka úiska
wkdjrKh lr.;a lreKla jQfha fiajl M,odhS;dj i|yd Rcqju fiajl
iqNidOkh n,mdkq ,nk njhs[24]' wdrCIl uekqï$ñkqï" Èjd fNdack i|yd
ldur" úfõl ldur" i.rd$mqj;am;a wdÈh iys; fïi" id;a;= fiaúldjka
meñKsu wd§ iqNidOk myiqlï iemhSu isÿlrk ,§' fiajdfhdaclhkaf.a
rdcldßhla f,ig ksjdi iemhSu" Y%u iqNidOk ñkqï" úfkdaod;aul iy
ffjoH myiqlï iemhSu rdcldßhla f,ig i<lKq ,eîh[25]' úfYAIfhkau
 udkj iïm;a l<ukdlrK rYañh
udkj iïm;a l<ukdlrK úu¾Yk" fj¿u 6" wxl 1" 2016 4
ISSN: 2012-7235

Robert Owen fuu woyig uq,ajQ m%n,hl= fõ[26]' Y%u iqNidOk ixl,amh È.=
ld,hla fkdmej;=k ixl,amhla fõ' úfYAIfhkau fiajlhkaf.a RKd;aul
m%;spdr fuu hq.fha ±lsh yelsúh' fiajlhka úiska ;¾llrkq ,enqfõ
iqNidOkh i|yd orKq ,nk úhou ish jegqmg tlalrk f,ig iy ;udf.a
iqNidOk ld¾hhka ;uka úiska ord.; yelsh hk woyi fõ[27]'

fiajd uKav, l<ukdlrKh i|yd fhdod.; yels ;=kajk m%fõYh jkqfha

udkjjd§ m%fõYh hs (Humanitarian Approach) ke;fyd;a iudc m%fõYh (Social
Approach) hs' t,agka udfhdag wkqj l¾udka; Yd,djla hkq iudc moaO;shla jk
w;r fiajlhka ;=< uki" yoj;" yd udkj jákdlï mj;sk nj olajkq
,eîh[28]' fiajlhka iu. l<ukdlrejka .kqfokq isÿl< hq;=jkqfha /lshdj
i|yd fiajlhkaf.a yoj; fhdod.kakd wdldrfhka fiajlhkaf.a
[29]
wd;auf.!rjhg .re lsÍu ;=<ska nj fuys§ biau;= jQ woyils ' fuu m%fõYfha
§ fiajlhkag wkai;=l< fkdyels whs;sjdislï mj;skq ,nkafkah hk
ye`.Sfuka l%shd lrkq ,eîh' iudk wdfõ.hka iy m%;spdrhka foi ne,Sfï §
ish¿u ñksiqka iudk fõ hkak olajkq ,enqKs[30]' ufkda úoHd{hkag wkqj
ñksiqkaf.a fN!;sl fjkialïj,g jvd udkisl yelshdjka" Ndjd;aul
ia:djr;ajhka" iïm%odhka" ufkdaNdjhka ñksidf.ka ñksidg fjkiajkq ,nk
nj fmkaùh' tu fjki ñksiqka l<ukdlrKfha § Ndú; l< hq;= nj fuu
m%fõYfh§ olajkq ,eîh[31]' fiajlhd /lshdfjka fjkal< fkdyels nj;a
/lshdj mqoa.,hl=f.a wdl,amj,g n,mEï lrkq ,nk nj;a fuysÈ wjOdrKh
lrkq ,enQ lreK fõ[32]'

3' fiajd uKav, l<ukdlrKh

uQ,sl jYfhka fiajl msßia hkq ixúOdk b,lal ,`.dlr .ekSu i|yd /lshdj
iu. ñksiqka .e,msug fhduqùu f,ig Gluck[33] olajkq ,eîh' Jucius úiska
1975[34] § fiajd uKav, l<ukdlrK ks¾jpkh lrkq ,nkqfha my; mßÈ fõ'
- wd¾Óluh f,i iy ld¾hCIuj ixúOdkhla úiska ia:dms; lrkq ,enQ
mrud¾:lrd ,`.dùug"
- iEu uÜgul fiajl msßfia mrud¾: Wmßu uÜgñka bgqlÍ s ug"
- iudc mrud¾: iqÿiq mßÈ wjOdkh fhduq lsÍug iy thg l%shd;aulùug
yelsjk wdldrfhka Y%u n,ldh w;alr .ekSu" ixj¾Oh" kv;a;=j iy
Wmfhdack hk ld¾hhka n|jd .ekSu" ixúOdkh lsÍu" fufyhùu iy md,kh
lsÍfï l<ukdlrK lafIa;%h fiajd uKav, l<ukdlrKh fõ hkakh'

Cuming úiska 1975[35] § fiajd uKav, l<ukdlrKh ks¾jpkh lrkq ,nkqfha

ixúOdkhlg jvd;a fyd`o uÜgfï ld¾h uKav,hla ,nd.ekSu iy Tjqka
ixúOdkh ;=< /`§ isákúg iy Tjqkag yels fydou wdldrfhka ish /lshdjg
odhl;ajhla ,ndfokúg Tjqka ,nd.ekSu" Tjqkaj /ln,d .ekSu" fiajd uKav,
l<ukdlrKh njhs' Torrington iy Hall úiska 1987[36] § olajk mßÈ fiajd
uKav, l<ukdlrKh hkq ld¾hhka fm<la jk w;r tu.ska"
 udkj iïm;a l<ukdlrK rYañh
udkj iïm;a l<ukdlrK úu¾Yk" fj¿u 6" wxl 1" 2016 5
ISSN: 2012-7235

- m<uqj" mrud¾: iy Tjqkaf.a jev iïkaO;djfha iajNdjhg tl`.ùu

i|yd jevlrK fiajlhkag iy Tjqkaf.a ixúOdkj,g n,h §u"
- tu .súiqu bgqlrk njg iy;slùu fõ'

4' fiajd uKav, l<ukdlrKh i|yd mej;s úfõpk

fiajd uKav, l<ukdlrKh i|yd Ritzer iy Trice[37] bÈßm;al< úfõpkhka
lsysmhls'
1. .eg¨jl§ mQ¾jdfmaCIKhg jvd m%;sl%shdjla ±laùu'
2. uq,msÍu fyda W;af;ackhla fkdue;s wl¾ukH iajNdjhla fõ'
3. ks¾udKd;aul iy kdhl;ajh mqyqKq lsÍug W;aidy lsÍug jvd ±kg
mj;sk ;;a;ajh wdrCIdlsÍu isÿlrhs'
4. l<ukdlrK ;SrK bgqlsÍu ñi l<ukdlrK Ñka;kh ;SõrlsÍula
isÿfkdlrhs'
5. wjodkï ndrfkd.kS'
6. jHdmdr mokula ±lsh fkdyelsh'
7. jHdmdßl ;SrKj, fiajl msßia ms<sn| iïnkaOhla fkdue;'
8. l<ukdlrejkag b;d wvq n,mEula we;s lrhs'
9. ßla;lfha § l%shd;aul fõ'

jvd;a ksjerÈ wjfndaOhla ,nd.ekSu i|yd fiajd uKav, l<ukdlrKh iy

udkj iïm;a l<ukdlrKh ms<sn| úúO woyia úu¾Ykh lsÍu jvd;a
idOdrK fõ' my; olajd we;af;a fiajd uKav, l<ukdlrKh iy udkj
iïm;a l<ukdlrK ms<sn| bÈßm;aù we;s úúO woyia h'

5' fiajd uKav, l<ukdlrKh iy udkj iïm;a l<ukdlrKh

fiajd uKav, l<ukdlrKh iy udkj iïm;a l<ukdlrKh w;r fjkila
mj;skafka o hkak miq.sh ld,h mqrd lreKq fidhd n,kq ,eîh[38]' Guest[39]
olajk mßÈ udkj iïm;a l<ukdlrKh my; wdldr ;=fkka tla wdldrhla
u; f.dvke.=Kq úIh lafIa;%hls'
1. udkj iïm;a l<ukdlrKh hkq fiajd uKav, l<ukdlrKh kej;
kïlsÍula fõ'
2. udkj iïm;a l<ukdlrKh hkq iudc úoHdjkaf.a ixj¾Okh jQ
kHdhd;aul miqìula iys; fyda udkj iïm;a l<ukdlrK Ys,aml%u
Ndú; ixúOdkj, b;d fyd`o mßphka iys; úYsIaG lafIa;%hls'
3. ksYamdokfha wfkl=;a idOl fuka udkj iïm; m%;s.%yKh$w;am;alr
.ekSu" úys§u iy l<ukdlrkh lsÍfï ixl,amkd;aul m%fõYhls'
ke;fyd;a Wml%ñl udkj iïm;a l<ukdlrKh fõ'

Torrington iy Hall[40-42] olajk mßÈ fiajd uKav, l<ukdlrKh hkq fiajl

lKavdhu iy fiajlhkag uOH.;jk w;r fiajlhka Rcqju fufyhùu"
Tjqka fidhd.ekSu iy mqyqKqj" jegqma iy fiajdkshqla; .súiqï ieliSu"
 udkj iïm;a l<ukdlrK rYañh
udkj iïm;a l<ukdlrK úu¾Yk" fj¿u 6" wxl 1" 2016 6
ISSN: 2012-7235

l<ukdlrejka lrkq ,nk ld¾hhka idodrKh lsÍu" fiajlhkaf.ka

ms<sfkd.kakd m%;spdrhka ks¾udKh úh yels ´kEu l<ukdlrK l%shdj,shla
fjkia lsÍu fõ' ta wkqj fiajd uKav, l<ukdlrKh udkj iïm;a
l<ukdlrKh iu. iei`§fï § m%;súreoaO ;;a;ajhla mj;S' udkj iïm;a
l<ukdlrKh iuia; ixúOdkhgu wjYHjk w;r iemhqug jvd b,a¨ug
fhduqjla ±lsh yelsh[43-45]' Storey[46] olajk mßÈ udkj iïm;a l<ukdlrKh
uDÿ (Soft) yd oDv (Hard) m%fõYhka y÷kajdfokq ,enQ w;r oDv m%fõYfhka
udkj iïm; md,kh lsÍfï § wd¾Ól" jHdmdßl yd l<ukdlrK m%fõYhla
olajkq ,nhs' uDÿ m%fõYfha § ys;lr fiajl ikaksfõokh" wNsfm%arKh iy
iqmÍCIKh olajhs' mQ¾j l%shdjg tÈßj m%;sl%shdj" b,lalhg tÈßj iïnkaO;d
mdolh" lemúug tÈßj wkq.;ùu hk ,CIK udkj iïm;a l<ukdlrKh
iy fiajd uKav, l<ukdlrKh w;r fjkila ks¾udKh lsÍug mdol fõ[47-
51]
'

fiajd uKav, l<ukdlrKh yqfolau WmdhuQ,sl (Tactical) fyda Wmfhda.Sl

(Pragmatic) iy fufyhqï lsÍfï § nyqúO;d ±laulska hqla;jk w;r udkj
iïm;a l<ukdlrKh tAlSh rduqjla iy Wml%ñl (Strategic) fhduqjla ±lsh
yelsh[52]' Legge[53] g wkqj fiajd uKav, l<ukdlrKh iy udkj iïm;a
l<ukdlrKh w;r we;af;a iq¿ fjkialula muKs' ta wkqj 1& udkj iïm;a
l<ukdlrKh l<ukdlrejka fukau fiajlhkao fhduqjj Q ls" 2& udkj iïm;a
l<ukdlrKh ñksik q a l<ukdlrKh iy jHdmdrfha wfkla ish¿u iïm;a
my< uÜgu olajd i,ldn,kq ,nhs 3& fcHIaG l<ukdlrejkaf.a uOH.;
ld¾hhla f,ig ixialD;sh l<ukdlrKh udkj iïm;a l<ukdlrKfh§
yqjdolajhs[54]'

Legge[55]g wkqj fiajd uKav, l<ukdlrKh iy udkj iïm;a

l<ukdlrKh w;r fjki my; l%u ;=k ;=<ska úu¾Ykhl fhÈh yelsh'
1. fiajd uKav, l<ukdlrKhhg wod, m¾fhaIK m;%sldj, miqìï
fldgi úYaf,aIKh lsÍfï § jeä jYfhka m¾fhaIlhka yqjdolajd
we;af;a fiajd uKav, l<ukdlrKh hkq l<ukdlrK ld¾hhla nj;a
th fnfyúka fhduqj mj;skafka l<ukdlrK fkdjk fiajlhka foig
nj;ah[56]' fiajd uKav, l<ukdlrKh hkq l<ukdlrejka úiska
wkawhf.a iydhl;ajh u; hïfohla ^fiajl l<ukdlrK& isÿlsÍula
fmkajkq ,nk w;r ta ;=<ska miqld,Skj Tjqkag w;a±lSï ,nd.ekSu iSud
iys; fõ' tf,iu" ;u hg;a fiajlhka .ek is;k wdldrhg jvd
fiajlhka l<ukdlrKh lsÍug Tjqkag we;s ksoyi iSudjk kS;s Í;s
iuQyhla fõ[57]' wfkla w;g udkj iïm;a l<ukdlrKh u.ska fiajl
ixj¾Okh yqjd fkdolajk w;r th fhduqjkqfha l<ukdlrK
lKavdhu ixj¾Okh lsßug fõ' tuksid fiajd uKav, l<ukdlrKh
m%Odk jYfhka fhduqjkqfha l<ukdlrK fkdjk fiajlhka jk w;r
udkj iïm;a l<ukdlrKfha§ l<ukdlrK fkdjk fiajlhkag
 udkj iïm;a l<ukdlrK rYañh
udkj iïm;a l<ukdlrK úu¾Yk" fj¿u 6" wxl 1" 2016 7
ISSN: 2012-7235

we;af;a wvq fhduqjla fõ' úfYAIfhkau i,ld n,kqfha l<ukdlrK

lKavdhu fõ[58]'
2. udkj iïm;a l<ukdlrKh yd fiajd uKav, l<ukdlrKh f¾Çh
l<ukdlrejka ms<sn|j yqjdolajkq ,enQj;a tu fhduqfjys fjkila ±lsh
yelsfõ[59-60]' fiajd uKav, l<ukdlrKfha § ish¿ l<ukdlrejka
ñksiqka l<ukdlrKh lrkq ,nk w;r[61] ish¿ l<ukdlrejka fiajd
uKav, l<ukdlrKh isÿlrhs' fiajd uKav, l<ukdlrKfha §
Y%un,ldh fN!;slj isák f¾Çh l<ukdlrejkaf.a wxYj, fnfyúka
úfYAI{ jQ fiajd uKav, ld¾hhka ia:dms; lsÍu ms<s.kq ,nhs' udkj
iïm;a l<ukdlrKfha § f¾Çh l<ukdlrejka jHdmdßl
l<ukdlrejka f,ig ms<sf.k tu tallfha ish¿u iïm;a
iïnkaëlrKh yd fufyhùfï j.lSu my< uÜgu olajd .ukalrhs[62-
63]
' Storey[64] iy Upton[65] g wkqj fiajd uKav, l<ukdlrKhg jvd
udkj iïm;a l<ukdlrKh my< uÜgu fnfyúka ksjro lrkq ,nk
w;r NdKav yd fiajdj, .=K;ajhg udkj iïm;a l<ukdlrK wdlD;sh
n,mEï lrkq ,nhs[66]'
3. udkj iïm;a wdlD;sfha § ixúOdk fcHIaG l<ukdlrKfha uq,sl
ld¾hhla f,ig ixúOdk ixialD;sh l<ukdlrK lsßu isÿlrhs[67-68]'

flfiafj;;a udkj iïm;a l<ukdlrKh hgf;a idïm%odhsl fiajd uKav,

l<ukdlrK ld¾hhka isÿlrkq ,enqj;a udkj iïm;a l<ukdlrKfha §
.=Kd;aulj meyeÈ,s fjkila ±lsh yelsfõ[69]' Storey[70] g wkqj udkj iïm;a
l<ukdlrKh hkq iïmQ¾Kfhkau fjkia o¾Ykhla jk w;r th fiajd
uKav, l<ukdlrKfhka fjkia fõ' flfiafj;;a" Storey iy Sisson[71] úiska
fiajd uKav, l<ukdlrKh iy udkj iïm;a l<ukdlrKh w;r we;s
fjki ±laùu isÿlrkqfha my; mßÈ fõ'

fiajd uKav, l<ukdlrKh udkj iïm;a l<ukdlrKh

wkql+,;dj - - lemùu
hdka;%sl - - ftkaøSh
uOH.; - - mjrK,o
ks¾jpkh l< N+ñld - - kuHYS,S N+ñld
úfYAI{hka - -úYd, jYfhka ixl,s;jQ f¾Çh l<ukdlrejka
jHqyd;aul ks,n,jd§ wdlD;sh - - mYapdoa kQ;kjd§ l<ukdlrKh

Armstrong[72]
úiska fiajd uKav, l<ukdlrKh iy udkj iïm;a
l<ukdlrKh w;r we;s iudklï iy wiudklï my; mßÈ olajd we;'

iudklï
1. fiajd uKav, l<ukdlrK Wml%u iy udkj iïm;a l<ukdlrK
Wml%u jHdmdßl Wml%uj,ska .,dtau isÿfõ'
 udkj iïm;a l<ukdlrK rYañh
udkj iïm;a l<ukdlrK úu¾Yk" fj¿u 6" wxl 1" 2016 8
ISSN: 2012-7235

2. fiajd uKav, l<ukdlrKfha§ iy udkj iïm;a l<ukdlrKfha§

ñksiqka l<ukdlrKh lsÍfï j.lSu f¾Çh l<ukdlrejka nj
y÷kd.kS' msßialrK Y%s;hka l%shd;aul lsÍfï § l<ukdlrejkaf.a
j.lSu mj;ajdf.khdu i|yd wjYH Wmfoia yd fiajdjka imhkq ,efí'
3. fiajd uKav, l<ukdlrKfha jákdlu iy wju jYfhka udkj
iïm;a l<ukdlrKfha uDÿ m%fõYh w;r i¾jiu fõ' fiajd uKav,
l<ukdlrKfha iy udkj iïm;a l<ukdlrKfha jákdlï w;r
fiajlhkag f.!rj lsÍu" ixúOdk iy mqoa., wjYH;d iunr lsÍu"
ixúOdk mrud¾: bgqlr .ekSug myiqlï iemhSu iy fiajlhka ish
;Dma;sh i|yd fiajlhkaf.a WmÍu uÜgfï ksmqk;djg ,`.dùug
ixj¾Okh lsÍu fõ'
4. fiajd uKav, l<ukdlrKh iy udkj iïm;a l<ukdlrKh
ksrka;rj fjkiajk ixúOdk wjYH;djkag ñksiqka .e,mSu i|yd
jvd;a jeo.;a Y%s;hka w;ßka tlla ms<s.kq ,efí' ta wkqj ksjerÈ
/lshdjg ksjerÈ mqoa.,hd ia:dk.; lsÍu yd ixj¾Okh lsÍu ±laúh
yelsh'
5. f;dard.ekSu" ksmqK;d úYaf,aYkh" ld¾hM, l<ukdlrKh" mqyqKqj"
l<ukdlrK ixj¾Okh iy m%;sodk l<ukdlrK Ys,aml%u fiajd
uKav, l<ukdlrKfha;a udkj iïm;a l<ukdlrKfha;a Ndú; lrkq
,nhs'
6. fiajd uKav, l<ukdlrKfha;a udkj iïm;a l<ukdlrKfha;a
ikaksfõok l%shdj,sh jeo.;a f,i i,lkq ,nk w;r fiajl
iïnkaO;d moaO;sh ;=< iyNd.S;ajh isÿfõ'

fjkialï
1. udkj iïm;a l<ukdlrKh jeäjYfhka Wml%u .e,mSu iy
ixl,s;;djhg fhduq fõ'
2. udkj iïm;a l<ukdlrKh jHdmdßl iy l<ukdlrKh mokï jQ
o¾Ykhlska hqla;fõ'
3. ixialD;sh l<ukdlrKh iy lemùu ,`.dùu udkj iïm;a
l<ukdlrKfha § jvd;a jeo.;a f,i i,lkq ,nhs'
4. udkj iïm;a m%;sm;a;s ia:dms; lrkafkl= f,ig f¾Åh
l<ukdlrefjl=f.a N+ñldj jeä jeo.;alula udkj iïm;a
l<udklrKfha § ,ndfokq we;'
5. udkj iïm;a l<ukdlrKh u.ska iuia; jHdmdrhgu Wkkaÿjla we;s
iuia; m%fõYhla i,ld n,kq ,nhs'
6. udkj iïm;a úfYAI{hka msßialrK mßmd,lfhl=g jvd jHdmdßl
fldgialrefjl=f.a N+ñldjla wfmaCIdlrkq ,nhs'
7. udkj iïm;a l<ukdlrKfha § fiajlhka msßjehla f,i fkdj
j;alula f,i i<lkq ,efí'
 udkj iïm;a l<ukdlrK rYañh
udkj iïm;a l<ukdlrK úu¾Yk" fj¿u 6" wxl 1" 2016 9
ISSN: 2012-7235

Boylton iy Turnbull[73]" Salamn[74]" Storey[75-76]" Towers[77] g wkqj fiajd uKav,

l<ukdlrKh iy udkj iïm;a l<ukdlrKh w;r fjki my; mßÈ ±laúh
yelsh'
fiajd uKav, udkj iïm;a l<ukdlrKh
l<ukdlrKh
úYajdihka iy l,ams;hka
1 .súiqu mÍCIdldÍj igyka l< .súiqug tyd .sh ;;a;ajhla
,sÅ; .súiqï' b,lalh fõ'
2 kS;s meyeÈ<s kS;s ks¾udKh "isÿl< yel"" fmkSu" kS;sj,g
jeo.;a fõ' wiykldÍ;ajh'
3 l<ukdlrK l%shdjg l%shdmámdá jHdmdr wjYH;dj
we;s ud¾f.damfoaYh
4 p¾hd m%{ma;sh O¾u;d$pdß;%h iy Ndú;h jákdlï$ksIaGdj
5 Y%ñlhka iu. we;s fudksg¾ lsÍu' fmdaIKh$mqyqKq lsÍu'
l<ukdldÍ;aj ld¾hh
6 iïnkaO;djfha iajNdjh nyqúO talSh
7 .egqï wdh;ksl jQ wjOdrKh fkdlrhs
Wml%ñl ±lau
8 m%Odk iïnkaO;d Y%ñl-l<ukdlrK mdßfNda.sl
9 uQ,drïNh l%ñlj ixl,s;j
10 ixhqla; ie,eiau wdka;sl$Wmdka;sl uOH.;
(Marginal)
11 ;SrK .ekSfï fõ.h ukao.dó fõ.j;a
f¾Çh l<ukdlrKh
12 l<ukdlrK N+ñld .kqfokquh kdhl;ajh mßj¾;S kdhl;ajh
13 m%Odk l<ukdlrejka fiajd uKav,$ ld¾ñl idudkH$jHdmdßl$ f¾Çh
iïnkaO;d úfYAI{ l<ukdlrejka
14 ikaksfõokh jl% Rcq
15 m%dudKsllrKh by< ^iu;dj .eg¨jls& wvqhs ^iu;dj wod, fkdfõ&
(Standalization)
16 w.kdu l<ukdlrK idlÉPdlsÍu myiqlï iemhSu
±lau
m%Odk uÜgï
17 f;dard.ekSu fjkajQ wdka;sl ld¾hhls ixl,s;" m%Odk ld¾hhls
18 jegqma /lshd we.hSu ^ia;sr fY%AKS& ld¾hM,-iïnkaO
19 ;;a;ajh fjkuu idlÉPdl< tluq;=j
20 Y%u l<ukdlrKh iduqysl flaj,a .súiqï mqoa., .súiqï
21 iunkaO;dfõ úYajdih myiqlï iy mqyqKqj ;=<ska fkdjeo.;a fia i,lkq,efí
l%udKql+,j
22 /lshd j¾.SlrKh iy úYd, m%udKhls lsysmhls
fY%AKs
23 ikaksfõokh wjysrjQ .,dhduls j¾ê; .,dhduls
24 /lshd ks¾udKh Y%u úNckh lKavdhï
25 .egqï úi`oSu ;djld,sl iykhlg jd;djrKh yd ixialD;sh
,`.dfõ l<ukdlrKh lrhs
26 mqyqKqj iy ixj¾Okh mdGud,d i|yd ,`.dùu bf.kqï ixúOdk
md,kh lrhs
 udkj iïm;a l<ukdlrK rYañh
udkj iïm;a l<ukdlrK úu¾Yk" fj¿u 6" wxl 1" 2016 10
ISSN: 2012-7235

27 ueÈy;aùïj,g fhduqùfï mqoa., l%shdmámdáh by< mrdihla jQ ixialD;sh"

l%uh jHqyd;aul yd fiajl Wml%u

úúO o¾Ykhkag wkqj fiajd uKav, l<ukdlrKh iy udkj iïm;a

l<ukdlrKh w;r we;s fjkialï fidhd ne,Sug yelsh' my; olajd we;af;a
úúO o¾Ykhkag wkqj fiajd uKav, l<ukdlrKh iy udkj iïm;a
l<ukdlrKh w;r we;s fjkialï fõ'

ie,iqïlsÍfï ±lau(
Beer iy Spector[78] olajk mßÈ fiajd uKav, l<ukdlrKhúfYAIs; .eg¨j,g
m%;sl%shd olajñka ueÈy;aùu isÿjk úg udkj iïm;a l<ukdlrKh mQ¾j
l%shdjla f,ig .eg¨j,g ueÈy;a fõ' Guest[79] úia;r lrkqfha fiajd uKav,
l<ukdlrKh fláld,Sk" m%;sl%shdldÍ" wdjiaÓl iy wdka;sljk w;r udkj
iïm;a l<ukdlrKh Wml%ñl iy ixl,s; jk njhs' Storey[80] úia;r lrkq
,nkqfha fiajd uKav, l<ukdlrKh ixia:d ie,iqug wdka;sljk w;r
udkj iïm;a l<ukdlrKh ixl,s; wdrïNlsÍula iy ixia:d ie,iqug
uOH.;ùula mj;sk njhs'

ñksia l<ukdlrK ±lau(

ñksiqka hkq úp,H msßjehla f,ig fiajd uKav, l<ukdlrKh i,lkq
,nk nj Beer iy Spector[81] olajk w;r ñksiqka iudÔh m%d.aOkhla f,ig;a
ixj¾Okh lsÍug yelshdj we; hkak;a udkj iïm;a l<ukdlrKfha §
i,lKq ,efí' msßjeh wjulsÍu iy wkq.;ùu fiajd uKav, l<ukdlrKfha
§ wkq.ukh lrkq ,nk nj Guest[82] olajkq ,efí' Guest[83] g wkqj WmÍu
Wmfhdackh yd lemùu udkj iïm;a l<ukdlrKfha § ±lsh yelsh'
fudksgßka iy wfkHkH;dj fiajd uKav, l<ukdlrKfha § jeo.;ajk w;r
fmdaIKh iy "lsÍug yelsh" hk woyi udkj iïm;a l<ukdlrKfha §
jeo.;ajk nj Storey[84] olajhs'

fiajdkshqla; iïnkaO;d ±lau(

fiajd uKav, l<ukdlrKfha § iajhx leue;a; n,mj;ajk w;r Wkkaÿj
olajk md¾Yjhka w;r ne`Èu ms<s.egqu (Conflict of Interest) ±lsh yelsnj Beer iy
Spector[85] olajhs' Bg wu;rj n,h n,dfmdfrd;a;=ùu" flaj,h yd wNsfhda.j,g
meñKSfï jdisodhl;ajh fiajd uKav, l<ukdlrKfha ±lau fõ' Beer iy
Spector[86] olajk mßÈ Wkkaÿjla olajk md¾Yj ixj¾Okh lsÍu" úYajdihg yd
iyfhda.S;djhg n,h" iudk;dj n,dfmdfrd;a;ù = u" talSh;ajh" mqoa.,jdoh"
by< úYajdih udkj iïm;a l<ukdlrKfha ±lau fõ' fiajd uKav,
l<ukdlrkfha § nyqúO" wdh;ksl .egqï" iduqysl flaj, .súiqï ±lau jk nj
Storey[87] olajhs' tf,iu talSh" .egqï wjOdrKh fkdlsÍu iy mqoa.,hdg
fhduqjQ .súiqï udkj iïm;a l<ukdlrKfha ±lau fõ[88]'
 udkj iïm;a l<ukdlrK rYañh
udkj iïm;a l<ukdlrK úu¾Yk" fj¿u 6" wxl 1" 2016 11
ISSN: 2012-7235

6' ks.ukh
fiajd uKav, l<ukdlrKh iy udkj iïm;a l<ukdlrKh w;r we;s
iudklï fyda wiudklï úúOdldrfhka yqjd ±laùu isÿlr we;s whqre idys;H
úu¾Ykfha § ±lsh yelsh' flfiafj;;a ta ta ±lafuys kshef,k úoaj;=ka úiska
fiajd uKav, l<ukdlrKh iy udkj iïm;a l<ukdlrKh w;r we;s
iudklï iy wiudklï ms<sn| Tjqkaf.a ;d¾lsl lreKq bÈßm;a lsÍu isÿlrkq
±lsh yelsh'

udkj iïm;a l<ukdlrKh yqfola tljr ìysjQ úIhla fkdjk w;r l%ñlj
úúO jljdkq miqlrñka j¾;udkh olajd meñKs úIhla f,ig f,dj iefjdu
ms<s.kakd lreKls' úIhla úldYhùfï § wd¾Ól" foaYmd,k" kS;suh"
;dCIKsl" iajdNdúl mßir ;;a;ajhkaf.a fjkiaúï fukau kj ±kqu cks;úu
yd ±kqfï ÿ¾j,;d wkdjrKhlr .ekSu ;=<skao úIh ixj¾Okhùu isÿfõ'
udkj iïm;a l<ukdlrK úIh ms<sn| ie,lSfï § by; lreKqj,g wu;rj
jD;a;Sh iñ;s l%shdldÍ;ajh o úIh ixj¾Okhùu i|yd n,md we;snj ±lsh
yelsh'

udkj iïm;a l<ukdlrKh yqfola fiajd uKav, l<ukdlrKfhka fjkajQ

±laulska l%shd;aulùu isÿfkdjk nj fmfkk lreKla jkqfha fndfyda
wjia:dj,§ fiajd uKav, l<ukdlrK ld¾hhka ta whqßkau udkj iïm;a
l<ukdlrKh ;=< ±lsh yels neúkah' fï i|yd m%Odku fya;=j jkqfha fiajd
uKav, l<ukdlrKh ms<sn| ±kqu Ndú; lrñka miqjk wjia:djl tys hï
hï me;slv fjk;a o¾Ykhka Tiafia fjkiafjñka mej;Su iy tu fjkialï
ish,a, b;d mq¿,a ±laula f,ig i,lñka udkj iïm;a l<ukdlrK úIh
ks¾udKhùu ksidh' f,dalfha fndfyda rgj, ;ju;a fiajd uKav,
l<ukdlrKh Ndú; lrkq ,nk w;r Tjqka l%ufhka udkj iïm;a
l<ukdlrKhg ú;ekafjñka isáhs' ta wkqj fujeks l<ukdlrK mßphla
;=< fndfydaúg ±lSug yelsjkqfha fiajd uKav, l<ukdlrKh fukau udkj
iïm;a l<ukdlrK mßphkaf.a iïñY%khls' fiajd uKav, l<ukdlrK iy
udkj iïm;a l<ukdlrK mßphkaf.a iïñY%khla mj;sk wjia:djl fiajd
uKav, l<ukdlrKh yd udkj iïm;a l<ukdlrKh w;r fjkila ±lSug
yelshdjla fkdue;s w;r fndfydaúg ±lSug yelsjkqfha fuu úIh lafIa;%
folu tlu úIh lafIa;%hla njgh' WodyrKhla f,ig Y%S ,xldfõ fndfyda
wdh;k mj;skq ,nk m%jk;djh foi n,d ish fiajl l<ukdlrK wxYh
udkj iïm;a l<ukdlrK wxYh f,ig kïlrkq ,enQj;a tys wka;¾.;h
isÿjkqfha fiajd uKav, l<ukdlrKh fyda fiajl mßmd,k ld¾hhka
muKls' ta wkqj udkj iïm;a l<ukdlrK wxYfha ld¾hhka foi m%dfhda.slj
ne,Su ;=<ska ksjerÈ ks.ukhlg meñKSu b;d wmyiq ld¾hhla fõ'

f,dalfha ñksidf.a ±kqu b;d YS.%fhka miq.sh ld,fha jeäjkq ,eîh'

úfYAIfhkau tl u;jdohlg tÈßj fndfyda u;jdo cks;ùu ±lsh yelsfõ'
;dCIKsl ÈhqKqj;a iu. ±kqfï j¾Okh fõ.j;ajQ w;r kj wdrlska f,dalh
 udkj iïm;a l<ukdlrK rYañh
udkj iïm;a l<ukdlrK úu¾Yk" fj¿u 6" wxl 1" 2016 12
ISSN: 2012-7235

foi ne,Sug ñksiqka fhduqjkq ,eîh' tys m%;sM,hla f,ig idïm%odhsl fiajd
uKav, l<ukdlrK ld¾hhka fjkqjg ;r.ldÍ;ajh yuqfõ;a f.da,ShlrKh
yuqfõ;a udkj iïm;a l<ukdlrK ±laula f,dalhg ìysùu isÿúh'
flfiafj;;a ñksiqka fjkia lsßug uy;a mßY%uhla ±Íu idudkH lreKls'
fjkiajk ±kqfï fõ.hg m%dfhda.sl;ajh fjkia lsÍug id¾:l Wml%u
ixúOdk ;=< wvqùu ksid udkj iïm;a l<ukdlrK úIfhys ±kqu
iïmQ¾Kfhka Ndú; lsÍug ixúOdkj,g fkdyelsúh yelsh' iuyr
wjia:dj,§ f,dalfha isÿjk fjkiaùu ixúOdklrd ,`.dùug ld,hla .;jkq
±lsh yelsh' fujeks lreKq wkqj fiajd uKav, l<ukdlrK mßphl isg
udkj iïm;a l<ukdlrK mßphla olajd ixúOdkhl fiajl Wmfhdack
ld¾hh ú;eksùu laIKslj isÿfkdúh yelsfõ' fï wkqj;a f,dalfha kj
m%jk;djla f,ig udkj iïm;a l<ukdlrK ±kqu cks;ùu kHdhd;aulj
ms<s.kq ,enQj;a tys Ndú;fha hï hï ÿ¾j, ;eka ±lSug yelsh'

j¾;udkfha ixúOdk l<ukdlrejkaf.a;a udkj iïm;a úfYaI{hkaf.a;a

ld¾hh úh hq;af;a mj;sk idïm%odhsl fiajl Wmfhdack rgdj fjkialrñka
kj ±kqu ixúOdk ;=<g f.ktñka fiajd uKav, l<ukdlrK mßphl isg
udkj iïm;a l<ukdlrK mßphla olajd ish fiajl Wmfhdack l,dj
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1 Legge, K 1989, ‘Human Resource Management - A Critical Analysis’, in Storey, J.
(ed.) New Perspectives on Human Resource Management, London, Routledge.
2 Cania, L 2014, ‘The evolution of human resource management: Past, present and
future’, Vol. 3, No. 9, pp. 73-83.
3 Ibid
4 Kumar, A & Sharma, R 2000, Personnel management: theory and practice, Vol. 1,
Atlantic Publishers and Distributors, New Delhi.
5 Ibid
6 Ibid
7 Ibid
8 Ibid
9 Cania, L 2014, ‘The evolution of human resource management: Past, present and
future’, Vol. 3, No. 9, pp. 73-83.
10 Ibid
11 Kumar, A & Sharma, R 2000, Personnel management: theory and practice, Vol. 1,
Atlantic Publishers and Distributors, New Delhi.
12 Ibid
13 Ibid
14 Ibid
15 Ibid
16 Ibid
17 Ibid
18 Ibid
19 Ibid
20 Ibid
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21 Ibid
22 Ibid
23 Ibid
24 Ibid
25 Ibid
26 Ibid
27 Ibid
28 Ibid
29 Ibid
30 Ibid
31 Ibid
32 Ibid
33 Glueck, WF 1974, Personnel, A diagnostic Approach, Dallas, Texas, Business
Publications
34 Storey, J 1989, New perspectives on human resource management,
https://books.google.lk/books?id=nDdWBQAAQBAJ&pg=PA21&lpg=PA21&dq=glu
eck,+1974,+basically+personnel+is+concerned+with+the+matching+of+people+to+th
e+jobs+that+must+be+done&source=bl&ots=mdH2UwmXMW&sig=q4SvhQCcDh3i
w5bXIAYUnNxSKAw&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjqtK-
8zqDOAhXIRo8KHWT0AY4Q6AEIHTAA#v=onepage&q=glueck%2C%201974%2
C%20basically%20personnel%20is%20concerned%20with%20the%20matching%20o
f%20people%20to%20the%20jobs%20that%20must%20be%20done&f=false
35 Ibid
36 Ibid
37 Torrington, D & Hall, L 1987, Personnel Management a New Approach, New York:
Prentice/Hall
38 Legge, K 1989, ‘Human Resource Management - A Critical Analysis’, in Storey, J.
(ed.) New Perspectives on Human Resource Management, London, Routledge
39 Guest D 1989, ‘Personnel Management and HRM: Can You Tell the Difference?’,
Personnel Management, pp.48-51.
40 Torrington, D & Hall, L 1987, Personnel Management a New Approach, New York,
Prentice/Hall
41 Torrington, D & Hall, L 1989, Personnel Management a New Approach, New York,
Prentice/Hall
42 Torrington, D & Hall, L 1991, Personnel Management a New Approach, New York,
Prentice/Hall
43 Torrington, D & Hall, L 1987, Personnel Management a New Approach, New York,
Prentice/Hall
44 Torrington, D & Hall, L 1989, Personnel Management a New Approach, New
York,Prentice/Hall
45 Torrington, D & Hall, L 1991, Personnel Management a New Approach, New York,
Prentice/Hall
46 Storey, J (ed.) 1991, New Perspectives on Human Resource Management, London,
Routledge.
47 Torrington, D & Hall, L 1987, Personnel Management a New Approach, New York,
Prentice/Hall
48 Torrington, D & Hall, L 1989, Personnel Management a New Approach, New York,
Prentice/Hall
49 Torrington, D & Hall, L 1991, Personnel Management a New Approach, New York,
Prentice/Hall
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50 Beer, M & Spector, B (eds.) 1985, Readings in Human Resource Management,

London, Free Press
51 Walton, R & Lawrence, R (eds.) 1985, Human Resource Management: Trends and
Challenges, Harvard, Harvard Business Press
52 Keenoy, T 1991, ‘HRM: A Case of the Wolf in Sheep's Clothing?’, Personnel Review,
Vol. 19, No. 2, p. 3.
53 Legge, K 1989, ‘Human Resource Management - A Critical Analysis’, in Storey, J.
(ed.) New Perspectives on Human Resource Management, London, Routledge
54 Storey, J & Sisson, K 1993, Managing Human Resources and Industrial Relations,
Milton Keynes: Open University Press
55 Legge, K 1989, ‘Human Resource Management - A Critical Analysis, in Storey’, J.
(ed.) New Perspectives on Human Resource Management, London, Routledge
56 Storey, J (ed.) 1991, New Perspectives on Human Resource Management, London,
Routledge.
57 Doaei, HA & Najminia, R n.d., ‘How far does HRM differ from PM’, European
Scientific Journal, Vol. 8, No. 13, pp. 161-171.
58 Legge, K 1989, ‘Human Resource Management: A Critical Analysis’, in J. Storey (ed.)
Ew Perspectives in Human Resource Management, Routledge, London
59 Guest, DE 1987, ‘Human resource management and industrial relations’, Journal of
management studies, Vol. 24, No. 5.
60 Guest, DE 1990, ‘Personnel Management: The End of Orthodoxy’, British Journal of
Industrial Relations, Vol. 29, No. 2, pp. 149-176.
61 Storey, J 1989, New perspectives on human resource management, Routlege, London.
62 Doaei, HA & Najminia, R n.d., ‘How far does HRM differ from PM’, European
Scientific Journal, Vol. 8, No. 13, pp. 161-171.
63 Guest, DE 1990, ‘Personnel Management: The End of Orthodoxy’, British Journal of
Industrial Relations, Vol. 29, No. 2, pp. 149-176.
64 Storey, J 1987, ‘Development in the management of human resource’, Warwick, Vol.
7.
65 Doaei, HA & Najminia, R n.d., ‘How far does HRM differ from PM’, European
Scientific Journal, Vol. 8, No. 13, pp. 161-171.
66 Storey, J 1987, ‘Development in the management of human resource’, Warwick, Vol.
7.
67 Storey, J 1989, New perspectives on human resource management, Routlege, London.
68 Guest, DE 1987, ‘Human resource management and industrial relations’, Journal of
management studies, Vol. 24, No. 5.
69 Storey, J 1989, New perspectives on human resource management, Routlege, London.
70 Ibid
71 Storey, J & Sisson, K 1993, Managing Human Resources and Industrial Relations,
Milton Keynes, Open University Press.
72 Armstrong, M 2006, A handbook of human resource management practices, 10th ed,
Kogan Page, London and Philadelphia.
73 Blyton, P & Turnbull, P 1992, Reassessing Human Resource Management, London,
Sage.
74 Salaman, G 1992, Human Resource Strategies, Sage, London.
75 Storey, J 1989, New perspectives on human resource management, Routlege, London.
76 Storey, J 1995, ‘Is HRM catching on?’, International journal of manpower, Vol. 16,
No. 4.
77 Towers, P 2007, Global Workforce Study, at http://www.towersperrin.com
78 Doaei, HA & Najminia, R n.d., ‘How far does HRM differ from PM’, European
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Scientific Journal, Vol. 8, No. 13, pp. 161-171.

79 Guest, DE 1987, ‘Human resource management and industrial relations’, Journal of
management studies, Vol. 24, No. 5.
80 Storey,J (1995).Is HRM catching on?International journal of manpower.Vol,16.No.4
81 Doaei, HA & Najminia, R n.d., ‘How far does HRM differ from PM’, European
Scientific Journal, Vol. 8, No. 13, pp. 161-171.
82 Guest,D.E(1987). Human resource management and industrial relations: Journal of
management studies .Vol 24.issue5
83 Ibid
84 Storey, J 1995, ‘Is HRM catching on?’, International journal of manpower, Vol. 16,
No. 4.
85 Doaei, HA & Najminia, R n.d., ‘How far does HRM differ from PM’, European
Scientific Journal, Vol. 8, No. 13, pp. 161-171.
86 Ibid
87 Storey, J 1995, ‘Is HRM catching on?’, International journal of manpower, Vol. 16,
No. 4.
88 Ibid

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