1.
TELECOMMUNICATION NETWORK
 Service of providing electrical
communication at a distance
accomplished by PSTN (Public Switched
Telephone Network)
 For cellular mobile system, it is called
PLMN (Public Land Mobile Network)
 With the advent of competition and
demand for new services, the networks
are becoming even more complicated and
is converging into one. (Network
architecture, mobile communication
standards, and integration of different
technology)
 ATM (Asynchronous Transfer Mode) –
is a high-speed switching technique that
uses fixed-size cells to transmit voice,
data, and video. A cell is analogous to
envelopes that each carry the same
number of bits. Used mainly in older
networks.
 Edge routers are a specialized network
device that sits at the edge of a network
and serves as the entry and exit point for
data packets.
 Virtual Private Networks (VPNs) are
secure networks that allow users to
access and transmit data over a public
network, such as the internet, in a private
and secure manner.
 xDSL stands for Digital Subscriber Line,
which is a family of technologies that
provide digital data transmission over the
wires of a local telephone network. The “x”
stands for multiply or high speed digital
data transmission.
 Internet Data Center (IDC) is a facility
that houses networked computers,
servers, and storage systems, as well as
the associated components, such as
telecommunications and networking
equipment.
 Public Land Mobile Network (PLMN)
refers to a type of wireless communication
network designed for use on land, as
opposed to satellite networks.
 Community Antenna Television (CaTV),
also known as Cable Television, is a
system that delivers television
programming to consumers through radio
frequency signals transmitted over coaxial
cables.
 IP DIAL refers to the use of Internet
Protocol (IP) technology to establish voice
calls over data networks, such as the
internet. This method allows users to
make phone calls using IP-based
communication systems, often referred to
as Voice over IP (VoIP) technology.
 Internet Service Provider (ISP) is a
company that provides you with access to
the internet.
 Global IP Network is a large-scale
network that allows for the transmission of
digital signals over the internet on a global
scale.
 Telephone networks opted for time
division multiplexing / circuit switching)
 Data networks opted for statistical
multiplexing / packet switching.
 TDM: Fixed time-slots and allocate each
slot to different users or data streams
 SM: Allocates bandwidth based on data
rate and requirements of the users
 Circuit Switching: Central offices serves
as hubs for multiple subscribers,
dedicated communication path is
established between two nodes for
duration of a connection.
 Packet Switching: Data is divided into
smaller units called packets, which are
individually routed over a network.
Routers are connected to the internet
through an Internet Service Provider (ISP)
to exchange data packets with other
routers.
 Cable networks opted for tree-and-branch
and broadcast model of operation
Cable TV Networks
 Picking antenna - is where the signal is
received from the broadcast stations.
  Head end - is where signals are received 3.2. Electrical Telegraph: Early Form of Long-
and processed. Distance Communications
 Coaxial cable - is used to transmit the
signal from the head end.
 Amplifier - boosts the signal strength.
 Splitter - divides the signal into multiple
paths.
 Drop cable - cables lead to individual
homes.
 Tap – is an additional connection point or
junction.  A simple telegraph circuit consists of a
 Cable TV networks are now converging. copper wire loop with a buzzer inserted at
 The trend in switching is the shift from the distant end. At the near end, an
circuit to packet switching. electrical switch is called key. The key is
spring-loaded, which keeps it normally in
2. PUBLIC SWITCHED TELEPHONE the open position (no current flow)
NETWORK (PSTN)  A code was developed by Morse,
consisting of three elements, dot (key was
 Also known as plain old system (POTS),
held down for a very short period of time);
interconnected telephone system over
dash (key was held down for a longer
which telephone system calls are made
period of time); and space (where key was
via copper wires.
left in the ‘up’ position and no current
 PSTN is based on the principles of circuit
flowed.
switching.
 A more practical telegraph system (one-
 Originally, PSTN was only an analog
way) is illustrated. A figure has just one
system, but it is now almost entirely
metallic wire connecting the west station
digital.
to the east station. The second wire is
 Analog Telephone: transmit voice signals
replaced with ground.
over traditional copper wires or analog
telephone lines, connected to the PSTN
which operates using circuit-switched
technology.
 Digital Telephone: convert voice signals
into digital data, transmitted over digital
networks using technologies such as
Integrated Services Digital Network  When both keys are closed, a DC current
(ISDN) or digital subscriber lines (DSL). is traced from a battery in the west station
3. BASIC CONCEPTS OF ELECTRICITY FOR through the key and relay at that point to
COMMUNICATIONS the line wire, and from there it is traced
through the relay and key at the east
3.1.Early Sources of Electrical Current station and back through the earth
(ground) to the battery.
 Dry cell batteries were employed in the
 The relays at each end, in turn, control the
earlier periods of telegraph as electrical
local circuits, which include separate
current source.
battery and sounder (buzzer).
 Opening and closing the key at one end,
while the key at the other end is closed,
causes both sounders to operate
accordingly.
4.HISTORY OF TELEPHONE
 They produced about 1.5V (direct current) 1729 - Stephen Grey conducted experiments in
per cell, cells are placed in series to electricity  Electrical Conduction
achieve higher voltage.
1832 - Samuel Morse developed the first
workable telegraph  Morse Code and
Electrical Telegraph
1844 - Washington to Baltimore, telegraph: “What
hath God wrought?”  First official message
transmitted from Washington, DC to the
Baltimore, Maryland
1849 - Antonio Santi Guissepe Meucci built a
‘telephone’ transceiver  ‘Telettrofono’ or
‘telephonic device’ but was unable to patents.
Alexander Graham Bell commonly credited
with the invention of the telephone.
1874 - Thomas Edison, carbon grain transmitter
until 1980s  Carbon microphone Sound
waves create vibration that altered pressure
on carbon granules, modulating electrical
current passing through them
1875 - A.G. Bell says: “Mr. Watson, come here I
want you”  Famous phrase during the first
successful transmission over the telephone
1876 - March 7, patent was granted
1877 - Bell telephone Company was formed, New
Haven Telephone Company
1878 - Thomas Watson: polarized biased ringer
 electromechanical bells or electronic
circuits are used as ringers.
1889 - Almon Brown Strowger: line selector
(patented 1891)  Rotary dial with holes
corresponding digits 0 to 9
1892 - La Porta, Indiana, USA: 1st automatic
exchange
1901 1st Transatlantic Communication First
successful transatlantic telegraph between North
America (Canada) and Europe (Ireland),
congratulatory message from Queen Victoria of
UK to President James Buchanan of USA
1914 - Crossbar switch, and developed by
Ericsson in 1930s First telephone switching
systems
1917 - Erlang Teletraffic Theory Theory to
determine capacity and efficiency of telephone
networks, especially in handling call traffic
1941 - 1st Crossbar Toll Tandem Switch Connect
two crossbar switches
1947 - Wireless Cellular Concept (AT&T) First
commercial cellular network launched in United
States
1960 - Electronic Switching System Replace
electromechanical switching system, utilized
transistors, ICs, and digital processors to perform
switching functions
1974 - Stored Program Control Control telephone
exchanges using software programs stored in
memory 1974 US vs. AT&T (Anti-Trust, finalized
in 1982) Filed case is violations of Sherman
Antitrust Act (designed to promote
competition and prevent monopolistic
practices). AT&T control over telco industry.
AT&T Antitrust case – legal battle began in
1974 and concluded with breakup of the
American Telephone and Telegraph Company
in 1982, divided into seven Bell operating
company known as “Baby Bells”
1977 - Siemens starts on Electronic Worldwide
Switching System  Digital telecommunications
switching system
1982 - Conference of European Posts and
Telecommunications (CEPT) established the
Group Special Mobile Develop standard for
mobile communication in Europe for GSM
1992, 1994 - GSM launch in Finland, Philippines
GSM (Global System for Mobile
Communications) network had already been
established in Finland, making it one of the
earliest countries to adopt this technology
2002 - Resolution 269 US Congress credited
Meucci invention of the telephone, last North
American Step-by-Step switch was retired
Recognized the contributions of Antonio Meucci
in the invention of the telephone, retirement of
electromechanical switching systems
2006 - IP (Internet Protocol) technology began
displacing Frame Relay (FR) for data
communication services Growth of internet
services
2007 - Data traffic matched voice in UMTS 
Data traffic matched voice traffic in UMTS
(Universal Mobile Telecommunications System)
networks. This marked a turning point in mobile
communication, growing demand for mobile
internet access.
5.HOW PSTN WORKS TODAY
PSTN today is a combination of worldwide
telephone networks including telephone lines,
fiber optic cables, switching centers (central
offices), cellular networks, satellites, and cable
systems.
1. From telephone handset to central office.
Telephone set converts sound waves into
electrical signals and transmit over network
cables to a nearby exchange or terminal.
2. Central office call routing. The call next goes to
central office and routes the call through a fiber
optic cable that converts electrical signals into
light pulses.
3. From the central office to the terminating
number. Relevant center picks up the light pulses,
converts them into electrical signals, and send
them to the target terminal. The destination
terminal forwards the call through sound waves to
the appropriate telephone number
1. Who established the Group Special Mobile in 1982 to develop standards for mobile communication
in Europe?
A) Alexander Graham Bell
B) Samuel Morse
C) CEPT
D) Thomas Edison
Answer: C) CEPT [3a]
2. In which year did GSM (Global System for Mobile Communications) network launch in Finland?
A) 1982
B) 1992
C) 2002
D) 2007
Answer: B) 1992 [3b]
3. Which technology began displacing Frame Relay for data communication services in 2006?
A) GSM
B) IP
C) PSTN
D) UMTS
Answer: B) IP [3c]
4. What did the US Congress recognize in resolution 269 in 2002?
A) Invention of the telephone by Alexander Graham Bell
B) Retirement of the GSM network
C) Wireless Cellular Concept by AT&T
D) Meucci’s invention of the telephone
Answer: D) Meucci’s invention of the telephone [3d]
5. When was the first automatic exchange established in La Porta, Indiana, USA?
A) 1892
B) 1901
C) 1914
D) 1920
Answer: A) 1892 [3e]
6. Which year saw the development of the crossbar switch, and it was further developed by Ericsson
in the 1930s?
A) 1901
B) 1914
C) 1917
D) 1941
Answer: C) 1917 [3f]
7. What concept refers to the use of Internet Protocol (IP) technology to establish voice calls over data
networks?
A) ATM
B) PLMN
C) IP DIAL
D) VPN
Answer: C) IP DIAL [1a]
8. What does PSTN stand for in the context of telecommunication?
A) Personal System Telephone Network
B) Public Switched Telephone Network
C) Private Secure Telephone Network
D) Protocol for Secure Telecommunication Network
Answer: B) Public Switched Telephone Network [2a]
9. Which organization was credited with the development of the first workable telegraph in 1832?
A) CEPT
B) AT&T
C) Bell Labs
D) Samuel Morse
Answer: D) Samuel Morse [2b]
10. What type of network is PLMN, designed for use on land instead of satellite networks?
A) Public Switched Telephone Network
B) Public Land Mobile Network
C) Global IP Network
D) ATM Network
Answer: B) Public Land Mobile Network [1b]
11. Who is credited with inventing the line selector and rotary dial for telephone systems in 1889? [6a]
12. In what year was the first successful transatlantic telegraph communication achieved, and who sent
the congratulatory message on behalf of the UK to the USA? [6b]
13. Which act was utilized to break up AT&T’s monopoly over the telecommunications industry in the
United States, and in what year did this legal battle conclude? [7]
14. What milestone in telecommunications history is attributed to Samuel Morse in 1832, and what was
the significance of his work? [5][4]
15. What are the two primary types of multiplexing used in telecommunications networks, and how do
they differ in their approach to allocating bandwidth? [1a][1b]
16.