IMRAD

Inquiries,
Investigations, &
Immersions
Inquiries, Investigations, & Immersions
What is research?
Systematic inquiry to
answer question or
solve problem
What is brainstorming?
Is a way of inquiring ideas that will
help you to develop concepts and
focusing techniques by asking
questions and knowing the
interests of the persons involved
in the said issues.
What is inquiry?
It is a question which you ask to
get some information.
It is the process of asking about
or investigating something to
find out more about it.
What is investigation?
It is a proper inquiry or
efficient study.
What is immersion?
It is the process of learning a skill
by using nothing else but that
skill.
It is the fact of becoming
completely involved in something.
Quantitative Research Designs
✓Techniques use to gather
quantitative data that can be
sorted, classified, and
measured
✓Either descriptive or
experimental
DESCRIPTIVE EXPERIMENTAL
▪Observation ▪Pre-experimental
studies ▪True experimental
▪Correlational ▪Quasi-
studies experimental
▪Survey research
DESCRIPTIVE
•Observation studies
•Correlational studies
•Survey research
DESCRIPTIVE
Answers the questions who, what,
when, where, and how
does not involve the manipulation of
certain variables. Rather, it seeks
only to observe and measure the
variables to investigate them.
DESCRIPTIVE : Observation studies
✓Both present in quantitative and
qualitative
✓Emphasis on specific quantifiable
factor of behavior
✓Maintains objectivity
DESCRIPTIVE : Correlational studies
✓Identify the relationship between
variables
✓Does not look for cause and effect
✓Data are numerical
✓May use scatterplot
•The relationship between stress and
depression.
•The equation between fame and money.
•The relation between activities in a third-
grade class and its students.
POSITIVE CORRELATION NEGATIVE CORRELATION ZERO CORRELATION
Both variables The variables move

No relationship
move in the same in opposite
between two variables
direction. directions.
Example: the Example: the Example: a person’s
amount of time number of hours shoe size and their
spent studying spent watching TV IQ score.
and academic and physical
performance. activity level.
:
DESCRIPTIVE Survey research
✓Popular design
✓Large population by surveying a sample
of population
✓May use face-to-face interviews,
telephone interviews, or questionnaires
✓Summarize responses using frequency
distribution, percentages, and other
statistical approaches
DESCRIPTIVE : Survey research
2 TYPES OF SURVEY RESEARCH
LONGITUDINAL: used
CROSS-SECTIONAL:
when you want to run
used when you want to
surveys at various
conduct research at a
durations.
given point in time.
EXPERIMENTAL
✓manipulating the independent variable to
study its effects on the dependent variable.
✓Experiments are conducted to test/address
questions about cause and effects
EXPERIMENTAL
✓Involves 2 groups:
experimental group (condition, intervention,
treatment is applied)
Control group (no condition, intervention,
treatment is applied)
EXPERIMENTAL
✓Conducts 2 kinds of test of both
experimental and control groups
PRE-TEST (test administered BEFORE to a
specific treatment or intervention)
POST-TEST (test administered AFTER to a
specific treatment or intervention)
EXPERIMENTAL: PRE-EXPERIMENTAL
✓Considered the weakest research design
▪One-group pretest-posttest
▪Static group
EXPERIMENTAL: TRUE EXPERIMENTAL
✓Randomized design
✓Most accurate design
✓Can be implemented with or without a
pretest
EXPERIMENTAL :TRUE EXPERIMENTAL
FACTORS
There should be a control group.
There should be a variable that can be manipulated
by the researcher.
The subjects are randomly assigned to the
treatment group or the control group.
✓Posttest-only control group design
✓Pretest-posttest control group design
✓Solomon four-group design
▪Posttest control group design
▪Pretest-posttest control group design
▪Solomon four group design
EXPERIMENTAL: QUASI-EXPERIMENTAL
✓ causal-experimental
✓to conclude the cause-effect equation
between two or more variables, where one
variable is dependent on the other
independent variable
✓depends on the factor of comparison
EXPERIMENTAL: QUASI-EXPERIMENTAL
•The impact of drugs on a teenager.
•The effect of good education on a freshman.
•The effect of substantial food provision in
the villages of Africa.
Data collection Methods
Data Collection Procedure Description
Content Look for oral or written forms of

Analysis communication
Allows respondents to be subjected
under a treatment or intervention
Experiment then results are evaluated using a
scientific method of data collection
Data collection Methods
Data Collection
Description
Procedure
Use sense organs in collecting data by watching and
listening
Observation Direct: researcher sees and listens to everything
Indirect: observe with the use of technology
Use the most appropriate tool in collecting data
Interview: compose and ask set of questions; use of
sequence (opening questions to closing questions); give
Surveys info about the next activity after the interview
Questionnaire: factual (multiple-response) and
opinionated (respondents allowed to write) questions
Qualitative Research Designs
✓Used to understand
how people experience
✓Can be observed and
recorded
PHENOMENOLOGICAL STUDIES
examine human experiences called lived
experiences.
respondents are asked to describe their
experiences as they perceive them. They
may write about their experiences, but
information is generally obtained through
interviews.
Daly (2005) studied the lived experiences of mothers of
suicidal adolescents. She contended that, unfortunately,
the mother’s experience is often the hidden dimension in
the family. Unstructured interviews were conducted with 6
mothers living with suicidal adolescents. Six themes were
identified: failure as a good mother, the ultimate Rejection,
feeling alone in the struggle, helplessness and
powerlessness in the struggle, cautious parenting, and
keeping an emotional distance.
• Exploring the lived experiences of individuals who have undergone
major transitions in their lives, such as retiring from work, getting
married, or coming out as LGBTQ+.
• Examining the experiences of individuals who have experienced grief
and loss, such as the death of a loved one or the end of a significant
relationship.
• The meaning of "beauty" in different cultures: A phenomenological
exploration.
• Children experience when their parents divorce
• Meaning of physical disability to people who have been severely
injured in the workplace
ETHNOGRAPHIC STUDIES
involve the collection and
analysis of data about
cultural groups
Cameron (1990) wrote that
ethnography means
“learning from people” (p.
5).
In ethnographic research, the researcher frequently
lives with the people and becomes a part of their
culture. The researcher explores with the people
their rituals and customs. An entire cultural group
may be studied or a subgroup in the culture. The
term culture may be used in the broad sense to mean
an entire tribe of Indians, for example, or in a more
narrow sense to mean one nursing care unit.
ETHONOGRAPHIC STUDIES
Observing a group of children playing
A researcher can observe a group of eight elementary school
children playing on a playground to understand their habits,
personalities and social dynamics. In this setting, the researcher
observes one child each week over the course of eight weeks and
notes their preferences, like the toys and playground equipment
they use the most. The researcher then observes their actions to
determine any recurring behavior patterns.
Finally, the researcher may observe how the children interact
with each other to learn who each kid plays with the most, who
they play with the least and if there are any groups of friends
among them.
ENTHONOGRAPHIC STUDIES
Observing employees in a corporate office
A researcher may study a group of employees at a business
consulting agency to determine the work culture. The researcher may
observe their interactions with clients to understand how they
behave with people outside of their workspace. The researcher might
then observe how they interact with one another to identify any
social cliques, behaviors, teamwork dynamics and professionalism.
To better understand how they collaborate on group projects, the
ethnographer may take a more active approach and participate in
some of their social gatherings outside of work to better understand
how their office dynamics differ from those of their personal lives.
GROUNDED THEORY STUDIES
developed by two
sociologists, Glaser and
Strauss (1967)
data are collected and
analyzed and then a theory
is developed that is
grounded in the data.
Data collection primarily consists
of participant observation and
interviews, and data are recorded
through handwritten notes and
tape recordings.
The grounded theory qualitative method was used by Williams
and Irurita (2005) to study the personal control and emotional
comfort of hospitalized patients. Interviews were conducted with
40 patients, and 75 hours of field observations were conducted.
The basic psychological process identified by the researchers was
labeled “optimizing personal control to facilitate emotional
comfort.” Personal control referred to the ability of patients to
influence their environment; emotional comfort was defined as a
state of relaxation that affected the physical status of the patient.
Personal control was found to be a central feature of emotional
comfort.
HISTORICAL STUDIES
Concern the identification, location,
evaluation, and synthesis of data from the
past.
Historical research seeks not only to discover
the events of the past but to relate these past
happenings to the present and to the future.
HISTORICAL STUDIES
The sources of historical data are frequently referred to as
primary and secondary sources.
Primary sources are those that provide firsthand
information or direct evidence.
Secondary sources are secondhand information (or
sometimes third or fourth hand).
HISTORICAL STUDIES
Examine the influence of Spanish culture, language, and
religion on the Philippines.
Analyze the changes in social structures, customs, and
traditions brought about by Spanish colonization.
Investigate the assimilation and resistance of the Filipino
people to Spanish cultural influences.
HISTORICAL STUDIES
Oral histories were gathered from 8 nurses who were employed between 1951
and 1965 in a Virginia state hospital (Harmon,2005).These nurses were now
retired and had between 12 and 46 years of psychiatric nursing experience.The
researcher wanted to describe the experiences of these nurses who practiced in
a state mental hospital before and during the introduction of antipsychotic
medications. They expressed resignation and frustration while trying to provide
care despite crowded wards and inadequate personnel and supplies.The nurses
indicated that they focused on the patient’s body instead of on the patient’s
mind.The camaraderie they experienced with other nurses helped them
continue in their positions, despite what they felt to be a “thankless job.”
CASE STUDIES
are in-depth examinations of people or groups
of people. A case study could also examine an
institution
ACTION RESEARCH
It seeks action to improve practice
and study the effects of the action that was
taken (Streubert & Carpenter, 2002).
ACTION RESEARCH
Saturday Mathematics Program: Its Effect to
Selected Students of Trento District
The Plight of Teachers on One Time Monthly
Salary Release: Financial Literacy and Survival
Improving Mathematics Performance Through
the Use of Differentiated Instruction of Grade
Four Ginto in Teacherph Elementary SchooL
ACTION RESEARCH
The Challenges of SHS ABM Grade 11 Transferee
students to the School Performance of CMSHS
The Filipino Short Story: It's Effect on the
Reading Comprehension of the Grade 6
Learners
Inquiries, Investigations,
& Immersions
IMRAD
CHAPTER 1 TO 5
IMRAD
What is IMRaD?
Refers to a paper that is structured by four main
sections: Introduction, Methods, Results, and
Discussion.
This format is often used for lab reports as well
as for reporting any planned, systematic
research in the social sciences, natural
sciences, or engineering and computer
sciences.
GOAL OF IMRAD
The goal of using the IMRaD format is to
present facts objectively, demonstrating a
genuine interest and care in developing new
understanding about a topic; when using this
format, you don’t explicitly state an argument
or opinion, but rather, you rely on collected
data and previously researched information
in order to make a claim.
BENEFITS OF IMRAD
1. Development and changes in internal organization
of scientific article is answer to constant growth of
information
Benefits of imrad
2. Imrad structure facilitates modular reading
3. Readers usually do not read in linear way but
browse in each section of article, looking for specific
information, which is normally found in pre-
established areas of the paper
-- Meadows. J inf sci 1985;11:27-30
IMRAD
Introduction: Why did you start?
Methods: What did you do?
Results: What did you find?
Discussion: What does it all
mean?
INTRODUCTION (3-7 pages)
1. Context or background (personalized)
2. Review of related literature (5 literature, studies:
foreign and local) followed by the research gap
3. Purpose or significance of your study
4. Statement of the problems/hypothesis (quantitative)
5. Frameworks: theoretical and conceptual (with
paradigm)
METHOD AND DESIGN (1 to 2 pages)
1. Describes the design used
2. Selection of participants &
sampling technique
3. Statistical treatments used
4. Ethical considerations
RESULTS (5 to 10 pages)
Discuss the following:
1. Presentation of computed data into tables
or graphs using the specific objectives as
your sequence guide
2. Answers to the research questions
DISCUSSION (2 to 5 pages)
Discuss the following:
1. Provides practical info and emphasizes any new information
that your results provide
2. Conclusion
3. Recommendation
References (at least 20 references)

Appendix
Curriculum vitae

IMRAD

Uploaded by

Document Information

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

IMRAD

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

Inquiries,

Both variables The variables move

Content Look for oral or written forms of

References (at least 20 references)

You might also like