GENED 3’s REVIEWER

by
Althea Laiza G. Nogra

TOPIC IMPORTANT KEYPOINTS

1. Contemporary Global Global Governance

Governance ● An ultimate teamwork on a global scale / about making
bigtime deal
● Sum of laws, norms, policies, institutions that define, and
mediate relations among society, markets, the state in the
international arena.
● It's not only about politics, but finding a common group
making sure that everyone does there best in creating better
future for the generations.
Common examples of global governance
● States sign treaties and form organizations, legislating public
international law
● International NGOs
● Powerful transnational corporations
Technologys' role in global governance
● Blockchain technology - a structure that stores transactional
records, AKA blocks, of the public in several databases,
known as the “chain”.
● Grassroot movement - organized effort undertaken by
groups to bring about changes in social policy or influence an
outcome
● Global social movement - collective actions that bring the
people together from around world to advance their shared
agendas.
International Organizations (IOs)
● International intergovernmental organizations primarily made
up of member-states. ex. ASEAN, World Bank, UN, and IMF
Five Gaps in Global Governance
1. Knowledge Gaps
- Understand there is a problem, then explain the problem
2. Normative Gaps
- Establish norms to address that problem
3. Policy Gaps
- Policies to implement in order to address the stated problem
 4. Institutional Gaps
- Challenges of implementing any policies
5. Compliance Gaps
- Effective implementation, enforcement

2. World of Regions HISTORY: Cold War (mid-20th century)

● Communist countries of the EAST: 2nd world (Soviet Union)
● Capitalist countries of the WEST: 1st world (United States)
● The old category is later abandoned after the cold war when
2nd World countries joined the 1st World
● Old category (1st, 2nd, 3rd world) (highly-developed, less-
developed, and poor)
● New criteria established the North-South Divide (two main
world regions)
The North-South Divide
● A difference in economic development between the north
and south of the world
● The Cold-War resulted the North and the South.
● North: 1st, 2nd world
● South: 3rd world.
Brandt Line (1980’s by Willy Brandt)
● “Rich North” and “Poor South”
Characteristics of the Global North
● First World, Richer and developed region
● 95% has enough food and shelter
● Economy: Industries and major businesses, commerce and
finance
● Textiles, lumber, clothing, leather, machinery and wooden
goods, Railroads construction
● Less Population, High Wealth
● High standard of living
● High industrial development, Industry
Characteristics of the Global South
● “Third World”, Poor and less developed region
● 5% has enough food and shelter
● Source for raw materials of the north.
● Cotton production = slave labor
● Depended entirely on cotton = profitable
● Large Population, Low Wealth
 ● Low standard of living
● Low industrial development, Agriculture

3. Global Media Culture Communication Defined

● The bridge that connects us to the community
● Transmission of information
Media Defined
● The means of communication
● The means of mass communication
Mass Media: Include channels or networks used to communicate
to people either in audio, visual, audiovisual, written, or orally.
Types of mass communication:
● Print media: Books, magazines, and newspapers.
● Broadcast media: Radio, film, TV
● Internet media: E-mail, internet sites, social media, internet-
based video and audio.
Marshall McLuhan: “the medium is the message.” media, as a form
of technology that reshapes societies.
Media dull communicative capacities: papyrus (medium), dulled
people’s capacity to remember.
Functions of Media
● Information (major function, offer facts and opinions)
● Education (educate people directly or indirectly (Direct:
distance education, Indirect: Dramas, documentaries, etc.))
● Entertainment (pleasure by providing amusement)
● Persuasion (making an influence on people)

4. Global Village Global Village: Different people from different parts of the world
connects and share information instantly.
Cultural Imperialism: one culture can influence another the
same way as a nation invaded other nations (colonization).
Martial McLuhan
● Television turning the world into a global village.
● Television, and internet change the way we communicate.
● The technology is making the world feels smaller.
Commentators believed that:
A media filled with American hegemony creats “cultural
imperialism” (American values and culture overwhelm all others)
Cultural imperialism (“cultural colonialism” )
 ● Can take many forms, attitudes, a formal policy, and military
action as long as it is reinforces Cultural Hegemeny.
● Media + American hegemony = “cultural imperialism”
(American values and culture overwhelm all others)
Social Media pros and cons
● Democratized access. You communicate immediately when
needed to.
● “splinternet” “cyberbalkanization". Where people place
themselves in when they are online.
● Being on Facebook is like living in an echo chamber, listening
or reading opinions and information that challenge your
personal viewpoint.

5. The Globalization of Globalization

Religion ● Speed up movements and exchanges. (language, culture,
goods, services, and technologies)
Religion
● Belief in superhuman controlling power
● ex. buddhism, Islam, Christianity
Religious Actors
● Individuals or groups, act on consistent messages regarding
the relationship between religion, politics and society
● among the oldest of transnational
Supporters of Religion
● Peter Berger “contemporary world is furiously religious.”
● Ayatollah Ruholla Khomeini bragged about the superiority of
Islamic rule
● King Henry VIII broke away from Roman Catho and
established his own power
● Pope Francis, Catholic Church condemned globalization’s
“throw-away culture”
● Max Weber, a sociologist, observed correlation between
religion & capitalism as an economic system.
Globalization and Religion
● Build bridge to different community
● Shaping how people interact and culture blends
● Foster cultural exchange / bridge between communities
● Religion is sacred, follows the divine commandments
Globalization is material, abides by human-made laws.
 ● Religious actors (missionaries, priests, pastors) serves as
agents of globalization
● Globalization is associated with spreading same ideas and
views (universalists)
● Religion:
- Humans and the transcendent
- Less concerned with wealth
- Ascetics
- Live a virtuous, sinless life
● Globalists:
- Less worried, heaven or hell
- Skills are more pedestrian
Impacts of Globalization on Religion
● Three possible impacts:
- Religion is being eroded.
- Religion is being strengthened.
- Religion is declining but it has developed new
identities of hybridity.
● The distinct norms wiped out by globalization which
promotes homogeneity.
Most practiced religions in the world
● Christianity 31%
● Islam 21%
● Hinduism 15%
● Buddhism 6.6 %
● Judaism 1% (less than)

Global Demography.
The study of the worldwide population rather than the population of a specific country, region, or
city. Global demography is useful because it provides the "big picture" of the entire human population
without influence from local economic, cultural, or geographic factors.
Characteristics.
1. Population Growth: The global population has been steadily increasing over time. While
growth rates have slowed in recent years, the overall population continues to rise, albeit at a
slower pace.
2. Age Distribution: The age distribution of the global population is shifting, with an increasing
proportion of older individuals due to declining fertility rates and improvements in healthcare
 leading to longer lifespans. This trend has significant implications for healthcare, retirement
systems, and economic productivity.
3. Fertility Rates: Fertility rates vary widely across different regions and countries. Generally,
fertility rates have been declining globally, influenced by factors such as education, access to
contraception, and socio-economic development.
4. Urbanization: The world is becoming increasingly urbanized, with more people living in cities
than ever before. This trend has implications for infrastructure, resource management, and
social dynamics.
5. Migration: Migration patterns are influenced by factors such as economic opportunity,
political instability, and environmental changes. Migration can have significant social,
economic, and political impacts both in the countries of origin and destination.
6. Population Aging: Many countries are experiencing population aging, characterized by a
growing proportion of elderly people relative to younger generations. This demographic shift
poses challenges related to healthcare, pensions, and labor force participation.
7. Dependency Ratios: Changes in age demographics affect dependency ratios, which measure
the number of dependents (children and elderly) relative to the working-age population.
Higher dependency ratios can strain social welfare systems and economic productivity.
8. Health and Mortality: Improvements in healthcare, sanitation, and living standards have led
to declines in mortality rates globally. However, disparities in health outcomes persist,
particularly between developed and developing countries.
9. Ethnic and Cultural Diversity: The global population is characterized by ethnic, cultural,
and linguistic diversity. Understanding and managing diversity is essential for promoting social
cohesion and addressing issues of equity and inclusion.
10. Environmental Impact: Population growth and demographic trends have significant
implications for the environment, including resource consumption, pollution, and climate
change. Sustainable development strategies must consider demographic factors to mitigate
environmental degradation.
Difference between Rural and Urban Areas

RURAL AREAS URBAN AREAS

1. Population Density: Rural areas 1. Population Density: Urban areas are

generally have lower population densities
compared to urban areas. People in rural
areas often live farther apart and are
spread across larger geographic areas.
2. Aging Population: Many rural areas
experience population aging as younger
individuals migrate to urban centers in
search of employment and opportunities.
This trend can result in declining
populations and challenges in maintaining
essential services for older residents.
3. Economic Activities: Traditional rural
economies often revolve around
characterized by high population
densities, with large numbers of people
living in relatively small geographical
areas. This density facilitates economic
productivity, social interaction, and access
to services.
2. Youthful Population: Urban areas
typically have younger populations
compared to rural areas, with higher birth
rates and lower median ages. This
demographic trend is fueled by factors
such as better access to education,
healthcare, and employment
 agriculture, forestry, fishing, and mining.
However, there is increasing
diversification, with some rural areas
developing tourism, renewable energy,
and niche industries.
4. Access to Services: Access to
healthcare, education, and other services
can be limited in rural areas due to
factors such as geographical isolation,
inadequate infrastructure, and shortages
of skilled professionals.
5. Migration: Rural outmigration,
particularly of young adults, can lead to
demographic imbalances and a shrinking
workforce. This phenomenon is often
driven by a lack of economic
opportunities and amenities in rural areas
compared to urban centers.
opportunities.
3. Economic Opportunities: Urbanization
is associated with diverse economic
activities, including manufacturing,
services, finance, technology, and
creative industries. Urban centers attract
investment, talent, and innovation,
driving economic growth and
development.
4. Infrastructure and Services: Urban
areas tend to have better infrastructure
and services compared to rural areas,
including transportation networks,
healthcare facilities, educational
institutions, and cultural amenities.
However, disparities in access can exist
within cities, affecting marginalized
communities.
5. Immigration: Urban areas often attract
migrants from rural areas and other
countries in search of employment,
education, and a better quality of life.
This influx of migrants contributes to
cultural diversity and labor force dynamics
in urban centers.

Global Migration.
This is a situation in which people go to live in foreign countries, especially in order to find work.
Categories of International Migrants.
1. Temporary Labor Migrants - known as guest-workers or overseas contract workers who
migrate for a limited period of time to take up employment and send money home.
2. Highly-skilled and Business Migrants - people with qualifications as managers,
executives, professionals, technicians, or similar.
3. Irregular Migrants - also known as undocumented or illegal migrants.
4. Refugees - according to the UN 1951 convention, "a refugee is a person residing outside his
or her country of nationality, who is unable or unwilling to return because of a well-founded
fear of prosecution on account of race, religion, nationality membership in a particular social
group, or political opinion."
5. Asylum Seekers - people who seek for protection but may not fulfill the criteria of above.
6. Forced Migration - includes refugees and asylum seekers as well as people forced to move
due to catastrophes.
7. Family Members - also known as family reunification.
8. Return Immigrants - people return to their countries of origin after staying in another
country.

Reasons of Migration
1. Individual’s efforts to maximize their income.
 2. Chances of secure employment.
3. Availability for entrepreneurial activity.
4. differ from one country to another.
5. Family strategy for survival chances.
6. Educational opportunities.
7. Recruitment for military service.

Sustainable Development.
The Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) aim to transform our world. They are a call to action to
end poverty and inequality, protect the planet, and ensure that all people enjoy health, justice and
prosperity. It is critical that no one is left behind.
Familiarize.
1. No Poverty: End poverty in all its forms everywhere.
2. Zero Hunger: End hunger, achieve food security and improved nutrition, and promote
sustainable agriculture.
3. Good Health and Well-being: Ensure healthy lives and promote well-being for all at all
ages.
4. Quality Education: Ensure inclusive and equitable quality education and promote lifelong
learning opportunities for all.
5. Gender Equality: Achieve gender equality and empower all women and girls.
6. Clean Water and Sanitation: Ensure availability and sustainable management of water and
sanitation for all.
7. Affordable and Clean Energy: Ensure access to affordable, reliable, sustainable, and
modern energy for all.
8. Decent Work and Economic Growth: Promote sustained, inclusive, and sustainable
economic growth, full and productive employment, and decent work for all.
9. Industry, Innovation, and Infrastructure: Build resilient infrastructure, promote inclusive
and sustainable industrialization, and foster innovation.
10. Reduced Inequality: Reduce inequality within and among countries.
11. Sustainable Cities and Communities: Make cities and human settlements inclusive, safe,
resilient, and sustainable.
12. Responsible Consumption and Production: Ensure sustainable consumption and
production patterns.
13. Climate Action: Take urgent action to combat climate change and its impacts.
14. Life Below Water: Conserve and sustainably use the oceans, seas, and marine resources for
sustainable development.