T H E D I F F E R E NT I AL A N D I NT E G RA L C AL C ULU S .

the ch ange s o f o thers are called dependen t Thu s i n .

F i g 1 the len g th of the radi u s O B i s a con stan t the

.
, ,

a rc A B i s the i n depe nden t vari able wh il e B M M A , , ,

the ch ord A B e tc are dep e n den t , A n d a s in alge

.
,
.
,

b ra we rea son o u n u mbers by m ean s o f gen eral sym

bols e ach o f wh i ch m ay afterwards be p arti cul ari sed
,

as s tan d in g for any n um ber we please un less S peci all y ,

p reve n ted by the co ndi ti on s o f the p rob le m so in , ,

treat in g o f fun cti on s we u se general symb ol s whi ch , ,

m ay un der the re stri ction s of th e p roble m st an d for

, ,

any fun cti o n wh ateve r The sym b ols u sed are th e let .

ters F f <I> , , m )(,x and i

t( )
x or co x an d oor m ay
d »
, ,

represen t any funct io n s of x j us t as so m ay repre sen t ,

any n u m b er H ere i t m u s t b e b orn e i n m i n d th at m

.

an d d o n ot represen t n u m b ers wh i ch m u l ti p ly x b ut ,

are t/ze abbreviated directions to perf orm certain opera

tion s w ith x an d con stan t qu antit ies Th us if ¢ x = .
,

2
x + x
m ,i s equivalen t to a di rect ion to add so t o i t s

s qu are a nd the wh ole mx s t an ds for th e re sul t o f thi s

,

op erati o n Thu s i n thi s c ase

.
, ,

c s in x
p
si u x + ( si n x ) I t m ay be e as ily con ce ive d th at thi s
2
.

n otio n i s u seless unless th ere are p ropo siti on s wh ich

,

are ge n eral ly true o f all fun cti on s an d wh i ch m ay be ,

m ade the fo und ati on o f ge neral re ason in g .

I N FI N I TE S E R I E S .

To e x erci se the stude n t in thi s no ta tion we pro ,

c ee d to e x pl ain o n e of the se fun cti o n s which i s o f

m ost e x ten sive app lic at ion an d i s k n own by the n am e

o f Tay l or s T/
’
zeorenz I f in go x any fun ctio n o f x the
.
, ,

val ue o f x be i n cre ased by 11 o r x it be sub sti tu te d ,

i n ste ad o f x th e re s ul t i s deno ted by

, It
 T H E D I F FE RE NT I AL A N D I NT E G RA L C A L C ULU S .
45

A G EO M E T R I C A L I LLU S T RA T I O N .

L et O C a n d O D ( F i g 5 ) be t wo a x e s a t ri gh t an
.

gle s t o o ne an o the r and l e t a li ne A B of g ive n len gth

,

be pl a ced wi th o n e e x tre m i ty i n e ach a x i s L e t th i s .

'
l in e m ov e fro m i t s firs t p osi ti o n i n to th at o f A B o n ’

one side an d afterward s i n to th at o f A B o n the

,

o ther si de always preservin g i t s fi rst l

, e n g th f T he
m o ti o n o f a l adder o ne end o f whi ch i s ag ain st a wall
, ,

an d the othe r o n the g ro u n d i s an i n s t ance ,

.

’
L e t A B an d A B i n tersec t A B i n P an d P
’ ’ " "
If
” ”
A B were g rad u ally m o ved fro m i t s pre sen t p o si ti o n
i n t o th at of A B the p oin t P wo uld also m ov e grad
’ ’

,
"

ua l
l
y fro m i ts prese n t po si ti on in to th at o f P p assi n g '
, ,

'
in i ts co urse thro ugh ev ery p oin t i n th e line P P
,
"
.

B ut here i t i s n ece ssary t o rem ar k th at A B i s i tself

one o f th e po si tio n s i n term edi ate be tween A B an d ’ ’

” ”
A B , an d when two l in e s are by th e m o ti on o f on e ,

of the m bro ugh t i n t o o ne an d th e s a m e s trai gh t line

, ,

they i n ters ect o ne anothe r ( i f th i s phrase ca n b e here

appli ed a t all ) i n every p oi n t an d al l id e a o f o ne d i s ,

t i nc t p oin t o f i n t ersec ti o n i s lo s t N ever thele s s P .

"

de scri be s on e p art of P P b efore A B h as co m e in to" ’ "

the p o si ti on A B an d the re s t afte rward s when i t is

, ,
'
be twee n A B an d A B ’
.