Animal Tissues

Sunday, December 22, 2019 8:46 AM

Extracellular matrix
3. Smooth muscle
- All animal tissues have a feature in common: the cells are
Ø Composition: spindle-shaped cells, each contains one
embedded in a non living extracellular matrix, which is a
muscles, tapered at ends
mixture of water, carbohydrates, lipids, and protein fibers
Ø Functions: slow, involuntary movements (nervous system
(collagen and elastin
controls it)
A. Epithelial tissues cover surfaces
Ø Locations: digestive tract, arteries, inner organs
- Coat body’s internal and external surfaces with one or more
D. Nervous tissue forms a rapid communication network
layers of tightly packed cells
- Uses electrical signals to convey information rapidly within
- For protection, nutrient absorption along the intestinal tract,
an animal’s body
and gas diffusion in the lungs
- Sensory cells can detect stimuli
- Form glands (organs that secrete substances into ducts or into
- Brain and spinal chord
the bloodstream)
- 2 cell types:
- Have a “free” surface that is exposed either to the outside or
1. Neurons
to a space within the body
Ø Form communication networks that receive, process, and
- On the opposite side, epithelium is anchored to underlying
transmit information
tissues by a layer of extracellular matrix called the basement
Ø The cell that connects to another neuron at a junction called
membrane
a synapse, or it may stimulate a muscle or gland
- Classified by shape: squamous (flattened), cuboidal (cube-
2. Neuroglia
shaped), or columnar (tall and thin)
Ø Support neurons and assist in their functioning
- Classified by cell layers: simple (single layer), stratified
- Nervous tissue:
(multiple layers)
Ø Composition: neurons, neuroglia
1. Simple squamous
Ø Functions: detects stimuli, conveys information throughout
Ø Composition: single layer of flattened cells
the body
Ø Functions: allows substances to pass by diffusion and osmosis
Ø Locations: brain, spinal cord, nerves
Ø Locations: lining of blood vessels, alveoli of lungs
2. Simple cuboidal
Ø Compositions: single layer of cube-shaped cells
Ø Functions: secretes and absorbs substances
Ø Locations: glands, lining of kidney tubules
3. Simple columnar
Ø Composition: single layer of column-shaped cells
Ø Functions: secretes and absorbs substances, sweeps
egg/embryo along uterine tube
Ø Locations: lining of digestive tract, bronchi of lungs, uterine
tubes
4. Stratified squamous
Ø Compositions: multiple layers of flattened cells
Ø Functions: protects areas subject to abrasion, prevents water
loss and infection
Ø Location: outer layer of skin
B. Most connective tissues bind other tissues together
- Consists of cells that are embedded in the extracellular matrix
rather than being attached to one another
- Fill spaces, attach epithelial tissues to other tissues, protect
organs, provide flexible and firm structural support
1. Loose connective tissue
Ø Composition: cells in loose matrix of elastin and collagen
fibers
Ø Functions: holds organs in place, attaches epithelial tissue to
underlying tissue
Ø Locations: under skin, between organs
2. Dense connective tissue
Ø Composition: cells in dense matrix of elastin and collagen
fibers
Ø Functions: connects muscle to bone, connects bone to bone
Ø Locations: tendons and ligaments
3. Adipose tissue
Ø Composition: fat cells in minimal matrix
Ø Functions: stores fat for energy and insulation
Ø Locations: beneath skin, between muscles, around heart and
joints
4. Blood
Ø Composition: red blood cells, white blood cells, platelets in
plasma matrix
Ø Functions: transports gases, nutrients, wastes, hormones
Ø Locations: in arteries, veins, and capillaries
5. Cartilage
Ø Composition: cells in matrix of fine collagen fibers
Ø Functions: flexible support
Ø Locations: ears, joints, bone ends, respiratory tract
6. Bone
Ø Composition: cells in matrix of collagen and minerals
Ø Function: firm support
Ø Locations: skeleton
C. Muscle tissue provides movement
- Consists of cells that contract when electrically stimulated
- Contraction occurs when long, thin protein filaments inside
the muscle cells slide past one another
- Mitochondria provides energy for contraction of muscles
- Attaches to other body parts
1. Skeletal muscle
Ø Composition: elongated cells, each containing many nuclei,
striated, in bundles
Ø Functions: moves the bones of the skeleton, voluntary
Ø Locations: attached to bones
2. Cardiac muscle
Ø Composition: short, branched cells, each containing one
nucleus, striated, lack of mitochondria
Ø Functions: contraction of atria and ventricles in heart,
involuntary, contraction and relaxation is controlled by
nervous system
Ø Locations: walls of heart, chambers of heart