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M A G R
I C U
A T
L A
C R E
Leprechaun
echaun
SS
E
R
P
For Lauren, who brought magic to everything she touched.
Leprechaun
Magical Creatures
Copyright © 2022
No part of this book may be reproduced in any manner whatsoever without written permission,
except in the case of brief quotations embodied in critical articles and reviews.
Fremont, CA 94539
readfulltilt.com
Full Tilt Press publications may be purchased for educational, business, or sales promotional use.
Editorial Credits
Image Credits
Getty Images: and2DesignInc, 15, bgblue, 12, Bohdanochka, 16, mariaflaya, 8, MatoomMi, 20, Naddiya,
22, Richard I’Anson, 17, Scott Olson, 21, tassel78, 22, vectorplusb, 22; Pixabay: 7089643, 3, OpenClipart-
Vectors, 1, 9, Yuri_B, 4; Wikimedia: atul666, 13, Source, Fair Use, 22, T. C. Croker, 22
SS
E
R
P
CON TE N TS
Magical Powers
.................................... 15
Fun Facts................................................ 22
Quiz.......................................................... 23
Glossary.................................................. 23
Read More............................................. 24
Index........................................................ 24
MEET THE
Leprechaun
8th century.
4 4
6 6
What Do
Leprechauns
Look Like?
size of a three-year-old
sometimes grumpy.
8 8
E S
R
U
P R T
L E E C A
H E
A U F
N
t a
g cg
2 3f
(6-9
ct)
t
s t
b
10 10
Where Do
Leprechauns
Live?
and cities
People believe there is a leprechaun
12 12
Mill Ends Park in Portland, Oregon, is
Powers
16 16
The tin whistle is a six-holed instrument
and Humans
capture leprechauns.
using money
St. Patrick’s Day is celebrated on March
An a l,
0 20
Some cities put green
Ui N
la
D I
c o
I r
la
,
w m
“l b.”
a da
A ca a re
22 22
QUIZ
Green
GLOSSARY
Education, 2020.
https://kids.nationalgeographic.com/celebrations/article/st-
patricks-day
https://kids.kiddle.co/Leprechaun
IN DEX
cobblers 8, 23 music 16
Leprechaun Cavern 12
luck 15
24 24
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Fig. 268.—Hyocrinus bethellianus. × 2. (From Wyville Thomson.)
Fig. 269.—Tegmen of Hyocrinus, viewed from above after removal of the arms, ×
8. (From Wyville Thomson.)
It will be gathered from the description just given that the fingers and
the respiratory organs distinguish Cystoidea from the two foregoing
classes. Formerly this class was a lumber-room in which were
placed all primitive irregular Pelmatozoa. The labours of Jaekel[516]
have, however, dispelled the mist which enveloped this group, and in
his monograph all that can be extracted both from superficial
examination and dissection of these fossils is contained. It seems
possible to the present author that the class may eventually require
to be divided into two, corresponding to the two main divisions which
Jaekel recognises, viz. Dichoporita, with pectinated rhombs, and
Diploporita, with diplopores.
Fig. 278.—Aristocystis. In the upper part of the calyx the heavy dots are
"diplopores," seen owing to removal of the superficial layer. (After Zittel.)
CLASS V. BLASTOIDEA
Pelmatozoa with respiratory organs in the form of longitudinal
calcified folds, termed "hydrospires," radiating from the mouth. Stem
well developed; calyx regular, consisting of a whorl of basals
surmounted by a whorl of forked radiais, in the clefts of which lay the
recumbent radial water-vascular vessels, supported each on a
special plate ("lancet plate"), and giving off two rows of branches
supported by short fingers (Fig. 279). Side-plates and covering
plates were also developed; five orals ("deltoids") completed the
calyx. The anus was at the side, just beneath one of the orals.
The hydrospires, which are the great characteristic of the class, are
seen in section in Fig. 279, B (hyd). They consist of a varying
number of parallel folds on each side of each "pseudambulacrum,"
as the lancet plate with its adhering side-plates and covering plates
has been termed. In the most primitive genus, Codaster, they appear
to have opened directly to the exterior, and to have been placed at
right angles to the lines of union of the radial and oral plates, just like
the grooves of a pectinated rhomb. In more modified forms, such as
Pentremites and Granatocrinus (Fig. 279), the outer openings were
overarched by the extension of the side-plates of the radial vessel,
and the whole group of folds has a common opening near the mouth;
indeed, in the highest form there is one common "spiracle" for the
two groups of folds in an interradius, which in one interradius is
confluent with the anus. The hydrospires, when they reach this form,
irresistibly recall the genital bursae of Ophiuroidea (Fig. 214, p. 490),
and very possibly served the same purpose.
CHAPTER XXI
In the typical larval development the eggs are fertilised after being
laid, and they then undergo segmentation into a number of equal, or
nearly equal, segments or "blastomeres." These arrange themselves
in the form of a hollow sphere or "blastula," the cavity of which is
called the "blastocoel" and afterwards becomes the primary body-
cavity of the larva. This cavity contains an albuminous fluid, at the
expense of which development appears to be carried on (Fig. 282,
B). The cells forming the blastula acquire cilia, and the embryo
begins to rotate within the egg-membrane, which it soon bursts, and,
rising to the surface of the sea, begins its larval life. The blastula is
therefore the first well-marked larval stage, and it is found in a more
or less recognisable form in life-histories of members of every large
group in the animal kingdom. Only in the case of Echinodermata and
of forms still lower in the scale, however, does it appear as a larval
stage. The free-swimming blastula stage is reached in from twelve to
twenty-four hours. Soon the spherical form of the blastula is lost; one
side becomes flattened and thickened, owing to a multiplication of
cells, so that they become taller and narrower in shape. Shortly
afterwards this thickened plate becomes buckled inwards,
encroaching on the cavity of the blastocoel. The larva has now
reached the second stage of its development; it has become a
"gastrula" (Fig. 282, C). The plate of thickened cells has become
converted into a tube called the "archenteron" (Fig. 282, C, arch),
which is the rudiment of both the alimentary canal and the coelom of
the adult. This tube communicates with the exterior, in virtue of its
mode of formation, by a single opening which is called the
"blastopore," which becomes the anus of the later larva and adult.
Whilst the gastrula stage is being acquired, the blastocoel or primary
body-cavity is invaded by wandering cells budded from the wall of
the archenteron (Fig. 282, A, B, C, mes). These cells, which are
called "mesenchyme," are the formative cells of the skeleton,
connective tissue, and wandering cells of the adult. When the larva
has a skeleton they are formed very early, arising in the young
blastula stage (Ophiuroidea) or in the stage immediately before the
formation of the archenteron (Echinoidea, Fig. 282, A, B) and
secreting the skeleton. When the larva is devoid of a skeleton
(Asteroidea and Holothuroidea), the mesenchyme usually does not
appear till the gastrula is fully formed.
Fig. 282.—Echinus esculentus. A, optical section of living blastula. B, section of
preserved blastula. The network of strings in the interior is the result of the
coagulation of the albuminous fluid. C, section of gastrula. arch,
Archenteron; mes, mesenchyme cells, attached by protoplasmic strands to
the wall of the embryo. × 150.
(1) The Bipinnaria, the larva of Asteroidea. In this type there is a very
long prae-oral lobe. The ciliated band runs along its edges, and is
produced into a backwardly directed loop on its under surface. This
loop soon becomes separated from the rest of the band as a distinct
prae-oral loop, the rest forming a post-oral loop. Both loops are
drawn out into short tag-like processes, in which we may distinguish
(following Mortensen's[517] notation) in the prae-oral loop an anterior
median process (Fig. 283, a.c.o.b), and a pair of prae-oral processes
(a.v.a). In the post-oral loop there is a median dorsal process
(p.c.o.b) and paired anterior dorsal (a.d.a), posterior dorsal (p.d.a),
posterior lateral (p.l.a), and post-oral (p.v.a) processes. At the apex
of the prae-oral lobe between prae-oral and post-oral ciliated rings
there is an ectodermic thickening, recalling the so-called apical plate
of Annelid larvae.
Fig. 284.—A, Ophiopluteus of Ophiothrix fragilis. hy, Hydrocoel; l.p.c, left
posterior coelom; oes, oesophagus; r.p.c, right posterior coelom; st,
stomach. B, metamorphosis of Ophiopluteus of Ophiura sp. (After Johannes
Müller.)
(2) The Ophiopluteus, the larva of the Ophiuroidea. In this type the
prae-oral lobe remains small, and the primitive ciliated band is
undivided. The processes into which it is drawn out are very long,
and are supported by calcareous rods. Of these processes we may
distinguish prae-oral, postero-dorsal, postero-lateral, and post-oral.
The postero-lateral are always much longer than the rest, so that the
larva when swimming appears to the naked eye as a tiny V. In the
case of Ophiothrix fragilis (Fig. 284, A) the postero-lateral processes
are many times longer than the rest of the body. The Ophiopluteus
was the first Echinoderm larva to be recognised. It was discovered
by Johannes Müller,[518] who also discovered the other three types
of Dipleurula. He named this one Pluteus (easel), from a fancied
resemblance, when turned upside down, to a painter's easel. The
same name was bestowed on the next type, to which it presents a
superficial resemblance, and hence the distinguishing prefix "Ophio-"
was added to the original name by Mortensen.