SCRAPERS

• Scraper is a machine that excavates material in thin

horizontal layers, transport the material
considerable distance and then discharge it in a
spreading action. The scraper is designed for off-
highway use and it self-loads under favorable
conditions.
• A machine used in mines for loading cars and
transporting ore or waste for short distances. There
are two basic types of scraper:
1. The hoe or open type, which is particularly suitable
for moving coarse, lumpy ore; and
2. The box or closed type, which is particularly suited
for handling fine material, esp. on a loading slide.
• Scrapers are capable of:
– excavating,
– loading,
– hauling, and
– dumping material over medium to long haul
distances.
• only the elevating scraper is capable of
achieving high efficiency in loading without the
assistance of a pusher tractor or another
scraper.
• The scraper excavates (or cuts) by lowering the
front edge of its bowl into the soil
Typical units of a scrapers
• All units types of scrapers are two axle, articulated body designs with
diesel engine and high maximum travel speeds. There are four basic
configuration available . The types differ in the number of engines and
whether or not they have an elevator to assist in materials loading. The
primary operating differences between these types is available power as
it relates to excavating , loading, and travelling.
Standard
o Single, front mounted engine and tractor
o Front axle drive (two wheel)
Tandem
o Front mounted engine on tractor and rear engine on scraper body
o Two axle drive (four wheel)
Elevating
o Single, front mounted engine and tractor
o Front axel drive (two wheel)
Tandem elevating
o From mounted engine on tractor and rear engine on scraper body
o Two axle drive (four wheel)
Manufacturers:- Caterpillar
Fig 1. scrapers
units types
 Basic Machine operation
• The scraper is loaded by propelling forward with cutting
blade (mounted on the forward edge of the bowl) lowered
below the level of the front wheels so as to take a thin
horizontal cut material). The slice of the material is pushed
by the machine’s forward motion in to the bowl for storage
during transport. The depth of the cut is controlled by
raising or lowering the bowl with respect to the original
ground surface, normally 10 cm to 40 cm.
• When the bowl has been filled, it is raised clear of the
ground and an apron, which acts similar to a vertical gate, is
lowered, blocking the front of the bowl so that the material
is contained.
• The machines then propels at speed 15 to 25 mph along
the roads to the material disposal area.
 Cont…
• The load is dumped by rotating the bowl back plate forward
, or using a rame to move the back of the bowl forward
pushing the load out the front with apron raised. The
machine continues to move forward while dumping so that
the load is spread uniformly.
• After completion of the dumping, the bowl is raised to
travel position and the machine returns at high speed 25 to
35 mph
 Application of scrapers
• The scraper both digs and hauls the material, like dozer, it is
very versatile earth moving equipment. It is used at many
mine sites performing a variety of primary mining task as
well as general utility works.
• The general application of this types of mining machinery
are :-
1. Top soil removal
2. General reclamation :-
3. Overburden removal
4. Ore or coal removal
5. General utility work
 Stockpiling and reclaiming
 Site preparation
 Road construction
 Pond and ditches
 Selection considerations
Track vs. wheel • Dependent on material
1. Standard scraper formation, mat require • Travel distance from
• Generally requires pushing 500 to 2500 feet
push loading • Total grade and rolling • High owning and
• Total grade and rolling resistance over 10% operating cost
resistance of 3% to 10% • Will handle clay, silt, 4. Tandum elevating
• Will handle clay, silt, sand, grave, coal, well • Self loading, less
sand, grave, coal, well broken rock-dirt restricted by traction
broken rock-dirt, ripped • Travel distance 300 to condition
rock 3500 ft. • Total grade and rolling
• Travel distance 500 to • Intermediate owning resistance over 10%
5000 ft and operating cost • Will handle clay, silt,
• Most versatile 3. Single Engine- sand, grave, coal,
• Lowest owning and elevating (limited tolerance) for
operating cost • Self loading, restricted boulder and blocky
2. Tandum powered by traction condition material
• Best under bad • Total grade and rolling • Travel distance from
traction condition resistance of 3% to 7% 500 to 2000 feet
• Reduced loading times • sand, Will handle clay, silt,
grave, coal,
• Highest owning and
operating cost
and improved machine (limited tolerance) for
acceleration potential boulder and blocky
 Estimating Scraper Production
• Scraper cycle time is estimated as the sum of:
– fixed cycle time and
– variable cycle time.
• Fixed cycle time (Table 1) in this case includes:
– spot time,
– load time, and
– maneuver and dump time.
• Spot time represents the time required for a
unit to position itself in the cut and begin
loading, including any waiting for a pusher.
TABLE 1 : Scraper fix time (min.)
 Cont…
• Variable cycle time, or travel time, includes:
– haul time and
– return time.
• haul and return times are estimated by the use of
travel-time curves or by using the average-speed
method with performance and retarder curves.
• It is usually necessary to break a haul route up
into sections having similar total resistance
values.
• The total travel time required to traverse all
sections is found as the sum of the section travel
times.
 Cont…
• In determining the payload per scraper cycle, it
is necessary to check both:
– the rated weight payload and
– the heaped volume capacity.
• The volume corresponding to the lesser of these
two values will, of course, govern.