ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY THYROID HORMONES

 Control cellular metabolic activity

ENDOCRINE SYSTEM  Accelerate metabolic process
 Enhance cell replication for growth
 DUCTLESS GLANDS ► THYROXINE (T4)
 Growth and development - 4 iodine atoms in each molecule.
 Metabolism of energy ► TRIIODOTHYRONINE (T3)
 Muscle and adipose tissue - 3 iodine atoms IEM.
 Distribution ► CALCITONIN/THYROCALCITONIN
 Sexual development - Secreted in response to high plasma levels of CA+.
 Fluid and electrolyte balance - Reduces plasma CA+ by increasing deposition in
 Inflammation and immune responses bones.
 DUCTLESS GLANDS
PARATHYROID GLAND
 Cellular metabolism
 Growth & development of the body  4 Structures
 Reproduction function  Situated in the neck
 Blood sugar levels  Embedded in the posterior aspect of the thyroid gland
► PARATHORMONE
STIMULUS OF HORMONE RELEASE - Regulates calcium & phosphorus metabolism.
 HORMONES - Increases calcium absorption from the kidney,
 Released into blood intestines & bones raising the blood calcium levels.
 CONTROL OF HORMONE RELEASE - Reduces the reabsorption of phosphate from the
 Hormonal stimulus proximal tubule of the kidney lowering blood phosphorus level
 Humoral stimulus through the urine.
 Neural stimulus ADRENAL GLAND
 Pair of organ attached to the upper portion of each kidney.
HOMEOSTASIS  Each gland is 2 glands w/ separate independent functions.
► NEGATIVE FEEDBACK ► ADRENAL MEDULLA
- Change in condition triggers action that reverses the - Inner portion
change. - SNS (Neural control)
 Reduces change, Responsible for change, Maintains a stable - Catecholamines
state. ► ADRENAL CORTEX
 EXAMPLE: Temperature, BP, Osmoregulation - Outer portion
► POSITIVE FEEDBACK - HPA Axis (Hormonal control)
- Amplifying change. - Glucocorticoids, Mineralocorticoids, androgens
 Reaction increase, Move away from equilibrium
 EXAMPLE: Fruit ripening, Child birth, Blood clot CATECHOLAMINES
PITUITARY GLAND ► EPINEPHRINE & NOREPINEPHRINE
- Fight or flight
 Anterior and Posterior lobe - Regulate metabolic pathways to promote catabolism
 Hypophysis and stored fuels to meet caloric needs from endogenous source.
 “Master Gland” - Decrease blood flow to tissues not needed in ES.
 Controlled by Hypothalamic Hormones - Increase blood flow for effective FoF.
- Elevate the blood glucose levels & basal metabolic
ANTERIOR PITUITARY GLAND rate.
 ADENOHYPOPHYSIS - glandular component GLUCOCORTICOIDS
 HORMONES ► CORTISOL
 SOMATOTROPIN / Growth hormone (GH) - Influence metabolism on all organs especially on
 PROLACTIN (PRL) Glucose metabolism: increasing blood glucose levels.
 THYROID STIMULATING HORMONE (TSH) - Inhibit the inflammatory response to tissue injury &
 ADRENOCORTICOTROPIC HORMONE (ACTH) to suppress allergic manifestations.
 GONADOTROPIC HORMONES - LH & FSH - Indirectly constrict blood vessels slowing blood loss &
 MELANOCYTE STIMULATING HORMONE prevents inflammation after an injury.
- Indirectly acts on bone by blocking calcium
POSTERIOR PUITARY GLAND absorption which decreases bone cell growth.
 NEUROPHYPOPHYSIS- glandular component
 HORMONES MINERALOCORTICOIDS
 VASOPRESSIN/ANTIDIURETIC HORMONE (ADH) ► ALDOSTERONE
 OXYTOCIN - Electrolyte metabolism (blood volume & salt)
- Increase sodium ions reabsorption at the renal
THYROID GLAND tubules & GI epithelium in exchange for potassium/hydrogen ions
 Butterfly shaped organ excretions.
 Lower neck, anterior of trachea - Conserves water and increases blood pressure
 2 lateral lobes connected by an isthmus (important in compensating for fluid loss from severe bleeding)
 MINERALOCORTICOIDS FATS AND PROTEINS
► ANDROGEN  Gluconeogenesis
- Steroid hormones that exert effects similar to those  generation of glucose from non-carbohydrate carbon
of the male sex hormones. substances such as fatty acids and amino acids in the liver
- Adrenal gland may also secrete small amounts of especially during hypoglycemia
some estrogens, or female sex hormones.
ENDOCRINE PANCREAS
 Relies on humoral control.
 Influence also by neural factors for enzymatic and hormonal
secretion.
EXOCRINE PANREAS
 Secretion of pancreatic enzymes into the gastrointestinal (GI)
tract through the pancreatic duct.

ENDOCRINE PANREAS
 Secretion of insulin, glucagon, and somatostatin directly into
the bloodstream.
► ISLETS OF LANGERHANS
- Collection of cells embedded in the pancreatic tissue.
- ALPHA CELLS: Glucagon
- BETA CELLS: Insulin
- DELTA CELLS: Somatostatin
► INSULIN
- lowers blood glucose levels
- stimulate glycogenesis
- transports & metabolizes glucose for energy
- inhibits glycogenolysis & gluconeogenesis
- enhances storage of dietary fat in adipose tissue
- accelerates transport of amino acids (from dietary
protein) into cells.
► GLUCAGON
- raises blood glucose levels
- stimulates glycogenolysis
► HYPOPITUITARISM
- growth hormone inhibiting hormone (GHIH)
- lower blood glucose levels by inhibiting GH and
glucagon release.

NUTRIENT METABOLISM AND STORAGE

CARBOHYDRATES
► GLUCOSE
- Quick source of energy and fuel needed for vital
functions.
► GLYCOGEN
- Stored form glucose in liver.
► GLYCOGENESIS
- Conversion of extra glucose into glycogen in liver.
► GLYCOGENOLYSIS
- Conversion of glycogen back to glucose in liver during
hypoglycemia.

FATS
 Most efficient form of fuel storage.
when there is a high saturation of glycogen, excess glucose is
converted into fatty acids stored as triglycerides.

PROTEINS
 Essential for formation of all body structure:
 Genes  Bone matrix
 Enzymes  Blood
 Muscles
 Amino acids are the building blocks of proteins.