დროით-სივრცული წარმოდგენები შუასაუკუნეების ქრისტიანულ

კულტურაში.
Гуревич А.Я. (1984).
Категории средневековой культуры. –is mixedviT

dro da sivrce samyaros arsebobis ganmsazRvreli parametrebi da adamianuri gamocdilebis

safuZvelmdebare kategoriebia. Tanamedrove yoveldRiuri azrovneba praqtikuli moqmedebebisas
xelmZRvanelobs abstraqciebiT "dro" da "sivrce" (dro-sivrculi abstraqciebiT). sivrce gaigeba, rogorc
samganzomilebiani, geometriuli, Tanabrad gaWimuli forma, romlis danawevrebac SesaZlebelia
gazomvad nawilebad. dro aRiqmeba, rogorc gangrZobiTi, xangrZlivi, Tanmimdevruli, Seuqcevadi
mimdinareoba movlenebisa warsulidan awmyos gavliT momavalSi. dro da sivrce obieqturi realobaa,
romelTa Sinaarsic ar ganisazRvreba maTive Semavsebeli formiT.

istorikosTa mier dro da sivrce aRiqmeba, rogorc materiis arsebobis obieqturi formebi. magram
calkeuli adamianis mier isini subiqturadac ganicdeba. droisa da sivrcis kategoriebi gansxvavebulad
aRiqmeba da gamoiyeneba gansxvavebul civilizaciebsa da sazogadoebebSi, sazogadoebrivi
ganviTarebis gansxvavebul stadiebze, erTi da imave sazogadoebis sxvadasxva fenebsa Tu calkeul
individTan. am faqts adasturebs sxvadasxva mecnierebis _ lingvistikis, eTnologiis (kulturuli
anTropologiis), xelovnebis istoriis, literaturaTmcodeobis, fsiqologiis _ monacemebi.

ukve aRiniSna, rom adamiani Tavis praqtikul saqmianobasa da Semecnebisas xelmZRvanelobs

"samyaros suraTis" am arsebiTi kategoriebiT. am kategoriaTa interpretacia mniSvnelovnadaa
damokidebuli sazogadoebis ganviTarebaze, Sesabamisad, am konceptualuri da grZnobiTi "inventaris"
Seswavla kulturis arsis gagebisa da im pirobebis (istoriuli epoqis) gakvevis SesaZleblobas iZleva,
romelSic mimdinareobda pirovnebis formireba.

adamiani ar ibadeba "drois SegrZnebiT". misi droiT-sivrculi Sexedulebebi yovelTvis ganpirobebulia

im kulturiT, romelsac is ekuTvnis. ganviTarebuli sazogadoebisTvis damaxasiaTebelia droisadmi
gacnobierebuli damokidebuleba. Tanamedrove adamiani advilad operirebs drios kategoriiT. mas
SeuZlia warmoidginos momavali, dagegmos misi moqmedeba, winaswar gansazRvros mecnierebis,
teqnikis, warmoebis, sazogadoebis ganviTareba. es SesaZlebloba aixsneba drois sistemebis maRali
donis mowesrigebulobiT. dro da sivrce gagebulia, rogorc abstraqciebi, romelTa saSualebiTacaa
SesaZlebelia ideis gamomuSaveba erTiani da kakonzomierad mowesrigebuli samyaros Sesaxeb.
CvenTvis am kategoriebma moipoves avtonomiuri xasiaTi da instrumentuli orientiris funqcia
SeiZines.

arcerT epoqaSi dro ar iyo iseTi Rirebuli da ar ikavebda adamianis cnobierebaSi iseT mniSvnelovan
adgils, rogorc dRes. Tanamedrove adamiani "moCqare" adamiania, misi cnobiereba ganisazRvreba
drosTan mimarTebaSi. dro imonebs adamians, Camoyalibda "drois kulti". socialur sistemebs Soris
metoqeoba gaigeba, rogorc droSi Sejibri: vin gaimarjvebs ganviTarebis tempis mixedviT (vis
mxaresaa dro)? wamebis aRmniSvneli isris mqone ciferblati SesaZlebelia miviCnioT Cveni
civilizaciis simbolod.

Tanamedrove samyaroSi zustad aseve Seicvala sivrcis gagebac: SesaZlebeli gaxda misi SekumSva.
dakavSirebisa da gadaadgilebis axalma saSualebebma SesaZlebeli gaxada drois erTeulSi Seudareblad
didi manZili dafarva, vidre ramodenime aTwleulis win (aRar vsaubrobT ufro Soreul warsulze).
Sedegad, samyaro ufro dapataravda. adamianis saqmianobaSi udidesi mniSvneloba mieniWa siCqaris
_ droisa da sivrcis SemaerTebel _ kategorias. Zireulad Seicvala cxovrebis ritmi. CvenTvis es Cveulia,
Tumca amgvari kacobriobam araferi icoda misi istoriis manZilze.

droisa da sivrcis Tanamedrove kategoriebs Zalze cota saerTo aqvs sxva istoriul epoqebSi mcxovreb
adamianTa aRqmul da gancdil drosa da sivrcesTan. e.w primitiul Tu miTologiur cnobierebaSi es
kategoriebi ar arsebobs sufTa abstraqciis saxiT; ganviTarebis am stadiaze adamianTa azrovneba
konkretuli da sagnobriv-grZnobiTia. maTi cnobiereba samyaros moicavs mis sinqronul da diaqronul
mTlianobaSi, amitom is "droisgareSea". arqauli cnobierebisaTvis warsuli da awmyo movlena
aRiqmeba erTi planis movlenebad, romlebic erT droiT mdinarebaSi mimdinareobs. pirvelyofili
adamianis dro da sivrce, Tanamedrove adamianis TvalsazrisiT, mouwesrigebelia. pirvelyofil
sazogadoebebSi droiTi orientacia vrceldeba mxolod uSualo momavalze, axlo warsulsa da awmyoze. es
orientacia gafantulia da sustadaa koordinirebuli (gv. 28).

pirvelyofili adamianis aRqmis gansxvavebuloba imaSi mdgomareobs, rom maT cnobierebaSi es

kategoriebi warmodgenilia ara neitralur koordinatebad, aramed idumal yovlisSemZle Zalad, romlebic
marTaven sagnebs, adamianTa cxovrebasa da RmerTebsac ki. amitom isini emociurad Rirebulia: dro,
iseve rogorc sivrce, SesaZlebelia iyos keTili an boroti, sasikeTo garkveuli tipis moqmedebebisaTvis da
mavnebeli _ meorisTvis; arsebobs sakraluri _ sadResaswaulo, msxverplSewirvis an miTis Seqmnis
(dakavSirebuli Tavdapirveli drois dabrunebasTan) _ dro; zustad aseve, arsebobs sakraluri sivrce,
wminda adgilebi an mTeli samyaro, romelic eqvemdebareba gansakuTrebul Zalebs.
warsuls, awmyos da momavals Soris gansxvaveba mkafioa, rodesac sazogadoebriv cnobierebaSi
dominirebulia SeuqcevadobasTan dakavSirebuli drois linearuli (sworxazovani) aRqma. es imas ar
niSnavs, TiTqos arqaul sazogadoebaSi aseTi gansxvavebuloba saerTod ar arsebobs: cxovrebiseuli
gamocdilebis gamo adamiani aRiqvams bunebis movlenaTa da sakuTar moqmedebaTa
Tanmimdevrobas. magram qronologiuri seriebi, romlebSic organizdeba pirvelyofil adamianTa
praqtikuli cxovreba, gamoyofilia miTis cikluri droisgan _ winaprebi da maTi cocxali STamomavlebi
gansxvavebul droiT ganzomilebebSi cxovroben. drois am or aRqmas, realobis aRqmis or dones
erTmaneTTan akavSirebs dResaswaulebi da ritualebi. amgvarad, linearuli dro ar sWarbobs adamianur
cnobierebaSi _ is eqvemdebareba cxovrebiseul movlenaTa ciklur aRqmas, swored ganmeorebadi droa
miTologiuri warmodgenebis safuZveli.

linearuli da cikluri drois aRqmis SeTavsebis sxvadasxva forma istoriis sxvadasxva etaze gveZleva.
bevri xalxis cnobiereba, romlebmac Seqmnes didi civilizaciebi, moZraobs wreze. ZvelaRmosavluri
kulturebis RirebulebaTa sistemis safuZvelia idea mudmivad mimdinare awmyos Sesaxeb, romelic
ganuwyvetliv kavSirSia warsulTan. Zveli indoeTisTvis drois gagebas gamoxatavs simbolo _ borbali:
kosmosuri wesrigis borbali idiTganve moZraobs, es sikvdilisa da sicocxlis mudmivad ganaxlebadi
wrebrunvaa. "warsulis Tayvaniscema" -radxakriSnanis sityvebiT - "aris indoelTa nacionaluri
maxasiaTebeli... cvlileba ar cnobierdeba." Zveli egviptelebis warmodgeniT, dro miedineba yoveldRiur
cxovrebaSi, xilul samyaroSi, xolo sakraluri dro zerealobis mudmivobaa, romelic ar eqvemdebareba
cvlilebas. maTi warmodgeniT, dro RvTisgan moevlinaT mza saxiT, warsuli da momavali ki awmyoSi
arsebobs.

droiTi orientirebis analizi saukeTesod avlens da xsnis antikuri (romelic Tanamedrove evropuli
civilizaciis safuZvelia) da Tanamedrove kulturebis winaaRmdegobriobas. veqtoruli dro, romelic
batonobs Tanamedrove cnobierebaSi, elinistur cnobierebaSi daqvemdebarebul rols TamaSobs.
berZnebis drois aRqmaSi dRemde did rols TamaSobs realobis miTologiuri gamniSvnelianeba. dro
moklebulia homogenurobas, Tanmimdevrul qronologiurobas, da sivrcis msgavsad, ar iqca abstraqciad.
Zveli berZnebis mier dro aRiqmeba ara cvlilebisa da ganviTarebis, aramed sasufevelSi arsebobis an
mudmivi diadi wrebrunvis kategoriebiT. samyaroSi momxdari movlenebi unikaluri ar aris _
urTierTCamnacvlebeli epoqebi meordebian. antikuri elinis "materialur-grZnobiTi da cocxali kosmosi”
asaxavs saganTa mudmiv wrebrunvas Seqmnili daunawevrebeli qaosisagan; sxeulis interpretacia
antikur xelovnebaSi adasturebs warmodgenas awmyo momentis sicocxliT sisavsis Sesaxeb, romelic
sakuTar TavSive sruldeba da ar eqvemdebareba ganviTarebas. elinuri cnobiereba mimarTulia
warsulze, samyaros marTavs bedi, romelsac eqvemdebarebian ara marto adamianebi, aramed _
RmerTebic. istoriuli ganviTarebisTvis ki adgili arc rCeba. antikuroba "astronomiulia" da statikuri,
amitomac ar icnobierebs istorias. maTgan gansxvavebiT, romaeli istorikosebisTvis dro linearulia,
istoriis mimdinareoba maT mier ganixileba ara miTopoetikuri kategoriebiT, aramed realur istoriul
faqtebze dayrdnobiT (romis dafuZneba da a.S.).

Zvel xanaSi adamianebi arc gamoyofdnen Tavs bunebis samyarosgan da arc upirispirebdnen Tavs
bunebiseul sferos. isini amitom ar ganixilaven mas, rogorc obieqts, romelzec SesaZlebelia garedan
zemoqmedeba. esaa garkveuli "kosmiuri" adamianuri sxeuli, e. w. "groteskuli sxeuli" (baxtini) _
dausrulebeli, garemomcveli samyarosgan gamoucalkevebeli da masSi gardamavali, gaxsnili samyaroSi
da sakuTar TavSi Semomtani. "groteskuli sxeuli" gansakuTrebul rols TamaSobs adreul da
Suasaukeneebis kulturebSi. aRorZinebis xanamde, romelic dakavSirebulia axal msoflaRqmasTan da
sakuTari Tavis Sesaxeb warmodgenasTan. SeiZleba vivaraudoT, rom realobis am specifikur aRqmas
Seesabameboda drosTan gansakuTrebuli damokidebuleba.

linearuli dro _ socialuri drois erT-erTi SesaZlebeli formaa, romelsac evropul kulturul regionSi, rogorc
drois aTvlis erTaderT sistemas, upiratesoba mieniWeba.

rogorc iTqva, "samyaros modeli" yalibdeba garkveul sazogadoebaSi da sakuTar kvals tovebs yvelanair
adamianur moqmedebaze. samyaros suraTi an misi calkeuli elementebi formirdeba sazogadoebaSi
moqmed sxvadasxva semiotikur sistemaSi. amitom bunebrivia maTi kvalis Zieba literaturul
nawarmoebebsa da, zogadad, xelovnebaSi. am nimuSTa gamoyeneba SesaZlebelia droiT-sivrculi
warmodgenebis sakvlevad, oRond SezRuduli zomiT. es SezRuduloba imiT aixsneba, rom samyaros
SemoqmedebiTi Semecnebisas gamomuSavdeba sakuTari, avtonomiuri drois da sivrcis kategoriebi,
amdenad, isini pirobiTia. mxatvrul drosa da sivrces specifikuri Taviseburebebi aqvs, romlebic
gamomdinareobs ara samyaros (romelSic isini warmoiqmnebian) pirdapiri aRqmisgan, aramed
eqvemdebareba gansakuTrebul ideologiasa da mwerlebis, poetebis Tu mxatvrebis, sazogadod,
xelovnebis winaSe mdgom amocanebs.

Suasaukuneebis xalxTa azrovnebis ZiriTadi kategoriebis Sesaswavlad mimarTaven eposisa da

miTologiis analizs, aseve, istoriuli wyaroebis, qronikebis, wmindanTa cxovrebis, saqmiani sabuTebis,
werilebis, traqtatebisa da sxva monacemebis analizs. bevri ramis momcemia enis, terminologis,
gavrcelebuli frazebis, gamonaTqvamebis, sityvaTSeTanxmebebis, frazeologizmebis Seswavla.
ritualebi, procedurebi Suasaukuneebis socialur da kulturul cxovrebaSi TamaSobdnen umniSvelovanes
rols.