Module: > series Expansiort and mttivaria Sl @ a. Calculus oe + Taylor's and maclavvin's savies exparsiom for q function of one variable ap tre function +l) +The series expansio™ an as follow about the point xt 1S g* Ho) Ha +a! rors ee) a) Fel +N “s"Ge) 4 4 Gea 4”) eae F'CAI + OM be iz +a) this is called teyle/s s2rias expansion ithe function f+) at x -% Wa-o $a) <#le)t x t'Co) +x? + dn particular, #' Co) 4? 4G) 2 23 at By 6 BMC) ra 7s #¥C0) + - oy This is callad Maclawin's sevies of #lx) ot azo Stain the Taylor's savies Expansion of log x. uv e arte a e abowt the point x24, wpto at" dagvea ta a , 2 fave! 1s tha we have Taylor's series af y(n) ob point xs4 46 givan a5 follows yor yl + Cx Geng! code tae Pana a Gx eG) + 00 3 va) oo 68 yds log % 9 yla)s bloga “Gels : aa a BSW Oea a IO Ley yeas yn leds - fe = Y"C)s 2/23 a) = TE *) wae ln ee YOO + Grad Oa Cen? co yds G4) Gein)? 3 a Gen 2 Gent a +...--the Se x2 Ala upto uth degre? tev + we have Taylor's gavas oxpensio” of yl) aa Power? of (> al3) is gre? as follows = af: eo tagece) 8 CDE Coats) a Come gn Co) = (8 fp L3 Ee E zat yd goss 3g (743) « beg 60% a/3 : to (’/2) yiG) IG sing} y' (= etan (4) coax a tane --3 yi [a)= nef) -4 yi Gls -sece y= -(a+ter) gute a a yl Ce) sta yas “0% ) yea yt laee [2c y") y" (ris) - 3B) a 2-38 yh le) 2 Lye ye! (7s) 2-2 LB C8) +16) 4 afz) = -80 ca) tgs) Cans) ea Gl) cats) (2) all ile = Ce ee oats ga W™ dagvaa terns. ): y¥ [2 3 (8) we (MP 9, (004 2 (= ain)? Li, CES aa (7h) 4 6 4 “ (ml = Hy (7!2)-- Let gisyesinn = ¥(e)<4 yiCecosx yy, (72-0 Yolelecsine Yi (%2)--4 YaCele-cosn Ye (AIS Cl yore search aia}? Gs) G)+ ( ca Yas 2y,¥,- ¥, (ol euro Cos x = I- and Le te =o VaGl= 2 Prygs ae Y4lo) = 2(or4) 25 OsG) s 2CY yar¥ sy, )42 Cry, Ys (o)= 2 (oso) +2 C2Col) =6—, [avg4da%) # yg tn 2 (Habe t B28) "? ‘ os (4p 9a +4345) [os2cn)+ « Gere) 2 (20140) + 3 asec) _ ya44e 216 4 yrds ot odd 24? Gi) 42? +4 7, (2) ce uw 5 +7 (of 14% Ge) +. 2 Zo 2) Expand [445in2x sn Powars of ~~ upto he 4* power, soli yl) = Ja45inase sin = *4+COS a +2 5419 x Cosx = [ Ginx 4 cosny> YO) = 69m 4 Cs 50 goza ¥Y CG)? Cosx-sinx 99, (ol = 4 YC) 9 Sinn 05% 9y Oe). gy Cy a “COSX+Sinx » Y¥sCDP -2 IC) 9 sane tiosx 2 Yq (0) = 2 Macluewi¥ Series yrds asx Ca)a x? Gre ea) 22 eG Pigs C4) +taviensd. La 3) Expond log Citsinx) in power o/~z upto ath degree term. YG) = Log Ci+sinx ) GO) = leg Cito) =O YC)F 2 .cosx y Co)- 4 Ei A+sinx arof coon (e084) ys 9 creer) 50) Cassi) Ci4einw) 2 ee) sa? Ciesinn) %, I= 24 3 y:Co)r-4 Cissiox) ~ ie Ys) 2- ES cos% Gtsinw)™ Als L'a Hgts ae tegl-ct — Sanx ete *h, Foe Bx | rete “bo Se. 4 legl 2-41 ca)400% cu, Grd 3) gvalwat? SS, m2 ee _ cs) pane zaning tog 2 tog tan tt Ot, LG, sox . (ose0) a in tag l= & 03 eae & Sols eae ZB R Both si 22s ae Gosxl 4 fy" Bie a —cosec ae logl=-4t,,), cot x 2, cosec és ee L 2 é sin a 37/2 fe tanx x30 = cot le ct oer) xe = Harting log on beth sides te os [3] >) za oO LAR a) Evalwate at Ee = Zt c ~ b= oy ten 2"108) 2 ite 8 eee a Ge) e log l= 4 tag Cas) = Ya legl= log Cas) lease Ls Vas oe (SE re-_ Chanx ie mate Lt, 4 a/a oO dpevmete eaele OT mat (25) te Ceans) 2 bt an et Le Seenfes 29% . 40Ki7g Log one ton (oxo) Avo. oth sides lect tan2x le leg pone 7 att * Log tan% ° oe anmel oe cot 2% LIBR = 2t, a sect saly 2 * ee ane Qe0sec* 2 mee + 4 | me ot Cote sect SINX COS KH cof 1, sin. * Cosec3x | * eos BH O2A= 250 Coss = tte Ly Yo sin eal ce sec*2s<| “te a C fq 2 gece tane = 2c0soc7 2% 2 =e OH \oet seg -2 @) bogl=-a Leet Cafe otyem tame) EER ya ata Ctane) 7 “fen ae xIa a Sean CB Cy) 6) Evaluate. Lt (7-z sZt Zetol=4ts ca”) facing tog on 4th sides tals ah, ten [2] top (2-2) (once) tog C2-~a) ( © 2 2t, “2 cot fax Za varie legle et a . (4Ya. on 8g OH) ~Cosec® [mx ae Ze 2aLs o% eon Ge “ot? +) : oe fae a +) Balvate Zt (= m ‘ 6) Evelwrato “fn (=) Wee (a) (3° _ pan \i/ 2 Zt, ee : wots ee (% & J ¢ — aethsid os [#s< a -4| aoe 45 log (22) ) legleee.. ot toy (222) (2) me G. nag = OL de teglh sce : (wether) “ xO ftan eae ZHR ee 924) a Mose -si0% zs a ) 2x xe a0 the 15 tegts et xseck tone (oe x40 — To e a aoe He = oO =O 2 legl = LE x 2seexsecctame 4 390% - s0g8o a x20 = 6x legl= 9° aa 5 eee Zk soc% tan ee sine PE axe zoe ( Rie’ a legl= “Lge Sec" tan (ooo 3] 3 ~ legl= et Se “aor- i ©§ ee Ye Legh = a? , 4/3 a Bvalwate ct | (= Ss Ce /): yot Ls lt (= G2) » 2/3 Ao ~ Le\© Ua et <<) -23 taking Log on both sides xe-ol—a) oF se Ff leg flan na w~ 2 2b, tag Ceinx/n) (=) _—_—_———— fo} = L'HR be ue 1% Cose-sin x Log x-sin a Sinx/*, (Gir) xe 2x 2 at > be ROSRHSINX xe [smxl: Sho = = (a). 5 xeesee sine 2x3 2He < at ~X siax 4 aoe C26K— Cock Foe 6—— | «* iT fr yeo% 2) Evalwate Bas ala Gin fedaiweba ce amerias tanx *) xO nw zet Lelie (sine) Gz xa Le Ze tage) x x26 ] Ca) tog l= lt tans, bog sin x = _ _ Leck tog Chany + fog sine me “we i Rai ws) 2) ga oa Coen ’ Z’uR a Zt, = ASO dane = 7 log l= & cos x0 (Ge a zee oo 2 ot «60 tony’ Sa ee) eed 2 2 at - x af p= COS* | st log l= ne 2 tens las Ske. som a aaa eae OC AE corer cue tgagl =o =k XK. geeeetann 4 cade gees Se ee Le 0O24 aa Logl =o Us Psaya oct 4 twos phi ge Pees phe precass of finding partial derivative at CO ond ¥ 46 called partial dipserenciation- zet iais' * “ont vawa Fle F ) a) rind +8 frstand second orde~ partial pe Mpls derivatives of MH Bay 4 a tosy ay? and verify that 3%. ae e782 ~ “Seay : Solrt i Difperesating @ partially wrt 2 and treating y' a5 comstant- ou Mw Iya 2 = be? 2X4 BY CA) + COSYeHO.. 62) pips (2) Partial wrt ‘Gland treating as constant. ou 5 Ey 2, a 2Uy 2 0+ 2x C9) -0~Csiny) + 3y? ---C3) pitt © partilly wt % and beating y as constant om ~ FM 2404 e oe 3 uP ae — ~ 0444@ partially wrt y and treating ™ a — Muy constant Se aie ae 4 See * “ay *9X@4) - e"(cosyyt 2 mixed partial deviva ay? bives are equalob onder - purthe, Hoe as constant eA a : — ae yuprotdyy- ee --G) By On ; i pid (3) wrt ee and Healy fensteng pe MwA i “ | ee : | an 2y uy 2 19 4 -C" Sing 803) eq @ ond are past ovdor partis dovivatives ca © ord © ave secon door dew pected devivative & pom @ 24 @ am - DBP ayo a) yp wee F800" (yee) gg va C%) the pT a* . aoe aya wy? ee tec (Hn) 400° (5) x) Dif @ Prorsioity wrt ix! “land treating 'g'as Constant au * nal Oe ch =. ) 2*(Yn)* (.) E(B) Con - g* 2 . 2+) (@) saxty + antan"(H) ~ 22 xagy® (049°) ant) eae Bae 2 AAR tar" Hx) Oitt w tt wrt vyland treating \5<1 oF *x'as constant. au om Bayar 2-24 2x (Cosy) (3) a-a+ 2x xAy? nye I rye tsay ey 2x? —e G = _ ge ou 2™ 5 pee, aya~ * xd tye 46; 2. 9p 0" 2 Cox-éy) then prove that o 2M. og 0.2% 2 2a ax ay "9 6 constant 1 @© partially art x treating \¥ oxseg g! Candy) (2? ant8% Va), (2) tont ims Bx >e ++ Cox-4y) 2 patt@ partioty wet e proating *x'98 cons OM gee y! Centéy)(-8) 4 +l@-4y) ay Favre" (5)... Ca) ant (2-2) +@xa 6a%™ 4G an oy 2 2B Qo “Cax- #) ha ae anes 29 Coty] + ab eP tx y Cax-Zy) + a2 2 304 oP 2 lex-by ) ban ax oy 4am ou’ = 2asu zrom(s) Qa. ao~ oy . 3 =f Cxsay)g (x -ay) than pr ae & otu Ce o> Oize a partiatiy wrt x treating ty! as Consters ae a =f! ray) Ca)ig Gecay)la) am ; gac™ = A"(etoy) Cala g" Cx-2y) a*a™ oe x 6ya> ax? A" Get ay) $075 "Te ay ) ax ay? # Cxtey laltglix-ay) Ga) Bm be aye? Cesexla coe) (a2) Form OQand@ wegat -@) ataxw ,a% ave 7 ayeSein, (ery 22H?) ee es = Log (* . sli dn + OM 42H 4 ou 3 20n ty? = Bey- 3 a- 21) then prove *Pa oe 2y "Bx a @l aw ,ax, oe. 3 — Cory DOO graye 3 3 ar ays _ ax J : ney: an (an eg 2) ea noel 7) (21242 ade Se oe 88 “88 aE Raa AE, Cueegtel Go) ens i) 2421 2)2 &e2 a aut a (an 292 OY.) ax *ay “52/ 4= (& ewe 6 ay kes way en BOE au, a Cay? Berd ... cs! = (rk on =) ey x Ay 42 RYE SI ry An . Car tag) lal ax oF Le a 2 ser az Aig PBry2 2 (=: 2 similarly 4g. symmetre oa a (23. bn eee epee pee fa “eg | Geigy ea aye) 7a) 35 [=92) #2 (#3 ou a in = 2 42 3) > a )+ 2/5 ay Oxy 2? sy) vy =P as +3 @+O@+6 8 e (ax) ax ee a™ Cuayea)™eo” . 2... fox 7 22)* )etag? PT 92. i) 2 (4 %% ) Hb aoa ‘Cae BF). 2e EH (re ee ear ox OO 2 (& ea) ae de aA ay -- G) .. ~ owe ; ee. Ries 4 2 x OD “B)-4 a- aXeg) ae 2 Cet yloxn Oy) G) oe Be! = 2 _ Copy) ee Or o> Cxty) ~ Cote ary) z 2y74 ang —x Foy * Ss a Cx4g™ atte | 5. ty Fa Bay Bator got ey oo gt a Be. Cerg) Cayley 2) Cuty) ° pat ae ot Cxtgy) * ‘ “( * °3) cong tty 7? grat any ) eS i G) dens faz , Cure) Cr Crtyt) > om , 22). 2¥%ay? pe eee © Cutty) ™Paytial Dippernciation of Tetal derivative: s2(ey* Gayle 2 Ory! ee cng) Lot wasp iy) where ats C4) and Cxtl* yey Ce) a ae U4 Gy) —t as +33)% a Gea wl) ane % oe um oe: Oe Gayl” pe ee eed 2 («ry dt ax dt ag at aie a2 22) = os 45 Caled asthe Total derivation o/-y a) Coy : : © Opa s ny age where xsatanda: 20% arom (a) and (6) a . at 32 42S}. oy ga 22 : ; (3 ~ 33) eu(a- 38-2) soln i= U—> Gy) : du__ au dx, ax dy dt gx 7 dt ‘By ae @) Ms etysy ss xsat ye2et au a a = 2x4 ly e yty Shea S¥. 20 ou 2 By te / @ 2 laryey). a a& tog) 2 . Bay oe +4 2fat(209) 22 . s18 ar e> ,Sy Mer tor" (2) at exe ar @ where *F ad et then tind and y? au ot u—a(ay) eon dx au ag du au de e.g an dt ag at ad Me ton (“Ya) ee ee on + (2Hu)~ = feo, ar aM » 2 oy 2+ (“e)* ay? ee + -t xz ete yeere Shae oes) 8%. et °C) ar +t x ao 2%» (Sy (ted + ze) ed) (ét4 e+) Hywel) ot eh el” 2 -Cat- ol +e 3 445) % ott a ws 6 Py, akg ces Com oh + Ce*, od) 2 Ate Ei ee ~ cetter*4) Partial Dippernciation ae oapatrte ot, Functions gp is a function af arty, an party G2 themselves other vaviasle vond $ M—= Cy) 3625) then. the compestte partial yellows ave completed as Bu = a .o |, am oy ao ax or ay Se aM a ax au ay os on be tae oe punttions of Euo devivativesa _..--& a 2 e4e : xy) where ~F © ae. OF A Gh. eS Oe geet az 22 az, -s ther pT 27 Xe oy. au af soln aap cnivs cased z 2s ae 29 gas Oe Oe ee age ou | ay Oe 2 a 4 22 PH Oy BV OR. OMe 12 OF OM -yv ea waotre giete suey axe yee %e au” ay ,-e°™* : 22 ax : ae 223 -e av sy, - 2” om” @ Bes ag Foti 182 CA ® 29 37 ag @ 22 _ 2% Ce) +az ce) -@ Dv. BF ay ‘ p-4 gaves BE _ 92 (ede _ g-v 22 ox ay eS ad > 2% Cems ev) 22 (ge ax ag 68 = 70 Ob az em 9 ay zet Cyl wrove Max y2 pT 2 BF _ag vie any ae 7G a Zhe ty?) DE ou 2-FC%~) + Cx) eee ae ae ores! o~ ou on t5 SS A) oz _ 2% & ee + Dv 4 BM BY” Bre By CH) 22 Mexty Ve 2xgp cae av ax” aoe) ae au aw’ 22 pe Beer ay og By 23%Ce + $40 +i (3B) * (Ss) coves oe” + 2 Sire cose au au au Fo. am 3, a> (20. sole yy ge) Cl) C3) a OX yam ax 4 2%. °F or ox ar ey ar out au or , 2M, 29 Sa» ae Set +2) 30 a ax 2e 2y 36 x= COS O gerne 2%. cos ay. sine or or ies ay + cos O 7 ney ee 26 wee 28 @ ax -2 coso¢ 2% gin © Ei ke ad eC ey] 3a ° ay Ga 4, Ogres « o au , a Lysine) 4 9¥ (reese) cy) a a7 4.2 = [2 wee Sy 0 5in% (2X ¢ Sy ee — 2517 O6os © OM 3%, eo 2 __ - (BIS 2 a) If Wet OY, YB, BH) HED POVE that amt 4 24, aw) ox | Oy oe soln Hevea we need to convert #6 gree punctior antoa composite fr« fed TR, Saye BEE Bre then u=4 (2,54) 3S Osy, 2) ud 0us, 4) “2% 4 B™* aRS , du 54 ay ar ay 1s 23 at om. ax a oa = oe ax bm oe au ou oz ew ewes. vee C2)+ pu, au ar 4% (9s 4 Oe 12 t C3) == Se ee ax aa at as a “ee veep sege BR or 4 as 20 se i\7 Gr “Vis <8 < ey 2% zl Pi 59° og a ano) 6-288 et BE oe 32 rT ao. |=. = F-_ = ao ae es (Zz 2Vv _au = 23 Co) ae 2 Bet BRO oe Bwya)..6 at 224 00) +25 (0) th oF re aiid G90 9°28 ov 42% 12 oF ay ae 7° z s) HUtH(S 2 od we OU py tH 2S 42 MM ag co Soln: He+2 we ~ad to Conver punctien inte a comacsé ° =] therz PT £ Ene giverr +e fer Ip H 629 422 a -_. then usp (75,4) “1 +(2,6,+) ley 2) amu ay ou ey ~ 2a ot oe ely oe ae re ar, 25 ed Seg 23, = Bae8 ee 7. as Ae Bs . t 2 ay By 7! aan eo peel ae otaM: aa oO au ©, ou am fox So ya) te od. 0 al a ay [o) 42%.) 23 the) © oe <7 (7 a8 | 27 8% @xx+Ox7t+ Oxy Free ~ aM ar © syurd (xt, ale) au au au _ 2 S* oe at ua Cys Gy ®) Pa te zo then PT =O ans @a4~-4 Oxgy,w) where a we x = = y nae then pr ~~ 3% a ay oy ape Jacohians i- AS suppose ‘wand v ave functions aoftwo pndependant veyiasles acandy- thon the determinant au au oe on os - av av 46 coed $70 aon og Jacobian of wandv wrt ~andy. and sen osed ay Jer acuy) ac%y) 4% ee7 Soeew) 4, fae 2s 3Cey) Se Oy -Similorl=y suppese eae oe “vandw are ences these in depandent ic ° variables x2 yards then the Jacobian of uv andy, aoe Zh 4, wet sey onde 43 denot2d by dnd depzinedas follow 5 Te alyyul ax —_—- = =o— 2 a. 20%, %) oe 27) ee a av ay _=- =: a.g Sag or My Boe ay °d s2 a(w) on see fo ang) cy. oy aw 1d ga gand J ToS ei CF) Jo mogary Tex 2) Of De: a™cosv and yr atsine pind Soln :- 2¥ - a™toaces » o4 2” x "glos V 4 2 Vlog sin’ aut ax ~ eal Gerv) 2% sorcosy av aa aoc OGEy) 25] 22, 2m aoe Seftor on Esine) aMteg o5!9~ — atcosy 2g? leg a cos v_fo™, int a” teg fe" “teg a Csin*v) 2 a lega (oswteine) a eat@legaee SOG) ee ae — G ¢ a+ 4 e Bo 4) 4 MMP viyte wee tind ¥y aw. Sy a(4yw) a ae a(x y,2) au. .2%, 2% solni- aug avg aw ig sy . see an au ne Se ee, oe eg = S20 aane a 9 oF a eS le Hepes Pee one, Jt dz u v ele I Te atuseds _ [2A Jey aut tye oly >a a a7g (+9, &) 3B Bete Be Be ae a+ oy Aeaaa oa 4 ; svw deuw UY oot Vw uw nas )-, (exo-ine) so) (ever meow] #2 [Cxrbw- veotwwd] 2 2 (a-a)-Hl tone" el +0 [0] uv 2 2G)-1l0)-102) P] Of mexagre and vege a ene “) 94 wie binesy Ye wsibtingl and 2.70088 eo aa eed 2(7,0,¢) find alyy,2) a aoe) Ewe nee d to axprese ye sol? weve firs in terms of MY, W Ans: ee we ye Zouew ax = Singce, Ms ay yee er 7 Oe of eee or wane YF a2. go SS lDhULhLUC—sD 2% 2 4, mee oe SF 2 ae Cae sz uw £0? 0 7 = Ss PF 2-7 000 2 oy sincveeny BE,-3 OF yw Be ees = = oY BF ue az on | Pree Mwy BB : és a2 23 .-snex 2 aCcny,2! ae aR = i ae acnaeh [te oe 3 aa aC) 22 2 edie = a av bw oo BE ae 22 a ov—_ sine cosh peoscss ~2singny cs 2) \ Je Bowne 9 | gino siod 7289877 Mino, — Property :- © If 71s is the Facosian of ar g) gene 0 Mv wet tomy and J'is the inverse ‘ ie a Tacobiar of wand y wrt to -uandy, #07 Tors al ww) Laley) = Sine Coss [o-Cesine) psincosd] aly) Boel Pari > 5 7 ing cospcose} -pcoso axed [o asi @ (41058) — Gy) ie sing [-asino ane sind ] pels el ot) © pcos ging 088 ey are) aise Ip “Vt xy and ve axy and xs7c0s 8 Sv) pi enadtecsy (07sPeccty) Bi gwene os a(% 6) nee nO Ag *os%@ cos x, sei Sir ee Sole ety? ee rsinte sin + 7 HAO Sir Hea s Mexia Vi any 2M Ax ou =o Sin 6 (cosh 4 sin B+ 3 ces 4s si @ ax ae Te ou au Cees*¢ 4 sine) 2g rg ay F2oe T= v%sin?@ 4 270s 6 sin® Ae ie = 2x -2y Te otsine C4in"@ + cos"0 ) 2C>,¥) ay an Je 77*5iN@ ae C4y2) = a CHey?) 2 coe yerstn cw} ax oo ee So 2B osine or ox > So tt tsi0e ¥ 2 ae ° Be7 = 7c0s ©———~St—™ aie a(x») ea) oo 3 ° a(~e) sino eae a 70) 2 (coos? wae coal 3 Geng) 4208) aime) oa (nl CA) oe ay) ace) - aleaythe ¥ wpeeyense ys vse ‘o" vay te arCsinrercosta) a -o0 2 4 (o-e 2 av Maxima And minima for the yunction Y fF bey) i swerlki9 9 proceduy2 tor finding the artveme values of ¢luy) = @ given FCs y) a: Find omt a4 spond af Ore Ue a we equate these +s equel to gevo a at 20 x 30 and solve for (my) 15 called the cyt = C26) real peiet/ stationary point. a. Find ay ay aed a7f axe? 7 Suey 7S WSS ot s. Cy ae Fvalwata these at the given point (a 34) 34 et-s*z06 end 120 then yy) MoS aminimuem ot giver Point Cad) < 3-94 et-s7>0 and veo then 4 Cyy) Mes @ maximum ot givan point(a,é) Heve the point Ca,6) 1s called the Saddle pornt- © of 54-57 2 NO conclusion.