ietio9S

DFPAR rMENT OF THE JNTERIOR

KLIN K. LANE, Sechbtart
W'WIAU OF MINES
^'- '- " :
',
I>I»ECTO»

A GLOSSARY
OF THE MINING AND MINERAL
INDUSTRY

M.'G.Tully.

WASHINGTOM
eOVBIU)MEt«1 PRISTJNG OFFICB
1920
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TA/
3
F3
 A JLOSSARY OF THE MINING AND MINERAL INDUSTRY.

i By Albert H.

INTKODUCTION.
Fay.

This glossary is published by the Bureau of Mines as a contribu-

ti(]ki to the mining literature in the belief that it will fiJl a long-felt
Deid. It contains about 20,000 terms; these include both technical
aid purely local terms related to metal mining, coal mining, quarry-
ing, and natural gas, and metallurgical works; names
petroleum,
ol useful, important, and common minerals and rocks; and geological

tffms. It presents in one comprehensive volume the available

standard, technical terms relating to the mining and mineral in-
distry, as well as provincialisms that have been or are now in use in
Eaglish-speaking countries.
The glossary also includes many terms relating to ceramics and
tie clay industry, glass making, foundry practice, railway and build-
hg construction, electrical installation and power-plant equipment,
id chemical terms relating to metallurgical practice. Complete
sts of terms for each of these allied industries are beyond the scope
f this glossary. Paleontological terms, although closely associated
ith geology, are far removed from mining and metallurgical opera-
tions, and for this reason have been omitted.

In a compilation of this magnitude, it is difficult, within a reasonable

time to verify all definitions as to the latest usage. Much verifying
vas done and it is hoped that the best and latest definitions have
Reference to the publications cited will enable the reader
been used.
to determine approximately the period when the definition was used.
Definitions in use by engineers of high national or international
reputation are given first preference. When definitions from different
sources are the same, credit is given to the earlier author as being
the original or nearest to the original source. Immediately following
each term the name of the locality whcT-ein the word is presumed to
have originated or is widely used is given, where such information is
available. The name of the author or source from which the defini-
tjbn was obtained follows the definition, and serves as a key to the
Aibiications listed. The terms selected from the various glossaries
Jftd publications examined have been compared with the Webster

I
t
* jUiii ikTKODUOTORY.
j

the Standard, and the Century dictionaries. A large nmnbert the

terms are of purely local usage and do not appear in the dictioiries;
these words include many that have been originated aind are ugfl by
miners and mine inspectors, as well as many others that haveLeen,
defined by courts, based on testimony given before a jury or judk.^,
It is difficult to determine when a word is obsolete. It maylafPI^
been very much in vogue in a certain district, but with the eilus
of a particular class or nationality, the use of the term may dielut,
hence become obsolete so far as that local usage is concerned, althVgh
it may continue to be used elsewhere. No attempt, therefore,has
been made to eliminate obsolete words, for the engineer doini-e-
search work will find such terms, and if he can not determine tleir
meaning from the context he should be able to find them in a glossW
or dictionary. \
The Spanish and Spanish-American terms were selected as bei:
the most common terms that the engineer will encounter in Lati-
American usage.
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS.
In the compilation of this glossary the Bureau of Mines gives credt,
for each definition as indicated in the list of authors quoted.
The author is indebted to J. W. Thompson, law examiner, Burea i

of Mines, for the definitions cited from court cases, compiled by liir.
in connection with his work on the annotation and compilation a
Federal and State mining statutes; also to former employees of th
Bureau of Mines as follows: Messrs. E. S. Boalich and B. F. TibbeJ|
for selecting words from the text of technical publications, and td
Messrs. J. W. Kingsbury and R. H. Seip for comparing the terms
with and selecting additional terms from the Standard Dictionary
The Spanish terms were verified by Emilio M. Amores, chief translatoil
for the Pan American Union. The entire list of words defined was
compared with the Webster and Century dictionaries by the author.
The galley proof was read by James W. Paul and E. A. Holbrook,
mining engineers, Bureau of Mines, for mining terms by O. P. Hood,
;

chief mechanical engineer, Bureau of Mines, for mechanical terms;

by Frank L. Hess and L. La Forge, geologists, U. S. Geological
Survey, for terms relating respectively to mineralogy and geology,
and much assistance was rendered by M. E. Campbell and E. S. Larsen,
U. S. Geological Survey, in scrutinizing terms relating respectively
to physiography and petrology; and by David White, F. L. Ransome,
and W. C. Alden, U. S. Geological Survey, in checking up certain
definitions relating to geology. E. Baliol Scott, editor, and William
Head, subeditor, TJie Mining Journal, London, reviewed the galleys fc*^
mining and metallurgical terms current in Great Britain. Many ad^
ditional definitions were thus received and incorporated, certain re3^
visions made, and a large number of suggestions adopted.
 )

GLOSSAKY OF MINING AND MINERAL. INDUSTRY.

I
V The following is a list
AUTHORS QUOTED.
of authors quoted as authority for the forma
inind uses of words given in this glossary:

Quoted In glossary as— Name of author and publication.

Anderson Anderson, J. W. The prospector's handbook. 1898. (Includes a glossary.
Bacon Bacon, R. F., and Hamor, W. A. American petroleum industry. Vol. 2.
I
1916. (Includes a glossary.)
Bainbridge Balnbridge, William. The law of mines and minerals. Sth ed. 1900
(Includes a glossary.)
Barrowman Barrowman, James. Glossary of Scotch mining terms. 1886.
Bensusan Bensusan, Arthur J. The Passagem mine and works. Trans., Inst. Min.
and Met. London. 1910. Vol. 20, p. 3, et seq.
Bowles Bowles, Oliver. The technology of marble quarrying. Bull. 106, U. S.
Bur. Mines, 1916. Sandstone quarrying in the United States. Bull 124,
U. S. Bilr. Mines, 1917. Rock quarrying for cement manufacture. Bull.
160, U. S. Bur. Mines, 1918.

{
Brunswig Brunswig, H. Explosives. 1912.
I
Buckley Buckley, E. R., and Buehler, H. A. The quarrying industry of Missouri.
Missouri Bur. Geol. and Mines. Vol. 2, 2nd ser., 1904. (Includes a glos-
sary.)
Butler Butler, G. Montague. A pocket handbook of minerals. 1912. (Includes a
glossary.)
Century Century Dictionary and Cyclopedia. 1911.
Chance Chance, H. M. Report on the mining methods and appliances used in the
anthracite coal fields. Second Geol. Survey of Pennsylvania, I8&3.
(Includes a glossary.)
Chamberlin Chamberlln, T. C, and Salisbury, R. D. Geology. In three volumes
1906.
Chester Chester, A. H. A dictionary of the names of minerals. (Includes history
and etymology.) 1st ed. 1896.
rk Clark, H. H., and Means, C. M. Suggested safety rules for Installing and
using electrical equipment in bituminous coal mines. Tech. Paper 138,
U. S. Bur. Mines. 1916.
Bll Cleimell, J. E. The cyanide handbook. 1915.
and M. M. P Coal and metal miners' pocket book. 9th ed.
1904. (Includes a glossary.)
M. P Coal miners' pocket book. 11th ed. 1916. (Includes a glossary of rope
terms, p. 262, and a glossary of mining terms, p, 565 et seq.)
Oomstock Comstock, J. L. Elements of geology. 1864. (Includes a glossary.)
Cox Cox, Herbert. Prospecting for minerals. 1898. (Includes a glossary.)
fftane Crane, W. R. Ore mining methods. 1910.
Crofutt Crofutt, George A. Glossary of terms and phrases connected with the
mining industry. 1902.
Daddow Daddow, S. II., and Bannon, Benjamin. Coal, iron, and oil, or The prac-
tical American miner. 1866. (Includes a glossary.)
Dale Dale, T. Nelson. The granites of Vermont. U. S. Geol. Surv. Bull. 404,
1909. (Includes a glossary.)
Daly Daly, R. A, Igneous rocks and their origin. 1914.
Dana Dana, E. S. A text book of mineralogy. New ed. 1899; A system of
mineralogy. 1914.
Davies Davies, D. C. A treatise on metalliferous minerals and mining. 1880
(Includes a glossary.)
du Pont E. I. du Pont de Nemours & Co. High explosives, their manufacture
storage, handling and use. 1915. (Includes a glossary of terms used in
the explosives industry.)
Ouryee Duryee, S. Nevada prospector's guide. 1906. (Includes a glossary.)
Dwight Dwight, Arthur S. Glossary of Spanish- American mining and metallur-
gical terms. Trans. Am. lost, Min. Eng., vol. 33, 1903.
Egleston Egleston, Thomas. The metalliu-gy of silver, gold, and mercury in the
United States. 1887. (Includes a glossary.)
Emmons E mmons, Ebenezer. Manual of geology. 1860. (Includes a glossary.)
Farrell Farrell, J. H., and Moses, A. J. Practical field geology. 1912. (Includes a
glossary.)
Fulton, Charles H. The Cyanide process In the Black Uills of South
Dakota. Bull. 6 South Dakota School of Mines 1902.
 —
6 GLOSSAKY OF MINING AND MINERAL. INDUSTRY.

Quoted In glossary as Name of author and

publication.
(Jeorge George, R. D. Common
minerals and rocks, thoir occurrence ftod n»%
Bull. 6, Colorado Geol. Survey, 1913. (Includes a glossary.)
Gillette Gillette, H. P. Handbook of rock excavation. 1907.
Goesel Goesel, J. G. Minerals and metals. 1906. ,

Greene Greene, Homer. Coal and the coal mines. 1889. (Includes a glossary.)
Greenwell Greenwell, Allan, and Elsden, J. V. Practical stone quarrying. 1913.
Oreenwell, G C
. Greenwell, Q. C. A glossary of terms used in the coal trade of Northum-
berland and Durham. 3d ed. 1888.
G resley Gresley, William S.A glossary of terms used In coal mining. 1883.
Halse Halse, Edward. A dictionary of Spanish, Spanish-American, Portuguese,
and Portuguese-American mining, metallurgical and allied terms. 2d
ed. 1914.
Hanks Hanks, Henry O. Second report of the State mineralogist of California
from December 1, 1880, to October 1, 1882. (Includes a glossary.)
Uargis Hargls, A. D. SeventhannualreportoftheBureauof Labor, Statistics and
Mines of the State of Tennessee, 1897. (Includes a glossary.) Eighth
annual report of the Bureau of Labor, Statistics and Mines of the State
of Tennessee. 1898. (Includes a glossary.)
Uarr Harr, D. M., and Spruce, M. F. Annual reports of the State inspectors ol
mines for the first and second districts of the State of West Virginia for
the year ended June 30, 1891. (Includes a glossary.)
Ulbbard Hibbard, Henry D. Manufacture and uses of alloy steels, Bull. 100,
U. S. Bur. Mines, 1915.
Hitchcock Hitchcock, Edward. Report on the geology of Vermont. Vol.2. 1861.
(Includes a glossary.)
Hofman Hofman, H. O. The metallurgy of lead. 6thed. 1901.
Hoosun Hooson, William. The miners' dictionary. 1747.
Hoover, H.C Hoover, Herbert C. Principles of mining. 1909.
Hoover, T.J Hoover, T. J. Concentrating ores by flotation. 3ded. 1916.
Humble Humble, William. Dictionary of geology and mineralogy. 1840.
Hunt Hunt, R obert British mining, a treatise on the metalliferous mines of t he
.

United Kingdom. 1884. (Includes a glossary.)

lddi.i?s Iddings, J. P. Igneous Rocks. VoL 1, 1909-13; Rock Minerals, 1911.
Ihlseag Ihlseng,M.C. A manual of mining. 3d.ed. 1904. (Includes a glossary.)
Ingalls Ingalls, Walter Renton. The Metallurgy of linc and cadmium. 1st ed.
1903.
Jackson Jackson, Charles T. Final report of the geology and mineralogy of the
State of New Hampshire. 1844. (Includes a glossary.)
Kemp Kemp, James Fiurman. Handbook of rocks. 1904. (Includes a glossary.)
La Forge by L. La Forge, geologist, U.
Definitions furnished Surv. S. Geol.
Lahee Lahee, F. H. Field geology. 1916.
Law ver Lawyer, W. P. Report of the Director of the Mint. 1883. (Includes a
glossary of mining terms.)
Leith Lelth, Charles K. Structm-al geology. 1913.
Llddell Liddell, Donald M. The metallurgists' and chemists' handbook. 19W.
Lindgren Lindgren, Waldemar. Mineral deposits. 1915.
Lock Lock, Alfred 0. Gold, its occurrence and extraction. 1882. (Includes »
glossary.)
Lock, C. Q. W Lock, C. O. Warnford. Practical gold mining. 1889.
Lowe Lowe, E. N. Mississippi, its geology, geography, soils and mineral re-
sources. Bull. 12, Miss. State Geol. Survey, 1915. (Includes a glossary.)
Lucas Lucas, Frederick. Spanish-English dictionary of mining terms. 1905.
Luquer Luquer, L. M. Minerals in rock sections. 1908.
McNeil McNeil, John, State Inspector of Mines. First annual report to the Gov-
ernor of the State of Colorado for the year ending July 31, 1884. (Includes
a glossary.)
Mander Mander, James. The Derbyshire miners' glossary. 1824.
Megraw Megraw, Herbert A. The flotation process. 1916.
Meinzer Meinzer, Oscar E Glossary of terms pertaining to ground water and
. re-
lated subjects. 1918.
Merrill Merrill, George P. Stones for building and decoration. 1910. (Includes a
glossary.)
Milford- Milford, Philip. Pocket dictionary of mining terms 1888. (Includes a
glossary.)
Miller Miller, G. W. Field book of practical mineralogy. 1901.

iCln.and Scl. Presa Glossary of flotation. Mining and Seientifie Pre4$. February 12. IMft,
 — .

GLOSSARY OF MINING AND MINERAL. INDUSTRY. 7

Qaoted In glossary as Name of author and publication.

ICin. Joor English and foreign mining glossary. 3d ed. Published by the Mining
Journal, London. 1871.
hCitzakis Mitzakis, Marcel. The oil encyclopedia; supplement to the Petroleum
World. 1912-1913.
Morine Morine, A. B. Mining law of Canada. 1909. (Includes a glossary.)
Morrison Morrison, Robert S. Mining rights. 14th ed. 1910. (Includes a glossary.)
Moses Moses, A. J., and Parsons, C. L. Mineralogy, crystallography and blow-
pipe analysis. Revised ed. 1904.
Nat. Tube Co National Tube Co. Book of standards. Containing tables and useful
Information pertaining to tubular goods as manufactured by the National
Tube Co. 1915-1916. (Includes a glossary.)
NIcolls Nicolls, William J. Coal catechism. 1906.
Oldham Oldham, Thomas. Geological glossary. 1879.
Ore Dep Kemp, James Furman. The ore deposits of the United States and Canada.
3rded. 1900.
Osborn Osbom, H. 8. Prospector's field-book and guide. 1910. (Includes •
glossary.)
Page Page, David. Handbook of geological terms, geology, and physical geog-
raphy. 1865.
Perkins Perkins, George H. Report of the State Geologist on the mineral indus-
tries and geology of certain areas of Vermont, 1909-1910 (Includes a glossary
of scientific and quarry terms); Report of the State Geologist on the mm-
eral industries and geology of Vermont, 1913-1914. (Includes a glossary
of technical terms.)
Peters Peters, Jr., E. D. Modem copper smelting, llthed. 1901.
Pfordte Pfordte, Otto F. The Cerro de Pasco mining industry. Trans. Amer-
Inst.Min. Eng. Vol. 24. 1895.
Pike Pike Manufacturing Co. Sharpening stones, history and development.
1915. (Includes a glossary.)
Poscpny Posepny , Franz. The genesis of ore deposits. 1901
Power Power, F. Danvers. A glossary of terms used in mining geology. Austral-
asian Inst. Min. Eng., 1895; Coal fields and collieries of Australia, 1912
(Includes a glossary.)
Pryce Pryce, William. Mineralogia comubiensis, 1778. (Includes a glossary.)
Ralston Ralston, O. C. Flotation processes for concentrating ores. Press Bull.
U. S. Bur. Mines. 1916.
Ransome Ransome, F. L. The copper deposits of Ray and Miami, Arizona. U. 8.
Geol. Survey, Prof. Paper 115. (In coiu-se of publication.)
Raymond Raymond, Rosslter W. Glossary. Trans. Amer. Inst. Min. Eng. Vol. 9,
1881.
Redmayne Redmayne, R. A. 8. Colliery working and management. 3rd ed. 1912.
(Includes a glossary.)
Redwood Redwood, B., and Eastlake, A. W. Petroleum technologists' pocket
book. 1915.
Richards Richards, Robert H. Ore dressing. Vols. 1, 2, 3, 4. 1909.
Richardson Richardson, D. A. Manual of Mexican law. 1910. (Includes a glossary.)
Rickard Rickard, T. A. A guide to technical writing. 1910. Stamp-m illing of gold
ores. 2nd ed. 1897. (Includes a glossary of stamp-milling terms.)
Rickard, T. A., and Ralston, O. C. Flotation. 1917. (Includes a glos-
sary.)
RIcketts Ricketts, P. de P., and Miller, E. H. Notes on assaying. 1897.
Rles Ries, Heinrich. Building stones and clay products. 1912. (Includes a
glossary.)
Roberts Roberts, George. An etymological and explanatory dictionary of term*
and language of geology. 1839.
Rockwell Rockwell, John A. Spanish and Mexican law. 1851. (Includes a gkw-
sary.)
Rogers, A. F Rogers, A. F. Introduction to the study of minerals. 1912.
Hogers Rogers, W. B. Geology of the Virginias. Virginia Geol. Survey Report,
1840. (Includes a glossary of geological and other scientific terms.)
floscoe Koscoe, H. E., and Schorlemmer, C. Treatise on chemistry. 1911. Vol.1.
The nonmetallic elements.
Hoy Roy, Andrew. Ninth annual report of the State Inspector of minea for
Ohio. 1883. (Includes a glossary.)
Roy. Odou. Report of the Royal commission on mineral resources of Ontario, and
measures for their development. 1890. (Includes a glossary of geological
and mlninf terms.)
8 GLOSSARY OF MINTNG AND MINERAL INDUSTRY.

Quoted in glossary as— Name of author and publication.

St. John - St. John, Samuel. Elements of geology. 12th ed. 1872. (Includes a
glossary.)
Sanders Sanders, Wilbur E., Parlee, N. W., and A^acDonald, Bernard. Mine
timbering. 1907.
Shamel Shamel, Charles H. Mining, mineral and geological law. 1907.
Simms -- Simms, Frederick W. Practical tunnelling 4th ed. 1896. (Includes a
glossary.)
Skinner - The mining manual, 1912 (includes a glossary); The
Skinner, Walter R.
mining manual and mining year book, 1916 (includes a glossary).
Skinner (with page reference). Skinner, Ernest B. The mathematical theory of investment. 1913.
Sloan Sloan, Earl. Catalogue of the mineral localities of South Carolina. South
Carolina Qeol. Survey. Ser. 4, Bull. 2. 1908. (Includes a glossary.)
Standard Standard dictionary, twentieth century edition. 1910.
Steel Steel, A. A. Coal mining in Arkansas. Geol. Survey of Arkansas. Ft. I.

1910. (Includes a glossary of coal-mining terms.)

Stewart Stewart, John T. Fourth report of the State inspector of coal mines of
Kansas for the year ending Dec. 31, 1890. (Includes a glossary of mining
terms.)This glosvsary was reprinted in the sixth and tenth reports,
and 1897, respectively.
1893
Thompson.. Thompson, Maurice. Indiana department of geology and natural history,
15th annual report. 1886. (Includes a glossary.)
Tieman _. Tieman, Hugh P. Iron and steel. 1st ed. 1910.
Tucker - Tucker, H. J. Annual report of the State inspector of mines to the Gov-
ernor of the State of West Virginia for the year ending June 30, 1888.
(Includes a glossary.)
U. S. Geol. Surv United States Geological Survey. Useful minerals of the United States
Bull. 585. 1914.

U. S. Min. Stat Thompson, Joseph W. United States mining statutes annotated. Bull.
94, U. S. Bur. Mines. 1915.

Ure .- Ure, Andrew. A dictionary of arts, manufactures, and mines. 1871.

Vel Vel&zquez de la Cadena, Mariano. A new pronouncing dictionary of the
Spanish and English languages. 1903.
Vogt... Vogt, J. H. L., Beyschlag, F. H. A., and Krusch, J. P. Ore deposits.
1914-1916.
Watson Watson, Thomas L., and Ries, Heinrich. Engineering geology. 1915.
Weatherbe... Weatherbe, D'Arcy. Dredging for gold in California. 1st ed. 1907.
Webster Webster's New International Dictionary of the English Language. 1916.
Weed — Weed, Walter Harvey. The mines handbook and copper handbook.
Vol. 12, 1916, and Vol. 13, 1918. (Includes a glossary.)
White White, Charles A. Report of the geological survey of ihe State of Iowa.
1870. (Includes a glossary.)
Whitney. Whitney, J. D., and Foster, J. W. Report on the geology and topography
of a portion of the Lake Superior land district in the State of Michigan.
1850. (Includes a glossary.)
Willcoi Willcox, F. H. Occupational hazards at blast-furnace plants and accident
prevention. Bull. 140, U. S. Bur. Mines. 1917. (Includes a glossary.)
Blast-furnace breakouts, explosions, and slips, and methods of prevention.
Bull. 130. U. S. Bur. Mines. 1917. (Includes a glossary.)
Winchell— Winchell, N. H. The iron ores of Minnesota. Geological and natural
history survey of Minnesota. Bull. 6. 1891. (Includes a glossary of
mining and geological terms.)
Woodson Woodson, C. C. Fifth annual report of the State mine inspector of the
State of Missouri, June 30, 1891. (Includes a glossary of mining terms
used in Missouri.)
Worthen Worthen, A. H. Geology. Vol. 1. Geological survey of Illinois. 1866.
(Includes a glossary.)
Young Young, George J. Nomenclature of mining methods. Engineering and
MiTiing Journal, July 22, 1916.
 . . . , . .

GEOGRAPHICAL ABBBEVIATIONS USED.

I
B. The accompanying list of abbreviations shows the localities iD
wrhich certainwords are in common use or whence they may have
been derived. These abbreviations are used throughout the text.

Arg Argentina. Newc Newcastle coal field , Eng-

Ark Arkansas, U. S. A. land.
Aust Australia. N. S. W New South Wales, Aus-
B. C British Columbia,Canada. tralia.

Belg Belgium. N. Z New Zealand.

Bol Bolivia. No. of Eng North of England.
Braz Brazil. No. Staff North Staffordshire coal
Brist Bristol coal field, Eng- field, England.
land. No. Wales North Wales, England.
Can Dominion of Canada. Northumb.... Northumberland coa!
Cent . Am Central America field, England.
Chea Cheshire England
,
Pac Pacific Coast, U. S. A.
Clev Cleveland iron district, Pat Patagonia, South America.
England. Penn Pennsylvania, U. S. A,
Colom United States of Co- Port Portuguese (mostly i n
lombia.
Brazil).
Corn Cornwall, England.
Prov Provincial, United
Cumb Cumberland coal field,
States, unless other-
England.
wise specified.
Derb Derbyshire coal field,
England. Pr Prussian.
E-uss Russia.
Dev Devonshire England ,

Scot Scotland.
E. Ind East Indies.
Eng England. Shrop Shropshire, England.
So Afr South Africa.
Forest of Dean Forest of Dean coal field,
.

England. So. Am South America.

Fr French. So. Staff South Staffordshire, Eng-
Ger German. land.

Gt. Brit Great Britain. So. Wales South Wales, England.

Glouc Gloucestershire coal field Som Somerset England
,

England. Sp Spanish origin but not ne-

Hid Hidalgo, Mexico. cessarily used in Spain.

Hind Hindustan. Sp . Am Spanish America.

Ill Illinois, U.S.A. Staff England.
Staffordshire,
Ir Ireland. Straits Set Straits Settlement.
It Italian. Sw Swedish.
L Latin. Trans Transvaal, South Africa.
Lane Lancashire coal field, U. S United States of America.
England. Venez Venezuela.
Leic Leicestershire, England. W. Afr West Africa.
Mex Mexico. War Warwickshire, England
liid Midland coal field, Eng^ Wis Wisconsin, U. S. A.
land. York. Yorkshire, England.
4
 ) ;

A GLOSSARY OF THE MINING AND MINERAL INDUSTRY.

Abigarrado (Mex.). Variegated In

color (applied to minerals).
A a. A Hawaiian word especially in- (Dwight)
troduced into American usage to de-
scribe jagged, scoriaceous lava flows. Ablation. 1. The formation of resid-
It is contrasted with pahoehoe. ual deposits by the washing away of
(Kemp) loose or soluble minerals. (Kemp)
2. The wearing away of rocks, or
A.baco (Mex,). A stone trough used to the surface melting of glaciers.
wash minerals. (Dwight) (Standard)
Abajador (Mex.). The workman in
charge of tools furnished to miners Abnormal. Not conformable to rule
underground. (Dwight). A stable or system; irregular. (Webster)
boy in mines. (Vel.) Open
Abra (Mex.). fissure or cavity
Aba jo! (Mex.). Lower! a signal for in the rocks. (Dwight)
lowering a bucket or cage. (Halse)
Abradant. An abrading substance, as
Abandonment. The act of abandoning emery, sand, etc., used in grinding
relinquishment. ( Webster and polishing (Standard). See
Abandonment of a mining claim may Abrasives.
be by failure to perform work;
by conveyance; by absence, and by Abrade. 1. To rub or wear off; to
lapse of time. The abandonment of waste or wear away by friction, as
a mining claim is a question of in- to abrade rocks. (Webster)
tent. (Richen v. Davis, 148 Pacific, 2. As used in the sharpening-stone
p. 1132;— 1915.) industry; abrading means cutting,
To constitute an abandonment of as the steel composing the tool is
a mining claim, there must be a cut away rather than worn away.
going away, and a relinquishment of (Pike)
rights, with the intention never to
return, and with a voluntary and Abrasion. 1. The act or process of
independent purpose to surrender rubbing or wearing away; as the
the location or claim to the next abrasion of rock or earth by gla-
comer. (Peachy v. Frisco Gold ciers. 2. The resulting injury or
Mines Co., 204 Federal, p. 668, and other effects of abrading; an
Harkrader v. Carroll, 76 Federal, abraided place ; as the abrasion left
p. 475). (Min. Stat, pp. 259-262) by glacial action. (Standard)
Compare Forfeiture. Abrasive. A
substance used for abrad-
Abate. In metal working, to lower ing, as for grinding and polishing.
the temper of. (Standard) The principal substances used as
abrasives are: Burstone, corundum,
Abatis; Abattis (Leic). Walls or
emery, garnet, grindstone, infusorial
ranges of rough wood, e. g., cord-
earth, millstone, novaculite, oilstone,
wood placed crossways to keep the
pumice, scythestone, tripoli, volcanic
underground roads open for ventila-
ash, and whetstone. Certain furnace
tion, etc. (Gresley)
products, as carborundum, etc., are
Abb6 tube mill. A gear-driven tube also used as abrasives.
mill supported on a pair of riding
rings and distinguished by an Archi- Abrevadero (Sp. Am.). A mine, the
medes through which the ore
spiral, openings of which are filled with
is fed and discharged. Grinding is water at the time of working. (Lu-
effected by flint pebbles fed into cas)
mill. See Ball mill. (Liddell)
Abridura (Mex.). Enlargement of a
Abertnra de galeria (Sp.). 1. Tunnel- space, so that miners may work
ing; driving. (Lucas) freely (Eiwlght). A
synonym for
t. The reopening of « vein. (Halse) Abertora.
12 GLOSSARY OF MINING AND MINERAL INDUSTRY.

Abrigo (Mex.).1. The width of a Absorbing well. An excavation In tb«

vein. (Dwight) earth through which surface water
8. A. del carbdn (Peru). An argil- finds its way to a permeable stra-
laceous rock forming the roof and tum and is drained away. (Stand-
floor of coal seams. (Halse) ard). A cesspool.

ibrir (Sp.). To drive or open up, Absorption. 1. The act or process of

as a drift, gallery, tunnel, or to
sink, as a shaft. (Halse)
ibronceado; Abronziado (Sp.). Yel-
low copper ore; sulphides. (Lucas)
/Lbronzado ( Mex. ) . Chalcopyrite.
(Dwight)
Absarokite. A general name given by
Iddings to a group of igneous rocks
in the Absaroka Range, in the east-
ern portion of the Yellowstone Park.
They have porphyritic texture with
phenocrysts of olivine and augite
in a groundmass, that is either
glassy or contains leucite, ortho-
clase or plagioclase. one or several.
They are chemically, SiOs, 46-52;
AI3O,, 9-12; MgO, 8-13; alkalies,
5-6.3, with potash in excess. The
name is of greatest significance
when taken in connection with sho-
shonite and banakite. (Kemp)
absorbing, imbibing, swallowing, or
engulfing mechanically. 2. A taking
In or reception by molecular or
chemical action. (Century)
3. The phenomenon observed when
a pleochroic mineral is rotated in
plane polarized light. In certain
positions the mineral is darker than
in others, owing to the absorption
of light. (Luquer, p. 26)
Absorption of gases. The action of
some solids and liquids in taking
up or absorbing gases. (Century)
Abstract. To absorb (the Waters of a
neighboring stream) by abstraction:
said of watercourses. (Standard)
Abstraction. In geology, the with-
drawal of a stream from a lower
portion of its course by an adjoin-
ing stream having more rapid cor-
rosive action. (Standard)

Absolute atmosphere. An absolute unit Abstricli (Ger.). The black or green-

of pressure, equal to one million ish-brown mass (black litharge)
times the pressure produced on a appearing upon the bath of work-
square centimeter by the force of one lead early in the cupeling process,
dyne. and gradually, as the process ad-
vances, giving way to pure litharge.
Absolute pressure. That measure of (Raymond)
pressure which includes atmospheric
pressure. Pressure expressed in Abtheilung ( Ger. ) A fixed part or dis-
.

absolute measure, commonly in ab- trict of a mine assigned to the care

solute atmospheres (Century). of a fireman or deputy. (Gresley)
Pressure reckoned from a vacuum.
Abysmal sea. That part of the sea
Absolute temperature. The tempera- which occupies the ocean basins
ture measured from the absolute proper. (Chamberlin, vol. 1, p. 311)
zero of temperature on the abso-
lute or thermodynamic scale of tem- Abyssal rocks- Plutonic, or deep-seated
perature. This scale differs slightly igneous rocks. The word was sug-
from that of an air thermometer, gested and has been especially used
and by the absolute temperature is by W. C. Brogger. (Kemp)
often meant the temperature on the Abzng (Ger.). The first scum appear-
latter scale above the absolute zero. ing (before the abstrich) on the
(Century) surface of molten lead. (Ray-
Absolute zero. That point of tempera- mond)
ture at which a body would be Acadialite. A reddish variety of cha-
wnolly deprived of heat, and at bazite. (Dana)
which a perfect gas would exert no
Acampanar (Sp.). To remove the
pressure; supposed to be —273* C,
—461° F., or —219* Reaumur ; used overburden down to the surface of
the auriferous alluvium. (Lucas)
only on the thermodynamic scale.
(Standard) Acanthite. A silver sulphide, AgiS.
It contains 87 per cent silver. (U.
Absorb. To drink in, to suck up, as
S. Geol. Surv.)
a liquid by a solid like a sponge or
fuller's earth (Rickard). term A Acarreador (Mex.). A wood carrier.
used in the flotation process. (Halse)
I Acarreo (Sp.).
ance of minerals.
GLOSSARY OP MINING AND MINERAL INDUSTRY.

Carriage or convey-
(Halse)
Acero (Mex.).
steel. (Dwight)
Steel; A. colado, cast
13

Acarreos (Mex.). L Float rock. Acetone. An inflammable liquid

(Dwight) (CsHaO) with a biting taste, ob-
2. Drift composed of rounded rocks, tained by the destructive distilla-
pebbles and gravel. (Halse) tion of acetates and various organic
compounds. It is used in making
Accessory minerals. Those mineral
chloroform and as a solvent for
constituents of a rock that occur in
fats, camphor, and resins. (Stand-
such small amounts that they are
ard)
disregarded in its classification and
definition. Opposed to essential min- Acetylene. The most brilliant illumi-
erals. (La Forge) nating gas (C2H2) it may be pro-;

Accidn (Mex.). Share in a mine, or duced synthetically from its ele-

other enterprise, usually 100 to the ments by incomplete combustion of
barra. Right or ground of action coal gas, and commercially from
in a suit. (Dwight) calcium acetylid (CaCa) (Calcium
carbide) by the action of water
Accionista (Mex.). Shareholder. (Standard). Used much for under-
(Dwight) ground lighting.
Accompt. 1. (Corn.) Account day;
usual settling day. 2. The
Achaparera ( Mex. ) . Long-handled
the
place of meeting, or account house.
adze. (Dwight)
(Davles) Achicador; Achichinque (Mex.). Car-
Accretion. The process by which in- rier of water. See also Achicar.
organic bodies grow larger, by the (Dwight)
addition of fresh particles to the Achicar (Mex.). To remove water
outside.
from a mine, generally by carrying
Accretion hypothesis. Any hypothesis it out in bags or buckets. (Dwight)
of the origin of the earth which as-
sumes that it has grown from a
Achirite. Same as Dioptase. (Stand-
ard)
small nucleus by the gradual addi-
tion of solid bodies, such as meteor- Achroite. A colorless variety of tour-
ites, asteroids, or planetesimals, maline. (A. F. Rogers)
formerly revolving about the sun in Acicnlar. Needle-shaped slender, like ;
independent orbits, but eventually a needle or bristle, as some leaves or
drawn by gravitation to the earth crystals. (Webster)
and incorporated with it. (La
Forge) Acid. 1. Sour, sharp or biting to the
taste. Having acid-forming constit-
Aceite (Sp.). Oil. whether of vege- uents present in excess of the pro-
tal or mineral origin (Halse). portion required to form a neutral
See Petr61eo. or normal compound. (Webster)
Aceitera ( Mex. ) . An oil cup. 2. In modern chemistry an acid may
(Dwight) be regarded as a salt of hydrogen,
or as a compound, containing one or
Acendrada (Peru). A whitish marl
more atoms of hydrogen which may
used in making cupelling furnaces.
be displaced by a metal, or by a radi-
(Halse)
cal possessing to a certain extent
Acendrar (Peru). To refine. metallic functions. (Century)
(Dwight) Acid egg. A cylindrical cistern from
Acequia (Mex.). Canal or ditch. which acid is forced by compressed
(Dwight) air, as in the manufacture of sul-
phuric acid. (Webster)
Acequiero (Sp.). A man in charge of
a ditch; a pe6n who makes a ditch. Acidic. A
descriptive term applied to
(Halse) those igneous rocks that contain
more than 65 per cent SiOi as con-
Acerado (Mex.). Gray copper ore;
trasted with intermediate and basic
any gray steely ore. (Dwight)
(La Forge)
Aceriate (Fr.). To convert into steel,
Acido (Sp.). Acid; A. carhdnico, car-
as by cementation. (Webster)
bonic acid; A. negro (Mex.) in the
Acerillo (Peru). Finely crystalline patio process, spent mother liquor
galena showing steely fracture. from the crystallizing vats. ^HaUw)
 .

14 GLOSSARY OF MINING AND MINERAL. INDUSTRY.

Add process. A
method of making pounds and heat-treated as upward
steel or homogeneous iron in a of 70,000 pounds per square inch.
Bessemer converter or open-hearth (Min. and Sci. Press, June 2, 1917)
furnace having an acid, as opposed
to a basic lining. (Standard) Acinose. Granulated; like seeds; ap-
plied to mineral texture. (Power)
Acid rock. A
term rather loosely used
Aclarar (Sp.). To clear the tuy§re by
In llthology, generally to mean one
passing a pointed bar through the
of the following 1. An igneous rock
:
bustle pipe. (Halse)
containing 60 per cent or more of
silica, free or combined, in this sense Aclinic. Having no inclination or dip;
being nearly equivalent to acidic. situated where the compass needle
2. An igneous rock in which miner- does not dip, as the aclinic line, or
als high in silica, such as quartz, magnetic equator. (Webster)
alkaline feldspar, and muscovite, are
dominant. 3. Very loosely, an igne-
Acmite. A brown or green silicate of
sodium and iron belonging to the
ous rock composed dominantly of
pyroxene group. Essentially NaFe-
light-colored minerals. In all three
(SiOs)! (Dana). See also Aegirite.
senses contrasted with basic.
The term is misleading and unde- Acmite-trachyte. A trachyte whose
sirable and is going out of use. As pyroxene is acmite or aegirite and
used in the first sense it is being re- whose feldspar is anorthoclase. It
placed by silicic or persilicic, and as therefore differs from normal tra-
used in the second sense it should be chyte in its prevailing soda instead
replaced by felsic or by a term de- of potash. The acmite-trachytes are
noting the dominant mineral. (La Intermediate between the true tra-
Forge) See also Acidic. chytes and the phonolites. They
were first described from the Azores
Acid salt. A salt in which the re- and have also been found in the
placeable hydrogenthe corre-
of Crazy Mountains, Mont. (Kemp)
sponding acid is only partly ex-
changed for metallic atoms or basic Acomodana (Peru). Ore deposits.
radicals. (Webster) (Dwight)
Acid steel. Steel manufactured by a Acopios (Sp.). Waste heaps or dumps,
process in which the converter or (Lucas)
open hearth is lined with siliceous Acquia Creek beds- An obsolete term
material (Standard). See also for Potomac Series.
Acid process.
Acre. 1. A measure of superficial
Acldulae. Cold mineral waters, espe- area, usually of land. The statute
cially those impregnated with car-
acre of the United States and Eng-
bonic acid. (Webster) land contains 43,560 square feet
Acidulous water. Mineral water (4,840 square yards or 160 square
charged naturally with carbon di- rods). The so-called Scotch acre
oxide ( Standard). Also applied to contains about 6,150 square yards
waters containing sulphur com- and the Irish acre 7,840. There are
pounds, especially sulphates. various special or local acres in Eng-
land (as in Cheshire or among the
Aci^rage (Fr.). The process of elec-
hop-growers), varying from 440 to
troplating a metal with iron or steel.
more than 10,000 square yards.
(Standard)
(Standard)
Aci6ral. An
alloy containing 92 to 97
2. (Quebec) A linear measure equal
per cent aluminum and offered as
to the square root of 43,560, being
a metal of strength and lightness
approximately 208.7 ft.
and noncorrosive, suitable for use
in the construction of automobiles, Acre ( Sp. ) Sour; acrimonious.
aircraft, military equipment, rail- (Vel.)
road cars, valves, hardware, etc. It
Acreage rent. Royalty or rent paid by
was discovered by M. de Montby. It
the le; -e for working and disposing
Issuitable for the manufacture of
of minerals at the rate of so much
helmets. It is silver white, and hps a
per acre. (Gresley)
specific gravity of 2.82 and a melt-
ing point of 1.382" F. Its teusile Acre-foot. The amount of water le-
strength in castings is given as 30,- quired to cover 1 acre to a depth of
000 pounds per square inch, and in 1 foot; equal to 43,560 cubic feet.
rods and sheets as 28,000 to 64,000 Also used in estimating coal !
 GLOSSARY OF MINING AND MINERAL INDUSTRY. 15

^lace; thus a horizontal bed of coal with the water at

steel shot fed in
6 feet thick covering an area of 1 intervals.These find their way be-
acre would contain 5 acre-feet of neath the bit and wear away the
coal. rock as the bit rotates. core A
from 4 to 30 inches in diameter is
A-cropping Toward the
(Scot). out-
obtained.
crop. (Barrowman)
Acrotomous. In mineralogy, having a Adamantine spar. A variety of corun-
cleavage parallel with the base or dum, AlaOt. (Dana)
top. (Standard) Adamellite. A name proposed by Cath-
Actinolite. A light-green calclum-mag- rein as a substitute for tonalite, on
nesium-iron amphibole, 3Mg(Fe)0. the ground that tonalite means a
Ca0.4SiOa. (U. S. Geol. Surv.) iSee hornblende-biotite granite, rich in
also Asbestos. plagioclase, whereas
adamellite,
which better describes the rocks at
Activar (Mex.). To quicken the chem-
the Tyrolese locality, means a
ical reactions in the torta. (Dwight)
quartz-hornblende-mica - diorite with
Actual horsepower. The horsepower granitic affinities. Adamellite em-
really developed, as proved by trial. phasizes the dioritic characters;
(Standard) tonalite, the granitic. The name is
Actual power. See Actual horsepower. derived from Monte Adamello, near
Meran, Tyrol, the locality of tona-
Acueducto (Sp.). Aqueduct; conduit. lite. (Kemp)
(Halse)
Adamic earth (Eng.). A kind of red
AcuUico (Peru). Resting hour. clay. .(Humble)
(Dwight)
Adamite. A honey-yellow hydrous zinc
Acunaci6n (Sp.). Coining, as of arsenate, Zn8As208Zn(OH)i, crystal-
money. (Min. Jour.) lizing in the orthorhombic system.
Acunador (Sp.). One who coins (Dana)
money. (Crofutt) Adamsite. A greenish-black variety of
Acunar (Mex.). To coin; to wedge. common mica. (Standard)
(Dwight) Adarce. 1. A calcareous sediment of
Acuoso ( Sp. ) . Watery; aqueous. some mineral springs. (Standard)
(Halse) 2. A soft and porous saltish concre-
tion on reeds and grass in marshy
Acute bisectrix. The line which bi- grounds in Galatia. (Webster)
sects the acute angle of the optic
axes of biaxial minerals. (Dana) Adarme (Peru). A measure of weight
equal to 1.8 grams. (Pfordte)
Aczolling. The treatment of timber
with a mixture of metallic ammo- Addle; Adle (No. of Eng.). To earn
niates and an antiseptic acid (de- by labor. (Gresley)
rivative of phenol or naphthalene). Addling. 1. (No. of Eng.) The act
(Liddell)
of earning by labor. 2. In the plural
Adamant. A stone imagined by some that which is earned; earnings.
to be of Impenetrable hardness a ; Also written Adlings. (Century)
name given to the diamond and Adelgazar (Sp.). 1. To thin or rob
other substances of extreme hard- pillars. 2. To separate gold-bearing
ness; but in modern mineralogy it
concentrate from sand and small
has no technical significance. (Web- stones in order to facilitate the final
ster) (Halse)
washing.
Adamantine. 1. Like a diamond in
Adelpholite. A greasy yellow to black
hardness or luster. 2. Made of, or iron and manganese columbate that
having the qualities of adamant. 3. crystallizes in the tetragonal sys-
Crystallized boron (Webster). 4. A
tem, and is closely related to tapio-
commercial term for chilled steel lite. (Standard)
shot used in well drilling.
Adamantine drill; Shot drill. A core
Adema, or Ademe. (Sp.). A piece of
timber used in supporting mine
drill employed in rotary drilling in
workings; a prop, shore, or strut.
very hard ground. A steel-cylinder
(Halse)
bit with a diagonal slot cut In the
lower edge is attached to a core Ademador (Sp.) Mine carpenter, or
barreland a small quantity of chilled timbermau. (Halse)
i^ GLOSSARY OF MINING AND MINERAL INDUSTRY.

Ademar (Mex.). 1. To timber. Adlings. See Addling.

(Dwight)
2. To make the sides of an artificial Administracion ( Sp. ) . Management
drain or ditch. (Halse) (Hanks)
Ademe (Mex.). Timber in mines; tim- Administrador (Mex.). Manager of a
bering in general. (Dwight). See mine. (Dwight)
Adema.
Adobe. 1. (Sp.). A sun-dried brick;
Adeps petrolei. A form of petrolatum. often shortened to adob and even
'dobe. 2. The mixed earth or clay of
Ader wax. Crude ozocerite in leafy-
which such bricks are made. 3. In
masses. (Bacon) mining, a brick of pulverized ore
Adhesion. A molecular force by which mixed with clay, as in quicksilver
bodies of matter are caused to stick metallurgy. (Standard)
together. (Rickard). A term used 4. The Mexican silver dollar. See
in flotation processes. also Peso.
5. See Mudcap.
Adhesive slate. A very absorbent
slate that adheres to the tongue if Adolescent river. In geology, a river
touched by it. (Standard) in the second stage of a new drain-
age system, having a well-cut chan-
Adinole. A dense felsitic rock com- nel that may reach base-level at
posed chiefly of an aggregate of
its mouth, and a graded bed, and
excessively fine quartz and albite
having largely obliterated the lakes
crystals, such that on analysis
and waterfalls of its youthful stage.
the percentage of soda may reach
Its small tributaries may still be in
10. Actinolite and other minerals
the youthful stage. (Standard)
are subordinate. Adinoles occur as
contact rocks, associated with dia- Adsorb. To condense and hold a gas
base intrusions and are produced by on the surface of a solid, particu-
them from schists {Compare Spilo- larly metals. Also to hold a mineral
site and Desmite). They also con- particle within a liquid interface.
stitute individual beds in metamor- From L. ad, to, and sorbeo, suck in.
phic series (Compare Porphyroid, (Rickard)
Halleflinta). The name was first Adsorption. The adhesion of the mole-
given by Beudant but has been
cules of gases or dissolved sub-
especially revived by Lossen.
stances to the surfaces of solid
(Kemp)
bodies, resulting in a relatively high
Adipocere. A light-colored fatty sub- concentration of the gas or solution
stance, composed of palmitic and at the place of contact (Webster)
other fatty acids. Not to be con-
Adular; adularla. A pure or nearly
fused with the mineral adlpocire
pure potassium-aluminum silicate a
which is a native paraffin. ( Stand- ;

variety of orthoclase, KAlSisO..

ard)
Adipocerite; Adipocire. A synonym for
Hatchettie. (Dana)
A-dipping (Scot). Toward the
(Barrowman)
Adit. 1. A nearly horizontal passage
from the surface by which a mine
Is entered and un watered. In the
United States an adit is usually
called a tunnel, though the latter,
strictlyspeaking, passes entirely
through a hill and is open at both
ends (Raymond). Frequently also
called Drift, or Adit level.
2. As used in the Colorado statutes
it may apply to a cut either open or
under cover, or open in part and
under cover in part, dependent on
the nature of the ground. (Electro-
Magnetic Min. & Dev. Co. v. Van
Auken, 9 Colo., p. 207 11 Pacific, p.
;
80.)
4dit level. See Adit.
(Dana)
Advance workings. Mine workings
that are being advanced into the
dip. solid, and from which no pillars are
being removed.
Advanced gallery. A small heading
driven in advance of the main tun-
nel in tunnel excavation. (Simms)
Adventive crater. A volcanic crater
opened on the flank of a great cone.
(Daly, p. 144)
Adventure (Corn.). A mining enter-
prise. (Davies)
Adventurers (Eng.). Shareholders or
partners in a mining enterprise; In
Cornwall, cost-book partners. ( Ray-
mond)
Adverse. To oppose the granting of
a patent to a mining claim. (U. S.
Min. Stat., pp. 370-^85, 54^-650,
569-570, 606.)
 ) )

GLOSSARY OF MINING AND MINERAL INDUS1*RY. 17

Advertised out. A term used to ex-
press the result of the action of a
joint owner of a mining claim who
by proper notices causes the interest
of his coowner to be forfeited for
failure to perform his share of the
assessment work.
pulleys or grooved wheels that run
on a cable, usually stationary. A
moving or traction rope is attached
to the buckets and may be operated
by either gravity or other power, as
determined by topographic features
or other conditions.

Aegirite. See Acmite; Wurtzilite. Aerify. 1.To change into a gaseous

Also written Aegerine. form. (Standard)
The name of this soda-pyroxene is 2. To infuse or force air into; to
often prefixed to normal rock names combine with air. (Webster)
because of its presence, as for in- Aerinite. A
bright-blue earthy vari-
stance, aegirite-granite, aegirite-tra- ety of fahlunite.
chyte. Microscopic study has shown
that the mineral is much more Aerites. A synonym for Metallites.
widely distributed than was for- Aerogene gas. The gas produced by
merly appreciated. (Kemp) the system of carbureting air de-
vised by Van Vriesland. This sys-
ieolian. An adjective applied to rocks tem is installed at Breukelen, Hol-
formed of wind-borne sands. Some land, for lighting both streets and
such aeolian sands yield large quan- houses. (Bacon)
the big
tities of oil; practically all
Baku spouters have been obtained Aerohydrous. Inclosing a liquid in
from sands of this class. (Mitz- the pores or cavities: said of some
akis) See also Eolian. minerals. ( Standard

Aeolian rocks. Fragmental rocks, com-

Aerolite.
posed of wind -drifted materials.
The drift-sand rock, the common
building stone of Bermuda, is a good
example. (Merrill)
A
mass of metallic or other
mineral substance which has fallen
to the earth through the air. The
metallic aerolite consists principally
of metallic iron, nickel, and chro-
mium the nonmetallic aerolite con-
;

Aconite. See Wurtzilite. sists of crystalline rocks resembling

greenstones; others consist of mix-
Aerage (Pr.). Ventilation. (Chance) tures of these. A meteorite. (Roy.
Aerate. 1. To expose to the action of Com.)
the air; supply or charge with air.
Aerophore. 1. A respirator in the
2. To charge with carbon dioxide form of a tank which receives the
or other gas, as soda water. (Stand-
» ard)
exhalations from the lungs and con-
taining chemicals designed to revive
Aerator. 1. An apparatus for charg- the air, to render it fit for breath-
ing water with gas under pres- ing. (Ihlseng)
sure, especially with carbon dioxide. 2. A portable apparatus containing
2. Any contrivance for supplying a a supply of compressed air for res-
stream of air or gas, as for fumi- piration, as for a miner. (Webster)
gating, destroying fungi, insects, etc.
Aeroplane oil. A white, straight-re-
(Standard) duced viscous neutral oil having a
Aerial. Relating to the air or atmos- gravity of 32f to 34* B., a flash-
phere. " Subaerial " is applied to point of 415° F., a fire test of 480" F.,
phenomena occurring under the at- a cold test of 20* F., and a viscosity
mosphere " subaqueous " to phe-
; of 185 to 200 Saybolt. (Bacon)
nomena occurring under water. Aeroslderite. A
meteorite consisting
( Power chiefly of iron, generally nickelifer-
Aerial railroad. A system of cables ous, with particles of phosphide of
from which to suspend cars or iron, carbon, and hydrocarbon!.
buckets, as in transporting or hoist- (Power)
ing ore. (Standard) See also Aerosiderollte. A meteorite that !
Aerial tramway both metallic and stony. (Standard)
jrial spud. A cable for moving and Aeroslte. Same as Pyrargyrite.
anchorfng a dredge. (Standard)
srialtramway. A system for the Aerosphere. The atmosphere consid-
transportation of material, as ore ered as a spherical shell of gases
«r rock, in buckets suspended from surrounding the earth. (Standard)

I"
 ) ) )

18 GliOSSARY OF MININu AND MINERAL INDUSTRY.

Aerugo. Copper rust; verdigris; es- Aftergases. Gases produced by mine

pecially, green copper coating adher- explosions or mine fires.
ing to old bronzes. (Standard)
Agachadero (Mex.). Place In a level
Aetite. A
nodule consisting of a hard where the roof is low. (Dwight)
shell of hydrated oxide of Iron,
within which the yellow oxide be- Against the air. In a direction oppo-
comes progressively softer toward site to that in which the air current
the center, which is sometimes quite moves. To fire shots "against the
empty. (Power) air," is to fire shots in such an order
that the shot firer travels against
Affluent. A stream that flows into the air. (Steel)
another; a tributary. (Standard)
Afiladera (Mex. ). Whetstone. Agalite. Fibrous talc, pseudomorph-
(D wight) ous after enstatite. (A. F. Rogers)
Afilar (Mex.). To sharpen (tools). Agalmatolite. Essentially a hydrous
(D wight) silicate of aluminum and potassium,
corresponding closely to muscovite.
Afinaci6n (Mex.). 1. Art or process of A secondary or alteration product.
refining. Refining works. (D wight) See also Pinite (Dana). A soft
2. A. por cristalizacidn, the Pattin- waxy mineral used for carvings by
son process. (Halse) the Chinese. Also called Lardstone.
Afinador (Mex.). A refiner (Halse). Agamasar (Sp.). To make mortar; to
A synonym for Refinador. cement with mortar. (Halse)
Afinar ( Sp. ) . To refine gold and silver Agaphite. A conchoidal variety of
(Halse). A synonym for Refinar. Per sian turquoise. ( Standard
Afino (Sp.). In tin smelting, melting Agaric mineral. 1. A soft, light, pul-
the ingots in reverberatory furnaces verulent hydrated silicate of magne-
and refining by poling. A. de cohre, sium found in Tuscany, from which
fusing copper under an oxidizing at- floating bricks can be made. ( Power
mosphere. ( Ha Ise 2. A light, chalky deposit of calcium
Aflojadero (Mex.). Soft part of a carbonate, sometimes called rock
vein. (Dwight) milk, formed in caverns or fissures
of limestone. (Webster)
Aflojar el canal6ii (Sp. Am.). To
treat the material that has accu- Agate. A variegated waxy quartz in
mulated in the ground sluice, by which the colors are bands, in
in
washing away the lighter and allow- clouds, or in distinct groups; also,
ing the heavier mineral to settle. a gem or precious stone made from
(Halse) this mineral. (Standard) A varie-
gated chalcedony.
Afloramiento (Mex.). Outcrop of vein.
Agate jasper. An agate consisting of
(Dwight) ^
jasper containing veinings of chalce- i
Afrechera (Peru). Finely divided dony. (Dana) |
amalgam produced with insufficient Agate opal. Opalized agate.
mercury. (Dwight)
Agate ware. 1. An enameled iron or
Afrentar un hilo (Colom.). To make steel ware used for household uten-
a perpendicular cut in a lode or vein sils. Used extensively as table
to ascertain its thickness, dip, and equipment in miners' camps and
strike. (Halse) boarding houses. 2. Pottery, veined
Afrold (Fr.). In a cold state, i. e., and mottled to resemble agate.
not afterward subjected to the firing (Standard)
process: said of painting and other Agatized wood. See Wood, 2.
decoration in ceramics, (Standard) Age. 1. Any great period of time In
Afterdamp; Aftergases. The mixture the history of the earth or the ma-
of gases which remain in a mine terial universe marked by special
after a mine fire or an explosion of phases of physical conditions or or-
fire damp. It consists of carbonic ganic development; an eon; as the
acid gas, water vapor (quickly con- age of mammals. Called also Era.
densed), nitrogen, oxygen, carbon 2. One of the minor subdivisions of
monoxide, and in some cases free geological time, a subdivision of the
hydrogen, but usually consists prin- epoch corresponding to stage or
cipally of carbonic acid gas and ni- formation ; recommended by the
trogen, and is therefore irrespirable. International Geological Congress.
See also Black damp. (Standard)
 GLOSSARY OF MINING AND MINERAL INDUSTRY.
Aged. Approaching base-level. For-
merly used in topography, geology,
and physiography, and applied to the
configuration of ground. (Standard)
Agent (Eng.). One to whom the gen-
eral laying out and supervision of
the mine is intrusted by the owner
or lessee. See also Viewer (Gres-
ley). The manager of a mining
property.
Agente (Mex.). Agent; A. de mineria,
a mining agent appointed by the gov-
ernment in each district to receive
documents, give possession, etc. A.
de correos, a postmaster. (Halse)
Agglomerate. 1. A breccia composed
largely or wholly of fragments of
volcanic rocks. More specifically, a
heterogeneous mixture of fragments
of volcanic and other rocks filling
the funnel or throat of an extinct or
quiescent volcano. (La Forge)
2. To wind or collect into a ball;
hence to gather into a mass; to
cluster. (Webster)
Aggradation. 1. In geology, the nat-
ural filling up of the bed of a water-
course by deposition of sediment.
2. Specifically, the building up by
streams in arid regions of fan-like
graded plains, by reason of the shift-
ing streams and the loss of the water
In the dry soil. Contrasted with
Degradation. (Standard)
Aggradation plain. A plain formed
by aggradation in arid districts. It
begins by the building up of the hol-
lowed bed of a stream, at the foot
of a declivity, forming a plain with
a nearly straight longitudinal profile,
that may become a very broad plain
of deposition. (Standard)
Aggregate. 1. To bring together; to
collect or unite Into a mass. 2. Com-
posed of a mixture of substances,
separable by mechanical means.
(Webster)
3.The mineral material, such as
sand, gravel, shells, slag, or broken
stone, or combinations thereof, with
which cement or bituminous mate-
rial is mixed to form a mortar or
concrete. "Fine aggregate" may be
considered as the material that
will pass a i-inch screen, and
'*
coarse aggregate " as the material
that will not pass a i-lnch screen.
(Bacon)
gffregate polarization. The polariza-
tion displayed by extremely small
grains of doubly refracting minerals.
I
19
Aggregate structure. A confused mass
of separate little crystals, scales, or
grains all extinguished under the
polarizing microscope at different
times. (Luquer)
Agitation. In metallurgy, the act or
state of being shaken, stirred, or
moved with violence.
Agitation ratio. The ratio between
the maximum diameter of a gangue
particle and the diameter of the
mineral particle that travels with
it on a vanner. (Richards, p. 665)
;
Agitator. 1. An Implement or appara-
tus for shaking or mixing. (Web-
ster)
2. A mechanical apparatus employed
in refining petroleum to keep the
oil in constant motion when it Is
treated with sulphuric acid. Agita-
tion on a large scale is now per-
formed by means of compressed air.
(Mitzakis)
3. (Pac.) See Settler.
4. A vat in which ore pulp is main-
tained In constant movement by com-
pressed air, or mechanical means.
Agnesite (Corn.). An early name for
bismutite.
Agonic A line passing through
line.
points on
the earth's surface at
which the direction of the magnetic
needle is truly north and south a ;
line of no magnetic declination.
(Standard)
Agricolite. An adamantine colorless
or yellow bismuth silicate, Bi^SisOu,
crystallizing in the monocllnic sys-
tem. (Dana)
Agrimensor (Mex.). Surveyor.
(Dwight)
Agua (Sp.). Water. A. arrimanda
(Colom.), water brought along the
side of a ravine to be used in min-
ing. A. de alimentacidn, feed water
for a steam engine. A. de cantera,
natural moisture In stones. A. del-
gada, water containing a small
quantity of salts in solution. A.
dulce, fresh water. A. gorda, water
containing a large quantity of salts
in solution. A. llovediza, rain water.
A. potalle, drinking water. A.
fuerte, nitric acid. (Halse)
Aguador (Sp.). One in charge of the
water supply of a mill. (Halse)
Agua fuerte (Sp.). Nitric acid.
(Halse)
20 GLOSSARY OF MINING AND MINERAL INDUSTRY.

Agiias de cabeza (Peru). Water filter- about 1 per cent argon. (Century)
ing into the mine, due to rain. 2. The current of atmospheric air
(Halse) circulating through and ventilating
the workings of a mine. 3. To venti-
Aguilarite. A sectile silver selenide,
late any portion of the workings.
AgoS.AgaSe occurring in skeleton
(Gresley)
dodecahedral crystals. (Dana)
Air adit. An adit driven for the pur-
Aguja (Sp.). 1. (Colom.) A leader pose of ventilating a mine. (Mil-
or narrow vein. A branch. (Lucas) ford)
2. A mountain peak. 3. A compass
needle. 4. A blasting needle. 5. A Air blast. 1. A disturbance in mines
switch rail. (Halse) accompanied by a strong rush of air
magn6tica (Mex.). Magnetic through the workings. It is caused
Aguja
(D wight) by the falling of large masses of
needle.
roof in stopes, or by sudden crum-
Agujero (Mex.). Drillhole. (Dwight) bling of pillars under the weight of
the rock above the mine workings,
Aguj6n (Mex.). Surveying instru-
ment with compass. (Dwight) due to a stress on the rocks, which
has produced a strain, and in mining
Agriilhas(Braz.). Oxides of titanium operations this strain results in a
associated with diamonds. (Halse) violent rupture. Such a disturbance
is sometimes called "quake," and
Agnzar (Mex.). To sharpen (drills).
the rock, ** explosive rock." (Eng.
(Dwight)
and Min. Jour., vol. 105, p. 957)
Ahogarse. To pinch out, as a vein. 2. A stream or current of air under
(Lucas) pressure, especially that used in
To lose
forges and furnaces. (Century)
Ahogarse el (Colom.).
oro
gold by itsbeing carried off by the Air box. 1. A rectangular wooden
water. (Lucas) pipe or tube made in lengths of, say,
9 to 15 feet for ventilating a head-
Ahondar (Sp.). To sink; to deepen.
ing or a sinking shaft. (Gresley)
(Min. Jour.)
2. A box for holding air. 3. A flue
Ahonde (Mex.). A shaft to establish for conducting air to a furnace, etc.
mining title (Dwight). A discovery (Webster)
shaft. Air brick. A hollow or pierced brick
Alch's metal. See Gun metal. built into a wall to allow the pas-
sage of air. (Ries)
Aiguille (Fr.). 1. A
very sharp peak;
used especially of certain peaks, or Air bridge. 1. A furnace bridge so
clusters of needle-like rocks near constructed as to admit heated air
IMont Blanc. 2. An instrument for to the gases passing over it and thus
boring holes, used in blasting. facilitate their combustion. (Cen-
(Webster) tury )
2. See Overcast.
iikinlte. A blackish lead-gray sul-
phide of lead, copper, and bismuth. Air cock. A cock for letting off air.
3(Pb, Cu2)S.BiiS3, that crystallizes (Barrowman)
in the orthorhombic system; needle Air compartment. An air-tight portion
ore. (Dana) of any shaft, winze, raise, or level,
used for ventilation. (C. and M.
Ailsyte. A name derived from Ailsa M. P.)
Craig, Scotland, and suggested for a
Air compressor. A machine for com-
mlcrogranite containing consider-
pressing air to a pressure sufficient
able riebeckite. (Kemp)
to actuate machinery. (Weed)
Ainalite. A variety of cassiterite con- Air condenser. A surface condenser
taining tantalum pentoxide. ( Stand- cooled by contact with air instead of
ard) water. (Webster)
Air. 1. The mixture of gases that sur- Air course. A passage through which
roundv* the earth and forms its at- air is circulated. Particularly a
mosphere composed by volume of 21
; long passageway driven parallel to
parts of oxygen and 78 of nitrogen; the workings to carry the air cur-
by weight of about 23 parts of oxy- rent. Entry air course, a passage
gen and 77 of nitrogen. It contains for air parallel to an entry. Slope
also about 0.03 per cent of carbon air course, an air course parallel
dioxide, some aqueous vapor, and with a slope. (Steel)
 GLOSSARY OF MINING AND MINERAL INDUSTRY. 21

Air crossing. A bridge or overcast Air head, or Air heading. (So. Staff.)
where one current of air passes an- A smaller passage, driven parallel
other without coming in contact with the gate road and near its
with it. (Roy) roof, to carry the ventilating cur-
rent. It is connected with the gate
Air cushion. An air-tight inflatable road at intervals by openings called
cushion; also a device for arresting spouts (Raymond). See also Air-
motion without shock, by confined way.
air. (Webster)
Air hoist. Hoisting machinery oper-
Air door. A door placed in a mine ated by compressed air. (Century)
passage to prevent the air from tak-
ing a near way to the outcast, or Air hole. 1. A hole drilled in advanct

return, without making a circuit of to improve ventilation by communi-

the workings. (Tucker) cation with other workings or with
the surface. (C. and M. M. P.)
Air drain. A passage for the escape of 2. A flaw in a casting. (Standard)
gases from a mold while the molten
Air jig. An apparatus for separating
mptal is being poured in. (Stand-
ores without water, by intermittent
ard)
puffs of air. (Lawver)
Air drift. A drift connecting a venti- Airless end. The extremity of a stall
lation shaft with the fan. (Power) in long-wall workings in which
Air drill. A rock drill criven by com- there is no current of air. The air
pressed air, as distinguished from a is kept sufliciently pure by diffusion,
drill driven by steam. (Century) and by the Ingress and egress of
tubs, men, etc. (Gresley)
Air dry. Dry to such a degree that no
further moisture is given up on ex- Air level (Eng.). A level or airway
posure to the air. Most air-dry (return airway) of former work-
substances contain moisture that ings made use of in subsequent
can be expelled by heating them or deeper mining operations for ven-
placing them in a vacuum. (Web- tilation. (Gresley)
ster) Air lift. An arrangement for raising
Air duct. See Air box, 1 and 3. water or other liquid from a well or
sump, air under pressure being in-
Aire (Sp.). 1. Air or wind. 2. Fire troduced near the foot of an open-
damp, explosive or inflammable air.
ended pipe having a certain sub-
3. Foul air. (Halse) mergence. The column of liquid or
Air-end way (Eng.). Roadways or mixture of solid and liquid in the
levels in the coal seam driven paral- pipe, because of the introduction of
lelwith a main level, chiefly for re- the air, is made lighter than the sub-
turn air in mine ventilation. (Gres- mergence column outside and an
ley) upward flow within the pipe results.

Air furnace. 1. A
that de- furnace Air lock. 1. (Aust.) A passage,
pends on natural draft and not on closed at both ends by doors, be-
blast. A furnace for heating air. tween airways along which currents
(Webster) of different pressures are flowing.
2. A
reverberatory furnace in which Persons desirous of passing from
to smelt lead. Also a reverberatory one airway to the other can do so
melting furnace used in the manu- without personal Inconvenience or
facture of malleable cast iron. Interference with the system of ven-
tilation.(Power)
Air gas. A combustible gas made by
saturating air with the vapor of
2. An chamber between the outer
air
air and the working chamber of a
some volatile hydrocarbon mixture,
pneumatic caisson. (Webster)
as gasoline, and used for lighting
and heating. (Webster) Air machine. A machine for forcing
fresh air into and withdrawing bad
Air gate. (Mid.) An underground
1.
air from a mine, as a fan. (Hanks)
roadway used principally for ven-
tilation. (Gresley) Air man. A synonym for Brattice
2. An air regulator. 3. In molding, man.
an orifice through which the dis- Air motor. A motor driven by com-
placed air and gases escape from pressed air. (Webster)
the mold while the molten matter is
Airometer. An instrument for meas-
filling it. (Century)
uring the rate of flow of aJr; an
Air hammer. A pneumatic hammer. air meter. (Webster)
 ;

22 GLOSSARY OF MINING AND MINERAL INDUSTRY.

Air oven. A heated chamber for dry- Air trap. A trap for shutting off or
ing samples of ore, etc. (O. and M. carrying off foul air or gas from
M. P.) drains, sewers, etc. (Webster)
Air pipes. Pipes for conveying air for Air trunk. A large pipe or shaft for
ventilation or for other purposes. conducting air, as for ventilation, or
(Hanks) to a furnace. (Webster)
Air pit (Eng.). A mine shaft used Air tub. The
cylinder on a blowing
expressly for ventilation. (Gresley) engine pumps the blast of
that
wind or air. (Willcox)
Air propeller. A device, as a rotary
fan for circulating air, as for venti- Air valve. A valve to regulate the
lation. (Webster) ingress or egress of air. (Web-
ster)
Air pump. A pump for exhausting air
from a vessel or closed space. Also Air vessel. A chamber connected with
a pump for compressing air. (Web- a pump and partly filled with air
ster) to regulate the flow of water and
lessen shocks (Barrowman). Also
Air receiver. A strong vessel, into an air receiver.
which air from a compressor de-
is
livered. It serves as a reservoir Air volcano. A
miniature crater re-
to equalize the pressure before tne .sembling a true volcano in shape
air is used. It also cools the air, and often provided with a cone
collects moisture, which may be produced by explosions of gas and
drawn off, and eliminates the pul- the emission of mud. (Century)
sating effect of the piston strokes. Airway. Any underground gallery or
Air-reduction process. See Roasting passage through which a portion of
and reaction process. the ventilation passes. (Gresley)

Air saddle. (Aust.). A surface sad- Airy's spiral. A

four-rayed spiral
dle or depression produced by curve, named after the discoverer
erosion at the top of an anticline. and shown when sections of right-
handed rfnd left-handed crystals are
iir shaft. A shaft used for ventilating placed together in a polariscope.
mines; it may
either receive or dis- (Dana)
charge the circulating current.
(Roy). 8ee Upcast, also Downcast. Aitch-piece. See H-piece.

Air shot, A shot prepared by loading Aixtrie (Scot). An axle. (Barrow-

(charging) in such a way an air man)
space is purposely left in contact Ajkite. A resin related to succinite,
with the explosive for the purpose from Ajka, Hungary. See also Suc-
of lessening its shattering effect. cinite. (Bacon)
(Du Pont) Ajuste (Sp.). 1. Contract. 2.Adjust-
Air shrinkage. The decrease in ment (of parts of a machine).
volume which a clay undergoes in (Dwight)
drving. (Ries) 3. A timber joint or connection made
by notching or scarfing. (Halse)
Air-slaked. Slaked by exposure to the
air; as air-slaked lime. (Webster) Akerite. A variety of syenite, consist-
ing of orthoclase, considerable pla-
Air slit (York.). A short heading gioclase, biotite, augite, and some
driven more or less at right angles
quartz. (Kemp)
to and between two headings or
levels for ventilation. (Gresley) Akins* classifier. A classifier consist-
ing of an interrupted-flight screw
Air sollar. A compartment or passage
conveyor, operating in an inclined
way carried beneath the floor of a
trough.
bending or of an excavation in a
coal mine for ventilation. (Cen- Alabandite. Manganblende. an M -

tury). See also Sollar. ganese sulphide, MnS. (Dana)

Air split. The division of the main Alabaster. Compact fine-grained gyp-
/current of air In a mine into two sum, white or delicateHy shaded.
or more parts. (Roy) See also Gypsum. (U. S. Geol.
Surv.)
Air stack (Penn.). A chimney used
for ventilating a coal mine. (Cen- Alabasterine. Of, pertaining to, or
tury) like, alabaster. (Webster)
 )

GLOSSABY OF MmiNG AND MINEEAL INDUSTBY. ^3

Alabastro (Sp.). Alabaster. (Min. In very imperfect fusion when heat-

Jour.) ed (U. S. Geol. Surv.). Also called
Albert coal in Nova Scotia.
Alacrftn (Mex.). A wheel or pair of
wheels sometimes used in turning Albion metal (Eng.). A combination
(stirring) the ore in the patio pro- made by overlaying lead with tin
(Halse) and causing the two to adhere by
passing them under pressure, be-
Ala de Mosca (Peru). Granite or very
tween rollers. (Century)
hard rock. (Dwight)
Alajites (Mex.). Altered rhodonite.
Albirnpean. An obsolete geological
term for Potomac series.
(Dwight)
Alalite. A light-green variety of diop-
Albite. An end member of the plagio-
clase series of feldspars, containing
side from the Ala Valley, Tyrol.
no calcium and consisting of sodium-
(Webster)
aluminum silicate; sodium feldspar.
Alambre (Sp.) Wire of any metal. Less common than the intermediate
(Vel.) members, which may be considered
as mixtures of albite with the other
Alandier (Fr.). In ceramics, a special
end member, anorthite (Ransome).
fireplace at the base of a porcelain
kiln, fed from the outside. (Stand-
Compare Anorthite.
ard) Albite law. A mode of twinning in
which the twinning plane is the
Alarife (Sp.). Mine mason. (Dwight)
brachypinacoid. It is common with
Alaskite. Any igneous rock consisting the mineral albite, and gives rise to
essentially of quartz and alkalic the fine striations on its cleavage
feldspar, without regard to texture. surface. ( Webster
Albanil (Sp.) A mason; a bricklayer. Albitization. The production, in a
(Halse) rock, of albite as a secondary min-
Albanileria (Sp.). Walling of masonry.
eral. (Webster)
(Halse) Albitophyre. A dike rock containing
large polysynthetic phenocrysts of
Albini stone (L.). The peperino of
the Italians; a well-known volcanic
albite. In the groundmass are mi-
crolites of the same mineral, to-
rock, much used at Rome before
gether with chlorite and limonite.
building with marble became com-
mon. See Peperino. (Page) (Kemp)
Albarium (L.). White lime used for Albo-carbon. A solid residuum of creo-
stucco and obtained by burning mar-
sote. (Century)
ble. (Standard) Albolite; Albolith. A kind of plastic
cement, or artificial stone, consisting
Albarrad6n (Sp.). A dike. (Halse)
chiefly of magnesia and silica.
Albata (L.). A white alloy resembling (Webster)
German silver, consisting of nickel,
Alboranite. A variety of hypersthene-
copper, and zinc. (Standard)
andesite, poor in soda, from the is-
Albayalde (Mex.). White lead, lead land of Alboran, east of the Straits
carbonate. (Vel.) of Gibraltar. (Kemp)
Albert coal; Albertite (Eng.) An Albrecht condenser. A condenser
asphaltic mineral occurring at Hills- used in petroleum distillation, to
boro. New Brunswick. It fills a fis- separate the distillate into its vari-
sure that cuts the associated strata ous fractions. (Mitzakis)
almost vertically, and is from 1 to
16 feet thick. Albrecht viscometer. See Viscometer.
Albert! furnace. A
continuously work-
Albronz. Adurable alloy of copper
ing reverberatory furnace for the and aluminum, used for telescope
roasting of quicksilver ores, with bearings, etc. (Standard)
condensation of the mercury in iron Alcalde (Sp.). 1. A justice of the
tubes and brick chambers. (Ray- peace. 2. A city mayor. (Halse)
mond) Alcali (Sp.). Alkali. (Vel.)
Albertite. A Jet-black, pitchlike, brittle Alcance; Saldo (Sp.). Balance due. 1.
hydrocarbon with conchoidal frac- (Dwight)
ture, differing from ordinary as- 2. Extent of underground workings.
phalt in being only partly (about 30 3. (Chile) A rich zone of ore
per cent) soluble in turpentine and (Halse)
 )

24 GI.OSSARY OF MINING AND MINERAL INDUSTRY.

Alcancia (Mex.). A loading chute. Algam. In Wales, a common term foi

(D wight) tin.

Alcantarillado; Alcantarilla (Sp.). An Algonkian; Proterozoic. In the no-

underground aqueduct, drain, or menclature of the United States
tunnel. (Vel.) Geological Survey, the second in
order of age of the systems into
Alcaparrosa (Mex.). Efflorescence which the stratified rocks of the
(of sulphates, etc.) in old workings earth's crust are divided; also the
(Dwight). See also Caparrosa. corresponding period of geologic
time. Some authorities use Protero-
Alcarraza ( Mex. ) A water can used in
.
zoic in the same sense. (La Forge)
drilling. (Dwight)
Algovite. A
name proposed by Wink-
Alcatruz (Port). A bucket of a ler for a group of rocks, practically
dredge. (Halse) diabases or porphyritic phases of
Alchemy. 1. The immature chemistry them, in the Algauer Alps. They
of the Middle Ages, characterized by also embrace gabbros, according to
the pursuit of the transmutation of Roth, and are doubtless textural
base metals into gold, and the search varieties of an augite-plagioclase
for the alkahest and the panacea. magma. (Kemp)
(Standard) Alidade. 1. An auxiliary circle, frame,
2. To coat or alloy with another
or movable arm, carrying micro-
metal. scopes or verniers for reading the
Alchymy (Scot). A white film, divisions of a graduated circle or
usually calcium carbonate, in joints arc; also a theodolite having such
of coal, iron-stone, and other min- an arm. 2. The straight-edge carry-
erals (Barrowman). Probably from ing the telescope for plane-table ob-
alchemy, to coat or alloy with an- servations. ( Standard

other metal. Now obsolete. Alien locator. A foreigner who locates

Alcove. A deep niche formed by
large, a mining claim on the public domain.
a stream of water in a precipitous (U. S, Min. Stat, p. 101)
face of approximately horizontal
Alignment; Alinement. 1. The act of
strata. (Standard) laying out or regulating by line; an
Alcribis (Mex.). A tuyere. See also adjusting to a line. 2. The line of
Tobera. (Dwight) adjustments. 3. The ground plan of
a railway or other road in distinc-
Aleaci6n (Sp.). 1. The art of alloy-
tion from profile. (Century)
ing metals. 2. An alloy. (Halse)
Alimentador (Sp.). Ore feeder of a
Alear (Sp.). To alloy. (Vel.)
stamp battery A. mec&nico, an auto-
;

Alembic. An apparatus
formerly matic feeder; A. de un homo, a fur-
much used in distilling. Usually nace charger; A. de la caldera, a
made of glass or metal. (Webster) boiler feeder. (Halse)
Alembroth. The chloride of ammonium
. Alimentar (Sp.). To feed a mill, etc.;
and mercury. Formerly used as a A. un horno, to charge a furnace.
stimulant The alchemist's "salt of (Halse)
wisdom." (Webster)
Alimento (Sp. Am.). An allowance as
Aleutite. A name proposed by .T. E. subsistence; a kind of * grubstake*
Spurr for those members of his to miners until their mines become
belugites {which see) having a por- profitable. (Crofutt)
phyritic texture with an asphanitic
or finely crystalline groundmass.
Alipite. Amassive apple-green hy-
drated magnesium-nickel silicate
(Kemp.) (Standard)
similar to genthite.
Alexandrite. An emerald-green variety
of chrysoberyl, columbine-red by
Alipus (Mex.). A gad. (Dwight)
transmitted light. (Standard) Alive (Corn.). The productive part of
a lode. (Power)
Alexjejevite. A resin from the Kaluga
province, Russia. (Bacon) Alizarin. A dyestufC, Ci«H«Oj(OH)i, for-
merly prepared from madder, and
Alfenid. A nickel alloy electroplated
now produced artificially from an-
with silver. (Standard)
thracene, and forming when pure
Alfileres de oro (Colom.). Gold In a reddish-yellow powder or oraofle-
needle-shaped filainents. (Lucas) red crystals. (Webster)
 (JLOSSARY OF MINING AND MINERAL INDUSTRY.
Alkahest. In alchemy, an imaginary
liquid, reputed to be a universal
solvent, capable of resolving all
bodies into their constituent
ments, f Standard)
Alkali. In chemistry, any substance
having marked basic properties.
Its restricted and common
sense
the term is applied only to hydrox-
ides of potassium, sodium, lithium,
and ammonium. They are soluble
in water, have the power of neutral-
izing acids and forming salts with
them, the property of corroding or-
ganic substances, and of turning red
litmus blue. In a more general sense
the term is applied to the hydroxides
of the so-called alkaline-earth met-
als barium, strontium and calcium.
:
Alkali flat. A
sterile plain, contain-
ing an excess of alkali, at the bot-
tom of an undrained basin in an arid
region. A playa. (Webster)
Alkali metal. Any metal of the al-
kali group, as lithium, sodium, po-
tassium, rubidium, or caesium.
(Webster)
Alkalimeter. An instrument to ascer-
tain the strength of alkalies, or the
quantity of an alkali in a mixture.
(Webster)
Alkaline. 1. Applied to minerals hav-
ing the taste of soda. (Dana)
2. Of or pertaining to the proper-
ties of an alkali. (Webster)
Alkaline earths. The oxides of ba-
rium, calcium, and strontium. Some
include also magnesium oxide. All
are in their properties intermediate
between the true alkalies and the
earths proper. (Webster)
Alkaline metals. Those metals whose
oxides combine with water to form
alkalies, as lithium, sodium, and
potassium, etc. (Standard)
Alkali test. A process by which kero-
sene is treated with a solution of
caustic soda, making it purer and
more suitable for illuminating. The
kerosenes are divided into classes
according to the results given by
this alkali test and a fixed scale
constructed. (Mitzakis)
Alkali wash. In the cyanide process,
a preliminary treatment of the pulp
wltn an alkaline solution, commonly
of lime, the chief object being to
secure the neutralization of free acid
before adding the strong cyanide
olutlon, thus avoiding the undue
consumption of cyanide.
2b
Alkali waste. Waste material from
the manufacture of alkali; as soda
waste in the Leblanc process. (Web-
ele- ster)
Alkinite. A compound of lead, copper,
bismuth, and sulphur, occurring in
In lead-gray, needle-shaped crystals,
and also massive. (Webster)
AUagite. A heavy dull red or green
altered carbonated rhodonite.
(Dana)
Allalinite. A
name derived from Al-
lalin Mountain in the Pennine Alps,
and applied by H. Rosenbusch to an
actinolite-saussurite rock derived
from gabbro without losing the char-
acteristic texture of the latter.
That the allalinites are not
is,
sheared and crushed as in the flaser-
gabbros and forellensteins. (Kemp)
Allanite; Orthite. 1. A complex varia-
ble silicate of aluminum, iron, the
cerium metals, and, in smaller quan-
tity, those of the yttrium group.
(U. S. Geol. Surv.)
2. A comparatively rare mineral
closely related to common epidote
and occurring generally as a micro-
scopic constituent of igneous rocks.
It contains a number of the rarer
elements. (Ransome)
Allegheny formation. The second in
order of age of the formations com-
prised in the Pennsylvanian series of
strata in the bituminous coal dis-
tricts of the northern Appalachian
field. It overlies the Pottsville for-
mation, comprises all the beds from
the base of the Brookville coal to
the top of the Upper Freeport coal-,
and is succeeded by the Conemaugh
formation. It was formerly called
the Lower Productive Coal Meas-
ures. (La Forge)
AUemontite. A rhombohedral or amor-
phous metallic tin-white or reddish-
gray compound of antimony and ar-
senic, SbAs (Dana). Also called
Arsenical antimony.
AUen-O'Hara furnace. A horizontal
double-hearth furnace for calcining
sulphide ores. (Peters, p. 201; Hof-
man, p. 198)
Alley stone. A synonym for Websterite
(Chester). Aluminite.
Alliaceous. Applied to minerals hav-
ing the odor of garlic, for example,
arsenical minerals. (Dana)
Alligator.1. See Squeezer. 2. A rock
breaker operating by jaws. (Ray-
mond).
3. (Aust). A self-tipping tank, used
for raising rock or coal. (Power)
 )

26 GLOSSARY OF MINING AND MINERAL INDUSTRY.

Allig^ator wrench. A kind of pipe- All over. End of a shift; when th«
wrench having a fixed flaring jaw breaker at a colliery shuts down for
with teeth on one side. (Webster) the day it is said to be " all over."
Allingite. A from Switzer-
fossil resin Allowance (Eng.). 1. Refreshment of
land. See also Succinite. (Bacon) bread, cheese, and beer supplied by
the lessees or owners of a mine to
All-mine pig. Iron smelted entirely
surveyors. 2. Ale given to workmen
from raw ore. (Standard)
on having to work under unusual
Allochroite. A calcium-chromium gar- conditions, for example, when they
net. (Dana) are wet through. (Gresley)
AUoclasite; Alloclaso. A steel-gray, Allowance coal (Eng.). See Colliers'
cobalt-arsenic-bismuth sulphide, coal.
usually with part of the cobalt re- Alloy. 1. A compound of two or mor«
placed by iron, Co(AsBi)S, that
metals, usually produced by fusion.
crystallizes in the orthorhombic
(Dana)
When composed of two, three, or
system.
four metals or elements it is called
Allomorph. In mineralogy, a pseudo- respectively Binary alloy. Ternary
morph formed without change of alloy and Quarternary alloy.
chemical composition, as calcite 2. The baser metal that reduces the
after aragonite. (Standard) commercial value of the compound
or mixture as its proportion is in-
AUopalladinm. A nearly silver-white
creased; as, the alloy used for
palladium, found in hexagonal plates
hardening gold and silver coins.
in the Harz Mountains, Germany.
(Standard)
(Dana)
AUoyage. The act or process of alloy-
AUophane. A hydrous silicate of ing: specifically, in minting, of al-
aluminum, amorphous, translucent, loying the precious metals with
and of various colors, often in in- baser ones to harden them. (Stand-
crustations or stalactitic forms;
ard)
AhSiOs -f 5HjO. ( Webster
Alloy balance. An adjustable balance
Mlothigene. In geology, produced
that is in equilibrium when the
from elsewhere; said of the ingred- metals in the scale pans are in the
ients of clastic rocks, or of the clas-
proper proportions for forming an
tic ingredients of any rock: con-
alloy. (Standard)
trasted with Anthigene. (Standard)
Alloy cast-iron. Cast-iron alloyed with
Allotriomorphic. An adjective coined
some other metal. (Webster)
by Rosenbusch in 1887 to describe
those minerals in an igneous rock Alloy steel.Steel that contains one or
that do not possess their own crys- more elements other than carbon in
tal faces or boundaries, but which sufficient proportion to modify or im-
have their outlines impressed on prove substantially and positively
them by their neighbors. They re- some of its useful properties. (Hib-
sult when a number of minerals crys- bard) e. g., Manganese steel.
tallize at once so as to interfere
Alloy-treated steel. A simple steel to
with one another. They are espe-
which one or more alloying elements
cially characteristic of granitoid
have been added for curative pur-
textures. The word was unneces- poses, but in which the excess of the
sary, as xenomorphic had been sug-
element or elements is not enough to
gested for the same thing, but it is
make it an alloy steel. (Hibbard)
In more general use than xenomor-
phic. See also Anhedron. Opposed All-sliming. Crushing all the ore in
to Idiomorphic. (Kemp) a mill to so fine a state of subdivi-
sion that only a small percentage
AUotrope. One of the forms assumed will fail to pass through :i 200-mesh
by an allotropic substance; as the
screen.
diamond is an allotrope of carbon.
(Standard) All-ups (Leic). A mixture of every
iUotropy; Allotropism. The capacity quality of coal, excepting fine slack,
of existing in two or more condi- raised from one seam, and sold as
tions, that are distinguished by dif- such. (Gresley)
ferences in properties. Thus carbon Alluvial. 1. Of or pertaining to allu-
occurs crystalline as in the diamond, vium. Relating to deposits made by
and amorphous as in charcoal. flowing water. 2. Gold-bearing d^
1 Webster) posits of alluvium.
 )

GLOSSARY OF MINING AND MINERAL INDUSTRY. 27

Alluvial epoch. The latter part of the Almacral (Sp.). A place where red
Champlain period (Quaternary), ocher is found. (Halse)
overlying the Diluvial period, and
characterized by the more quiet Almagre (Mex.). Red ocher.
fluvial and lacustri ; depositions. (Dwight)
(Standard) Now obsolete. Alman. See Almond furnace.
Alluvial fan. The outspread sloping
deposit of bowlders, gravel, and sand Almandite. An iron-aluminum garnet,
left by a stream where it spreads SFeOAUOs.SSiOa. Used as a gem.
from a gorge upon a plain or open (U. S. Geol. Surv.) Also called
valley bottom. (Ransome) Almond stone.

Alluvial gold. Gold found in associa- Almartaga (Peru). Litharge.

tion with water-worn material. (Dwight)
(Duryee) Almendrilla (Sp. Am.). 1. Pudding
Alluvial tin. Stream tin, or disinte- stone; banket. (Lucas)
grated cassiterite found in the gravel 2. In Mexico, a quartz forming the
along the courses of valleys and matrix of a copper vein. (Halse)
rivers on the bedrock. Generally
the purest tin ore.
Almocafre. 1. (Colom.) A kind of
hoe used in placer mining. (Lock)
Alluviao (Port). Alluvium. (Halse) 2. (Port.) A pick or mattock used
in working mines. (Halse)
AUuviation. The process of building
alluvial deposits. (Standard) Almond furnace. A furnace in which
the slags of litharge left in refining
Alluvion. 1. Wash
or flow of water
silver are reduced to lead by being
against a bank or shore. An over-
heated with charcoal. (Century)
flowing; an inundation; a flood. 2.
Synonymous with Alluvium, which Almond rock. An amygdaloid. (Web-
see. (Webster) ster)
3. A consolidated volcanic cinder-
Almond stone. See Almandite.
mud. (Standard) See also Tufa.
Alluvium. 1. Lyell's name for the de-
Alnoite. A
very rare rock with the
composition of a melilite basalt. It
posit of loose gravel, sand and mud
was first discovered in dikes on the
that usually intervenes in every dis-
island of Alno, off the coast of east-
trict between the superficial cover-
ern Sweden. The special name was
ing of vegetal mould and the sub-
given it by Rosenbusch to emphasize
jacent rock. The name is derived its occurrence in dikes and its asso-
from the Latin word for an inun- ciation as a very basic rock, with
dation. It was employed by Nau-
nepheline syenite. Alnoite also oc-
mann as a general term for sedi- curs near Montreal, Canada, and at
ments in water as contrasted with Manheim Bridge, N. Y. (Kemp)
eolian rocks. It is generally used
today for the earthy deposit made Aloes rope. A special kind of rope,
by running streams, especially dur- sometimes used in oil-well drilling,
ing times of flood. (Kemp) the breaking strain of which is 300
2. See Alluvion, 3. kg. per circular centimeter. It is
manufactured from the aloe, a plant
Allwork (Derb.). A term formerly
indigenous to Cape Colony. (Mit-
used for longwall. (Gresley)
zakis)
Almacen (Mex.). Warehouse.
Alpine glacier. A type of glacier oc-
(Dwight)
curring about the peaks and in
Almacenista (Sp.). A store keeper; a the valleys and gorges of moun-
person who sells goods in a ware- tains, originating above by various
house. (Halse) branches in amphitheaters, termi-
Almad6n ( Sp. ) A mine or mineral de-
. nating below, either by melting, or
posit. (Halse) by spreading out into {Aedmont gla-
Almadeneta. 1. (Mex.). Stamp head ciers ; an ice river. ( Standard
or shoe (Dwight) Alquifol (Sp.). Galena. (Min. Jour.)
2. (Sp.) A small hammer for
breaking stones. (Halse) Alquifou (Fr.). A coarse-grained ga-
Almagra (Sp.). A deep-red ocher ori- lena used by potters in preparing a
ginally from Andalusia, Spain, simi-
green glaze. Also called Potters'
lar to Indian red: used as a pig-
ore. (Standard)
ment, and in polishing glass and Alquilar (Sp.). To hire; to let; to
metals. (Standard) rent (Halse)

i
 ) ; ;

2S GLOSSARY OF MINING AND MINERAL. INDUSTRY.

Alqiiltrdn (Sp.). Tar or liquid pitch Alto homo (Sp.). Blast furnace.
A. de hulla, coal tar; A. mineral. (Lucas)
See Bettin. (Halse) Altura (Mex.). Height; altitude.
Alsbachite. A variety of granite- (Dwight)
porphyry containing large mica Aludel. One of a series of pear-shaixn]
crystals and rose-red garnets. vessels of glass or earthenware
(Kemp) fitted one into another and used for
condensation, as in subliming mer-
Alshedite. A variety of titanite con- cury (Standard). See also Busta-
taining yttrium peroxide. Found in mente furnace.
Sweden. ( Standard
Alum. 1. Specifically, the hydrous
Alstonite. See Bromlite. double sulphate of aluminum and
Altai (Mongolia). Gold. (Lock) potassium, found in nature as the
mineral kalinite. 2. In chemistry,
Altaite. A
lead telluride, PbTe, found any one of a group of salts which
in Colorado (U. S. Geol. Surv.). are hydrous double sulphates of
Originally found in the Altai moun- aluminum, chromium, iron, or man-
tains of Asia. ganese and one of the alkali metals.
Altar of a reverberatory furnace. See 3. In mineralogy, one of a group of
Bridge, 1. minerals which are hydrous sul-
phates of aluminum and potassium,
Alt-azimuth. An instrument for si- sodium, or ammonium. (La Forge)
multaneously observing the azimuth
and altitude of a celestial body. Alumbrado (Sp.). Lighting. (Lucas)
(Webster) Alumbre (Sp.). Alum; A. de roca,
Alteration. Strictly, any physical or
rock alum A. de piedra, alumstone
;

chemical change in a rock or mineral alunite. (Halse)

subsequent to its formation. As Alum cake. A product of the action of
ordinarily used, however, the term sulphuric acid on clay, consisting
excludes cementation or induration chiefly of silica and aluminum sul-
of sediments to form hard rocks and phate. (Webster)
implies change to such an extent
Alum earth. An argillaceous rock, con-
that new minerals or new rock tex-
taining considerable pyrite, and
tures are developed. (La Forge)
largely impregnated with bitumen.
Altered mineral.A mineral that has (Standard)
undergone more or less chemical
change under the processes of na- Alum feather. See Iron alum.
ture. (Century) Alum flower. Powdered burnt alum.
Altered rock. A rock that has under- (Webster)
gone changes in its chemical and Alum glass. Crystallized alum.
mineralogical structure since its
(Weed) Alumina. Oxide of aluminum, AUOs.
original deposition.
Pure crystalline alumina is repre-
Altern. A crystal form having oppo- sented by corundum, sapphire, and
site parts corresponding in form, ruby. The commonest form of alu-
but alternating with each other in mina isas a silicate, of which clays
the position of sides and angles. are mostly composed, and as the
(Standard) compound silicates of aluminum and
Alternating motion. Up and down, or other metals, of which a large class
backward and forward motion. (C. of minerals is formed. (Roy. Com.)
and M. M. P.) Aluminite. A hydrous sulphate of alu-
Altitude. Vertical distance or eleva- minum, Al2Oj.SO8.9H2O, usually oc-
tion above any given point or base- curring in white reniform masses.
level,as the sea height hence, also,
; ;
(Dana)
such distance numerically expressed. Aluminium. See Aluminum.
(Standard) Aluminous. Of the nature of alumina
Alto. 1. (Sp.) A bluff, height, hill. or clay. (Hitchcock)
Used in southwestern United States.
Aluminum. A bluish silver-white
(Standard) metal, malleable, ductile, sonorous,
2. (Mex.) A hanging wall. See
noted for its lightness and resist-
also Respaldo. (Dwight) ance to oxidation. Symbol, Al
Altogether-coal (Eng.). Large and atomic weight, 27.1 specific gravitj
;

small coal mixed. (Gresley^ 2.7 (Webster). Also Aluminum.

 )

GLOSSARY OF MINING AND MINERAL, INDUSTRY. 29

Alnmlntini bronze, or Aluminum gold. Alunite; Alumstone. A hydrous sul-

An alloy of aluminum and copper phate of aluminum and potassium,
resembling pale gold used in cheap: K(A10)8(S04)2.3H20, containing
jewelry, etc. (Standard). As a 11.4 per cent potash, K2O. (U. S.
powder, used in gilding. Geol. Surv.) Closely resembles kao-
linite and occurs in similar loca-
Aluminum Alunite, ambly-
minerals. tions. Generally the result of the
gonite, bauxite, corun-
andalusite, action of water, containing sul-
dum, cryolite, :;yanite, diaspore, phuric acid, on feldspathic rocks, as
sillimanite, spinel, topaz, turquois, when pyrite in granite porphyry is
wavellite, and many silicates. (A. oxidized. ( Ransome
F. Rogers)
The commercial ores of aluminum Alunogen. A hydrous aluminum sul-
are cryolite, a fluoride of sodium phate, Al2(SO«)3+18H20, frequent-
and aluminum, found in Greenland; ly found on the walls of mines and
bauxite, a hydrous compound oi quarries. Also called Feather alum
almumina, ferric oxide, and silica, and Hair salt. (Webster)
found in Arkansas, Georgia, and Alurgite. A purple to red variety of
Tennessee.
manganese mica from St. Marcel,
Piedmont. (Dana)
Aluminum silver. A bright alloy of
aluminum and used in in-
silver, Alutacion (Sp.). A nugget, or a layer
struments where lightness is an ob- of gold in grains found at or near
ject, the lightness increasing with the surface of the ground. (Halse)
the proportion of aluminum. ( Stand-
Aluviones (Sp.). Alluvial deposits.
ard)
(Lucas)
Aluminum solder. An alloy of gold, Alvara (Port.). A definite title or pat-
silver, and copper, with some- ent for a concession. (Halse)
times a little zinc. Used for solder-
ing aluminum bars. (Staiidard) Alvecas (Peru). A name given to the
three tubes leading from the furnace
Alumocalcite. A variety of opal with to the aludeles. (Halse)
alumina and lime as impurities.
Alveo (Port). The bed of a river.
(Dana)
(Halse)
Alum salts. Natural salts from which Alza (Bol.). Separating gold from
alum can be made. See also Halloy- sand in a washer. (Halse)
site, Kaolinite. (U. S. Geol. Surv.)
Alzador (Mex.). Workman employed
Alum schist, shale, or slate. A clayey in loading wagons, etc. (Dwight)
rock containing carbonaceous ma-
Alzas (Peru). The upper portion of a
terial and marcasite that when de-
mine. (Halse)
composed yields by efflorescence
common alum. (Standard) See also Amagamiento (Sp. Am.). Rivulet; ra-
Alum shale. vine; torrent. (Lucas)
Alum shale. Shale charged with alum, Amain (Eng.). With great force or
that in favorable localities may be speed. Wagons or tubs are said to
commercially leached out and run amain, if by accident they go
crystallized. The alum results from over an incline, bank, or dump, with-
the decomposition of pyrite, be- out the rope being attached; or
cause the sulphuric acid, thus pro- through the rope becoming detached
duced, reacts on the alumina present, or broken. (G. C. Green well)
yielding a double sulphate. (Kemp) Amalgam. 1. A native compound of
silver and mercury, in which the
Alum slate. See Alum schist, and percentage of silver ranges from
Alum shale.
27.5 to 95.8. Native gold amalgam
Alum stone. An impure siliceous alu- carrying 39 to 42.6 per cent gold
nilie. (A. F. Rogers) has also been found. (U. S. Geol.
Surv.)
Alundum. An artificial abrasive used 2. An alloy or union of mercury
in the manufacture of oilstones and with another metal. Amalgams are
griiKlirig wheels. Made by fusing made by bringing mercury in con-
the natural mineral bauxite In elec- tact with another metal, a salt of
tric furnaces. Alundum has the another metal, or by placing the
same chemical x)mposition as the metal in a salt of mercury. 3. In
natural mineral corundum. (PIko) gold metallurgy, an alloy of gold
 ) ;

30 GLOSSARY OF MINING AND MINERAL INDUSTRY.

and mercury, usaally obtained by Amalgam ffildlng. A process of glid-

allowing gold-bearing minerals, after ing in which a metallic surface is
crushing, to come in contact with coated with gold amalgam and the
mercury in stamp batteries, sluices, mercury driven pff by heat ( Stand-
or mercury-coated copper plates. ard)
The alloy (amalgam) is collected
and the mercury is driven off by dis- Amalgam retort. An iron retort hav-
tillation, the gold remaining in the ing a convex lid, luted at the edges,
retort. and held by a key or wedge pressed
between its crown and the bail.
Amalgama (Sp.). Amalgam. (Dwight) The retort is arranged so that heat
enough to volatilize the mercury can
Amalgamar (Sp.). To amalgamate.
be applied ; and a suitable exit pipe
(Lucas)
is connected to a condenser, or
Amalgam arc. An arc In a vacuum merely cooled with circulating water
tube having electrodes of mercury at a safe distance from the retort.
amalgamated with zinc, cadmium,
or other metal. The spectra of such
Amalgam silvering. A process of sil-

arcs contain the bright lines of the

vering similar to amalgam gilding.
(Standard)
metals in the electrodes. (Webster)
Amalgamate. 1. To unite (a metal) in
Amarantite. A monoclinic hydrous-
ferric sulphate, Fe8O1.2SO8.7H2O.
an alloy with mercury. 2. To form
(Dana)
an amalgam with as, mercury easily
;

amalgamates with gold. (Stand- Amarillo (Sp.). Yellow. A. de mon-

ard) tano, yellow earth orcherous clay.
;

3. To merge two or more corpora- (Halse)

tions into a single body. (Webster)
Amarrar las aguas (Sp. Am.). To
Amalgamated claims (Eng.). Mining clear the mine or pit of water, by
claims adjoining one another that means of trenches. (Lucas)
have been grouped into one claim
for more economical working. (Dur- Amas (Sumatra). Gold; A. Lichin,
yee) nugget-gold A. Muda, inferior gold
;

Amalgamating-barrel. A short cylin- A. Supayang, vein-gold; A. Urei,

drical vessel or barrel with solid gold dust. (Lock)
ends turned to fit bearings. The Amatista (Sp.). Amethyst. (Vel.)
barrel is used for amalgamating
battery accumulations and other Amatito. Ared pigment prepared
material. It is run with intermittent from hematite; formerly used in
frescoing. ( Standard
charges, and contains a load of steel
balls or pebbles to effect comminu- Amatrice. See Variscite.
tion and to bring the mercury into
contact with the metal to be amal- Amausite. Same as Potrosilex.
gamated. Charging and discharging (Standard)
are done through suitable doors. Amazonite. See Amazon stone.
Amalgamation. 1. The production of Amazon stone; Amazonite. A green mi-
an amalgam or alloy of mercury. 2. crocline. A
variety of orthoclase.
The process in which gold and sil- Used as a gem. (Dana)
ver are extracted from pulverized
ores by producing an amalgam, from Ambar. The Russian name given to
which the mercury is afterward ex- excavations dug around a derrick
pelled. See also Retorting. (Ray- forming small reservoirs, where the
mond) sand raised from the bore-hole is
deposited. Also used as a temporary
Amalgamation-pan. A pan in which reservoir for oil. (Mitzakis)
the amalgamation or
process of
combination with mercury is effect- Ambar (Sp.). Amber; A. negro, jet.

ed (Rickard). Used in gold and (Halse)

silver metallurgy. Amber. Ahard, brittle, translucent,
fossilized vegetal resin, of a clear
Amalgamator. An apparatus used In
yellowish - brown or light - yellow
metallurgy for bringing pulverized
color. Called in mineralogy Succi-
ore Into close contact with mercury
nite. (Standard)
to extract free metal from it by
amalgamation. See Amalgamation Amber forest. A fossil forest from
pan ; also Amalgamating-barrel. which amber h&a been formed.
(Btandard) (Webster)
 GLOSSARY OF MINING AND MINERAL INDUSTRY. 31

Amblygonite Hebronite. A fluo-phos-

; Amianto (Sp.). Amianthus; a fine
phate of aluminum and lithium silky variety of asbestos. (Halse)
Li(AlF)P04. Used in the manufac- Amiantoid. 1. Having the appearance
ture of lithium preparations in medi- of asbestos. 2. An olive-green,
cine. (Dana) coarse, fibrous variety of asbestos.
Amblystegite. A dark brownish-green
Called also Byssolite. (Standard)
to black magnesium-iron metasili-
cate, (Mg.Fe)SiOs, that crystallizes Ammite. Oolite roestone. ; (Standard)
in the orthorhombic system, and is
hypersthene.
Ammonal. An
explosive consisting of
closely related to
a mixture of powdered aluminum
(Standard)
(1 part), and nitrate of ammonium
Ambrite. A yellowish-gray
greasy, (8 parts).
fossil resembling Kauri-gum,
resin,
Ammonia. A colorless gaseous com-
found New Zealand; sometimes
in
pound of hydrogen and nitrogen
used as jewelry. (Standard) (NHs) with extremely pungent
Ambroid. A reconstructed amber, smell and taste. Sp. Gr. as com-
made by heating and uniting by pared with air, 0.589. (Webster)
pressure fragments of amber. Amonia gelatin. An explosive con-
(Standard) sisting of blasting gelatin, ammo-
Ambrosine. A yellowish to clove- nium nitrate, and charcoal. (Web-
brown resin found in the phosphate ster )
beds near Charleston, S. C. ; it may
be a modern resin that has been
Ammonia oil. An oil suitable for the
lubrication of the cylinders of am-
subjected to the action of salt wa-
ter. (Bacon)
monia compressors. Low cold-test
is essential for this purpose.
Amercement (Derb.). A fine in the (Bacon)
barmote court, imposed on a miner
for violation of the laws. (Mander)
Ammonite. Ammonium nitrate explo-
sives, containing from 70 to 95 per
American-Belgian furnace. A direct- cent ammonium nitrate, besides com-
fired Belgian furnace employed in bustile components, which are so-
the United States, conforming essen- called carbon carriers, as resin,
tially to the LiSge design, but pre- meal, naphthalene. (Brunswig, p.
senting minor differences because of 305)
local adaptation. (Ingalls, p. 433)
Amo. 1. (Sp.) An overseer. 2.
American forge. See Catalan forge; (Mex.) An owner of a mine.
Champlain forge. (Halse)
American paraffin-oil. An English term Amojonar (Mex.). To set monuments
for kerosene of American origin. or landmarks. (D wight)
(Bacon)
Amolinar (Sp. Am.). To wash the
American pump. A
special kind of auriferous alluvion In a wooden
bailer, used in oil fields for clean- trough. (Lucas)
ing out wells (Mitzakis). See also
Bailer.
Amonedar (Sp.). To coin. (Min.
Jour.)
American system of drilling. See
Cable system. Amoniaco (Mex.). Ammonia.
(Dwight)
American vermilion. A basic chro-
Amontonar (Sp.). To pile up; to
mate of lead. (Webster)
make into heaps. (Halse)
Amethyst. A purple or bluish-violet
Amorfo (Mex.). Amorphous. (Dwight)
quartz, Sid. Used as a gem. (U.
S. Geol. Surv.) Amorphism. The state or quality of
being amorphous; especially, the ab-
Vmethystine quartz. A
phenocrystal-
sence of crystalline structure.
1
line variety of quartz colored pur-
plish or bluish-violet by manganese (Standard)
I

1
(Standard). See also Amethyst. Amorphous. Without form; applied
to rocks and minerals having no
imianthlnlte. Asbestos. (Standard)
definite crystalline structure. (Roy.
Amiantho (Port.). Same as Amianto. Com.)
Amianthus. One
of the finer and more Amorphous phosphorus. A reddish-
1.^
silky varieties of asbestos. Called brown, nontoxic, allotropic modifica-
also Earth-flax and Mountain-flax. tion of phosphorus obtained by heat-
(Standard) ing common phosphorus to about
 82 GLOSSARY OF MINING AND MINERAL INDUSTRY.
450* F. In air-tight vessels; largely
used for safety matches. Called also
Red phosphorus. (Standard)
Amortization. The repayment of a
debt, principal and interest, in equal
/ annual installments. Frequently
y used in finance as the extinction of
a debt, regardless of the means em-
ployed. (E. B. Skinner, p. 114).
Important in connection with min-
ing finance.
Amortization schedule. In finance, a
table so constructed as to show
the principal remaining due or out-
standing immediately after the an-
nual payment, the interest for the
interval, and the amount of princi-
pal repaid. (E. B. Skinner, p. 121)
Amortize. To
clear off, liquidate, or
otherwise extinguish, as a debt. To
extinguish by periodically charging
off a portion so as to bring the value
to par at maturity. (Webster)
Amparar (Mex.). 1. To cover
(D wight)
2. A. en la posesidn, to maintain in
(Halse)
possession.
Amparo (Sp.). Continued possession
of a mine to secure title; keeping
the necessary number of men at
work in accordance
laws. (Crofutt)
Ampelite. 1. A name, specially cur-
rent among the French, for shales,
charged with pyrite and carbonace-
ous matter, that may yield alum-
shales. (Kemp)
2. Cannel coal; also
schist. (Webster)
Amperage. The strength of an elec-
triccurrent measured In amperes.
(Century)
Ampere. The practical unit of elec-
tric current; the current produced
by 1 volt acting through a resistance
of 1 ohm. (Webster)
Ampere foot. One
ampere flowing
through 1 foot of an electric con-
ductor. A wire 20 feet long con-
ducting a current of 6 amperes is
said to have 120 ampere feet.
(Standard)
Ampere hour. The quantity
tricity delivered in 1 hour by a
current whose average strength
1 ampere. (Webster)
Ampere meter An instrument for
measuring in amperes the strength
of an electric current; an ammeter.
(Bt&udard)
Ampere turn. A unit equal to the
product of one complete convolution
of a coiled conductor into 1 am-
pere current. Thus a conductor
>
having 5 convolutions with i am-
pere current is said to have 2^ am-
pere turns. (Webster)
Ampere volt. A watt. (Standard)
Amphibole. The generic name for the
group of bisilicate minerals whose
chief rock-making member is horn-
blende. It is often prefixed to those
rocks thathave hornblende as a
prominent constituent, as amphibole-
andesite, amphibole-gabbro, amphi-
bole-granite, etc. (Kemp). See also
Hornblende.
Amphibolite. 4 metamorphic rock
consisting chiefly of hornblende, or
of some member of the amphibole
group. It is, as a rule, a synonym of
hornblende schists, but is preferable
to the latter, when the schistosity is
not marked. (Kemp)
(title).
Amphibolization. Metamorphic altera-
tion of other material into amphi-
bole. (Standard)
Amphlgftne. Leucite, K20.Al20..4SiO,.
(Dana)
Amphigenite. Lava containing amphi-
with mining g$ne. (Standard)
Amphimorphic. In geology, formed by
a two-fold process, as the action of
mineral-bearing thermal springs
upon sedimentary argillaceous de-
posits during deposition. (Stand-
ard)
carbonaceous
Ampliaci6n (Mex.). The enlargement
of a mining claim. (Dwight)
Ampollosa (Mex.). Rock structure
containing cavities. (Dwight)
Amurang (Ceylon). Gold ore. (Lock)
Amygdaloidal. Relating to an amyg-
dule.
Amygdaloid. A vesicular or cellular
igneous rock, ordinarily basaltic, in
which the vesicles have been partly
or wholly filled with a secondary de-
posit of calcite, quartz, epidote, na-
tive copper, or zeolites. (La Fotge).
The term is used in the form of the
adjective, amygdaloidal, and prop-
of elec-
erly should be limited to this. As a
noun it is also employed for second-
is
ary fillings of the cavities, which
are usually calcite, quartz, or some
member of the zeolite group. Amyg-
daloidal rocks are of chief interest
in America because certain basaltic
lava sheets on Keweenaw Point,
 ) )

GLOSSARY OF MINING AND MINERAL INDUSTRY. 33

Lake Superior, have their amygdules Anamesite. An old name suggested by

lilled native copper and are
witli von Leonhard in 1832 for those finely
Important sources of the metal. crystalline basalts that textur-
Amygdaloidal cavities are limited to ally stand between the dense typical
the upper and lower portions of lava basalt and the coarser dolerites.
sheets. The name is derived from The name is from the Greek for "in
the Greek word for almond. ( Kemp the middle." (Kemp)
Amygdule. A small globular cavity in Anamorphic zone. A zone correspond-
an eruptive rock caused by steam or ing to the zone of rock-flowage. It
vapor at the time of its eruption is especially characterized by sill-
and generally lined afterwards with catization involving decarbonation,
secondary minerals. (U. S. Geol. dehydration and deoxidation; the
Surv. Bui. 521, p. 162) processes are constructive. See also
Katamorphic zone. (Watson)
Anabranch (Aust.). An effluent of a
stream that rejoins the main stream, Anamorphism; Anamorphosis. Meta-
forcing an island between the two morphism at considerable depths in
watercourses. ( Standard the earth's crust and under great
pressure, resulting in the formation
Anaclinal. Descending in a direction of complex minerals from simpler
opposite to the dip of the strata, as ones. (La Forge)
an anaclinal river. Opposed to Cata-
clinal. (Webster) Anatase (Fr.). Same as Octahedrite.
(Standard)
Aiiagua (Arg.). A shrub used as fuel
in high desert regions. (Halse) Anatexis. A refusion of igneous rocks.
(Daly, p. 309)
Analcite. A hydrous sodium-aluml-
nuni silicate, NaAlSiaOe-fH^O, be- Anchi eutectic. Magmas which are in-
longing to the zeolite group. (Dana) capable of undergoing notable differ-
entiation. (Daly, p. 360)
Analcite-basalt. A
variety of basalt
whose feldspar more or less re-
is Ancho (Sp.). Wide. See Anchura.
placed by analcite. The analcite is (Halse)
in places in such relations as to give
reason for thinking it an original Anchor. An iron plate used in with-
niinernl and not an alteration prod- drawing coke from a coke oven.
Mct from feldspar. Analcite-basalts (Standard)
occur in the High wood mountains,
Mont. Analcite-diabase has been
Anchor bolt. A
foundation bolt; a
drift spike, or other device used for
found in California. See also Tes-
holding any mechanism or structure
chenite. (Kemp)
down. It may or may not be
Analcite-tinguaite. Tinguaite {which threaded.
.see) with considerable analcite.
(Kemp) Anchor ice. iSfee Ground ice.

Analcitite. Pirsson's name for the Anchor oven. An oven from which
oil vine-free analcite-basalts. (Kemp) coke is removed with an anchor-
An a 11 z a r ( Mex. ) . To analyze.
shaped rabble. (Standard)
(Dwight) Anchura (Sp.). 1. Width or thickness
Analysis. Specificially,chemistry in of a mineral deposit. 2. The widen-
and mineralogy, the determination, ing of a vein. 3. The width of a
by chemical methods, of the nature gallery, etc. (Halse)
and proportionate amounts, and
sometimes also of the manner of Anchnrdn (Sp.). A large room opened
combination, of the elementary con- in massive ore deposits. (Halse)
stituents of a compound substance, Ancla (Mex.). Anchor; hook.
as a mineral or a rock. Also, (Dwight)
loosely, a tabular statement of the
result of such an analysis. (La Anc6n de tierra (Mex.). A projecting
Forge) or salient corner of a mining claim.
Analyzer. That part of a polarlscope (Dwight)
that receives the light after pol- Andalnslte. An aluminum silicate
arization, and exhibits Its properties. AI-jSIOb. Sometimes used as o semi-
(Webster) precious stone. (Dana)
76242*—19 8
84 GLOSSARY OF MINING AND MINERAL INDUSTRY.
Andalusite-hornstone. A compact con-
tact rock containing andalusite. It
is usually produced from shale or
slate by intrusions of granite.
(Kemp)
Andamio (Mex.)- 1. Builders'
2. A scaffold. (Dwight)
Andarivel (Sp.). An overhead cable-
way. (Lucas)
Anden (Sp.). 1. A path for horses
around the shaft, as at a horse
whim. (Dwight)
2. A railroad station
(Halse)
Andendiorite. A Tertiary
gite-diorite that occurs in areas
like islands in the midst of the vol-
canic rocks of the Chilean Andes.
The quartz crystals are remarkable
for their inclusions of glass and of
fluids with salt crystals.
Andengranite. A
biotite-bearing horn-
blende-granite, similar in occurrence
and microscopic features to Anden-
diorite. (Kemp)
Andesine. One of the plagioclase feld-
spars. Intermediate between alblte
and anorthite (Dana).
of sodium, calcium, and aluminum,
with the sodium In excess of the
calcium. An important constituent
of andesite and diorite. (Ransome)
Andesita (Mex.). Andesite.
Andesite. Avolcanic rock of porphy-
ritic or felsitic texture, whose crys-
tallized minerals are plagioclase and
one or more of the following:
biotite, hornblende, and augite. The
name was suggested by L. von Buch
in 1836, for a certain rock from the
Andes resembling trachyte, but
whose feldspar was at first thought
to be albite, and later oligoclase.
(Kemp)
Andradite. The common calcium-iron
garnet, CasFea (Si04)i. (Dana)
Anegada (Mex.). Drowned;
flowed; left to fill with
(Dwight)
Anemometer. An instrument for meas-
uring the velocity of air currents;
specifically, in mines, a common
form consists of a small delicately
mounted disk fan connected by
means of gears with indicating
dials. Especially useful when air
current is over 100 feet per minute.
Anemometry. The process of deter-
mining the pressure or velocity of
the wind (air) by means of an
anemometer. (Century)
Aneroid barometer. An instrument foi
showing the pressure of the atmos-
phere by means of the movements of
the elastic top of a metallic box
from which the air has been partly
exhausted. The most sensitive an-
jack. eroids show the variation of pressure
due to a difference of height of a
few feet; hence the instrument is
much used in measuring altitudes
(Standard). See also Barometer.
Anfibolita (Sp.) Amphibolite. (Lucas)
platform, Angle. 1. The figure formed by two
meeting lines (plane angle), two
quartz-au- meeting planes (dihedral angle), or
three or more planes meeting in a
point (solid angle). 2. The differ-
ence in direction of two lines. 3. A
projecting or sharp corner. (Web-
ster)
(Kemp)
Angle beam. A two-limbed beam used
for turning angles in shafts, etc.
(C. and M. M. P.)
Angle brace. A brace used to pre-
vent mine timbers from riding or
leaning (Sanders, p. 156). A brace
A silicate across an interior angle.
A
Angle of dip. synonym for Dip.
Angle of incidence. The angle formed
by the line of incidence and a line
(Dwight) drawn from the point of contact
perpendicular to the plane or sur-
face on which the incident ray or
body impinges. (Century)
Angle iron. A bent piece of iron used
for joining two or more parts of a
composite structure at an angle.
Also a rolled shape largely used in
structural work.
Angle of nip. The angle between tan-
gents drawn to an ore particle at
the point of its contact with the
surface of the rolls. (Richards)
Angle of polarization. That angle
over-
whose tangent the index of re-
is
water.
of a reflecting substance.
fraction
(Dana)
Angle of pull. The angle between the
vertical and an Inclined plane
bounding the area affected by the
subsidence beyond the vertical. Ap-
plied to slides of earth. (Watson)
Angle of rest or repose. The angle
with a horizontal plane at which
loose material will stand on a hori-
zontal base without sliding. It Is
often between 30" and 35'. (Web-
ster)
 ;

GLOSSARY OF MINING AND MINERAL INDUSTRY. 35

Angle of slide. The slope, measured Animikean system. The middle sub-
in degrees of deviation from the hori- division of the Proterozoic era, some-
zontal on which a slide of material times known as the Upper Huronian
will stait (Watson). It is slightly or Penokean. (Chamberlin, vol. 2,
greater than the angle of rest. p. 183)

Anglesite. Lead sulphate, PbS04, con- Animikite. A white to gray silver

taining 68 per cent lead. (Dana) antimonide, AgpSb, that is found in
fine granular masses in the Lake
Angleur furnace. A furnace for the Superior region. (Standard)
distillation of zinc. (Ingalls, p. 448)
Anisometric. Having unsymmetrical
Angostura (Sp.). Narrowness; a nar- parts. Not isometric. (Webster)
row mountain pass. (Halse) Anisotropic. Not having the same
properties in all directions with re-
Angulo (Hex.). Angle. (Dwight)
gard to light; characteristic of all
Angus Smith composition. A
protec- crystalline minerals except those of
tive coating for valves, fittings, and the isometric system. (Power)
pipe used for underground work. Ankerite. A white, red, or grayish
It is composed of coal tar, tallow, calcium-magnesium-iron carbonate,
resin, and quicklime, and must be
CaC03(Mg,Fe,Mn)C03 (Dana)
applied hot. (Nat. Tube Co.)
Ankylostomiasis. A disease due to the
Anhedral. Having a form determined presence of parasites in the small
by the surrounding crystals allotrio- ; intestines. When present in large
morphic xenomorphic said of min-
; ; numbers, by sucking the blood from
erals in a granular igneous rock. the intestinal walls they produce a
Contrasted with Euhedral and Sub- severe anemia (Webster). Also
hedral. (La Forge) called Miner's worm Hookworm
;

Anhedron. A name proposed by L. V. Tunnel disease.

Pirsson for the individual mineral
components of an igneous rock that
lack crystal boundaries, and that
can not therefore be properly called
crystals according to the older and
most generally accepted conception
of a crystal. Xenomorphic and
triomorphic are adjectives implying
the same conception. The name
means without planes. (Kemp)
Anhydride. An oxide of a nonme-
tallic body, or an organic radical,
capable of forming an acid by unit-
ing with water, or of being formed
from an acid by the abstraction of
the water, or of uniting with basic
oxides to form salts. (Webster)
Anhydrite. Calcium sulphate, CaS04,
or CaO.SOs. Contains 41.2 per cent
lime and 58.8 per cent sulphur tri-
oxide. Usually associated with gyp-
sum, to which it alters. Differs
from it in being harder and in lack-
ing water of crystallization. (U. S.
Geol. Surv.)
Anhydrous. Destitute of water, espe-
cially water of crystallization.
(Webster)
Anilado (Sp.). An indigo-colored cop-
per ore. (Halse)
ft.nillo (Mex.). Ring; collar; loop on
the end of a rope. In the plural, a
set of shaft-timbers ; shells for crush-
ing-rolls. (Dwight)
Anna. An East Indian money of ac-
count, one-sixteenth rupee, or about
two cents. (Webster)
Annabergite. A hydrous nickel arse-
nate, NisAs^Os.SHoO. (U. S. Geol.
Surv.)
allo-
Anneal. ?. To heat, fire, bake, or fuse,
as glass, earthenware, ore, etc. 2.
To heat, as glass, earthenware, or
metals in order to fix colors. 3. To
treat, as glass, earthenware, or met-
als, by heating and gradually cool-
ing, so as to toughen them and re-
move brittleness. (Century)
Annealed steel. Steel that has been
subjected to an annealing operation,
(Hibbard)
Annealed wire rope. A wire rope made
from wires that have been softened
by annealing. (C. M. P.)
Annealing. 1. The process by which
glassand certain metals are heated
and then slowly cooled to make them
more tenacious and less brittle. Im-
portant in connection with the
manufacture of steel castings, forg-
ings, etc. 2. See Malleable castings.
Annealing-arch. The oven In which
glass is annealed. (Century)
Annealing-box. A box in which ar-
ticles to be annealed are enclosed
while in the furnace (Standard).
Also called Annealing poK
 ) ) )

86 GLOSSAKY OF MlKmG AND MtNeHAL INDtlSTRt.

Annealing-color. The hue taken hy Anorthite. An end-member of the

steel in annealing. (Standard) plagioclase feldspar series, the one
consisting of calcium-aluminum sili-
Annealing-furnace. See Annealing cate and containing no sodium. The
oven. Intermediate plagioclases may be re-
Annealing-oven. An oven or furnace garded as mixtures of anorthite with
for heating and gradually cooling the other end-member, albite (Ran-
metals or glass to render them less some). Compare Albite.
brittle (Standard). Also called An-
nealing furnace. Anorthite rock. A coarsely crystalline
granitoid igneous rock that consists
Annealing-pot. A closed pot in which almost entirely of anorthite. It was
articles are placed to be annealed observed on the Minnesota shore of
or subjected to the heat of a fur- Lake Superior. The rock is a felds-
nace. They are thus enclosed to pathic extreme of the gabbro group,
prevent the formation of oxide upon practically an anorthosite formed of
their surfaces (Century). Also anorthite. (Kemp)
called Annealing-box.
Anorthoclase. A triclinic feldspar
Annerodite. A submetallic black ura- closely related to the orthoclase
nium-yttrium pyroniobate, crystal- group. Chiefy a soda-potash feld-
lizing in the orthorhombic system. spar. (Dana)
(Dana)
Anorthosite. A name applied by T.
Annual labor. Same as Assessment Sterry Hunt to granitoid rocks thnt
work on mining claims. (U. S. Min. consist of little else than labradoi-ite
Stat., p. 232-253) and that are of great extent in east-
ern Canada and the Adirondack^.
Annuity. 1. An annual allowance, The name is derived from anorthose,
payment, or income. 2. The return
the French word for plagioclase,
from an investment of capital with and is not to be confused with anor-
interest in a series of yearly pay-
thite, with which it has no necessary
ments. (Standard)
connection, although anorthosite is
Annular borer. A tool with a tubular used as a general name for rocks
bit for removing a cylindrical core composed of plagioclase. The rocks
as a sample. Used in prospecting are extremes of the gabbro group
( Standard Compare Diamond
) .
into whose typical members they
drill; Adamantine drill; Shot drill. shade by Insensible gradations.
(Kemp)
Annular kiln. A kiln having compart-
ments. ( Standard Anqueria (Peru). Silver ore which
has the appearance of cubical ga-
Anode. The positive terminal of an lena. (D wight)
electric source, or more strictly the
electrode by which the current en- Anquerita (Mex.). Ankerite. (Dwight)
ters an electrolyte on its way to the
Anta (Peru). Copper; A. charca, a
other pole. Opposed to Cathode. (Halse)
copper mine.
(Webster)
Antecedent. 1. Pertaining to or char-
Anode copper. Crude-copper plates,
acterizing the internal movements
usually cast from the converter,
of the earth concerned in the ele-
used as anodes in the rlectrolytic
vation of continental masses and
process of refining copper.
their exposure to degradation. Con-
Anodo (Sp.). Anode. (Halse) trasted with consequent. 2. Estab-
lished previous to the displacement
Anogene. An old name for rocks that
of a terrane by faulting or fold-
have come up from below ; i. e., erup-
ing; as an antecedent valley, ante-
tive rocks. (Kemp) cedent drainage. Contrasted with
Anomalies. As applied to crystals, re- consequent and superimposed. Epi
fers to lack of harmony of optical genetic. ( Standard
phenomena with apparent symmetry Antecedent streams. Streams that
of external form. (Dana) hold their early courses in spite of
Anomite. A variety of biotite. ( Stand- changes since their courses were as-
ard) sumed. (Chamberlin vol. 1, p. 161)
inorthic. In crystallography, same as Anthraciferous. Yielding anthracite.
tricl inic. ( Standard (Webster)

k
 ;

GLOSSARY OF MINING AND MINERAL INDUSTRY. 37

Anthracite; Hard coal. A hard black Anticline. A

fold or arch of rock
lustrous coal containing: 85 to 95 per strata, dipping in opposite direction
cent carbon as against 70 to 85 per from an axis. (Webster)
cent in bituminous or "soft" coal.
See also Coal. (U. S. Geol. Surv.) Antlclinorium. A series of anticlines
Characterized by its small percent- and synclines, so grouped that taken
age of volatile matter, high specific together they have the general out-
gravity, hardness, nearly metallic line of an arch opposed to Syncli-
;

luster, rich black color, and seml- norium. (Webster)

conchoidal fracture. It ignites with
difficulty, produces an intensely hot Antifriction metal. Any alloy having
fire, giving off no smoke, and burns a low coefficient of friction used :

with a very small blue flame of car- for bearing surfaces. (Standard)
bonic oxide (produced by incomplete
Antigos (Braz.). "Old men," or old
combustion), which disappears after
workings (Halse). Compare An-
the coal is thoroughly ignited. Vol-
tiguo.
atile matter is usually less than 7
per cent. (Chance) Antlguo, gna (Mex.). A mine worked
Anthracolite. Same as Anthraconite. by Spaniards or Mexicans at a time
(Standard) so remote (from 50 to 300 years)
that particulars have been forgotten.
Anthraconite. A coal - black bitumi- (Weed)
nous marble or limestone usually
emitting a fetid smell when rubbed. Antimonial silver. Same as Dyscra-
Also called Stinkstone and Swine- site. (Standard)
stone. (Webster)
Antimonide. A binary chemical com-
Anthracosis. Chronic inflammation of pound of which antimony is one
the lungs, produced by inhaling par- constituent. (Webster)
ticles of solid matter, as coal dust;
the 'blacklung' of coal workers. Antimonlo (Mex,). Antimony; A.
(Standard) bianco, valentinite; A. rojo, kerme-
site. (D wight)
Anthracoxenite. A black powder ob-
tained from a resinoid material in Antimonite. The native sulphide otf
the coal bods of Brandeisl, near antimony; stibnite. (Century)
Schlan in Bohemia. The resin is
treated with ether which dissolves Antimony. An element of metallic ap-
the schlan ite, leaving the insoluble pearance and crystalline structure,
portion, anthracoxenite. (Bacon) tin-white in color, hard, and brittle.
Occurs in free tate and combined
Anthrax. A gem stone of the an- in various minerals. Symbol, Sb;
cients; probably identical with the
Atomic weight, 120.2. Specific grav-
carbuncle. (Standard) ity, 6.7. (Webster)
Anthraxolite. A black combustible
Antimony blende.
coal-like substance of varying com- Same as Kermesite.
position, occurring in Ontario and Antimony bloom. A
synonym for Val-
Quebec. (Bacon) entinite, which often found as an
is
Anticaustic. 1. Checking or prevent- efflorescence (Chester). Sb20g.
ing the corrosive action of caustics.
2. Any remedy for arresting or miti-
Antimony glance. Synonym for Stib-
gating the action nite. (A. F. Rogers)
of caustics.
(Standard) Antimony ocher. A synonym for Stib-
Anticlinal. Of, or pertaining to, an iconite, also Cervantite.
anticline. (Webster). The crest of
an anticlinal roll may be the apex Antimony ores. Native antimony;
of a vein. (Tonopah Min. Co. v. stibnite (sulphide of antimony)
West End Cons. Min. valentinite, and senarmontite (oX'
Co. 158 Pacific,
p. 881)
Ides). (Raymond)
Anticlinal flexure; Anticlinal fold. Antimony regnlus. An impure product
See Anticlinal; Anticline. of the smelting process largely anti- :

mony sulphide. (Standard)

Anticlinal
line or axis. In geology,
the medial line of a folded struc- Antimony star. The fern-like marking
ture from which the strata dip on on the upper surface of the metal
either side. (Century) antimony when well crystallized.
 : ).

GLOSSAKY OF MINING AND MINERAL INDUSTRY.

Antimony vermilion. 1. A fine ver- Aparador (Mex.). Re- worker of tail-

milion pigment prepared by treat- ings from silver mills. (Dwight)
ing antimony cliloride or tartar
emetic with a tliiosulphate, in solu- Aparato (Mex.). Apparatus. (Dwight)
tion. (Webster) Aparejo (Mex.) 1. Packsaddle. 2.
2. A sulphide of antimony suggested
Any rough apparatus for moving
for, but never used as, a pigment.
heavy timbers, etc. (Dwight) A
(Century) block and tackle.
Antimony white. Antimony trioxide, Aparinar (Sp. Am.). To disclose in-
Sb20«. (Webster) dications of pay ore. (Lucas)
Antisepsis. Prevention of sepsis by Apartado (Mex.). 1. Ore separation
excluding or destroying micro-organ- or concentration. Parting gold and
isms. (Webster) silver. 2. The place where this
work is performed. (Dwight)
Antiseptic. That which may be used 3. Postoffice box. (Halse)
to destroy bacteria with little or no
harmful effect on the living body. Apartador (Mex.). Hand-sorter of
Very common antiseptics are aque- ore. (Dwight)
ous solutions of carbolic acid and of Apartar (Sp.). 1. To pick by hand,
corrosive sublimate. sort, cob, or break ore. 2. In assay-
ing, to part. (Halse)
Antitoxic. Counteracting poison.
(Webster) Apatelite.A hydrous ferric sulphate,
found in yellow nodules in clay.
Antlerite. A light-green basic sulphate (Chester)
of copper, 3CuS04.7Cu(OH)2, found
in Arizona. (Dana) Apatite. A calcium phosphate con-
taining a little fluorine or chlorine.
Antozonite. A
dark violet-blue fluor- Ca* ( CaF ) ( PO* ) s or Ca* ( CaCl
ite that emits an odor often caus- (P04)8. The fluor-apatite contains
ing nausea among miners. For- 42.3 per cent P2O5 and the chlor-
merly ascribed to hydrogen dioxide, apatite 41 per cent P2O6. (U. S.
but now known to be free fluorine. Geol. Surv.)
Antraeita (Hex.). Anthracite. Apeador. A land surveyor. (Halse)
(Dwight)
Apeadura (Sp.). Surveying. (Halse)
Anvil. 1. A block, usually of iron,
steel-faced,and of characteristic Apelmazado (Mex. ) . Compressed
shape on which metal is shaped, as ground. (Dwight)
by hammering and forging. (Web- Apeo (Sp.). 1. Timbering; A. por
ster) estacas, piling, spiles. 2. Surveying.
2. Aniron block placed between a (Halse)
stamp-mill mortar box and the foun-
dation block generally used in light
;
Aperador ( Mex. ) . Storekeepei
mortars and concrete foundations. (Dwight)
Anvil vise. A vise of which an anvil Aperos (Mex.). A general term for
forms one jaw. (Webster) mining supplies. (Dwight)
Apachite. A name suggested by Osann, Apex. 1. The tip, point, or angular
from the Apache, or Davis moun- summit of anything, as the apex of a
tains of western Texas, for a va- mountain. The end, edge, or crest
riety of phonolite, that varies from of a vein nearest the surface. (Web-
typical phonolites in two particulars ster)
It has almost as much of amphibole 2. The highest point of a stratum,
and of a?nigmatite as of pyroxene, as a coal seam. (Standard)
whereas in normal phonolite the 3. In geology, the top of an anti-
former is rare. The feldspar of clinal fold of strata. This term, as
the groundmass is generally mi- used in United States Revised Stat-
croperthitic. (Kemp) utes, has been the occasion of much
litigation.It is supposed to mean
Apagar To quench; to ex-
(Sp.).
something nearly equivalent to out-
tinguish; A. un homo, to blow out
crop. (Century)
a furnace. (Halse)
4. The highest point at which the
Ipalancai'. 1. (Mex.) To move with ore or rock is found in place or
a lever. (Dwight) between the walls of the vein, and
2. (Sp.) To get ore. (Halse) not a " blow-out " or part of the vein
 GLOSSARY OF MINING AND MINERAL INDUSTRY. 39

broken down outside the walls. In tension downward in the direction

case the vein outcrops at the sur-
face, any portion of such outcrop is
the top, or apex. If the vein does
not reach the surface, then the high-
est point to w^hich the vein, or lode,
can be traced is the apex— not neces-
sarily the nearest point to the sur-
face, but the absolute highest point.
It Is reasonable to believe that the
top or apex was used instead of the
word "outcrop," in order to cover
"blind lodes," which do not crop out.
The conception of an apex, which is
properly a point, was probably talien
from the appearance of a blind lode
In a cross-section, where the walls
appear as lines and the upper edge
as a point. The term may also have
been Intended to cover the imagi-
nary case of an ore deposit that
terminates upward in a point. We
may, however, dismiss from consid-
eration the case of a simple point,
of the dip and tlie definition involves
the elements of terminal edge and
downward course therefrom. (Stu-
art Min. Co. V. Ontario Min. Co., 237
U. S., p. 860.)
(Additional cases are cited in U.
S. Min. Stat, p. 105.)
Aphanite. An name, now prac-
old
tically for
obsolete, dense dark
rocks, whose components are too
small to be distinguished with the
eye. It was chiefly applied to finely
crystalline diabases. An adjective,
aphanitic, is still more or less In
current usage. (Kemp)
Aphanitic. Having a texture so fine
that the individual grains or crys-
tals can not be distinguished with
the naked eye. (Ransome)
Aphanophyric. Containing phenocrysts
inan aphanitic groundmass said of ;

and safely assume that the apex is some porphyritic igneous rocks.
the same as a top, and is either a (La Forge)
line or a surface (Raymond). Aphrite. A foliated or scaly white
The top or apex of a vein, within pearly calcite. Called also Earth
the meaning of the law, is the high- foam and Foam spar. (Standard)
est point of such vein where it ap-
proaches nearest to the surface of Aphrizite. A black variety of tourma-
the earth, and where it is broken on line. (Standard)
its edge so as to appear to be the
beginning or the end of the vein.
Aphrodite. A
hydrous silicate of mag-
nesium, appearance much like
in
(Stevens v. Williams, 23 Federal meerschaum. (Chester)
Cas., p. 46.)
Thetop or apex of a vein or lode Aphrosiderite. A chlorite-like mineral
Is the end or edge or terminal of of scaly structure and olive-gveen
such vein or lode nearest the sur- color, near penninite in composition.
face of the earth. It is not neces- (Chester)
sary that it should be on or near or Aphthitalite. A white saline potas-
within any given distance of the sur- sium-sodium sulphate, (KNa)2 SO*,
face, but if found at any depth and
crystallizing in the rhombohedral
the locator can define on the surface system. (Dana)
the area that will enclose it, then
the vein or lode may be held by such Aphthonite. A steel-gray argentifer-
location. (Iron Silver Min. Go. v. ous variety of tetrahedrite. (Stand-
Murphy, 3 Federal, p. 373.) ard)
The apex or top of a vein Is the Apilar (Sp.). To form a heap or pile.
point where it ceases to continue in (Halse)
the direction of the surface. ( Sloss-
ShefReld Steel and Iron Co. v. Payne, A pique (Mex.). Vertical. (Dwight)
64 Southern, 617.) Apique (Colom.). 1. Shaft. 2. Winze.
The apex of a vein or lode is not 3. In alluvial mines, the point where
necessarily a point, but may be a
the pump is placed. (Halse)
line of great length, and if a por-
tion is found within the limits of a Apireo (Chile). Transporting ore on
claim it is a sufficient discovery to men's shoulders. See also Hapire.
enable the locator to obtain title. (Halse)
(Poplar Creek Consol. Quartz Mine, Apires (Peru). Ore carriers in mines.
In re, 16 Land Decisions, p. 2; Lar- (Dwight)
kin V. Upton, 144 U. S., p. 20 Deb-
;

ney v. lies, 3 Alaska, p. 451.) Aplanador (Sp.). 1. A blacksmith's

An apex of a vein is that part or flatter. (Dwight)
portion of the terminal edge of a 2. An ingot hammer. 4. A riveter,
Tein from which the vein has ex- (Halse)
 ) )
40 GLOSSAHY OF MINING AND MINERAL INDUSTRY.
Aplite. A
term chiefly applied to finely
crystalline muscovite-granite that
occurs in dikes. Its original appli-
cation was to granites poor or lack-
ing mica. The name is from the
Greek for simple. (Kemp)
Apo. The Greek preposition meaning
*
from/ suggested by P. Bascom as
a prefix to the names of various
volcanic rocks to describe the de-
vitrified or silicified varieties, that
Indicate their originals only by the
preservation of characteristic tex-
tures, as apobsidian, aporhyolite,
apobasalt, etc. Many rocks called by
the old indefinite name petrosilex
are of this character. (Kemp)
Apobsidian. Obsidian that has been
de vitrified by metamorphism.
(Standard)
Apolvillado (Mex.). 1. Ore of a su-
perior grade (D wight)
2. A second-class ore from the Veta
Madre, Guanajuato, Mex., yielding
about 750 ounces of silver per short
ton. (Halse)
Apophyllite. A calcium-hydrogen sili-
cate sometimes containing potassium
and fluorine,K^O.SCaO.ieSiOa.-
IGHaO. Occasionally used as a gem.
(U. S. Geol. Surv.)
Apophysis. A branch from a vein or
dike to which it is attached an ;
epiphesis is the same, but not at-
tached. (Min. and Sci. Press, vol.
116, p. 694)
Aporhyolite. Rhyolite that has been
more or less devitritied by meta-
morphism. ( Standard
Aporreador (Chile). A sledge ham-
mer; a maul. (Halse)
Appalachian. Of, or pertaining to, a
system of mountains in the eastern
United States, also Incorrectly called
Allegheny from its western range.
(Webster)
Appalachian coal field. The coal-pro-
ducing area extending from north-
ern Pennsylvania to Alabama in and
adjacent to the Appalachian moun-
tains.
Apparatus (No. of Eng.). 1. The
screening appliances upon the pit
bank ( at or near a mine ) ( Gresley
. placed in a separate building.
2. Any complex device or machine
designed or prepared for the accom-
plishment of a special purpose; also
a collection of tools, appliances, ma-
terials, etc., as that necessary to the
pursuit of a profession, as surgical
or chemical apparatus. (Standard)
Apparent superposition. The actual or
visible order in which strata lie in
any locality. (Standard)
Apple coal (Scot). See Yolk coal.
Appliances of transportation. As ap-
plied to a coal mine, these include the
motor tracks, roadbed, cars, and mo-
tors used for the removal of coal
from the mine. (Jaggie v. Davis
Colliery Co., 84 Southwestern, p.
941)
Appolt oven. An oven for the manu-
facture of coke, differing from the
Belgian in that it is divided into
vertical compartments. (Raymond)
Approved. Accepted as suitable by a
competent committee, board, or or-
ganization designated by those adopt-
ing the rules. (H. H. Clark) Ap-
plies to permissible explosives, safety
lamps, motors, etc., as passed upon
by the Bureau of Mines.
Apron. 1. A canvas-covered frame set
at such an angle in the miner's rock-
er that the gravel and water in
passing over it are carried to the
head of the machine. 2. An amal-
gamated copper plate placed below
the stamp battery, over which the
pulp passes. The free gold con-
tained in the pulp is caught by the
quicksilver on the plate (Hanks).
See also Copper plates.
3. A hinged extension of a loading
chute. Commonly called Lip in Ar-
kansas. (Steel)
4. A
broad shallow vat for evaporat-
ing. 5. A receptacle for conveying
rock by means of a cable-way and
trolley. 6. An endless belt for con-
veying material of any kind; called
also a Traveling apron. 7. A shield
of planking, brushwood, or other
material, below a dam, along a sea-
wall, etc. (Webster)
8. A
sheet of sand and gravel lying
for some distance
in front of the
terminal moraines of a glacier.
Called also Frontal apron and Mo-
rainal apron. (Standard)
Apron plate. The large amalgamated
plate, of copper or silvered copper,
that receives the discharge from a
stamp mill, or other crushing or
screening apparatus, but sometimes
Apron roll. One of the rolls that car-
ries a traveling apron. (Webster)
Apurador (Mex.). 1. One w^ho looks
for particles of ore in waste waters.
2. Men who rewash the ore from
the tinat, or patio process. (Halse)
 )

GLOSSARY OF MINING AND MINERAL INDUSTRY. 41

Apnradora (Sp.). 1. Long drills used Arai»-Caspian. In physical geography,

a boreliole. 2. A large
in finishing a term applied to the extensive basin
vat used in tlie patio process in or depressed area occupied by the
which the bateas are washed. Aral and Caspian Seas, and which
(Halse) is a true " basin of continental
streams," having no communication
Apurar; Purificar (Sp.). 1. To purify with the ocean. (Page)
metals. 2. To clean up ores. 3. To
consume. (Halse) Arancel (Peru). A list of fees pay-
able to Government engineers, for
Apuro (Sp.). A cast-iron settling pot surveying, marking out boundaries,
used in the patio process. (Halse) etc. (Halse)

Apyrous. Notchanged by extreme Arborescent. Applied to minerals

heat, as mica: distinguished from when assuming
a tree-like form,
Refractory. ( Standard
more especially when fairly mas-
sive; if so thin as to resemble the
Aqua fortis. Nitric acid. Applied painting of a tree they are generally
especially to the weaker grade of the termed Dendrites. (Power)
commercial acid. (Webster) Arcanite. Same as Aphthltalite.
Aquamarine. A
transparent, light blu- (Dnna)
ish-green beryl. Used as a gem. (U.
S. Geol. Surv.)
Arch. 1. (Corn.) A portion of a lode
lelt standing when the rest is ex
Aqua regia. A mixture of nitric and tracted, to support the hanging wall
hydrochloric acids. By the action or because it is too poor for profit-
of the chlorine evolved it dissolves able extraction. (Raymond).
gold or platinum. (Webster) Ground unworked near a shaft.
(Bainbridge)
A(jueduct. An artificial elevated way
2. One of the fire chambers of a
for carrying water. (C. and M.
brick kiln also the fire chamber in
;
M. P.)
certain kinds of furnaces and ovens,
Aqueo-glacial. Of, or pertaining to, or from the arched roof. (Webster)
resulting from, the combined action 3. The roof of a reverberatory fur-
of ice and water. (WebsteF) nace. (Raymond)
Aqueo-igneous. Of, or pertaining to, Archaean; Archean. Ancient. The
or resulting from the joint influence term sometimes used as the equiv-
is
of heat and water. (Webster) alent of Pre-Cambrian, but is re-
stricted by the U. S. Geol. Surv. and
Aqueous fusion. Melting in the water most American geologists to the old-
of crystallization. (Webster) est stratified rocks.

Aqueous lava. The mud lava formed Arch brick. 1. Commonly applied to
by the mixture of volcanic ash with those brick taken from the arches
condensing volcanic vapor or other of a kiln. They are usually over-
water. (Standard) burned. (Ries)
2. A wedge-shaped brick used In
Aqueous rocks. Sedimentary rocks.
building an arch. (Webster)
See also Sedimentary.
Arched (Corn.). Said of the roads in
Aquifer. A porous rock stratum that a mine, when built with stones or
carries water. (Lowe) bricks. (Min. Jour.)
Aquilatar (Sp.). See Quilatar. Archemy. A variant of Alchemy.
Aragonite. Orthorhombic calcium (Century)
carbonate, CaCOi. See also Calcite. Archeozoic. 1. The era during whlcn,
(Dana) or during the later part of which,
Aragonlte group. Aragonite, bromlite, the oldest system of rocks was made.
I witherite, strontianite, and cerusite. (Chamberlin)
(Standard) 2.Belonging to the last of three sub-
divisions of Archean time, when the
Aragotite. A peculiar kind of bitumen
lowest forms of life probably ex-
found in the Sulphur Springs district
isted. (Standard)
of California, and also in the quick-
silver mines of Lake, Yolo and Santa Archetto (It.). A wire stretched on a
Clara counties, in the same State. forked or bent stick for smoothir g
Not to be confused with Aragonite. potter'a clay in moldiag. iStaoi-
(Mitzakis) ard)
 ;

42 GLOSSARY OF MINING AND MINERAL INDUSTRY.

Archimedean screw. A spiral screw, Arenisca (piedra arenisca) (Mer.).

fitting closely in a tube, for raising Sandstone. (Dwight)
water or other liquids often used as
;

a screw conveyor for grain, sand, Arenose. Full of grit or fine sand;
gravel, and fine ore. gritty. (Standard)
Archimedes limestone. One of the sub- Arenoso (Sp.). Sandy gravelly ; ; gritty.
ordinate beds of the lower Carbonif- (Vel.)
erous series. (Emmons, 1860)
Areometer. An instrument for meas-
Arching (Eng.). Brickwork or stone- uring the specific gravity of liquids
work forming the roof of any under- a hydrometer. (Standard)
ground roadway. (Gresley)
Arents tap. An arrangement by which
Archolithic. Of or pertaining to the the molten lead from the crucible of
earliest sedimentary rocks, as the a shaft furnace is drawn through
Laurenthian and Silurian. (Stand- an inverted siphon into an exterior
ard). The term is not in common basin, from which it can be ladled
usage. without disturbing the furnace.
Arcilla (Mex.). Clay (Dwiglit). Kao- (Raymond)
lin. Arfvedsonite. A
slightly basic meta-
Arcilloso (Mex.). Argillaceous. silicate of sodium, calcium, and fer-
(Dwight) rous iron. One of the amphibole
group. (Dana)
Arcose. Same as Arkose. (Standard)
Argal. See Argol.
Arc welding. See Electric welding.
Argall furnace. A reverberatory
Ardennite. A yellow to yellowish- roasting furnace of which the hearth
brown vanadio-silicate of aluminum has a reciprocating movement
and manganese that crystallizes in whereby the ore is caused to move
the orthorhombic system. (Dana) forward by the action of rabbles ex-
Area (Sp.). A square of 10 meters on tending across the hearth. (Ingalls,
each side, equivalent to about 143 p. 116.)
sq. varas. (Halse) Argall tubular furnace. A tubular
Areal geology. That branch of geol- roasting furnace consisting of 4
ogy which pertains to the distribu- brick-lined steel tubes 30 feet long
tion, position, and form of the areas nested together inside two steel
of the earth's surface occupied by tires, which revolve upon steel-
different sorts of rock or different faced carrying rolls. (Ingalls, p.
geologic formations, and to the mak- 121.)
ing of geologic maps. (La Forge)
Argamasa. 1. (Sp.). Lime mortar.
Areia (Port). Sand, gravel; A. mo- (Dwight)
vediQd, quicksand; A. preta, black
2. A, hidrdulica, cement mortar or
sand (Halse). Compare Arena. hydraulic cement. 3. (Sonora, Mex.)
Arena (Sp.) Sand or grit; A. de oro, A cement gravel, or conglomerate
gold-bearing sand; A gorda, coarse containing mica, hematite, black
sand or gravel. (Halse) sand, and quartz cemented with cal-
cite. (Halse)
Arenaceous. An adjective applied to
rocks that have been derived from Argental mercury. A silver amalgam.
sand or that contain sand. (Kemp) (Standard)
Not to be confounded with siliceous. Argentiferous. Containing silver.
Arendalite. A dark-green crystalline
epidote. (Standard) Argentina. In ceramics, unglazed por-
celain coated by a chemical process
Areng (Borneo). A yellowish gravelly with gold, silver, or copper. (Stand-
earth, sometimes containing dia-
ard)
monds. (Lock)
Arenilitic. Of or pertaining to sand- Argentine. 1. A lamellar variety of
stone. (Standard) calcite with a pearly white luster.
(Chester)
Arenilla. 1. (Sp.) Fine sand. 2.
2. Silver-coated white metal. 3. A
( Venez. ) Black, magnetic-iron sand.
finely divided tin moss or sponge
3. (Colom.) Titaniferous iron ore.
obtained from a solution of tin by
4. (Chile) Copper matte mixed with
precipitation with zinc. (Standard)
slag; also specular iron ore. (Halse)
6. (Mex.). Tailings; refuse earth. Argentine flowers of antimony. The
(Dwight) tetroxide of antimony. (Century)
 GLOSSARY OF MINING AND MINERAL. INDUSTRY. 43

Argyropyrite. A silver-iron sulphide

^Hblii<J6, Ag2S. Coutains 87 per cent AgsFezSn, similar to argentopyrite,
silver. (U. S. Geol. Surv.) that crystallizes in the hexagonal
system (Standard). Probably the
Argentopyrite. A silver and iron sul-
phide occurring in small hexagonal
same as Argentopyrite.
prisms. (Chester) Argyrose. Same as Argentite. (Stand-
ard)
Argentum (L.). Silver, the chemical
symbol of which is Ag. Argyrythrose. Same as Pyrargyrite.
(Standard)
Argil. 1. Potters' clay; vv^hite clay.
2. Same as Aluminite. (Standard) Arid. Parched with heat; without
moisture; very dry; barren; specifi-
Argile plastique (Fr.). clay near A cally,having little or no rainfall
the base of the Tertiary system in
and requiring artificial irrigation.
France; used for pottery purposes.
(Standard)
(Page)
Argillaceous. Containing clay, either
Ariegite. A
name given by A. Lacroix
to a special family of granitoid
soft or hardened, as in shale, slate,
rocks, consisting primarily of mono-
argillite, etc. applied to minerals
;
clinic pyroxene and spinel. Sub-
having the odor of moistened clay.
varieties result from the presence of
Argillaceous sandstone. A sandstone amphibole and garnet. The rocks
containing a considerable proportion are found in the French Pyrenees,
of clay. (Bowles) in the department of Ariege, from
Argillite. 1. A thick-bedded argilla-
which they take their name. They
ceous sedimentary rock without dis- are most closely related to the py-
tinct slaty cleavage or shaly frac-
roxenites. (Kemp)
ture; mudrock: sometimes called Arista (Sp.). The intersection line of
Pelite. 2. A clay slate in this sense
: two planes. (Dwight)
a metamorphic rock with true slaty
cleavage. The term is probably Arite. A nickel mineral intermediate
more generally used in the first between niccolite and breithauptite.
sense in the United States and in the
(Dana)
second sense abroad. (La Forge) Arkansas stone. A
true novaculite
{see Novaculite) used as an oilstone
Argillo-arenaceons. Composed of or
for sharpening tools or instruments.
containing clay and sand. (S'tand-
ard) Found in the Ozark Mountains of
Arkansas. (Pike)
Argillo-calcareous. Composed of or
containing clay and lime. (Stand- Arkansite. A variety of brookite from
ard) Magnet Cove, Arkansas. (Century)
Argillo-calcite. A clayey calcite. Arkite. A namebased on the common
(Standard) abbreviation Ark. for Arkansas, and
given by H. S. Washington to a
Argillo-ferruginous. Composed of or
containing clay and iron. rock that occurs near the Diamond
(Stand-
ard) Jo quarry, IMagnet Cove, Ark. The
rock was earlier called leucite-por-
Argillo-magnesian. Composed of or phyry, by J. F. Williams. (Kemp)
containing clay and magnesia or
magnesium. (Standard) Arkose. 1. A sandstone rich in feld-
Argirosa (Sp.). Dark ruby spar fragments, as distinguished
silver.
(Halse) from the more common richly quartz-
ose varieties. (Kemp)
Argol. Unrefined or crude tartar. A 2. A sedimentary rock composed ol
hard crust of potassium bitartrate material derived from the disinte-
formed on the sides of vessels in gration of granite, transported and
which wine has been fermented. redeposited with little sorting. (La
Also written, Argal, Argoll, Argall, Forge)
Orgal (Century). Used extensively
In assaying for its red.i'^ing power. Arkosic. Having wholly or in part
Argon. A colorless odorless gas in the the character of arkose.
air, of which it constitutes almost 1 Arleqnines (Mex.). Precious opals.
per cent by volume. Symbol, A; (Lucas)
atomic weight, 39.88. Specifi-c grav- Aries, or Earles (No. of Bug.) Earn-
ity, 1.4. (Webster) est money formerly allowed to col-
Argyrite. Same as Argentite. Also liers at the time of hiring them.
called Argyrose. (Standard) (Gresley)
u GLOSSAllY OF MINING AND MINERAL INDUSTRY.

Arm. 1. The Inclined member or leg incorrectly written arraster, orraS'

of a set or frame of timber. (Ray- tram, or raster (Raymond). A. de
mond ) cuchara, an arrastre driven by
2. An inlet of water from the sea rough impact waterwheel, the blades
or other body of water. (Webster) of which are called cucharas. A.
de marca, a large arrastre. A. de
Armar (Mex.). To erect or fit up ma-
mida, mule-power arrastre. A. de
chinery, etc. (Dwight)
niano, a hand arrastre for sampling
Armature. 1. A piece of soft iron or purposes. 2. Haulage or conveyance.
steel used to connect the poles of a A. interior, underground haulage.
magnet or of adjacent magnets. 3. A. de uneriudero, foot wall or floor
2. That part of a dynamo-electric of a deposit. (Halse)
macliine carrying the conductors
whose relative movement through Arrastrero. One who works an ar-
the magnetic field between the pole
rastre. (Halse)
pieces causes an electric current to Arreador; Arriero. 1. (Mex.) The
be induced in the conductors (as in mule driver on a hoisting whim
a dynamo) or which by having a
; (Dwight)
current passed through them are 2. (Bol.) A
man who follows ore
caused by electro-magnetic induction carriers to see that they do not steal
to move through this field (as in a ore. (Halse)
motor). (Webster)
Arrebol (Mex.). The jerking of a
Armazon; Armadura (Sp.). Any rope as a signal to miners under-
framed structure, truss, trestle, etc. ground. (Dwight)
(Dwight)
Arrested anticline. A term applied by
Armenian stone. An old name for Orton to a gentle monocline in the
azurite, alluding to a locality in natural-gas fields of Ohio. (Ore
which it is found. (Chester) Dep., p. 11)
Armenite (Armenia). A synonym for Arriero (Mex.). Muleteer. (Dwight)
Azurite; Armenian stone. (Ches-
ter)
Arriiionada ( Sp. ). Botryoldal.
(Dwight)
Aromatic compounds. Compounds de-
rived from the hydrocarbon benzene
Arris. Same as Arrage.
(C«H«), distinguished from those de- Arris-cleat (Aust). A strip of wood
rived from methane (CH*). (Stand- having a triangular cross-section
ard) used for keeping brattices In posi-
tion. (Power)
Aromatite. A bituminous stone re-
sembling myrrh in jolor and odor. Arroba (Mex.). Twenty-five pounds.
(Standard) (Dwight)
Arquerite (Chile). Silver amalgam, Arroyo (Sp.). A small stream, or its
containing only a small proportion dry bed; in geology, a deep dry
of mercury. (Chester) gully. (Standard)
Arrage. A sharp edge or corner in a Arrugla (Sp.). A deep gold mine.
drift. Called also Arris. (Standard) (Halse)
Arranque (Sp.). Breaking ground, Arsenic. A solid orittle element of
winning, or mining; A. mecdnico, tin- white to steel-gmy color and me-
rock drilling by machinery; A. tra- tallic luster, occuring free and alsA
bajo, a working place. (Halse) combined in various minerals. Sym-
Arrastrador (Mex.). Slag-poc puller.
bol, As ; atomic weight, 74.96.
(Dwight) Specific gravity, 5.7. (Webster)

Arrastrar (Mex.). 1. To drag along

Arsenico (Sp.). Arsenic. (Dwight)
the ground to haul or convey. 2.
; Arsenical nickel. A synonym for Nic-
To unite as veins and form one. A. colite.
el agua To remove the water from
a sump <jv working. (Halse) Arsenical pyrite. A tjynonym for
Arsenopyrite. (A. F. Rogers)
Arrastre (Sp.). 1. Apparatus for
grinding and mixing ores by means Arsenicite. Same as Pharmacolite.
of a heavy stone dragged around (Standard)
upon a circular bed. The arrastre Arsenious. Pertaining to, or contain-
Is chiefly used for ores containing ing, arsenic; said of compounds in
free gold, and amalgamation is com- which arsenic is trivalent (Web-
'
bined ^ith the grinding. Sometimes ster)
 )
GLOSSARY OF MINING AND MINERAL INDtJSTRY.
Arsenlte. Same as Arsenollte.
Arsenolamprite. A metallic lead-gray
variety of native arsenic containing
bismuth. (Standard)
Arsenollte. A
white arsenious oxldi;,
AszOs, with occasional yellow or red
tinge, crystallizing In the isometric
sy stem. ( Standard
Arsenopyrite, Mlspickel. A sulph-ar-
senide of iron, FeAsS. Contains 46
per cent arsenic, equivalent to 57.7
per cent white arsenic, AsaO*. (U.
S. Geol. Surv.)
Arsentine plate. German
(Standard)
Arshine (Russ.). A measure of vol-
ume equal to 12.7 cu. ft.
Arsme. Arseniureted hydrogen, AsH«.
'(Staiadard)
Of, or pertaining to Artois,
4r*ieisi3Lii.
called Artesium, in France
^lair-jiently
"/Webster). See also Artesian well.
Artesian casing. See Screwed casing.
Artesian well. 1. A well bored down
to a point, usually at great depth,
where the water pressure, owing to
the conformation of the strata, is so
sri'eat as to force the water to the
surface. 2. Often applied to any
H^eep-bored well, even where pump-
ing is necessary, as in an ordinary
tl riven well. (Standard)
Artificial mineral. A
mineral formed
Artificially, as in the laboratory, and
so distinguished from one found in
nature f Standard).
mineral.
Artificial soft Porcelain
porcelain.
with a body resembling glass con-
sisting chiefly of all^aline salts and
coated with a lead glaze, as the
early tender porcelain of Sevres.
(Standard)
Artificial stone. A stony
formed from certain basic natural
materials which in the course of
manufacture undergo chemical
changes whereby an entirely new
material Is created. This new sub-
stance Is then crushed,
molded into desired shapes and
baked under intense heat in kilns
or ovens. Often used as an abrasive.
(Pike)
Arappukarans. A gold-washing caste
in madras. (Lock)
Arvonian rock. A rock consisting of
quartz-felsites, halleflintas, and brec-
cias, characteristic of the Cambrian
or an earlier period in Wales.
(Standard)
45
Asbestiform. Formed like or resem-
bling asbestos; fibrous: said of
stones. (Standard)
Asbesto (SpO. Asbestos; A. lenoso,
ligniform asbestos; A. de corcho^
mountain cork. (Halse)
Asbestos. White, gray, or green-gray
fibrous variety of amphibole, usually
one containing but little aluminum,
as tremolite or actinolite; also, im-
properly> a fibrous serpentine or
chrysotile. Called also Earth-flax,
Mountain - cork, and Amianthus.
(Standard)
silver.
Asbolite. An earthy manganese min-
eral (wad) containing oxide of co-
balt, which sometimes amounts to
32 per cent. (Dana)
Ascendente (Sp.). Working upward,
(Lucas)
Ascensional ventilation (Eng.). The
arrangement of the ventilating cur-
rents so that the vitiated air shall
rise continuously until reaching the
surface. Particularly applicable to
steep coal seams. (Gresley)
Ascension, infiltration by. The theory
of infiltration by ascension in solu-
tion from below considers that ore-
bearing solutions come from the
heated zones of the earth, and that
they rise through cavities, and at
diminished temperatures and pres-
sures deposit their burdens. (Ore
Dep., p. 40)
Ascension theory. The theory that the
matter filling fissure veins was intro-
A synthetic
duced in solution from below. (Ray-
mond)
Aschaffite. A
name suggested by Gum-
bel for a dike rock occurring near
Aschaffenburg, Bavaria. It is de-
fined by Rosenbusch as a dioritic
dike rock containing quartz and
plagioclase, with biotite as the chief
substance dark silicate. (Kemp)
Aschistic. A termapplied by Brogger
to dikes that are direct branches
from larger Intrusive masses and
have essentially the same composi-
tion. (Daly, p. 39)
graded,
Asentador (Sp.). 1. A .stonemason.
2. A settler used in ore dressing,
(Halse)
Asentar el hoyo (Sp. Am.). To wash
away the overburden. (Lucas)
Asentar planes (Colom.). To place
dies or other resisting material be-
low the stamps preliminary to crush-
ing. (Halse)
Aserrador (Sp.). A sawyer. (Halse)
Aserrar (Sp.). To saw. (Dwight)
 ;

46 GLOSSARY OF MINING AND MINERAL INDUSTRY.

Asfalto (Sp.). Asphalt. (Dwight) Asperite. A collective name suggested

Ash; Volcanic ash. Tuff that in color, by G. F. Becker for the rough cellu-
texture, and general appearance re- lar lavas whose chief feldspar is
sembles ashes. (La Forge) plagioclase, but of which it is im-
Ash-ball (Shrop). A mixture of small possible to speak more closely
fragments of greenish clay, quartz, without microscopic determination.
etc. (Gresley)
The name is intended for general
field use much as trachyte was em-
Ash-bed. A deposit of volcanic ash. ployed in former years. It is coined
Ash-bed diabase. A rock on Kewee- from the Latin word for rough.
naw Point, Lake Superior, resem- (Kemp)
bling a conglomerate, b'jt which Is
Interpreted by Wadsworth as a Asperolite. A variety of chrysocolla,
scoriaceous amygdaloidal sheet into containing more than the usual per-
which much sand was washed in its centage of water. (Chester)
early history. (Kemp) Asper6n (Mex,). Sandstone; Grind-
Ashes. The earthy or mineral part of stone. (Dwight)
combustible substances remaining
after combustion, as of wood or coal.
Asphalt. 1. A complex compound of
various hydrocarbons, part of which
(Webster)
are oxygenated. Related in origin
Ash furnace. A furnace or oven for to petroleum. Is brown or brown-
fritting materials for glass making. ish black in color, melts at 90° to
(Webster) 100° F., and is mostly or wholly
Ashlar. 1. A block of stone, as soluble in turpentine. See also
brought from the quarry. 2. A Albertite, Elaterite, Gilsonite, Gra-
squared stone, 3. Mason work of hamite, Impsonite, Nigrite, Wurtzil-
squared stones. (Standard) ite (U. S. Geol. Surv.). Also called
4. A facing of cut stone applied to Mineral pitch. Same as Asphaltum.
a backing of rubble or rough ma- 2. To cover or treat with asphalt.
sonry or brickwork (C. and M. M.
Asphalt-base petroleum. Asphalt-base
P.) Also called Bastard ashlar.
oils contain asphalt and no paraflin.
5. A thin brick made especially for
They are distilled to asphalt, and
facing walls. (Webster)
the distillates are cut according to
Ash oven. An ash furnace. (Stand- gravity; such oils do not yield
ard) steam-refined cylinder stock or par-
Ash pit. The receptacle for ashes un- affin wax. See also Paraffin-asphalt
der a grate. petroleum . (Bacon)
Ash's furnace. A
furnace for refining Asphalt-block pavement. A pavement
spelter. (Ingalls, p. 571) having a wearing course of previ-
Asiderite, Daubree's name for stony ously prepared blocks of asphaltic
meteorites that lack metallic iron. concrete. (Bacon)
(Kemp) Asphalt cement. A
fluxed or unfluxed
Asiento (Mex,), 1. The concentrate asphaltic material, especially pre-
in panning. 2, A. mineral, mineral pared as to quality and consistency
region. (Dwight) suitable for direct use in the manu-
Asin (Philippines). Salt (Stand- facture of asphaltic pavements.
ard) (Bacon)
Aslope (Corn,), In a slanting posi- Asphalted. Coated with asphalt. Usu-
tion. (Crofutt) ally Californian oil (which has an
Asmanite. An orthorhombic variety asphaltic base), coal tar, gilsonite
of silica found in meteoric iron. or elaterite are added to give the
(Standard) right consistence to suit the average
Asombrarse (Sp.). Said of a lode temperature that prevails when the
when it varies its dip so as to be- coating is used. (Nat. Tube Co.)
come almost horizontal. (Lucas) Asphaltenes. The components of the
Ispa. 1. (Peru) Intersection or junc- bitumen in petroleum, petroleum
tion of two veins. (Dwight) products, malthas, asphalt cements
2. (Sp.). In gold milling, a tappet. and solid native bitumens, that are
8, Two timbers in the form of a soluble in carbon disulphide, but in
cross to operate an endless chain soluble in naptha (petroleum spirit,)
device for hoisting water. See See also Petrolene. (Bacon)
also Noria, 1. (Halse) Asphalt furnace. A portable furnace
Asparagus stone. A greenish-yellow in which asphalt is heated for use
wriety of apatite. (Power) in roofing, paving, etc. (Century.)
 GLOSSAESr OF MINING AND MINERAL INDUSTKY. 47

Asphaltlc. Similar to, or essentially Assay office (U. S.). A laboratory for
composed of, asphalt. (Bacon) examining ores, especially gold and
silver ores, in order to determine
Asphaltio flux. See Flux, 2. The (Standard)
their economic value.
asphaltlc flux is differentiated from
paraffin flux and semi-asphaltic flux Assay pound. A small standard weight
by a greater density, nearly that of used in assaying bullion, etc., some-
water; by the absence of hard par- times equaling a half gram, but
affin scale, and by the fact that the varying with the assayer. (Web-
unsaturated hydrocarbons predomi- ster)
nate. It yields a larger amount of
Assay ton. A weight of 29.166+ grams
ash-free residual coke on ignition
used in assaying, for convenience.
than other fluxes. (Bacon) Since it bears the same relatioi^ to
Asphaltlc sandstone. See Sandstone; the milligram that a ton of 2000
Asphalt rock. pounds does to the troy ounce the
weight in milligrams of precious
Asphaltite. A
dark-colored, solid, dif-
metal obtained from the assay of an
ficultly fusible, naturally occurring
ore gives directly the number of
hydrocarbon complex, insoluble In
ounces to the ton. (Webster)
water, but more or less completely
soluble in carbon disulphide, benzol, Assay value. The amount of the gold
etc. (Bacon) or silver, in ounces per ton of ore,
as shown by assay of any given
Asphalt rock. Asphalt stone. Lime- sample. Average assay value. The
stone impregnated with asphalt weighted result obtained from a
(Webster). Also a term applied to number of samples, by multiplying
asphaltlc sandstone. the assay value of each sample by
Asphalt stone. See Asphalt rock. the width or thickness of the ore
face over which it is taken, and
Asphaltum. See Asphalt, 1. then dividing the sum of these
Aspirador (Mex.). An aspirator; an products by the total width of cross
exhauster. (Halse) section sampled. The result ob-
tained would represent an average
Aspirail (Fr.). An opening for venti- face sample.
lation. (Da vies)
Assessment. 1. The sum that the of-
Aspirator. An (Standard)
inhaler. ficers of a mining company levy on
Assay. 1. To or minerals
test ores the stock held by shareholders.
by chemical or blowpipe examina- (Hanks)
tion. To determine the proportion 2. See Assessment work.
of metals in ores by smelting in the Assessment work. The annual work
way appropriate to each. Gold and upon an unpatented mining claim on
silver require an additional process the public domain necessary under
called cupelling, for the purpose of the United States law for the main-
separating them from the base met- tenance of the possessory title there-
als. See Fire assay. 2. An exami- to. Same as Annual labor. (Min.
nation of a mineral, an ore, or alloy Stat., pp. 233-253)
differing from a complete analysis Asta (Sp.). A shaft or spindle; A. de
In that it determines only certain bomM, a pump rod; A. de handera,
Ingredients in the substance ex- flagstaff. (Halse)
amined, whereas an analysis deter-
Astatki; Ostatki. A Russian name for
mines everything It contains.
a petroleum residue now used as
Assay balance. A sensitive balance fuel. Until 1870 it was considered
used in the assaying of gold, silver, a useless article, and was disposed
etc., for weighing the beads, or of by burning in open pits near the
prills. (Webster) refineries. (Mitzakis)
Assayer. One who performs assays. Astel. Overhead boarding or arching
Assay foot. The assay value multi- in a mine gallery. (Raymond)
plied by the number of feet across Asterlated quartz. A phenocrystalline
which the sample is taken. (U. C. variety of quartz having whitish or
Hoover, p. 10) colored radiations within the crys-
Assay inch. The assay value multi- tals: called also Star-quartz. (Stand-
plied by the number of inches over ard)
which the sample was taken. Asterism. The name given to the pe
(H. C. Hoover, p 10) culiar starlike rays of light ob-
Assay master. A chief or official as* served In certain directions Jn som«
sayer. (Standard) minerals. (Dana)
48 GLOSSARY OF MINING AND MINERAL INDUSTRY.

Astlaes (Port). The sides or walls of Atecas (Mex.). Men who carry water
an oven. (Halse) from the bottom workings of a mine,
by use of bags or buckets, to a sump
Astillero (Hex.). A
place in a forest from which it can be pumped to the
where firewood cut; an open
is surface. (Halse)
forest; a pasture for mules, etc.
(Halse) Atelene. Lacking the essential form;
imperfect ( Standard ) Said of crys-
.

A.stral. 1. The stage in earth growth tals.

when it glowed with incandescent
heat, like a star. (Lowe)
Atelestite. A sulphur-yellow adaman-
tine bismuth arsenate. H2Bi8As08,
2. Pertaining to the earliest of three
crystallizing in the monoclinic sys-
subdivisions of Archean time, that
tem. (Standard)
of the fluid globe surrounded by a
heavy vaporous envelope. (Stand- Atelite. A green copper hydroxychla
ard) Now obsolete. ride, HeCusOeCla, found near volca
noes. (Standard)
Astraline. A Russian petroleum prod-
uct possessing the specific gravity Aterrar (Port.). To fill with waste;
0.850-0.860, a fiash point not less to pack. (Halse)
than 50" C. (122* F.), and of a pale
Aterro (Port). Attle; waste rock.
yellowish color. (Bacon)
(Halse)
A-stretching ( Scot. ) In the line of the
.

strike of the strata; level course.

Atlerres (Mex.). Waste rock in a
mine. (Dwight)
(Barrowman)
Atincar (Sp.). Refined tincal; borax
Astringent. A taste that puckers the
of commerce. (Halse)
mouth (George). Said of certain
minerals. Atinconar (Sp.) To secure the walls
provisionally with stulls. (Halse)
Astyllen. 1. (Corn.) mine stop-A
ping to prevent the flow of water; Atiz (Colom.). Poles for lagging.
a dam. 2. A
wall to separate ore (Halse)
from waste. (Pryce)
Atizador (Sp.). 1. A man who at-
Asymmetrical. 1. Without proper pro- tends the furnace; a stoker. 2. A
portion of parts; unsymmetrical. dresser of magistral. 3. (Colom.)
2. Crystals not divisible into similar A battery feeder. (Halse)
halves by a plane; triclinic (Stand-
ard). Also used in geology in de-
Atlasite. A
cupric carbonate contain-
ing chlorine. Probably a mixture of
scribing structural features.
atacamite and azurite. (Standard)
Asymmetric class. The class of crystal Atmosphere. 1. The whole mass of air
forms without any symmetry. (A. surrounding the earth. 2. The pres-
F. Rogers)
sure of air at the sea level used as
Asymmetric dispersion. The disper- a unit. See also Atmospheric pres-
sion that produces an interference sure. (Webster)
figure without any symmetry of
Atmospheric pressure. The pressure of
color distribution. (A. F. Rogers) air at the sea level, exerted equally
Atacadero (Sp.). A rammer; a tamp- in all directions. The standard pres-
ing bar. (Halse) sure is that under which the mercury
barometer stands at 760 millinfeters.
Atacamite. A basic chloride of cop- It is equivalent to about 14 7 pounds
per, Cu-CiHsOs. containinc: .59.4 ner
to the square inch. (Webster)
cent copper (Dana). Also called
Gi*en sand of Peru. (Chester) Atoll.A coral island of circular form.
Inclosing a lagoon.
Atacar (Peru). To tamp. (Mex.). Atom. According to the atomic theory,
To express mercury from a canvas the smallest particle of an element
bag by beating it with a stick. that can exist either alone or in
(Dwight) combination with similar particles of
Atajador (Sp.). A boy who attends the same or of a different element;
the mules, horses, or burros; a the smallest particle of an element
hostler. (Crofutt) that enters into the composition of
a molecule. (Webster)
Ataje (Colom.). A natural obstruc- Atomic weight. The weight of an
tion that diverts water from its
regular channel (Halse)
atom of a chemical element as com-
pared with that of an atom of hydro-
Ataquea (Mex.). Rubbish. (Dwight) Ren, (Standard)
 5
1 4
5
9
7
1

GLOSSARY OF MINING AND MINERAL INDUSTRY^ 49

INTERNATIONAL ATOMIC WEIGHTS, 1918.

On account of the difficulties of correspondence between its mem-

bers, due to the war, the International Committee on Atomic Weights
ha^s decided to make no full report for 1918. Although a good num-
ber of new determinations have been published during the past year,
none of them seems to demand any immediate change in the table for
1917. That table, therefore, may stand as official during the year
1918.
F. W. Clarke, Chairman.
Atomic Atomic
Symbol. weight. Symbol. weight.
Aluminum Al 27. Molybdenum Mo 96.0
Antimony Sb 120.2 Neodymium Nd 144.3
Argon A 39.88 Neon Ne 20.2
Arsenic As 74.96 Nickel Ni 58. 68
Barium Ba 137.37 Niton (radium emanation) Nt 222.
Bismuth Bi 208.0 Nitrogen N 14. 01
Boron B 11.0 Osmium Os 190.9
Bromine Br 79.92 Oxygen O 16.00
Cadmium Cd 112.40 Palladium Pd 106.
Caesium Cs 132. 81 Phosphorus P 31. 04
Calcium Ca 40.07 Platinum Pt 195.2
Carbon C 12.005 Potassium K 39.10
Cerium Ce 140.25 Praseodymium Pr 140.9
Chlorine CI 35.46 Radium Ra 226.0
Chromium Cr 52.0 Rhodium Rh 102.
Cobalt Co 58.97 Rubidium Rb 85.45
Columbium Cb 93.1 Ruthenium Ru 101.
Copper Cu 63.57 Samarium Sa 150.
Dysprosium Dy 162. Scandium So 44.
Erbium Er 167.7 Selenium So 79.2
Europium Eu 152. Silicon Si 28.3
Fluorine F 19.0 Silver Ag 107.88
Gadolinium Gd 157.3 Sodium Na 23.00
Gallium Ga 69.9 Strontium Sr 87. 63
Germanium Ge 72.5 Sulphur S 32.06
Glucinum Gl 9.1 Tantalum Ta 181.5
Gold Au 197.2 Tellurium Te 127.
Helium..... He 4.00 Terbium Tb 159.2
Holmiiim Ho 163.5 Thallium Tl 204.0
Hydrogen H 1.008 Thorium Th 232.4
Indium In 114.8 Thulium Tm 168.5
Iodine I 126.92 Tin Sn 118.7
Iridium Ir 193.1 Titanium Ti 48.1
Iron Fe 55. 84 Tungsten W 184.0
Krypton Kr 82.92 Uranium U 238.2
Lanthanum La 139. Vanadium V 51.0
Lead Pb 207.20 Xeno Xe 130.2
Lithium Li 6.94 Ytterbium(Neoytterbium)Yb 173.
Lutecium Lu 175.0 Yttrium Yt 88.7
Magnesium Mg 24.32 Zinc Zn 65.37
Manganese Mn 54.93 2iirconium Zr JK).6
Mercury Hg 200.6
75242°— 11
 ;

50 GLOSSARY OF MINING AND MINERAL INDUSTRY.

Atomlzation. 1. The method by which Anger-nose shell (Eng.). A clearing

a jet of steam, or compressed air, is tool used in boring for coal, etc.,
made to finely divide a fluid, as In having an auger-shaped end (Gres-
an oil-burning furnace. ley). See also Wimble.
2. A patent process for producing a
Anger stem. The iron rod to which the
metallic dust, as zinc dust.
bit attached
is in well drilling.
Atomizer. An apparatus for convert- (Standard)
ing liquid into spray. See also Ato- Anger-stem guides. See Sinker-bar
mlzation.
guides.
Atrancar (Mex.). To drill (for blast-
ing) at a very acute angle. (Dwight)
Anget; Augette. A priming tube, used
in blasting. (Raymond)
Attal. See Attle. Angite. The commonest rock-making
Attle; Attal. (Com.) Rubbish; rock
1. pyroxene. As distinguished from
containing too little ore to be worth other pyroxenes augite refers to the
working. (Whitney) dark varieties with considerable
2. (No. of Eng.) To arrange or set- alumina and Iron. The name is used
tle, as an account. (Gresley) as a descriptive prefix to many
rocks that contain the mineral, as
Atreol. A petroleum product produced for instance augite-andesite, augite-
by the action of sulphuric acid on diorite, augite-gneiss, augite-granite,
certain petroleum distillates. Prop-
augite-syenite, etc. (Kemp)
erly refined and combined with am-
Angltite. Non-feldspathic, porphyritic
monia, It produces the active prin-
ciple of atreol, —
ammonium atreo- rocks consisting essentially of a
glassy groundmass, with dissemi-
late. It is soluble in water and al-
nated augite and magnetite. Vari-
cohol, and is miscible with petro-
ous minor accessories also occur.
leum and lanolin.
(Kemp)
Attrition. Act of rubbing together Augitophyric. In petrology, contain-
friction; act of wearing, or state of
ing distinct crystals of augite.
being worn; abrasion. (Webster)
(Standard)
Aturdir (Mex.). To subdivide, me-
Augnstin process. The treatment of
chanically, the quicksilver in a
silver ores by chloridizing roasting,
torta so as to quicken its action
lixiviation with hot brine, and pre-
upon the mineral treated. (Dwight) cipitation on copper. (Raymond)
Auerlite. A silico-phosphate of tho-
Anmento (Bol.). In the patio process,
rium containing about 70 per cent the apparent Increase in the amount
thorium. Like zircon in form. (U.
of mercury used when treating ores
S. Geol. Surv.)
containing a large percentage of sil-
Anfre (Sp. Am.). A very hard yellow ver; in reality due to loss of mer-
stone; sulphur-like rock. (Lucas) cury. (Halse)
Augen. The German word for eyes;
Anqnis (Peru). Rock drillers In
used as a prefix before various rock mines. (Dwight)
names, but more especially gneiss,
to describe larger minerals or aggre- Anralite. Altered iolite, (Standard)
gates of minerals, that are in con- Aureola aznl (Sp.). The blue cap or
trast with the rest of the rock.
halo of a candle or lamp in an at-
In the gneisses, feldspar commonly mosphere containing fire damp.
forms the augen. They are lenticu- (Halse)
lar with the laminations forking
around them, in a way strongly sug- Aureole. The area that is affected by
gesting an eye. The term is seldom contact metamorphism around an
used in any other connection than igneous intrusion. (Kemp)
with gneiss in America. (Kemp) Aurl-argentiferons. Containing both
Auger. An instrument for boring or gold and silver applied to minerals.
;

perforating soils or rocks. A car- (Standard)

penter's tool for boring wood (Web- Auric. Of, pertaining to, or contain
ster). A tool for drilling holes in taining gold, especially when com-
coal for blasting. bined in its highest or triad valency,
Auger machine. A machine for the as auric chloride, AuCls. (Stand-
manufacture of zinc-distlllation re- ard)
torts. Similar to machines used for Aurichalcite. A basic carbonate of
manufacturing drain pipes. (In- Einc and copper, 2(Zn,Cu)COr
galls, p. 234) 3(Zn,Cu)(OH)a (Dana)
 ;

GLOSSARY OF MINING AND MINERAL INDUSTRY. 61

Aurif ero (Sp.)- Gold-bearing. Automatic mine-doors. Doors on a

(Dvvlght) haulage road that are automati-
cally opened by an approaching trip
Auriferous. Containing gold. passing over a lever, and that
close automatically after the trip
Auriferous pyrites. Pyrite containing
has passed through, thus making the
gold. (Standard)
services of a door- or trapper-boy
Aurigerous. Gold-bearing; auriferous. unnecessary.
(Standard)
Automorphic. The contrasted term
Auroral. Of, pertaining or desig-
to, with xenomorphic or allotriomorphic,
nating the, second group of Paleozoic and is used to describe those min-
strata in the Lower Silurian of the erals in rocks which have their own
original system of the Pennsylvania crystal boundaries. The later sug-
Survey (Standard). Now obsolete. gested word, idiomorphic, means the
same thing and is somewhat more
Aurum. Gold. Its chemical symbol widely used. (Kemp)
is Au.
Autunite. Calcium uranite. A hy-
Ausscharen (Ger.). The junction of drous phosphate of uranium and cal-
lodes. (Davies) cium, Ca(U02)2P208+8H20. Con-
tains 62.7 per cent UOs, equivalent
Austrian Tcrmilion. A basic chromate
to 61.6 per cent UsOs (Dana). The
of lead. (Webster)
mineral is radioactive.
Auszimmem (Ger.). Timbering. (Da-
vies) Autun shale oil. A name applied to a
certain kind of illuminating oil, so
Authlgenous. An
adjective coined by called through being extracted from
Kalkowsky to describe those min- the bituminous shale found at Au-
erals which form in sediments after tun in France. (Mitzakis)
their deposition, as, for instance,
during metamorphism. The name Avalanches. 1. Masses of snow, that
emphasizes in its etymology the local being detached from great heights
origin of the minerals as contrasted in the mountains, acquire enormous
with that of the other components, bulk by fresh accumulations as they
the latter having been brought from descend; and when they fall into
a distance. (Kemp) the valleys below, often cause great
destruction. (Davies)
Authigenic. Produced where found
2. Falling masses of rock and earth
said of the ingredients of crystalline
rocks, or of crystalline ingredients
sometimes called avalanches, are
better designated landslides. (Stand-
of rocks. (Standard)
ard)
Autochthonous. An adjective derived
Avalite. An impure variety of musco-
from two Greek words, meaning
indigenous. It is applied to those
vite containing chromium oxide.
rocks that have originated in situ, (Standard)
such as rock suit, stalagmitic lime- Avanco (Port.). The main level fol-
stones, peat, etc., but it is of rare lowing the strike. (Halse)
use. (Kemp)
Avasite. A black, massive, hydrated
Autoclastic. Having a clastic or frag- iron silicate: probably only siliceous
mental structure due to crushing or limonite. (Standard)
to dynamic metamorphism instead of
to sedimentation: said of intrafor-
Avena (Sp.). Oats. (Dwight)
mational conglomerates. (La Forge) Aventadero. 1. (Sp. Am.) A slide
of loose ground containing alluvial
Autogenetic drainage. Drainage due
gold. (Lucas)
to erosion caused by the waters of
the constituent streams. (Stand-
2. (Colom.) A placer higher than
a sahana. 3. (Peru) An auriferous
ard)
deposit or placer. (Halse)
Autogenetic topography. Conforma-
Aventurine. 1. A kind of glass con-
tion of land due to the physical ac-
taining gold-colored spangles. 2. A
tion of rain and streams. (Stand-
variety of translucent quartz, span-
ard)
gled throughout with scales of mica
Autogenic soldering. The process of or other mineral. (Webster)
uniting pieces of metal by merely 3. A variety of feldspar containing
fusing them together. (Webster) shining particles. (Standard)
62 GLOSSARY OF MINING AND MINERAL INDUSTRY.

Aventurine feldspar. A name for sun- two parties for working a mfne by
stone, which may be orthoclase. al- which one of the parties, the avia'
bite, or oligoclase(Chester). Dana dor, furnishes the money to the pro-
confines this term to the oligoclase prietors for working the mine. (C.
variety. and M. M. P.)
Aventurine quartz. See Aventurine, 2. Avios (Sp.). Tools; implements.
Average (Eng.).
clause A clause (Halse)
that, in granting leases of miner- Aviso. 1. (Mex.). Announcement on
als (coal, ironstone, and clay in a bulletin board, at the mining
particular), provides that lessees agency, of application for claims,
may, during every year of the term, etc. 2. (Colom.) Notice of a de-
make up any deficiency in the quan- nouncement given before an alcade.
tity of coal, etc., stipulated to be (Halse)
worked, so as to balance the dead
or minimum rent. (Gresley) Avogadro's law. One of the funda-
mental chemical laws that equal
Average igneous rock. According to
volumes of all gases and vapors con-
Clarke, the arithmetic mean of all
tain the same number of ultimate
the good analyses should give a fair
particles or molecules at the same
chemical average for the outermost
temperature and pressure. (Lid-
ten-mile shell of the earth, which
dell)
represents the composition of an
average igneous rock. Authorities Avoirdupois. The system of weights
differ somewhat from above man- used in England and the United
ner of securing result. (Daly) States for the ordinary purposes of
Average produce (Corn.). The quan- trade, of which the fundamental unit
is the pound of 16 ounces or 7,000
tity of pure or fine copper in one
hundred parts of ore. (Raymond) grains (Standard). The avoirdu-
pois pound is equivalent to 14.583
Average standard (Corn.). The price troy ounces, 453.6 grajis, and has a
per ton of the fine copper in the ore, fine-gold value of $301.4375 or
after deducting the charge for smelt- £61.97.
ing. (Whitney)
Average weight (Eng.). The mean
Avulsion. A sudden change in the
course of a stream by which a por-
weight of a car of coal for a certain tion of land is cut off, as where a
period, on which wages are calcu-
(Bainbridge)
river cuts across, forming an " Ox
lated.
bow." (Shamel, p. 30'')
Avezacite. A name given by a La-
croix to a peculiar cataclastic rock Award (Forest of Dean). A grant or
found in veins or dikes in a peridotite lease of certain minerals. See also
Avezac-Prat, in the French Gale, 1. (Gresley)
at
Pyrenees. The rock is dense, black, Awaruite. A native alloy of nickel
and brittle, but contains large and iron. It has the formula FeNi».
basaltic hornblendes and yellow (Dana)
sphenes, in a fine-grained mass,
which, on microscopic examination Axe stone. A species of jade. It is a
is resolved into a cataclastic aggre- silicate of magnesia and alumina.
gate of apatite, sphene, titanifer- (Duryee)
ous magnetite, ilmenite, hornblende,
augite, and rarely olivine and bio- Axes of elasticity. Those axes in crys-
Mte. It is supposed to have resulted tals that represent the directions
from the crushing of basic pegma- of greatest, mean, and least indices
titic veins or dikes. (Kemp) of refraction. (Dana)
Aviado (Sp.). One who works a mine Axes of reference. Co-ordinate axes to
with means furnished by another. which crystal faces are referred.
(Standard) (A. F. Rogers)
Aviador (Sp.). A person who habili- Axial angle. The angle between the
mine; that is, who furnishes
tates a two optic axes of a biaxial crystal.
the money for working it by a con- (Luquer, p. 5)
tract with proprietors. (Raymond)
Axial elements. The axial ratio and
Avio (Sp.). Operating funds fur-
the angles between the axes of a
nished to the proprietors of a mine
crystal. (A. F. Rogers)
by another person, the aviador.
Contrato de avio, a contract between Axial figure. See Interference figures.
 )

GLOSSARY OF MINING AND MINERAL INDUSTRY. 53

4xial plane. 1. A crystallographic Axle. A transverse bar or shaft con*

plane that Includes two of the cry- necting the opposite who«ils of a car
stallographic axes. (Dana) or carriage. (Webster)
2.As applied to folds, is a plane
that intersects the crest or trough Axletree. An axle made of wood the ;

in such a manner that the limbs or center shaft of a horse gin. (Bar-
sides of the fold are more or less rowman
symmetrically arranged with refer-
ence to it. (Leith) Axman; Axeman. In surface survey-
ing, one who clears the ground and
Axial ratio. The ratio obtained by drives the stakes for the rodraau.
comparing the length of a crystal- (Standard)
lographic axis with one of the lat-
eral axes taken as unity. (Dana) Axotomons. In crystallography, hav-
ing cleavage perpendicular to an
Axinite. A aluminum
boro-silicate of axis; said of minerals. (Standard)
and calcium with varying amounts
of iron and manganese. Exact com- Ayatc (Mex.). Coarse fiber-cloth for
position doubtful. (Dana) carrying ore, rock, etc. (Dwight)
Axiolite. A
term coined by Zirkel In Ayr stone. A
fine-grained stone used
his report on Microscopical Petrog- in polishing marble and giving a fint?
raphy, for the U. S. Geol, Survey surface to metal work, particularly
along the Fortieth Parallel, 1876, to iron and steel, also as a whetstone.
describe those spherulitic aggregates Called also Scotch stone. Water of
that are grouped around an axis Ayr. (Standard)
rather than around a point. The
application comes in microscopic Ayuda (Mex.). A small bonus to
work rather than in ordinary de- tributers who fail to make expenses
termination. Compare Spherulite. (Dwight). Metales de ayuda, ore
(Kemp) containing lead, used to assist iu
smelting other ore. (Halse)
Axis. 1. A straight line, real or imagi-
nary, passing through a body, on Ayndante (Mex.). Assistant; A. de
which it revolves or may be sup- fundicidn, a master smelter. (Halse)
posed to revolve; a line passing
Azabache (Mex.). .Tet. (Dwight)
through a body or system around
which the parts are symmetrically Azad6n (Sp.). Pick, mattock, lioe.
arranged. (Webster) (Vel.)
2. In crystallography, one of the
Azanca (Sp.). Subterranean spring.
Imaginary lines in a crystal which
(Halse)
are used as coordinate axes of ref-
erence in determining the positions Azaracon (Sp.). Red lead; A. nativo,
and symbols of the crystal planes. minium. (Halse)
(La Forge)
Azimut (Mex.). Azimuth-bearing.
3. See Anticlinal axis, and Synclinal
(Dwight)
axis. Often used synonomously
with anticlinal thus the " Brady's
; Azimuth. The azimuth of a body is
bend axis" for Brady's bend anti- that arc of the horizon tliat is in-
clinal. (Chance) cluded between the meridian circle
4. In geology the central or dominat- at the given place and a vertical
ing region of a mountain chain, or plane passing through the body. It is
the line of which follows the crest measured (in surveying) from due
of a range and thus indicates the north around to the right (C. and
position of the most conspicuous M. M. P.). In astronomy it is meas-
part of the uplift. (Century) ured from the south to the rigVit
i. e. clockwise.
Axis of a crystal. See Axis, 1 and 2.

Axis of elevation. Line of elevation.

Azimuth circle. An Instrument for
measuring azimuth, having for its
(Hitchcock)
chief characteristic a graduated
Axis of rotation. The imaginary
line horizontal circle. (Standard)
about which all the parts of a ro-
tating body turn. (Century)
Azimuth compass. A magnetic com-
pass supplied with sights, for meas-
Axis of symmetry. An imaginary line uring the angle that a line on thfl
in a crystal, about which it may be earth's surface, or the vertical circle
rotated a certain number of degrees through a heavenly body, makes
80 as to occupy the same position In with the magnetic saerldlan.
•pace as before. (La Forge) (Standard) .
64 GLOSSARY OF MINING AND MINERAL INDUSTRY.

Azogado (Mex.). Poisoned by mer- Azufral (Sp.). See Solfatara.

cury. (D wight) Azafre (Sp.). Sulphur. A. nativo,
1.
Azogue (Sp.). 1. Quicksilver. 2. Ore native sluphur. 2. (Colom.). A
amenable to amalgamation; free yellow stone of great hardness fre-
milling ore. (Halse) quently found In gold placers.
8. (Mex.). Common name for third- (Halse)
class silver ore, generally carrying
Azufr6n (Sp.). Pyrltic mineral in a
35 to 150 ounces per ton, which will
mining pulverulent condition. Azufrones
pay for and shipping
(Mex.) Sulphide ores (Halse). See
(Dwlght). A. apolvillado, good ore
also Azufrado, 2.
suitable for amalgamation. A.
comun, common ore suitable for Azulaque (Sp.). Bitumen. 2. (Zac-
1.
amalgamation. A. en caldo, quick- ualpan, Mex.) Argentite. 3. A. y
silver. A. ordinariOy ordinary ore cardenillo, (Guerrero, Mex.) Copper
•suitable for amalgamation. (Mln. ores of blue and green colors rich
Jour.) in silver. 4. Azulaques (Zacatecas,
Mex.), ore derived from the country
Azogueria (Sp.). 1. The amalgamat-
rock, which for some distance from
ing works. 2. The process of amal-
the vein Is Impregnated with pyrite,
gamation. (Raymond)
argentite, silver, and chloride of sil-
3. A storehouse for quicksilver.
ver (Halse). Finely disseminated
(Dwight)
ore. An Impregnation of decom-
Azoguero. 1. (Mex.). The amalga- posed sulphides staining the gangue.
mator, or person w^ho superintends (Dwight)
the process of amalgamation. 2.
Azulinhas (Braz.). Small and cloudy
(Sp.) A dealer in quicksilver. sapphires found with diamonds.
(Halse)
(Halse)
3. (Mex.). The "mud-chemist"
(also, the metallurgical foreman) in Azure spar. Lazulite. (Standard)
patio-annex. (Dwight) Azure stone. 1. A synonym for Lapis
lazuli. (Power)
Azogues. (Sp.). Common or inferior
2. Same as Azurite. (Century)
ores. (Raymond)
Azurite. Blue copper carbonate,
Azoic. Formerly, that part of geologic
CuC03.Cu(0H)a. Contains 46 per
time represented by the pre-Cam-
cent copper (U. S. Geol. Surv.).
brian stratified rocks also the rocks
;
Sometimes called Azure stone.
formed during that time. Later re-
stricted to the period and system Azurmalachite. A mixture of blue and
now generally called Archean. Now green copper carbonates. (U. S.
practically obsolete. (La Forge) Geol. Surv.)
Azorite. A synonym for Zircon. B.
Azotate. A nitrate. (Standard) Baaken (So. Afr.). A boundary mark
Azote. A name formerly given to (Standard)
nitrogen, because it is unfit for
Babbitt metal. 1. A soft, white, anti-
respiration. (Century)
friction metal of varying composi-
Azoth. Mercury: the name given by tion, as of 4 parts of copper, 8 of
the alchemists. (Standard) antimony, and 24 or 96 of tin (the
alloy with the smaller proportion
Azotine. An explosive consisting of
of tin being called " hardening," that
sodium nitrate, charcoal, sulphur
with the greater "lining"). 2. Any
and petroleum. (Webster)
of several alloys similarly used.
Azotize. To nitrogenlze. (Webster) (Webster)
Az^car (Colom.). A soft white granu- Babel quartz (Eng.). A variety of
lar rock in which calclte predomi- rock crystal, which from its fancl-
nates, forming a gangue in which fuj resemblance to the successive
native gold occurs. (Halse) tiers of the Tower of Babel, have
given rise to the name. (Page)
Azuela (Mex.). Adze. (Dwight)
Azufrado. 1. (Colom.) A yellow Baboo; Babu (India). A native clerk
ocher found In veins. (Halse)
who writes English. (Webster)
2. In Peru, the general term azu- Baby (Eng.). A balance weight near
frados Is used for sulphide ores. the end of a pit (shaft) rope.
(Dwight) (Balnbrldge)
 GLOSSARY OF MININO AND MINERAL INDUSTRY. 56

Bacharach-American gas indicator. A Backbye work. Work done between

pocket device for the rapid deter- the shaft and the working face, in
mination of the percentage of COa in contradistinction to face work, or
the atmosphere of mines, boiler work done at the face. (C. and M.
rooms, blast furnaces, etc. M. P.) See also Back work.
Bacia (Port). A basin, as of a river; Back casing v'Eng.). A temporary
B. carhonlfera, a coal basin. (Halse) shaft lining of bricks laid dry, and
Bacile In ceramics, a basin or
(It.),
supported at intervals upon curbs.
deep dish or resembling Ital-
of
When the stonehead has been
ian enameled and lustered pottery. reached, the permanent masonry lin-
ing is built upon it Inside of the
(Standard)
back casing (Raymond). In the
Bacino (It). In ceramics, one of a North of England the use of timber
class of dishes of highly colored pot- cribs and planking serves the same
tery, built into the walls of medieval purpose.
Italian buildings. (Standard)
Back coal (Scot). Coal which miners
Back. 1. That part of a lode which is are allowed to carry home. (Bar-
nearest the surface in relation to rowman)
any portion of the worliings of the
mine; thus the back of the level or Back coming (Scot). Working away
stope is that part of the unstoped the pillars which are left when min-
lode which is above. ing coal inbye (Gresley). Robbing
(Whitney)
2. A joint, usually a strike joint,
pillars back working.
;

perpendicular to the direction of Backen ( So. Staff. ) See Back, 7 and 8.

.

working. 3. The upper surface of a

Back end (Newc). The part of a judd
beam. (Webster) remaining after the sump (See
4. (Eng.) A plane of cleavage in Sump, 2.) has been removed. (Ray-
coal, having frequently a smooth
mond)
parting and some sooty coal included
in it 5. (Eng.) The inner end of Back entry. The air course parallel
a heading. 6. (Leic.) To throw to and below an entry. See also En-
back into the gob, or waste, the try. (Steel)
slack, dirt, etc., made in holing. Back In engineering, to fill a
fill.

7. (Leic.) To roll large coal out of depression with material taken from
waste for loading into trams. a cutting. (Century)
(Gresley). Also called Backen.
Back filling. 1. Rough material form-
8. To drive, force, or cause to move
ing the back of a masonry wall.
or act backward ; to cause to retreat,
2. The filling In again of a place
or recede. (Webster). Also called
from which the earth has been re-
Backen.
moved ; the earth so filled in.
Back and underhand stoping milling (Century)
system. See Combined and under- Back-filling system. See Overhand
hand stoping. stoping; also Square-set stoping.
Back balance. 1. A
kind of self-acting Back holes. In shaft sinking, raising
incline in a mine. A
balance car is or drifting, the round of holes which
attached to one end of the rope, and is shot last. (Du Pont)
a carriage for the mine car is at- Back horse (So. Staff.), The horse
tached to the other. A
loaded car is that draws the loaded skip from
run on the carriage and is lowered the loaders to the place (wagon
to the foot of the incline raising the hole) where the tramway jends.
balance car. The balance car in its (Min. Jour.)
descent raises the carriage when the
Backing. The timbers fixed across the
carriage is loaded only with an
top of a level, supported in notches
empty car. 2. The means of main-
taining ten.sion on a rope transmis-
cut In the rock. (Da vies)
sion or haulage system, consisting of Backing deals (Eng.). Planks driven
the tension carriage, attached vertically behind the t3n} taring in a
weight and supporting structure. shaft (Chance)
Backboard (York). Work, performed Backjoint. 1. A joint plane more or
underground by the deputies, which less parallel to the strike of th«
consists of drawing timbers in cleavage, and frequently vertical.
abandoned or worked-out places, re- (C. and M. M. P.)
pairing brattices, doors, and keeping 2. In masonry, a rabbet or chase
the roadways in order (Gresley). left to receive a permanent slab oi
See also Backbye work. other filliof. (Webster)
 )

56 GLOSSARY OF MINING AND MINERAL. INDUSTRY.

Backlash (Eng.) 1. The return or Back sight. 1. The reading of a level-

counterblast, as the recoil or back-
ward suction of the air current pro-
duced after a mine explosion.
(Gresley)
2. The reentry of air into a fan.
(Steel)
3. The
lost motion in gearing due to
poorly fitting parts.
Back leads. A term applied to black
sand "leads" on coast lines which
are above high- water mark. (Dur-
yee)
Back lye (Scot). A siding or shunt
on an underground tramway. (Gres-
ley)
Back of a lode. The portion of a lode
lying between a level driven in a
lode and the surface (Davies). See
also Back, 1.
Back ofore. The ore between two
levelswhich has to be worked from
the lower level (C. and M. M. P.).
See also Back, 1.
Back overman (No. of Eng.). A man
whose duty it is to look after the
condition of underground workings
and the safety of the men. (Gres-
ley)
Back plate. The amalgamated plate
inside and at the back of the mortar
box of a stamp mill.
Back pressure. The loss, expressed in
pounds per square inch, due to fail-
ure of getting the steam ut of the
<
cylinder after it has done its work.
(Ihlseng)
ing staff In Its unchanged posi-
tion when the leveling instrument
has been taken to a new position.
2. Any sight or bearing taken In n
backward direction. (Webster)
3. An observation made for verifica-
tion from one station to the one be-
hind It; the converse of foresight.
(Standard)
4. The rodman who Indicates, by
means of a range rod, leveling staff,
or plumb line, the exact location of
the backsight station. 5. Also the
station sighted, and in plane-table
trlangulatlon, the line of the plane-
table sheet by means of which the
table Is orientated by sighting back
to the station from which the line
was drawn as a foresight.
Back skin (Newc). A leather cover-
ing worn by men In wet workings.
(Raymond)
Back-slope. In geology, the less slop-
ing side of a ridge. Contrasted with
Escarpment, the steeper slope.
Called also Structural plain.
(Standard)
Back splinting (Scot). A system of
working a seam of coal over the
goaf and across the packs of a lower
seam taken out in advance by the
long- wall method. (Gresley)
3ackstay. A wrought-lron forked bar
attached to the back of cars when
ascending an inclined plane, which
throws them off the rails If the rope
or coupling breaks (C. and M. M.
P. ) See also Dragbar Drag, 1.
. ;

Back-pressure valve. A valve similar

to a low-pressure safety valve but Back stope. To mine a stope from
capable of being opened independ- working below. (Century)
ently of the pressure, thereby giving
free exhaust. (Nat. Tube Co.) Back stoping. See Overhand stuping;
Shrinkage utoping.
Backs. The ore above any horizontal
opening, such as a tunnel or drift Back switching. A zigzag arrange-
(Duryee). See Back, 1. ment of railway tracks by means
of which it is possible for a train
Backs and cutters. Jointed rock struc-
to reach a higher or lower level
tures, the backs (joints) of which
by a succession of easy grades
run in lines parallel to the strike of (Bowles) See also Switchback.
the stratum, the cutters (cross
joints) crossing them about at right Back-vent (Scot.). An alrcourse
angles. ( Standard alongside the pillar In wide rooms.
Ba^kshift (No. of Eng.). A second (Barrowman)
shift or relay of miners who begin
cutting coal after another set has Back work. 1. (Ark.) Loading coal,
begun to load It, at the same place. laying track, and other work of
(Century) driving an entry and not done at the
extreme face. (Steel) See alto
Back shot. A shot used for widening Backbye work.
an entry, placed at some distance 2. (Scot) See Back - coming, and
irom the bead of an entry. (Steel) Back splinting.
 ;

GLOSSARY OF MINING AND MINERAL INDUSTRY. 57

Beokworking (Scot.). Working a or tamping. Also called a Tamping

coal bed back or toward a shaft. bag. (Du Pont)
(Century) 2. (So. Staff.) A quantity of fire
damp suddenly given off by the coal
Bacon stone. An
name for a va-
old seam. (Gresley)
3. A cavity in
riety of alluding to its
steatite, a mine containing
greasy appearance. (Chester) gas or water. (Standard)
Bad air. Air vitiated by powder 4. (or Baggit) (Scot). To swell
fumes, noxious gases or insufficient
or bulge. (Barrowman)
ventilation. (Weed) Bagazo (Mex.). Waste from hand- jig-
Baddeleyite. Zirconium dioxide, ZrOa. ging. Mud from drill hole.
(D wight)
Badlands. A region nearly devoid of
vegetation where erosion, instead of Bag coal (Eng.). Coal put into coarse
carving hills and valleys of the or- canvas bags and sold in small quan-
dinary type, has cut the land into tities. (Gresley)
an Intricate maze of narrow ravines
and sharp crests and pinnacles. Bag house. A large room or chamber,
Travel across such a region is al- or series of "ooms at metallurgical
most impossible, hence the name. blast-furnace plants in which 3,000
(U. S. Geol. Surv., Bull. 613, p. 182). to 4,500 bags are suspended for
Badlands of the Da-
Specifically, the filteringfurnace gases. Also used
kotas. for the recovery of oxides, as arse-
nic, zinc, etc.
Bad place. Within the meaning of a
contract between the United Mine Bag of foulness (No. of Eng.). A
Workers and an Employers' Associa- cavity in a coal seam filled with
tion, a place in which the roof can fire damp under a high pressure,
not be made reasonably safe by the which, when cut into, is given off
ordinary propping usually done by with much force. See also Bag, 2.
the miner. (Duncan Coal Co. v. (Gresley)
Thompson, 162 Southwestern, p.
1140) Bag of gas (Eng.). A gas-fiUed cavity
found in seams of coal. See also
Baff ends (Eng.). Long wooden Bag, 2. (G. C. Green well)
wedges for adjusting linings in sink-
ing shafts. (C. and M. M. P.) Bag process. A method of recovering
Baffle. 1. That which defeats or
frus-
fluedust and also sublimed lead
trates, hence in the flotation process,
whereby furnace gases and fumes
the projections or wings that divert are passed through bags suspended
or interrupt the flow of pulp in a
in a bag-house. The furnace gases
are thus filtered and the particles in
vessel. (Rickard)
2. To brush out or
(Mid.) mix
suspension collected. (Hofman, p.
fire damp with air.
131)
(Gresley)
3. See Baffle plate.
Bag room. A dust chamber In which
Baffle plate. A
metal plate used to bags are suspended for filtering the
direct the flames and gas of a fur- furnace gases in the bag process.
nace to different parts o that all See also Bag house.
portions of it will be heated; a de-
flector. (Century)
Bagshot sands (Eng.). A series of
Lower Tertiary beds consisting
Baffler.1. (No. Staff.) The lever by chiefly of siliceous sand, and oc-
which the throttle-valve of a wind- cupying extensive tracts round Bag-
ing engine is worked. (Gresley) shot in Surrey, and in the New
2. A partition in a furnace so Forest, Hampshire. (Page)
placed as to aid the convection of
heat; a baffle plate. (Century) Bahar (Malay). A unit of weight
equal to 4 cwt. (Lock)
Baff week
(No. of Eng.). The week
next after the pay week, when wages Baikerinite. A thick tar-like fluid at
are paid fortnightly. (Gresley) 15°C., which constitutes 32.61 per
Bag. 1. A paper
cent of baikerite. (Bacon)
container 1 to 2
inches in diameter and 8 to 18 Baikerite. A wax-like mineral from
inches long, used for placing an the vicinity of Lake Baikal it is
inert material such as sand, clay, apparently about 60 per cent
etc., into a bore hole for stemming ozocerite. (Bacon)
68 GLOSSARY OF MINING AND MINERAL INDUSTRY.

Ball. To dip or throw out; as, to

1. Bajo. 1. (Mex.). Foot- wall. See Re-
bail water. 2. To clear of water spaldo. 2. (Colom.). Low-lying
by dipping or throwing it out; as alluvial mines which have to be un-
to bail a boat. (Standard) watered by artificial means; gen-
3. The handle of a bucket used for erally deposits in present river beds,
hoisting ore, rock, water, etc., from (Halse)
a mine.
Bake. To dry, harden, or vitrify by
Sailer. 1. A long cylindrical sheet- exposure to heat, as in a furnace
iron vessel fitted with a valve at its or kiln as, to bake pottery or
;

lower extremity, used for raising bricks. (Standard)

the oil from the bottom of the well Bakie (Scot). A sled, slipe, sleigh
to the surface. See also American or sledge. (Barrowman)
pump. (Mitzakis)
2. A
person who removes water Baknin. A Russian machine oil, pre-
from a mine by dipping it up with pared from Baku petroleum; it has
a bucket. (Steel) high viscosity and great power of
3. A metal tank, or skip, with a resisting cold. (Bacon)
valve in the bottom, used for un- Bal. ACornish name for a mine; a
watering a mine. cluster of mines. (Century)
Bailer shop. A term used in all Rus- Bala limestone. In Wales, a limestone
sian oil fields, for a shop in which belonging to the Cambrian system
bailers are made and kept in repair and equivalent to the Trenton in
for use at oil wells. (Mitzakis) New York, or at least in part.
(Emmons, 1860)
Bailiff (Eng.). A name formerly used
for manager of a mine. (Gresley) Balance. 1. (Eng.). The counter-
poise or weight attached by cable to
Bailing.1. One of the most common the drum of a winding engine to
ways by which the petroleum that balance the weight of the cage and
has collected at the bottom of a well hoisting cable and thus assist the
is brought to the surface. See engine in lifting the load out of the
Bailer, 1. (Mitzakis) shaft.
2. Unwatering a mine. See Bailer, 2. An instrumentfor weighing. See
2 and 3. Assay balance. 3. To weigh; to
Bailing drum. A light winding drum counterbalance or counterpoise. To
from 10 to 18 feet in circumference, settle as an account. (Webster)
4. (Nova Scotia). See Balance pit.
fixed in the derrick, usually driven
by belting from a motor, around Balance bob. A heavy lever ballasted
which the bailer rope is coiled. at one end, and attached at the
(Mitzakis) other to the pump rod, the weight
Bailing tub. A wooden tank about 6 of which it thus helps to carry.
feet in diameter by 6 feet in height When the shaft is deep, and the
placed on trestles over the mouth of pump rods are consequently very
an oil well, and into which the bailer heavy, balance bobs are put in at
is emptied. (Mitzakis) intervals of 200 or 300 feet, thus
relieving the strain on the rods
Bain (Scot.). Old form of Ben, 1,
themselves and on the engine (Ray-
which see. (Barrowman) mond). See also Bob.
Bait (No. of Eng.). Food taken by Balance box. A large box placed on
a miner during his shift. (Gresley) end of a balance bob and filled with
Bait-poke (No. of Eng.). A bag foi old iron, rock, etc., to counterbal-
carrying a miner's lunch. (Gresley) ance the weight of pump rods. (O.

Meal time under- and M. M. P.)

Bait time (Eng.).
ground. A term in use in Northum- Balance brow. (No. Staff.). A self-
berland and Durham; in other dis- acting inclined plane down which
tricts "snap" or "whiff." ( Red- the cars of coal are lowered and
may ne) the empties elevated upon a carriage
or platform (Gresley). Also call-
Baixada (Braz.). Low country, as
ed Balance plane; Back balance.
the valley of a river. (Halse)
Balance car. 1. In quarrying, a car
Bajada (Sp.). A ladder-way. (Lucas)
loaded with iron or stone and con-
Baja de metales (Peru.). Lowering of nected by means of a steel cable
ores from mine to mill. (D wight) with a channeling machine operat-
 GLOSSABT OF MINING AND MINEBAL INDUSTRY. 69

Ing on an inclined track. Its pur- Balkstone (Eng.). A provincial name

pose is to counteract the force of given to an impure stratified lime-
gravity and thus enable the chan- stone. (Humble)
neling machine to operate with equal
ease up and down hill. (Bowles)
Ball. A
pasty mass of puddled iron;
a loup. (Standard)
2. A small weighted truck mounted
upon a short inclined track, and Balland (No. of Eng.). Pulverized
carrying a sheave around which the lead ore after separation from the
rope of an endless haulage system gangue (Century). Lead concen-
passes as it winds off the drum. trates.
(C. and M. M. P.) Ballast. Broken stone, gravel, sand,
Balanced shot. In coal mining, a shot etc., used for keeping railroad ties
for which the drill hole is parallel in place. (O. and M. M. P.)
to the face of the coal that is to Ballast car. A
car used for carrying
be broken by it. (Steel) ballast, may be unloaded
which
from the side or bottom. (Webster)
Balance gate. A gate hung in the
middle on a horizontal or vertical Ballast engine. A
steam engine used
axis, as a flood gate, to facilitate in excavating and for digging and
turning in a current. raising stones and gravel for bal-
last. (Webster)
Balance pit (Eng.). The pit or shaft
in which a balance (counter weight) Ballast hammer. A hammer with a
rises and falls. ((Presley) long handle and two faces, used to
break stone ballast. (Webster)
Balance plane. An inclined plane up
which empty cars are hoisted by Ballasting. 1. The act of furnishing
the weight of descending loaded with ballast. 2. Material for bal-
cars. Also called Balance brow. last (Standard). See also Ballast.
Balance rope (Scot.). A rope hung Ballast-shovel. A spoon-pointed shovel
under the cage in a shaft to coun- having a thick body. (Standard)
terbalance the winding rope. (Bar-
rowman)
Ball breaker. A
steel or iron ball
that is hoisted by a derrick and
Balanza (Mex.). A balance; small allowed to fall on blocks of waste
scales. (Halse) stone for the purpose of breaking
them. (Bowles)
Balanzon (Mex.). Main beam or bal-
ance bob of a Cornish pumping en- Ball clay. A
plastic white-burning
gine. (Dwight) clay used as a bond in chinaware
(Ries). Called also Pipe clay.
Balas; Balas-ruby. A rose-red variety
of spinel. Corruption of Badakh- Ball grinder. A pulverizer or disinte-
shan, a locality in Afghanistan, grator formed by balls of metal in-
where it is found. (Power) closed in a rotating cylinder. The
material to be crushed is broken by
Bald. Without framing. Said of a the attrition of the rolling balls
mine timber which has a flat end. (Century).
(Sanders, p. 142)
Balling. The aggregation of iron, In
Balde (Chile). A kibble. (Halse)
the puddling or the bloomery
Balistite. See Ballistite. process, into balls or loups. (Ray-
mond)
Balk. (Eng.) A more or less sud-
1.
den thinning out, for a certain dis- Balling furnace. 1. A kind of rever-
tance, of a bed of coal; a nip or beratory furnace used in alkali
want. Also spelled Baulk (Cen- works. 2. A furnace in which piles
tury). Also failure of coal in a or fagots of wrought iron are placed
coal stratum. (Tennessee Copper to be heated preparatory to rolling.
Co. V. Gadley, 207 Federal, p. 297) (Century)
2. A timber for supporting the roof Balling head. An attachment at the
of a mine, or for carrying any heavy end of a carding machine for re-
load. (Gresley) ceiving and balling the wool silver.
Balk - ground foreman. A foreman (Webster)
whose duties are to inspect and to Balling tool. A
used In collecting
tool
see that the coal is properly mined into a mass the iron
in a puddling
where there are balks in the mine furnace preparatory to taking it to
(Tennessee Copper Co. v. Gadley, the hammer or squeezer; a rabbki.
207 Federal, p. 297). See Balk, 1. (Century)
 )

60 GLOSSARY OF MllTlKG AKD MINERAL INDUSTRY.

Ball iTonstone. 1. (So. Staff.) Strata Ball-tiff. See Tiff, 2.

containing large argillaceous no- Ball vein. A vein in which nodular
dules of ironstone. (Gresley)
iron ore occurs; also, the ore itseW
2. Nodular iron ore. (Webster)
(Standard). See tiJso Ball iron-
Ballistite; Balistite. A smokeless pow- stone, 1.
der consisting essentially of soluble Balmaiden (Corn.). A girl employed
cellulose nitrates and nitroglycerin.
in the mines. (Standard)
It dark
is colored and rubbery.
(Webster) Balnstone (No. of Eng.). Stone or
rock forming the roof. (Gresley)
Ball joint. A flexible pipe joint made
in the shape of a ball or sphere. Balsa (Mex.). 1. A movable plat-
(Nat. Tube Co.) form suspended from a cable, used
in timbering shafts. 2. A pool of
Ball mill. A short tube mill (which
see) of relatively large diameter in stagnant water in a mine. (Dwight)
which grinding is done by steel Baltimorite. A grayish-green, silky,
balls instead of pebbles. The dis- fibrous, splintery serpentine: pos-
charge is usually through a screen. sibly an altered asbestos. (Stand-
Ball mine. Same as Ball ironstone, 1. ard)
( Century Bamboo. In ceramics, cane-colored
Ball-Norton magnetic separator. An porcelain biscuit (unglazed porce-
apparatus consisting of two revolv- lain) used In making domestic
ing drums within each of which is a utensils. (Standard)
series of stationary electromagnets
extending the working length of Bamboo ware. In ceramics, a yellow
the drum, but corresponding only
variety of Wedgwood ware named
to a portion of the periphery. The from its color. (Standard)
ore is fed on the top of the first Banakite. A general name given by
drum, and as the drum revolves, Iddlngs to a group of Igneous rocks
the magnetic particles adhere to it, In the eastern portion of the Yellow-
while the nonmagnetic fall into a stone Park, and chiefly in dikes.
tailings bin below. The magnetic They are porphyritic and richly
particles, beyond the magnets, are feldspathic. The phenocrysts are
thrown off by centrifugal force labradorlte and the groundmass
against the second drum. This consists of alkali-feldspars. A little
either rotates faster or has a weaker blotite and subordinate auglte may
magnetic field than the first drum, be present. The group should be
so that those particles least strongly considered In connection with ab-
attracted by the first drum fall saroklte and shoshonlte. (Kemp)
from the second, making a middling
product. (Liddell)
Banatite. A name coined by B. v.
Cotta In 1865 to describe the dlorl-
Ballon (Fr.). 1. A form of geological tlc rocks that are connected with a
upheaval resulting in mountains, and series of ore deposits in the
characterized by rounded domes. Austrian province of the Banat
(Standard) Accurate microscopical study has
2.The metal prolong fixed to a zinc shown them to be of such varying
condenser. mineralogy that the name has now
Ball porphyry. A variety of quartz slight definite significance. The
prophyry in which balls of felsite rocks are largely quartz-diorites.
are developed. (Power) (Kemp)
Ball soda. Crude soda. (Century) Banco (Sp.). 1. A carpenter's bench.
Ball stamp (Lake Sup.). A stamp for 2. A bed of mineral having
solid
crushing rock, operated directly by two faces exposed. 3. B. de piedra,
steam power, the stem of the stamp any one bed or stratum of stone in
being at the same time the piston a quarry. 4. B. de tierra, a ground
rod of a st^^am cylinder. (Ray- sill, a mud sill. 5. (Mex.) Hard
mond) rock which narrows a vein, or
Ballstone. (Eng.). 1. A concretion- makes it change its course. A
ary mass of crystalline limestone horse. (Halse)
occurring in the form of balls, vary- 6. (Mex.). The crucible of a blast-
ing greatly in size, in the Wenlock furnace. 7. B. de herrar, a horse

limestone. Called also Wool pack. shoeing shop. (Dwight)

(Standard) Banco de avios (Sp.). A bank which
2. (No. Staff.) An ancient term advances funds for the working of
for ironstone. (Gresley) mines. (Halse)
 GLOSSARY OF MIKING AND MINERAL INDUSTRY. 61

Band. 1. other rock Inter-

Slate or Bank. 1. (Derb.) The face of the
stratlfied with coal. Commonly coal at which miners are working.
called Middle band In Arkansas; 2. An ore deposit or coal bed worked
also Dirt band, Sulphur band, or by surface excavations or drifts
other band, as the case may be. above water-level. (Raymond)
(Steel) 3. In English districts the area im-
2. (Corn.) A bed or seam of coal. mediately surrounding the mouth of
3. (So. Staff.) A winding rope or a shaft; the landing at the top.
chain. (Gresley) (Chance)
Banda (Mex.). 1. Bolt. (Dwight)
4. (Cumb.) A large heap or stack
of mineral on the surface of the
2. Bank of a river. (H.ilse)
ground. 5. To manipulate coal, etc.,
Band brake. A hand or power-actu- on the bank. (Gresley)
ated brake of a hoisting engine, con- Bank Inside foreman of a mine;
boss.
sisting ofa broad steel band lined a mine boss a mine captain. (Roy)
;

with blocks of wood or other ma-

terial,and which operates against Bank claim. A mining claim on the
the surface of the winding drum. bank of a stream. (Skinner)
Bandeada (Mex.). Banded structure Bank-engine (Eng.). An engine at
of veins. (Dwight) the mouth of a mine shaft. (Stand-
ard)
Banded structure. A term applied to
veins having distinct layers or Banker-off (Aust). The man who at-
bands. This may be due to succes- tends to taking skips off the cage.
sive periods of deposition, or replace- (Power)
ment of some earlier rock. (Far-
Banket (Trans.). 1. A conglomerate
rell)
containing suflicient gold, or any
Banded vein. A vein made up of lay- other valuable metal, to be exploited
ers of different minerals parallel as an ore deposit.
with the walls (Power). Also 2. (Eng.) A stone-masons' or
called Ribbon vein. bricklayers' bench, on which to trim
stone or brick. (Standard)
Bandera (Mex.). A
flag used in sur-
veying to mark points. (Dwight) Bank head. The nearly level upper
Banderilla (Sp.). A paper cone kept
end of an inclined plane, next to
the engine or drum. (C. and M.
in position by a piece of clay, used
M. P.)
to mark the position of drill holes.
(Halse) Bank-head machinery (Eng.). The
Bandf ul ( A
cage or, strict-
So. Staff. ) .
hoisting, dumping and screening
equipment at a coal-mining shaft.
ly speaking, a rope load; e. g., a
(Gresley)
handful of men ( Gresley ) Compare .

Bant. Bank hook (Mid.). An iron hook

(Eng.). 1. A miner who
with which the banksman pulls the
Bandsman
full cars off the cage. (Gresley)
operates the hoisting rope or band
(Webster). A hoistman. Banking. (Mid.)
1. Sorting and
2. A loader or filler of coal, etc., un- loading coal at the bank. 2. (Cumb.)
derground. (Gresley) Heaping up minerals on the surface
for future sale. (Gresley)
Bandstone (White Cliff, N. S. W.).
Flat bands of a usually harder na- Bank-level (York.). The level head-
ture than the adjoining strata, con- ing from which the bank is worked
taining more or less opal, but found (Century). See also Bank, 1.
either just above or below the work-
able seams of opal. (Power)
Bank of ovens. A row of ovens for
converting coal Into coke. (Power)
Band wheel. The belt wheel on the Bank-out (No. of Eng.). Tostore coal
axis of the drum which drives the
at the surface when short of wagons,
walking beam of a well drill.
or cars. (Gresley)
(Mitzakis)
(Eng.). A coarse stopping
Bank plates (Eng.).
Cast-iron sheets
Bangerts.
with which a landing is floored for
for holding earth in place. (Hunt)
the more expeditious manipulation
Banging-pieces ( Eng. ) . See Catches, 1. of cars (Gresley). A turn-sheet.
Banjo (Scot). An iron frame for Bank right (Aust). The right to
carrying a false clack, or valve. divert water to a bank claim,
(Barrowman) (Da vies)
 ) ;

62 GLOSSARY OF MIHING AND MINERAL INDUSTRY.

Banksman. 1. (Eng.). The man In posit, generally submerged, In th«

attendance at the mouth of a shaft slack portion of a stream (Web-
<vho superintends the work of sort- ster). Accumulations of gravel
ing and loading the coal (Gresley). along the banks of a stream, and,
Sometimes called Lander. which, when worked by the miners
2. (Aust.). See Banker-off. for gold, are called Bar diggings
(Hanks)
Bankswoman (Eng.). A woman em- 5. A length of timber placed hori-
ployed at the mine, to pick rock zontally for supporting the roof.
from, and clean the coal for the (Gresley). Synonym for Cap-piece
market. (Gresley) in Australia. 6. See Sinker bar.
Bank to Bank. A shift The period
included between the time a miner
Baraboo. A Monadnock which has
arrives at the working face and the
been buried by a series of strata
time he leaves it.
and subsequently reexposed by the
partial erosion of these younger
Bank-work (York.). A system of strata. (Lahee, p. 322)
working coal in South Yorkshire.
(Gresley) Barba (Mex.). Fire-bridge. (Dwight)

Bannock. 1. hole on
(So. Staff.) To Barbados earth. A deposit consisting
the top of a seam.
(Shrop.). 2. of fossil radiolarians. See Tripoli.
Brownish-gray clay suitable for (Chamberlin, vol. 1, p. 630)
making into fire brick. (Gresley)
Barbados tar. The dark green or black
Bano (Mex.). Excess of mercury petroleum of Barbados, which was
added to the torta to collect amal- formerly widely used in medicine.
gam. (D wight) (Bacon)
Baiios (Mex.). Water collected In Barbotine. A thin clay paste used In
old mine workings. (Halse) low relief ornamentation of pottery.
Banque (Sp.). Underhand stoping. (Standard)
(Halse) Bar diggings (Pac). Gold-washing
Banquear (Colom.). To level ground claims located on the bars (shallows)
to grade for building purposes, or of a stream, and worked when the
for depositing ore. (Halse) water is low, or otherwise, with the
aid of cofferdams (Raymond).
Banqueo (Colom.). Ground leveled See also Bar, 4, and Diggings.
for building purposes, or for deposit-
ing ore. (Halse) Bardiglio marble. An Italian stone
Banqueria (BoL). In alluvial mining, obtained on Montalto, on the south-
a thick bed of blocks of granite, ern borders of Tuscany. (Merrill)
schists, and quartz. (Halse) Bar drill. A drill similar to the tripod
Banquillos (Sp.). Stools on which drill,but mounted on a bar sup-
the marquetas are placed. (Min. ported by four legs. (Bowles)
Jour. Bare (Eng.). To strip or cut by the
Bant (Derb.). A certain number of side of a fault, boundary, etc.
men, usually three or four, who, (Gresley). To make bare.
prior to the introduction of cages,
used to ride up and down a shaft Bareqiiear (Colom.). In placer mining,
sitting in short loose pieces of chain to extract as much of the pay gravel
attached to a hemp rope, with their as possible, without method, leaving
knees pointing inward toward the the overburden untouched. (Halse)
center of the shaft. There were Barequeo (Colom.). Extracting the
usually two bants, the lower or rich ore by crude means. (Halse)
bottom bant which was composed
of men, and the upper or foaley Barequero (Colom.). A placer miner
bant which was made up of lads a who uses crude methods of alluvial
few feet above the heads of the men washing (Halse). A spoiler. (Lu-
(Gresley). Compare Bont, 1; also cas)
Tacklers. Barfe Saturday (No. of Eng.). The
Saturday upon which wages are
Bar. 1. A drilling or tamping rod.
not paid. (Gresley)
2. a vein or dike crossing a lode.
(Hanks) Barff's process. A method of protect-
3. A bank of sand, gravel, or other ing iron from rusting by oxidizing
material, especially at the mouth of it with superheated steam. (Web-
a river or harbor. 4. A placer de- ster)
 GLOSSARY OF MINING AND MINERAL. INDUSTRY.
Bargain. Portion of mine worked by
a gang on contract. (G. and M. M.
P.)
Bargain-men (Newc). Men who work
(Min.
by the bargain or contract.
Jour.)
Bargain-work (No. of Eng.). Under-
ground work done by contract, e. g.
driving headings, road laying, etc.
(Gresley)
Barges (Scot.). Sheets of iron, zinc,
or wood, used in wet shafts or work-
ings for diverting the water to one
side. (Barrowman)
Barilla. An impure sodiumcarbonate
and sulphate obtained by burning
various species of land or marine
plants; soda-ash. Used in making
glass, soap, etc. (Standard)
Baring. 1. A making bare an uncov-
;
ering (Webster). See Stripping, 2.
2. The surface soil and useless
strata overlying a seam of coal,
clay. Iron-stone, etc., which has to
be removed preparatory to working
the mineral. (Gresley)
3. The small coal made in under-
cutting a coal seam. (Webster)
Barite. Sulphate of barium, BaSO*;
also called Heavy-spar, from its high
specific gravity. When finely ground
It is used as an Ingredient in certain
paints, especially in place of white
lead. Also called Parytes.
Bario (Mex.). Barium. (Dwight)
Baritina (Sp.). Heavy spar; barite
(Lucas)
Barium. A chemical element belong-
ing to the group of metals whose
oxides are the alkaline earths. It
Is yellowish white, somewhat mal-
leable, fusible at high temperature,
burning easily when heated in air.
Sp. gr. 3.6; atomic weight, 137.37;
symbol, Ba. (Century). The com-
mercial minerals are barite and
witherite.
Barium sulphate. Barite, BaS04.
Barkevikite. A variety of amphibole
close to arfvedsonite in composition.
(Dana)
Barley; Barley coal. A steam size of
anthracite known also as buckwheat
No 8, sized on a round punched
plate. It passes through i-inch
holes. At some mines It has to pass
over !^-inch holes and at others over
A-inch holes. The American Soci-
ety of Mechanical Engineers has rec-
ommended that with a screen with
circular holes, barley shall pass
through 1^-inch holes and pass over
A-inch holes.
63
Barmaster (Derb.). A mining official
who dues or royalties,
collects the
presides over the barmote, etc.
(From Germ. Berffmeister). (Ray-
mond)
Bar mining. The mining of river bars,
usually between low. and high
waters, although the stream is
sometimes deflected and the bar
worked below water level (0. and
M. M. P.). See also Bar diggings.
Barmote (Derb.). A hall or court in
which trials relative to lead mines
are held. (Min. Jour.)
Barney. A small car, or truck, at-
tached to a rope and used to push
cars up a slope or inclined plane
(Raymond). Also called Bullfrog,
Donkey, Ground hog, Larry, Ram,
Mule, and Truck.
Barney-pit. A pit at the bottom of a
slope or plane, into which the barney
is lowered to allow the mine car to
run over it to the foot of the plane.
(Chance)
Barnhardtite. A massive orange-yel-
low copper and iron sulphide.
(Standard)
Bar of ground (Eng.). An intersecting
vein of different mineral substances
(Bainbridge). A horse.
Barolite.Wadsworth's name for rocka
composed of barite or celestite.
(Kemp)
Barometer. An Instrument for deter-
mining the weight or pressure of the
atmosphere, and hence for judging
of probable changes of weather, or
for ascertaining the height of any
ascent, etc. (Webster)
Barometer holiday (Derb.). Any day
on which no work is carried on
underground, owing to the very low
state of the barometer (for instance,
when it drops below say 29 inches),
as much fire damp may be expected
to be given off in the mine. (Gres-
ley)
Bar6metro (Mex. ) . Barometer.
(Dwight)
Barquin (Sp.). A large bellows used
in Iron works. (Halse)
Barquina (Sp. Am.). A large furnace.
(Halse)
Barra (Mex.). 1. Bar or ingot. 2. A
share In a mine. (The ancient
Spanish laws considered a mine as
divided into 24 parts, each of which
was called a barra.) B. viudas or
aviada* are non-assessable shares,
 )

64 GLOSSARY OF MINING AND MINERAL INDUSTRY.

which participate In the profits, but Barrenar (Mex.). To drill; to fire a

not in the expenses of mining.
3. B. azuela, a bar with a chisel bit.
4. B. de plata, silver in bars. 5. B.
pica, or B. de punta, a bar with a
diamond-shaped point. 6. B.
una, a claw bar for drawing spikes.
(Dwight)
Barracks shale. One of the principal
oil-shale seams of Scotland.
con)
Barradura (Sp. Am.). Raking into
the sluice; scraping. (Lucas)
Barranca (Sp.). A ravine; a washout
made by a heavy fall of rain.
(Hanks)
Barrandite. A bluish, reddish, green-
ish, or yellowish-gray hydrous fer-
ric aluminum phosphate, (Al Fe)-
P04 4-2H20, found in spheroidal con-
centration. ( Standard
Barrel. 1. The water-cylinder
of a
pump. A
piece of small pipe in-
2.
serted in the end of a cartridge to
carry the squib to the powder. 3.
vessel used in amalgamation. (Ray-
mond)
4.The body of a windlass or a cap-
stan about which the cable winds.
(Webster)
Barrel amalgamation. See
process.
Barrel chlorination. See Barrel proc-
ess.
Barrel copper. Native copper occur-
ring in small masses, separated
easily from the matrix and shipped
in barrels to the smelter (Webster).
See also Barrel work; Barrilla, 1
and 2.
Barrel process. A process of extract-
ing gold or silver by treating the
ore In a revolving barrel, or drum,
with mercury, chlorine, cyanide so-
lution or other reagent (Webster)
Barrel quartz. A term applied to cer-
tain corrugated veinlets of gold-
bearing quartz found In Nova Sco-
tia. (Ore Dep., p. 399)
Barrel-work (Lake Sup.). Native cop-
per occurring In pieces of a size to
be sorted out by hand in sufficient
purity for smelting without me-
chanical concentration (Raymond).
Also called Barrel copper.
Barren. Not containing mineral of
value (Duryee). Not productive.
Barrena (Mex.). A hand drill for
blasting. B. viva, a s^arp drill;
muerta, a dull drill. (Dwight)
round of holes. (Dwight)
Barrenarse (Hex.). To connect with
each other (as two mines or work-
de ings). (Dwight)
Barren contact. A contact vein, or
a place in the contact vein, which
has no mineral. (Crofutt)
(Ba- Barrenero (Sp.). 1. A driller.
2. A
boy who attends the boring tools.
(Halse)
Barren ground. Strata containing
seams of coal that are not of a
workable thickness. In metal min-
ing, ground that does not contain
ore.
Barren measures. Coal measures with-
out workable seams. (Standard)
Barreno (Mex.). 1. A drill hole. 2.
A communication between two mine
workings 3. B. en agua, a down-
ward hole. 4. B. en seco, an up-
ward hole. (Dwight)
6. B. d techo, a drill hole in the
A roof. 6. B. tenido, a drill hole in
the floor. 7. B. de viento, a jumper
or churn drill. (Halse)
Barren solution. A working cyanide
solution that contains little or no
precious metal. The term refers to
Barrel solution after precipitation of gold
or silver, as distinct from pregnant
solution.
Barrer (Sp.). To sweep.
B. por
pena (Colom.). To rake
the gold-
bearing gravel from bed rock with
hoes. B. un hoyo, a similar opera-
tion applied to more limited areas.
B. el canuldn, an analogous opera-
tion in a ground sluice. B. por
planes, to work in the upper part of
the gold-bearing gravel, when it is
not possible to clean up the bed
rock. (Halse)
Barreta. 1. (Mex.). A crowbar. 2.
B. perdida (Peru). Dead work in
unprofitable prospecting. (Dwight)
Barretero. (Sp.).1. A borer; a
driller. (Peru).
2. A miner who
works with pick, crowbar, and
wedges. (Halse)
3. (Mex.). A first-class miner, able
to locate, direct, drill, and blast
holes. (Dwight)
Barricade. An artificial mound of
earth, usually as high as the eaves
of a magazine roof, erected to de-
flect the force of an explosion up-
ward and to protect the inclosed
B building from flying objects. (D«
Pont)
 GLOSSARY OF MINING AND MINERAL INDUSTRY. 65

Barrier. 1. A solid block or rib of Barrow tram. A shaft or handle of a

coal, left unworked between two col- wheelbarrow. (Webster)
lieries or mines for security against
accidents (Gresley). See also Bar- Bars (Eng.). Strong timbers placed
rier pillar. horizontally for supporting boards
2. A low ridge built by wave action by which the faces of the excava-
near shore. (Chamberlin) tion for a tunnel are supported.
The " crown-bars " support the up-
Barrier pillar. A large pillar of coal per part of the excavation; the
left at intervals to localize the dam- " side bars " the lateral portions.
age resulting from a crush or (Simms)
squeeze, inrush of water, or a mine
explosion. Barrow-way (Newc). A level through
which coal or ore is wheeled.
Barrier system (No. of Eng.). An ap- (Raymond)
proved method of working a colliery
by pillar and stall, where solid Bar screen. Adevice for separating
ribs or barriers of coal are left in different sizes of coal. It consists
between working places. (Gresley) of a number of parallel inclined
bars at regular distances apart
Barril (Sp.). 1. A cask or barrel. along which the coal slides by grav-
2. B. de amalgamacidn, amalgama- ity. See also Grizzly. (Steel)
tion barrel. (Halse)
Par-timbering. A system of support-
Barrilla (Bol.). 1. Native copper dis-
ing a tunnel roof by long top bars
seminated in copper ore. 2. Copper-
while the entire lower tunnel-core
ore concentrate. 3. Tin-ore concen-
is taken out, leaving an open space
trate containing 60 to 70 per cent
for the masons to run up the arch-
metallic tin. 4. (Colom.) In gold
mining, wooden divisions in blanket
ing. Under certain conditions the
bars are withdrawn after the ma-
strakes, copper plates, etc. (Halse)
sonry is completed, otherwise they
Barring. 1. (Eng.). The timbers in are bricked in and not drawn.
the workings for keeping up the (Ihlseng)
roof. 2. (Scot). The timber wall-
ing or casing of shafts. 3. (York). Bartlett table. A three-shelf table
Using an iron bar to remove loose driven by an eccentric that gives it
rocks after blasting. (Gresley) a vanning motion. Ore and water
are fed on the upper shelf giving
Barring-down. Removing
1. loose two products, heads and tailings.
rocks in the roof of a mine by The latter are retreated on the sec-
means of a bar. 2. Loosening ore ond shelf, and the tailings go to the
in a bin by means of a bar, so it third or lower shelf for retreatment.
will flow through the chute.
Barring scrap. Prying adhering scrap
Bartolina (Mex.). A watchman's
metal from runners, ladles, or
house at the mine-entrance.
(Dwight)
skimmers. (Willcox)
Barrio (Mex.). A settlement. (Lucas) Barybiotite. A variety of biotite con-
taining barium oxide. (Standard)
Barro 1. Clay,
(Sp.). loam, mud,
earth. B. de olleros, potters' clay.
2.
Barysphere. The central or deep in-
3. Argillaceous marl. 4. (Colom.) terior portions of the earth, pre-
Overburden of auriferous alluvial sumably composed of heavy metals
deposits. 5. (Braz.) A layer of or minerals. It Is contrasted with
fine sand mixed with clay. (Halse) Llthosphere, the outer stony shell
(Kemp). Also called Pyrosphere.
Barrow. 1. A vehicle in which ore,
coal, etc., wheeled. 2. (Corn.)
is
Baryta. Barium oxide.
A heap of attle or rubbish a dump, ; Earyta green. A pigment, essentially
(Raymond) 3. A wicker basket in barium manganate. (Webster)
which salt is put to drain. 4.
(Eng.) A mountain or hill. (Web- Baryta white. A pigment made of
barite, BaSO*.
ster)
Barrow man (Eng.). One who con-
Barjrtes. See Barite.
veys coal underground in a wheel- Baryto. A combining form denoting
barrow from the working places to the presence of barium, as In
the haulage ways (Gresley). Also barytocsilcite, and barj/^ocelestitft
called Putter. (Standard)
75242°
66 GLOSSARY OF MINING AND MINERAL INDUSTRY.

Barytocalclte. A
carbonate of barium Basanite is now universally em-
and calcium, BaCOs.CaCOs. (Dana) polyed for those volcanic rocks that
possess a porphyritic of felsitic tex-
Basal cleavage. Same as pinacoidal;
ture and that contain plagioclase,
cleavage parallel to the basal pina-
augite, olivine and nepheline or leu-
coid, i. e., perpendicular to the direc-
cite, one or both, each variety being
tion of elongation. (Butler)
distinguished by the prefix of one or
Basal conglomerate. A conglomeratfe the other, or of both of the last
or coarse sand^one forming the named minerals. (Kemp)
lowest member of a series of re-
lated strata which lie unconform-
Basanitoid. A term suggested by
Bucking for basaltic rocks, without
ably on older rocks. It records
definite nepheline, but with a glassy
the progressive encroachment of the
base. (Kemp)
seabeach on the former dry land.
(Standard) Bascnla (Mex.). A scale for weighing
ore charges. (Dwight)
Basal plane. A plane parallel to the
lateral or horizontal axes of a crys- Base. 1. A compound capable of re-
tal. (Webster) acting with acids to form salts.
2.The basal plane of a crystal. 3.
Basalt. A word of ancient but un- The ground mass of a fused magma,
certain etymology. It is employed
especially if glassy or not visibly
as a rock name in its restricted
crystalline. See also Beisis. 4. Aline
sense for porphyritic and felsitic in a survey which, being accurately
rocks consisting of augite, olivine
determined, in length and position
and plagioclase with varying
serves as the origin for computing
amounts of a glassy base which may the disitances and relative positions
entirely disappear. In a broader
of remote points and objects by tri-
sense the basalt or basaltic group angulation. 5. The point or line
is used to include all the dark, basic,
from which a start is made in any
volcanic rocks, such as the true
action or operation as, a price used
;
basalts; the nepheline-, leucite-, and
as a unit from which to calculate
melilite-basalts the augitites and
;
other prices is often called Base
limburgites; the diabases, and me-
price. 6. Of little comparative
laphyres. (Kemp) value, as metals inferior to silver
Basalt glass. A black glassy form of and gold, which are precious metals.
basalt. (Webster) Alloyed with an inferior metal.
(Webster)
Basaltic. Pertaining to, formed of, or
7. The artificial foundation of a
containing basalt; as basaltic lava.
pavement. (Bacon)
(Webster)
Base bullion. The commercial name
Basaltic hornblende. A variety of
for argentiferous lead, as distin-
hornblende found in volcanic rocks. guished from silver or gold bullion.
(A. F. Rogers)
Compare Bullion, 1. (Hofman, p.
Basaltiform. In the form of basalt; 347)
columnar. (Webster) Base course. The first or lowest
Basaltine. 1. Same as Basaltic. 2. course of a wall, as of a foundation.
Same as Augite. (Standard) Also called Foundation course.
(Webster)
Basalting. 1. A pavement made of
blast furnace slag. 2. The process Base goods. A term generally used to
or operation of covering, as a road, denote a material made by treating
with slag. (Standard) phosphate rock and some nitroge-
nous substance with sulphuric acid.
Basalto (Sp.). Basalt. (Min. Jour.)
Hair, leather, scrap fur, wool waste,
Basalt ware. In ceramics, a variety feathers, shoddy, etc., are the ni-
of Wedgwood ware with a black trogenous materials most often used.
body. (Standard) Base is made with the same ma-
Basanite. A very old term, first used chinery that is used for making acid
as a synonym for Basalt; also phosphate, and methods of oper-
formerly applied to the black, finely ation are about the same. (Amer.
crystalline quartzite, used by old- Fert. Hand Book, 1917, p. 41)
time workers in the precious metals Base level. 1. The level below which
as a touchstone or test-stone by a land surface can not be reduced
which to distinguish gold from brass by running water. (Webster)
by the streak. This variety was 2. To reduce by erosion to or to-
often called Lydian stone or Lydite. ward a base level. (Standard)
 )

GLOSSARY OF MINING AND MINERAL INDUSTRY. 67

Base llnft A line taken as the founda- rock containing less than 55 per cent
tion of operations in trigonometrical of silica, free or combined. (6) An
and geological surveys (Emmons). igneous r( ck in which minerals com-
See also Base, 4. paratively low In silica and rich ic
the metallic bases, such as the amphi-
Basement complex. A series of rocks boles. the pyroxenes, biotite, and
of great obscurity and complexity olivine, are dominant. (c) Very
beneath the dominantly sediment- loosely, an igneous rock composed
ary rocks. They are at the bottom dominantly of dark-colored minerals.
of the known series, but since they In all three senses contrasted with
are not the true base or foundation, acid.
they are properly termed the Ar- The term is misleading and unde-
chean complex (Chamberlin). The sirable and is going out of use. As
rocks of the Archean system. used in the first sense above it is be-
Base metal. Any metal as iron, lead, ing replaced by subsiUcic and as
etc., which
altered by exposure to
is used in the second sense it should be
the air, etc., in contrast with the replaced by 7naftc or by some term
noble or precious metals. (Web- denoting the dominant mineral or
ster) minerals. (La Forge) See Basic. 2.
Baseness. 1. Liability to rust. 2. Basic salt. A salt in which the acid
Inferiority due to alloy. (Stand- part of the compound is not suffi-
ard) cient to satisfy all the bonds of the
base. (Dana)
Bash (So. Wales). To fill with rub-
bish the spaces from which the Basic slag.The slag produced in steel
coal has been mined. (Gresley) making in the Thomas furnace, in
which a basic calcareous or mag-
Basic. 1. In chemistry, performing
nesian lining is used in the con-
the oflSce of a base in a salt; hav-
verter, and lime, either alone or
ing the base in excess. 2. Having
with oxide of iron, is added to the
more than one equivalent of the charge of metal. Phosphorus is re-
base for each equivalent of acid.
tained in the slag and carried off.
(Century)
(Standard)
2. In geology, a general descriptive
term for those igneous rocks that Basic steel. Steel made by the basic
are comparatively low in silica. process. (Standard)
About 55 or 50 per cent is the su- Basin. 1. A large or small depression
perior limit. Compare Acidic. in the surface of the land, the low-
(Kemp) est part of which may be occupied
3. In furnace practice, a slag in
by a lake or pond. 2. An area or
which the earthy bases are in excess
tract having certain common feat-
of the amount required to form a
ures throughout, particularly a
neutral slag with the silica present.
tract where the strata dip from all
( Raymond sides toward a center. (Webster)
Basic lining. A lining for furnaces, 3. A natural depression of strata
converters, etc., formed of non- containing a coal bed or other
siliceous material, usually limestone, stratified deposit. 4. The deposit
dolomite, lime, magnesia, or iron itself. (Raymond)
oxide. (Raymond) Basining. In geology, a settlement of
Basic-lining process. An improvement the ground in the form of basins,
of the Bessemer process, in which, in many cases, at least, due to the
by the use of a basic lining In the solution and transportation of un-
converter and by the addition of derground deposits of salt and
basic materials during the blow, it gypsum. Such basining produces
is possible to eliminate phosphorus numerous depressions, from those of
from the pig iron, and keep it out a few square yards to those 50
of the steel. (Raymond) square miles in area, in the high-
plains region east of the Rocky
Basic price. As applied to the price
Mountains. (Standard)
of metals, it is that figure at which
the price is a minimum. See Nor- Basis; Base. A
term employed to de*
mal price. (H. C. Hoover, p. 36) scribe that part of a fused rock mag-
Basic process. See Basic-lining process.
ma that in cooling fails to crystallize
as recognizable minerals, but chills
Basic rock. A term
rather loosely as a glass, or related amorphous
used in generally to mean
litholoj.,..- aggregate. It differs thus from
one of the following: (o) An igneous groundmass, which Is the relatively
 ) )

68 QLOSSARY OF MINING AND MINERAL INDUSTRY.

fine portion of a porphyritic rock as Bastnasitc. A greasy, wax-yellow, fluo-

distinguished from the phenocrysts. carbonate of cerium melals, crystal-
(Kemp) lizing in the monoclinic system.
(Dana)
Basker (Eng.). Old cloth use to cover
wet holes to prevent splashing while Bastonite. A greenish-brown mica that
drilling. (Bainbridge) is closely related to phlogoplte.
(Standard)
Basket (So. Staff.). 1. A shallow pan
into which small coal is raked for Basura de plomo (Mex.). Lead dross.
loading into cars. 2. (Leic.) A (D wight)
measure of weight (2 cwt.) occa-
Bat. 1. A plate of gelatin used in
sionally used in East Lancashire.
(Gresley) printing on pottery or porcelain
3. A group of several wooden stakes
over the glaze. (Webster)
2. (Leic, So. Staff.) -See Baffle, 2.
placed in the form of a small circle
to mark and protect a point used In
Batting out gas was formerly a
surveying. regular though unsafe thing to do.
(Gresley, 1883)
Basonomelan. A variety of hematite 3. (Eng.) A compact black bitumi-
containing titanium oxide. (Stand- nous shale which splits into fine
ard) laminae. Is often interstratified in
layers with coal. Also spelled Batt,
Basque. A lining for crucibles or fur- or Bass. (Redmayne)
naces; generally a mixture of clay,
etc., with charcoal dust. (Ray- Batin de piedra (Peru). A stone
mond) plate on which ore samples are
ground. (Pfordte)
Bass; Batt. Same as Bind. See also
Bat, 3. Batch. 1. A quantity of material des-
tined for one operation. 2. A quan-
Basset. (Derb.) 1. An outcrop; the tity of material produced at one
edge of a stratum. (Raymond) operation. 3. The mixture of raw
2. The shallow or rise side of a work- materials which by fusion is con-
ing. ( Gresley verted into glass. (Webster)
3. To incline upward so as to ap- 4. (Corn.) The quantity of ore sent
pear at the surface; to crop out. to the surface by a pair of men
(Webster) (Raymond). Also called Batch of
ore.
Basset edge (Eng.). The actual out-
crop of a seam or bed, where it ap- Bate. 1. (So. Staff.) To excavate or

pears at the surface. (Gresley) •lower the floor of a mine (Gresley).

Compare Brush, 3.
Basseting. 1. Outcropping. 2. The
cropping out or appearance of rock
Batea (Mex.). A wide and shallow
vessel, usually of wood, used for
on the surface of a stratum, or panning ore. (D wight)
series of strata. (Century)
Bate barrel (Leic). After drawing a
Bastard. 1. Of unusual make or pro-
number of barrels of water out of
portion; of abnormal shape. (Web- a sump, the first barrel for which
ster)
there is not sufficient water to fill it.
2. A hard massive bowlder or rock. (Gresley)
Bastard granite. A quarry term for Bateque (Lower Cal. ) Deposits .

gneissic granites. (Ries)

formed by spring water, as in a
Bastard quartz. A miner's term for a ravine or at the foot of a hill.
white, glassy quartz without other Bateria (Mex.). Battery. (Dwight)
mineralization.
Batework ( Newc. ) . Short work. ( MIn.
Bastard whin (Eng.). Very hard Jour.
rock, but not so flinty as to be called
whin. (G. G. Green well) Bath. 1. A medium as sand, oil, wa-
ter, or air for regulating tlie tem-
Bastimento (Hex.). Miner's lunch-
perature of anything placed in or
eon. (D wight) upon it; also the vessel containing
Bastite. Schiller spar. An altered such a medium. (Webster)
enstatlte or bronzite having approxi- 2. A mass of molten material in a
mately the composition of serpen- furnace, or of solution in a tank,
tine. (Pana) (Raymond)
 )

GLOSSARY OF MINING AND MINERAL INDUSTRY. 69

Bath brick (Eng.)- A fine calcareous and this oil impression is then
ani siliceous material used for dusted with metallic pigment, which
polishing and cleansing metal ob- is fixed by firing. (Standard)
jects: originally found near Bath,
Batt (Eng.). Shale; hardened clay,
and usually pressed into brick. but not fire clay. Same as Bend
(Standard)
and Bind (Chance). See also Bat, 3.
Bath metal. Any one of several varie-
Battage (Fr.) The operation of pul-
ties of brass. (Webster)
verizing or incorporating the in-
Bathollte. See Batholith. gredients of gunpowder by the old
Batholith. A name suggested by Suess
method of stamping with pestles.
(Century)
for the huge irregular masses of
Plutonic rocks that have crystallized Batten. A strip of wood used for
in depth and that have only been nailing across two other pieces to
exposed by erosion. The word is hold them together or for covering a
also spelled bathollte, bathylite, and crack. (Webster)
batholith. The last named is now Batter. 1. The inclination of a face
generally preferred. (Kemp) of masonry or of an inclined por-
Batholithic. Pertaining to, originating tion of a frame or metal structure.
in, or derived from a batholith. C. and M. M. P.) Also called Bat-
(Standard) tice.
2. A paste of clay or loam. 3. A
Bath oolite. A
subgroup of the Low
mallet for fiattening wet clay on the
Oolite (Jurassic) of England
batting block. (Webster)
(Standard). See also Bath stone.
Bath stone. A creamy limestone from
Battered set. A set of mine timbers
soft and easily
in which the posts are inclined.
the Bath oolite,
(Sanders, p. 164.)
worked. It was used for building
in England as early as the 12th Battery. 1. A set of stamps in a
century. ( Standard stamp mill. See also Machine, 4. 2.
Bathvillite, An amorphous, fawn- A bulkhead of timber. 3. The plank
closing the bottom of a coal chute.
brown, opaque, very friable oxygen-
(Raymond)
ated hydrocarbon from Torbane Hill,
Scotland; it is insoluble in benzol
4. A platform on which the miners
stand in thin steep-pitching beds of
and related to Torbane
is Hill
ooal. (Chance)
mineral. See also Torbanlte. (Ba-
5. See Blasting machine. 6. See
con)
Storage battery.
Bathylite. .See Batholith.
Battery - amalgamation. Amalgama-
Bathymetric. Relating to measure- tion by means of mercury placed in
ment of depths; usually applied to the mortar of a stamp battery.
the ocean. (Sloan) (Knymond)
BatiboUo (Mex.\ A company of Battery assay. See Pulp assay.
miners working a stope of high-grade
ore. (Dwight)
Battery of holes. A number of
charges, in drill holes, fired simul-
Batice. An inclination or bevel given taneously with an electric current
to the upper timbers of a shaft; as (Bowles). Also called Multiple
the shaft has a downward and out- shot.
ward batice of 1 inch to the foot Battery of ovens. See Bank «»f ovens.
(Standard). See also Batter, 1.
Battery solution. A
cyanide, or plain
Bating (Eng.). Lowering a drift or alkaline solution added to the ore
road (Bainbridge). See also Bate. when being crushed in a stamp mill.
Batir (Colom.). 1. To break up and (Fulton, p. 34)
carry away auriferous gravels by Batting block. In ceramics, a plaster
water. 2. B. el monte, to explore slab on which plastic clay is beaten
the mountains. (Halse) before going to the whirling table.
The (Standard)
Bat-printing. act or process of
decorating glazed
porcelain by Battu-uji (Malay). Touchstone.
means of a gelatin pad. The lines (Lock)
of the pattern are transferred in Batu Kawi (Sumatra). A red stone
linseed oil from an incised plate to supposed to be an infallible sign of
the pad, and thence to the porcelain, gold. (Lock)
70 GLOSSARY OF MINING AND MINERAL INDUSTRY.

Bauleao (Sp. Am.). Pyrite with cubic Eead furnace. A furnace In which
crystallization. (Lucas) small cylinders of glnss are rounded
into beads. The cylinders are heated
Baulite. See Krablite. to softeningand revolved in a drum.
Baulk. See Balk, 1. (Webster)
Baum-pots (York.). Calcareous no- Beam compass. An instrument consist-
dules found in the shale forming the ing of a wooden or brass beam hav-
roof of the "Halifax hard" coal ing sliding sockets that carry steel
seam. (Gresley) or pencil points, used for describing
large circles and for laying off dis-
Bauxite. Hydrated alumina. Essen- tances. (Century)
tially AI2O3.2H2O (Dana). The
principal ore of aluminum. Bean ore. A name for llmonite, when
found in lenticular aggregations.
Baveno twin. A twin crystal of a Called also Pea ore, when found In
kind shown by orthoclase, in which small, rounded masses (Chester).
the twining plane is the clinodome, A coarse-grained pisolltlc iron ore.
resulting in a nearly square form. (Power)
(Webster)
Beans (No. of Eng.). All coal which
Bavin (Eng.). Impure limestone. will pass through a half-inch screen
(Standard) or mesh. (Gresley)
Bawke (Eng.). A bucket for raising Bean-shot. Copper granulated by pour-
coal (Standard). See also Bowk, 1 ing Into hot water. (Raymond)
and 2.
Bear. See Salamander; also Sow.
1.
Bay. 1. An open
space for waste be- 2. To bear
In. Underhollng or un-
tween two packs in a longwall work- dermining; driving In at the top or
ing. See also Bord. (C. and M. M. at the side of a working. (Chance)
P.)
2. An inlet of the sea usually Bearer bar. One of the bars whicli
smaller than a gulf, but of the support the gratebars in a Turnace.
same general character. (Webster) (Century)
Bayou. 1. A sluggish or stagnant in- Bearers. 1. (So. Staff.) Women for-
letor outlet from a lake or bay, or merly employed to carry coal out
one connecting two bodies of water. of the mines. (Gresley)
(Standard) 2. Heavy timbers placed In a shaft
2. See Oxbow. at Intervals of 30 to 100 ft. to sup-
port the shaft sets. They are
Bay salt. The large crystalline salt usually put beneath the end plates
of commerce, especially that ob-
and dividers, and rest In hitches
tained from sea water by evapora- cut In the wall. Also used to sup-
tion in shallow pits or basins by
port pumping gear.
the heat of the sun. (Webster)
Bearers'way (Scot). An underground
Bayshon (Som.). An air stopping.
road or passage along which the
(Gresley)
bearers carry coal. (Barrowman)
Bazofia (Peru). Waste rock. (Dwight) Bearing. 1. The course or direction in-
Beach. The washed shore of a sea or dicated by a compass. 2. The strike
lake. (Hitchcock) or course of a vein. 3. The points of
support of a beam, shaft, or axle.
Beach combing. Working the sands on
(Steel)
a beach for gold, tin, or platinum.
Bearing door. A door placed for the
(C. and M. M. P.)
purpose of directing and regulating
Beach placers. Placer deposits either the amount of ventilation passing
on a present or ancient sea beach. through a portion of the mine.
There are a series of these at Nome, (Gresley)
Alaska, known there as first, sec-
ond, or third beach, etc., due to
Bearing-in. The depth of an under-
cut, or holing, from the face of the
change of shore line.
coal to the end of the under-cut.
Bead. 1, The globule of precious (Steel)
metal obtained by the cupellation
process. 2. A glassy drop of flux,
Bearing pit ( Scot. ) . A
shaft up which
coal was (In former years) carried
as borax, used as a solvent for a
color test for several mineral earths
by bearers. (Barrowman)
and oxides before the blowpipe. Bearing road (Scot.). iSee Beai'er'a
'Webster) way.
 ) ) "

OLOSSAKY OF MINING AND MINERAL INDUSTRV. 71

Bearing system (Eng.). The employ- plane from its neighbors above and
ment of women to carry coal out of below. (Kemp)
the mine. (Gresley) 2. A seam or deposit of mineral,
later in origin than the rock below,
Bearing-up A pulley wheel
pulley. and older than the rock above that ;

fixed and arranged to

in a frame is to say, a regular member of thfe
tighten or take up the slack rope series of formations, and not an in-
in endless haulage. (Gresley) trusion (Raymond). A deposit, as
of ore (or coal), parallel to the
Bearing-up stop. A partition or brat-
stratification. (Standard)
tice of plank that serves to conduct
3. That portion of an outcrop or
air to a face. (Ihlseng)
face of a quarry which occurs be-
Bears (Derb.). Calcareous nodules of tween two bedding planes. (Buck-
cl ay-i ronstone. ( G resley ley)
4. The level surface of rock upon
Beat (Eng.). 1. The surface outcrop which a curb or crib is laid. (Gres-
of a load or bed. (Davies) ley)
2. (Corn.) To stope. (Pryce) 6. The bottom of a water course, or

Beat away. A process of working of any body of water. 6. A mass

hard ground by wedges and sledge or heap of anything (as ore), ar-
hammers. ( Skinner ranged in the form of a bed. (Web-
ster)
Beater. 1. (No. of Eng.) An iron
rod for packing the stemming on a Bed claim (Aust.). A mining claim
charge of powder in a drill hole. lying on the bed of a stream. (Da-
(Webster) vies)
2. (Mid.) A wooden mallet for
con- Bedded. Applied to rocks resulting
solidating, or packing, the clay in from consolidated sediments, and
building a wall or dam to make it accordingly exhibiting planes of
air-tight. (Gresley) separation designated bedding
Beat-hand (Eng.). A hand which, planes. (Sloan)
from being vesicated or blistered Bedded deposit. See Bedded forma-
with hard work, has festered. (G. tion.
O. Green well)
Bedded formation. A formation which
Beaumontite. A variety of heulandite. shows successive beds, layers, or
(Dana) strata, due to the manner in which
Beauxite. Sec Bauxite. it was formed (Farrell). A bedded
deposit.
Beaverite. A
hydrous sulphate of
copper, lead, and ferric iron CuO.- Bedded vein. Properly " bed vein
PbO.Fe2O3.2SO3.4H2O. (U. S. Geol. (Lagergang of the Germans) a ;

Surv.) lode occupying the position of a bed,

that is, parallel with the stratifica-
Beche; Biche (Eng.). A deep conical tion of the inclosing rocks. (Ray-
instrument about 25 inches long, and mond) See also Bed, 2.
weighing 6 pounds. The hollow part
extends 16 inches up into the tool, Bedded volcano. A volcano whose
and is li inches in diameter at the crater consists of layers of tuffs
lower end, and tapers to f inch at and lava sheets. (Century)
the upper end. It is used for ex-
Bedding. 1. The exact equivalent of
tracting the bottom portion of a stratification, or occurrence in
broken set of rods from a bore hole. strata or beds (Century). See
(G. C. Green well) also Bed, 1 and 2.
Bechilite. An incrustation of hydrous 2. The arrangement of coke, ore,
calcium borate, HsCaBiOu, found as flux, etc., in layers for storage or
a deposit at the boric acid lagoons treatment
of Tuscany. (Standard) Bedding fault. In geology, a disloca-
Becke test. In optical mineralogy, a tion which follows planes of strati-
test for relative indices of refrac- fication. (Standard)
tion. (A. F. Rogers)
Bedding planes. The planes or sur-
Becqnerel rays.Radiations from ura- faces separating the Individual la-
nium compounds. (Webster) minae or beds of a sedimentary rock.
(La Forge) See also Stratification
Bed. 1. The smallest division of a
planes.
stratified series, and marked by a
more or less well defined divisional Bede. A miner's pickaxe. (Raymond)
72 GLOSSAKY OF MINING AND MINERAL. INDUSTRY.

Bedford limestone. Alight-colored Beer stone (Eng.). An argillaceoas

oolitic limestone from Bedford, Indi- and siliceous freestone dug from
ana (Webster). Much used as a quarries at Beer, ten miles west of
building stone. Lyme Regis, at the passing of the
chalk into the greensand. (Roberts)
Bed joint, A
horizontal joint (Web-
ster). See also Bedding plane.
Originally horizontal, but may be
Beetle (Eng.). A small compressed-
air locomotive employed on the
found inclined due to later upliftiLg.
haulage-ways at Newbottle Collier-
Bedplate. 1. An iron plate forming ies. (G. C. Green well)
the bottom for a furnace. 2. A
heavy plate for supporting an engine Beetle-stone. A
nodule of coprolltic
or other heavy machinery. (Web- ironstone, so named from the re-
ster) semblance of the inclosed coprollte
to the body and limbs of a beetle.
Bedrock. The solid rock underlying (Century)
auriferous gravel, sand, clay, etc.,
and upon which the alluvial gold
Any solid rock Before breast. Rock or vein material,
rests (Roy. Com.).
which still lies ahead. (C. and M.
underlying soil, sand, clay, etc.
M. P,)
Beds of passage. Beds in which the
fossils or rocks, from their resem- Behead. In geology, to cut off and
blance to those contained either in capture by erosion the upper portion
the bed above or the bed below, in- of a watercourse said of the en-
:

dicate the transition character of croachment of a stronger stream

the deposit:. (Standard) upon a weaker one. (Standard)
Bedstone. In milling, ti. lower or sta- Bekko ware. A
yellow-brown splashed
tionary millstone. (Century) pottery made in Japan. It resem-
Bed vein. See Bedded vein. bles tortoise shell. (Century)
Bedway. An appearance of stratlfica- Belgian oven. A rectangular oven
cation, or parallel marking, in with end doors and side flues for
granite. (Raymond) the manufacture of coke. (Ray-
mond)
Beech coal. Charcoal made from beech
wood. (Century) Belgian process. A process most com
Beeches (Scot.). Strips of hardwood nionly employed in the smelting of
fastened to pump rods to save them zinc. Roasted zince ore, mixed with
from wear at the collars. (Barrow- a reducing material, as coal or coke,
man) is placed in retorts which consist
of cylindrical pipes of refractory
Beehive coke. Coke made in a beehive material closed at one end, of a
oven. (Webster) length and diameter convenient for
Beehive oven. An oven for the manu- charging and cleaning them. A
facture of coke, shaped like the old- number of these retorts are placed
fashioned beehive (Raymond). slightly inclined in a properly con-
The volatile products as tar, gas, structed furnace. The open ends of
and ammonia "re not saved. the retorts are covered with a sheet-
Beekite. A
crytocrystalline variety iron hood to which are connected
of quartz, resembling chalcedony, short conical sheet-iron pipes dis-
formed by the replacement of lime- charging the molten zinc downward.
stone, as coral, or shells, with silica. (Goesel)
(Standard) Belgian zinc-furnace. A furnace in
Beele (Pro v. Eng.). A
mining pickax which zinc is reduced and distilled
with both ends sharp. (Standard) from calcined ores in tubular re-
Beerbachite. A name
given by Chelius torts (Raymond). These furnaces
to certain small dikes, asociated may be classified as direct-fired and
with and penetrating large, gabbro gas-fired, but there is no sharp
masses, and having themselves the division between these systems,
composition and texture of gabbro. which merge into one another by dif-
The name was coined in the attempt ficulty definable gradations. Each
to carry out the questionable sepa- class of furnace may be subdivided
ration of the dike rocks from large, into recuperative and nonrecupera-
Plutonic or volcanic masses of the tive. but heat recuperation in con-
game mineralogy and structure. nection with direct firing Is rare.
(Kemp) (Ingalls, p. 428).
 )

GLOSSARY OF MINING AND MINERAL INDUSTRY. 73

Bell. 1. Overhanging rock of bell-like Bell-metal ore. (Corn.) An early

form, not securely attached to the name for tin pyrites, so called on
mine roof. " Pot " is the common account of its bronze color. (Ches-
Arkansas term. (Steel) ter)
2. A gong used as a signal at mine
Bell-mold; Bell-mould; Bellmouth
shafts. 3. To signal by ringing a
(Som.). A conical shaped patch of
bell.
a mine roof, probably originating
Belland. 1. (Eng.) Dusty lead ore. with the fossils called sigillaria, or
(Bainbridge) the roots of trees (Gresley). See
2.A form of lead poisoning to also Bell, 1.

which lead miners are subject (C. Bellows. An instrument or machine

and M. M. P.) for blowing fires or for ventilating
purposes. ( Webster
Bell-and-hopper. See Cup-and-cone.
Bell-pit (Derb.). A mine working
Bell-and-spigot joint. The usual terra argillaceous ironstone by a system
for the joint In cast iron pipe. Each called Bell-work (Gresley). See
piece is made with an enlarged di- also Bell-work.
ameter or bell at one end into which
the plain or spigot end of another Bell process. See Bell's dephosphoriz-
piece Is Inserted when laying. The ing process.
joint Is then made tight by cement, Bells. Signals for lowering and hoist-
oakum, lead, rubber, or other suit- ing the bucket, skip, or cage in a
able substance which is driven In shaft. Usually given by bells, the
or calked Into the bell and around number of strokes indicating the
the spigot. (Nat. Tube Co.) nature of the load, the place for
Bell crank (Scot.). A
triangular iron
stopping, etc. (Weed)
frame used to change the direction Bell screw; Screw bell. An internallv
of reciprocating motion. (Barrow- threaded bell-shaped Iron bar, for
man) recovering broken or lost rods In a
deep bore hole. See also BIche.
Belled (Eng.) Widened. Said of the (Gresley)
enlarged portion of a shaft at the
landing for running the cars past Bell's dephosphorizing process. The
the shaft, and for caging. (Gres- removal of phosphorus from molten
ley)
pig iron in a puddling furnace, lined
with iron oxide and fitted with a
Belleek porcelain. An extremely thin mechanical rabble to agitate the
ware, decorated with a nacreous bath. Red-hot iron ore is added.
luster suggesting the Interior of See also Krupp's washing process.
shells, made originally in Belleek, (Raymond)
Ireland, and since successfully Imi-
Bell-sheave (Aust.). A sheave In the
tated In Trenton, N. J., and else-
shape of a truncated cone, used In
where. (Standard)
connection with the main-and-tail
Bell holes. 1. Holes dug or excava- sj'stem of rope haulage at curves,
tions made at the section joints of so as to keep the rope close to the
a pipe line for the purpose of re- ground. (Power)
pairs. (Moore v. Hole Natural Gas
Co., 66 Southeastern, p. 565)
Bell-work. 1. (Derb.). A system of
working an iron-stone measure by
2. A
conical cavity In a coal-mine
upward underground excavations,
roof caused by the falling of a large
around the shafts (raises) In the
concretion ; or, as of a bell-mold.
form of a bell or cone (Gresley).
Bellies.Wldenings in a vein (Power). Compare Milling.
See also Belly. 2. A method also used In working
An salt deposits. (Standard)
Bellite. explosive
consisting of
ammonium nitrate to
five parts of Belly. A bulge, or mass of ore In si

one of metadinltrobenzene, usually lode. (Skinner)

with some potassium nitrate. (Web- Belly-helve (Eng.). A forge hammer,
ster) f by a cam which acts about
lifted
Bell metal. A hard bronze, contain- midway between the fulcrum and
ing sometimes small proportions of the head. (Raymond)
iron, zinc, or lead, but ordinarily Belly-pipe. A flaring mouthed blait
consisting of 78 parts copper to 22 pipe in an iron furnace. (Stand*
Cln. (Raymond) ard)
74 GLOSSARY OF MINING AND MINERAL INDUSTRY.

Belonesite.A white transparent mag- an oven or furnace; also the comi

nesium molybdate, MgMoO*, crystal- plete oven or furnace containing a
lizing in the tetragonal system. set or group of retorts for generat-
(Daua) ing illuminating gas. (Webster)
Belonite. A
rod-shaped or club-shaped 8. (Eng.). A ledge left, in tunnel
microscopic embryonic crystal in a construction work, on the edge of a
glassy rock. (Kemp) cutting in earth or in rock.
(Simms)
Belt. 1. A
zone or band of a particu- 9. (Scot.). A landing place. (Bar-
lar kind of rock strata exposed on rowman)
the surface (Roy. Com.). Compare
Zone. Bench-and-bench (Ark.). That plan
2. A continuous strap or band for of mining coal in a room which re-
transmitting power from one wheel quires the blasting of the two
to another, or (rarely) to a shaft, benches of coal alternately, each a
by friction. (Standard) little beyond the other (Steel).
Also called Bench working.
Belugite. A name based upon the
Beluga River, Alaska, and suggested Bench diggings. River placers hot
by J. E. Spurr for a transition subject to overflows (C. and M. M. P.)
group of plagioclase rocks between See also Bench placers.
his diorites and diabases. Spurr re-
stricts the name diorite to those
Benchers (Eng.). Men employed in
the mine at the bottom of inclined
plagioclase rocks (without regard
planes. (Gresley)
to the dark silicate) whose plagio-
clase belongs in the andesine-oligo- Benches. A name applied to ledges of
clase series. The diabase group, on all kinds of rock that are shaped
the other hand, contains those whose like steps or terraces. They may be
plagioclase belongs in the labrado- developed either naturally in the
rite-anorthite series. Belugites with ordinary processes of land degrada-
a porphyritic texture and a fine- tion, faulting, and the like; or by
grained or aphanitic groundmass artificial excavation in mines and
are called Aleutites. (Kemp) quarries. (Kemp)
Ben. 1. (Scot.). Inward; toward the Bench gravel (Yukon and Alaska).
workings; the workman's right to Gravel beds which occur on the sides
enter the pit. 2. The day's work of a of the valleys above the present
youth, indicating the proportion of a stream bottoms, representing parts
man's task which he is able or al- of the bed of the stream when it was
lowed to put out, is termed quarter- at a higher level. Regarded by Ty-
ben, half-ben, three-quarter-ben. rell as the terminal moraines of
(Barrowman) small glaciers. (Ore Dep., p. 393)
3. A mountain peak: a word occur- Benching. 1. (Eng.) See holing. To
ring chiefly in the names of many
break the bottom coal with wedges
of the highest summits of thj moun-
when the holing is done in the
tains of Scotland, as Ben Nevis.
middle of the seam. 2. (Ches.)
(Century)
The lower portion of the rock-salt
Bench. 1. One of two or more divi- bed worked in one operation. (Gres-
sions of a coal seam, separated by ley)
slate, etc., or simply separated by 3. See Bench, 8. (Simms)
the process of cutting the coal, one 4. (Eng.). Benches collectively as
bench or layer being cut before the In a mine (Webster). See also
adjacent one. 2. To cut the coal Bench, 6.
in benches. (Raymond)
3. A
terrace on the side of a river Benching shot (Scot.) A shot placed
or lake, having at one time formed in a hole bored vertically downward
bank. (Power) in an open face of work. (Barrow-
Its See also
Benches. man)
4. A small tram or car of about 7 Benching-np (Newc). Working on
cubic feet capacity used for carry- the top of coal. (Raymond)
ing coal from the face to the chute
down which it is dumped to the Bench mark. A mark, «the elevation of
gangway platform for reloading which is known or assumed and usea
into larger cars. 6. (Leic). To as a reference point by a surveyor.
wedge the bottoms up below the Bench placers. Placers in ancient
holing. (Gresley) stream deposits from 50 to 300 feet
6. A level layer worked separately above present streams. (U. S. QeoL
In a mine. 7. A group of retorts In Surv., Bull. 259, p. 83)
 )

GLOSSARY OF MINING AND MINERAL. [NDUSTRY. 75

Bench stone. A rectangular stone B. de colpa, the patio process with

measuring from 4 to 8 or 9 inches
long by approximately 2 inches wide
and varying in thicknesses. In use
it generally rests on the artisan's
bench, whence its name. Some
bench stones are made circular for
those who prefer the rotary motion
In sharpening chisels and similar in-
struments. (Pike)
Bench working. The system of work-
ing one or more seams or beds of
colpa in lieu of magistral. B. de
pella de plata, amalgamation reduc-
tion with the addition of silver amal-
gam. B. de patio, the patio or cold
amalgamation process. B. de tone-
les, the Freiberg or barrel amalga-
mation process. B. por cianuracidn,
the cyanide process. B. por cloru-
racidn, the chlorination process. B.
por fuego, reduction by smelting.
4. B. de metales, mechanical prepa-
ration of ores ore dressing. ( Halse
;

mineral by open working or strip-

ping, in stages or steps (C. and Ben-Heyl (Corn.). A stream, where
M. M. P.). Also called Bench-and- tin ore is found. (Davies)
bench.
Benitoite. A blue barium-titanium
Benchy. Forming frequent benches: silicate,BaTiSisOs, so far found only
said of a lode. (Standard) in California. Used as a gem. (U.
5. Geol. Surv.)
Bend (Corn.). Indurated,clay a term ;

applied by the miner to any hard- Benk (Eng.). The working face of a
ened argillaceous substance. See coal bed (Bainbridge). A variation
also Bind, 1. (Whitney) of Bench.
Bend away; or, Away (No. of Eng.).
Bent. 1. (Scot). The subsidence of
An exclamation meaning to raise the
roof near working face, e. g. a bent
cage in the shaft. (Gresley)
roof. (Gresley)
Bender (Eng.) An iron loop on pump 2. A
framed section placed together
cylinders for attaching a hoisting on the ground, and afterwards
rope. (Bainbridge) raised to a vertical position. (Web-
ster)
Bending stress. The stress produced 3. (Derb.). An offshoot from a vein.
in the outer fibers of a rope by bend- (Hooson)
ing over a sheave or drum. (O.
M. P.) Bentonite. A bedded plastic clay
which swells very greatly upon wet-
Bends. See Caisson disease.
ting. (U. S. Geol. Surv.)
Bend np; Bend up a bit (Eng.) An Benzine. A
colorless, inflammable and
order to raise the cage slowly, so
volatile liquid obtained from petro-
that it may be instantly stopped
leum by fractional distillation and
on the order "Hold" being given.
consisting of various hydrocarbons.
(G. O. Green well)
Called also Petroleum spirit. ( Stand-
Beneficiacl6n ( Sp. ) As used in English
. ard)
usually means the reduction of ores.
Benzinum. A distillate from American
(Raymond)
petroleum consisting of hydrocar-
Beneficiar (Sp.). 1. To work or im- bons chiefly of the marsh-gas series.
prove a mine. 2. To derive profit (Bacon)
from working a mine. (Halse)
Benzoline. 1. The more volatile por-
3. (Mex.) To treat ores for ex-
tion obtained on redistilling ben-
traction of metallic contents; to
zine; boiling point about TO^-QS" G.
beneficiate. (D wight)
Often used as synonymou. with Ben-
Beneficiate. 1. To work or Improve, zine. (Bacon)
as a mine. 2.To reduce, as ores. 2. Amixture containing hexane,
(Standard) heptane, octane, and other paraffins,,
petroleum spirit or legroin. (Stand-
Beneflciation. The reduction of ores.
ard)
(Webster)
1. The
Benzoyl. The commercial name ap-
Beneficio (Sp.). working of
plied a mixture of substances,
to
mines. 2. Profit derived from work-
including benzene ar/d its homo-
ing a mine. 3. Metallurgical proc-
logues. (Mitzakis)
esses. ^. de case, the caldron or
hot amalgamation process. B. de Beraunite. A foliated and columnar
hicrro, amalgamation reduction with red to reddish-brown hydrous ferric
the addition ol fragments of iron. phosphate. (Dana)
 )

76 GLOSSARX OF MINING AND MINERAL INDUSTRY.

Berdan pan. Essentially a revolving Bertrandite. A brilliant, transparent,

circular trough, set at an inclination colorless, hydrous glucinum silicate,
of about 45 deg. carrying a large HsGhSisO., crystallizing in the
ball or drag, and used to amalga- orthorhombic system. ( Standard
mate the gold or silver.
Bertrand lens. In optical mineralogy,
Berea sandstone. Berea grit. A rock a small lens inserted in the micro-
formation consisting of fine-grained scope tube to magnify the inter-
sandstone and grit, generally con- ference figure. (A. P. Rogers)
sidered as the base of the Carbonif- Beryl. A glucinum-aluminum silicate,
erous system in Ohio. It is much 3GlO.Al208.6SiOa. Used as a gem
used as a building stone and for when clear and well colored. The
grindstones, and is one of the prin- grass-green variety is known as
cipal oil-bearing formations of the
emerald; light-green, beryl; blue-
State. (La Forge) green, aquamarine. (Contains 14 per
Berengelite. A dark brown, resinous, cent glucina (glucinum oxide).
asphalt-like mineral, soluble in cold (U. S. Geol. Surv.)
alcohol but nearly insoluble in po- Beryllium. See Glucinum.
tassium hydroxide. Found near
Berylloid. In crystallography, a
ArPca, Peru. (Bacon)
solid included under twenty-four
Beresite. A name coined by Rose for similar scalene triangular faces.
a muscovite-granite that forms dikes (Standard)
In the gold district of Beresovsk
in the Urals. It is, therefore, prac-
Berzelianite. A copper selenide,
CuzSe, having a silver white color
tically a synonym for aplite, as
when freshly broken. (Webster)
earlier defined, but some of the bere-
sites have since been shown to be Berzeliite.A massive bright, yellow,
practically without feldspar and to brittle calcium-magnesium-manga-
form a very exceptional aggregate nese arsenate, (Ca,Mg,Mn)sAsaO..
of quartz and muscovite. (Kemp) (Dana)
Bergmehl; Bergmeal. 1. An infusorial Bessemer. A
product of the Bessemer
earth, sometimes eaten mixed with process, as Bessemer steel: named
meal or bark. Called al: Mountain- from Henry Bessemer, who patented
meal. 2. A white efflorescence of the process in 1855 used also attrib-
:

calcite, resembling cotton. Called utively; as, Bessemer converter,

also Rock-meal and Fossil-farina. flame or process. (Standard)
(Standard) Bessemer iron. Pig iron suitable for
the Bessemer process. (Raymond)
Dergmeister (Pr.) An inspector of
mines. (Gresley) Bessemer ore. Iron ore containing
little or no phosphorus hence espe-
Bergschmnd (Ger.). In geology, a cially suited for use in the Bessemer
rifting and faulting in a solid mass process. (Standard)
of rock or glacial ice. (Standard)
Bessemer process. The process of de-
Berg-till. See Till. carburizing a bath of molten cast
iron by blowing air through it. in
Berllo (Sp.). Beryl; B. verdemar,
a vessel called a converter (Ray-
aquamarine. (Halse)
mond). Other impurities, in small
Berlin blue. In optical mineralogy, amounts, are also eliminated. Also,
an anomalous interference color of by analogy, the enrichment of cop-
the first order. (A. F. Rogers) per matte by blowing air through
it when molten, thus oxidizing the
Berlin iron. A containing
soft iron,
sulphur which escapes as SOj. The
phosphorous, making
very fine
iron combines with silica, forming
smooth castings, and used for orna-
a slag. See also Converting.
ments and jewelry. (Standard)
Bermellon ( Sp. ) Vermilion
. an ;
Bessemer steel. Steel made by the
Bessemer process. (C. and M. M.
earthy variety of cinnabar. (Halse)
P.)
Bernardo's process. A method for the
Beta-jaulingite. A brownish yellow
electric welding of iron. (Goesel)
resin, obtained from the residue of
BertMerite. A sulphide of antimony Jaullngite, by the action of ethyl
and iron, of a dark steel-gray color, ether, after treatment with carbon
FeS.SbaS.. (Dana) disulphide. ( Bacon )
 ), ;

GLOSSARY or MINING AND MINKRAL INDUSTRY. 77

Bethell process. A process of timber Biard. See Bearers, 2.

preservation in which a heavy coal-

Biat; Byat (Eng.). A timber stay or
tar oil is used. See also Gallatin.
beam in a shaft (Gresley). See also
Beting (Malay) A quartzose-gold Bearers, 2.
matrix. (Lock)
Biaxial. Having two optic axes or
B6ton (Fr.). Concrete made after the lines of no double refraction. (Web-
French fashion by mixing gravel or ster)
other material with a mortar of
cement and sand. (Webster) Bibbles (Derb.). A soft water-bear-
ing stratum encountered during
Betriebsfuhrer (Pr.). The mining
shaft sinking. (Hooson)
engineer or manager of a coal mine,
who is personally responsible for Bibbley rock (So. Staff.). A conglom-
the safety of the workings. (Gres- erate or pebbly rock (Gresley)
ley)
Bibliolite. A laminated schistose
Betriebsplan (Pr.). A sketch or rough rock; a bookstone. (Standard)
plan of underground workings, to be
Bica (Braz.). An inclined portion of
developed during the next 12 months.
(Gresley)
a sluice. (Halse)

Betrunked. Deprived of its trunk or Bicarbonate. A salt of carbonic acid

main body; said of certain river in which but one of the hydrogen
systems, whose tributaries in the
atoms is replaced by a base; as bi-
dry season, for lack of sufficient
carbonate of soda NaHCOa, called
also Monocarbonate, Primary car-
water, fail to unite in a main trunk,
bonate, Supercarbonate. (Standard)
but are dissipated in the arid
ground. (Standard) Bicharra (Peru). A .small furnace
with an inclined stack, (Dwight)
Betterness. Fineness of gold and sil-
ver above the standard. ( Standard Biche (No. of Eng.). A hollow coni-
An elec- cal-headed tool for extricating
Betts lead-refining process.
trolytic process using PbSiF. acidu-
broken rods from bore holes (Gres-
ley). See also Beche.
lated with hydrofluoric acid as the
electrolyte. (Liddell) Bichloride. A salt in which there are
Betun (Sp.) Bitumen; asphaltum. two atoms of chlorine, as bichlo-
(Halse) ride of mercury, HgCla. (Standard)
B. marga, bituminous marl.
Beudantite. A ferric lead sulphate or
Bichromate. Same as dicromate.
arsenate occurring in green to black (Standard)
rhombohedral crystals. (Shaller, Bichromate cell. A zinc-carbon cell
Wash. Ac. Sci., vol. 1. p. 112; 1911) having as the exciting fluid an acid
Beuheyl ( A live stream ( vein )
Corn. ) bichromate solution and provided
that one rich in tin (Pryce).
is,
with the means of raising the zinc,
Also spelled Ben-Heyl. or both zinc and carbon, from the
fluid when not in use. E. M. F.
Bevel. 1. The angle which one sur- about 2 volts. (Webster)
face or line makes with another
when they are not at right angles. Biddix (Com.). A double pick, with
spoonbill points, used for excavating
2. An instrument consisting of two
alluvial or surface earth. (Stand-
arms joined together and opening to
any angle, for drawing angles or ad- ard)
justing the surfaces of work to a Bidri. 1. (Anglo-Ind.) A process of
given angle. 3. To slope or slant. damaskeening with silver on a
(Webster) ground consisting of an alloy of
Bevel gear. A gear wheel whose copper, lead, and tin, blackened by
the application of a solution of sal
teeth are inclined to the axis of the
ammoniac, saltpeter, salt, and cop-
wheel. (Steel)
per sulphate. 2. Articles made by
Bevelment. The replacement of an the foregoing process; bidriware.
edge of a crystal by two planes Called also Biddery; Biddery-ware
equally inclined to the adjacent Bidery; Bldrl-work; Bidry. (Stand-
faces. (Standard) ard)
Bevel wheel. See Bevel gear. Bieberite. A vitreous, flesh-red to
Bewaarplaatsen (South Afr.). A site rosered hydrous cobalt sulphate,
for depositing ore. (Skinner) HuCoSOii, crystallizing in the mono-
BezeL A facet of a gem. (Standard) clinic system (Dana)
 ) )

75 GLOSSARY OF MINING AND MINERAL INDUSTRY.

Birlzite. A brittle, resinous, brownish Billon (Fr.). 1. In coinage, an alloy

black hydrocarbon mineral from of gold or silver witli some baser
Transylvania it has a specific grav-
; metal, generally copper or tin; spe-
ity of 1.249, and dissolves In consid- cifically, a low alloy of silver with a
erable part in carbon disulphide and large proportion of copper, used in
chloroform. (Bacon) making token and medals, and, in
some countries, especially Austria,
Bifurcacion (Sp.). 1. The branching coins. 2.Coin struck from such an
of a vein. 2. A branch road. alloy. (Standard)
(Halse)
Billot (Fr.). Gold or silver In the
Bifurcate. To divide
into two branches mass or Ingot Intended for coinage.
(Webster). Said of an ore vein. (Standard)
Bigging (No. of Eng.). built-up A Eilly. 1. (Forest of Dean). A box
pillar of stone or other debris in a for holding ironstone, carried by a
working place or heading to sup- boy In the mine. 2. See Billy play-
port the roof, e. g. "bigging the fair. (Gresley)
gob" means, building a pack in a 3. (Aust.) A name used in the Cler-^
worked-out place. (Gresley) mont district of Queensland for a
bed of quartzite that caps the coal
Bigorneta (Sp.). A small anvil. (Min.
measures. ( Power
Jour.
Bigornia (Mex.). Anvil. See also
Billy boy. A boy who attends a Billy
playfair. (C. and M. M. P.)
Yunque. (Dwight)
Billy playfair; Fair-play (Wales).
Bigote (Sp.). A semicircular tapholo
A mechanical contrivance for weigh-
in a furnace. (Halse)
ing small coal which passes through
Bilca (Peru). A rawhide receptacle the screen. (Gresley)
In which filtered mercury collects.
Bimbalete (Peru). A crude ore-mill
(Pfordte)
operated by two men. The grinder
Biji timah (Malay). Small nodules in Is a large stone with a transverse
clay deposits. bar by which a rocking motion is
given. Also called Qulmbalete.
Bildar (Hind.). A digger; an exca-
(Dwight)
vator. (Webster)
Bildas (or Buildhouse) (So. Staff.).
Bimetalism. The concurrent use of
both gold and silver as money at a
The shift woi-king from 6 A. M. till
fixed relative value,established by
9, and sometimes 10 o'clock, is
law; also, the doctrine advocating
termed a bildas. This was originally
such use. (Standard)
denominated Buildhouse, from the
fact of the butty (contract miner) Bin- A box, frame, crib, or inclosed
making so much money that he was place used as a receptacle for any
able to build many houses from the commodity, as coal, ore, etc.
exactions thus made upon the poor (Webster)
men, who received inadequate re-
muneration.
Bina (Eng.). Hard clayey substance
(Min. Jour., 1871)
(Balnbrldge). A variety of bind.
Bildstein (Ger.). A soft stone; agal- Binary granite. A term more or less
matolite. (Standard)
used in older geological writings for
Bilitrones (Sp. Am.). A communica- tliose varieties of granite that are
tion between washing troughs. (Lu- chiefly quartz and feldspar. It has
cas) recently been applied to granites
Bill day (No. of Eng.). That day
containing two micas. (Kemp)
on which colliery accounts are ex- Binclies (Arg.). Crystals of pyrite
amined. (Gresley) occurring in a gold-bearing con-
Billet. Iron or steel, drawn from
1.
glomerate (Halse)
a pile, bloom, or ingot into a small Binching. 1. (Som.). The stone upon
bar for further manufacture. 2. which a bed of coal rests. (Gres-
A small bloom. (Raymond) ley)
3. (Som.). A short timber prop. Bind; Binds; Bend (Derb.). 1. Indu-
(Gresley)
rated argillaceous .shale or clay,
Billeting roll. A set of rollers having very commonly lormlng the ioof of
flattening and edging grooves, used a coal seam and frequently contain-
in rolling iron into merchantable ing clay ironstone. 2. (No. of Eng.)
bars. (Century) To hire. (Gresley)
 ) )

GLOSSARY OF MINING AND MINERAL INDUSTRY. 79

Binder. 1. (Corn.). Beds of grit in Bin man. One who pokes down ore
shale, slate, or clay. See also Bind, in bins to keep itfeeding through
1 (Power). A
streak of impurity the chutes. (Willcox)
in a coal seam, usually difficult to
remove. Binnite. A dark steel-gray metallic
2. (Corn.). An underground carpen- copper sulpha rsenite, CueAs4S9, that
ter. (Davies) crystallizes in the isometric-tetrahe-
3. Anything which causes cohesion dral system. (Dana)
in loosely assembled substances, as Biotite. A magnesium-iron mica. The
cement in a wall, crushed stone In common black mica. Often used as
a macadam road, fire clay *ln a a prefix to many names of rocks that
graphite crucible, etc. (Webster) contain this mica; such as biotite-
4. The course, in a sheet-asphalt andesite, biotite-gneiss, biotite-gran-
pavement, frequently used between ite, etc. (Kemp)
the concrete foundation and the
sheet-asphalt mixture of graded Bipyramid. In crystallography, a
sand and asphalt cement. (Bacon) double-ended pyramid. (A. P.
Rogers)
Bindheimite. A hydrous antimonate Bl quartz. A quartz plate of two sec-
of lead an oxidation product of
;

tions which turn the plane of polar-

jamesonite. (U. S. Geol. Surv.)
ization in opposite directions. It is
Binding. 1. (No. of Eng.). Hiring of used with a polariscope. (Webster)
men for pit work. (Gresley) Bird's eye marble. A local name
2. A
band of masonry so laid as to given to several varieties of marble
fasten together or strengthen ad- in which the markings assume the
joining parts. (Webster) appearance of a bird's eye. (Mer-
rill)
Binding bolts (Scot.). Bo;ts used to
secure machinery to the foundations. Bi-refringence. The property possessed
(Barrowman) by crystals belonging to other than
Binding coal. Coal which cakes on the isometric system of splitting a
burning. (Bacon) beam of ordinary light into two
beams which traverse the crystal at
Bin feeder. A man who rods or bars
different speeds, and as they pass
ore that sticks as it passes through
out of it produce characteristic op-
the bin door. (Willcox)
tical effects that are recognizable
Sing. 1. (No. of Eng.). A pile or with the proper instruments or, in
heap of anything. Specifically: A some cases, by the eye alone. Bi-
heap of metallic ore, etc. 2. The refringence is also known as Double
kiln of a furnace for making char- refraction. ( Ransome

coal used in metal smelting (obso-

Blrmite. See Burmite.
lete). (Standard)
3. Eight hundred weight of ore. Bisehofite. A
crystalline-granular and
(Raymond) foliated, colorless to white hydrous
4. (Eng.). The best quality of lead magnesium chloride, HiaMgChO..
ore. (Webster) (Dana)
5. (Scot). A
place where coal is
Biscuit. In ceramics, ware baked
stocked, or d#bris is piled at the sur-
once, but not glazed; bisque.
face. 6. To put coal in wagons or
(Standard)
in stacks at the surface. (Gresley)
bing-hole (Derb.). A hole or chute
Bisectrix. A line bisecting the angle
between the optic axes of a biaxial
through which ore is thrown. (Ray- crystal. See Acute bisectrix; also
mond)
Obtuse bisectrix. (Webster)
Bing ore (Derb.). The largest and Bismite. Bismuth trioxide. BijOs. oc-
best kind of lead ore. (Hunt) curring as a straws-yellow earth,
Bingplace (Derb.). The place where and as pearly white scales. (Dana)
ore Is stored for smelting. (Min.
Bismuth. One of the elements. .\
Jour.
brittle, reddish-white metal. Sym-
Blngstead (Eng.). 1. The place where bol, Bi, atomic weight, 208.0. Spe-
lead ore is dressed. (Hunt) cific gravity, 9.8 (Webster). The
2. A place for storing ore, coal, etc. reddish-color is possibly due to ox-
Compare Bing, 1 and 5. idation.
Bing-tale (No. of Eng.). A synonym Bismuth blende. Same as Eulytite
for Tribute. (Standard)
 ) )

80 GLOSSARY OF MINING AND MINERAL INDUSTRY.

Bismuth bronze. An alloy of bismuth Bitulithic. A kind of paving consistr

with tin. (Standard) ing of broken stone cemented witk
bitumen or asphalt. (Webster)
Bismuth flux. A mixture of one part
potassium iodide, one part acid po- Bitumastic. A kind of bituminous
tassium sulphate, and two parts of paint or cement. (Webster)
sulphur. Also made by mixing Bitumen. See Asphalt. A general
equal parts of potassium iodide and name and semisolid
for various solid
sulphur. hydrocarbons. In 1912 the term
Bismuth glance. See Bismuthinite. was used by the American Society
fof Testing Materials to include all
Bismuthinite. Bismuth trisulphide, those hydrocarbons which are solu-
BiaSs. Contains 81.2 per cent bis- ble in carbon bisulphide, whether
muth. (Dana) gases, easily mobile liquids, viscous
Bismuthite. See Bismutite. liquids, or solids. (U. S. Geol.
Surv.)
Bismuth ocher. See Bismite.
Bitumenized. Converted into bitumen.
Bismuth silver. 1. Same
as Chilenite. (Hitchcock)
2. Same as Schapbachite. (Stand-
Bituminate. 1. To cement or cover
ard)
with bitumen. 2. To charge or mix
Bismutite. A basic bismuth carbonate with bitumen. (Standard)
of doubtful composition. Perhaps
Bituminiferous. Yielding or contain-
Bi,Os.C02H20. Contains 80 per cent
ing bitumen. (Standard)
Bismuth. (Dana)
Bituminoso (Mex.). Bituminous.
Bismuto (Mex.). Bismuth. (Dwight) (Dwight)
Bismutospharite. A
yellow, spherical, Bituminous. 1. Containing much or-
fibrous bismuth carbonate, BiaCOs, ganic, or at least carbonaceous mat-
usually found as an alteration prod- ter, mostly in the form of the tarry
uct of bismuthinite. (Dana) hydrocarbons w^hich are usually de-
Bisphenoid. In crystallography, a
scribed as bitumen. (Kemp)
2. Having the odor of bitumen.
form ai)parently consisting of two
Often applied to minerals. (Dana)
sphenoids placed together symmetri-
cally. (A. F. Rogers) Bituminous cement. A bituminous
material suitable for use as a binder,
Bisque. In ceramics, biscuit; biscuit- having cementing qualities which
ware, as in statuettes, dolls, etc. are dependent mainly on its bitumi-
(Standard) nous character. (Bacon)
Bit. 1. A drilling chisel. Compare Bituminous coal. Ordinary soft coal.
Auger-stem. (Chance) See Coal.
2. The cutting end of a boring im-
. plement. (Raymond) Bituminous limestone. A limestone
impregnated with bituminous mat-
3. A pointed hammer for dressing
ter and emitting a fetid odor when
hard stone, as granite. 4. The blade
rubbed. Called also Stinkstone and
of an ax. 5. The copper head of a
Swinestone. ( Standard
soldering iron. (Webster)
Bitches (Scot). A set of three chains
Bituminous pavement. A pavement
composed of stone, gravel, sand,
for slinging pipes in a mine shaft.
shell or slag, or combinations there-
(Barowman) of, and bituminous materials, thor-
Bites (Colom.). Slime produced by oughly incorporated. (Bacon)
grinding or stamping ore. (Halse) Bituminous sandstone. See Sandstone.
Bitter. Applied to minerals having Bituminous shale. A shale contain-
the taste of Epsom salts. (Dana) ing hydrocarbons or bituminous ma-
Bitter earth. Magnesia. terial when rich in such substances
:

it yields oil or gas on distillation.

Bittern. The
bitter mother liquor Called also Pyroschist or Oil shale.
that remains in salt works after the (Standard)
salt has crystallized out. ( Webster
Bituminous surface. In paving, a
Bitter spar. A
pure, crystalline dolo- superficial coat of bituminous mate-
mite. It consists of one part or rial, with or without the addition
equivalent of calcium carbonate and of stone or slag chips, gravel, sand,
one part of magnesium carbonate. or material of similar character.
Also called Pearl spar. (Roy. Ck>m.) (Bacon)
 GLOSSARY OF MINING AND MINERAL INDUSTRY. 81

Bituminous wood. A variety of brown coarse work, such as marking stone.

coal much resembling wood. (Ches- (Century)
ter)
Black coal (Scot). Coal slightly
Bitusol. Trinidad asphalt. It is said burned by igneous rock (Barrow-
to —
be a true bitusol that is to say, man). See Natural coke; Blind
dispersed solid colloids in solution coal, 1.
in bitumen. (Bacon)
Black copper. A
name given to the
Bivalent. Having a valence of two. more or less impure metallic copper
See also Valence. (Webster) produced in blast-furnaces when
Bizen ware. Fine, hard, unglazed running on oxide ores or roasted
pottery, usually grayish white; sulphide material. It is always an
made fn Bizen, Japan. (Webster) alloy of copper with one or more
other metals generally containing
Pizet. In gem cutting, the part of a several per cent of iron, often lead,
brilliant (diamond) between the and many other impurities. It also
table and the girdle, occupying one- contains from 1 to 3 per cent sul-
third of its depth and having 32 phur. (Peters, p. 227)
facets. (Standard)
Black copper ore. See Melaconite;
Black alta. An argillaceous schist, Tenorlte.
found in the New Almaden quick-
silver mine, Santa Clara County, Black coring. The development of
California. (Hanks) black or bluish-black cores in bricks,
Black amber. A name given by amber- due to improper burning. (Ries)
diggers to jet which is found vs^ith
Black cotton (India). Soil from 6 to
amber. It becomes faintly electric
10 feet in thickness overlying the
when rubbed. (Oldham)
coal measures, which in dry weather
Black and g:old marble. See Porto shrinks and produces mud cracks.
marble. (Gresley)
Black ash. A solid black mixture of Black damp. A term generally applied
sodium carbonate and calcium sul- to carbon dioxide. Strictly speak-
phide produced by fusing sodium ing, a mixture of nitrogen, and car-
sulphate, limestone, and coal to- bon dioxide. The average black
gether in soda-ash manufacture. damp contains 10 to 15 per cent car-
Called also Soda-ball and British bon dioxide, and 85 to 90 per cent
barilla. (Standard) nitrogen. It Is formed by mine
Blackband. An earthy carbonate of firesand the explosion of fire damp
iron, accompanying coal beds. Ex- in mines, and hence forms a part of
tensively worked as an iron ore in the afterdamp. An atmosphere de-
Great Britain, and somewhat in pleted of oxygen rather than con-
Ohio. (Raymond) taining an excess of carbon dioxide.

Black bat. A piece of bituminous Black diamond. 1. A variety of dia-

shale embedded in the rock imme- mond, opaque, dark colored, and
diately over the coal measure and without cleavage. (Moses)
liable to fall of its own weight 2. A term frequently applied to coal.
when the coal beneath it has been (Gresley)
removed (Cinkovitch v. Thistle
Black earth. A kind of coal which is
Coal Co., 143 Iowa, p. 597, 121
pounded fine and used by painters
Northwestern, 1036). Compare Ket-
In fresco. (Century)
tle bottom Bell-mold.
;

Black-ends (Eng.). See Black butts.

Black butts. Discolored and imperfect
coke, usually found at the bottom or
side of the oven because of excessive
moisture existing there; may also
result from improper manipulation
of the oven. Also called Black ends.
Black chalk. 1. A variety of blueish-
black 'ildy containing carbon. ( Skin-
ner)
2.A slate sufficiently colored by car-
bonaceous particles to answer the
purpose of black lead in pencils for
76242'—19 6
Blackening. In founding, the process
of coating the faces of a mold with
charcoal or similar fine powder, or
with a mixture thereof with water;
facing. (Standard)
Black flux. A flux obtained as a dark
colored mass (consisting of potas-
sium carbonate and finely divided
carbon) by the deflegratlon of tar-
tar with about half its weight of
saltpetre. (Webster)
 )

82 GLOSSARY OF MINING AND MINERAL INDUSTRY.

Black heat. A heat just below a dull Blacklung. See Anthracosls.

red heat, at which iron or steel
turns black (Webster). Compare Black-mob (Eng.). Slang for work-
Black-red heat. men who refuse to Join a trades
union. ( Standard
Black hematite. A synonym for Psil-
omelane. (Chester) Black muck; Black mould (Lane). A
dark-brown powdery substance, con-
Black horse. A term used by quarry- sisting of silica, alumina, and iron;
men in Rhode Island to denote a found in iron mines. (Gresley)
dark biotite-gneiss in contact with
the gi-anite. (Dale) Black ocher. Wad; bog manganese
ore.
Blacking. Finely powdered charcoal,
graphite, or a mixture thereof with Black oil. A residue from petroleum
water, or other form of powdered or from its distillates. It varies

carbon, used in coating a mold, as widely in character and Is used as

in iron casting; black wash; facing. a cheap lubricant. (Bacon)
(Standard) Black ore (Eng.). Partly decomposed
Malleable iron untinned: pyrite containing copper. (C. and
Black iron.
distinguished from Tinned or White M. M. P.)
iron. (Standard) Black oxide of manganese. See Pyro-
Black iron ore. A synonym for Mag- lusite.

netite. (Chester) Black pigment. Lampblack obtained

Blackjack. 1. A dark variety of zinc- by burning common coal tar. (Cen-
blende or sulphide of zinc. It has tury)
a resinous luster and yields a light Black plate. Sheet Iron before tin-
colored streak or powder. See also ning. (Raymond)
Blende; Sphalerite. (Dana)
Blackpot (Eng.). A variety of coarse
2. Crude black oil used to lubricate
mine-car wheels. 3. (Ark.) Soft unglazed pottery. (Standard)
black, carbonaceous clay or earth Black powder. A granular explosive
associated with coal. (Steel) containing approximately 74 per
4. (Derb.) A kind of cannel coal. cent potassium nitrate, 16 per cent
(Gresley) wood charcoal, and 10 per cent sul-
5. (111.) A thin stratum of coal phur. For sporting powders the per
interbedded with layers of slate. A cent of potassium nitrate is usually
poor, bony coal. a little higher. Compare Blasting
Milled sheet brass as powder. (Brunswig, p. 238)
Black latten.
used by braziers and wiredrawers. Black-red heat. The temperature of
(Standard) a metal at which it begins to be
Blacklead. The common name for
luminous by daylight (Standard).
graphite, because it gives a mark
Compare Black heat.
on wood or paper like that of me- Black-ring (So. Staff.). A thin bed
tallic lead. Also called Plumbago. of coal as seen in the shaft sides,
(Roy. Com.) having the appearance of a black
circle or ring. (Gresley)
Blacklead ore. An early name for the
black variety of cerussite. (Chester) Blacks (Som.). Soft dark-colored
shale. (Gresley)
Blackleg. 1. A strike breaker. 2. A
swindler; a dishonest gambler. Black sand. Heavy grains of various
(Webster) minerals which have a dark color,
Black lignite. A coal Intermediate and are usually found accompany-
ing gold in alluvial deposits, e. g.,
between lignite and bituminous coal
magnetite, chromite, ilmenite. cas
and not always distinguishable from (Power)
siterite, tourmaline, etc.
one or the other on sight. Called
also Subbituminous coal. (Wat- Black-sand beach. A beach where
son) black sand occurs.
Black list. Any list of persons who Black silver; Brittle silver ore. Same
are for any reason deemed ob- (Standard)
as Stephanite.
jectionable by the makers or users
of the list, as for political or social Black solder. An alloy of copper, zinc,
misconduct, for Joining In or assist- and a little tin. (Webster)
ing a strike, etc. (Century) Blackstone (No. of Eng.). Highly
Black litharge. See Abstrich. carbonaceous shale. (Gresley)
 I.
3.^^0'
GLOSSARY OF MINING AND MINERAL INDUSTRY. 83

Blackstrap. A dark, heavy oil used Blaize (Scot). See Blae.

for lubricating mine-car wheels.
Blake crusher. The original crusher
See also Black jack, 2. of jaw type. A crusher with one
Black taggers. Thin sheet iron un- fixed jaw plate and one pivoted at
coated with tin. Black iron. (Stand- the top so as to give the greatest
ard) movement on the smallest lump
(Richards, p. 1200). Motion is im-
Black telluride. See Nagyagite.
parted to the lower end of the
Black tin (Corn.). Dressed tin ore crushing jaw by toggle joint op-
ready to be smelted. (Standard) erated by eccentric.
Black truck (Aust). A box-shaped Blake furnace. A furnace, the hearth
truck or car with end door, so called of which consists of terraces rising
because It is made black with tar. from the outer edge to the center.
(Power) The hearth is circular and revolves
when in operation. (Ingalls, p. 116)
Black vitriol. An impure copper sul-
phate. (Standard) Blanc. In ceramics, an undecorated
piece of pottery. (Standard)
Black wad. An early name for sev-
eral minerals, including graphite Blanc fixe. A barium sulphate formed
and the softer manganese oxides. artificially a heavy, white, in-
as
(Chester) soluble precipitate. Used as a pig-
ment. Also called Baryta white;
Blackwork. Iron wrought by black-
1.
Permanent white. (Webster)
smiths. Forgings, rolled work,
2.
etc., which have not undergone a Blanch. 1. (Eng.) Lead ore, mixed
process that gives a bright finish. with other minerals. (Raymond)
(Webster) 2. To cover sheet iron with a coat-
ing of tin. (Webster)
Bladed. Decidedly elongated and flat-
tened (Butler). Said of some min- Blanched copper. An alloy of copper
erals. and arsenic. (Raymond)
Bladed structure. Consisting of parts Blandura (Sp.). Soft, crumbly ground.
resembling knife blades. (George) (Halse)
Blae. 1. (Scot.) A hard sandstone, Blanket. 1. A piece of cloth used In
freefrom joints; also an underclay blanket sluices. (Webster)
with balls of ironstone. See Bind. 2. See Blanket deposit; Blanket
Called Blaes or Blaize
(Gresley). vein.
2. A shale or slate of bluish
soft 3. A
bituminous surface of apprecia-
color (Webster). See Kingle. ble thickness generally formed on
top of a roadway by the applica-
Blagden's law. The law (of limited tion of one or more coats of bitumi-
application) that the lowering of
nous material and sand (Bacon),
the freezing point is proportional to
Also called Carpet.
the amount of the dissolved sub-
stance. (Webster) Blanket deposit. A flat deposit of ore
of which the length and breadth are
Blair process. An improved form of relatively great as compared with
the Chenot process. (Raymond) the thickness. The term is current
Blaisdell reclaiming apparatus. An among miners, but it has no very
apparatus for automatically dis- exact scientific meaning. More oi"
charging a sand tank having a cen- less synonymous terms are flat
tral bottom opening. It consists of sheets, bedded veins, beds or flat
a central vertical shaft carrying masses. Such deposits are fre-
four arms fitted with round plow quently intercalated between rocks
disks. Sand is plowed toward a of different lithological character and
central opening and discharged on a origin, and may have been deposited
conveyor belt (Liddell). Also called in a regular sedimentary series, or
Blaisdell vat excavator. subsequently introduced between the
beds or Impregnating them (Cen-
Blaisdell sand distributer. An appara-
tury) See also Blanket vein.
tus for loading sand tanks. It con-
sists of a rapidly revolving disk Blanketing. 1. Material caught upon
with curved radial vanes. The disk the blankets used In concentrating
is hung on a shaft in the center of gold-bearing sands or slimes. (Web-
the tank, and as sand is dropped on ster)
the disk It is distributed over the 2. The process involved In defini<
entire area. (Liddell) tion 1.

84 GLOSSARY OF MINING AND MINERAL INDUSTRY.
Blanket shooting. Also termed Buffer
shooting or Shooting against the
bank. A term applied to a method
of blasting on a face not exceeding
30 or 35 feet in height. It involves
leaving at the quarry face a mass
of shattered rock several feet in
thickness that serves as a buffer,
preventing the rock from being
thrown far from its source, and also
rendering the shot more effective.
(Bowles)
Blanket sluice. A sluice in which
coarse blankets are laid, to catch
the fine but heavy particles of gold,
amalgam, etc., in the slime passing
over them. The blankets are re-
moved and washed from time to
time, to obtain the precious metal.
(Raymond)
Blanket table, or strake (Aust). A bottom of a pump (Ure). See also
sloping board or table covered with
baize for catching gold. (Davies)
Blanket vein. A horizontal vein or
deposit. Sheet ground. A sheet de-
posit. " A vein in which the ore
body covers the entire area within
the limits of the surface lines of a
mining location. The apex of a
blanket vein is coextensiv? with the
space between the side lines of a
mining location." (Homestake Min.
Co., In re, 29 Land Decisions, p. 689
Belligerent, etc., Mining Claims, In
re, 35 Land Decision, p. 22.) (U.
5. INIin. Stat., p. 106). See also
Blanket deposit.
Blanton cam. A device used for lock-
ing the cam on the camshaft in a
stamp-mill. A wedging action
sured by means of a brass taper
bushing.
Blast. 1. The operation of blasting,
or rending rock or earth by means
of explosives. 2. The air forced
into a furnace to accelerate com-
bustion 3. The period during which
a blast furnace is in blast, that is,
in operation. (Raymond)
4. An explosion of gas (or dust) in
a mine. (Webster)
6. (Scot.). A fall of water in the
down-cast shaft to produce or
quicken ventilation. (Barrowman)
6. Togive (a kiln) a specially hot
firing at the last. (Standard)
Blast box.A chamber into or through
which the air of a blowing engine
passes. (Century)
Blast draft. The draft produced by
a b>ower, as by blowing in air be-
neath a fire, or drawing out the
gases from above it. A forced
draft (Webster)
;
Blasted. 1. A term applied to n miner
who has been injured by an ex-
plosion of dynamite or gunpowder.
(Weed)
2. Rent by an explosive. (Webster)
Blast furnace. A furnace in which
combustion is forced by a current
of air under pressure, especially for
smelting ores, A blast furnace is
designated as hot-blast or cold-blast
according to the temperature of the
air used for the blast. The furnace
is usually vertical, but varies greatly
in size and shape (Webster)
Blast hearth. A hearth in connection
with which a blast is used, as in re-
ducing lead ore. (Webster)
Blast-hole (Eng.). 1. The holes
through which the water enters the
Snore hole.
2. A hole for a blasting-charge.
(Standard)
Blast-hole machine. A
drilling ma-
chine of the Keystone type, used to
drill holes 6 in. diameter and 35 to
40 ft. deep for the purpose of blast-
ing down a large amount of ore or
waste in advance of the steam-
shovels. It is used in all of the
great excavations of the dissemi-
nated copper deposits. (Min. and
Sci. Press, vol. 113. p. 946.)
Blasting. 1. The operation of splitting
rocks by gunpowder or other ex-
plosives (Century) as in mining
:
and quarrying operations.
is in-
2. A method of loosening or shat-
tering masses of solid matter, en-
countered during boring, by means
of explosive compounds. Where
petroleum occurs in a dense hard
rock, recourse must sometimes be
had to the use of explosives, the
effect of these being to set up a sub-
terranean disturbance, which may
thus be the means of giving freer
movement to the oil. (Mitzakis)
Blasting barrel. A piece of iron pipe,
usually about i inch in diameter,
used to provide a smooth passage-
way through the stemming for the
miner's squib. It is recovered after
each blast and used until destroyed.
(Du Pont)
Blasting cap. A copper shell closed at
one end and containing a charge of
detonating compound, which is Ig-
nited from the spark of the fuse.
Used for detonating high explosives.
(Du Pont)
 GLOSSARY OF MINING AND MINERAL, INDUSTRY.
Blasting cartridge. A cartridge con-
taining an explosive to be used in
blasting. (Webster)
Blasting circuit. Tlie leading wires,
connecting wires and connected elec-
tric blasting caps, when prepared
for the firing of a blast. (Du Pont)
Blasting compounds. Explosive sub-
stances used in blasting. (Century)
Blasting fuse. A slow burning fuse
used for igniting blasting charges.
(Webster)
Blasting gelatin. A high explosive,
consisting of nitroglycerin and nitro-
cotton. It is a strong explosive, and
is a rubber-like, elastic substance,
unaffected by water. (Du Pont)
Blasting machine. A portable dynamo,
in which the armature is rotated by
the downward thrust of the rack-
bar or handle, used for firing blasts
electrically (Du Pont). Also called
Battery.
Blasting mat. A tightly woven cover-
ing of heavy manila rope or wire
rope, or chain, made in various
sizes, for covering the material to
be blasted and preventing the flying
of small fragments of rock. (Du
Pont)
Blasting r.eedle. A needle-like instru-
ment for making an opening for a
fuse (or squib). (Webster)
Blasting oil. Same as Nitroglycerin.
(Century)
Blasting powder. A powder contain-
ing less nitrate, and in its place
more charcoal than black powder.
Its composition is 65 to 75 per cent
potassium nitrate, iO to 15 per cent
sulphur and 15 to 20 per cent char-
coal. In the United States sodium
nitrate is largely used in place of
the potassium salt. Compare Black
I)Owder. (Brunswig, p. 302)
Blasting stick. A simple form of fuse.
(Raymond)
Blasting supplies. A term used to in-
clude electric blasting caps, ordi-
nary blasting caps, fuse, blasting
machines, galvanometers, rheostats,
etc., in fact, everything used in
blasting, except explosives. (Du
Pont)
Blasting tube. An India rubber tubing
used for holding nitroglycerin. ( Web-
ter)
Blast liquor. A liquid for bleaching,
as a solution of chloride of lime.
(Webster)
85
Blast meter. An anemometer for
measuring the force of a blast.
(Webster)
Blast nozzle. A fixed or variable out
let of a blast pipe. (Webster)
Blast pipe. A pipe for supplying air
to furnaces. (C. and M. M. P.)
Blast-roasting. A
generic term given
by A. S. Dwight to a process of
forcing air through finely divided
metallic sulphides with the object
of roasting and agglomerating In
a single operation. The process
which originated with Huntington
and Heberlein in 1SS9 was confined
to a galena concentrate, limestone
being added to serve both as a di-
luent to keep separate the particles
of galena that they might be thor-
oughly oxidized, and as a flux that
the partly roasted ore might be ag-
glomerated by the formation of a
sinter. In the original Huntington
and Heberlein process the galena
concentrate, mixed with limestone,
is given a preliminary rough-roast,
In order to oxidize some of the sul-
phide and thus reduce its calorific
power, before It Is moistened and
charged Into the converting pot.
In the later Savelsberg process
the moistened galena-limestone mix-
ture Is blown direct without having
been subjected to a rough-roast.
In the third modification, the Car-
mlchael-Bradford process, the mode
of operating Is the same as with the
Savelsberg, only limestone Is re-
placed by dehydrated gypsum. These
three established processes, as well
as some other modifications, are
characterized as the up-draft opera-
tions and are usually Intermittent;
the Dwlght-Lloyd process is the lead-
ing representative of the down-draft
operation which Is usually continu-
ous. (Hofraan, General Metallurgy,
pp. 411-412)
Blatt (Ger.). A flaw or fault.
Bleacher. A settling tub used In re-
fining petroleum. (Standard)
Bleaching clay (Com.). Kaolin, used
with size, to whiten and give weight
and susbtance to cotton goods.
(Raymond)
Bleaching A powder for
powder.
bleaching, as chloride of lime, or
calcium oxychlorlde CaOCla. (Web-
ster)
Bleb. A vesicle or bulla containing
a serous fluid ; a bubble as in water,
glass, etc. (Webster)
 )

86 GLOSSARY OF MINING AND MINERAL INDUSTRY,

Bleck. 1. (No of Eng.) Pitch or tar Blind creek (Aust). A creek that l»
upon ropes. (Gresley) dry, except in wet weather. (Da-
2. A black, fluid or semifluid sub- vies)
stance, as blacking for leather,
grease on an axle, Blind drift. A horizontal passage, ip
etc. (Standard)
a mine, not yet connected with the
Bleed (Eng.) To give off water, or other workings (Ihlseng). See also
gas, as from coal or other stratum. Blind level.
(Gresley) Blinde. Same as Blende. (Standard)
Bleeder. 1. An escape valve for gas Blinded (Scot). Not opposite. Two
at the top of a furnace or along ends (drifts or entries) driven from
the gas line, to relieve excess pres- opposite sides of a plane and not
sure or flow of gas. (Willcox) opposite each other, but nearly so,
2. Asmall cock or valve to draw are said to be blinded. (Barrow-
off water of condensation from a man )
range of piping. (Nat. Tube Co.)
Blind flange. A flange used to close
Bleeding. The exudation of bitumi- the end of a pipe. It produces a
nous material on the roadway sur- blind end which is also called a dead
face after construction. (Bacon) end. (Nat. Tube Co.)
Bleeding valve. A cock, as in an air Blind joint. An obscure bedding
brake mechanism, the opening of plane. (C. and M. M. P.)
which releases air (Standard). Blind lead; Blind lode. A vein having
See also Bleeder. no outcroi). (Ihlseng)
Bleiberg furnace. See Carinthlan fur- Blind level. 1. A level not yet con-
nace.
nected with other working. 2. A
Blenda (Mex.). Zincblende. (Dwight) level for drainage, having a shaft
at either end, and acting as an in-
Blende. Without any
qualiflcation
means zincblende or the sulphide of
verted siphon. (Raymond)
zinc, which has the luster and often Blind lode. A lode showing no sur-
the color of common resin, and face outcrop, and one that can not
yields a white streak and powder. be found by any surface indications.
The darker varieties are called See also Blind lead. (Skinner)
blackjack by the English miners. Blind-pit (Lane). See Drop-staple.
Other minerals having this luster
are also called blendes, as antimony Blind road; Blind way (Mid.). Any
blende, ruby blende, pitchblende, underground roadway not In usei
hornblende (Roy. (IJom.). It is having stoppings placed across it.
often found In brown shining crys- (Gresley)
tals, hence its name among the Ger-
man miners, from the word blenden
Blind roaster. A muffle furnace.
(Webster)
to dazzle.
Blind seams. Incipient joints. (Ries)
Bllck (Ger.). The brightening or iri-
descence appearing on silver or gold Blind shaft. A
shaft which does not
at the end of the cupelling or refin- open to daylight. A winze. See also
ing process. (Raymond) Underground shaft.
Blikhuis (So. Afr.). A small house of Blind shearing (Scot.). A side cut-
galvanized iron erected on a gold ting without under cutting. (Bar-
field or in a diamond compound. rowman
(Standard) Blind stope (Local, U. S.). A secret
Blind. X. Not appearing in an out' working to remove ore, (Standard)
crop at the surface applied to min-
; Blind vein. A vein that does not
eral veins. (Webster) continue to the surface (Power).
2. (Forest of Dean.) See After- See also Blind, 1 Blind lode, Blind
;

damp. 3. (Scot.). To erect a stop- lead.

ping in a crosscut or other under- Blister. See Blister copper.
*
ground roadway. (Gresley)
Blister copper. A
high-grade crude
Blind coal (Eng.). 1. Coal altered by copper in which nearly all the
the heat of a trap dike so as to re- oxidlzable impurities have been re-
semble anthracite. (Gresley) moved by slagging and volatiliza-
2. Anthracite and other kinds of tion. It contains from 97 to 99 per
coal that burn without flame. cent copper and only .25 to .75 per
(Power) cent sulphur (Peters, p. 226)*
 GLOSSARY OF MINING AND MINERAL INDUSTRY. 87

Blistered copper ore. A reniform otherwise, any large blocks or pieces

variety of chalcopyrite. (Power) of rock that have been blown down
by the miners. (Mesich v. Tama-
Blistering. See Secondary blasting;
rack Mining Co., 184 Michigan, p.
also Mudcap.
866; 151 Northwestern, p. 563)
Blister steel. Crude steel formed from
Blocking-out. 1. (Aust). Laying or
wrought iron by cementation. So
staking out gold-bearing gravel de-
r called from its blistered surfaces
posits in square blocks in order to
'
(Webster). See also Cement steel.
facilitate systematic washing. 2. Ex-
Bloat. A hammer swelled at the eye. posing an ore body on three sides.
(Raymond) (Skinner)
Block. 1. A division of a mine, usu- Block ore. A local term in Wisconsin
ally bounded by workings but some- for large cubical crystals of galena.
times by survey lines or other arbi- (Power)
trary limits. (Webster)
Block-reef (Aust.). A reef that shows
Block-bond. A style of bricklaying In frequent contractions and bulges.
which the bricks are laid crosswise A wavy vein. (Power)
and lengthwise alternately. (Stand- Block system of stoping and filling.
ard)
See Overhand stoping.
Block caving. A method of mining ore
Block tin. Commercial tin, cast into
from the top down in successive lay-
blocks, and partly refined. Solid
ers of much greater thickness than
tin as distinguished from tin plate.
characteristic of top slicing. Each Also called Bar tin. (Webster)
block is undercut over the greater
part of its bottom area and the sup- Blocky. Breaking down In thick
porting pillars blasted out. As the blocks. Applied to the roof of a
.block caves and settles, the cover mine working. (Steel)
follows. The method might be con- Blond-metal (Staff.). A variety of
sidered as involving many of the clay ironstone of the coal-measures
features of top slicing combined with occurring near Wednesbury. (Cen-
ore caving, but applied on .> larger tury)
scale (Young). Also called "Caving Blood poisoning. A morbid state of
system " and " Cumberland method the blood caused by the introduction
of mining." of poisonous or infective matter
Block caving into chutes. See Chute from without, or the absorption or
caving. retention of such as is produced in
the body itself. (Webster)
Block claim (Aust.). A square mining
claim whose boundaries are marked
Bloodstone. A variety of chalcedony
or jaspar, dark green in color, Inter-
out by posts. (Skinner)
spersed with small red spots. Used
Block coal. A
peculiar kind of coal as a gem. (U. S. Geol. Surv.)
that breaksinto large cubical Bloodwipe (Derb.). To draw blood,
blocks. It is used raw, or without at a mine, by any act of violence
coking, in the smelting of iron. that one man can inflict upon an-
• Found in the Indiana coal field. other. (Hooson)
(Century)
Bloom. 1. A large steel bar, drawn
Block furnace. Same as Bloomery. from an ingot for further manufac-
(Century) ture. 2. A rough bar of iron, drawn
from a Catalan or bloomery ball,
Block hole. 1. A small hole drilled in
for further manufacture. See also
a block of rock either by hand drill
or a portable air drill, to contain
Billet. (Raymond)
a small charge of explosive. 2. A
3. A mass of iron or steel formed
by consolidating scrap at a high
relief hole, designed to remove i)art
temperature by hammering or roll-
of the burden from a subsequent
ing. 4. A lump or mass of molten
shot, used In coal mining. (Du glass. 5. An earthy mineral that is
Pont)
frequently found as an efflorescence,
3. A quarryman's term for a method
as cobalt bloom. Also called Blos-
of brieaking undesirably large blocks
som. 6. To form an efflorescence, as
of stone by the discharge of dyna-
salts with which alkali soils are im-
mite In shallow holes. (Bowles)
precmated bloom out on the surface
Bi^ckholer. A i>erson whose duty It of the earth in dry weather, after a
is to break up and reduce to safe rain or irrigation. 7. The fluores-
and convenient size, by blasting or cence of petroleum. (Webster)
 )

88 GLOSSARY OF MINING AND MINERAL INDUSTRY.

Bloomery; Bloomary. 1. A forge for Blower. 1. A fan or other apparatus

making wrought-iron, usually direct for forcing air into a furnace or
from the ore. The sides are iron mine. (See Blowing engine. (Hanks)
plates; the hair plate at the back, 2. A blowing out or forcible dis-
the cinder plate at the front, the charge of gas from a hole or fissure
tuyere plate (through which the in a mine. (Webster)
tuydre passes) at one side (its 3. (Eng.). A man who blasts or
upper part being called in some fires shots In a mine, or who drills
bloomeries the merrit plate) the the holes and charges them, ready
fore-spar plate opposite the tuyere for firing. (Gresley)
plate (Its upper part being the 4. A foreman in charge of the opera-
skew plate) and the bottom plate tion of a blast furnace and stoves.
at the bottom. (Raymond) At small plants in charge of trestle,
2. Amachine for making blooms stock house, and pig machine as well.
out of puddle-balls; an establish- (Willcox)
ment containing such machines.
(Standard) Blow-George (Eng.). A small cen-
trifugal fan worked by hand, for
Bloom hook. A tool for handling metal mine ventilation. (Gresley)
blooms. Also called bloom tongs.
(Century) Blowholes. 1. Minute craters formed
on the surface of thick lava flows.
Blooming. The process of manufac- (Daly)
turing blooms of iron from the ore 2. A
hole for the escape of gas or
or from puddle balls. (Standard) air. 3. A spot in a casting weak-
ened by a bubble of air ; an air hole.
Blooming mill. 1. The first set of (Webster)
rolls in a rolling mill. 2. A bloom-
ery. (Standard) Blow-in. To put a blast furnace In
operation. (Raymond) See also
Blossom. The oxidized or decomposed Blowing-in.
outcrop of a vein or coal bed, more
frequently the latter. Also called Blowing (Eng.). Blasting. (Bain-
Bloom, Smut, and Tailing. See also bridge)
Gossan. (Raymond) Blowing engine. An engine for forc-
ing air into blast furnaces under
Blossom of coal. See Coal smut. 1.
pressure, often about one pound
Blossom rock. The rock detached from avoirdupois per square inch. ( Weed
a vein but which has not been trans- Blowing fan. A rotary fan used to
ported. (Ihlseng) produce a blast. (Webster)
BloTit. A mass of quartz, often miner- Blowing furnace. A furnace in which
alized, is frequently isolated
that glassware is held to soften it when
and not connected with a vien. A it becomes stiff in working. (Web-
contraction of Blow-out, 2. ster)

Blow. 1. A single heat or operation Blowing house (Eng.). An establish-

of the Bessemer converter, also the ment in which blast furnaces are
quantity of metal operated upon. operated ( Ure ). Specifically for
2. (Aust). A large mass of quartz smelting tin ore.
or other gangue, isolated or forming Blowing-in. The starting of a furnace
a sudden enlargement on a lode. which consists of warming the cru-
(Webster) cible, filling the furnace and heating
3. (Eng.). To blast with powder. the charge to the smelting point.
4. The escape of gas through a dam
(Hofman, p. 319)
or stopping. 5. (York.). The break-
ing or falling of a mine roof. (Gres- Blowing on tap hole. Blowing all
ley) through the hole at casting, to clean
6. (Aust). The outcrop of the the hearth of iron and cinder.
top of a vein (Standard). See (Willcox)
Ironstone blow. Blowing on the monkey. A flame
blowing from the cinder notch of a
Blowdown (Eng.). To bring down
blast furnace. (Willcox)
coal or stone with explosives (G.
C. Greenwell) Blowing-ont. See Blow-out, 1.

Blowdown fan. A force fan. (C. and Blowing pipe. A glass l)Iower'8 ^pe.
M. M. P.) (Century)
 GLOSSARY OF MINING AND MINERAL INDUSTRY. 89

Blowing-pot. In pottery works, an ap- Blows (Leic). Frequent and sudden

parutus for distributing color over risings of quicksand in sinking
the ware before burning. (Cen- through water-bearing ground.
tury) (Gresley)
Blowing road (So. Staff.). An intake, Blowtorch. A small automatic blast
or fresh-air road in a mine. (Gres- lamp or torch. (Webster)
ley)
Blowtube. A long wrought-iron tube,
Blowing tools. A small set of blast- on the end of which the workman
ing Implements (Standard). Com- gathers a quantity of molten glass,
pare Blasting supplies. and through which he blows to ex-
Blowing-up furnace. A furnace used pand or shape it. (Webster)
for sintering ore and the volatiliza-
tion of lead and zinc. (Hofman, p. Blowup. (Eng.)
1. An explosion of
139)
fire damp
in a mine. 2. To allow
atmospheric air access to cer-
Blown-out shot. A shot that has blown tain places in coal mines, so as to
out the stemming without breaking generate heat, and ultimately to
any of the coal except that around cause gob fires. (Gresley)
the auger hole (Steel). See also
Blow-out, 3. Blow wells (Eng.). A local term for
Blow-off. 1. To let off excess of steam Artesian wells, in the eastern coast
from a boiler. (C. and M. M. P.) of Lincolnshire, so called because
2. To blow out, by means of a special the water often rushes up violently.
valve, the suspended and precipi-
tated impurities collected in a steam Blue. An assayer's term for a solu-
boiler. tion of copper sulphate. (Ricketts)
Blow-out. 1. To put a blast furnace Blue asbestos. See Crocidolite.
out of blast, by ceasing to charge
fresh materials, and continuing the Blue band. A bluish band of slate
blast until the contents of the fur- from one to four inches thick occur-
nace have been smelted. 2. A large ring 18 to 24 inches from the bottom
outcrop, beneath which the vein is of the No. 6 coal seam in Illinois.
smaller, is called a blow-out. 3. A
Blue-billy (Eng.). The residuum of
shot or blast is said to blow out
cupreous pyrites after roasting with
when it goes off like a gun and does salt. (Raymond)
not shatter the rock (Raymond). A
blown-out or windy shot. Blue bind. Same as Bind, 1.
4. A sudden or violent escape of gas,
Bluecap. The characteristic blue halo
or air. 5. The cleaning of boiler
or tip, of the flame of a safety lamp
flues by a blast of steam. (Web- when fire damp is present in the
ster)
air (Barrowman). See also Cap, 2.
6. The rupture of a boiler tube,
steam pneumatic tire or other
pipe, Blue carbonate of copper. Same as
container through faulty construc- Azurite.
tion, excessive pressure or other Blue earth; Blue ground. See Kimber-
cause. lite.
Blow-over. The excess ofglass in
making blown objects, projecting be- Blue elvan (Corn.). A synonym for
yond the mold and afterward broken Greenstone.
off. (Standard) Blue grouna. 1. (So. Afr.) A miner's
Blowpipe. A tube through which air name for the decomposed peridotite
is forced into a flame, to direct it or kimberlito that carries the dia-
and increase its intensity. In the monds in the South African mines.
compound blowpipe, two jets of gas (Kemp.)
(one of which may be air) are 2. (So. Staff.) Strata of the coal
united at the point of combustion. measures, consisting principally of
(Raymond) beds of hard clay or shale. Sen
Blowpipe reaction. A decomposition Bind; also Bluestone, 2. (Gresley)
of a compound when heated befor<> Blue iron earth. See Vivianite.
the blowpipe, resulting in some
Blue ironstone. A synonym for Croci-
characteristic reaction, as a color-
ing of the flame or a colored crust
dolite (Chester). Blue asbestos.
on a piece of charcoal (Standard). Bluejack. Blue vitriol copper sul-
;

A useful method of analysis in min- phate (Webster). See also Ghal*

eralogy. canthite.
90 GLOSSARY OF MINING AND MINERAL. INDUSTRY.

Blue-john A beautiful fibrous or col- and dark-green minerals, chiefly

umnar variety of fluorspar found in hornblende and chlorite. The rock
Derbyshire, England. Used for is extensively quarried in New
making ornaments. (Webster) York. Its toughness, due to slight
metamorphism, and the ea^e with
Blue lead. (Pronounced like the verb which It may be split into thin slabs
to lead.)The bluish auriferous especially adapt it for use as flag
gravel and cement deposit found in stone. The term has been locally
the ancient river-channels of Cali- applied to other rocks, among which
fornia. (Raymond) are dark-blue slate and blue lime-
stone. (U. S. Geol. Surv.)
Blue lead-ore. An old name for a 2. (So. Wales). Hard clay or shale.
compact variety of galenite of a See also Bind. (Gresley)
bluish-gray color. (Chester)
3. Copper - vitrei ; copper - sulphate.
Blue malachite. Same as Azurite. (Raymond)
(Standard)
Blue talc. A synonym for Cyanite.
Blue metal. 1. A copper matte con- (Chester)
taining about 60 per cent copper.
(Webster) Blue verditer. See Verditer, 2 and 3.

2. (No. of Eng.). See Bind, 1; also

Blue vitrei. Copper sulphate; chal-
Bluestone, 2.
canthite. Also called Copper vitriol.
Blue ocher. Same as Vlvianite.
Bluff. 1. A high bank, presenting a
Blue oil. 1. A mixture of heavy oils precipitous front to the sea or a
and paraffin, obtained in the distil- river. 2. Blunt. 3. A fictitious
lation of ozocerite. (Webster) show of strength. (Webster)
2. The oil produced from the heavy 4. Altered country rock filling a
oil and paraflEin of the Scotish shales lode. Analogous to mullock of
by cooling and pressing for sepa- Australia. (Halse)
ration of hard paraffin scale; it is
Bluft (Leic). To extinguish, or put
refined and fractionated into lubri-
(Bacon) out of sight, a candle or other light.
cating oils.
(Gresley)
Blue opal. A synonym for Lazulite.
Bluing, or Blueing. The act or opera-
(Chester)
tion of giving a blue tint to iron or
Blue peach (Corn.). A slate-blue, steel, as by heating, by the use of
very fine grained tourmaline. (Ray- solutions, or by a combination of
mond ) both processes; also, the tint so
given. (Standard)
Blue powder. That portion of vapo-
rized zinc which does not condense as Blunge. In ceramics, to mix (clay)
a liquid, but passes directly to the with water by means of a blunger
solid state in finely divided bluish or in a pug mill. (Standard)
powder. (Ingalls, p. 205; Hofman,
p. 500)
Blunger. A wooden implement shaped
like a spatula, but larger than o
Blue print. A blue photograph. See shovel, used in mixing clay with
also Cyanotype. (Webster) water. (Standard)
Blue room. The first room in a bag Bluntin (Derb.). A dark tough vein
house. (Hofman, p. 131) which dulls the drills readily.
filling

The name for

(Hooson)
Blue schorl. 1. earliest
octahedrite. (Chester) Beam (Scot). See Boom, 1.
2. Blue tourmaline.
Board. See Bord.
Blue-sky law. A law enacted to pro-
Board-and-pillar. Same as Plllar-and-
vide for the regulation and super-
breast.
vision of investment companies, in
order to protect the public against Board-and-wall. Same as Bord-and-
companies that do not intend to do pillar, and Pillar-and-breast.
a fair and honest business. Board coal (Eng.). Coal having a
Blue spai Lazulite azure-spar.
; (Cen- fibrous or woody appearance. (Gres-
tury) ley)
Bluestone. 1. The commercial name Board run. The amount of undercut-
for a dark bluish-gray feldspathic ting that can be done at one setting
sandstone or arkose. The color is of a coal-mining machine, usually
due to the presence of fine black about 5 feet, without moving fpr-
 )

OLOSSAEY OF MINING AND MINERAL INDUSTRY. 91

ward the board upon which the ma- Bocca. 1. The round hole in a glass
chine works. (Consolidated Coal furnace by which the fused glass is
Co. V. Gruber, 188 Illinois, p. 589) taken out. (Duryee)
2. A volcanic crater or vent.
3oart. Same as bort. (Century) (Standard)
Boasting. The rough dressing of stone
with ii boasting chisel. (Standard) Boccarella (It). A small mouth In a
glass furnace on either side of the
Boasting-chisel. A flat chisel with an bocca; a nose hole. (Standard)
edge 2 inches wide, used in dress-
ing stone. (Standard) Bochorno (Mex.). Excessive heat
with lack of ventilation. (Dwight)
Boat. A gold dredge.
Boat coal (Penn.). Coal which Is Bodies seven. In alchemy, the metals
loaded into boats on canals, rivers, corresponding to the planets, being
(Gresley) gold, silver, iron, quicksilver, lead,
etc.
tin, and copper, answering respec-
Boat level (Wales). A navigable adit. tively to the sun, the moon, Mars,
(Raymond) Mercury, Saturn, Jupiter, and
Venus. ( Standard
!Bob; Pump bob; Eocklng
Balance bob;
bob. 1. A
triangular or four-sided
Body. 1. A kind or form of matter a ;
frame of heavy timber or of iron material substance. (Webster) 2.
by which the horizontal motion com- An orebody, or pocket of mineral de-
municated by the engine (connect- posit. 3. The thickness of a lubri-
ing rod) is altered to the inclined
cating oil or other liquid; also the
V or vertical motion of pump rods or
Used measure of that thickness expressed
of a man-engine (Chance).
in the number of seconds in which a
in connection with a Cornish pump.
given quantity of the oil at a given
Bobbin. 1. (Aust.) A catch placed temperature flows through an aper-
between the rails of the up-line or ture. (C. and M. M. P.)
an incline to stop any runaway
trucks. It consists of a bent iron Body A term frequently used
of coal.
bar, pivoted in such a manner so to indicatethe "fatty," inflammable
that the down-hill end is slightly property in coal, which is the basis
heavier than the up-hill end, which of the phenomenon called combus-
is capable of being depressed by an tion. (Nicolls)
up-coming truck, but rises above the Boetius furnace. An early gas-fired
. level of the truck axle as soon as
Belgian furnace withBoetius re-
the truck is past (Power). Also
generators. (Ingalls, p. 448)
called Monkey-chock.
2. A spool or reel. (Webster) Boetius producer. A furnace used for
the manufacture of producer gas.
Bobbing John (Scot). An appliance
(Ingalls, p. 304.)
formerly used in pumping, the mo-
tive power being water run into a Bog (Celtic for soft). A wet spongy
box at the end of a beam working morass, chiefly composed of decayed
on a center, the pump rods being vegetal matter. (Power)
attached to the other end. (Bar-
Bogar (Chile). In metallurgy, to skim.
rowmau)
(Halse)
Bob-pit. An excavation in which the
balance box, attached to the pump-
Bog butter. A fatty substance simi-
lar to adipocire found In the peat
rods, works. (Duryee)
bogs of Ireland (Webster). See also
Boca (Mex.). Mouth
of mine or tun- Butyrelllte.
nel, the place generally
especially Bog earth. A soil composed for the
used as an entrance; head of a most part of the fine siliceous mat-
stuU or post; heavy horizontal ter and partially decomposed vege-
brace; B. de barrena, the bit of a tal fiber. (Webster)
drill. (Dwight)
Boghead cannel. See Torbanlte.
Bocarte (Mex.). A stamp battery.
(Dwight) Boghead (Scot). A dark t)rown
coal
variety of cannel coal valuable as a
Bocartear (Sp.). To crush, stamp or source of paraflin oils and gas
grind ore. (Halse) (Webster). See also Torbanlte.
Bocazo (Sp.). A blown-out shot Boghead mineral. See Boghead eoalj
(Halse) Torbanlte.
92 GLOSSARY OF MINING AND MINERAL INDUSTRY.

Bogrie; Bogey; Bogy. 1. (York.) A Boiler Iron. Rolled sheet iron, such as
small truck or trolley upon which is used in making steam boilers,
a bucket is carried from the shaft varying in thickness from a quarter
to the spoil bank. 2. A weighted to half an inch, and in tensile
truck run foremost or next to the strength from 40,000 pounds per
rope in a train or trip. (Gresley) square inch upward. (Standard)
Bogie engine. A switching engine, the Boiler scaler. A man who cleans
running gear and driving gear of scales from boiler tubing. (Willcox)
which are on a bogie or truck. Boiler tube. One of the tubes by
(Webster) which heat from the furnace is dif-
fused through the water in a steam
Bog iron ore. A spongy variety of boiler. (Nat. Tube Co.)
hydrated oxide of iron or limonite.
Found in layers and lumps on level Boilery; In law, water pro-
Boilary.
sandy soils which have been covered ceeding from a salt well belonging to
with swamp or bog (Roy. Com.). one not the owner of the land«
See also Brown iron ore. (Standard)
Boiling. 1. Heated to the point of
Bog lime. A
white powdery, cal-
careous deposit, precipitated through bubbling; heaving with bubbles. 2.
plant action on the bottom of many In metallurgy, See Puddling. (Web-
ster)
ponds and used in Portland cement
manufacture. It is often errone- Boiling furnace. A water-jacket re-
ously called marl, a term which prop- verberatory furnace for decarboniz-
erly belongs to a calcareous clay. ing iron by a process in which the
(Watson) carbonic oxide escapes with an ap-
pearance of boiling. (Standard)
Bog manganese. A synonym for Wad.
Boiling heat. See Boiling point.
Bog ore. 1. An Iron hydroxide ore,
marshy Boiling point. 1. The temperature at
as from
limonite, places.
2. Bog manganese. (Standard) which a liquid begins to boil, or to
be converted into vapor by bubbles
Bogwood (Eng.). The trunks and forming within its mass. It varies
larger branches of trees dug up from with the pressure. In water, under
peat bogs. (Page) ordinary conditions, it is 212* F. or
100° C, but it becomes less with
Bohemian garnet. See Pyrope. lessened atmospheric pressure, as in
ascending a mountain being lowered
Bohemian glass. An ornamental glass about 1* F. for every 550 feet of
from Bohemia, noted for its rich ascent. (Standard)
colors and incised or engraved 2. The temperature at which crude
patterns. (Webster) oil on being heated begins to give
Bohemian ruby. A jeweler's name for forth its different distillates. The
boiling point of crude oils and the
rose quartz when cut as a gem.
(Chester)
amounts of distillates obtained at
specified temperatures differ consid-
Bohemian topaz. A jeweler's name for erably. (Mitzakis)
yellow quartz when cut as a gem. Boiling spring. A spring or fountain
(Chester) which gives out water at the boiling
point, or at a high temperature.
Boil.The sudden generation of steam (Century)
when molten iron runs over a cold or
damp spot or object in runner. It Boina (Mex.). A miner's cap. (Dwlght)
often causes an explosion, whereby Bojite. A name given by B. Weln-
molten iroz is scattered about schenk to a variety of gabbro, which
(Willcox) occurs in association with the graph-
ite of northern Bavaria. It differs
Boiler. A closed vessel, usually cylin- from normal gabbro in containing
drical, used in generating steam, hornblende, in addition to auglte,
as for motive power: ordinarily and the name is intended to indi-
made of riveted iron or steel plates, cate a group of hornblendic gabbros
arranged to give an enlarged heat- just as norite implies those with
ing surface, with a space below for hypersthene. The original boJlte
the fire, and often with internal contained brown hornblende, color-
flues for the smoke, etc. (Stand- less pyroxene, and reddish brown
ard) blotite. (Kemp)
 GLOSSARY OF MiKiNG AND MINERAL INDUSTRY. 93

Boke. 1. (Derb.). A small stringer Bolognian stone. A sulphate of barium

of ore which soon dwindles out. occurring in roundish masses and
(Hooson) which is phosphorescent after cal-
2. Derb.). A break or split in a cination (Ure.) Also called
vein. Mander) Bologna stone, Bologna spar.
Bola (Sp.). A ball; B. de grasa, a Bolsa (Peru). A rich body of ore;
slag-ball. (Halse) literally a purse. (Pfordte)
Bolsada (Sp.). A rich pocket of ore.
Bolas. 1. (Mex.). More or less
In a general sense, an irregular de-
rounded masses of silver-gold ore. posit. (Halse)
2. (Sp.). Fine mercury ore molded
into bricks. 3. Spherulites. 4. Balls Bolsilla (Sp.). A small pocket of ore.
of clay used in tamping. (Halse) (Halse)

Bolderberg beds (Belg.). The sands Bolson. 1. (Sp.). A flat-floored desert

and gravels of the Bolderberg hill, valley that drains to a central
representatives of the Middle or evaporation pan or playa. (Ran-
Eocene Tertiaries, and often re- some)
ferred to by geologists. (Page) 2. (Mex.). A pocket of ore.
(Dwight)
Bole. 1. (Derb.). An old lead works.
Bolsonada (Peru). A pockety vein.
A place on high ground and ex-
(Dwight)
posed to the wind, where smelting
has been carried on. (Hunt) Bolt. 1. A nearly horizontal cylinder
2. A friable earthy clay highly or prismoidal frame, usually, rotat-
colored by iron oxide. 3. An old ing, covered with silk or other
Scotch measure of about 4 bushels. fabric with very regular meshes,
See also Boll. (Webster) for sifting and separating flour of
wheat from the hull or bran.
Boleite. A
deep blue pseudo-isometric
Usually different sections of its
hydrous oxychloride of lead, copper,
length are covered with gradually
and silver from Boleo, Lower Cali-
decreasing sizes of mesh. Used in
fornia. A
tetragonal form of percy-
the talc and fuller's earth industries,
lite. (Dana)
etc. 2. To sift or separate by pass-
Boleo (Mex.). 1. A dump for waste ing through a bolt. (Standard)
rock. 2. Float-miner: .1. 3. A kid- 3. (So. Staff.). A short, narrow
ney of ore. (Dwight) heading, connecting two others.
Also called Bolt hole. (Gresley)
Boleta (Sp.). 1. schedule. 2. A A 4. In glass-blowing, a cylindrical
ticket for the sale of ore. 3. A mass; as a bolt of melted glass.
voucher. 4. A
tax receipt. (Halse)
(Standard)
Bolichar (Mex.). To treat ore in a Bolt hole (So. Staff.). A short nar-
bimbalete. (Halse) row opening made to connect the
Boliche. 1. (Peru). A dolly-tub. 2. main workings with the air head or
(Mex.). A small ore mill like a ventflating drift of a coal mine
bimbalete. (Dwight) (Century). Also called Bolt.
3. In Spain, a small reverberatory Bolt oil. A viscous neutral oil hav-
furnace for smelting lead ores. ing a gravity of SO" B6. and a Say-
(Halse) bolt viscosity of 220. Used in cut-
ting nut and bolt threads. (Bacon)
Bolivar (Venezuela). A silver coin
equal to 1 franc, 9id., or 19.3 cents. Boltonite. A colored variety of for-
(Lock) sterite,MgaSiOi, crystallizing in the
orthorhorabic system. (Dana)
Boll. (No. of Eng.).
1. An ancient Bomb. 1. In geology, a more or less
measure for coal, containing 9676.8
rounded mass of lava, anywhere
cubic inches. (Gresley)
from a few inches to several feet in
2. See Bole, 3.
diameter, generally vesicular, at
Bollito (It.). The
or calcined in- frit least inside,thrown from the throat
gredients from which glass is made. of a volcano during an explosive
(Standard) eruption. (La Forge)
2. The combustion chamber of a
Bollo ( Peru ) . 1.A pocket of ore. 2. A calorimeter fitted for use in making
triangular block of amalgam. explosive combustions. 3. A missile
(Dwight)
containing an explosive, as dyna
Bolog^ua spai. See Bolognian stone. mite. (Webster)
94 GLOSSAHY OF Mll^lNG AND MiNEftAL mDltSl?Rt.

Bomba iSp.). 1. A pump. 2. (Venez.). Bondstone. Same as Bonder.

A patch or pocket of ore. 3. A vol-
Bone; Bone coal; Bony. Slaty or ar-
canic bomb. (Halse)
gillaceous coal, or carbonaceous
Bombear. 1. (Colom.) To bring a shale occurring in coal seams
large volume of water to the chan- (Chance)
nel or ground sluice. 2. To dis-
Bone ash. The white porous residue
charge a miner or pe6n. (Halse)
from calcined bones, composed
Bombiccite. A
transparent, colorless chiefly of calcium phosphate, used
mineral, found in lignite in Tus- for making cupels and
for cleaning
canjs it fuses at 75* C, volatilizes jewelry (Webster). Called also Bone
at a higher temperature, and is solu- earth.
ble in carbon disulphide, alcohol and
eiher. (Bacon)
Bone bed (Eng.). A term applied to
several thin strata or layers, from
Bombillo (Mex.). Cartridge (as of their containing innumerable frag-
dynamite). (D wight) ments of fossil bones, scales, teeth,
Bonanza (Sp.). Literally, fair weather. coprolites, and other organic remains
In miners' phrase, good luck, or a (Page). See aiso Fish bed.
body of rich ore. A mine is in bo-
nanza when it is profitably pro- Bone black. The black, carbonace-
ous substance into which bones are
ducing ore (Raymond). Compare
Borrasca. converted by calcination in closed
vessels also called Animal black or
;
Bond. 1. (No. of Eng.) Agreement Charcoal. (Webster)
for hiring workmen.2. (Forest of
Dean.) A turn made by a winding Bone breccia. A deposit of bones,
engine. 3. (No. Staff.). A bed, earth, sand, etc. (Webster)
band, or seam of ironstone. (Gres- Bone coal. See Bone.
ley)
4. The arrangement of blocks of Bone earth (Eng.). The earthy oi
stone or brickwork to form a firm mineral part of bones, which con-
structure by a judicious overlapping sists chiefly of calcium phosphate.
of each other so as to break joint. (Page)
(C. and M. M.
P.) Bone phosphate. The calcium phos
5. Anelectrical connection between phate obtained from bones; also, in
any two consecutive rails of an elec- commerce, applied to calcium phos-
tric railway using the rails as a part
phate obtained from phosphatic
of the return circuit. 6. A unit of
rocks, as of North Carolina. (Stand-
chemical attraction. See Valence.
ard)
7. To give or secure an option upon
a mine or other property by a bond Bone porcelain. A ceramic ware hav-
tying up the property until the op- ing bone dust as one of its constitu-
tion has expired. (Webster) ents. (Standard)
8. The material which holds or
Bonete (Mex.). A hat used to catch
binds together the crystals- which
very rich ore as it is picked down
make up a sharpening stone or with a sharp bar. (D wight)
grinding wheel, more commonly
spoken of in connection with artifi- Bongkal (Straits Set.). A gold weight
cial abrasives. (Pike) equals 832.84 gr. 20 bongkals equals
;

9. Acertificate of ownership In a 1 catty. (Lock)

definite portion of a debt due from
Bongo (Colom.). A wood«n box in
a government, a city, a business cor-
which the sand from the mill is
poration, or an individual. In its
deposited for subsequent treatment.
simplest form it is a promise to pay
(Halse)
a stipulated sum on or after a given
date, and to pay interest or divi- Boninite. A glassy phase of andesite
dends at a specified rate and at with bronzlte, nugite, and a little oli-
definite Intervals. (E. B. Skinner, vine, from the Bonin Islands, Japan.
p. 127) (Kemp)
Bonder. In masonry, a stone or brick Bonito (Mex.). First-class silver ore.
extending through a wall and bind- i. e., assaying over 1,000 oz. per ton.
ing it together; a binding-stone. (Dwight)
Also called Bondstone. (Standard) Bonnet. 1. A covering over a mine
Bondmlnder; Rolleyman; Roadman cage to shield it from objects fall-
(Eng.). A man in charge of the ing down the shaft. (Raymond)
rolley way, or main gangway. 2. A cover for the gauzo of a aafetj
(Redmayne) lamp. (Steel)
 )

GLOSSAKY OF MINING AND MINERAL INDUSTRY. 95

8. A cap-piece for an upright tim- Booming. The accumulation and sud-

ber. (C. and M. M. P.) den discharge of a quantity of wa-
4. (CJorn.). The cover of the steam ter (in placer mining, where water
chest of an engine. (Crofutt) Is scarce). See Hushing (Ray-
5. See Bell mold. (Gresley) mond). In California the contri-
6. (Scot). Gas coal or shale over- vances for collecting and discharg-
lying and worked along with a coal ing water are termed " self-shoot-
seam. 7. (Scot). A portion of a ers," an idea suggested by the sud-
coal seam left for a roof. (Barrow- den and violent manner in which
man) the water makes its escape.
(Hanks)
Bonnet roller; Bonnet pulley; Bonnet
sheaf (Eng.). See Hat roller. Boose (Derb.). Gangue rock mixed
with ore. See also Bouse.
Bonney (Corn.). An isolated body of Booster. A
small amount of high ex-
ore (Raymond). See also Bounj. plosive attached to a detonator tor
Bonny; Bonney; Bunny (Corn.). A the purpose of increasing the rate
mass of ore adjacent to a. vein, but of detonation of a charge. ( Bowles

not distinctly connected with it; a Booster-fan. An additional fan placed

great collection of ore without any at some point in a mine to assist in
vein coming into or going from it. the ventilation.
(Century)
Boot. 1. A leather or tin joint con-
Bont (Eng.). 1. The cage and wind- necting the blast-main with the
ing rope with attachments. (Gres-
tuyere or nozzle in a bloomery.
ley) (Raymond)
2. (Derb.). A
narrowing of a min- 2. (Eng.) A short pipe of leather
eral vein. (Hooson) through which the water is drawn
Bontle (Mid.). A hoisting cage full of from a sump into a sinking pump.
men. (Gresley) (Gresley)
3. The casing at the lower end of a
Bony coal. See Bone. bucket elevator into which the ma-
Boobey (Som.). A box holding 6 to terial to be elevated is fed.
8 cwt. of coal In which waste roclv Bootit (Derb.). A term used by
Is sent to the surface. (Gresley) miners for loss, as "last reckoning
Book clay; Leaf clay. Clay deposited I bootit it thirty." (Hunt)
In thin leaf-lilse laminae. (Power) Boot-leg. See Gun.
Bookstone. See Bibliolite. Boracite. A borate and chloride of
Book structure. A peculiar rock struc- magnesium, Mg^CljBisOso, occurring
ture resulting from numerous paral- in hard glassy crystals, and in softer
lel sheets of slate alternating with white masses. It is strongly pyro-
quartz. (Lindgren, p. 154) electric. (Webster)
Book tiles. Flat, hollow shapes, hav- Boratera (Chile). A borax deposit
ing two segmental edges and re- (Halse)
sembling a book in section. (Ries) Borax. A crystalline sodium biborate.
Boolies (No. of Eng.). A collier's NazB^OT.lOHaO. See also Tincal.
term for brothers. (Gresley) (Dana)
Boom. 1. A long spar or beam pro-
Borax bead. A drop of borax, in
jecting from the lower end of the blowpipe analysis, which, fused
mast of a derrick, to support or with a small quantity of a metallic
guide the body to be lifted or swung. oxide, will show the characteristic
2.To develop rapidly in resource and color of the element; as, a blue
population. 3. To cause a rapid in- borax bead indicates the presence of
crease in favor or price, as to boom cobalt (Standard)
a stock. (Webster) Borcher's process. An electrolytic
method for refining silver. The
Boom ditch. 1. The ditch from the anode consists of granulated alloys
dam used in booming. 2. A
slight
containing about 60 per cent pure
channel cut down a declivity into
silver. The cathode of sheet silver
which a sudden
is let head of water is suspended in a cell with perfo-
to cut to bed-rock and prospect from
rated double walls on each side.
the apex of any underlying lode.
The electrolyte is dilute nitric acid
(Miller)
or a solution of nitrates, preferably
Boomer. See Flop gate. copper nitrate. (Goesel)

GLOSSARY OF MINING AND MINERAL INDUSTRY.
Bord (Newc). 1. A passage or breast,
driven up the slope of the coal from
the gangway, and hence across the
grain of the coal (Raymond). A sides of the shaft and carried to-
bord four or more yards wide is
called a wide bord, and one less than
four yards in width is called a nar-
row bord. Also spelled Board. 2.
A lateral passage at the place where
a shaft intersects a coal seam.
(Standard)
Bord and pillar method. A system of
mining which the distinguishing
in
feature is the winning of less than
50 per cent, of coal on the first
working. It is more an extension
of the development work than min-
ing. The second working is similar
in principle to top slicing.
mainder of the coal is
retreating system, the cover being
caved after each unit has been
worked. The term " bord and pil-
lar " is not used to any great extent
In American mining literature, but
has a place in English literature
(Young). Various names have been
applied to this method as: Checker-
board system Brown panel system
; rushes with a roaring noise into
Following up the whole with the
broken ; Lancashire bord and pil-
lar system; Modified room and pil-
lar working; NaiTOW working;
North Staffordshire method Rearer
method of working Inclined seams
Rock-chute mining Room system;
Room system with caving War-
wickshire method of working con-
tiguous seams Wide or square
;
work; and Pillar and breast.
Bord course (Aust). A
direction at
right angles to the main cleat or
facing, i. e., the length of a bord.
(Power)
Bordeta (Sp.). A small pillar In a
mine. (Crofntt)
Bord gate (York.). A heading driven
generally to the rise, out of which
stalls are opened and worked.
(Gresley)
Bordo (Mex.). 1. A pillar left to sup-
port vein - matter. 2. A block of
ground ready for stoping. (Dwight)
Bord room. 1. A heading driven par-
allel to the natural joints. (Gres-
ley)
2. The space excavated In driving a
bord. The term is used in connec-
tion with the "ridding" of the fallen
stone in old bords when driving
roads across them in pillar work-
ing; (bus, "riding across the old
bord loom." (C. and M. M. P.)
3. (Eng,). The width
old bord. (Bainbridge)
;;
Bords and longwork (York.). A sys-
tem of working coal. First, the
main levels are started on both
ward the boundary. Second, the
bord gates are worked in pairs to
the rise and continued as far as
the boundary, or to within a short
distance of a range of upper levels
and other bord gates. Lastly, the
whole of the pillars and remaining
coal are worked out downhill to
within a few yards of the levels,
and ultimately, all the coal between
the levels is removed. (Gresley)
Bord ways course. The direction at
right ajigles to the main cleavage
planes. In some mining districts it
The re- is termed "on face." (C. and M.
won by a M. P.)
Bore. 1. To make a hole or perfora-
tlon with a boring instrument to ;
cut a circular hole by the rotary
motion of a tool, as to bore for wa-
ter, oil, etc. 2. A hole made by bor-
ing. See Borehole. 3. A tidal flood
which regularly or occasionally
certain rivers of peculiar configura-
tion or location, in one or more
waves which present a very abrupt
front of considerable height, danger-
; ous to shipping. Also a very high
and rapid tidal flow. (Webster)
4. A borehole; also, a tunnel, es-
; pecially during its construction.
(Standard)
Borebit. A rock boring chisel. (Stand-
ard)
Borehole. A hole made with a drill,
auger or other tools, for exploring
strata In search of minerals, for
water supply, for blasting purposes,
for proving the position of old work-
ings, faults, and letting off pccumu-
lations of gas or of water (Gres-
ley). See also Oil well.
Bore-hole pump. A pump for use in a
bored well. (Standard)
Bore meal (Eng.). Mud or fine cut-
tings from a borehole. (Gresley)
Borer. 1. An instrument for boring.
(Webster)
2. (Eng.). A piece of round Iron
with a steel point which is driven
Into the rock to make holes for the
purpose of blasting (Hunt). See
also Drill.
Bore-rod (Newc). See Boring rod.
Borgnet furnace. A Belgian zinc dis-
across an tillation furnace with a single com-
bustion chamber. (Ingalls, p 432)
 ) ; ) )

GLOSSAEY OF MINING AND MINERAL INDUSTRY. 97

Boring. 1. The act or process of mak- Boronatrocalcite. See Ulexile.

ing a hole with a boring tool. 2. A Borra (Mex.). 1. Vein-matter. 2.
hole so made. 3. Material removed Lead-dross. 3. Barren vein-matter
by boring. (Standard) or rock B. de veta, soft rotten
;

Boring bar. A revolving or stationary rock B. en borra, unproductive

;

bar carrying one or more cutters or ground. (Dwight)

drills for boring. Borrasca (Sp.). In mining, barren
Boring bit (Derb.). A sharp piece of rock or non-paying ore: opposed to
steel at the end of an auger stem or bonanza. Also spelled Borasco;
drill for cutting rock or other ma- Bourasque (Standard). An unpro-
terial ( Min. Jour. ) See Bit, 1 and 2.
. ductive mine.
Boring contract. An agreement entered Borrow pit. An excavation made by
into between a producer and a con- the removal of earth, rock, etc., for
tractor for the sinking of oil or gas use in filling, as in railroad con-
wells on a property. (Mitzakis) struction.

Boring head. The cutting end of a Eorsella. An instrument for stretch-

boring tool, especially the cutter ing or contracting glass in its
head of a diamond drill. (Webster) manufacture. ( Standard
Boring journal. A book which con- Bort. An impure variety of dia-
1.
tains an accurate record of the prog- mond (also chips and dust), used
ress of the boring work, day by only for cutting and polishing. 2.
day. It is usually kept by the drill- Carbonado or black diamonds.
I ing master (Mitzakis). See also (Standard)
f
Log. 3.
Bosado (Colom.). Alluvial gold.
]5oring master. A man in charge of a (Halse)
well-boring outfit.
Bosh. 1. A
trough in which bloomery
Boring rod. A rod made up of seg- tools in copper smelting, hot
(or,
ments, carrying at its lower end a ingots) are cooled. 2. The portion
k tool for earth boring or rock drill- of a shaft furnace in which it
r ing. (Webster) widens from above the hearth up to
its maximum diameter. (Raymond)
Borneador (Sp.). A man who turns
3. (Wales). A tank or tub out of
a drill. (Halse)
which horses drink. (Gresley)
Bornear. (Sp.). To turn a drill.
Bosh breakouts. Breakouts of the
(Halse)
blast, gas, or coke through the bosh
Bornita (Mex.). Bornite. (Dwight) brickwork of an iron blast furnace.
(Willcox)
Bornite; Ernbescite; Peacock copper
ore. A sulphide of copper and iron, Bosh jacket. A water jacket used tor
I
CusFeSa. Contains 62 per cent cop- cooling the walls of a shaft furnace.
per (U. S. Geol. Surv.). Called also
f
Horseflesh ore.
Bosli plates. A flat water-cooled cast-
ing extending from inside to out-
Borolanite. A
rare rock related to the side face of furnace walls to keep
nephelite-syenites from
Borolan, them from being softened by heat.
Sutherlandshire, Scotland. It has a ( Willcox
(granitoid texture, and consists prin-
cipally of orthoclase and the variety Bosque (Mex.). A forest; a grove.
of garnet called melanite. Biotite, (Dwight)
pyroxene, sodalite, titanite, apatite Boss. 1. A person in immediate
and magnetite are accessory min- charge of a piece of work, as mine
erals. ( Kemp foreman. 2. (Ark.). A coal mine
Boron. A noinnetallic element occur- employee not under the jurisdiction
ring only in combination. May be of the miner's union. (Steel)
obtained with difficulty as an olive- 3. Amaster workman or superin-
green, brown or reddish aniorphous tendent, a director or manager a ;

mass from its oxide, or as octa- political dictator. 4. A domelike

hedral crystals resembling the dia- mass of Igneous rock congealed be-
mond in hardness and other prop- neath the surface and laid bnre by
erties by heating the amorphous erosion. 5. The enlarged part of a
boron with aluminum. Symbol. R shaft on which a wheel is keyed,
atomic weight, 11.0; Specific gravity, or at the end where it is conpled
2.45. to another. 6. A cast-iron plate
75242*—19 7
98 GLOSSARY OF MINING AND MINERAL INHtJSTRY.

secured to the back of a traveling Bote (Mex.). 1. A boat 2. A can

forge hearth. 7. A swage or die for
shaping metals. (Webster)
8. A heavy cylindrical piece of iron
(usually cast or steel) into the top
of which the stamp stem fits and
into the bottom of which the shoe
Is inserted. It is the body of the
hammer into which the handle fits
and which also gives heft to the
blow. Also called Top head. (Rick-
ard)
9. (Scot). Hollow. The waste or
exhausted workings of any mineral.
To hole or undercut. (Barrowman)
10. A
cushion or pad, as of soft
leather or silk, used for smoothing
or making uniform the colors ap-
plied with oil in porcelain and glass
making. (Webster)
Boss driver. One in charge of men or
boys who
are driving horses or mules
for hauling coal, rock, or ore at
mines.
Bossing, 1. (Scot). The holing or
undercutting of a thick seam, as of
limestone, the height of the under-
cutting being sufficient for a man to
work in. (Barrowman)
2. In ceramics, the process of mak-
ing a coat of color uniform, by dust-
ing the color on boiled oil, or apply-
ing it plentifully mixed with oil, and
tapping to smoothness with a boss
or pad; ground-laying. See Boss,
3. A coating of oil to be em-
10.
ployed as above. (Standard)
Boss miner. 1. A contract miner.
2. In Ohio, 1883, a mine boss. (Roy)
Boss process.A continuous pan-amal-
gamation process for silver extrac-
tion. (Liddell)
Bostonite. A rock occurring in dikes,
and having the mineralogical and
chemical composition of trachyte or
porphyry, except that anorthoclase
(and therefore soda) is abnormally
abundant, and dark silicates are
few or lacking. The name was sug-
gested by its supposed presence near
Boston, Mass., but Marblehead, 20
miles or more distant, is its nearest
locality. It has been found around
Lake Champlain and in the neigh-
boring parts of Canada. (Kemp)
Bota (Mex.). 1. A bucket made of
one or more ox skins, to take out
water. (D wight)
2. B. chica, a small leather bag;
B. grande, a large leather
worked by horse whims, for hoisting
water. (Mln Jonrr)
Botch. A worthless opal. (Power)
3. An ore bucket. (Dwight)
Botryogen. A vitreous hyacinth-red,
translucent, hydrous majrnesium fer-
ro- ferric sulphate, crystallizing in
the monoclinic system. (Dana)
Botryoidal. Having the form of a
bunch of grapes (Webster). Said
usually of minerals.
Botryolite. A radiated, columnar da-
tolitewith a botryoidal surface.
(Standard)
Bott. 1. A plug of clay at the end of
a bar, to stop the flow of melted
metal from a cupola. ( Standard i
2. A cast-iron or forged-steel plug
mounted on long steel rod that fits
inside of the cinder tap (Willcox).
A blast furnace term.
Botting. Thrusting a hot into the
tap hole to stop a run of slag or
metal. (Willcox)
Bottle coal (Scot.). Gas coal. (Bar-
rowman)
Bottle jack (Eng.). An appliance fw
raising heavy weights in a mine.
(Gresley)
Bottle stone. An old name for
chrysolite, or any other mineral,
which can be melted directly into
glass (Chester). See also Bouteil-
lenstein.
Bottom. 1. The landing at the bottom
of the shaft or slope. 2. The lowest
point of mining operations. 3. The
floor, bottom rock, or stratum un-
derlying a coal bed. (McNeil)
4. Low land formed by alluvial de-
posits along a river. 5. (Aust).
The dry bed of a river of Tertiary
age, containing alluvial gold, often
covered to a great depth by vol-
canic matter or detritus. Also
called Gutter. 6. To underrun
with a level for drainage, etc., as a
gold deposit which is to be worked
by the hydraulic method. (Web-
ster)
7. To break the material and throw
it clear from the bottom or toe of
the bore hole. (Du Pont)
8. A
mass of impure copper formed
below the matte, in matting copper
ores (Weed). See also Bottoms, 2.
Bottom board (Eng.). The bottom of
a wagon or trucl vvhich is un-
fastened by knocking off a catch
bag, when the wagon is required to be
discharged. (G. C. Green well)
Bottom break. Same as Floor break.
(Bowles)
 ;

GLOSSARY OF MINING AND MINERAL INDUSTRY. 99

Bottom eager. A man at the bottom
of a shaft in a mine to superintend
the operation of the raising and
lowering of the cage. (Illinois
Third Vein Coal Co. v. Cioni, 215
Illinois, p. 583.) See also Cager.
Bottom canch. See Canch,
Bottom-set beds. The layers of finer
material carried out and deposited
on the bottom of the sea or a lake in
front of a delta. As the delta grows
forward they are covered by the
fore-set beds (La Forge). See
Fore-set beds and Top-set beds.
2.

Bottom coal. Coal below the undercut. Bottom settlings. Earthy matter, in-
ert organic matter, or, in the case
It may or may not be removed.
of Pennsylvania petroleum, an emul-
Bottom digger. A workman who sion of amorphous paraffin wax and
digs out the bottom in an entry in water, which accompanies crude oil.
thin coal, to give sufficient height for (Bacon)
the haulage way.
Bottom stewards (York). Under-
Bottomer (Eng.). The man stationed ground mine officials. (Gresley)
at the bottom of a shaft in charge
of the proper loading of cages, sig- Bottom stone. See Fire clay.
nals for hoisting of cages, etc. A
cage or skip tender (Raymond). Bottom water. In oil wells, water that
Also called Bottom cager. lies below the productive sand, and
is separated from it. Compare Top
Bottom filler. A man who fills a bar- water; Edge water. (U. S. Geol,
row with ore, coke, or stone, weighs Surv. Bull. 658, p. 44.)
it and places it on the cage, or
elevator to be hoisted to top of the Boucharde (Fr.). A marble- workers'
furnace. (Willcox) tool with which the surface of mar-
ble may be roughened or furrowed.
Bottom ice. Ground ice; anchor ice.
(Standard)
(Century)
Bottoming. 1. The ballasting material
Bougard marble. A dark-gray and
white mottled stone with streaks
for making a roadbed; ballast. 2.
and clouds of yellow, brown, and
The act of fitting with a bottom or
pink; from Nassau, Germany.
performing some basal operation.
(Merrill)
(Standard)
Bouking (Scot.). 1. Segments of wood
Bottoming hole. The opening at the
or other material used for increas-
mouth of a furnace, before which a
ing the diameter of a drum. 2. To
flint glass article, in process of
coil unevenly on a drum, as the rope
manufacture, is exposed for soften-
or cable is not bouking well. (Bar-
ing. (Standard)
rowman)
Bottom joint. A joint or bedding plane, Boulangerite. A massive metallic, blu-
horizontal or nearly so. (G. and
ish-gray lead-sulphur-antimony min-
M. M. P.)
eral, PbeSbiSu. (Dana)
Bottom lift. The deepest lift of a
Bonlder. See Bowlder.
mining pump, or the lowest pump.
(Raymond) Boulet (Fr.). A briquet
Bottom lifter. One who digs up the Boulenr (Belg.). A small girl who col-
bottom of a drift, entry, or other heaps in the working
lects coal into
haulage way to gain head room; places underground. (Gresley)
also called Brusher Dirt scratcher
1. A sudden spalling off of
;
Bounce.
Groundman; Ripper, and Stoneman. the sides of ribs and pillars due to
Bottom pillars. Large blocks of solid excessive pressure; a bump. (C.
coal left unworked around the shaft. M. P.)
See also Shaft pillar. (Gresley) 2. An explosion, or the noise of one.
(Webster)
Bottom plate. A plate supporting a
mold. (Webster) Bound (Corn.). An area taken up for
tin mining; a tin-bound. (Stand-
Bottoms. 1. (Corn.) The deepest ard)
.

mine workings. 2. In copper smelt-

ing, the impure metallic copper, or
cupriferous alloy, which separates
from the matte, and is found below
It, when there is not enough sulphur
present to retain in combination all
the copper. (Raymond)
Boundary. 1. A line between areas of
the earth's surface occupied by rocks
or formations of different type and
age: especially used in connection
with geologic mapping, hence, also, a
line betweeu two formations or car^
 ) ) ) )

100 GLOSSARY OF MINING AND MINERAL INDUSTRY.

togiaphic units on a geologic map. Bovedones (PeriiK I/arge vaulted

(La Forge) stopes or caves. (D wight)
2. That wliicli indicates or fixes a
Eovey coal. A kind of brown coal (of
limit or extent or marks a bound, as the Miocene period) burning with a
of territory. (Webster) weak flame and generally a dis-
Boundary pillar. A pillar left between agreeable odor. Found at Bovey.
adjoining properties in mines. (Roy) England. (Webster)
Bounder. 1. (Corn.) The owner of a Bow. 1. A bowed piece
short, stout,
small patcii of ground called a of wood with a cutting wire
"bound." (Davies) stretched between its ends used in :

2. One who, in early times, yearly working clay in brick making.

fixed or marked the bounds of tin (Standard)
mines in Cornwall. (Standard) 2. (Eng.). The bent iron bar or
handle of a mine bucket. (Gresley)
Bournonite. A
sulphide of lead, anti-
mony, and copper. Approximately Bowenite. An unusually hard mas-
PbCuSbS3. Sometimes called Wheel sive, apple green or gi'eenish-white
ore. (Dana) variety of serpentine. (Dana)
Bourse. The Stock Exchange of Paris Bower-Barff process. A process f(»r
or other cities of Continental producing, upon articles of iron or
Europe. (Webster) steel, an adherent coating of the
magnetic oxide of iron, which is not
Bouse (No. of Eng.). Ore mixed with
veinstone; second-class ore, which
liable to corrosion. (Webster)
must undergo further preparation Bowk (So. Staff.) 1. A small wooden
before going to the smelter. Also box in which iron ore is hauled un-
spelled Boose. (Century) derground. ( Raymond
Bouse-teara (No. of Eng.). The place
2. (Aust.) An iron bucket used for
raising rock, etc., while sinking.
where bouse is deposited outside of
a mine, ready to be dressed or pre-
( Power
pared for the smelter. (Century)
3. A report made by the cracking of
the strata owing to the extraction
Bout. 1. (Mid.) A coil of rope upon of the coal beneath. See also Thud.
a drum. 2, (Leic.) A dinner or 4. The noise made by the escape
other jollification given by the of gas under pressure. (G, C.
owners or lessees of a colliery to GreenAvall
their workmen in honor of some
special event (Gresley). Also
Bowlder, or Boulder. A fragment of
rock brought by natural means from
called Do.
3. (Derb.) A measure of lead ore; a distance (though this notion of
transportation from a distance is
twenty-four dishes. (Raymond)
not always, in later usage, involved)
Bouteillenstein; Bottlestone. A pecu- and usually large and rounded in
liargreen and very pure glass, found shape. Cobble stones taken from
as rolled pebbles near Moldau, Bo- river-beds are, in some American
hemia. It is also called Moldavite localities, called bowlders. (Ray-
and Pseudochrysolite, the latter mond)
from its resemblance to olivine. It
Bowlder-belt. A belt of glacial bowl-
is not certainly a rock, as it may
ders of many kinds, derived from
be prehistoric slag or glass. (Kemp)
distant sources and lying transverse
'Boutgate. 1. (Scot.). road by A to the direction of glacial movement.
which the miners can reach the sur- (Standard)
face. 2. A
passage around a shaft Bowlder-clay. The stiff, hard, and
at a landing. 3. A
traveling road usually unstratified clay of the drift
from one seam to another. (Bar- or glacial period, which contains
rowman bowlders scattered through it; also
Bouton (Scot). 1. A mass of roof con- called Till, Hardpan, Drift-clay, or
sisting of stone or shale. (Gresley) simply Drift (Roy. Com.). See also
2. (Scot.). A projecting stone in a Till.
shaft or underground road. (Bar- Bowlder-cracker. A heavy iron rod to
rowman) be dropped upon a rock encountered
B6veda (Sp.) 1. A flue leading to by the drill in a deep well boring,
stuck. 2. An arch of a furnace. (Standard)
(D wight) Bov/lder-fan. A series of bowlder-
3. A cave or cavern. 4. A chamber trains whose lines of direction are
deiiosit. (Halse) divergent. (Standard)
 )

,f\* V'

GLOSSARY OF MiKlifG AISJD MINERAL INDUSTRIE. 101

Bowldering-stone. Smooth translu- Box bottoms (Leic). The small coal

cent flint pebbles, found in gravel- or slack produced by breakage in
pits and used to smooth the faces transit underground, and by sorting
of emery wheels and glazers by at the surface. (Gresley)
abrading any large grains of emery
or other powder on their surfaces. Box canyon. A canyon, from the bot-
(Century) tom of which four almost vertical
walls appear on all four sides, as
Bowlder motion (Local, U. S.). A a result of the canyon's zigzag
surface quarry worked only in de- course.
tached masses of rock overlying the
solid rock: sometimes contracted to Boxed-oflf. Inclosed or protected by a
Motion. ( Standard wooden pipe or partition. (Gres-
ley)
Bowlder-pavement. A zone of bowl-
ders, naturally arranged along a Boxes (Penn.). Wooden partitions
beach, and derived from contiguous for conducting the ventilation from
beds of bowlder-clay. (Standard) place to place. (Gresley)
Bowlder pop. An alarm given when
a bowlder is to be broken up by a
Box-groove. A closed groove between
pop shot. (Batesell v. American,
two rolls,formed by a collar on one
roll, fitting between collars on an-
Zinc, Lead, etc. Co., 190 Missouri
App., p. 236)
other, (Raymond)
Bowlder quarry. A quarry In which Box hardening. A process of case
the joints are numerous and irregu- hardening by cementation in an iron
lar, so that the stone is naturally box. (Webster)
broken up into comparatively small
blocks (Ries). In Tennessee a local
Boxing. A
method of securing shafts
solely by slabs and wooden pegs.
term applied to certain marble quar-
(C. and M. M. P.)
ries in the region of Knoxville,
where erosion has formed many Box metal. A
brass, bronze, or anti-
large cavities and cracks, between friction alloy used for the journal
which the rock stands up as pin- boxes of axles or shafting. (Cen-
nacles. The cavities are now filled tury)
with clay. (Bowles)
Box timbering. Same as Plank tim-
Bowlder-train. A train or line of gla- bering. (Raymond)
cial bowlders of the same sort of
rock, extending from the source or
Boya (Peru). A rich vein or pocket
parent ledge, perhaps for many of ore. (Dwight)
miles, in the direction of the ice Brace. (Corn.)
1. The mouth of a
movement. (La Forge) shaft. (W^ebster)
2. The platform, collar, or landing
Bowl metal. The impure antimony ob-
at the mouth of a shaft. (Roy.
tained from doubling. See Doubling,
Com.)
1. (C. and M. M. P.)
3. A rigid piece, as of timber, to
Bowse; Bouse; Bouze (Derb.). Lead hold something, as parts of a frame,
ore as cut from the lode. (Ray- firmly in place. Especially, a
mond) framed diagonal piece in an angle;
Box. 1. The part of a wheel which
a strut. (Standard)
fits the axle. 2. The threaded nut
4. (Scot.). An old measure of
for the screw of a mounted auger
weight. The Hurlet brace was
drill. More commonly called box- equal to 4 cwt. (Barrowman)
ing. (Steel) Brace head. A cross-attachment at the
3. A flash or frame for sand mold- top of the column of rods in deep
ing. (Webster) boring, by means of which the rods
4. (Eng.). A which
vehicle in and bit are turned after each drop.
coal is conveyed from the working (Raymond). Same as Topit.
places along the underground road-
ways and up the shaft. A hutch. Brace key. Same as Brace head.
(Gresley) Brachy axis. The shorter lateral axis
in the crystals of the orthorhombic
Box barrow. A large wheelbarrow
and triclinic systems. (Webster)
with upright sides. (Webster)
Brachydiagonal. In crystallography,
Box-bill. A tool used in deep boring 1. Of or pertaining to the shorter
for slipping over and recovering lateral axis. 2. The shorter lateral
broken r>ds. (Raymond) axis. See Brachy axis. (Standard)
102 GLOSSARY OF MINING AND MINERAL INDUSTRY.
Brachydome. In crystallography,
dome parallel to the brachydiagonal.
(Standard)
Biachypinacoid. A pinacoid parallel
to the vertical and brachydiagonal
axes. (Standard)
Brachypyramid. A pyramid whose
tercept on the brachydiagonal
less than unity. (Standard)
Br achy typ OTIS. In crystallography,
comparatively short (Standard)
Bracket. A platform over a shaft en-
trance. (Standard)
Bradenhead. In oil-well drilling, an
iron or steel head screwed into the
top of the casing. The inner pipe
projects up through it and is packed
with some pliable substance, prefer-
ably rubber. The bradenhead is
used to confine gas between the tub-
ing and casing, or between two
strings of casing, and has an outlet
through which gas may be piped
away. More commonly called Stuf-
fing-box casing-head.
Bradenhead gas. In oil wells, natural
gas inclosed or confined by a braden-
head. It applies to all the gas that
lies above the oil and through
which the drill must go to reach
the lower and more profitable oil
Bradford preferential separation proc-
ess. A flotation process for the
treatment of mixed sulphides, in
which is added certain mineral
salts, such as thiosulphates, to the
water used in the flotation cells.
The addition of the salt causes the
zinc sulphide to be " wetted " while
the lead sulphide and pyrite float.
The separation of the zinc mineral
from the gangue is effected later.
(Megraw)
Brae (Scot). 1. A hillside, a slope,
a bank, a hill.
2. An inclined roadway, more com-
monly used in the compound form,
€. g., pulley-brae, cuddy-brae.
(Barrowman)
3. Wood imperfectly burned
charcoal pit (Webster)
Braguetilla (Peru). A smelting fur-
nace; the simplest being merely a
hole in the ground. (Dwight)
Braird (Scot). To increase the
height of the holing or undercutting.
(Barrowman)
Brairding (Scot). The height of
holing or undercutting at front
(Barrowman)
Bralt. A rough diamond. (Standard)
a Braize. A variant of breeze. The
dust of charcoal which accumulates
around the furnaces of charcoal
works; coal dust; coke dust (Cen-
tury)
Brake. 1. (Eng.) stout A wooden
in- lever to which boring rods are at-
is tached. It is worked by one or more
.men. 2. (No. Staff.). To lower
trams on dips by means of a wheel
and rope. (Gresley)
3. Any device for retarding or stop-
ping by friction, as ^ block, lever,
or band, applied to the rim of a
head or drum or the axle of a wheel.
(Webster)
Brake beam. The beam that connects
the brake blocks of opposite wheels.
(Webster)
Brake block. That part -,. a brake
holding the brake shoe, or the shoe
itself. (Webster)
Brake hanger. A bar or link suspend-
ing brake beams. (Webster)
Brake horse power. The actual power
given out by an engine or other
motor calculated from (1) the
force exerted on a frictic brake,
(2) the effective radius of this force,
and (3) the speed of the flywheel
or brake wheel. (Webster)
Brakeman. 1. A man in charge of a
brake or brakes, as on a railroad
car or in a mine. (Standard)
2. (Eng.) The man in charge of
a winding (hoisting) engine for a
mine. Brakeman is usually used in
the United States; brakesman is
British usage (Webster). The man
In charge of hoisting engines, espe-
cially in the United States, is usu-
ally called a hoisting engineer.
Brake power. See Brake horse power.
Brake shoe. That part of a brake
which rubs against some part of the
machine, or some object outside of
the machine having a relative mo-
tion to the shoe, as a wheel or the
ground.
in a Brake sieve. A jigger, operated by a
hand (Raymond)
lever.
Brakesman (Eng.). See Brakeman.
Brake staff (Eng.). See Brake, 1;
also Breakstaff.
Brake wheel. 1. A hand wheel for
operating a brake, as on a vehicle.
2. A wheel or pulley on which a
friction brake acts. 3. A heavy
wheel provided with cams for con-
trolling the movement of a trip ham-
mer. (Webster)
 )

GLOSSARY OF MINING AND MINERAL INDUSTRY. 103

Brances. See Brasses, 1. tents and polishing the lining with

a burnisher. (Jackson)
Branch. 1. (Som.) An underground
road or heading driven in coal Brass. 1. An alloy of copper and zinc
measures. 2. An underground road- (Raymond)
way turned from a level, etc. 2. See Brasses, 1.
( Gresley
Brass balls. Nodular pyrite. (Power)
3. (Corn.). A small vein departing
from the main lode, and in some Brass binder (Corn.). A thin pyritous
cases returning. (Raymond) grit. (Power)
Branchite. A
hydrocarbon mineral Brasses. 1. (Eng. and Wales). Pyrite
from the brown coal of Mt. Vaso in (sulphide of iron) in coal. (Ray-
Tuscany. (Bacon) mond)
Branch rope ( Aust. ) . See District rope. 2. Fittings of brass in bearing
blocks, etc., for diminishing the fric-
Branders (Scot.). Furnace bars. tion of revolving journals that rest
Brandric (Derb.). An iron guide at upon them. (C. and M. M. P.)
the foot of a pump to make the Brassfounder*s ague. A form of chills
chain enter and prevent wearing. and fever common among brass
(Hooson) founders and others exposed to the
Brannerite. A complex black opaque fumes of zinc. (Standard)
titanate of uranium and other ele-
ments in which the weight of uran- Brass furnace. One of two kinds of
ium exceeds that of titanium. Ex- furnaces for the making and found-
ing of brass, (a) A reverberatory
cepting pitchblende, it is the most
radioactive opaque mineral known. furnace for large quantities of the
It contains approximately 43.8 per
alloy, (b) A crucible furnace for
cent uranium oxides, 39 per cent small quantities. (Century)
titanium oxide, 3.9 per cent yttria Brass! 1; Brazil. 1. Iron pyrite.
earths, 4.1 per cent thoria, and small (Power)
quantities of several other oxides. 2. Coal containing pyrite. (Stand-
From the placers of Stanley Basin, ard)
Idaho.
Named for Dr. J. C. Bfanner. Brass ore. An
early name for auri-
chalcite (Chester). A basic car-
Brard's process. A method adopted by bonate of zinc and copper.
M. Brard to discover in a short time
Brass powder. 1. A pulverized mix-
the relative resistance offered by
different kinds of rock to the action ture of copper filings and ocher.
of moisture and frost, and therefore 2. Pulverized brass filings. (Stand-
to determine their durability with ard)
reference to exposure. (Page) Brassy top (Aust). The top part of
Brasca (Sp.). Brasque; a mixture of the Greta coal seam, in which there
powdered charcoal and refractory are large quantities of sulphide of
earth, used as a furnace-bottom lin- iron. (Power)
ing. (Halse)
Brat (Eng. and Wales). A thin bed
Brash. 1. A mass of loose or broken
of coal mixed with pyrite, or with
fragments of rocks resulting from calcium carbonate. (Raymond)
weathering or disintegration on the
Brattice. 1. A board or plank linmg,
spot. 2. Brittle. (Century)
or other partition, in any mine pas-
Brashy. Resembling, or the nature of sage to confine the air and force it
brash or broken fragments crumbly. ;
into the working places. Its object
(Webster) is to keep the intake air from finding
Brasque (Fr.). A paste made by mix- its way by a short route into the
ing powdered charcoal, coal, or coke return airway (Chance). Also writ-
with clay, molasses, tar, or other ten Brettice, Brettis, Brattish. Tem-
suitable substance. It Is used for porary brattices are often made of
lining hearths, crucibles, etc. Also cloth. See Brattice cloth.
called Steep. (Webster) 2. (Mid.). A built-up pillar of cord-
Brasque d crucible. A crucible lined wood sometimes like a large chock
with charcoal or lampblack, and {which see), and serving a similar
used for the reduction of oxides of purpose. (Gresley)
metals to the metallic state. The 3. Planking to support a wall or roof.
crucible is prepared by ramming it 4. To provide with a brattice for
full of lampblack or charcoal, and separation or support. Frequently
then excavating a portion of its con- called Brattice up T Webster)
 — )

104 GLOSSARY OF MINING AND MINERAL INDL/STRY.

Brattice cloth. A heavy canvas, often Brazilian sapphire. A blue variety of

covered with some water proofing tourmaline. (Power)
material, for temporarily forcing
Brea. 1. Sand or soil impregnated with
the air into the face of a breast or
petroleum from seepages, the vola-
heading; also used in place of doors
tile constituents having evaporated.
on gangways then ; known as (Bacon)
"sheets." (Chance)
2. Maltha or mineral tar. (Web-
Brattice man. A person who assists ster)
the fire boss in constructing brat- Breach. 1. An opening made by break-
tices. (Steel) ing down a portion of a solid body,
Brattice road. A road through the as a wall, a dike, or a river bank;
goaf supported by chocks or timber a break; a gap. (Century)
packs. (Gresley) 2. The face of a level or drift.
(Skinner)
Brattice trick (Aust.). A trick played
on inspectors when measuring the Break. 1. A fault; rupture, fracture.
air in a mine, the quantity of air (Webster)
being reduced in some districts be- 2. A crack or small natural cavity

low its normal amount, in order to or fracture in a coal seam. 3. A

increase it in the district being crack, often several inches in width,
tested. Usually effected by placing proceeding from old workings or
a piece of brattice cloth across one hollows. (Gresley)
of the return airways. (Power) 4. To come apart or divide into
two or more pieces, usually witli
Brattice wall. The bratticed side of suddenness and violence; to part,
an aircourse or roadway. (Gres- to burst asunder. (Webster)
ley) 5. (Scot.). A reduction of the day's
Bratticing; Brattishing. A partition in wage. ( Barrowmun
a mine to form an air passage. Break line. 1. The line
in which the
(Century) roof of a coal mine is expected to
Brattish. A variation of Brattice. break. 2. The line of complete ex-
traction of coal. 3. A line roughly
Brannite. A somewhat variable man- following the rear edges of the pil-
ganese silicate, approximately 3Mna- lars that are being drawn or mined.
Os-lNInSiOs. (U. S. Geol. Surv.)
Breakage clause (Eng.). A clause in-
Braze. To
solder with hard solder serted in some mining leases pro-
which usually is copper and zinc viding for an abatement of royalty
half and half. (Nat. Tube Co.) or allowance on weight for a cer-
Braze-jointed. United by a brazed tain weight of small coal or break-
joint or joints. (Webster) age sent out in every ton of large
coal, e. g., 120 lb. in every collier's
Brazen dish (Eng.). The brass gage, ton of 2,640 lb. (Gresley)
or standard, used in the Low Peak
district, Derbyshire, about 1,500.
Breakback. The fractures caused by
the shattering of a solid rock ledge
The miners formerly measured lead back of the drill holes in which the
ore in this dish. It had a capacity
charge is placed. (Bowles)
of 8 quarts, and was chained at a
certain public place. (Hunt) Breaker. 1. In anthracite mining, the
structure in which the coal is
Brazier. 1. An artificer who works
broken, sized, and cleaned for mar-
in brass. 2. A pan for holding burn-
ket. Known also as Coal breaker.
ing coals. (Webster)
(Chance)
Brazil; Brazzil. Pyrite. (Raymond) 2. A
machine for breaking rocks or
for breaking coal. (Webster)
Brazilian A jeweler's
chrysolite.
3. (No. of Eng.) A
large crack
name for yellowish-green tourmaline,
formed in the roof next to the goaf.
cut as a gem. (Chester)
See Break, 1. 4. (Som.) A coal
Brazilian emerald. A green variety of miner or hewer. 5. (Italy) A col-
tourmaline. (Power) lier who wedges down coal and fills
it into cars. (Gresley)
Brazilian pebble. A colorless trans- 6. A wave breaking into foam
parent quartz, such as is used for
against the shore, or against a sand
optical purposes. (Chester)
bank, or a rock or reef near th«
Brazilian ruby. A light rose -red surface. 7. A
transverse ridge in a
spinel; or a topaz approaching a road to facilitate drainage. (Web-
red color. (Power) ster)
 GLOSSAHY OF MlKlNG AKD MINEEAL INDUSTRY.
BrealLcr bey. Aboy who works in a
coal breaker. See Breaker, 1.
(Steel)
Breakes (Eng.). Fissures in old coal
workings (Bainb ridge). See also
Break, 3.
Break-in (Som.). To commence
hole. (Gresley)
Breaking. 1. (Eng.) The breaking
of poor or dradgy ore by hand with
flat irons, called breaking hammers.
(Hunt)
2. (Can.) The poor part of
ready for crushing. (Morine)
Breaking band (Scot.). A method of
setting or fixing props in the work-
ings, in lines running diagonally to
the line of the face or wall (Gres-
ley). Compare Breaking prop.
Breaking-down machine (Eng.). A
mechanical appliance, worked by
compressed air, or by hydraulic
.power, for bringing down the coal
after holing, ((iresley)
Breaking-down rolls. The first set of
rolls through which hot iron is
passed in a rolling mill (Standard).
Called also Roughing rolls; Rough-
ing-down rolls.
Breaking-in shot. The first bore hole
fired in "blasting off the solid" to
provide a space into which mate-
rial from subsequent shots may be
thrown (Du Pont). Also called
Opening shot; Buster shot.
Breaking load. The steady and gradu-
ally applied load under which a
material of construction will break
(Webster)
asunder or collapse.
Breaking prop (Ark.). One of a row
of props of suflicient strength to
cause the rock above the coal to
break and so limit the area of top
brought down by a brushing shot
(Steel). Comj)are Breaking band.
Breaking straiu; Breaking strength;
Breaking stress. The least load that
will break a rope. These terms are
used indiscriminately to mean the
load that will break a rope. The
stress on a rope at the moment of
breaking is the breaking stress, and
the strain or deformation produced
in the material by this stress is the
breaking strain. (C. M. P.)
Breaking-up (Clev.). A system of em-
ployment under which a skilled
miner engages an uns'-ir.jd man, the
former paying the latter a mere la-
borer's wage until he becomes an ex-
perienced miner. (Gresley)
Bxeak ia lode. A fault (Duryee)
105
Breakoff. 1. (Eng.). A short narrow
heading driven from one road to
another; a breakthrough, (Gresley)
2. (Derb.). An alteration in the
vein due to an intrusion of barren
rock, or to a fault. (Hooson)
Breakout. Escape of gas, coke, slag,
to
or iron from the bosh, tuyere, breast,
or hearth of a blast furnace. (Will-
cox)
The
Breakstaff. lever for blowing a
blacksmith's bellows, or for working
bore rods up and down (C. and
ore
M. M. P.)
Break-through. 1. A narrow passage,
cut through the pillar to allow the
ventilating current to pass from one
room to another. Also called a
Crosscut, or Room crosscut. Larger
than a dog hole. (Steel)
2. An openii.^- accidentally made be-
tween two workings.
Break-up. 1. (Eng.). An excavation
commenced from the bottom of a
tunnel heading and carried upward,
so as to form two interior working
faces. (Simms)
2. (]\Iid.). To cut away and remove
the floor of an entry or other open-
ing. (Gresley)
3. The thawing and breaking of ice
on a river or other body of water
with the advent of spring.
Breakwater. A structure or contriv-
ance, as a mole, mound, or wall,
serving to break the force of waves
and protect a harbor or anything
exposed to the force of the waves.
(Century)
Breast. 1. The face of a working.
2. In coal mines, a chamber driven
in the seam from the gangway, for
the extraction of coal. 3. That side
of the hearth of a shaft furnace
which contains the metal notch.
(Raymond)
4. (Italy). A
stall in a steep seam
from 12 to 18 yards wide. The stalls
are carried one above another froni
the lowest level to the rise. 5.
(I.eic). To take down or get a
buttock (face) of coal end-on. (Gres-
ley)
6. That part of the bedplate which
is back of the crossheads In engines
of the Corliss type. (Crofutt)
Breast-and-pillar (Penn.). A system
of working anthracite coal by bords
10 yards in width, with narrow pil-
lars 5 yards wide between them,
holed through at certain Intervals.
See Bord-and-pillar. The breasts
afe worked from the dip to the rise.
(Gresley)
106 GLOSSARY OF MINING AND MINERAL INDUSTRY.

Breast auger. An auger supported by Breccia marble. Any marble made up

a breast plate against the miner's of angular fragments. (Merrill)
body. Used for drilling holes in
soft coal. (Steel) Brecciated. Converted into, or resem-
bling, a breccia. (Webster)
Breast boards. Planking placed be-
tween the last and
set of timbers Brecciated vein. A fissure filled with
the face of a gangway or heading fragments of rock in the interstices
which is in quicksand or loose of which vein matter is deposited.
ground. (Raymond) (Shamel, p. 146)
Breast-bore (Scot.). A
borehole put Brecha. 1. (Mex.) Breccia . 2.
in parallel with the seam, made and (Colom.) An open trench or cut
kept in advance of a working-place, leading to the mouth of an adit; or
for the purpose of ascertaining the a channel by which pay gravel Is
position of old works, tapping wa- led to the ground sluice. 3. (Port.)
ter, letting off gas, etc. (Gresley) A prospecting cut. (Halse)
Breast-eyes (Lane). See Day, 1; Day Breeching. 1. (Mid.) Drawing loaded
eyes, also Day-hole. trams down hill underground.
(Gresley)
Breast-heads. Natural joints in rock,
2. That part of a harness which
coal, etc. (Gresley)
passes round tlie breech of a horse,
Breast holes. Relief holes used in tun- enabling him to hold back a vehicle.
neling, and which are lired after the 3. The sheet-iron casing at the end
bottom cut. (Du Pont) of boilers to convey the smoke from
Breasting. 1. (No. Staff.) A short the flues to the smokestack. (Web-
leading stall, worked at right angles ster)
to and forming the face of the main
Breeding-fire (So. Staff.). Sponta-
levels. 2. A wide heading or level.
neous combustion in a mine. See
(Gresley)
3. (Eng.) Taking ore from the face also Gob fire. (Gresley)
or head of a drift. (Skinner) Breese. See Breeze.
Breastplate. A
slightly curved iron Breeze. 1. (Eng.) Small coke. Prob-
plate fastened to the end of a coal ably connected, perhaps interchange-
auger to enable the miner to press able, with Braize, and both with the
the auger forward with his body. Fr. Braise, to cook over live coals.
(Steel) (Raymond)
Breast stoplng. A method of stop- 2. (Scot.) Fine or slack coal.
ing employed on veins where the dip (Gresley)
is not sufficient for the broken ore
Breeze oven. 1. An oven for the
to be removed by gravity. The ore
manufacture of small coke. 2. A
remains close to the working-face
furnace designed to consume breeze
and muot be loaded into cars at that (Century)
or coal dust.
point (Crane). See also Over-
hand stoping. Breithauptite. Nickel antimonide
Breast wall (Eng.). A wall built to NiSb). See also Niccolite. (Dana)
prevent the falling of a vertical face Brelho (Port). A pebble; a small
cut Into the natural soil. (C. and stone. (Halse)
M. M. P.)
Breast wheel. A type of water wheel
Bremen blue. See Verditer, 8.

on which the water is led at about Brenner (Eng). smelter A

(Bain-
half the height of the wheel. The bridge). An old variant derived
water acts partly by impulse and from the word burn. A burner.
partly by weight as it descends in
Brenston. See Brimstone.
the buckets. (Webster)
Breather (Eng.). An apparatus en- Brettice; Brettis. See Brattice.
abling a man to enter and explc^re Brettice cloth. See Brattice cloth.
underground workings filled with
noxious gases. (Gresley, 1883) Brettis (Derb.). A crib of timber
Breccia. A fragmental rock whose up with slack or waste (Ray-
filled

components are angular and there-

mond). See also Brattice, 3.
fore, as distinguished from conglom- Brettis-way (Derb.). A road in a coal
erates, are not water-worn. There mine, supported by brattices built
are friction or fault breccias, talus- on each side after the coal has been
breccias and eruptive breccias. The worked out (Ilaymond). See alto
word Is of Italian origin. (Kemp) Brattice, 3.
 ))

GLOSSAHY OF MINING AND MINERAL INDUSTRY. 107

Brennnerlte. A variety of magnesite wire or other conductor forming a

containing several per cent of FeO. part of an electric circuit. (Web-
(Dana) ster)

Brick. Abuilding and paving mate-

4. A piece of timber held above the
cap of a set by blocks and used to
rial made from clay by molding into
facilitate the driving of spiling in
blocks while moist, and hardening
soft or running ground. (Sanders)
it in the sun or by fire. (Webster)
5. See Air crossing.
Brick ax. A two-edged ax used for 6. (Eng.). A platform mounted on
cutting off bricks. (Webster) wheels, for covering the mouth of a
shaft when landing coal, rock, or
Brick clamp. A stack of bricks for men at surface. (Gresley)
burning, in layers alternating with
layers of breeze, or fine coal and Bridge operator. One who operates an
cinders. ( Standard ore bridge of the Gantry crane
type. (Willcox)
Brick clay. Any clay that can be
used for brick manufacture. (Ries) Bridge rails (Aust.). Rails made in
Brick coal (Eng.). Small, dirty coal the form of an inverted U, generally
suitable for brick kilns and similar in short lengths, which are light
purposes. ( Gresley to handle, and can be brought
within easy shoveling distance of
Brick earth. Clay or earth for making the face. (Power)
bricks. (Webster)
Bridge wire. The fine platinum wire
Brickfield; Brickyard. A fieldor yard
which is heated by the passage of
where bricks are made. (Century)
an electric current to ignite the
Brick fuel (Wales). Patent fuel; a priming charge of an electric blast-
synonym for Briquet. ing cap, an electric squib or simi-
Bricking. The walling or casing of a
lar devices. (Du Pont)
shaft. (Gresley) Bridgman sampler. A mechanical de-
Brick kiln. 1. A structure of unburned vice which automatically selects 2
brick built Into flues and chambers samples as the ore passes through.
through which heat passes from a (Hofman, p. 59)
fire below, burning the brick. 2. A Bridle bar. The transverse bar con-
permanent structure, having stacks necting the points of a tramway
or chimneys, in which unburned
switch (C. M. P.). See also Bridle
bricks are burned by heat from a
rod.
central source. (Standard)
3. A pile of green bricks arched un- Bridle chains. Safety chains to sup-
derneath to receive the fuel for port the cage if the shackle should
burning them. (Webster) break, or to protect a train of cars
on a slope should the shackle or
Brick layer's itch. An itching drawbar fail.
eczema of the hands occurring
among bricklayers, caused by con- Bridle iron. A strong flat iron bar so
tact with lime, r Webster) bent as to support, as in a stirrup,
one end of a floor timber, where no
Brick machine. An apparatus for
sufficient bearing can be had. (Web-
molding bricks. (Century)
ster)
Brick red, A dark orange-red like that
Bridle rod. An iron tiebar used to
of common bricks. (Webster) join the ends of two switch rails to
Brickstone (Prov. Eng.). A brick. hold them to gage (Webster). A
(Century) bridle bar.
Brickyard. A place where bricks are Brier (No. of Eng.). A beam or girder
made. (Standard) fixed across a shaft top. (Gresley)
Bridge. 1. A low separating wall, Briggs' standard. A list of pipe sizes,
usually of fire brick, in a reverbera- thickness, threads, compiled by
etc..
tory furnace between the hearth and Robert Briggs about 1862 and sub-
the grate (fire bridge) or some- sequently adopted as a standard.
times between the hearth and the (Nat. Tube Co.)
flue (flue bridge). Often called
Brightening. See Blick.
bridge wall. 2. A planl: way or
platform to convey fuel or ore to Bright-head (York). A smooth part-
the mouth of a furnace. 3. A de- ing or joint in coal. A plan* of
vice to measure the resistance of a cleavage. (Gresley)
 108 GJ.OSSARY OF MINING AND MINP:RAL INDUSTB'f.
Bright rope. Rope of any constnic- Britching (Scot.) »«?6e Breeching. 2.
tion, whose wires have not been gal-
vanized, tinned, or otherwise coated.
British; Brettys (Scot). A variaticvn
M. P.) of Brattice.
(C.
Brilliant. A
diamond of the finest cut, British barilla. Same as Black ash.
retlectingand refract'ng light by (Standard)
means of the faces and facets British plate. Albata, an alloy of
formed upon it. (Standard) nickel, copper, and zinc. (Stand-
Brillo (Mex.). Luster. (Dwight) ard)

Brimstone. A commen name for sul- British thermal unit The -^i^ quan-
phur. tity of heat required to raise the
temperature of one pound of water
Brine. Water strongly impregnated from 32° to 212° F. substantially ;

with salt. (Webster) equal to that required to raise the

Brine pit. A salt spring or well from temperature of one pound of water
which water is taken to be boiled from 63' to 64° F. (G. A. Good-
or evaporated for making salt. enough. Mech. Eng. Handbook. 1916,
(Century) p. 295) Abbreviated as B. t u.
Brine spring. A spring of salt water. Brittle. Easily broken; not tough or
(Centin-y) tenacious. (Dana)
Bring-back (Eng.). To work away Brittle mica. A synonym for Marga-
the pillars of coal from the boundary rite.

toward the shaft bottom. (Gresley) Brittle silver ore. A synonym for
Brin's process. A process for manufac- Stephanite.
turing oxygen, in which barium Broach. 1. A sharp-pointed chisel for
monoxide is converted into dioxide rough - dressing of stones. 2. A
by heating in air, and the dioxide reamer. 3. To shape roughly, as a
by further heating is decomposed block of stone, by chiseling with a
into the monoxide and oxygen. coarse tool. (Webster)
(Webster)
Broaching. Trimming or straightening
Briolette (Fr.). An oval or pear- a mine working. (Morrison)
shaped diamond having its entire
surface cut in triangular facets. Broaching-bit. A tool used to restore
(Webster) the dimensions of a bore hole which
which has been contracted by the
Briquet. 1. Fuel consisting of slack,
swelling of the marl or clay walls;
or coke breeze, with usually some also used to break down the inter-
binding material, and pressed into vening rock between two contiguous
lump form also called Coalette,
;
drill holes. A reamer.
Egette. Boulet. and Carbonet.
(Steel) Broadgate (Eng.). A main working.
2. An artificially compressed block, (Bainbridge)
as of ore. coal dust, etc. (Stand- Broadstone bind (Eng.). Shale or
ard) clay which breaks up into large
Briquettes (Fr.). See Brick fuel; blocks or slabs. (Gresley)
also Briquet.
Broadwall (No. of P^ng. ). See Long-
Briscale (It). A g^'psiferous deposit wall.
occurring at the outcrop of the sul-
phur deposits of Sicily. (W. C. Brob. 1. A heavy spike, driven
Phalen, mineral technologist, U. S. alongside the end of an abutting
Bur. Mines.) timber to prevent its slipping.
(Raymond)
Bristol diamond. A
transparentfine
2. (Mid.). A short thick timber
variety of crystallized quartz. Also
prop or sprag for supporting the coal
called Irish diamond. (Power)
while it is being holed. (Gresley)
Bristol stone. 1. Brick-like blocks of
very sand used for polishing
fine Broca (Mex.). A drill bit (Dwight)
and scouring. 2. Bristol diamonds, Brocal (Sp.). The first set of shaft
or small well-defined crystals of timbers the collar ; B. del tiro, the
;

quartz from Bristol. (Standard) mouth of a shaft; B. del pozo, a

Britannia. An alloy, made of tin with well curb, or mouth of a well.
varying proportions of copper and (Halse)
antimony (Standard). Galled also Brocar (Port.). To bore or drill.
Britannia metal, and Tutanla. (Halse)
 ; ) )

GLOSSARY OF MINING AND MINERAL INDUSTRY. 109

Brocatelle marble.A variety of mar- Bromargyrite. See Bromyrite.

l)le from the French Pyrenees. Bromine. One of the elements, which
The hody of the stone is fine, com- is at ordinary temperature, a deep
pact and of light-yellow color reddish-brown caustic liquid of a
traversed by veins and dull-red very disagreeable odor. Symbol*
blotches. The name signifies a Br; atomic weight. 79.92; specific
coarse kind of tapestry, which it gravity, 3.2. (Webster)
somewhat resembles (Merrill). See It does not occur native but is de-
also Broccatello, the Italian term. rived in large quantities from brines.
Broccatello. An Italian word for a Its form of occurrence in the brines
marble is unknown. (U. S. Geol. Surv.)
brecciated and variegated
(Kemp). See also Brocatelle, the Bromite. Same as Bromyrite.
French term.
Bromlite. A barium-calcium carbo-
Brochantite. A
basic sulphate of cop- nate (Ba,Ca)C03 from Bromley Hill,
per, CuS04.3Cu(OH),. (U. S. Geol. Eng. Also called Alstonite. (Web-
Surv.) ster)
Brbggerite. A radioactive mineral Bromyrite. A silver bromide, AgRr,
provisionally classified as a variety containing 57 per cent, silver. (D.
of uraninite. It occurs in octaliedral S. Geol. Surv.)
crystals. Sp. gr., 9.03. (Webster)
Bronce (Sp.). Iron or copper pyrites.
Broil (Corn.). A of loose
collection Bronze. Any mineral like bronze or
rock fragments usually discolored by brass in appearance. (Halse)
oxidation, and indicating the pres-
Bronco (Mex.). Wild, loose. Roof-
ence of a mineral vein beneath out- ;

Also rock, liable to fall. (Dwight)

crop ;
gossan (Century).
spelled Bryle, Broyl. Brongniardite. A lead-silver sul-
(Eng.). That part of a phantimonide, PbAgsSbi-S.-,. Contains
Broken. 1.
26.2 per cent, silver. (U. S. Geol.
mine w^here the mineral has already
Surv.)
been partly worked away, and where
the remainder is in course of being Bronquear (Mex.). To hammer or pry
extracted. (Gresley) with hammer or gad in rock which
2. The dislocation of a vein by is looiiie and liable to fall. (Dwight)
faulting. (Weed)
Brontolith. A meteoric stone; a thun-
Broken ashlar. Ashlar in which the der-stone. ( Standard
stones are rectangular, but of dif-
Bronze. An alloy of copper and tin.
ferent sizes and shapes. (Webster)
( KayMond
Broken charge. A charge of explosive
Bronze-gold. Any bronze resembling
two or
in a drill hole divided into
gold in color. (Standard)
more parts that are separated by
stemming. (Bowles) Bronze mica. A synonym for Phlogo-
pite.
Broken In
coal. anthracite only
coal that is small enough to pass Bronze sttel. An alloy of copper, tin,
through a 3| to 4-inch (squiire) and iron: used as gun metal.
aperture, but too large to pass (Standard)
through a 2J or 2i-inch mesh.
Bronzite. 1. A ferriferous variety of
Smaller than steamboat, and larger
enstatite often having a bronze-like
than egg coal. (Chance)
Uhster. (Webster)
Broken ground. strata where
1. Rock 2. Is often used as n prefix to the
the walls are poorly defined and names of rocks containing the min-
the general formation shattered. eral. Rocks of the gabbro family
(Weed) are the commonest ones that hav«^
2. (Eng.). Faulty or unproductive the prefix. (Kemp)
measures. (Gresley)
Bronzitite; An igneous rock composed
Broken-range work. Masonry - work wholly of bronzite. (Standard)
made of squarefl stones in courses
Bronzudos (Mex.). Pyrltic ores
of uneven heights. (Standard)
(Halse)
Broken skip (Aust.). A skip (car)
Brooch (Corn). A mixture of varioui
from which some of the coal has (Power)
ores.
fallen oft in transit leaving only a
part of a skip load, (Power) Brooching. See Broaching.
 )

110 GLOSSARY OF MINING A.ND MINERAL INDUSTRY.

Brood (Corn.). The heavier kinds of Brown lead ore. An early name for
waste in tin and copper ores (Ray- brown pyromorphite. (Chester)
mond). A mixture of tin and cop-
per ore. (Pryce) Brown A merchanically-
muffle furnace.
raked roasting furnace of the
Brookite. Titanium dioxide, TiO,. straight-line type with a series of
Identical in composition with rutile, longitudinal combustion flues placed
but occurs in brown translucent or- under the hearth. (Ingalls, p. 139)
thorhombic crystals. (Dana)
Broqueiro (Braz.). A miner, borer, or Brov/n-O'Hara furnace. A long, hori-
zontal, double-hearth furnace for
driller. (Halse)
the treatment of lead ores. (Hof-
Brora (Eng.). In Sutherland, the im- man, p. 190)
perfect coal in the lower part of the
Oolite formation. (Roberts) Brown panel system. Same as Pillar-
and-breast in coal mining.
Brosing; Brosing time (Scot). Meal
time. (Barrowman) Brown petroleum. A natural solid, or
semi-solid product produced by the
Brotazon de veta (Mex.). Apex of
action of air upon fluid bitumens.
vein; croppings. (Dwight)
(Bacon)
Brouse (Derb.). A
sort of coarse stop-
ping, made of small boughs of trees, Brown spar. Any light carbonate, col-
and placed back of shaft timbers to ored brown by the presence of iron
prevent rock from falling. (Hoo- oxide, as ankerite, dolomite, mag-
son) nesite, or siderite. (Standard)
Brow. 1. (Lane.) An underground Brown stone (Aust.). Decomposed
roadway leading to a
place, working iron pyrite. (Power)
driven either to the rise or to the
dip. 2. A
low place in the roof of Brownstone. A dark-brown sandstone
a mine, giving insufficient head- from quarries in the Triassic, es-
room. ( Gresley pecially from the Connecticut River
3. The edge or projecting upper part valley. Used as a building stone
of a steep place, as the brow of a (Century). See also Sandstone.
precipice or hill. (Webster)
Brown tank. A cylindrical tank or
Brow bar (Mid.). A massive curb or vat, tall in proportion to its diame-
beam of timber fixed in the wall of ter, with the bottom ending in a 60°
the shaft across the top of an inset cone. Within the tank is a hollow
or station (Gresley). Also called column extending from the bottom
Brow piece. to within about 8 inches from the
Brown clay-ironstone. Compact, often
top. The apparatus works on the
air-lift principle, the aerated pulp in
nodular masses of limonite with
the tube flowing upward, and dis-
clay impurities. (Moses)
charging at the top while more pulp
Brown coal. Lignite. A fuel inter- flows in at the bottom to take its
mediate between peat and bitumi- place. It is in reality a pulp agi-
nous coal. (Steel) tator. Also called Pachuca tank.
Brown-face. Gossan of the tin lodes
of Tasmania. (Vogt)
Brown umber. A brown earthy variety
of limonite. (Power)
Brown hematite. Limonite. See also
Brown iron ore. Brow piece. A heavy timber used
Brown hen (Derb.). A hard, brown for underpinning in the opening of
clay which sticks to the ore, making a station for a new level in a mine.
the ore look poor, to the disadvan- (Webster). See Brow bar.
tage of the miner. (Hooson) Browse. Ore imperfectly smelted,
Brown horseshoe furnace. A furnace mixed with cinder and clay. (Ray-
oi the annular turret type for cal- mond)
cining sulphide ores. (Peters, p. Brow-up (Lane). An Inclined road-
218; Hofman, p. 182; Ingalls, p. 85) way driven to the rise. Also called
Brown iron ore; Limonite; Brown Brow or Up-brow. (Gresley)
hematite; Bog iron ore. Its ap-
Broxburn oil shale. A Scottish shale
proximate formula is 2Fea08.3H20,
which yields 23 to 35 gals, of crude
equivalent to about 59.8 per cent
oil and 35 to 40 lbs. of ammonium
Iron. Probably a mixture of hy-
sulphate per ton. (Bacon)
drous Iron oxides. (U. S. Geol.
Broyl (Corn.). See BroiL
 GLOSSARY OF MINING AND MINERAL INDUSTRY. Ill

Broza (Batopilas, Mex.). 1. Ore con- Brushers (Scot, Soni.). Men who
taining two-thirds native silver and brush the roof, build packs and
one-third calcite. 2. (Chile) Waste, stoppings (Gresley). See also Brush
rubbish. (Halse) 3. Also called Stonemen.
3. (Peru) Very poor ores which
generally do not repay extraction.
Brushing. 1. (Scot). That part of
the roof or floor of a seam removed
(D wight)
to form roadways. (Barrowman)
Brozires (Bol.). Men who break large 2- Digging up the bottom or the tak-
stones in the mines. (Halse) ing down the top of an entry or
room for the purpose of admitting
Brucite. Hydrated magnesium oxide, cars where the seam of coal is too
MgO.HzO. (Dana) thin or shallow for the admission of
cars. See Brush, 3. (Williams v.
Briickner cylinder (Pac). A form of Craig Dawson Coal Co., 146 North-
revolving roasting furnace (Ray- western, p. 736)
mond). See Bruckner furnace.
Brushing bed (Scot). The stratum
Bruckner furnace. A horizontal re- brushed or ripped (Gresley). See
volving, cylindrical furnace for roast- also Brush, 3.
ing pulverized sulphide ores. (Pe-
ters, p. 196; Hofman, p. 198; In-
Brushing shot 1. A charge fired in
galls, p. 121) the air of a mine to blow out ob-
noxious gases, or to start an air
Brujnla (Mex.). Magnetic compass. current. (Du Pont)
(D wight) 2. A shot so placed as to remove
a portion of the roof to increase
Brunnerite. A blue to violet variety height of a haulage way. See
of calcite that is found both as cu- also Brush, 3.
boid crystals and massive. (Stand-
ard) Brushlte. A nearly colorless acid
phosphate of calcium, HCaPOiH-
Brunoing (Ark. and Mo.). Pulling 2H2O, in slender crystals or massive.
fine ore down from the working (Webster)
place, especially with the hands.
From its similarity to the action of Brush ore. An iron ore in brushlike
or stalactitic forms (Webster).
a bear. (J. J. Rutledge)
See also Brush, 2.
Bruno man (Ark. and Mo.). One who Bruskins (Mid.). Lumps of coal
removes fine ore from a working weighing about one pound each.
place, especially when the work is (Gresley)
done w^ith the hands. See also
Brunoing. Bryan mill. A
three-roll (edge-roller)
mill of the Chilean type.
Brunstone. A Scotch form of brim-
stone. (Century) Bryle (Corn.). See Broil.
Brunton. A
small pocket compass with B. S. oil. A
term applied to crude-oil
sights and a reflector attached, used tank residues. See also Bottom set-
in sketching mine workings, as in tlings. (Bacon)
mine examinations, or In preliminary B. t. n. An abbreviation for British
surveys. thermal unit.
Brnnton's sampler. A mechanical Bubble. A globule of air or other gas
sampling device which automatically in a liquid; also a vesicle of water
selects 1/625 part of the ore pass- or other liquid inflated with air or
• ing through the sampler. (Hofman, other gas (Rickard). A term used
p. 57) in flotation.
Brush. 1. (Mid.) To mix gas with Bucaramangite. A resin resembling
air In the mine by buffetting it with amber but insoluble in alcohol and
a jacket. 2. (Forest of Dean.) A yielding no succinic acid. (Bacon)
rich brown hematite. (Gresley) Buche (Port). A pocket or bunch of
8. To shoot or wedge down some of ore. (Halse)
the rock over a roadway to increase Buchnerite. A name proposed by
the height of head-room. Less of- Wadsworth for those peridotites,
ten, to take up bottom for the same
terrestrial and meteoric, which con-
purpose. (Steel)
sist of olivine, enstatlte (bronzlte)
Brust hook. A short heavy hook with and augite. The name was given Id
an axe handle, used by surveyors for honor of Dr. Otto Buchner, an au-
catting brush. thority on meteorites, (Kemp)
112 GLOSSARY OF MINING AND MINERAL INDUSTRY.

Biichonite. A special name given by Bucket rods (Eng.). Wooden rods to

Sandbergei to a nephelite-teplirite which a pump piston is attached.
that contains hornblende. (Kemp) (Bainbridge)
Buck. 1. To break up or pulverize, as Bucket shell (Scot.). The cast-iron
ores. 2. To carry, as to buck wa- or brass frame of a pump bucket.
ter. (Webster) (Barrowman)
Bucker 1. (Derb.). A flat piece of Bucket sword (Eng,). A wrought-iron
iron with a wooden handle, used for
rod to which a pump bucket is at-
breaking ore. (Raymond)
tached, having at its upper end a
2. One who bucks or breaks ore.
knocking-off joint. (Gresley)
3. (Washington). A laborer who
pushes coal down a chute in pitching Bucket tree (Eng.). The pipe between
or inclined coal seams. the working barrel and the windbore
Bucket. 1. A vessel for hoisting and of a pump. (Gresley)
conveying water, coal, ore^ or grain.
A tub or scoop of which there are Bucking (Derb.). The act of break-
several types. 2. One of the recep-
ing or pulverizing ore. The buck-
ing hammer or bucking iron is a
tacles on the rim of a water wheel
broad headed hammer used for this
into which the water rushes caus-
purpose and the ore is broken on a
;
ing the wheel to revolve. (Web-
flat piece of iron (bucking plate).
ster)
The piston of a well pump. It (Raymond)
3.
always contains a valve. It is con- Bucking hammer. See Bucking.
nected to and operated by the
sucker rods. (Nat. Tube Co.) Bucking iron. See Bucking; Bucking
plate.
Bucket door (Scot.). The cover of an
opening in pipes for access to the Bucking ore. A hand process of
pump bucket, (ifearrowman) crushing ore. (Woodson)
Bucket-door piece (Eng.). The portion
Bucking plate. An iron plate on which
of a set of pumps immediately above
ore is ground by hand by means of
the working barrel, having a re- a muller. Extensively used for the
movable door through which the final reduction of ore samples for
bucket is changed the bucket door
;
assaying. Also called Bucking iron.
is secured to tlie bucket-door piece
by bolts. (G. C. Green well) Bucklandite. 1. A black variety of
Bucket dredge. A dredge in which the epidote having a tinge of green, and
material excavated is lifted by an differing from ordinary epidote in
endless chain of buckets. (Weather- having the crystals nearly symmet-
rical and not like other epidote,
be)
lengthened in the direction of the
Bucketing (Eng.). The operation of orthodiagonal. 2. Anhyodrus allan-
removing a worn-out pump bucket ite in small black crystal (Dana) .

or clack, and replacing it with a

new one. (Gresley) Bucklers; Tacklers (Derb.). Hmall
chains put around the coal when
Bucket lid (Scot). The flap of a loaded in corves, to prevent it fall-
bucket valve. (Barrowman) ing off. (Min. Jour.)
Bucket lift (Eng.). The iron pipes of Buckling. The act of bending; ten-
a mine pump. (Bainbridge) dency to bend or become wavy.
Bucket line. The series of joined (Century)
buckets forming part of the digging Buck quartz (Aust). Non-auriferous
apparatus of a dredge. (Weatherbe) quartz. (Power)
Bucket machine. See Elevator pump.
'

Buckshot (Aust). Graunlated lava

Bucket mounting (Scot). Leather or imbedded in a sandy alluvium.
gutta-percha packing of a pump (Standard)
bucket. (Barrowman) Buckshot cinder. Cinder from the
Bucket piece (Scot). The pipe carry- iron blast furnace, containing grains
ing the bucket door of a pump. of iron. (Winchell)
(Barrowman)
Buckshot land; Buckshot soil. Land
Buck.«t pump. 1. A lifting pump. 2.
or soil containing many \imonitic
An iron or wooden receptacle for nodules. (Standard)
hoisting ore, or for raising rock in
•baft sinking. (Chance) Buck staff. See Buckstaj,
 GLOSSARY OF MINING AND MINERAL INDUafRY. 113

Bnckstay. An upright iron or steel Buffer. 1. An appararus or fen-

elastic
brace resting upon or built into a der for deadening jar taused by
tl>e
boiler setting or furnace wall to the collision of bodies. Anything
support the brickwork. (C. M. P.) serving to deaden a shock. (Web-
ster)
Buckstone. Rock not producing gold 2. A rotating head covered with felt
(Duryee). Compare Buck quartz. or other soft material. It is sup-
plied with a fine polishing powder
Buck-up (Eng.). A contribution by
and is employed to polish the sur-
shareholders. (Bainbridge)
face of stone. (Bowles)
Buckwheat; Buckwheat coal. In an-
Buffer bar. The heavy iron bar in a
thracite only. Buckwheat is di- railroad car which receives the im-
vided into four sizes No. 1, or buck-
:
pact of the other cars. (Webster)
wheat; No. 2, or rice; No. 3, or
barley; No. 4, or barley No. 2, Buffer beam (Scot.). Beams fixed in
or silt (sometimes also called culm a shaft to prevent pump rods from
or slush). Buckwheat No. 1 passes traveling too far. (Barrowman)
through a *-inch woven wire screen
and over a i^-inch woven wire Buffer block. A block serving as a
screen, through a -^^-inch round buffer. (Webster)
punched plate and over a f-inch
round punched plate. The American Buffer rope (Aust). A rope suspended
Institute IMechanical Engineers
of between the cages in a shaft where
has recommended that buckwheat rope guides are employed, so as to
No. 1 shall pass through ^-inch prevent the cages from colliding.
holes and over i^ff-inch holes, a (Power)
screen with circular holes being Buffer shooting. Same as Blanket
used.
shooting. (Bowles)
Buckwheat slate. A friable slate
(shale) that requires careful timber- Buffer-thimble. A cast-iron bushing on
ing in headings driven through it. the end-timber of the platform of a
It crumbles badly at or near the sur- car. (Standard)
face of the ground. Buffing machine. A machine used for
Buddagh (Leinster, Ireland). A bufling or polishing. (Century)
highly carbonaceous, soft, muddy-
looking fire clay. (Power) Buff stick. A piece of stick covered
with leather or velvet and charged
Buddie. 1. (Corn.). An inclined vat. with emery or other powder, used in
or stationary or revolving platform, polishing. (Century)
upon which ore is concentrated by
means of running water. Strictly Buff ware ( Staff. ) A stoneware made
.

the huddle is a shallow vat, not a from clay and other ingredients; it
platform or table at least not in
; is not decorated. (Century)
some localities. But general usage,
makes no distinction, (Raymond) Buff wheel. An emery wheel. (Web-
2. To separate (ore) from slime or ster)
stamp work by means of a huddle. Bug dust. The fine coal or other ma-
(Standard) terial resulting from a boring or cut-
Buddler (Derb.). One who searches ting of a drill, mining machine, or
old workings for ore. Compare even a pick. This is sometimco
Caver, 1. (Mander) wrongly used as a tamping or l gem-
ming material in coal mining (Du
Buddie work (Eng.). Dressed and Pont). See also Makings.
partly-dressed ore obtained from the
huddle. (Hunt) Buggy. A small wagon or truck used
for short transportation of heavy
Buddy. Apartner. Each of two men
material as coal in a mine, lumber,
who work in the same working place steel ingots, etc. (Webster). A
of a coal mine. Sometimes spelled
four-wheeled steel car used for haul-
Butty. (Steel)
ing coal to and from chutes. (Sabela
Bufa (Mex.). 1. Cliff or precipice. v. Newport Min. Co., 184 Michigan,
2. At Mazapil, brown iron ore and p. 677)
malachite. (Halse)
Bug hole. A small cavity, in a rock,
Bufador (Sp.). A blower or sudden usually lined with crystals (G. and
outburst of gas. (Halse) M. M. P.). See also Vug.
75242"—19 8
 )

114 GLOSSAKY OF MINING AND MINERAL INDIJSTKy.

Bugre (Braz.). Pockets of yellow Bulldog. 1. A refractory material

clay, rich in gold, found especially used as furnace-lining, got by cal-
in contact with the itabirites and cining mill-cinder, and containing
quartzites. (Halse) silica and ferric oxide. 2. (Penn.
See also Buckshot-cinder. (Ray-
Buhrstone. A silicified fossiliferous mond)
limestone, with abundant cavities
which were formerly occupied by Bulldoze (U. S.) To reduce broken
fossil shells. Its cellular character rock by the use of explosives to a
sl:>ce handy for raising to the surface
and toughness occasioned its exten-
sive use as a millstone in former (Skinner). See also Mud cap; Sec-
years (Kemp). Also spelled Burr- ondary blasting.
stone, and Burstone. Bull engine. A single-acting pumping
engine constructed upon the direct-
Buildhouse. See Bildas.
acting principle (Gresley). See also
Builders-Tip (Eng.). Men who make Bull pump.
packs and set timber, in ironstone
mines. (Gresley)
Buller shot. 1. (Som.) A second shot
put in close to and to do the work
Building (Som.). A built-up block, or not done by a blown-out shot, loose
pillar of stone or coal to carry the powder being used. (Gresley)
roof (Gresley). See also Cog. 2. (Scot.) A blown-out shot (Bar-
rownian). Also called Buller.
Building stone. 1. (Som.) Sandstone
or other rock suitable for pack Bulletin. 1. A large tabulation sheet
building (Gresley). See also Sand- on which the weight of each car loau
stone. 2. Stone suitable for use in of coal each miner sends out is en-
masonry construction. tered. Also called. Coal bulletin.
(Steel)
Built-up. See Chunked-up.
2. A brief or condensed statement of
Buitron. 1. (Sp.) A low blast fur- news to the public, as issued by an
nace for smelting silver ore. 2. acknowledged authority. A periodi-
(Mex.) Fire box. 3. (Peru) A ma- cal. (Webster)
sonry sump for settling pulp after 3. A
class of publications issued by
grinding and before taking it to the the U. S. Bureau of Mines; U. S.
patio. (Dwight) Geological Survey etc.
Bujia (Mex.). A candle; candle Bulletin board. A board on which bul-
power. (Dwight) letins are posted (Webster). See
also Bulletin, 1.
Bule. 1. (Eng.) A bit of iron put
round pistons. (Bainbridge) Bullfrog. See Barney.
2. (Derb.) The handle or bail of Bulling. 1. The dislodging of rock by
an ore bucket. (Hooson)
exploding blasting charges in fis-
Bulk (Brist.). Run-of-mine coal in sures. (Webster)
large quantities. (Gresley) 2. Lining a shot hole with clay.
Bulkhead. 1. A tight partition or (C. and M. M. P.)
stopping in a mine for protection Bulling An iron bar used to
bar.
against water, fire, or gas. 2. The pound clay into the crevices cross-
end of a flume, whence water is car- ing a bore hole, which is thus ren-
ried in iron pipes to hydraulic work- dered gas-tight (Ihlseng). Compare
ings. (Raymond) Bull, 1.
3. A solid crib used to support a Bulling shovel. A triangular, sharp-
very heavy roof. See also Cog; pointed shovel used in ore dressing.
Chock. Also called Vanning shovel. (Cen-
Bulk-oil flotation. A flotation process tury)
in which large amounts of oil are Bullion. 1. Uncoined gold and silver.
used. (Ralston) Base bullion Is usually pig lead con-
taining but little gold or silver.
Bull. 1. (No. of Eng.) An iron rod (Lawver)
for preparing a shot-hole in watery
2. Gold and silver coined but con-
ground when the hole has to be sidered simply with reference to
lined with clay (Gresley). See also
its commercial value as raw mate-
Clay iron. rial. Figuratively, solid gold and
3.
2. (Aust). See Drag, 1 and 2; silver, as distinguished from mere
also Backstay.
imitations; hence solid worth.
BuU bit. A flat driU bit (Gillette) (Standard)
 ) )

GLOSSARY OF MINING AND MINERAL INDUSTRY. 115

Bullion balance. A sensitive beam bal- called Crump (Gresley). See also
ance of heavy construction used for Bounce, 1. The term Is not In com-
weighing bullion and specie. (Web- mon use among the miners In this
ster) country, and has oeen interpreted by
many to indicate a sudden squeeze,
Bullion bar. 1. Unrefined gold or or buckling of the floor or walls of
silver melted and cast into a bar. the mine passage-ways. This is not
(Weed) the case, as the word is practically
2. A bar upon which the molten synonymous with *'
jar." It has its
glass at the end of a blowing tube origin the shocks accompanying
In
is rested to assist in bringing it into earth movements. (Geo. S. Rice,
special shape. (Webster) chief mining engineer, U. S. Bur.
Mines
Bullions (Lane). Nodules of clay
ironstone, pyrite, shale, etc., w^hich Bumper. See Buffer, 2; Catches, 3.
generally Inclose a fossil. (Gresley)
Bumping and jerking tables. These
Bull point. A large steel point driven machines use mechanical agitation
with a sledge. (Bowles) to bring the light and heavy grains
Into their respective layers on a
Bull pump (Corn.). A direct single- washing surface, and they use a
acting pump, the steam cylinder of
bumping or jerking action to con-
which Is placed over the top of a vey the heavy grains to one side or
shaft or slope, and the piston rod
the other of the machine, while
attached to the pump rods. The the current of surface water conveys
steam lifts piston and pump rods the light grains to another side or
and the weight of these produces end. They may be either side-bump,
the down stroke. (Raymond) having the bump or jerk at right
Bull pup. A worthless mining claim. angles to the flow of water, or end-
(C. and M. M. P.) bump, having the bump or jerk in
the opposite direction from the flow
Bull rope. In well boring, the rope of the water. See also Rittlnger.
from which the boring tools are sus- Bilharz, Wilfley, Bartlett, and Over-
pended and by which they are strom. (LIddell)
worked. (Webster)
Bull's eyes. Nodules of pyrite in roof-
Bumping post. A post placed as a
buffer at the end of a spur of rail-
ing slate. (Power)
road track. (Webster)
Bull's-eye tuyere. A tuyere discharg-
ing in the center of a hemispherical Bumping trough. A sheet iron trough
plate. ( Sta ndard
hung from plugs so that it may be
swung backward and forward and
Bull wheel. 1. In well drilling, a used for handling ore In stopes
wheel on which the bull rope is where the dip is such that the ore
wound. 2. An underground sheave will not " run." (H. C. Hoover, p.
wheel. Particularly the wheel 136)
around which the tail rope is passed
beyond each terminal of a tail-rope Bump knocker. Local term at Spadra
haulage system. (Steel) (Arkansas) for a person who picks
down portions of machine-mined coal
Bully. A pattern of miners' hammer, which have not been shot down by
varying from "broad-bully" to "nar-
blasting. (Steel)
row-bully." (Raymond)
Bullying. See Springing. Bunch. 1. A small quantity of ore In
a compact mass In the vein. (Whit-
Bumicky. A
combination of powdered ney)
stone and cement used to fill crev- 2. A portion of a pipe vein of greater
ices made by the accidental chip- thickness than the rest. (Standard)
ping, as of building stones : a stone-
mason's term. (Standard) Bunch of ore (Corn.). An ore body,
Bumming. 1. Heaving or
(Scot.).
usually a small one. (Raymond)
rising of the pavement or floor Bunchy. An ore body containing small
2. Emitting a hollow sound when scattered masses or bunches of ore.
struck. (Barrowman) (Weed)
Bump (Eng.). A
sudden breaking
1. Bunchy reef (So. Afr.). succession A
sometimes accompanied by a settling of blows, or outcrops, following a
or upheaval of the strata in the mine, certain course (Power). See alsa
accompanied by a loud report. Also Blow. 2 and 6.
116 GLOSSARY OF MINING AND MINERAL INDUSTRY.

Bunding. A staging of boards on Burden (Corn.). 1. The tops or heads

stulls or stemples, to carry deads.
See also Stull-covering. (Raymond)
Bnak. A frame attached to a wall or
partition, which serves as a bed or
sleeping place (Webster).
in mining and lumber camps.
Bunker coal. A term applied to coal
consumed by ocean steamers, tugs,
ferry-boats, or other steam water
craft (Nicolls). Also called Bunkers.
Bunker Hill A
rotating screen
screen.
shaped like a funnel. Material is
delivered inside the funnel, the un-
dersize passing through the screen,
while the oversize is discharged
through the funnel neck. (Liddell)
Bunker plate. An iron plate covering
a hole In a ship's deck leading to
the coal bunker. (Century)
Bunkers (Wales). See Bunker
Bunky (111. and
Wis.). In metal
mines, a partner; called Buddy in
coal mines.
Bunney. See Bonny.
Bunning (Eng.). In lead mining, a
floor or staging of wood
the lode over the miners' heads, ana
on which the refuse was thrown, so
that the mine, originally begun as
an open work, became covered over
for Its whole length except the wind-
lass opening (Century). Also spelled
Bunding.
Bunter sandstone (Eng.). A sandstone
at the base of the Trlassic system
in western Europe. (Cox)
Buntons. Timbers placed horizontally
across a shaft. They serve to brace
the wall-plates of the shaft-lining,
of stream- work, which lie over the
stream of tin. 2. The proportion
of ore and flux t6 fuel in the cliarge
of a blast-furnace. (Raymond)
3. Valueless material overlying the
Common ore, especiallysuch as is removed by
stripping. Frequently called Over-
burden. (Webster)
4. The distance between the charge
and the free face of the material
to be hlasted. (Du Pont)
Bure (Fr., Belg.). A coalpit. (Gres-
ley)
Bureau. A department or office of the
Government for the transaction of
public business (Webster). As tlie
Bureau of Mines.
Burette. An apparatus used in chemi-
cal laboratories for delivering meas-
ured quantities of liquid or gas.
coal.
(Webster)
Burgy (Tianc). Slack, or small coal.
(Gresley)
Burled placers. Old placer deposits
which have become buried beneath
lava flows or other strata. ( Shamel,
built across
p. 279)
Burled rivers. River-beds which have
been buried below streams of basalt
or alluvial drifts. (Duryee)
Burilada (Sp.). Asample chipped
from silver bullion, to be assayed.
(Halse)
Burk. A hard knot or lump in a vein.
(Power). Possibly a corruption of
burl which means a knot, lump or
an excrescence.
Burleigh. See Rock drill.

and also, by means of plank nailed Burmite. A fossil resin, resembling

to them, to form separate compart- amber, but harder and tougher; it
ments for hoisting or ladder-ways. occurs in Upper Burma. (Bacon)
(Ihlseng)
Burned. Said of slate or other Im-
Buoy. To keep from sinking; to keep purity that ndheres tightly to the
afloat in a liquid. A term used in coal. Similarly, coal is said to be
flotation. (Rickard) " burned to the roof " when it is

Buque (Mex.). A boy employed in % hard to separate the roof rock from
mine. (Dwight) the coal.

Bur; Burr. 1. A mass of flint rock in Burner; Burner man. A man who
a softer rock. 2. A burrstone or takes care of kilns for roasting ore,
buhr. (Standard) largely confined to plants roasting
sulphur from Cornwall ores. (Will-
Burbnja (Sp.). A bubble, bleb or blis- cox)
ter. (Halse)
Burning. 1. Same as Calcining. See
Burbusco (Panama). Extracting the also Calcine. 2. (Derb.) An old
rich ore; spoiling. (Lucas) method of working veins by soften-
Burbusero (Panama). A spoiler (Lu- ing them with fire. See also Firing,
cas). fifR6 also Barequero. 8. (Mander)
 GLOSSARY OF MINING AND MINERAL INDUSTRY. 117

Burning house. The furnace in which combustion of the methane takea

sulphide ores are calcined to sub- place within the apparatus, and the
lime the sulphur; a kiln. (Century) percentage is measured volumetri-
cnlly.
Burning mountain. A volcano. (Web-
ster) Burrero (INIex.). A donkey boy.
(D wight)
Burning oil. A common name for
kerosene. Burro (Mex.). A windlass; a donkey;
a carpenter's horse. (D wight)
Burning point. The temperature at
which a volatile oil in an open ves- Burrow (Corn.). A heap of refuse.
sel will ignite from a match held (Raymond)
close to its surface formerly used
:

to determine the safety of kerosene

Burrstone. A cellular but very com-
pact siliceous rock from which the
and other illuminants. (Standard)
best millstones are made (Stand-
Burnt alum. A white porous sub- ard). Also called Bur; Burr, and
stance obtained by heating ordinary Buhrstone.
alum to dull redness, thus expelling Burster; Bursting shot 1. (Scot.). A
the water crystallization and
of
shot in a coal seam which has not
some of the sulphuric acid. (Web-
been sheared or undercut. (Barrow-
ster)
man). Equivalent to "shot oil the
Burnt brass. Blue vitriol. (Webster) solid."
Burnt coal (Scot.). Coal altered by 2. See Buster.
an igneous rock intrusion (Barrow- Bursting charge. A small charge of
man). See also Natural coke. fine powder, placed in contact with
Burnt copper. Copper oxide. (Web- a charge of coarse powdiM* to insure
ster)
the ignition of the latter. (Cen-
tury)
Burnt-in. In ceramics, said of colors
that have been applied under the Burst of whinstone (Scot). A bed or
gln.-^e, and are fired with it. (Cen- mass of igneous rock at the surface
tury) of the ground. (Barrowman)
Burnt iron. 1. Iron which by long Burt filter. A stationary, intermittent
exposure to heat has suffered a filter in which the leaves are sus-
change of structure and become pended vertically in a cylindrical
brittle. It can be restored by careful
vessel set on a considerable incline.
forging at welding-heat. 2. In the The leaves are therefore ellipses.
Bessemer and open-hearth processes, The slime cake is discharged by in-
iron which has been exposed to oxi- troducing air and water into the in-
dation until all its carbon is gone, terior of the leaf. There is also a
and oxide of Iron has been formed newer Burt of the continuous
filter

in the mass. (Raymond) rotating-drum type. (Liddell)

Burnt ore. Roasted ore. Burthen (Scot.). The lond of coaf

which the bearers carry on their
Burnt stone. An
antique carnelian backs. (Barrowman)
such as is sometimes found in an-
cient ruins and has apparently been Burton. Any
of several kinds of
acted on by fire. (Century) tackle, usually one with a single
and double block. jS'ee also Tackle,
Burnt stuff. 1. (Mid.). Waste or 2. (W^ebster)
refuse coal that has been thoroughly
burned by spontaneous combustion. Bury (Ireland). Soft shale or clay;
(Gresley) flucan. (Century)
2. (Aust.). An intensely hard, Bus bar. A copper or aluminum con-
rocky stratum underlying the sur- ductor used in electric lighting or
face-soil. (Standard) power stations to receive the cur-
Burnt umber. See Umber. rent from all the dynamos, or dis-
tribute it to the motors, eta (Cen-
Burr (Derb.). A hard knot or lump tury)
in a vein. A lump of ore that Is
harder than the vein its(Mf (Hoo- Busca. 1. (Mex.). A quantity of ore
Ron). Also spelled Bur; Burk. extracted by a campero or buicdn.
(D wight)
Burrell gas detector, A device to ob- 2. (Sp.). A search.
tain a snfe, rapid and accurate de-
termination for low percentages of Buscador. A searcher; an investiga-
methane inside the mine. Complete tor (Vel.). (Min. Jour.).
118 GLOSSARY OF MINING AND MINPIRAL INDUSTRY.

Buscar (Sp.). To search for mines; Butracos (Sp.). Inclined shafis fol-
to prospect. (Halse) lowing the dip of lead and zinc lodes.
(Halse)
Buscon (Mex.). 1. A miner working in
abandoned mines either to get and Butt. 1. (Eng.). Of coal, a surface
or to obtain a reward for
sell ore, exposed at right angles to the face.
some valuable discovery. Prospect- See also Ii^nd, 1. (Raymond)
or. See also Campero. (Dwight) 2. The butt of a slate quarry Is
2. A petty robber. (Vel.) where the overlying rock comes In
contact with an Inclined stratum of
Bashel. A measure of capacity, the slate rock. (Merrill)
imperial bushel, of 2218.192 cubic
inches, and the Winchester bushel,
Butt cleat. A short, poorly defined
of 2150.42 cubic inches, being di- cleavage plane In a coal seam usu-
ally at right angles with the face
vided into 4 pecks. The bushel used
in measuring charcoal and coal con-
cleat. Compare Face cleat.

tains 5 pecks, or 2688 cubic inches, Butte. A

conspicuous isolated hill or
being 20 pounds or less of charcoal, small mountain, especially one with
and, in various localities, 80, 76, or steep or precipitous sides. (Web-
72 pounds of coal (Raymond). The ster)
Winchester bushel is the standard
for the United States.
Butt-entry. The gallery driven at
right-angles with the butt cleat. An
Bush hammer. A hammer having a end-on entry.
serrated face, as of rows of pyram- Butterfly. 1. The name applied to cer-
idal points, for dressing stone. tain valves made after the design
of a damper In a stove pipe. 2. In
Bushing. A pipe fitting for the pur-
pose of connecting a pipe with a fit-
pumps this term signifies a double
clack-valve whose flaps work on a
ting of larger size, being a hollow
diametral hinge, like the wings of a
plug with internal and external
butterfly. (Nat, Tube Co.)
threads to suit the different di-
ameters. (Nat. Tube Co.) Butterfly valve. See Butterfly.
Bush metal. An
alloy used for jour- Butter of tin. Stannic chloride.
nals, bearings of shafts, etc. (Cen- (Standard)
tury)
Butters' filter. A stationary, intermit-
Bustamente furnace. A cylindrical tent vacuum filter. The leaves are
shaft furnace for roasting quick- arranged in a box having a pyram-
silverores; divided by perforated idal bottom. When the pulp is In-
arches into two compartments, of troduced a vacuum Is applied until
which the upper receives the ore and a cake from 1 to 2 In. in thickness
the lower the fuel. The mercury- Is formed. The surplus pulp Is then
vapors are condensed in aludels. removed from the box and wash
(Raymond) solution or water introduced and the
cake washed. After removing the
Bustamite. A grayish-red variety of wash solution, either the box Is
rhodonite containing lime. (Dana)
filled with water, or the cake dropped
Buster (really Burster) (Eng.). A and sluiced out (Llddell)
machine for breaking down coal,
use Butt heading. See Butt entry.
without the of explosives.
(Gresley) Butt-joint. See Butt cleat
Buster shot. Same as Breaking-in Buttock (Eng.). That portion of a
shot. working face of coal, next to be
taken down. (Gresley)
Bustle. 1. (York.) Hurry In mining
or working coal, or in performing Buttocker (Eng.). One who breaks
other colliery work. (Gresley) down the coal that has been under-
2. A board put on the end of a car cut by the holers. A getter. ( Red-

to keep coal on the car when going may ne)

up or down a steep slope. Button. The globule of metal remain-
Bustle pipe. A
large pipe surrounding ing on an assay-cupel or in a cruci-
a blast furnace, which receives the ble, at the end of the fusion. (Ray-
blast from the stoves and delivers it mond)
to the tuyeres. (Tieman)
Button balance. A small, very delicate
But ( Scot. ) Outward? toward the
. •, balance used for weighing assay but-
ihaft (Barrowman). Outbye. tons. (C. and M. M. P.)
 G1.0SSARY OF MINING AND MINERAL INDUSTRY. 119

1. A funnel-shaped hop-
Button metal. A variety of brass com- Buz6n (Sp).
posed of one part copper and four per. 2. A
winze. 3. A subsidence

parts zinc. (Webster) of upper workings produced by a

funnel-shaped cave of ground below.
Button solder. A white solder com- (Halse)
posed of tin, brass and copper, used
as a substitute for silver solder in
Byard. A leather breast strap used
mailing buttons. (Century) by miners in drawing carloads of
ore or coal. (Standard)
Butt shot. In coal mining, a charge
placed so that the face or burden is Byat. See Biat.
nearly parallel with the bore hole. Bye chains (Wales). Hauling ropes,
(Du Pont) or chains for dip inclined planes.
Button strike. A strike to compel (Gresley)
every employee to join the union and Byerite. A caking bituminous coal
to pay the dues regularly. On pay- from Middle Park, Colo. It resem-
ment of dues, each man is given a bles albertite in the large amount
button to wear on his hat. of gas and oil which it yields upon
Buttweld. Welded along a seam that distillation. (Bacon)
is not scarfed or lapped. (Nat made
Byerlite. An artificial asphalt
Tube Co.)
from petroleum by driving off the
Butty. 1. A comrade; or
a chum volatile products. (Webster)
partner. 2. (Eng.) In coal mining, Bywork (Mid.).Odd work, or that
one who takes a contract, or is a which paid for by the day, in con-
is
partner in a contract for working nection with the underground roads.
out a certain area of coal (Cen- The men who perform it are called
tury). Also spelled Buddy. By- workmen. (Gresley)
3. (Mid.) A man who sorts and
loads the coal, for which he is paid By-lead. See By-wash.
by the ton. Known as a Butty By-level. A side level driven for some
banksman. (Gresley) unusual but necessary purpose. (C.

A
foreman of a and M. M. P.)
Butty collier (Eng.).
butty gang. (Standard) By-pass; Bye-pass. 1. A short passage
used to get by or around a place
Butty gang (Eng.). A
company of
it is not advisable to cross, e. g.,
men who undertake work by con- a mine shaft. (Power)
tract and divide the profits among
2. A small passage to permit equal-
themselves. (Standard)
ization of the pressure on the two
Buttyman (York). A contractor who sides of a large valve so that it may
mines coal. See also Butty. (Gres- be readily opened or closed (Nat.
ley) Tube Co.). An extra gas pipe pass-
ing around a valve or gas chamber
Buttyship (So. Staff.). The prevail-
" used to prevent a complete stoppage
ing mode of working the " Ten-yard
of the flow of gas when the valve or
coal seam. The contractor mines,
loads, and delivers coal to place of
chamber is closed. (Century)
sale, finding all tools, horses, skips, By-pit. (Scot). A pit nearer the out-
corn, candles, powder, pit beer, etc. crop than the engine pit an air pit ;

The masters find timber, engine- (Barrowman)

power, and loaders at the boats.
(Gresley)
By-product. A secondary or additional
product (Webster), e. c. The more
Butty system (So. Stat, No. Staff., common by-products of coke ovens
Mid.). The working of a pit or are gas, tar, benzol and ammonium
mine by contract. See also Butty- sulphate.
ship. (Gresley)
By-product oven. A coke oven consist-
Butyrellite. A white or yellow waxy ing of a series of long narrow cham-
substance found in certain of the bers arranged in rows, and heated
Irish and Scotch bogs. (Bacon) by flues in which are burned a por-
Buzamiento (Sp.). Hade, dip, inclina- tion of the combustible gases gener-
tion, slope. (Lucas) ated by the coking of the coal. All
Buzo (Colom.). Divers who get al- of the volatile products are saved
luvial gold from the bottom of iind collected as ammonia, tar and
rivers with bateas. (Halse) gas, etc.
 )

GLOSSARY OF MINING AND MINERAL INDUSTRY.

By-road (Scot.). A subsidiary road. Cabezada (Mex.). The end piece In

( Barrowman shaft-timbering. (Dwight)
Bysmalith. A name suggested by J. Cabezal (Mex.). A cap used in mine
P. Iddings for an igneous intrusion timbering. (Dwight)
that forms a huge cylindrical mass
or plug, with length and width ap- Cabezon (Colom.). The point at
proximately the same, but of rela- which a current of water loses its
tively great height. (Kemp) velocity, and deposits the suspended
material. (Halse)
Bysolite. An olive-green fibrous va-
riety of amphibole. (Webster) Cabezuela (Mex.). Rich concentrates,
Bytownite. A plagioclase feldspar usually containing both gold and
having a composition between labra- silver. Mineral crushed to less than
dorite and anorthite. (Dana) i in. in diameter. (Dwight)
By-wash. A
channel cut to convey Cabin- A small room, either on the
the surplus water from a reservoir surface or underground, e. g., a lamp
or an aqueduct, and prevent over- cabin, or a deputy's cabin. (Power)
flow. Also called By-lead. (Cen-
tury) Cable. 1. Same as cable-laid rope; a
fiber cable consists of three hawsers
0.
laid up left-handed. (C. M. P.)
Cab (Eng.). A
hard ferruginous gouge
2. A bundle of insulated wires, insu-
lated by an outside wrapping, form-
or casing between the unaltered
ing a water-proof electrical conduc-
country rock and the ore. See also
tor, as a submarine cable. (Web-
Casing, 2.
ster)
Caballeriza (Mex.). Stable. (Dwiglit) 3. Asteel rope for hoisting or for
aerial trams.
Caballero (Sp.). A spoil bank.
(Lucas) Cable (Mex.). Cable or hoisting-rope ;

Caballete (Mex.). Ridge-beam, trestle, C. de parte, carrying rope; C. de

etc. C.de tension, tension station of traccidn, de motor, de m6vil, trac-
a cable tram. (Dwight) tion-rope; traveling-rope. (Dwight)
0. de cola, tail rope C. rastrero,
;

Caballo (Sp.). 1. A
miner's candle- haulage rope; C. eUctrico, electric
stick. 2. A rope sling for lowering cable or wires. (Halse)
men in a shaft. (Dwight)
3. A horse. 4. Barren rock in a Cable drill. See Churn drill.
lode or vein. 5. A
grinding stone
In an arrastre, 6. A cofferdam. Cable-laid rope. Wire cables made of
(Halse) several ropes twisted together, each
rope being composed of strands
Cabbie. To break up into pieces (as twisted together without limitation
charcoal iron) preparatory to the as to the number of strands or di-
processes of faggoting, fusing and rection of twist. A fiber cable-laid
rolling into bars. (Century) rope is composed of strands of haw-
Cabecedo (Mex.). The end-line of a ser-laid rope, twisted right-handed.
claim. (Dwight) (C. M. P.)

Cabeceira (Braz.). 1. A horizontal Cable's length. The length of a ship's

portion of a sluice. 2. A level head- cable, usually about 600 feet, or
ing. (Halse) one-tenth of a nautical mile. (Web-
ster)
Cabecera (Mex.). "Heads" obtained
in ore concentration. (Dwight) Cable system. One of the well-known
drilling systems, sometimes desig-
Cabecilla. 1. (Sp. Am.). Slimes or
nated as the American or Rope sys-
sand in the washing trough. (Lu-
tem. The drilling is performed by a
cas)
heavy string of tools suspended from
2. CJoarse ore which is reground.
a flexible manila or steel cable to
3. In the patio process the residue
which a reciprocating motion is im-
after washing the torta. (Halse) parted by its suspension from an
Cabeza. 1. (Mex.). Head or end. oscillating "walking beam." One
2. de ingenio (Peru), the shaft
C. end of the walking beam is above
of a vertical water-wheel. (Dwight) the mouth of the well when hori-
3 (Colom.) The upper extremity zontal, and the other end is directly
of a placer mine. 4. (Mex.) An above a crank attached to the band-
outcrop. (Halse) wheel shaft (Mitzakis)
 ) )

GLOSSARY OF MINING AND MINEBAI. INDUSTRY. 121

Cable tools. The apparatus used In Cadger. A little, pocket oil can for
drilling deep holes, such as artesian miners. (Min. and Sci. Press, Aug.
wells, with a rope, Instead of rods, '>8, 1915)

to connect the drill with the machine

on the surface. (Raymond) Cadmium. A tin-white, malleable, duc-
metal, capable of a high polish
tile
Cable-via aereo (Mex.). A6rial cable and emitting a crackling sound
tramway. ( Dwi^ht when bent. Symbol, Cd ; atomic
Handle. 2. Stump weight. 112.40. Specific gravity, 8.6.
Cabo (Mex.). 1.
of candle. 3. Sub-foreman, or boss. (Webster)
(D wight) Cadmium ochre. The mineral green-
Cabocle. A compact rolled pebble re- ockite. (Standard)
sembling red jasper, supposed to be
hydrous aluminum-calcium phos- Caducar (Mex.). To forfeit a titlr*

phate: found In the diamond-pro- through noncou/pliance with the

ducing sands of Bahia, Brazil. stipulations contained therein.
(Standard) (Dwight)

Cabrerite. A
hydrous arsenate of Caducidad (Mex.). The act of for-
nickel, cobalt and magnesium, found feiting a title, etc. (Dwight). See
in green crystals and in masses. also Caducar.
(Dana)
Caen stone. A
light cream-colored
Cabrestante (Mex.). Capstan; winch. .Jurassic limestone, chiefly from
(D wight) Caen, Normandy, largely used in
Cagamba (Braz.). The bucket of a carved architectural work. (Stand-
gold dredge. (Halse) ard)

Cache (Fr.). The place where pro- Caer de cruz (Mex.). The beginning
visions, ammunition, etc. are cached of the action of the quicksilver In
or hidden by trappers or prospec- the process of amalgamation.
tors in unsettled regions. (Ray- (Dwight)
mond )
Caesium. A soft, silvery metal, closely
Cachetear (Mex.). To loosen a gad resembling rubidium and potassium.
by striking it alternately on each Svmbol, Cs; atomic weight, 132.81.
side. (Dwight) Specific gravity 1.84 (Webster)
Cachi (Peru). A " Quechua " word,
Cage. 1. A frame with one or more
meaning salt; also applied to all
platforms for cars, used In hoisting
kinds of white gangue-rocks.
in a vertical shaft. It Is steadied
(Dwight)
by gruides on the sides of the shaft.
Cacho (Colom.). A piece of horn used 2. A structure of elastic iron rods
in gold washing (Halse). A horn slii)ped into the bore-hole in rod-
spoon. boring to prevent vibration of the
rods. 3. The barrel or drum of a
Cacholong. An opaque bluish-white or
pale-yellow opal, containing a little
whim on v.hich the rope is wound,
alumina. (Dana) ( Raymond
Cachucha (Mex.). A miner's cap. Cage cover (Scot). The iron sheets
(Dwight) fixed above a cage to protect its
occupants (Barrowman). A hood.
Caco (Braz.). A sugary quartz found See also Bonnet, 1.
in gold veins. (Century)
Cacoxenite. A hydrous phosphate of Cage guides. 1. Vertical pieces of
iron, FeP04Fe(0h)8+4iH20, occur- wood, iron, or steel, fixed In a shaft,
ring in yellow or brownish radiated
between which cages run. and
tufts. (Dana) whereby they are prevented from
striking one another, or against any
Cadena 1. Chain.
(Sp.). unit of A portion of the shaft. (Steel)
linear measurement. (Dwight) 2. (Scot.) Shoes, usually cast iron,
2. C. de rocas, a ledge or ridge of Cage
clasping the guides {sea
rocks. (Halse) guides, 1) in a shaft and guiding
Cadge (Derb.). To attach the hoist- the cage In its movements in the
ing rope to an ore bucket; also to shaft. (Barrowman)
fasten tools in the bucket with a
rope to prevent them falling out. Cage iron. In foundry i)factice a core
(Hooson) Iron resembling a cage. (Webster)
122 GLOSSARY OF MINIlil-G AND MINERAL INDUSTRY.
Cage of a whim (Corn.). The barrel Caisson disease. A disease frequently
on which the rope is wound (Min. induced by remaining for some time
Joiir.). A drum. in an atmosphere of high pressure,
eager. 1. The person who puts the
as in caissons', diving bells, etc.
cars on the cages at the bottom of Characterized by neuralgic pains
the mine shaft, or at intermediate and paralytic symptoms (Webster).
landings. (Steel) See also Top Also called Bends.
eager. Caja (Mex.). 1. Case; box; water-
2. One who supervises weighing, jacket of furnace; housing of
and the sequence of sending up crusher; C. chica, furnace -tap
components of a furnace charge, jacket; C. fundida, C. quemada, a
keeps tally of the number of burnt-out furnace- jacket. (Dwight)
charges and signals to top filler 2. (Sp.). Wall of a vein. 3. The
when it is time to hoist. (Willcox) inclosure of a deposit between walls,
Cage Scaffolding,
seat. sometimes or between the roof and floor.
fitted with strong springs, to take (Halse)
the shock, and on which the cage
rests when reaching the pit bottom, Cajete (Mex.) A masonry basin to
or other landing (Steel). See Cage receive the pulp from an arrastre,
shuts. (Dwight)

Cage shuts. (Som.). Short props or Caj6n (Peru). 1. Box; caisson. 2. Load
catches upon which cages stand of about 3 tons (variable in differ-
during caging (Gresley). Called ent localities). 3. Shoot. 4. Drain.
Fallers in Lancashire. See also 5. C. del tiro, shaft - compartment.
Chairs; Dogs; Cage seat. (Dwight)
Cage tall-chain (Scot). A chain
6. C de granzas (Mex.), the pit to
receive the crushed ore. 7. G. incli-
fastened to the bottom of the shaft nado (Sp.). A huddle; an Inclined
cage to haul a car out of a short table. (Halse)
dip road. (Barrowman) 8. (Sp.) In the southwestern United
Cage-tender. See Cager, 1. States, a cafion or narrow gorge
Cageway. A cage guide, or the part with steep sides; a box gorge.
of a shaft containing the guides. (Standard)
(Standard)
Caging (No. Staff.). The operation
Cajonero. (Sp.). The man who re-
ceives, registers and distributes the
of changing the tubs or cars on a
mine cars at the shaft mouth.
cage. (Gresley)
(Dwight)
Caida (Mex.). A fall of ground.
(Dwight) Cake. The solid residue left In a
1.

Caiman (Mex). 1. An oreshoot. 2.

filterpress after the solution has
A Stillson wrench. (Dwight) been drawn off. (Clennell)
2. See Cake of gold. 3. To form Ib
Cainozoic; Cenozoic. Containing recent
a mass as when ore sinters together
forms of life: applied to the latest
in roasting, or coal cakes together
three divisions into which strata
in coking. (Duryee)
bars been arranged with reference
to the age of the fossils they include. Cake copper. See Tough cake.
It includes the Tertiary and Post-
Cake of gold. Gold formed into a
tertiary of the British geologists.
compact mass (though not melted)
(Century)
by distillation of the mercury from
Cairn; Carn (Gaelic). A mound or amalgam. Also called Sponge gold.
heap of stones erected for a me-
morial or mark, as a sepulchral Cakes of ore. Flat masses of ore.
monument, or a landmark, or to indi- (Morine)
cate the site of a cache. (Standard) Caking coal. See Coking coal.
Cairngorm. A yellow or smoky brown
Cal (Mex.). Lime; C. apagada, slaked
variety of quartz found at Cairn-
lime; C. viva, quick or unslacked
gorm, Scotland. (Webster)
A
lime; C
en piedra^ limestone or
Caisson. water-tight box or cham- chalk. (Halse)
ber which submarine con-
within
struction is carried on under great Cal (Corn.). Wolframite; tungstate
air pressure to keep the water out of iron and manganese
(Whitney).
(Webster). Used also in excavating Frequently associated with tin ore.
for foundations in the presence of Cala (Sp.). Prospecting-pit (Dwight).
great quantities of water. See alto Cata.
 ) )

GLOSSARY OF MINING AND MINERAL. INDUSTRY. 123

Calabashlng (Nigeria). Panning met- Calcar. 1. Kind of oven, or reverbera-

alliferous gravel with a calabash, or tory furnace used in the manufac-
gourd. (Skinner) ture of glass for calcination of thj
batch into a frit. 2. An annealing
Calabrote (Mex.). A rope of large
arch or oven. (Webster)
diameter. ( D wight

Calaite. The mineral turquois. (Hum- Calcar (Mex.). To make a tracing of

ble) a drawing. (D wight)
Calamaco (Mex.). Large piece of Calcarenlte. A namesuggested by A.
rocli, difficult to breals up. (D wight) W. Grabau for a "limestone or dolo-
nite composed of coral or shell-sand
Calamin. To apply to (pottery) a or of calcic sand derived from the
wash made from the pigment cala- erosion of older limestones." The
mine. (Standard) name is from Latin for lime and
Calamina (Sp.). Dry bone; smithson- sand. (Kemp)
ite (Lucas). See also Calamine.
Calcareo (Mex.). Calcareous.
Calamine. 1. A commercial, mining (Dwight)
and metallurgical term comprising
the oxidized ores of zinc, as distin- Calcareous. Consisting of or contnin-
guished from the sulphide ores ing carbonate of calcium. (Web-
(blendes). Used also by mineralog- ster)
ists as the name of mineral species,
American mineralogists commonly Calcareous grits. Sandy beds, inter-
calling the hydrous silicate of zinc, mixed with calcareous matter.
H2O.2ZnO.SiO2, by this name, but in- (Hitchcock)
asmuch as British mineralogists call
the anhydrous carbonate, ZnCOs, by
Calcareous sandstone. A sandstone
containing a considerable propor-
the same name, some authorities ad-
tion of calcium carbonate. (Bowles)
vocate discontinuance of the use of
the name for distinct mineral species Calcareous spar. Crystallized carbon-
and the confinement of Its use to a ate of calcium. See also Calcite.
class of ores, which was the original
use and still is the commercial and Calcareous tufa. A spongy, porous or
technical use. (W. R. Ingalls, vesicular deposit of calcium car-
Trans. A. I. M. E., vol. 25, p. 17.) bonate. When the carbonate of cal-
2. A special kind of so-called gal- cium is deposited in a solid form it
vanized iron. Spelled also Kalamin. is called travertine or calc-sinter.
(Standard) Stalactites and stalagmites are of
Calamine stone (Eng.). A carbonate this nature. (Roy. Com.)
of zinc (Roberts). More properly, Calcarone A kiln used in
(Italy).
Smithsonite. Sicily inwhich sulphur is separated
Calamita (Sp.). 1. Loadstone. 2. A from the crude ore by heat. ( Stand-
compass needle. 3. Siderite or ard)
spathic iron ore. (Halse)
Calcedonia (Mex.). Chalcedony.
Calamlte. 1. An asparagus-green (Dwight)
variety of tremolite. ( Standard
Calcedony. See Chalcedony.
Calaverite. A telluride of gold and
silver, (Au. Ag) Tea. Variable in Calcic. Of, pertaining to, or contain-
composition, but contains about 39.5 ing calcium. Said especially of min-
per cent gold and 3.1 per cent silver. erals, particularly feldspars, of
(U. S. Geol. Surv.) which calcium is an important con-
stituent, and of igneous rocks which
Jalcaire (Fr.). Limestone. (Stand- arc characterized by the presence
ard) of .«!uch minerals. (La Forge)
Calcaire grossier (Fr.). An extensive Calciferous. Bearing, producing, or
coarse limestone stratum, or rather containing, calcite, or carbonate ot
series of strata, found in the Paris calcium. (Webster)
Basin, belonging to the Eocene se-
ries. (Comstock) Calcify. To make or become hard or
stony by the deposit of calcium salta.
Calcaphanite. A variety of diabase, (Standard)
with small kernels of calcium car-
bonate embedded in the green Calcigenous. Forming a calx said of :

grouiHl mass. (Webster) certain metals. (Standard)

 ) .

124 GLOSSARY OF MINING AND MINERAL INDUSTRY.

Calcilutite.A name suggested by A. Calcium. A silver-white, rather soft

W. Grabau for a limestone or dolom- metal of the alkaline earth group.
ite made up of calcareous rock flour, Symbol, Ca; atomic weight, 40.07.
the comi)osition of which is typi- Specific gravity, 1.56. (Webster)
calh^ nonsiliceous, though many cal-
cilutites have an intermixture of
Calcium carbide. A crystalline solid,
clayey material. The word is from
CaCo, colorless when pure, but often
Latin lime and mud. resembling gray limestone. It is
the for
( Kemp made by heating lime and carbon
together in the electric furnace, and
Calcin (Mos.). A roasting-furnace. is used for the generation of acety-
(Dvvight) lene (Webster). Used in miners'
lamps.
Calcina (Sp.). Concrete. (Halse)
Calcium carbonate. A solid, CaCO«,
Calcinable. Capable of being calcined occurring in nature, as calcite, etc.
or reduced to a friable state by the (Dana)
action of fire. (Century) Calcium chloride. A compound, CaCU,
crystallizing usually with six mole-
Calcinar (Mex.). To calcine or roast.
cules of water. (Webster)
(Dwight)
Calcium fluoride. The compound, CaFj,
Calcination. The reduction of ore or occurring in nature as fluorite.
other material to a calx or friable (Webster)
condition by the action of fire
(Hitchcock). See also Calcine. Calcium hydroxide. Slaked lime,
Ca(0H)2. (Webster)
Calclnatory. See Calciner.
Calcium phosphate. See Apatite.
Calcine. To expose to heat, with or Calcium sulphate. See Anhydrite;
without oxidation ; to roast. Ap- Gypsum.
1)1 ied to ores for the removal of wa-

ter and sulphur, and the disinte- Caico (Mex.), A tracing on cloth or
gration of the mass to limestone
;
paper. (Dwight)
for the expulsion of its carbon Calcomalachite. A form of malachite
dioxide; etc, (Raymond) containing calcite and gypsum used ;

as an ornamental stone. (Webster)

Calciner. A furnace or kiln for roast-
ing. (Raymond) Calc-schist. A
schistose rock, rich in
calcite or dolomite, forming inter-
Calcining furnace. A furnace used for mediate or transitional rock between
roasting ore in order to drive off the mica-schists and crystalline
certain impurities. (G. and M. M. limestones. (Kemp)
P.) Also called Calciner.
Calc-sinter. Limestone deposited from
Calcio (Sp.). Calcium. (Dwight) springs and waters containing it;
travertine (Hitchcock). Also called
Calclocelestite.A variety of celestite Calcareous tufa.
containing calcium. (Standard)
Calc-spar. A synonym for Calcite. (A.
Calciovolborthite. A vanadate of cop- F. Rogers)
per and calcium. Contains about 88
Calc-tufa (Corn,). A spongy or porous
per rent V.Oc. (U. S. Geol. Surv.)
deposit of carbonate of calcium. See
Calcirudite. A name suggested by A. also Calcareous tufa.
W. Grabau for a " limestone or
dolomite composed of broken or
Calculiform. Pebble-shaped. (Web-
ster)
worn fragments of coral or shells or
of limestone fragments, the inter- Caldear. 1. (Mex.). To glow with
stices with calcite. sand, or
filled heat. (Dvvight)
mud, and with a calcareous cement." 2. (Sp. ). To heat a furnace; to
The word is derived from the Latin weld. (Halse)
for lime and rubble. (Kemp) Caldera. 1. A very large crater pro-

Hexagonal duced by a gigantic explosion. 2. A

Calcite. (rhombohedral)
crater produced by the fusion of the
calcium carbonate, the more com-
core of a volcano and the falling
mon form of CaCOs. Contains 56 in of its summit. (Webster)
per cent lime, CaO. (U. S. Geol.
Surv.)
3. (Sp.). A kettle or caldron. C.
de vapor, a steam boiler. 4. A
Calcitrant. Refractory (Webster). winze. 5. The bottom of a shaft;
»Sald of certain ores. a sump. (Halse)
 ) —

GLOSSARY OF MINING AND MINERAL INDUSTRY. 125

Calderlsta; Calderero (Mex.). 1. A Caliche. (Chile and Peru). Impure
1.
boiler-maker. (D\vip;ht) native nitrate of soda. 2. (Uco,
2. A blacksmith. (Halse) Peru) A
thin layer of clayey soil
capping auriferous veins. 3. (Chile)
Calderite. A v^ariety of garnet. Whitish clay in the selvage of veins.
(Standard) 4. (Mex.) Feldspar; a white clay.
Caldron bottom ("li^ng.). The fossil
5. (Mex.) A compact transition
root of a ti-ee oi' fern lying on the
limestone. 6. (Colom.) A mineral
vein recently discovered. 7. (Colom.)
roof of a soani of coal. It derives
In placer mining, a bank composed
its name from the resemblance to
of clay, sand and gravel. (Halse)
the bottom of a caldron or pot.
See Bell-mold; also Cauldron. 8. (Mex. and Soutnwest U. S.)
Gravel, sand, or desert debris ce-
Cale (Mid.). A specified number of mented by porous calcium carbonate ;

tubs taken into a working place dur- also the calcium carbonate itself.
ing the shift. (Gresley)
Calichera (Chile). A deposit of cali-
Calecero (Mex.). A man who rides on che. (Halse)
hoisting-cage and gives the signals.
(D wight)
Calicheros (Sp.). Lime burners. (Mia
Jour.)
Caledonite. A green basic sulphate of Calico marble. A
local name for a
lead and copper of uncertain com- Triassic conglomerate used in the
position. (U. S. Geol. Surv.) columns of the old Chamber of Rep-
resentatives in the Capitol at Wash-
Calentadura (Mex.). 1. The first bar
of lead treated by a lead-refining
ington. The source is Frederick
County, Md. (Merrill)
furnace. (D wight)
2. Putting a furnace into blast, Caliente (Mex.). Hot. The conditioE
or the first heating of a furnace when mercury flours in amalgama-
(Halse). "Bio wing-in" a furnace. tion. (Dwight)
Calentar los cuerpos. 1. (Peru) The Calientes (Mex.). Silver ores, gen-
turning yellow of mercury in patlo- erally colorados, 1, with some sul-
amalgamation. (Dwight) phate of iron, the result of decom-
2. (Sp.) C. un honw,
to blow in a position. (Halse)
furnace, or to put a furnace into Californlan onyx. A dark amber-col-
blast (Halse) ored and brown aragonite, used in
ornamentation. (Standard)
Calera (Mex.). Limekiln; calcining
furnace. (Dwight) California pump. A rude pump made
of a wooden box through which an
Calero (Mex.). Lime burner ; roaster- endless belt with floats is operated;
man. (Dwight) used for pumping water from shal-
low ground. (C. and M. M. P.)
Calesa (Mex.). Buckets for ore or wa-
ter. (Dwight) Callfornite. A
compact, massive ve-
suvianite. Used as an ornamental
Caliber. The inner diameter or bore stone. (U. S. Geol. Surv.)
of a tube or pipe. (Nat. Tube Co.)
Caling (Mid.). Conveying tubs into
Calibrate. 1. To determine the caliber the stalls out of turn irregularly —
of, as the interior of a thermometer- so that each miner is not supplied
tube. 2. To determine the relative with an equal number during the
value of, as different parts of an or- day. (Gresley)
dinary scale. (Century) Caliper; Calliper, ^.n Instrument with
Calicanto. (Mex.) Masonry work.
1. two usually bent, fastened to-
legs,
2. Auriferous conglomerate in Chu- gether with a hinge or spring, used
quibamba, Peru. (Dwight) for determining the thickness or di-
ameter of objects, distance between
Calicata (Sp.). A digging or trial pit.
surfaces, etc. (Webster)
(Raymond)
Caliza; Pledra callza (Mex.). Lime-
Calichal (Mex.). Second-class silver-
stone. ( Dwight
ore (carrying from 150 to 1000 oz.
per ton) (Dwight). At Pachuca. Calk. 1. To drive tarred oakum into
Hidalgo, the best or first-class ore the seams between planks and fill
separated in the mine, the second- with pitch. A
shari)-pointed piece
2.
class being known as azogues. of iron iv steel projecting from the
(Halse) bottom of a horseehoe (Webster)
 )

126 GLOSSARY OF MINING AND MINERAL INDUSTRY".

3. In metal working, to strike a Callow process. A flotation process

chisel, or calking tool with a ham- embodying the usual principles but
mer, making a slight indentation in which agitation is secured by air
along the seam. The effect of this is forced into the pulp through the
to force the edge of one plate hard canvas-covered bottom of the cell.
against the other, and thus fill up (Megraw, p. 18)
any slight crevice between the plates Callow screen. A classifying screen
which the rivets failed to close. using the traveling-belt principle,
Calking tool; Calking iron. A blunt- the screen cloth forming the belt
ended chisel used in calking. See member. It passes over two drums,
also Calk, 1 and 3. or pulleys, oversize being discharged
while the belt travels under the
Callalnite. An apple- to emerald-green drums. (Liddell)
massive wax-like aluminum phos- Callys (Corn.). See Killas.
phate, AlP04-f-2iH20. (Dana)
Calm; Caulm (Scot.). White or light
Callais. A precious stone of green- colored blaes. (Barrowman). See
ish-blue color, probably turquoise, also Blaes.
referred to by Pliny, 77 A. D. ( Pliny
History, Bk. 37, 151). Dana uses Calomel. Horn quicksilver. Mercu-
this is a synonym of callainite, an rous chloride, HgjCli, containing 85
emerald-green, hydrated aluminum per cent mercury. (Dana)
phosphate. Calor de frio (Mex.). In the patio
process, steam issuing from the ore
Callapos (Peru). Rude wooden steps
mixture, especially in cold weather.
at the mouth of a mine. (Dwight)
Calorie. The amount of heat required
Callen; Kallen. Irony; especially to raise the temperature of one
used when a lode is rich in soft gram of water one degree centigrade
iron ocher. (Power) at or near the temperature of maxi-
Caller (No. of Eng.). A miner who mum density. Called Small calorie.
(Webster)
goes round the villages about two
hours before work commences, to Calorifics. The science of heat. The
call the men who examine the mine technics of artificial heating. (Web-
in the morning before the miners ster)
enter. (Gresley) Calorimeter. 1. Any apparatus for
measuring the quantity of heat gen-
Calley-stone (York.). In coal mining, erated in a body or emitted by it,
a kind of hard sandstone, more or as by observing the quantity of a
less argillaceous (Century). See solid liquified, or of a liquid vapor-
also Ganister. 8. ized, or the amount of heat absorbed
by a certain quantity of water, under
Calliard; Galliard (No. of Eng.). A given conditions. 2. The combined
hard, smooth, flinty grit-stone.
area of cross-section of smoke flues
(Gresley)
or passages, as in a locomotive boiler.
Callimns. Loose, stony matter found Calp (Ir.). A bluish-black to grayish-
in the cavities of eaglestone. blue limestone found in Ireland.
(Standard) (Standard)
Calling course (Eng.). The time for Cal viva (Sp.). Quicklime. (Mln.
the men to go to work (Bain- Jour.
brldge). See also Caller. Calx. 1. Lime. 2. The friable resi-
due left when a metal or mineral
Callow. 1. The baring or cover of has been subjected to calcination.
open workings. (Gresley) Metallic calxes are now called
2. The stratum of soil over the sub- oxides. 3. Broken and refuse glass
soil; the top or rubble bed of a returned to the pots. (Webster)
quarry. 3. Low-lying marshy land.
(Webster) Calyx. A
long cylindrical vessel of the
same diameter as the core-barrel,
Callow cone. A conical settling tank which guides the bit, and receives
with vertical central feed, peripheral the d6bris resulting from the action
overflow, annular launder to collect of the cutter. Its a-rtion Is not un-
and convey away the overflow, and a like that of the diamond drill and
pigot in the form of a gooseneck to necessitates the use of a powerful
discharge the tailings. (Liddell) water flush. The cutter, whi«-*h
 )

GLOSSAKY OF MINING AND MINERAL INDUSIBY. 127

tabes the place of the diamond Camino. 1. (Mex.) A road a gallery ;

crown, has a number of long teeth or shaft in a mine used for general
which produce a chipping action traffic. 2. C. de Metro, a railway;

when rotated by hollow flushing rods a railroad. (Halse)

in the presence of a constant flow Cammett table. See Wilfley table.
of water. Used in a system of oil-
well drilling, originating in Aus-
Camoien (Fr.). See Cameo.
tralia. The great advantage of this Camon. (Mex.) The iron tire of
1.
system is that a core is extracted mill-wheel. (Dwdght)
and preserved in a core-barrel and 2. (Mex.) A section or segment of
brought to the surface. (Mitzakis) a crown wheel of a Chilean mill.
3. Pine boards forming the side of
Calza. 1. (Mex.). A shim; liner.
(Dwight) an arrastre. (Halse)
2. A
stone for scotching a wheel. Camp. A mining town. (Weed)
3. (Chile). A converter lining. 4. Campaign. The period during whicli
(Arg.) Lagging. (Halse)
a furnace is continuously In oper-
Calzar (Hex.). To sheath or face ation. (Raymond)
with metal. To shim; to tamp.
(Dwight)
Campan marble. A beautiful pale, yel-
lowish-green stone mottled with
Cam. A
rotating piece, either noncir- white. A dark-green variety con-
cular or eccentric: used to convert taining red blotches is known as
rotary into reciprocating motion: Campan rouge. (Merrill)
often of irregular outline, and giv-
ing motion that is irregular in di-
Campana. 1. (Mex.) A bell. (See Ca-
(Standard) pellina; also Campanula. (Dwight)
rection, rate, or time.
2. (Sp. Am.) Nonproductive ground.
In stamp mills the cam projects
(Lucas)
from a revolving horizontal shaft
and raises the stamp by catching the Campanela (Mex.). An upper drill
lower surface of the tappet or collar hole. (Dwight)
surrounding the rod on which the Campanero (Mex.). A bellman, or
stamp-head is hung. The upper side station tender. (Dwight)
of the cam has an easy curve, such
as a parabola, so that when it strikes Campanil (Sp.). Compact red hema-
the tappet it may not jar it when the tite. (Halse)
lifting movement begins. (Roy. Campanula ( Sp. ) . A bell-slgnallng ap-
Com.) Sometimes called Lifter or paratus. (Halse)
Wiper. Camper (Scot.). Coal slightly altered
Cambay stone. A variety of carnelian by whin; dirty coal. (Barrowman)
from Cambay, India. Campero (Mex.). The foreman In
charge of Campos. A miner work-
Cambiar (Mex.). To switch. (Dwight) ing on tribute. (Dwight)
Cambiavla (Mex.). A turntable; a Campistas (Sp.). Tributers. (Min.
man who operates switch. (Dwight) Jour.

Cambio. (Mex.). Switch. (Dwight)

1.
Campo. 1. (Mex.) A limited lease of
2. (Sp.). Alteration, change. 3. 0. a small section of ground in a mine.
de naturaleza, variation in the 2. A mining camp. See also Real, 1.
quantity and class of material form- (Dwight)
ing a sedimentary deposit. C. de
3. (Braz.) Undulating tnble-land.
potencia, change In the thickness of
4. (Mex.) A mine- working in pos-
session of huscdties. (Halse)
h deposit (Halse)
Camptonite. A name given by Rosen-
Cambrian. The oldest of the systems busch to certain dike rocks at Camp-
Into which the Paleozoic stratified ton, N. H., having in typical cases
rocks are divided; also the corre- the mineralogical composition of
sponding geologic period. (La Forge) diorites, i. e., with dark-brown horn-
blende, plagioclase, magnetite, and
Cameo. A gem carved in relief, from more or less augite. They are often
onyx, sardonyx, a shell or other ma- porphyritic in texture, and may even
terial usually having layers of dif-
have a glassy groundmass. Without
ferent colors. (Webster) the microscope camptonites usually
Cameo ware. Fine pottery with figures appear as dark basaltic rocks with
in relief of a different colorfrom a few shining crystals of hornblende
the ground, as jasper ware (Stand- or augite; their determination is ea-
ard. See also Wedgewood ware. sentially mlscroscopic. (Kemp)
 )

128 GLOSSARY OF MINING AND MINERAL INDUSTRY.

Campylite. A yellowish to brown va- which has to be taken down, or of

riety of mimetite crystallizing in the floor to be broken up, in order
barrel-shaped forms. (Dana) to equalize the grade of the road.
If above a seam, it is termed a Top
Cam shaft. In stamp milling, a strong
canch; if below, a Bottom canch.
horizontal revolving shaft to which
Also spelled Caunche, Caunch.
a number of cams are attached in
(Redmayne)
such a manner that no two of them
shall strike the tappets at the same Cancha. 1. (Sp.) A place for drying
.

Instant, distributing the weight to slimes or sorting ore. (Dwight) '

be lifted. (Winchell) 2. (Peru). A mine dump. (Pforte)

Camstone. 1. A
compact, whitish lime-
Canchero (Peru). A person in charge
stone. 2. A
bluish-white clay used
of dumping and sorting of ores.
for whitening purposes. (Stand-
(Dwight)
ard)
Canada (Sp.). A ravine, or small
Cancrlnlte. A silicate and cnrbonnte
canon. (Raymond) of sodium, calcium and aluminum
HeNa«Ca (NaCOa) oAls ( SiO^) (Dana) <».

Canadian pole system. A system of The name of the mineral is some-

oil-well drilling differing from the times prefixed to the names of rocks
American cable system, in that containing it, as cancrinite syenite.
wooden rods screwed together are (Kemp)
used instead of a rope. The Cana-
Cand (Corn.). Fluorspar, or fluorite
dian pole is a useful all-round pros-
occurring as a vein stone; called by
pecting rig, and it is particularly
the Derbyshire miners, Blue-john
suitable for regions where excessive
(Century). Also spelled Cann,
caving makes it necessary to have
Kann.
some positive method of rotating the
bit. (Mitzakis) Candeias (Braz.). A miner's lamp.
Canadol. A light petroleum ether of ( Bensusan
the specific gravity 0.650-0.700, Candelero. 1. (Sp.). A candlestick. 2.
which has been used for the pro- (Peru). That part of drill hole re-
duction of local anesthesia by spray- maining after blasting. 3. (Mpx.).
ing, and as a solvent. (Bacon) A piece of day on which retort sil-
ver is laid for final heating.
Canal. 1. (Mex.) Channel. Spout;
humo, a C. del oro,
(Dwight)
C. (fe flue. 2.
a gold-bearing channel. (Halse) Candil (Mex.). An oil lamp.
Canales (Sp.). Deposits of manganif-
(Dwight)
erous oxide of iron, formed by fill- Candle coal. See Cannel coal.
ing crevices in limestone, and con-
Candle-power. Illuminating power, as
fo r m a b1 e to its stratification.
of a lamp, or gas flame, reckoned in
(Halse)
terms of the standard light of n
Canalistas (Braz.). Gold dredging candle (Webster). The British
men who work in the channel. standard candle is defined as a
(Halse) sperm candle, that burns at the rate
Canal6n (Colom.). A ground sluice of 120 grains of sperm per hour.
used in placer mining; a channel; (Century)
a sluice. (Halse) Cafieria (Sp.). A water pipe; an
Sanary A
yellow earthy argentif-
ore. aqueduct. C. de descarga, water
erous lead ore, generally pyromor- discharge. (Lucas)
phite, bindheimite, or massicot, more Canfieldite. A metallic black-blue
or less impure. (Power) silver-tin-germanium sulphide (Aix,
Canary stone. A somewhat rare yel- (Sn.GeSa) that crystallizes In the
low variety of carnelian. (Power) isometric system. (Standard)

Canasta ^Mex.). A basket. (Dwight) Canga (Braz,). A kind of auriferous

glacial rock; reality an iron
in
Canastillo (Mex.). A tramway-bucket.
breccia. Also applied to a brown
(Dwight)
porous conglomerate. (Halse)
Canch. A part of a bed of stone
1.
Cangalla (Chile). Stolen ore. (Halse)
workp(?dby quarrying. (Raymond)
a. (No. of Fng.). That part of the Cangalli (Bol.). A ferruginous quartz
roof of an underground roadway conglomerate. (Halse)
 GLOSSARY OF MINING AND MINERAL INDUSTRY. 129

Cang&ua (Sp.). A South American Canon. 1. (Sp.) A valley, usually

term for the volcanic mud of the precipitous; a gorge (Raymond).
Quiteiiian Andes. (Page) Also spelled Canyon.
2. (Mex.). A
mine-level drift or
Cangrejeros (Colom.). Bunches or gallery. C, de guia, a drift along
small pockets of gold occurring in the vein. (D wight)
veins. (Halse) 3. (Sp.). An inclined flue; C. de
Canister. 1. (Aust). A tin for hold- chimenea, a flue or smokestack.
ing blasting powder. 2. A hopper-
(Halse)
shaped truck, from which coal is dis- Cant. To slip or turn over to one
1.
charged into coke ovens. (Power) side. (Gresley)
Cank; Cankstone (Derb., Leic). See 2. An inclination from a horizontal,

Burr; Whin; Whinstone. vertical, or other given line; a slope

or bevel a tilt.
; (Webster)
Canker. 1. (Eng.). The ocherous
sediment in mine waters, being bi- Cant dog (Eng.). A handspike with
carbonate of iron precipitated by the a hook. A cant hook. (Century)
action of the air. (Gresley)
2. Rust; verdigris or copper rust.
Canteen. A metal, wooden or leather
3. To rust, to corrode, to oxidize. vessel or flask of small capacity,
(Webster) used by soldiers, travelers, or work-
men for carrying water or other
Cann (Corn.). See Cand. liquid. (Webster)
Cannel. See Cannel coal. Cantera. 1. (Sp.).^ A stone quarry.
Cannel coal. A
massive, noncaking, 2. (Mex.). An ' unstratified stone
tough, clean, block coal of fine, even, of volcanic origin, as an andesitic
compact gi*ain, dull luster, com- tuff, andesitic breccia; also a meta-

monly conchoidal cross fracture, morphosed quartz-porphyry a white- ;

having a typical low-fuel ratio, a banded porphyry. 3. (Chile). A

high percentage of hydrogen, easy
ignition, long yellow flame, black
to brown greasy streak, and mod-
erate ash, pulverulent in burning.
It is essentially a rock derived by
solidification and partial distillation
or oxidation of water-laid deposits
consisting of or containing large
quantities of plant spores and pollen
grains and more or less comminuted
remains of low orders of water
plants and animals. There may be
admixed greater or less quantities of
mud, woody or peaty material.
(U. S. Geol. Surv. Bull. 659, p. 8)
This word is derived from Canioyl,
meaning a candle, from the readi-
ness with which the coal Ignites and
gives off a steady flame. (Gresley)
Cannes marble. See Griotte marble.
Cannon-ball mill. A mill for grinding
tough materials by attrition with
cannon balls in a rotating drum or
chamber (Standard). See also
Ball mill.
Cannonier (Pr.) See Fireman.
light, sandy tuff. 4. (Venez.) Small
quartz veins which are detached
from the principal veins. (Halse)
Cantero (Sp.). Stone mason; quarry-
man. (Min. Jour.)
Cantharid luster. A ceramic luster
having green and blue irridesoence
like that of a Spanish fly. (Stand-
ard)
Cant hook. A wooden lever with a
movable iron hook at the end used
for canting or turning over logs.
(Webster)
Cantle piece. A side piece In a cask
head. See Cants. (Webster)
Canto (Mex.). The narrowest face of
a timber. (Dwight)
Cantonite. A variety of covellite that
occurs in cubes. (Standard)
Cants (Eng.). The pieces forming the
ends of buckets of a waterwheel (O.
and M. M. P.). See also Cantle
piece.

Cannon shot. See Blown-out shot. Canturr6n (Colom.). Oxide of manga-

Canny (Corn.). Applied to lodes con-
nese. (Halse)
taining calcium carbonate and fluor- Cafiuela (Mex.). A fuse. (Dwight)
spar (Power). See Cand.
Canvas. Any strong cloth of cotton,
Canoa (Braz.). A platform used in hemp, or flax. A miner a name for
gold- washing. (Lock) brattice cloth.
7fi242'—19
130 GLOSSARY OF MINING AND MINERAL INDUSTRY.
Canvas tables. Inclined rectangular
tables covered with canvas. The
pulp, to which clear water Is added
if necessary, is evenly distributed
across the upper margin. As it flows
down, the concentrates settle in the
corrugations of the canvas. After
the meshes are filled, the pulp feed
Is stopped, the remaining quartz Is
washed off with clear water, and
finally the concentrates removed (by
hose or brooms). (Liddell)
Canyon. See Cafion.
Cap. 1. A
piece of plank placed on
top of a prop or stull. 2. The blue
halo of ignited fire damp which
shows above the yellow flaine of a
safety lamp when in air containing
small quantities of fire damp. The
percentage of fire damp can be
roughly measured by the height of
the cap. (Steel)
3. ( So. Af r. ) A mine v^ hen the vein
matter is barren or wLen the vein
is pinched, or contractet\, is said to
be "in cap." (Skinner)
4. Rock above coal or ort*. See also
Cap rock. 5. An attachment riveted
on the end of a rope t<) which a
chain may be fastened. (Gresley)
6. A fitting that goes over the end
of a pipe, to close it, producing a
dead end. (Nat. Tube Co.)
7. See Blasting cap.
Capa (Mex.). A flat deposit of ore or
capping of lava, clay, etc. stratum. ;
(Dwight)
Capacho(Peru). A large leather bag
having a capacity of 75 to 150
pounds of ore. (Pfordte)
Capacity of air compressor. The actual
amount of air compressed and de-
livered, expressed in terms of free
air at Intake temperature and at
the pressure of dry air at the suc-
tion. The capacity of an air com-
pressor should be expressed in cubic
feet per minute. (A. I. M. E., Bull.
140, p. IvlU
Caparrosa (Sp.). Copperas, the result
of decomposition of pyrite, marcas-
ite, or pyrrhotite (Halse). See also
Alcaparrosa.
Capataz (Sp.). Foreman;
captain. (Lucas)
Cap board. Same as Cap, 1.
Cap crimper. See Crimper.
Cape diamond. A diamond of yellow-
lAh tinge. (Webster)
Capel; Kapel. 1. (Corn.). A. com-
posite stone of quartz, schorl, and
hornblende (Raymond). See Caple.
2. A wall of a lode: so called by
Cornish miners, and chiefly when
the country closely adjacent to the
lode Itself has been more or less al-
tered by those chemical agencies
under the influence of which the
latter was formed. Also called Cab.
In the United States, Casing is some-
times used synonomously. (Cen-
tury)
Capela (Mex.). A strap passing over
a man's shoulders from handles of a
wheelbarrow. (Dwight)
Capella (Sp.). A cupelling furnace.
(Raymond)
Capellina (Mex.). In the patio proc-
ess, the bell-shaped vessel, campanat
of copper or iron beneath which the
amalgam is distilled (Halse). See
Pifia, 1.
Capel lode (Corn.). A lode composed
of hard unpromising felspathlc min-
erals containing minute particles of
chlorite (Power). See also Capel.
Cape ruby. A
ruby-red garnet found
associated with diamonds in the
South African diamond mines. (Cen-
tury)
Capernza (Peru). An iron or earthen
cylinder, placed over amalgam in
distilling, so that the open lower end
Is In water, Into which the condenn
Ing mercury drops. (Dwight)
Capes (Scot.). Movable sides and
ends put on a hutch, wagon, or car
to increase its capacity (Barrow-
man). Compare Bustle, 2.
Cap head (Eng.). A top for an air-
box used in shaft sinking. (Bain-
brldge)
Capillarity. The peculiar action by
which the surface of a liquid, where
it IsIn contact with a solid (as in a
capillary tube) is elevated or de-
pressed. Capillarity depends on the
relative attraction of the molecules
of the liquid for each other and for
those of the solid. See also Surface
tension. (Webster)
Capillary. Resembling a hair; fine,
overseer; minute; having a very small bore.
(Webster)
Capillary pyrites. Same as Millerlte.
(Steel) (Standard)
Capitacao (Braz.). A poll tax, or a
tax fixed according to the number
of men employed in minea. (Halse)
 GLOSSAKY OF MINING AND MINERAL INDUSTRY. 131

Capitan; Capataz (Mex.). A mine cap- 3. The layer of rock next overlying
tain C. de pntio, a surface boss.
; ore, generally of barren vein mate-
(Dwight) rial. (Webster)
Capitana (Peru). A hemispherical Capsal. A capstan. (Standard)
stone vessel, 2 feet in diameter, for
washing pulp. (Halse) Cap sill. The upper horizontal beam
In the timber framing of a bridge,
Caple. (Corn.). A hard rock lining
See also Capel. viaduct, etc. (Century)
tin lodes (Duryee).
Caponazo (Mex.). A blow on the hand Capstan. A vertical axle used for
of the man holding a drill, due to heavy hoisting, and worked by hori-
fault of striker. (Dwight) zontal arms or bars. (C. and M.
M. P.)
Caporal (Sp. Am.). One who super-
vises laborers; a boss. (Standard)
Capstan bar. One of the levers by
which a capstan is worked. (Web-
Capote. 1. (Mex.). The bell-shaped ster)
iron cover fitting over the capellina,
Capstone. In masonry, the uppermost
in retorting to confine the heat.
or finishing stone of a structure.
(Dwight)
(Century)
2. (Colom.) A superficial layer of
vegetal earth. (Halse) Capsula (Mex.). A blasting cap.
(Dwight)
Capotera (Colom.). A shallow placer.
(Halse) Captain (Corn, and Wales). The offi-
Cappean furnace. A
modification of cial in immediate charge of the work
the Ropp furnace for calcining sul- In a mine (Raymond). See Mine
phide ore. (Ingalls, p. 96) captain.

Capped quartz. A variety of quartz Captain dresser (Eng.). A manager of

containing thin layers of clay. ore-dressing plant. (Balnbrldge)

Capper. In brickmaking, the man who Capuli (Peru). A kind of wood for
receives the filled molds as they mine timbering. (Halse)
come from a brick machine; a Car. 1. A vehicle adapted to the rails
molder. (Standard) of a railroad. A
vehicle moved on
Capplce (Aust). A horizontal stick wheels. (Webster)
of timber or bar of steel used for 2. A vehicle used for the convey-
supporting a weak roof (Power). ance of coal or ore along the gang-
A variation of Cap or Gap piece. ways or haulage roads of a mine
Cap piece. Same as Cap, 1. In Ar- (C. andM. M. P.). Also called Mine
kansas, usually a piece of wood car. Tram car, Tub, Wagon, and
split from a log. (Steel) Mine wagon.
Capping. 1. The name given to a Cara (Sp.). The facet of a crystal.
method by which the flow of a (Dwight)
spouting oil well is stopped or re-
Caracas (Colom.). Thin, hard layer
stricted. When a very strong dis- of gray or reddish clay, between the
charge of petroleum is expected,
bed rock and pay gravel. (Halse)
strong valves are attached to the
casing, which permit the flow to be Caracol (Mex.). A curved, spiral, or
controlled, and in order to prevent shell-like structure exhibited by cer-
these valves from being blown tain sliver ores of San Dlmas, Du-
away, they are firmly anchored to rango. (Halse)
the ground by means of long, heavy
bolts. (Mitzakig) Caracolite. A colorless, 1 ydrous, lead-
2. The separation of a block of sodium chlorosulphate, perhaps Pb-
stone along the plane of the bedding (OH)Cl.Na2S04. Occurs as crystal-
(Bowles) talllne Incrustations. (Dana)
3. Sometimes used as a synonym
for Over-burden. 4. See Cap, 1. Caracoly. An alloy of gold, silver, and
copper used first by the Carlbs In
Cap pot. In glass making, a crucible
having a lid or cap. (Century)
making ornaments. (Standard)
Cap rock. 1. Barren vein matter, or Carat. 1. A unit employed In weigh-
a pinch in a vein, supposed to over- ing diamonds, and equal to 3i troy
lie ore. (Raymond) grains (205 mg.). A carat-grain is
2. (Ark.) A hard layer of rock, one-fourth of a carat. The inter-
usually sandstone, a short distance national metric carat (abbr. C. M.)
above a coal seam. (Steel) of 200 mg. has (1913) been made tb«
132 GLOSSABY OF MINING AND MINERAL INDUSTRY.

standard in Great Britain, France, Carbon (Mex.). 1. Cbarcoa!. Also

Germany, Holland, and the United called Carb6n de lefia. 2. C. de
States (Webster). 2. A term em- piedra, mineral coal; C. craso, cok-
ployed to distinguish the fineness ing coal; C. de gas, gas coal; C.
of a gold alloy, and meaning one- par do, lignite or brown coal ; seco, C
twenty-fourth. Fine gold is 24-carat noncoking coal. 3. Graphite. (Halse)
gold. Goldsmiths' standard is 22 Carbon. An elementary substance oc-
carats fine, i. e., contains 22 parts curring native as the diamond and
gold, 1 copper, and 1 silver. (Ray- also as graphite or black lead and
mond) forming a constituent of coal, pe-
Carat-goods. Parcels of diamonds troleum, asphalt, limestone and other
which are of an average weight of carbonates, and all organic com-
about one carat each, (Century) pounds. Symbol, C, atomic weight,
Carbenes. The components
of the 12.0. Specific gravity, 1.7 to 3.6.
bitumen petroleum, petroleum
in (Webster)
products, malthas, asphalt cements, Carbona (Corn.). An irregular de-
and solid native bitumens, which are posit or impregnation of tin ore,
soluble in carbon disulphide, but found in connection with a tin lode.
insoluble in carbon tetrachloride. (Raymond)
See also Asphaltene and Petrolene.
(Bacon) Carbonaceous. Coaly, containing car-
Carbide. 1. A binary compound of car-
bon or coal. Especially shale or
rock containing small particles of
bon with some other element (Web-
carbon distributed throughout the
ster). 2. A commercial term for cal-
whole mass. (Steel)
cium carbide used in miner's lamps.
Carbonado (Braz.). A black or dark-
Carbide of An artificial abra-
silicon.
colored diamond, occurring in small
sive made byfusing coke, sand, salt
irregular rounded nodules.
and sawdust in electric furnaces. (Halse)
Discovered in an attempt to make Carbonate. 1. A salt formed by the
artificial diamonds (Pike). See union of carbonic acid with a base.
Carborundum . 2. Any ore containing a large pro-
portion of lead carbonate. See also
Carbocoal. Apulverulent product ob-
Carbonates, 1.
tained by distilling coal at a moder-
ate temperature. It has but little Carbonated springs. Springs of water,
resemblance to coke, but it Ignites containing carbon dioxide gas. They
more readily, supposedly because of are very common, especially in vol-
the occlusion of an extraordinary canic countries; and sometimes con-
amount of oxygen. (Min. and Scl. tain so much gas, that if a little
Press, vol. 117, pp. 471 and 491.) sugar be thrown into the water it
Carbodynamlte. A form of dynamite effervesces like soda water. (Com-
in which fine charcoal is used as the stock)
absorbent. (Webster) Carbonated stone. An artificial stone
Carbohydrate. Any of a group of com- in the manufacture of which steam
pounds, composed of carbon, hydro- and carbon dioxide are used to has-
gen and oxygen and characterized ten hardening. (Standard)
by containing six or a multiple of six Carbonate of barium. See Witherite.
carbon atoms combined with hydro-
gen and oxygen in the proper pro- Carbonate of calcium. See Calcium
portion to form water. (Webster) carbonate also Calcite.
;

Carbolate. A salt of carbolic acid. Carbonate of strontium. See Strontian-

(Webster) ite.
Carbolic. Of, pertaining to, or derived
Carbonates. 1. The common term in the
from carbon and oil; of or pertain-
West for ores containing a consider-
ing to coal-tar oil. (Standard) able proportion of carbonate of lead.
Carbolic acid. A white crystalline They are sometimes earthy or ocher-
deliquescent compound, CeHB.OH, ous (soft carbonates), sometimes
with a burning taste and odor re- granular and comparatively free
sembling that of creosote. It Is a from iron (sand carbonates), and
caustic poison. (Standard) sometimes compact (hard carbon-
Carbolite. A by-product in iron ates). Often they are rich in silver
smelting, consisting of calcium- (Raymond). Salts of HzCO..
aluminum-silicon carbide, and used 2. (Eng.) Black, imperfectly crys-
as a substitute for calcium carbide. tallized form of diamond used for
(Standard) rock boring. The diamond Is set in
 ) ) ) ;

GLOSSARY OF MINING AND MINERAL. INDUSTRY. 183

k bit which, as it turns, cuts the haemoglobin of the blood. oxpelHnj4

rock in an annular form, producing oxygen (Webster). Also known as
cores (Gresley). See also Carbon- White damp.
ado.
Carbono (Sp.). The element carbon.
Carbonate Carbonate; C.
(Sp.). de (Dwight)
hierro, spathic iron. (Halse)
Carbon oil. A trade name for kero-
Carbon black. A name for lampblack. sene. ( Bacon
Carbonolite. Wadsworth's name for
Carbon dioxide. A heavy colorless ir- carbonaceous rocks. (Kemp)
respirable gas, CO2, which extin-
guishes a flame. It is formed in Carbon spar. A name given to several
mine explosions and mine fires and mineral carbonates, as carbonate of
forms part of the afterdamp. magnesium, zinc, etc. (Century)
Carbon disulphide. A clear liquid, CS2, Carbon spot. A black spot in the body
of very disagreeable odor. of a diamond. (Webster)
Carbon steel. Steel deriving its quali-
Carboncria (Sp.). 1. A coal yard. 2.
tiesfrom carbon chiefly, without the
A coal shed. 3. A coal mine. See
presence of other alloying elements
also Hull era. (Halse)
(Webster). Ordinary steel, as dis-
Carbonero. 1. (Mex.). A coke or coal tinguished from chrome steel, man-
wheeler. D wight
( ganese steel, etc. (Standard) See
2. (Sp.). A coal miner. 3. A coal also Simple steei. Compare Alloy
merchant. 4. A colliery or coal steel.
mine. See also Hullera. (Halse)
Carbon tube. A cylindrical glass
Carbonet. See Briquet. vessel used in the calorimetric de-
Carbon flame. The characteristic white termination of carbon in steel (Web-
flame caused by burning carbon. It ster. See also Combustion tube.
issues from the converter only when Carborundum. A crystalline com-
all the silicon has been removed pound, SiC, consisting of silicon and
from the molten iron. (Webster) carbon. It is produced in an elec-
tric furnace and used as an abrasive
Carbonic acid gas. See Carbon di-
oxide. (Webster). Silicon carbide.

Carbonic oxide gas. See Carbon mo Carborundum machine. A machine

noxide.
Carboniferous. In the nomenclature of
the U. S. Geological Survey, and in
general usage as well, the youngest
of the systems into which the Paleo-
zoic stratified rocks are divided also
the corresponding period of geologic
time. (La Forge)
provided with carborundum wheels
designed to cut moldings, cornices,
balusters, etc., from stone. (Bowles)
Carboy. A large globular glass bottle
enclosed in a box or in wickerwork
;
used mainly for the transportation
of corrosive acids and the like.
(Standard)

Carbonite. 1. A
native coke, occur- Carbuncle. A
gem of a deep-red color,
inclining to scarlet, found chiefly in
ring at the Edgehill mines, near
Richmond, Va. it is more compact
;
East Indies. When held up to the
than artificial coke and some va- sun it looses its deep tinge and be-
rieties afford bitumen. (Bacon) comes the color of burning coal.
2. A permissible explosive.
Formerly believed to be capable of
shining in darkness. A variety of
Carbonization. The process of con- garnet, though the name includes
verting to carbon, by removing other also the ruby and the spinel. (Cen-
ingredients, a substance containing tury)
caibon, as in the charring of wood
or the natural formation of anthra-
Carburet. A combination of carbon
with a metal or other substance. A
cite. (Raymond) carbide. ( Webster
Carbonized. Converted into carbon. Carbureted hydrogen. Any of several
(Hitchcock) gaseous compounds of carbon and
Carbon monoxide. A colorless, odor- hydrogen, some of which are the
less gas,GO. It is the product of constituents of illuminating gas
incomplete combustion of carbon. It (Webster) Light carbureted hydro-
burns with a pale-blue flame form- gen is methane or marsh gas, CH*.
ing CO2. It is very poisonous to It is the chief constituent of fli»
animals, since it combines with the damp.
 )

134 GLOSSARY OF MINING AKD MINERAL INDUSTRY.

Carburlzation. The process of impart- Cargo (Peru). The first portion of

ing carbon, in making cement
as mercury added to an amalgamation
steel. (Raymond) charge. (Dwight)

Carburo (Mex.). Carbide. (Dwight) Carguero. 1. (Mex.) A charger for

a furnace. (Dwight)
Carcamo (Sp.)- LA drain or conduit 2. (Colom.) Stones, pebbles, etc.,
for carrying slimes. 2. A drain in taken from placer workings in or-
amine. (Mex.) A slime pit. 4.
3. der to extract the gold. (Halse)
A penstock. (Halse)
Car haul. An endless chain or cable
Carcao (Port). A matrix in which arranged to haul the cars automati-
gold occurs. (Halse) cally up a slope, from the top of
Carcel. (Sp.)1. The timber frame which the cars may travel by grav-
of a shaft. 2. (Mex.) Hitches or ity. (Steel)
steps for timbers. (Halse)
Carinate fold. In geology, an iso-
Card concentrator. A table made of clinal fold (Standard). See also
two planes having a flexible joint Isoclinal.
between them dividing the table into
two nearly equal triangles, forming Carinthian furnace. 1. A small rever-
a diagonal line along whlcli concen- beratory furnace with Inclined
trates separate from the tailings. hearth, in which lead ore is treated
(Llddell) by roasting and reaction, wood be-
ruby ing the usual fuel. (Raymond)
Cardenilla (Mex.). Proustlte;
2. A zlnc-distillatlon furnace with
silver. (Halse)
small vertical retorts. (Ingalls, p.
Cardenillo (Mex.). Verdigris. 393.)
(D wight) Carinthian process (sometimes spelled
Cardiglio marble (It). A gray, cloud- Corinthian) A metallurgical method
.

ed variety of marbU obtained for for treating lead ore, the character-
ornamental purposes from the Island istics of which are The smallness of
:

of Corsica. (Page) the charge, the slow roasting, so

Cardinal points. The four principal that for every part of lead sulphide
points of the compass, as North,
one part of sulphate and at least
South, East and West (Webster) two of oxide are formed, the low
temperature at which all of the
Car dumper. A mechanical device for operations are carried on, and the
tilting a railroad hopper or gondola aim to extract all the lead In the
car over sidewlse and emptying its reverberatory. The hearth is in-
contents. (Willcox) clined toward the flue and the lead
is collected outside of the furnace.
Carena ( Sp ) . An upright stanchion
for supporting machinery. (Min. (Hofman, p. 88)
Jour. Carlsbad twin; Karlsbad. A twin oc-
Carga. 1. (Mex.) A charge, as for a curring in the monoclinlc system
furnace. A mule load, generally of with the vertical axis as the twin-
300 lbs. Avoir., but variable in dif- ning axis. (Dana)
ferent places. de arrastre, a C Carmeloite. A name
given by A. C.
charge for an arrastre; usually Lawson group of eruptive rocks
to a
about 200 lbs. Avoir. (Dwight) at Carmelo Bay, Calif., which are
2. C. real, a land tax. 3. (Colom.) intermediate between the basalts
Stones, pebbles, and gravel occur- and andesites. They range in silica
ring in placers. 4. (Peru) Over- from 52 to 60 per cent, have auglte
burden of a placer mine. (Halse) and plagloclase for phenocrysts;
Cargada (Colom.). placer contain- A and a peculiar, orthorhomblc, hy-
ing many large stones. (Halse) drated silicate of Iron, lime, mag-
nesia, and soda, which Is a second-
Oargador (Mex.). One who feeds a ary mineral after some original,
furnace; an ore carrier; a porter. probably olivine. The secondary
(Dwight) mineral has been called Iddlngslte.
Cargadora (Sp. Am.). 1. The first (Kemp)
washing trough (Lucas). Carmichel-Bradford process. See Blast-
2. A charging vat (Halse). See roasting.
also Tina. Carmin (Sp. Am.). Ore containing a
Cargar (Mex.). To charge a furnace large amount of oxide or carbonate
(Dwight). To feed a nAll. of iron (Lucas). Colorados; gossan.
 ) )

GLOSSARY OF MINING AND MINERAL INDUSTRY. 135

Carmlnite. A carmine to tile-red Carrancho (Colom.). 1. Decomposed

lead-iron-arsenate, perhaps PbsAsaO*.- country rock, generally granite,
lOFeAsOi. Found in clusters of fine carrying auriferous pyrite. 2. Soft,
needles; also in spheroidal forms. shaly or schistose country rock In
(Dana) which the veins are unproductive.
Carnallite. A massive, granular, (Halse)
greasy, milk-white, soluble, hydrous, Carrara marble. A general name given
magnesium-potassium chloride, to all the marbles quarried near Car-
KMgGl3.6H20, crystalizing in the rara, Italy. The prevailing colors
orthorhombic system. (Dana) are white to bluish, or white with
blue veins; a fine grade of statuary
Came de vaca (Peru). Coarse-grained marble is here included. (Merrill)
galena, generally mixed with gray
copper-ore. (D wight) Carrascal (Mex.). Honey -combed
quartz, generally barren. (Dwight)
Carnelian. One
of the varieties of
chalcedony originally only the red, Carreira (Sp.). A quarry. (Standard)
but now (1890) of any color (Roy. Carrera (Mex.). A stroke, as of a
Com.). Also called Cambay stone, piston. (Dwight)
from that locality in India.
Carrero (Mex.). A charge- wheeler a
Carnotite. A canary-yellow mineral,
trammer. (Dwight)
;

somewhat variable in composition,

containing uranium and vanadium, Carreta (Sp.) A wagon, cart, or
with either or both lime and potash. wheelbarrow. (Halse)
Is ordinarily a mixture of true
carnotite 2U08.VaOo.K,0-f xHaO, and
Carretero (Sp.). A trammer. (Lucas)
tyuyamunite, 2UOs.VaOB.CaO+xH20. Carretilla; Carrillo de mano (Sp.). A
Is radioactive and is used as a wheelbarrow. (Min. Jour.)
source of radium. (U. S. Geol. Carriage (Eng.). See Slope cage;
Surv.) also Carrlgal.
Carnot's cycle. An ideal heat-engine Car rider. A brakeman or laborer em-
cycle in which the working fluid ployed to ride on car to the dumper,
goes through the four following suc- or on cars pushed from cradle, to
cessive operations, (a) Isothermal apply brake and prevent hard
expansion to a desired point; (b) bumping (Willcox). A blast fur-
adiabatic expansion to a desired nace term.
point; (c) isothermal compression Carrier. A catalytic by whose agency
to such a point that (d) adiabatic a transfer of some element or group
compression brings it back to its is effected from one compound to
initial state. (Webster) another. (Webster)
Carnot's function. A relation between Carrigal (Scot). A wheeled bogie or
the amount of heat given off by a platform for the conveyance of coal
source of heat, and the work which cars or tubs, in a level position, on a
can be done by it. (Webster) highly-inclined roadway. (Barrow-
Caromb6 (Braz.). In placer mining. man)
a shallow wooden box for carrying Carrileros (Sp.). Ore carriers. (Min.
gravel, and also for use in draining Jour.
levels. (Halse)
Carrillo (Sp.). 1. A small cart. 2.
Carpet. A bituminous surface of ap- C. de mano, a wheelbarrow. 3. A
preciable thickness, generally formed pulley block. (Halse)
on top of a roadway by the aplica-
Carrizo (Mex.). A small hole In rock
tion of one or more coats of bitumi-
for a wooden plug. See also Cho
nous material with gravel, sand, or
col6n. (Dwight)
stone chips added (Bacon). Also
called Blanket. Carre (Mex.). A charging buggy;
mine car. (Dwight)
Carpintero (Sp.). A carpenter. (Min.
Jour. Carrot (Eng.). A solid cj'lindrical
specimen or core cut in a borehole.
Carquaise. An annealing arch for
(Gresley)
plate glass. (Standard)
Carrack (Eng.).
Carry. 1. (Scot.) The thickness of
See Capel.
roof rock taken down In working a
Carrana (Peru). Lighc rawhide shovel seam. 2. The thickness of seam
for throwing taquia into a furnace. which can be conveniently taken
(Dwight) dov/n at one working. (Barrowman)
136 GLOSSABY OF MINING AND MINEKAL INDUSTRY.

Carrying gate (Derb.). The main Cascajero (Colom.). An alluvial mln«

haulage road In a mine. (Hooson) already worked but which still con-
tains gold. (Halse)
Carse. A Scottish terra applied to the
flat lands In valleys. (St. John) Cascajo. 1. (Mex.) Gravel; waste
rock; oxidized free -milling ore.
Cart. 1. (Scot.; A measure of 12 (D wight)
cwt. of screened coal (but In prac- 2. (Peru) A large pocket of ore
tice varying from 12 to 15 cwts.), containing native silver in quartz
by which miners were formerly mixed with yellow ocherous clay.
paid. (Barrowman) (Halse)
2. (Som., S. Wales) A tram with Cascalho (Braz.). 1. Coarse, gold-
or without wheels for conveying
bearing gravel and sand and sub-
coal underground In thin seams.
angular rocks embedded in a fer-
(Gresley)
ruginous clay. 2. A mixture of clay
Carting (Som.). Hauling coal under- and quartzose gravel found in river
ground In thin seams. (Gresley) beds, and containing diamonds.
(Halse)
Cartographic. Pertaining to a map.
Ciscara (Spain). Copper precipitate
In geology a cartographic unit is a
obtained from mine water; cement
rock or group of rocks that is shown
copper. (Lucas)
on a geologic map by a single color
or pattern. (Ransome) Case. 1. A small fissure, admitting
water into the mine workings,
Carton. A pasteboard box containing
(Raymond)
high explosives, blasting-caps, or elec-
tric blasting caps,a number of which
2.One of the frames, of four pieces
of plank each, placed side by side
are packed in a wooden case for
to form a continuous lining in gal-
shipment. (Du Pont)
leries run on loose earth. (Webster)
Cartridge 1. A cylindrical, waterproof, 3. A
wooden box in which dynamite,
paper shell, with high explo-
filled cartons of electric blasting caps,
sive and closed at both ends (Du boxes of blasting caps or coils
Pont). Used in blasting. of fuse are shipped. (Du Pont)
2. Short cylinders (about 4 inches Case book (No. of Eng.). A book kept
long and 2i Inches in diameter) of at a colliery In which the name and
highly compressed caustic lime made description of every horse or pony
with a groove along the side, used which is off work for 24 hours, or
In breaking down coal. See also longer, and the driver's name, is
Lime cartridge. (Gresley) entered. (Gresley)
Cartridge pin. A round stick of Cased tin (Eng.). Fine tin ore that Is
wood on which the paper tube for retreated by a gentle current of wa-
the blasting cartridge is formed. ter flowing over the frame or table.
(Greene) (Hunt)
Car trimmer. A person who adjusts Case harden. To convert iron super-
the load in a railroad or mine car. by partial cementa-
ficially into steel
(Steel) tion; as case-hardened steel. (Ray-
mond)
Cart trade (Som.). See Land sale.
Case hardening. A process of harden-
Cartucho (Mex.). Explosive cartridge. ing (iron or steel) by carbonizing
(Dwlght) the surface ,thus converting soft iron
into steel or mild steel into hard
Carving (Leic). 1. A wedge-shaped steel to a depth depending on the
vertical cut or cutting at the side of length of treatment. This is com-
a stall. 2. An airway between ihe monly effected by cementation with
solid and a pack wall. (Gresley) charcoal or other carbonaceous ma-
terial, but for a mere skin of steel a
Casa (Sp.). House; C. de fundimon, short treatment with fused potas-
a smeltery; C. de moneda, a mint. sium cyanide suffices. (Webster)
(Halse)
Case markings. The letters or figures
Casar metales (Peru). To mix ores stenciled or printed on the front of
for amalgamation or smelting. a case containing explosives indicat-
(Dwlght) ing the size, weight, kind, strength,
Cascajal (Sp.). A gravel pit. (Cro- date, and place of manufacture.
futt) (Du Pont)

GLOSSARY OF MINING AND MINERAL INDUSTRY.
Caves of spar (Eng.). Intersecting
veins of quartz. (Bainbridge)
Cash (Som.). Soft shale or bind in
coal mines. (Gresley)
Cashy blaes (Scot.). Soft coaly blaes
with little coherence. ( Barrowman
Casing:. L (Corn.) A partition
brattice, made of casing plank, in a
shaft. 2. (Pac.) Zones of material
altered by vein action, and lying be-
tween the unaltered country rock
and the vein (Raymond). See also
Capel, Gouge, and Selvage.
3. Steel or iron tubing used to case
an oil or gas well. (Nat. Tube Co.)
4. (Ohio) A
local term applied to
thin slabs of sandstone that split
out between closely spaced joints.
(Bowles)
Casing clamps. Instruments generally
manufactured from wrought iron,
and used for raising or lowering
casing. They are made in two
pieces held by heavy bolts, which fit
into corresponding holes, on the
sides of the clamps. In Canada,
heavy wooden clamps are used in-
stead of iron ones. (Mitzakis)
Casing cutters. Instruments used in
oil fieldsfor cutting casing prior to
raising it to the surface, after the
completion of a well. (Mitzakis)
Casing dog. In well boring, a fishing
instrument provided with serrated
pieces or dogs sliding on a wedge,
to grip severed casing; also called
Bull dog Casing spear. (Nat. Tube
; pigment of varying permanence, con-
Co.)
Casing elevators. In well-boring, a de-
vice consisting oftwo semi-circular
clamps, with a chain link on either,
that are hinged together at one end
and secured by a latch at the other.
Used for raising and lowering cas-
ing. See also Casing dog. (Nat.
Tube Co.)
Casing fitting. A fitting threaded
with a casing thread. (Nat. Tube
Co.)
Casing head. 1. A fitting attached to
the top of the casing of a well to
separate oil and gas, to allow pump-
ing, and cleaning out well, etc. It
may have several lateral outlets,
through which the flow of the oil
can be controlled and led away to
reservoirs by mean of pipes 2. In
well boring, a heavy mass of iron
screwed Into the top of a string of
casing to take the blows produced
when driving the pipe. Also called
Drive head. (Nat Tube Go.)
)
137
Casing-head gas. Natural gas rich in
oil vapors. So named as it is usu-
ally collected, or separated from the
oil, at the casing head. Frequently
called Combination gas or Wet gas.
Casing of a reef (Aust.). The abnor-
mal vein stuff abutting on the solid
reef (Duryee). See also Casing, 2.
or
Casing shoe. A circular steel instru-
ment having a cutting edge, fixed to
the bottom of each column of casing,
to strengthen the casing, when
driven into the ground. (Mitzakis)
Casing spear. An instrument used
for recovering casing which has ac-
cidently fallen into the well. The
"bull dog," which is the most simple
form of casing spear, consists of a
steel body tapered at the top, on
which slide two steel segments with
serrated edges. When lowered in-
side the casing to be recovered the
steel segments are pushed upward,
along the narrow part of the body,
but when raised, the segments re-
main stationary, and the weight of
the casing forces the thicker part to
exercise a pressure on the segments
forcing them outward. The greater
the pull, the greater is the corre-
sponding lateral pressure (Mit-
zakis). Also called Casing dog.
Casiterita (Mex.). The tin oxide, cas-
siterite. (Dwight)
Casqnillo (Mex.). A blasting cap.
(Dwight)
Cassel brown; Cassel earth. A brown
sisting of impure lignite. (Web-
ster)
Casserole. A small round dish with
a handle usually of porcelain. Used
;
in chemical laboratories. (Webster)
Cassinite. A feldspar from Delaware
county, Penn., containing several
per cent of baryta. (Century)
Cassiterite. Tin oxide, SnOs. Con-
tains 79 per cent tin. The mineral
from which practically all tin is
obtained. (U. S. Geol. Surv.)
Cast. 1. The form of a fossil preserved
insome substance which has filled
the space left by the fossil. (Lowe)
2. To form In a particular shape
by pouring molten metal into a mold
and letting it harden. 3. To form
by throwing up earth; to emit or
give out (Webster)
Cast-after-cast (Corn.). The throwing
up of ore from one platform to an-
other successively. See also Sham-
bles. (Raymond)
 ) )

188 GLOSSAHY OF MINING AND MINERAI^ INDUSTRY.

Castanlte. A
chestnut-brown hydrous steel into the cast-iron Ingot-molda.
ferric sulphate, Fea0.2SOs.lOH20. (Century)
(Dana) Casting plate. A casting table used in
Castaways. Sterile veinstone. glass making. (Webster)
(Power)
Cast-iron. Iron which has been cast,
Castellano (Mex.). 1. A small furnace that is melted and run into a mold
about 48 inches high, 10 Inches in which it assumes the desired
square, used for lead smelting. Prob- form. Most cast-iron is pig iron
ably Introduced by the Spaniards. which has been remelted in a cu-
(Dwight) pola furnace. Iron made from ore
2. An ancient Spanish coin. (Halse) by smelting in the blast furnace is,
Castellanos powder. A kind of blast- in fact, cast-iron and its properties
are not altered by remelting, but it
ing powder containing nitroglycerin
is commonly known as pig Iron, or
and either nitrobenzene or a picrate,
mixed with other materials. (Web- pig. (Century)
ster) Castor. Same as Castorlte.
Casteth (Derb.). Said of a shaft when Cast, or fusible porcelain. Same as
air issuing from It on a cool or Cryolite glass. Called also Hot-cast
frosty morning contains visible porcelain. (Standard)
vapor. (Hooson) Castorite. A
transparent variety of
Cast gate. In founding, the channel pelalite that crystallizes in the
through which the metal is poured monoclinic system. (Dana)
into a mold, (Century) Cast scrap. Cast-iron scrap.
Casthole (Derb.). A
prospect hole not Cast steeL 1. Steel which has been
exceeding about nine feet deep, the rendered homogeneous by remelting
depth from which waste material in crucibles or pots. (Century)
may be thrown by hand. (Hooson) 2. Any malleable compound of iron
produced by fusion, including both
Cast house. The building In which Bessemer and open-hearth steel, as
pigs or ingots are cast. (Raymond)
well as crucible steel. (Standard)
Castigar (Mex.). To smooth or plane
Cast-weld. To weld by heating as If
surfaces of roclis or boards.
for casting, as to cast-weld rails.
(Dwight)
(Webster)
Castillite. An Impure variety of bor-
Caswellite. A bronze, copper-red, al-
nite, containing zinc, lead, and silver
tered mica that is closely related to
sulphides. (Dana)
phlogopite. ( Standard

Castillo (Mex,). 1. The frame of a

stamp mill, 2. A hoist; a pulley
Cat; Catch earth (So. Staff.). A hard
fire clay. (Gresley)
frame. (Halse)
Casting. Pouring or drawing fused
Cata. 1. (Sp.) A mine denounced,
but unworked. (Raymond)
metal from a blast furnace, cupola,
crucible, converter, or ladle into
2. (Mex.) A prospect-hole, or pit.
(Dwight)
molds. ( Raymond 3. (Braz.) A placer. (Halse)
Casting copper. Impure copper better
suited for casting into various forms
Cataclasm. A breaking or rending
asunder; a violent disruption.
than for drawing into wires or roll-
(Standard)
ing into sheets. (Weed)
Cataclastlc. Having a fragmental tex-
Casting ladle. An iron ladle with ture due to crushing during dynamic
handles, used to pour molten metal metamorphism said of
: certain
into a mold. (Century) metamorphic rocks (La Forg«).
Casting over. A quarryman's term for Compare Autoclastic.
an operation consisting of making a Cataclinal. Extending in the direction
cut with a steam shovel, which, in- of the dip : said of a valley. ( Stand-
stead of loading the material on ard)
cars, moves it to one side, forming
a long ridge. (Bowles)
Cataclysm. 1. Any overwhelming flood
of water; especially, the Noachian
Casting pit. The space in a foundry deluge. 2. Any violent and exten-
in which the molds are placed and sive subversion of the ordinary phe-
the castings made. In the Bessemer nomena of nature; an extensive
and open-hearth steel works it is the stratigraphic catastrophe. (Stand-
qpace utilized for casting the molten ard)
 ) J

(GLOSSARY OF MINING AND MINERAL INDUSTRY. 139

Cataclysmal. See Cataclysmic. Catch earth. See Cat.

Cataclysmic. 1. Accompanied with Catcher. 1. (Eng.). A safety or dis-
violet disruption. (Lowe) engaging hook for prevention of
2. Pertaining to or of the nature of overwinding. 2. (Leic). See Cage
a cataclysm; characterized by a shut. 3. Strong beams in mine
cataclysm or cataclysms. (Stand- shafts to catch the rods of pumps in
ard) case of a breakdown. (Gresley)
Catacorte (Colom.). A prospecting
trench; a ditch. (Halse) Catches. 1. Catches or rests placed on
shaft timbers, to hold the cage when
Catalan forge. A forge, with a tuyere, it is brought to rest at the top, bot-
for reducing iron ore, with char- tom, or any intermediate landing.
coal, to a loup of wrought iron; a Also called Latches, Chairs, Keeps
bloomery. See also Champlain or Dogs. 2. Stops fitted on a cage
forge. (Raymond) to prevent cars from running off.
Catalysis. Berzelius describes it as a (Woodson)
decomposition and new combination 3. (Mid.) Projecting blocks of wood
produced among the proximate and attached to pump spears to prevent
elementary principles of one or more damage In case of a breakdown.
compounds by virtue of the mere (Gresley)
presence of a substance or sub-
stances which do not of themselves Catchment area. An intake area and
enter into the reaction. (Ingalls, allparts of the drainage basin which
p. 194)
drain into it. (Meinzer)
Catalytic. An agent employed in catal- Catchment basin. The entire area
ysis, as platinum black, aluminum from which drainage is received by
chloride, etc. (Webster) a reservoir, river, or the like. (Web-
ster)
Cat and clay (Eng.). Straw and clay
worked together, laid between laths Catch pin (Eng.). A strong oak or iron
in building mud walls. (Webster) pin fixed over and
to the ends of
Cataplelte. A light-yellow to yel- the beam of a pumping engine,
lowish-brown, hydrous silicate, which, in the event of a broken
H4(Na2Ca)ZrSi80ii, crystallizing in spear, prevents damage to the top
thin tabular hexagonal prisms. or bottom of the cylinder. See
(Dana) also Spring beams. (G. C. Green-
well)
Catar; Catear. 1. (Sp.). To search
for minerals. (Colom.).
2. To pan; Catch pit. A reservoir for saving tail-
to dolly. (Halse) ings from reduction works (C. and
Catarinite. A native alloy of iron and M. M. P.). A catch basin.
nickel, Fe2Ni. (Standard)
Catch scaffold (Eng.). A platform in
Catastrophe. 1. In geology, a sudden, a shaft a few feet beneath a work-
violent change in the physical con- ing scaffold to be used in case of
ditions of the earth's surface; a accident. (Gresley)
cataclysm. (Standard)
2. In mining, a disaster in which Cat dirt (Derb.). 1. A hard fire clay.
many lives are lost or much property 2. Coal mixed with pyrite. 3. A
damaged, as by a mine fire, explo- kind of earthy scoria not unlike
sion, inrush of water, etc. lava. (Min. Jour.)
Catawbrite. A name given by O. Cateador (Mex.). Prospector (Dwight)
Lieber to a rock in South Caro-
lina that is an intimate mixture of Catear (Sp.). To search for new
talc and magnetite. (Kemp) mines. (Min. Jour.)
Cat bank (Eng.). An iron loop placed Cateo (Sp. Am.). Prospecting. (Halse)
on the underside of the center of a
flat corf bow (budget handle). In Catero (Sp.). A prospector (Halse
which to insert the hook. (G. C.
Green well Cat face. A miner's term for glisten-
ing balls or nodules of pyrite in the
Cat block. A pulley block.
face of coal.
Catchall. A tool for extracting broken
implements from drilled wells. Cat-faced block (N. Y. and Penn.). A
(Webster) bluestone quarryman's term for a
Catch basin. A reservoir to catch and mass of waste situated between two
retain surface drainage. (Webster) closely spaced open Joints. (Bowles)
140 GLOSSARY OF MINING AND MINERAL INDUSTRY,

Cat gold. An early name for gold- Cat-stane. 1. (Scot). A conical cairn
colored mica. (Chester) or monolith supposed to mark the
locality of a battle. 2. One of the
Cathead. 1. A small capstan. 2. A
upright stones which supports the
broad-bully hammer. See also Bully.
(Raymond) grate in a fireplace. (Century)
3. (Prov. Eng.) A nodule of iron- Cattermole process. A flotation proc-
stone containing fossils. (Stand- ess in which a quantity of oil, vary-
ard) ing from 4 to 6 per cent and 2 per
Cathode. The negative terminal of an cent soap was added to a flowing
electric source, or more strictly, the pulp, to oil the sulphides and make
electrode by which the current them stick together, forming large
leaves the electrolyte on its way and heavy granules. These gran-
back to the source. (Webster) ules are heavy enough to fall to
the bottom and remain in a pulp cur-
Cat hole. A small hole dug in rock for rent while the gangue is washed
the point of a tripod leg of a ma- away. (Megraw, p. 15 T. J. Hoover,
;
chine drill. (Gillette, p. 99)
p. 10)
Catlinite; Indian pipestone. A red clay
found in southwestern Minnesota Catty. 1. An East Indian and
Chi-
and formerly used by the Indians nese weightof about 1^ pounds
for making pipes. (U. S. Geol. Avoir., or 604.8 grams. (Webster)
Surv.) 2. (Straits Set). A gold weight
which equals 2.9818 lbs. troy.
Catoctin. A monadnock or residual (Lock)
mountain or ridge which preserves
on its summit a remnant of an old Cauce (Mex.). A river channel; bed
peneplain. (La Forge) of a stream or river. (D wight)
Catogene. A general term for sedi- Cauf (No. of Eng). A coal bucket or
mentary rocks, since tliey were basket (C. and M. M. P.). See
formed by deposition from above, as also Corf.
of suspended material. Compare
Anogene; Hypogene. Cauk. 1. (Eng. Scot). Chalk; lime-
stone. 2. An English miner's term
Catrake. An hydraulic brake or con- for barite, or heavy spar (Century),
troller of a Cornish pumping engine, See Cawk, 1 and 2.
first introduced by Boulton and
Watt. (Gresley) Cauld (Scot). A dam in a river; a
weir. (Century)
Catrines (Mex.). A general name
given by Indians to foreigners, and Cauldron; Cauldron
bottoms (So.
Includes Spaniards (gachupines), Wales). The remains of the
fossil
French (gavachos) and Germans, " casts " of the trunks of sigillaria
English, and North Americans that have remained vertical above
(gringos). (Halse) or below the coal seam (C. and M.
M. P.). See Bell-mold.
Cats (Scot.). Burnt clay used for
tamping in wet strata. (Barrow- Caulk. A variation of Calk.
man)
Ciiunch. See Canch.
Cat salt. A granulated salt formed
from the bittern or leach brine used Caunter-lode (Corn.). A vein cours-
for making hard soap. (Century) ing at a considerable angle to
neighboring veins. (Raymond)
Cat's brail,.Sandstones traversed in
every direction by little branching Caustic. Capable of destroying the
veins of calcite. (Power) texture of anything or eating away
its substance by chemical action;
Cat's -eye. A
greenish, chatoyant, va-
burning; corrosive. (Webster)
riety of chrysoberyl. (Dana)
Cat's-head (Ireland). A nodule of Caustic ammonia. Ammonia as a gas
hard gritstone in shale (Century). or in solution.
Compare Cathead, 3. Caustic lime. Calcium hydroxide, Ca-
Cat silver. A name sometimes given (0H)2, or slaked lime.
to a variety of silvery mica. (Cen- Caustic potash. Potassium hydroxide,
tury) KOH.
Cat's quartz. 1. Same as Cat's-eye. Caustic silver. Silver nitrate, AgNO».
2. Avariety of quartz containing
fibers of asbestos. (Standard) Caustic soda. Sodium byroxide, NaOH.
 ;

GLOSSARY OF MINING AND MINERAL INDUSTRY. 141

Cave. 1. A natural cavity, recess, Caving system. A method of mining

chamber, or series of chambers and in which the the support of a
ore,
galleries beneath the surface of the great block being removed, is
earth, within a mountain, a ledge of allowed to cave or fall, and in fall-
rocks, etc. sometimes a similar
; ing is broken sufficiently to be
cavity artificially excavated. 2. Any handled; the overlying strata sub-
hollow cavity. 3. A cellar or under- sides as the ore is withdrawn. There
ground room. 4. The ash pit in a are several varieties of the system.
glass furnace. (Standard) See Block caving; Top slicing and
5. The partial or complete falling in cover caving; Top slicing combined
of a mine. Called also Cave-in. with ore caving.
(Weed)
Cawk. 1. (Eng.) Sulphate of barium;
Cave deposits. Irregular deposits of heavy spar. (Raymond)
material in the caves generally 2. (Scot). Chalk; limestone (Stand-
found in limestone. (Duryee) ard). Also spelled Cauk.
Cave earth. A deposit of sand, soil, Caynse. An Indian pony. A common
etc., washed into caves. (Webster) term in Western United States.
Cave hole. A
depression at the sur- (Webster)
face, caused by a fall of roof in the
Cazar (Mex.). To ram with a piece
mine. (Greene) of timber. (Dwight)
Cave-in. See Cave, 5.
Cazeador (Sp.). Amalgamator.
Cavel. A stone mason's ax. (Dwight)
Cave man. One of a race of men of Cazo (Sp.). A caldron in which
tlie early Stone Age, who dwelt amalgamation is effected by heating
largely in caves. (La Forge) used in Mexico and South America
(Raymond). Any large copper or
Cave pearl. A pearly concretion, in iron vessel. (Dwight)
composition like true pearl, formed
in limestone caves by the agricy of Cebar. 1. (Sp.). To melt rich ores,
water. (Webster) or lead bullion, etc., in the smelting
furnace. To add small quantities
Caver. (Derb.). 1. One who steals of material, from time to time, to
ore or coal at a mine. 2. An officer
the bath in a furnace. Generally,
who guards a mine. (Standard) to feed any kind of metallurgical
Cavern. A large natural underground machinery or process. (Dwight)
cavity or cave a den any cavity.
; ; 2. C. el barreno, to prime a drill
(Standard) hole. 3. C. la bomba, to prime a
pump. (Halse)
Cavern limestone. Any limestone
abounding in caverns, especially the Cebo (Sp.). 1. The second addition of
Carboniferous limestone of Ken- mercury, to the tqrta in the patio
tucky. (Webster) process. 2. A charge for a smelt-
ing furnace. 3. Priming, as of gun-
Cavernous. Containing cavities or
powder. 4. (Colora.) Calcium Car-
caverns, sometimes quite large.
bonate deposited in veins. 5.
Most frequent in limestones and (Mex.) Metal de cebo, very rich
dolomites. (Roy. Comu)
silver ore smelted In a refining fur-
Cavil. 1. (No. of Eng.). A lot, drawn nace. (Halse)
quarterly by a miner for his work-
ing place in the mine. (Gresley)
Cedarite. A fossil resin resembling
amber, somewhat widely distributed
2. To draw lots at stated periods,
In the alluvium of the Saskatche-
by miners to determine the places in
which they will work for the follow-
wan River in Canada. See also Suc-
cinite. (Bacon)
ing period. (Power)
Cedazo (Mex.). Screen or sieve. See
Cavilling rules (No. of Eng.). Rules
also Criba. (Dwight)
or by-laws in reference to cavils
and wages. (Gresley) Ceja (Mex.). In vanning with horn
spoon or miner's pan, the heaviest
Caving. 1. The falling in of the sides
streak or concentrate that appears
or top excavations. (Raymond)
at the edge. (Dwight)
2. A system of mining developed in
the Lake Superior district. See Celasa (Mex.). A cage. (Dwight)
Caving system.
Celestite. Strontium sulphate, SrSO*.
Caving by raisimg. See Chute caving. (Dana)
 ) ; )

142 GLOSSARY OF MINING AND MINERAL INDUSTRY.

Cell. A single Jar or element of a Cementing furnace. A furnace used

voltaic battery. There are many in the process of cementation. (Cen-
types and varieties. tury)
Cellar stone. Small, Irregular, rock Cementing material. See Cement, 1,
fragments. (Bowles) 3 and 5.
Cellular pyrite. Marcasite. (Power) Cementing oven. An oven used for the
The material that binds same purpose as a cementing fur-
Cement. 1.
nace. (Century)
together the of a frag-
particles
mental rock. It is usually calcare- Cementite. Iron combined with car-
ous, siliceous, or ferruginous. 2. The bon as it exists in steel before
word is also used in gold-mining hardening. ( Standard
regions to describe various consoli-
dated, fragmental aggregates, such Cement mill. A mill for crushing and
as breccia, conglomerate, and the grinding cement stone; also a mill
like, that are auriferous. (Kemp) for grinding the cinder after it
3. A
substance used in a soft pasty comes from the kiln.
state to Join stones or brick In a
building, to cover floors, etc., M^hich Cemento (Sp.). 1. Hydraulic lime or

afterwards becomes hard like stone cement. 2. In geology, the cement-

especially a strong mortar made ing material of a conglomerate or
breccia. 3. A brown deposit ob-
with lime or a calcined mixture of
clay and limestone. See also Port- tained in the precipitation tank by
land cement. (Webster) the addition of iron sulphate in the
4. A finely divided metal obtained chlorination process. (Halse)
by precipitation. 5. The substance Cement rock. An argillaceous lime-
In which iron is packed in the proc-
stone used in the manufacture of
ess of cementation. (Standard)
natural hydraulic cement. Contains
Cementation. 1. A process of causing lime, silica, and alumina in varying
a chemical change in a substance by proportions, and usually more or
heating it while embedded in a pow- less magnesia. (U. S. Geol. Surv.)
dered mass of another substance, as Cement silver. Silver precipitated
In making steel by heating wrought
from solution, usually by copper.
Iron in charcoal until it is carbu-
(Raymond)
rized, or in making so-called malle-
able iron by heating cast iron in a Cement steel. Steel made by cementa-
bed of red hematite until it is partly tion ; blister steel. (Standard)
decarburized. ( Standard

2. The process of obtaining a metal

Cement stone; Cement rock. Any rock
by precipitation from a solution, as which is capable of furnishing ce-
copper from a solution of blue vit- ment when properly treated. (Cen-
riol by means' of metallic iron. tury)
(Webster) Cendrada. 1. (Hex.) The cupel-
3. The process by which sediments, hearth of a furnace in which silver
or sands, are consolidated Into hard is or rich lead cupelled.
refined
rock. Used in oil-well practice. Made finely-pulverized clay or
of
other absorbent earth, mixed with
Cementation-box. The box of wrought ashes of bone or wood. (D wight)
iron in which case hardening is ef- Ashes or cinders at the
2. (Sp.)
fected. (Century)
bottom of a furnace, and valuable
Cement copper. Copper precipitated for use in other smelting operations.
from solution. (Raymond) (Raymond)
3. (Chile) The crucible of a cop-
Cement deposits. The Cambrian
con-
per smelting furnace. (Halse)
glomerates occupying supposed old
beaches or channels. Gold bearing Cendradllla (Mex.). A
small reverba-
in the Black Hills. (Ore Dep., p. tory furnace for smelting rich silver
309) ores in a rough way. Also called
Cement gold. Gold precipitated in fine Galcme. (C. and M. M. P.)
particles from solution. (Raymond) Cenicero (Sp.). Ashpit; ash hole.

Cement gun. A
mechanical apparatus (Halse)
for the application of cement to Ceiiido (Mex.). Narrowed. (D wight)
the walls or roof of a mine, or for
the application of stucco to the Cenizas (Sp.). Ash; cinder; C. de
walls of buildings. hueso, bone ash. (Halse)
 GLOSSARY OF MINING AND MINERAL INDUSTRY* 143

Cenozolc. The latest of the five eras Centigram. A weight equal to one
into which geologic lime, as re- hundredth part of a gram, or 0.15432
corded by the stratified rocks of the of a grain. See also Gram. (Web-
earth's crust, is divided; it extends ster)
from the close of the Mesozoic era
to and including the present. Also
Centner (Ger.). A commercial hun-
dred weight in several continental
the whole group of stratified rocks
countries, now generally fixed at 50
deposited during the Cenozolc era.
kg. or 110.23 lbs. (Webster)
The Cenozolc era Includes the
periods called Tertiary and Quatern- Centric. In geology, having the mate-
ary in the nomenclature of the rial more or less arranged either
U. S. Geological Survey ; some Euro- radially or concentrically around
pean authorities divide it, on a dif- centers, a crystal often forming the
ferent basis, Into the Paleogene and center: said of rock texture.
Neogene periods, and still others ex- (Standard)
tend the Tertiary period to include
the whole. (La Forge) Centrifugal force. A force directed
Center country (Aust.). The rock be-
outward when any body is con-
strained to move in a curved path;
tween the limbs of a saddle reef. flying away from the center. (Web-
(Power)
ster)
Center cut. The bore holes, drilled to
include a wedge-shaped piece of Centrifugal pump. A form of pump
rock, and which are fired first in a which displaces fluid by whirling it
heading, tunnel^ drift, or other around and outwardly by vanes ro-
working place. (Du Pont). See tating rapidly in a closed case.
also Center shot. (Webster)
Centering; Centreing. A substructure, Centripetal pump. A
pump with a
usually of timber or planks, on rotating mechanism that gathers a
which a masonry arch or vault is fluid at or near the circumference
built, and on which it rests until of radial tubes and discharges it at
complete and therefore self support- the axis. (Standard)
ing. (Webster) Centro (Mex.). Center. (Dwight)
Center of gravity. That point in a
body or system of bodies through Centroclinal. In geology, an uplift of
which the resultant attraction of strata which gives them a partial
gravity acts when the body or sys- quaquaversal dip. (Standard)
tem of bodies is in any position ; that
point from which the body can be Centrosphere. In geology, the central
suspended or poised in equilibrium portion of the terrestrial globe.
in any position. (Webster) (Standard)
Center of mass. A point in a body, or Centrosymmetrlcal. In mineralogy,
system of bodies, such that the sum having symmetry around a center,
of the moments of the component but without plane or axis of sym-
particles about any plane through metry. (Standard)
the point equals zero. (Webster) Cepillo (Mex.). A brush; C. chico, a
Center of symmetry. In crystallog- shaper; O. grande, a planer.
raphy, in general, the point in which (Dwight)
the axes or planes of symmetry in-
tersect; in the normal group of the
Cepo (Mex.). 1. A notch in which
triclinic system, which has neither
timber is fixed. (Dwight)
2. The cylindrical post in the bot-
planes nor axes of symmetry, the
point with respect to which equiva-
tom of an arrastre upon which the
vertical post revolves. (Halse)
lent opposite faces are symmentrical.
(La Forge) Ceramic. Of or pertaining to pottery
Center shot. A shot in the center of (including porcelain and terra-
of the face of a room or entry cotta) or Its manufacture, fictile
(Steel). Also called Center cut. art, or ceramics In general. (Stand-
ard)
Centigrade. Consisting of a hundred
divisions. The centigrade thermom- Ceramics. That department of
1.
eter has zero, 0*, as the freezing plastic art which includes the pro-
point of water and 100" as the boil- duction of all objects formed by
ing point. To convert centigrade molding, modeling, and baking clay,
thermometer readings to Fahrenheit such as terra-cotta, and pottery in
readings multiply the former by 1.8 general; fictile art. 2. The objecti
and add 32'. (Goesel) 80 made. (Standard)
 ;

144 GLOSSARY OF MINING AND MINERAL. INDUSTRY.

Ceramist. A person devoted to the Certain rent. Same as Dead rent.

ceramic whether as a manu-
art,
Ceruleum. A blue pigment, consisting
facturer, a designer and decorator,
of protoxide of cobalt, mixed with
or as a student or connoisseur.
stannic acid and sulphate of cal-
(Century)
cium.
Ceramites. A term used by M. E. Ceruse. A name sometimes applied to
Wadsworth to include all fictile white lead. (Ure)
ceramic minerals. (Power)
Cerusita (Mex.). Cerussite (Dwight)
Cerargyrite; Horn silver. Silver
chloride, AgCl. Contains 75 per Cerussite. Lead
carbonate, PbCOa.
cent silver. (U. S. Geol. Surv.) Contains 77.5 per cent lead. (Dana)
Ceratophyre. See Keratophyre. Cervantite. An orthorhombic anti-
mony oxide, SbaO*. Infusible before
Cerea (Chile). Bed rock. Sometimes the blowpipe. (U. S. Geol. Surv.)
spelled Circa. (Halse)
Cesio (Mex.). Caesium. (Dwight)
Ceresine. A trade name for refined Cesta. (Sp.). A basket; C. de minero,
ozocerite. (Mitzakis)
a miner's basket. (Halse)
Cerite. A
hydrous silicate of cerium Ceylonite; Ceylanite. A djirk variety
and allied metals occurring generally of spinel in which Iron Is present
in brown masses. Hardness, 5.5; From Ceylon. (Dana)
specific gravity, 4.86. See also Al-
lanlte. (Dana) Chabazite. A hydrous silicate, essen-
tially of calcium and aluminum.
Cerium. A rare metallic element re- (Dana)
sembling iron in color and luster,
but is soft, malleable and ductile. Chacra. 1. (Bol.). An Inheritance of
Symbol, Ce; atomic weight, 140.25. gold (Lock)
Specific gravity, 6.7. (Webster) 2. (Peru). A small tract of land
owned by an Indian miner. 3. An
Cerium metals. A group of related Indian village. (Halse)
rare earth metals including cerium,
lanthanum, praseodymium, and neo- Chacuaco (Mex.) A cupel furnace
dymium. (Webster) with absorbent hearth. (Dwight)
Cermak-Spirek furnace. An automatic Chacurruscar (Peru). To mix several
reverberatory furnace of rectangular kinds of ore. (Dwight)
form divided into two sections by
Chad (Eng.). Gravel; small stones
a longitudinal wall. Used for roast-
which form the bed of a river.
ing zinc and quicksilver ores. (In-
(Century)
galls, p. 125)
Chadacryst. An inclosed crystal; the
Cernidero (Colom.) The place where
smaller crystal of a poikllltlc fabric.
the screening and washing operation
See also Oikocryst. (Iddlngs, p.
takes place in placer mines. (Halse)
202)
Cernidor. 1. (Mex.). Moving screen Chadger (Derb.).
trommel. (Dwlght) Anything made fast
A buddler. (Halse) to a hoisting rope by a noose, as a
2. (Colom.).
large rock or piece of ore that can-
Cernidos (Peru). Small ore remain- not be placed in a bucket. (Hooson)
ing on a i to J In. screen. (Pfordte)
Chafery. A forge fire for reheating.
Cernir (Sp.) To screen or separate. (From the Fr. Chaufferie.) (Ray-
(Lucas) mond)
Ceroid. Waxllke. (Hitchcock) Chaffee work. A local term used In
Cerracho (Peru). Mercury that col- Colorado for annual labor on a min-
lects on the top of the furnace ing claim. (Duryee)
charge. (Halse) Chafl&n (Mex.). An inclined winze;
Cerrazon (Colom.). A portion of a bevel. (Dwight)
placer deposit abounding In large Chain. 1. A
unit of measurement used
stones. (Halse) In surveying principally and equal
Cerro. 1. (Sp.). A hill or mountain. to 66 feet. Called Gunter's chain.
(Raymond) Usually divided Into 100 links, each
2. ( Colom. ) . Mina de cerro, a placer link being 7.92 in. long. 2. A series
mine near mountain tops or on high of links or rings, usually of metal,
table-lands where water Is scarce. connected or fitted Into one another.
(HaIsb) S. A mechanical combination eon-
 ;

GLOSSARY OF MIKING AND MINERAL INDUSTRY. 146

alstlng of two or more links. 4. A Chalchihuitl (Mex.). Any green pre-

circuit as of a galvanic battery. cious stone (Dwight). According to
5. In chemistry, a number of atoms G. F. Kunz, the precious chalchihuitl
united serially. (Webster) is jadeite. Also spelled chalchigiiife
6. (or saw) portion of the ma-
The and chalchuhuites.
chine that does the cutting in the Chalchnite. A bluish-green turquoise
work of undercutting coal at the found in New Mexico, and, according
face of an entry. (Morris v. O'Gara to W. P. Blake, the same as Chal-
Coal Co., 181 Illinois App., p. 312) chihuitl. (Dana)
Chain-breast machine. A coal-cutting Chalcites. 1. A term used by M. E.
machine, so constructed that a se- Wadsworth to include lime, mortar,
ries of cutting points attached to a cement, etc.,used as building ma-
circulating chain work their way terials. (Powe-)
for a certain distance under a seam 2. Adecomposition product of either
when the limit is reached, the ma- iron or copper pyrites, hence de-
chine is withdrawn and shifted to scribed as iron sulphate (green vit-
one side, where another cut is put riol), copper sulphate (blue vitriol),
in, (Power) or iron oxide (colcother). (Stand-
Chain-brow way. An underground in- ard)
clined plane worked by an endless Chalcocite. A copper sulphide, CU2S.
chain. (Gresley) Contains 79.8 per cent copper. Cop-
Chain grate. A feeding device for fur- per glance. (U. S. Geol. Surv.) The
naces.
mineral is the characteristic and
most important product of the down-
Chainman. 1. Either of the two men
ward enrichment of copper ores and
necessary to use a chain or tape in the chief source of copper in the Ray
surveying. (Webster) and Miami (Ariz.) districts. (Ran-
2. See Chain runner.
some)
Chain pillar. A
pillar left to protect Chalcodite. A scaly mica-like bronze
the gangway and airway, and ex- colored variety of stilpnomelane.
tending parallel to these passages. (Dana)
(Chance)
An undergi'ound haulage
Chalcomenite. A hydrous cupric sele-
Chain road. nite, CuSeO,+2H20. Occurs in
way operated by an endless chain small blue monoclinic crystals.
system. (Gresley)
(Dana)
Chain runner; Chain boy; Chain man
( Scot. ) . A
person in charge of, and Chalcomorphite. A vitreous hydrous
who accompanies, cars, trips, or calcium-aluminum silicate. (Stand-
trains in mechanical haulage. (Bar- ard)
rowman) Chalcophanite; Hydrofranklinite. A
Chain tongs. A pipe-fitter's tool a ;
hydrous manganese-zinc oxide (Mn,-
lever with a serrated end provided Zn)0.2Mn02.2H20. (U. S. Geol.
with a chain to embrace the pipe. Surv.)
(Nat. Tube Co.) Chalcophyllite. A highly basic arse-
Chainwall (Scott.). 1. A system of nate of copper, 7CUO.AS2O6.14H2O, of
working by means of wide rooms various shades of green, occurring in
and long narrow pillars, sometimes tabular crystals or foliated masses.
called Room and ranee. 2. A long (Dana)
narrow strip of mineral left un- Chalcopirita (Mex.). Chalcopyrite.
worked, e. g., along the low side of (Dwight)
a level. (Barrowman) Chalcopyrite. A sulphide of copper
Chairs. Movable supports for the cage and iron, CuFeS2. Contains 34,5
arranged to hold it at the landing per cent copper. Copper pyrites,
when desired. Also called Catclies, vellow copper ore. (U. S. Geol
Dogs, Keeps. (Steel) Surv.)
Chalcanthite. A hydrous copper sul- Chalcopyrrhotite. A brownisli, brass-
phate, GuS04-f5H30. Blue vitriol. yellow iron-copper sulphide, Fe^CuS*.
(U. S. Geol. Surv.) (Standard)
Chalcedony. A transparent or more Chalcdsiderite. A light siskin -green
generally translucent cryptocrystal- hydrous copper-iron, phosphate,
line quartz. It often lines or fills Cu0.3FeaOt.2P2068HaO. Occurs is
cavities in rocks. (U. S. Geol. sheaf-like crystalline groups ats In
Surv.) crustationa (Dana)
75242°—19- 10
146 GLOSSARY OF MINING AND MINERAL. INDUSTRY.

Chalcosina (Mex.). Sulphide of cop- Chambered vein. A mineral vein fill-

per; ohalcocite. (D\vight) ing large areas of space in ruptured
rocks. (Standard). A synonym for
Chalcostibite. A
lead-gray copper-an- Stockwork and applied to mercury
timony sulphide, Cu2S.Sb2Ss. Called deposits at New Almaden (Ore Dep..
also Wolfsbergite. (Dana) p. 425 ) See also Chambered lode.
.

Chalcotrichite. A variety of cuprite

Chambering.
In which the crvstals are slender See Springing.
and hair-like. (Ransome) Chamber kiln. A brick or tile kiln
Chalder ( Scot ) A measure of weight.
.
having chambers or compartments,
The Perth chalder was 5 tons, the sometimes so arranged that they can
River Forth chalder 30 cwts., the be heated successively. (Century)
Hurlet chalder 2 tons (Barrowman).
Chamburgo (Colom.). A dyke or dam
Chalder wagon (No. of Eng.). See for retaining water at placer mines.
Chaldron. (Halse)
Chaldron. Thirty -six bushels. In Chamfer. 1. A small groove or fur-
Newcastle 53 hundredweight avoir- row. 2. To cut at an angle or bevel.
dupois. Chaldron wagons, contain- (Webster)
ing this quantity, convey the coal
from the mine to the place of ship- Chamois. A soft, pliant leather pre-
ment. (Raymond) pared originally from the skin of
the chamois, but now also from the
Chalk. 1. A fine-grained, soft, white,
skin of a goat or sheep (Webster).
friable variety of limestone com-
posed of the shells of various ma-
Used for separating excess mercury
rine animals. (La Forge)
from gold amalgam.
2. To mark with chalk. (Webster) Chamosite; Chamoisite. A compact or
Chalking deal (Eng.). A flat board oolitic greenish-gray to bl>ck hy-
upon which is kept an account of drous aluminum silicate. Contains
the work done by the miners In a iron (FeO) with but little MgO.
certain district (G. G. Greenwell). (Dana)
A bulletin board.
Chamotte. 1. (Fr.). Burned clay used
Chalking on (No. of Eng.). Keeping by zinc smelters. (Ingalls,p. 228)
an account of the number of tubs 2. The refractory portion
of a mix-
(cars) sent out of a stall or room. ture used in the manufacture of fire-
(Gresley) brick, composed of calcined clay or
Chalupa (Mex.). A hoist; a skip,
of reground bricks. (Standard)
(Halse) Champa (Peru). Turf. (Halse)
Chalybeate. Impregnated with salts
of iron. (Webster) Champion lode. The main vein as dis-
tinguished from branches (Ray-
Chalybite. See SIderite. mond). The term is of Cornish ori-
Chamba (Colom.). A pit or trench, gin,and used In the United
Is little

(Halse) States. Also called Mother lode;

Master lode. (Century)
Chamber. 1. See Breast Room Stall. ; ;

2. See Springing. 3. A body of ore Champlain forge; American forge. A

with definite boundaries apparently forge for the direct production of
filling a preexisting cavern. 4. A wrought Iron, generally used In the
powder room in mine. (Webster) United States instead of the Catalan
forge, from which it differs In using
Chamber and pillar (Penn.). See only finely-crushed ore and In work-
Breast and pillar. ing continuously. (Raymond)
Chamber-and-pillar system. See Sub-
level stoping.
Chamnscar (Peru). A superficial
roasting oi calcination, to facilitate
Chamber deposit. A cave filled with the grinding of ore. (Dwight)
mineral (Power). See also Cham-
ber, 3. Chanca (Peru and Chile). Ore sorting
and spalling. (Halse)
Chamber dust. See Fluedust.
Chancadora (Sp.). Ore breaker.
Chambered So called when a
lode.
(Lucas)
portion of the wall of a lode is fis-
sured and filled with ore (Power). Chancados (Peru). Ores spalled to a
See also Chamber. 3. uniform size. (Pfordte)
 GLOSSAKY OF MINING AND MINERAL INDUSTRY. 147

Chancadura (Chile). Crushing with a Channeling machine. See Chanoeler.

rock breaker. (Halse)
Chanos (Chile). Pieces of metallic
Chancar (Peru and Chile). To cob iron or copper, reduced in blast fur-
ores. (Halse) naces, and which solldfy in the fore-
hearth. (Halse)
Chance. 1. In coal mining: The op-
portunity a shot has to break the Chanquires (Peru). Ore sorters.
coal, 2. The opportunity to put in (Halse)
a shot in a good position. (Steel)
Chap. 1. (Scot.) A customary and
Chance-Claus process. An industrial rough mode of judging, by sound, of
process for recovering sulphur from the thickness of coal between two
waste containing sulphides. It com- working places, by knocking with a
prises two steps: (a) Treatment of hammer on the solid coal. 2. To
sulphide with carbon dioxide, form- examine the face of the coal, etc.,
ing HaS, and (b) oxidation of H2S to for the sake of safety, by knocking
water and sulphur by air in the on it lightly. (Gresley)
presence of a catalytic, as ferric 3. A blow, rap, or knock. (Web-
oxide. (Webster) ster)

Chance measure (Eng.). Any seam or Chapa (Mex.). 1. A metal plate.2. A

bed of coal or other rock occupying lock. 3. Foliated structure.
an unusual or foreign position in (D wight)
the strata. (Gresley)
Chapapate (Cuba). A kind of asphalt
Change day. The day when a gang of or bitumen. Also called Mexican
miners transferred from day
is asphalt. (Century)
shift to night shift, or the reverse.
(Weed) Chapapote (Mex.). Mineral pitch;
asphaltum. (Halse)
Change house. A special building at
Chaparral (Sp.). A thicket of dwarf
mines or other works where laborers
evergreen oaks; any dense impene-
may wash, or change their clothes. thicket composed of stiff,
trable
Also called Dry house. Changing
thorny shrubs, or dwarf trees.
house, Moorhouse.
Characteristic of Mexico and South-
Changer and grather (No. of Eng.). western United States. (Webster)
A man whose duty it is to keep the Chapeau de fer. A French term for an
pump buckets and clacks in working outcrop; gossan or
oxidized iron
order about a colliery. (Gresley)
iron hat. (Weed)
Changing bronze. The process of Chapelet. 1. A machine for raising
changing tuySres, plates, monkey, water, or for dredging, by buckets
etc., at blast furnaces. (Willcox) on an endless chain passing between
Changing house (Corn.). See Change two rotating sprocket wheels. 2. A
house. chain pump having buttons or disks
at intervals along its chain pater-
Chajfigkul (Sumatra). A miner's ham-
noster pump. 3. A device for hold-
;

mer. (Lock)
ing the end of heavy work, as a
Channel. 1. The deeper part of a cannon. In a turning lathe. (Stand-
river, harbor or strait where the ard)
current flows. 2. A closed course or Gossan. See also
Chapeo (Port).
conduit through which anything
Colorados. (Halse)
flows, as a tube, or duct; a gutter
or trough. 3. (travel —
from being Chapman shield. A pair of vertical
the material of which the river bed plates of sheet iron or steel arranged
is composed. 4. In metallurgy, a sow with a ladle between them, which
or runner. 5. A cut along the line can be moved longitudinally along
where rock or stone is to be split the front of the furnace. Its main
(Webster). purpose is to protect the laborer
from the furnace heat. (Ingalls,
Channel bed (Scot.). A bed of gravel.
p. 494)
(Barrowman)
Ohanneler. A machine for cutting
Chaqueta (Mex.). A furnace Jacket.
stone in rock excavation where
(D wight)
smooth sides are desired (Gillette, p. Chaqiiires (Peru). Ore carriers in
551). A channeling machine. mines. (Dwight)
 ) ) )

148 GLOSSARY OF MINING AND MINERAL INDUSTRY.

Char. 1. To reduce to charcoal or Chargear (Belg.). A woman or girl

carbon by exposure to heat. (Web- who loads coal into cars In the
ster) mine. (Gresley)
2. (Corn.). To work by the day. Charging. 1. The loading of a bore
(Crofutt). See also Chare.
3. (Scot.). Coke; more usually,
hole with explosives. (Du Pont)
2. The feeding of a blast furnace.
calcined ironstone. ( Barrowman
Charbon roux (Fr.) Brown charcoal,
Charging box. A box in which ore,
scrap, pig-iron, fluxes, etc., are con-
produced by an incomplete carbon- veyed to the furnace by means of
ization of wood. (Raymond) a charging machine. (Century)
Charco (Mex.). A pool of water. Charging machine. A machine for
de-
(Dwight) livering coal, ore, or metals to a fur-
nace, gas retort, or coke oven. (Cen-
Charcoal. 1. Amorphous carbon pre- tury)
pared from vegetal or animal sub-
stances: coal made by charring wood Charging scale. A scale for weighing
In a kiln or retort from which air is the various materials used in a blast
furnace. ( Century
excluded. 2. To asphyxiate with
charcoal fumes. (Webster) Chark. 1. To burn to charcoal; to
char; to coke, as coal. 2. As a
Charcoal furnace, or oven. A furnace noun, charcoal, coke, cinder. (Web-
in which charcoal is made by the dry ster)
distillation of wood or other sub-
stance. (Webster)
Charnockite. A name given by T. H.
Holland to an ancient series of hy-
Charcoal iron. Iron made in a furnace persthenic gneisses in India and
in which charcoal is used as a fuel. only intended for local use. (Kemp)
(Webster) Char-oven. Afurnace for charring
turf. (Century)
Charcoal pit. A charcoal furnace in
the form of a pit, usually conical in Charque (Bol.). Native copper in
shape. It is made by piling up wood large wavy plates. (Halse)
and covering it with earth and sod. Charqueador (Mex.). 1. The striker
(Century) in two-handed drilling. 2. The
helper who, under the old system,
Charcoal plate. Charcoal iron coated sorted the material from ground
with tin (Standard). The best worked down by the minei:. See
grade of tin plate. See also Tin also Achicador. (Dwight)
plate.
Charquear (Mex.). To dip out water
Charcon (Colom.). A large pond or from pools within a mine, throwing
tank of water. (Halse) it into gutters or pipes which will
conduct it to the shaft. See also
Chare; Char. To work by the day Achicar. (Dwight)
without being hired regularly to do ;
Charqueo (Sp.). Filling the baskets
odd jobs or chores. (Webster)
by hand. (Min. Jour.)
Charge. 1. The explosive loaded into Charring. The expulsion by heat of
a bore hole for blasting; also any the volatile constituents of wood,
unit of an explosive, as a charge of etc., leaving more or less pure vege-
nitroglycerin or a charge of deto- tal carbon. (Raymond)
nating composition in the blasting
Charter (Mid.). The tonnage price
cap. (Du Pont) paid to contract miners. (Gresley)
2. To put the explosive into the hole,
to arrange the fuse, or squib, and Charter master (Staff.). A contractor
to tamp it (Steel) who engages to work a seam, or
3. The materials introduced at one sometimes a small colliery, at a ton-
time or one round into a furnace. nage price for the owner, or owners,
( Raymond the charter master finding and pay-
ing the underground labor ( Red-
Chargeman (Mid.). A man specially
appointed by the manager to fire
may ne). See also Butty, 2.
Chase; Chess the ropes (Eng.). To
shots and to look after the men who
run the cages up and down the shaft
drill the holes. (Gresley.) A shot-
after the winding engine has been
firer.
standing for some time, to see that
Charger (Corn.). An augerlike im- all is right before men are allowed
plement for charging horizontal to get Into the cage. (G. O. Green-
bore holes for blasting. (Raymond) well)
 GLOSSARY OF MINING AND MINERAL INDUSTRY. 149

Chaser. An edge wheel revolving in Check. 1. A piece of tin bearing a

a trough to crush asbestos mineral stamped number. This is placed
without destroying the fiber (Web- upon the mine cars to indicate which
ster). Also called Edge runner, and miner loaded the car. (Steel)
used in the pottery industry, and for 2. A ticket by which a person or
fine crushing of ore. thing may be identified. 3. An im-
perceptible crack in steel caused by
Chasha (Russ.). A disintegrator for uneven quenching and cooling.
gold-bearing gravelly clays; similar (Webster)
to an arrastre except that It disin- 4. (Eng.). A fault. (Gresley)
tegrates instead of crushes. 6. A wall. A variation of cheek.
Chasing. 1. Following a vein by its
Check battery. A battery to close the
range or direction (Duryee).
lower part of a chute acting as a
2. Act or art of ornamenting metals
check to the flow of coal, and as a
by means of chasing tools. 3. The
stopping to keep the air in the
process of finishing up the surface
of castings by polishing and remov-
breasts. (Chance)
ing small imperfections. (Webster)
Check brakes (Aust). An arrange-
Chasing the vein (Derb.). Following ment automatically checking
for
the vein along the surface by means the speed of skip running down an
of cast holes or prospect pits. (Hoo- incline when unattached to a rope.
son) (Power)

Chasm. 1. A yawning hollow or rent, Check clack (Scot). A fixed valve in

as in the earth's surface; any wide a rising main other than a delivery
and deep gap; a cleft; fissure. valve. (Barrowman) See also
(Standard) Check valve.

Chaton (Sp.). A kind of coarse dia-
mond. (Halse)
Chatoyant. Having a luster resem-
bling the changing luster of the eye
of the cat at night. (George). See
also Cat's-eye.
Chat-roller. An
ore-crushing machine,
consisting of a pair of cast-iron
rollers, for grinding roasted ore.
(Century)
Chats. 1. (Northumb.) Small pieces
of stone with ore (Raymond).
(Eng.) A low grade of lead ore.
Also middlings which are to be
crushed and subjected to further
treatment (Ure). The mineral and
rocks mixed together which must be
crushed and cleaned before sold as
mineral. Chats are not the same as
tailings, as the latter are not thrown
aside to keep for future milling.
(Cleveland & Aurora Mineral Land
Co. V. Ross, 135 Missouri, p. 110)
2. Loosely used in Missouri for tail-
ings or waste product from the con-
centration of lead and zinc ore.
Checker arches. Fire brick supports
built of archbrick or keys to support
the checker work on the second,
tliird, or fourth pass of hot-blast
stoves. (Willcox)
Checkerboard system. See Bord-and-
pillar method.
Checker coal. Anthracite coal that
occurs as rectangular grains. (O.
and M. M. P.)
Checkerwork. In a regenerative fur-
nace, a structure of firebrick so built
up that the bricks alternate with
open spaces, permitting the passage
of heated gases. (Webster)
Check grieve (Scot.). A person who
checks the weight of mineral on be-
half of the landlord (Barrowman).
Compare Check weigher.
Checking. Temporarily reducing the
temperature or the volume of the
air blast on a blast furnace. (Will-
cox)

Chatter mark. One of a series of short Check number. A number assigned to

each miner by which his coal is
curved cracks on a glaciated rock
surface. The individual cracks are
identified, and under which its
transverse roughly to the strife, but weight is entered on the coal bulle-
tin (Steel). See also Check, 1.
the course of a series of chatter
marks is parallel to the striai. Check-off. A
method of collecting
(Webster) union dues, fees, and fines by with-
Chaya (Chile). A wooden dish used holding them from the miner's
in alluvial mining; a batea. (Halse) wages. (Steel)
150 GLOSSARY OF MINING AND MINERAL INDUSTRY.

Check-out ( Scot. ) The meeting of the

. Chemical regeneration. A system of
roof and floor, the coal seam being regenerative gas firing invented by
thereby cut off (Barrowman). To Friedrich Siemen^. (Ingalls, p.
pinch out. 364)
Check puller. A person
takes the who Chemist. A person versed in chemis-
miner's checks from the cars and try one whose business is to make
;

calls the number on them to the chemical examinations or investiga-

weighman. (Steel)
Check valve.An automatic nonre-
turn valve; or a valve which per-
mits a fluid to pass in one direction,
but automatically closes when the
fluid attempts to pass in the oppo-
site direction. (Nat.
Check viewer (Eng.). A man em-
ployed by the lessor to see that the
provisions of the lease are duly ob-
served. (G. C. Green well)
Checkweigher (Scot). One who takes
account of mineral raised on behalf
of the miners; a justiceman (Bar-
rowman). A checkweighman. Com-
pare Check grieve.
tions, or who is engaged in the op-
erations of applied chemistry. (Cen-
tury)
Chemistry. The science that treats of
the composition of substances and
of the transformations which they
Tube Co.) undergo. There are two main
groups. (a) Organic chemistry,
which treats of the hydrocarbons
and their derivatives, and (b) in-
organic chemistry treats of all other
compounds, and of the elements.
(Webster). See numerous text-
books and dictionaries which have
been published on this subject for
details and definitions of chemical
terms.

Checkweighman (Aust). See Check- Chemist's coal (Scot). An ancient

weigher. term given to a particular kind of
hard splint coal. (Gresley)
Cheeks. 1. The sides or walls of a
vein. Extensions of the sides of
2. Chemites. A word
employed by M. E.
the eye of a hammer or pick. (Ray- Wadsworth embrace all mineral
to
mond) chemical materials. (Power)
3. (Eng.). Projecting masses of A massive to compact
Chenevixlte.
coal. (Gresley) dark-green to greenish-yellow
Cheese box. A
name given to a cylin- hydrous arsenate, perhaps Cua-
drical still, used in the distillation (FeO)aAsaO,+3H20. (Dana)
of kerosene in the United States. Chenhall furnace. A gas-fired furnace
(Mitzakis) for the distillation of zinc from
Cheese clack (Scot). A temporary zinc-lead ores. (Ingalls, p. 395)
clack (valve) Inserted between two Chenot process. The process of mak-
pipes. (Barrowman) ing iron sponge from ore mixed with
Cheeses (Derb.). Clay ironstone In coal dust and heated in vertical
cheese-shaped nodules. (Gresley) cylindrical retorts. (Raymond)
Cheese weights (Aust). The circular Cherkers (Forest of Dean). See Cat-
cheese-shaped weights used to keep head, 3.
guide ropes taut. (Power) Cherry coal. A soft noncaking coal
Cheestone (Derb.). A stone that by which burns readily. (Webster). A
reason of a joint breaks further into deep black, dull, or lustrous bitu-
the wall than usual. (Hooson) minous coal, with a somewhat
conchoidal fracture, readily break-
Chemawinite. A resin related to succi- ing up Into cuboidal fragments. It
nite, occurring on a beach on Cedar Ignites easily with a yellowish fiame,
Lake, near the mouth of the North making a hot quick fire, and re-
Saskatchewan; it has a specific tains its shape until thoroughly con-
gravity 1.055, Its color varies
of sumed. Its specific gravity is much
from pale yellow to dark brown, and less than anthracite, about 1.30.
it is soluble to the extent of 21 per (Chance)
cent in absolute alcohol. (Bacon)
Chert. A
compact, siliceous rock
Chemical mineralogy. The investiga- formed chalcedonic or opaline
of
tion of the chemical composition of silica, one or both, and of organic
minerals, their method of formation, or precipitated origin. Chert occurs
and the changes they undergo when distributed through limestone, af-
acted upon chemlcallj. (CJentury) fording cherty limestones. Flint ii
 —
GLOSSARY OF MINING AND MINERAL INDUSTRY. 151

8 variety of chert. Chert is espe- Chilean mill; Edge runner. A mill

cially common in the Carboniferous having vertical rollers running in a
rocks of southwest Missouri (Kemp). circular enclosure with a stone or
__See also Hornstone. Iron base or die. There are two
Chessy copper. Same as Chessylite; classes: (a) those in which tho
rollers gyrate around a central axis,
azurite. (Century)
rolling upon the die as they go (the
Chessylite. A
synonym for Azurite. true Chilian mill) ; (b) those In
(A. F. Rogers) which the enclosure or pan revolves,
Chest. 1. A
tight receptacle or box
and the rollers, placed on a fixed
axis, are in turn revolved by the
for holding gas, liquids, steam, as
steam chest of an engine. (Webster) pan. It was formerly used as a
2. (Scot). A
tank or barrel in coarse grinder, but Is now used for
fine grinding. (Llddell)
which water is drawn from the
sump. (Gresley) Chile bars. Bars of impure copper,
Chesting (Scot). Drawing water by weighing about 200 lbs., imported
means of a chest (Barrowman). from Chile, corresponding to the
See also Chest, 2. Welsh blister copper, containing 98
per cent copper. (C. and M. M. P.)
Chestnut coal. 1. In anthracite only
Coal small enough to pass through Chllenite. A
soft silver-white amor-
a square mesh of one inch to one phous silver bismuth, AgaBl (Stand-
and one-eighth inch, but too large to ard). Bismuth silver.
pass through a mesh of five-eighths Chlleno (Mex.). A Chilian milL
or one-half an inch. Known as No. (Dwight)
5 coal. (Chance) Chile saltpeter. Sodium nitrate.
2. (Ark.). Coal that passes through
a 2-in. round hole and over a 1-in. Chill. 1. An
Iron mold or portion of
round hole. (Steel) a mold, serving to cool rapidly, and
so to harden, the surface of molten
Chews; Chows (Scot). Coal loaded
.

Iron which comes in contact with it.

with a screening shovel; middling- Iron which can be thus hardened
sized pieces of coal. (Barrowman) to a considerable depth Is chilling
Chiastolite; Made. A variety of anda- Iron, and Is specially used for cast-
lusite, aluminum silicate, AlzOs.SiOa, iron railway car wheels requiring
in which carbonaceous impurities hardness at the rim without loss of
are arranged in a regular manner strength In the wheel. (Raymond)
along the longer axis of the crystal, 2. The hardened part of a casting,
in some varieties like the (Greek X as the tread of a car wheel. (Web-
"chi"), whence the name (U. S. ster)
Geol. Surv.) 3. (Derb.) To test the roof with a
tool or bar to determine Its safety.
Chlcadero (Sp. Am.). A dyke, a dam
(Hooson)
(Lucas). See also Chamburgo.
Chicar (Colom.). To bale water out
Chilled casting. A casting which has
been chilled, either by casting in
of mines (Halse). A synonym for
contact with something which will
Achicar.
rapidly conduct the heat from it as
Chicken ladder. See Muesca. a cool Iron mold, or by sudden cool-
Chicuite (Sp.). See Chlquichuite. ing by exposure to air or water.
(Century)
Chldder. (Aust). Slate and pyrite
mixed. (Power)
Chilled dynamite. The condition of
the dynamite when subjected to a
CMfladero (Mex.). An ore hopper. low temperature not sutficient to con-
Chiflarse (Mex.). To waste Itself (as geal It, but which seriously affects
the force of an explosion, through a the strength of the dynamite. (Du
fissure in the rock). (Dwight) Pont)
Chifl6n (Mex.). 1. A narrow drift di- Chill hardening. See Chill.
rected obliquely downward. 2. Any
pipe from which issues water or air Chlluca (Mex.). A variety of por-
under pressure, or at high velocity. phyry. (Dwight)
3. A strong draft of air. (Dwight) Chimenea (Sp.). 1. A chimney;
Chile. 1. (Pei-u) The greatest depth smokestack. 2. A hearth; a fire-
of a mine. (Dwight) place. 3. A
vertical shaft; a winze.
2. A descending gallery following 4. ( Peru ) An ascending gallery fol-
.

the dip of a vein. 3. (Mex.) A re- lowing the Inclination of the velD
fractory clay. (Halse) (Halse)
152 GLOSSARY OF MINING AND MINERAL INDUSTRY.

Chimming (Corn.). See Tossing. Chino (Sp.). Iron or copper pyrltas.

(Min. Jour.)
Chimney. 1. An ore shoot. Compare
Chute, 2 (Raymond). 2. A steep Chiolite. A snow-white fluoride of so-
and very narrow cleft or gully in the dium and aluminum, 5NaF.3AlFi.
face of a cliff or mountain. 3. A crystallizing in the tetragonal sys-
smokestack. 4. A natural vent or tem and also occurring in massive
opening in the earth as a volcano. granular form. (Dana)
(Webster)
5. (Eng.). A spout or pit in the Chipper (Derb.). One who chips the
goaf of vertical coal seams. (Gres- gangue from the ore. An ore
ley) dresser. (Hooson)
6. A term used in Virginia for lime- Chippy. See Rock drill
stone pinnacles bounding zinc ore
deposits.
Chiquichuite (fSp.). -v willow basket,

without a handle, used for carrying

Chimney rock. A chimney-shaped body ore, etc., out of mines. Sometimes
of rock rising above its surround- spelled Cliicuite.
ings, or partly isolated on the face
Chiquero (Sp.). Cribbing or chocks
of a steep slope. (Webster). See
used In timbering wide seams or
also Chimney, 6, lodes. (Halse)
Chimney shot (N. T.). A local term Chirls; Churrels (Scot). Coal which
applied the effect of an over-
to passes through a screening shovel;
charge of explosive in a line of drill small coal free from dross or dirt.
holes, the effect being to throw the (Barrowman)
rock to some distance, forming a
deep trench. (Bowles) Chirt; Chirtt (Derb.). See Chert
Chisel. See Bit
Chimney work (Mid.). A
system of
working beds of clay ironstone, in Chisel draft. The dressed edge of a
patches 10 to 30 yards square, and stone, which serves as a guide In
18 or 20 feet in thickness. The bot- cutting the rest. (Century)
tom beds are first worked out, and
Chispa (Mex.). 1. A spark. 2. Ore
then the higher ones, by the miners
standing upon the fallen debris and ;
containing visible gold. A nugget
3. Native sliver in thin leaves.
so on upward in lifts. See also
Compare (Halse)
Rake (Gresley). Over-
hand stoping. Chispeada (Batopilas, Mex.). Ore con-
taining about 33 per cent native
China clay. Clay derived from decom-
silver. (Dwight)
position of feldspar and suitable for
the manufacture of china ware or Chispiador (Peru). A gold washer iu
porcelain. See Kaolin. river placers. (Dwight)
China metal. Porcelain. (Webster) Chitter. 1. (Lane.) A seam of coal
overlying another one at a short dis-
China stone. A semi-decomposed gran-
ite, which has nearly the same com-
tance. 2. (Derb.). A thin band of
(Ure) clay ironstone. (Gresley)
position as china clay.

Chinese pump. Like a California

Chiva (Mex.). A bar with a claw for
drawing spikes (Dwight)
pump, but made entirely of wood.
(C. and M. M. P.) Chlviar (Mex.). To hunt for broken
ore in waste. (Dwight)
Chingle. (Scot.).
1. A
gravel free
from dirt. See also Shingle. 2. Chiviatite. A foliated, massive, me-
That portion of the coal seam stowed lead-gray sulphide of lead and
tallic,
away In the goaves to help support bismuth, 2PbS.3Bi2S«. (Dana)
the mine roof. (Century)
Chloanthite. A nickel di arsenide,
Chink. 1. A small rent, cleft or fis- NiAs2. (Dana)
sure of greater length than breadth.
(Webster) Chloralluminite. A hydrous aluminum
2. (Scot). A sharp, clear, metallic chloride, AlCls+HaO, that occurs as
sound. (Century) a volcanic product. (Standard)

Chlnley coal (Eng.). Lump coal which Chloralum. An impure aqueous solu-
passes over a screen; usually the tion of aluminum chloride used as
best coal. (G. O. Greenwell) an antiseptic. (Webster)
 GLOSSARY OF MINING AND MINERAL INDUSTRY. 153

Chlorapatite. See Apatite. Chlorine minerals. Minerals contain-

ing chlorine, such as atacamite, bora-
Chlorastrollte. Not a definite mineral cite, apatite, carnallite, cerargyrlte,
but probably a mixture of zeolites. halite, mlmetlte, pyromorphite, sal-
Found as light bluish-green
small, ammoniac, syMte, sodallte, vanadl-
pebbles, with finely radiated struc- nite, wernerite, etc. (A. F.Rogers)
ture, on Isle Royale, Lake Superior.
Used as a gem. (U. S. Geol. Surv.) Chlorite. 1. A silicate of aluminum
with ferrous iron and magnesium
Chlorate powder. A substitute for and chemically combined water,
black powder in which potassium characterized by the green color
chlorate is used in place of potas- common with silicates in which fer-
sium nitrate. This class of explo- rous Iron is prominent. (Dana)
sive has received little attention on 2. A general name for the green,
account of greater sensitiveness to secondary, hydrated silicates, which
shock and friction. (Brunswig, p. contain aluminum and iron, and
302) which are especially derived from
Chloride. 1. A compound of chlorine augite, hornblende, and blotlte.
A Chlorite is used as a prefix for vari-
with another element or radical.
hydrochloric acid. (Web- ous names of rocks that contain the
salt of
mineral, such as chlorite schist.
ster)
2. To follow a thin vein or discon- The name is coined from the Greek
tinuous ore deposit by irregular
word for green. (Kemp)
3. In chemistry, a salt of chlorous
workings, intent only on extracting
acid. (Webster)
the profitable parts and with no re-
gard for development; usually said Chlorite slate. A schistose or slaty
of a lessee, sometimes of one who rock consisting largely of chlorite.
works another's mine without permis- (Webster)
sion. The term is said to have
originated at Silver Reef in south-
Chloritic sand. Sand colored green by
chlorite as a constituent (Corn-
western Utah when the rich silver-
chloride ores were being worked. stock)
The thin seams were followed by Chloritic schist. Schist containing
lessees with the least possible han- chlorite. (Hitchcock)
dling of barren rock, hence the
miner became a chlorider, and his Chloritization. Metamorphic altera-
operations chlorldlng. The words tion of other material into chlorite.
were later extended to similar (Standard)
workers and their operations in Chlorocyanlc. Consisting of chlorine
other fields. (F. L. Hess) and cyanogen combined. (Century)
Chlorider. See Chloride, 2. Chloromelanite. A dark green, nearly
black variety of jadelte. (Century)
Chlorides (Pac). A common term for
ores containing chloride of silver. Chloropal. A green, opal-like hydrous
silicate of iron, Fe^Os.SSiOa.SHaO.
(Raymond)
(Dana)
Chloridize. To convert Into chloride.
Applied to the roasting of sliver Chlorophane. A variety of fluorspar
ores with salt, preparatory to amal- which exhibits a bright green phos-
gamation. (Raymond) phorescent light when heated. (Cen-
tury)
Chlorination process. The process first
introduced by Plattner, in which
Chlorophyr. A name given by A.

auriferous ores are first roasted to

Dumont to certain porphyrltlc
quartz dlorites near Quc^nast, Bel-
oxidize the base metals, then sat-
gium.
urated with chlorine gas, and finally
treated with water, which removes Chlorosplnel. A variety of spinel,
the soluble chloride of gold, to grass-green In color, due to the pres-
be subsequently precipitated and sence of copper. Contains Iron re-
melted into bars. (Raymond) placing the aluminum MgO ( Al,Fe ) »-
;

Oa. Also called Magnesium - Iron

Chlorine. An element, commonly iso- spinel. (Dana)
lated as a greenish-yellow gas, of an
intensely disagreeable suffocating Chlorotile. A green, hydrated copper
odor and exceedingly poisonous. arsenate, Cu8(AsO«)2.6H20, that crys-
Symbol, 01; atomic weight, 35.46. tallizes in the orthorhomblc systena.
Specific gravity, 2.5. (Webster) (Standard)
154 GLOSSARY OF MINING AND MINERAL INDUSTRY.

Chocar (Colom.). To break up the Chondrodite. One of the humite

auriferous gravels, cement rock, group. A basic fluosilicate of mag-
etc., with water, using bars and nesium. (Dana),
other tools, in order that the loosened Chondmle. A peculiar rounded gran-
material may be conducted to the
ule of cosmic origin, usually con-
ground sluice. (Halse) sisting of enstatite or chrysotile.
Chock. 1. A square pillar for sup- Occurs in meteorites. (Webster)
porting the roof, constructed of prop
timber laid up in alternate cross-
Chonkole. A Malayan spade. (Lock)
layers, In log-cabin style, the center Chonolith. An injected igneous mass,
being filled with waste. Commonly so irregular in form and obscure as
called Crib In Arkansas (Steel). to relation to the invaded forma-
See Cogs, also Nog. tions, that it can not be properly
2. A square pillar constructed of designated as a dike, sill, or lacco-
short rectangular blocks of hard- lithic form. (Daly, p. 84)
wood, for supporting the roof.
(Gresley)
Chop (Som.). A local term for fault
(Gresley)
3. Two blocks of hardwood placed
across the rail or between rails to Chorlo (Mex.). Tourmaline crystals.
prevent tubs, cars, or wagons from (Lucas)
running down incline. (Greenwell) Chorometry. Land surveying. ( Stand-
Chock and block (Newc). Tightly ard)
filled up. (Min. Jour.)
Chorrera (Mex.). An ore shoot; a run
Choclo de oro (Peru). A mass of of loose rock. (Dwight)
native gold (say 1 oz. or more) in
its matrix. (Dwight)
Chorro (Mex.). A spring of water
found in mines. Jet or spout of
Chocolate. A
very fine-grained mica liquid. (Dwight)
schist found in New Hampshire and
Ghorroeadero (Mex.). 1. A chute for
used extensively in the manufacture
ore. 2. Loose or running ground.
of scythe stones, axe stones and
(Dwight)
knife stones. (Pike)
Chocol6n (Mex.). 1. The part of the
Christmatite. A butyraceous, green-
ish-yellow to wax-yellow hydrocar-
hole remaining in the rock after a
bon from Wettin, Saxony; it has a
blast. 2. A hitch cut in the rock.
specific gravity of less than 1 and is
(Dwight)
soft at 55* to 60* O. (Bacon)
Cliocu (Peru). A disease caused by
inhaling fine mineral dust, as in a Christobalite. A dull white silicon di-
stamp mill. (Dwight) oxide (SiOa), that crystallizes in the
orthorhombic system, and is closely
Chogs (York.). Blocks of wood for related to tridymite. (Standard)
keeping pump-trees or other vertical
pipes plumb (Gresley). See Col- Chromatltes. Aterm used by M. E.
lar, 6, and Collaring, 1. Wadsworth to include mineral color-
ing matter, paints, pigments, etc.
Choke crushing. A recrushing of fine (Power)
ore due to the fact that the broken
Chrome. Chromium; also, in dyeing,
material cannot find its way from
potassium dichromate.
the machine before it is again
crushed. See also Free crushing. Chrome steel. See Chromium steel.
(Richards, p. 98) Chrome garnet. A synonym for Uvaro-
Choke damp. 1. A mine atmosphere vite. (A. F. Rogers)
that causes choking, or suffocation, Chrome iron ore. A synonym for Chro-
due to insufficient oxygen. As ap- mite. (A. F. Rogers)
plied to "air" that causes choking,
does not mean any single gas or Chrome ocher. A clayey ocher colored
combination of gases. 2. A name green with chromium oxide. ( Stand-
sometimes given In England to car- ard)
bon dioxide. Chromite. A chromate of iron, FeO.-
ChoUa (Mex.). An
opening or hollow CraOj. Contains 68 per cent chromic
space a small space filled with soft
; oxide. (U. S. Geol. Surv.)
ore. (Dwight)
Chromium. A brilliant tin-white, com-
Chondrlte. A meteoric stone charac- paratively rare metal, hard, brittle,
terized by the presence of choik- and refractory. Symbol, Cr; atomic
drules. (Webster) weight, 62.0. Specific gravity, 6i»
 )

GLOSSARY OF MINING AND MINERAL INDUSTRY. 155

Chromium steel. An iron-chromium al- Chumbe. (Mex. and Bol.)

1. Zine.
loy that hardens Intensely on sudden blende. (Colom.) A strap of col-
2.
cooling, and is used for the manufac- ored wool for carrying a sachel or
ture of armor-piercing projectiles, purse. (Halse)
safe-plates, and crushing machinery.
It contains about 16 per cent chro-
Chumbo. 1. (Port.) Lead. 2. (Braz.)
mium ; does not rust under ordinary Pyrite. (Halse)
conditions and Is also called Stain- Chump (Bng.). To drill a shot hole
less steel.
by hand. (Gresley)
Chromometer. An instrument for de- Chumpe (Peru). See Chumbe.
termining the color of petroleum and
other oils. (Standard) Chun (Derb.). A clay or softgouge
between two hard walls. (Hooson)
Chromowulfenite. A red variety of
wulfenite, containing some chromi- Chunked-up. Built up with large
um. ( Chester lumps of coal to increase the capac-
ity of a car. Also called Built-up.
Chrysoberyl. A glucinum-aluminum (Steel)
oxide, GlO.AIjOs, known as cat's-eye
when it has a chatoyant luster. (U. Chunk mineral. In Wisconsin, applied
S. Geol. Surv.)
to masses of galena as broken out
of the mine. (Power)
ChrysocoUa. A hydrous copper silicate. Churchite. A hydrous phosphate of
Contains theoretically about 36 per cerium. (Chester)
cent of copper. (U. S. Geol. Surv.)
Generally green or blue-green. Churn drill. 1. Also called Cable drill
or Well drill. A portable drilling
Chrysolite. An Iron-magnesium sili- equipment usually mounted on four
cate of a yellowish-green, sometimes wheels and driven by gasoline, elec-
brownish or reddish. common A tricity,or steam. Also applied to a
mineral in basalt and dlorite. Com- stationary drill operated from a
monly called Olivine. When used as derrick as in oil-well drilling. The
a gem it is called Peridot. drill head is raised by means of a
rope or cable and allowed to drop,
Chrysoprase. An apple-green chalce- thus striking successive blows by
dony, the color of which is due to
means of which the rock is pulver-
nickel. (U. S. Geol. Surv.)
ized and the hole deepened.
Chrysotile. Fibrous serpentine. See (Bowles)
also Asbestos. (U. S. Geol. Surv.) 2.A long Iron bar with a cutting
end of steel, used in quarrying, and
Chua (Bol. and Chile) A testing sau- worked by raising and letting it fall.
cer. (Lucas) When worked by blows of a hammer
Chuck. 1. That part of a machine or sledge, It is called a "jumper."
drill which grips or holds the drill. (Steel)
(Gillete, p. 99) Churns (Forest of Dean). Ironstone
2. A device for holding an object workings in cavern-shaped excava-
so that it can be rotated, as upon tions. A rough chamber-and-pillar
the mandrel of a lathe or for fixing system of working. (Gresley)
It in a drill-press, planer, etc.
(Standard) Churumbela (Colom.). A micaceous
and talcose schist. (Halse)
Chuck block; Chock block. The wooden
block or board which is attached to Churusca (Bol.). Copper pyrites.
the bottom of the screen so as to (Halse)
raise the depth of the issue and act Chute. (Sometimes written shoot)
as a false lip to the mortar, In 1. A channel or shaft underground,
stamp milling. (Rickard) or an inclined trough above ground,
through which ore falls or is "shot"
Chuga (Mex.). See Perufia. by gravity from a higher to a lower
Chulano (Mex.). An upper drill hole. level. (Raymond.) 2. (Penn.) A
(Dwight) crosscut connecting a gangway with
a heading. (Gresley.) 3. An In-
Chulanista (Braz.). One who drills
clined water course, natural or arti-
uppers. (Bensusan)
ficial, especially one through which
Chumacera (Mex.). A bearing for the boats or timber are carried, as in a
shaft of a machine. (Dwight) dam. 4. A narrow channel with a
166 GLOSSARY OF MIlTIlirG AND MINERAL INDtJSTRY.

free current, especially on the lower CigUeiia (Mex.). A windlass; a crank.

Mississippi River. (Standard) 5. (Dwight)
A body of ore, usually of elongated Cilindros (Mex.). Rolls. (Dwight)
form, extending downward within
a vein (ore shoot). The two Cima (Mex.). Summit. (Dwight)
forms of orthography of this
word are of French and English
Cimbra. 1. (Mex.). A center for an
arch. (Dwight)
origin respectively. Under chute, 2. (Colom.). Primitive stamps
the original idea is that of fallirg;
worked by manual labor. (Halse)
under shoot, that of shooting or
branching. Both are appropriate to Ciminite. A name derived from the
the technical significations of the Monti Cimini in Italy, and given by
word. An ore shoot, for instance, H. S. Washington to a group of
may be considered as a branch of lavas, intermediate between tra-
the general mass of the ore In a de- chytes and basalts. They are por-
posit, or as a pitch or fall of ore pyritic in texture and are character-
(German, Erzfall). In England the ized by the presence of alkali feld-
orthography "shoot" is, I believe, spar and basic plagioclase, augite
exclusively employed, and this is and olivine, with accessory magne-
perhaps the best as applied to ore tite and apatite. Biotite and horn-
deposits, the other being unneces^ blende are either absent or are in-
sarily foreign. (Raymond) significant. They range from 54 to
57 SiOa, 5-9 CaO, and 3-6 MgO.
Chute caving. The method involves Compare Latite. (Kemp)
both overhand stoping and ore cav-
ing. The chamber is started as an Cimolite. A
white, grayish or reddish
hydrosillcate of aluminum, soft and
overhand stope from the head of a
claylike or chalklike in appearance.
chute and Is extended up until the
back weakens sufficiently to cave. (Dana)
The orebody Is worked from the top Cinabrio (Mex.). Cinnabar. (Dwight)
down in thick slices, each slice be-
ing, however, attacked from the bot- Cincel. (Peru)
1. Native silver in
tom and the working extending from large masses. (Dwight)
the floor of the slice up to an inter- 2. (Colum.) A stone chisel used by
mediate point. The cover follows the Indians. (Halse)
down upon the caved ore (Young). Clncho (Mex.). 1. A belt or girdle.
Also called "Caving by raising" and 2. Ahorizontal timber used for
"Block caving Into chutes." wedging a stemple against a plank
on the hanging wall. (Halse)
Chute system. See Glory hole system.
(Young) Cinclnnatian. In the usage of the U.
S. Geological Survey, the third and
Chuza (Mex.). A catch basin for mer- youngest of the series of strata com-
cury. (Dwight) prised in the Ordovician system.
Also the corresponding epoch. (La
Chuzo (Chile). A pointed tool used Forge)
In washing gold in sluices. In ex-
tracting borax in large pieces, etc. Cinder. 1. Slag, particularly from
(Halse) iron blast furnaces. (Raymond)
2. A scale thrown off in forging
Cian6geno (Mex.). Cyanogen. metal. 3. Scoriaceous lava from a
(Dwight) volcano; volcanic scoria. (Webster)
Cianuro (Mex.). Cyanide. (Dwight) Cinder hank. Same as cinder dump.
Also indicates an old dump as dis-
Cielo (Mex.). L Roof; ceiling. 2.
tiguished from one in use. (Will-
Trabajar de cielo, overhand stoping. cox)
(Dwight)
Cinder bed (Eng.) A stratum of the
C. I. F. A commercial transportation Upper Purbeck series, almost wholly
term meaning "Cost, Insurance, and composed of oyster-shells; and so
Freight." It is intended to cover named by the quarrymen from its
the cost of certain goods at point of loose incoherent composition. (Page)
destination. (Nat. Tube Co.) Usu-
ally applied only to maritime freight. Cinder block. A block
the closing
front of a blast furnace and con-
Clgruairo; Civairo (Peru). Peacock taining the cinder notch. (Web-
colored, (Dwight) ster)
 GLOSSARY OF MIKING AND MINERAL iNDtJSTRY. 157

Cinder breakout. The slag within the Cinnabar, A vermilion-colored mer-

furnace escaping through the brick- cury sulphide, HgS, 86 per cent mer-
work. Caused by erosion, corrosion, cury. It is the common ore of mer-
or softening of brick by heat. cury and occurs as hexagonal crys-
(Willcox) tals. See also Metacinnabarite.
(U. S. Geol. Surv.)
Cinder coal. 1. (Eng.) Coal altered
by heat from an intrusion of lava. Cinnamite. Same as Cinnamon stone.
(Gresley) (Century)
2. (Aust.) A very Inferior natural Cinnamon stone. Essonite; a variety
coke, little better than ash. (Power)
of garnet. (Power)
Cinder cone. A volcanic cone com- Cinta. 1. (Sp.). A surveyor's tape.
posed of scoria. 2. (Mex.). A layer or battd of min-
eral in a vein. 3. (Colom.). Pay
Cinder dock. A bed containing molds
dirt in placers. (Halse)
into which, in former practice,
cinder was run, chilled, and then Cintarron (Sp. Am.). A bed of
thrown into cars with forks. (Will- auriferous gravel of unusual thick-
cox) ness. (Lucas)

Cinder dump. A place where cinder Cinteada (Mex.). A banded or rib-

ladles are emptied. (Willcox) boned structure of veins. (Halse)

Cinder fall. The dam over which the Cipolino marble. A white crystalline
slag from the cinder notch of a fur- limestone traversed by veins of
nace flows. (Century) greenish mica; a favorite Italian
marble. (Merrill)
Cinder notch. The hole, about 5 or
G feet above the iron notch, and 3 Circa (Latin). About; around; often
feet below the tuyeres, through used in English with numerals to
which slag Is flushed two to three denote approximate accuracy. (Web-
times between casts (Willcox). ster)
See also Cinder tap. Circle cutting drill. Same as Ditcher.
Cinder pig. Iron made from ores with (Bowles)
admixture of some forge or mill- Circles (Ches.). Wavy, undulating
cinder (Raymond). See also Pig streaks of various colors frequently
iron. seen In the sides of shafts, on the
Cinder pit. Large pit filled with water pillars, faces, and roof of rock-salt
into which molten cinder is run and mines. (Gresley)
granulated at cast or flush. (Will- Circle spouts (Eng.). See Garland, 1.
cox)
Circuit breaker. An automatic device
Cinder plate. See Bloomery. for breaking an electric circuit at
Cinder runner. A trough carrying the highest current which it may be
slag from skimmer, or cinder notch, called upon to carry (Webster).
to pit or ladle. See also Cinder See also Cut-out, 3.
notch. (Willcox) Circular cutting drill. See Ditcher.
Cinder snapper. A man who removes Circular mil. A
unit of area used in
cinder skulls from cinder runners. measuring cross-sections of wires;
(Willcox) 0.7854 square mil (Standard). See
also Mil.
Cinder tap; Cinder notch. The hole
through which cinder is tapped from Circular polarization. A phenomena
a furnace. Also called Lurmann observed in a polariscope when two
front. (Raymond) plane polarized rays, propogated in
the same direction, have their vibra-
Cinder tub. A shallow Iron truck tion directions at right angles to
with movable sides into which the each other and dift'er by one-quarter
slag of a furnace flows from the of a wave-length In phase. (Dana)
cinder runner. (Century)
Circulation. 1. The movement of the
Cinder wool. A fibrous glass obtained air currents of a mine. (Roy)
by the action of a jet of air or steam 2. The act of moving In any course
upon molten slag as It flows from which brings the moving bo<ly to the
a blast furnace. Commonly called place where its motion began.
Mineral wool. (Century) (Webster)
 )

168 GLOSSAit^ OF MmiNG AND MINERAL liTDUStilY.

Cire-Perdue process. A process used Claggy (Newc). Adhesive. Wht»n

in bronze casting; tlie lost-wax the coal is tightly joined to the roof,
process. ( Standard the mine is said, to have a claggy top
(Raymond). Also spelled Cladgy.
•Jirque. Asteep-walled, amphitheatral
recess in a mountain side, generally Claggy top (Newc). A mine roof to
ascribed to glacial erosion. (Web- which coal adheres. (Min. Jour.)
ster)

Cisco (Sp.). 1. Coal broken into small

Claim. 1. The portion of mining
ground held under the Federal and
bits. 2. Coal dust. (Halse)
local laws by one claimant or asso-
Cispeado (Mex.). Ore of one-third ciation, by virtue of one location and
silver and two-thirds calc spar. record (Raymond). Lode claims,
(Lucas) maximum size 600 by 1,500 feet
Placer claims 660 by 1,320 feet A
Cistern. 1. An artificial reservoir or claim is sometimes called a "loca-
tank for holding or storing water tion." See Mining claims. 2. (So.
or other liquids. (Webster) Afr.) The portion of land upon a
2. The receptacle into which glass goldfleld to which a miner is legally
is ladled from the pots to be poured entitled. A Transvaal claim has an
over the table in making plate glass area equal to 64,025 English square
or in casting glass; a cuvette. (Cen- feet, and is about 155 feet along the
tury) strike of the reef, and 413 feet
3. In metallurgy, a settling tank for across the line of reef. (Skinner)
liquid slag, pulp, etc.
Clam (Eng.). A bracket or support
Citrate. A salt or ester of citric acid. for a pump (Bainbridge). A clamp.
(Webster)
Citrine; Citrine quartz. A yellow pel-
Clamp. 1. A
device for compressing
lucid variety of quartz ; false topaz.
and holding in position a piece or
part, or holding or binding together
(Dana)
two or more parts; usually with
Civa (Mex.). A stump of a candle. jaws or cheeks, at least one of them
(Dwight) movable, that may be set together
or closed by some device for obtain-
Civairo (Peru). Apeacock color. See
ing leverage. 2. (Eng.) A pile of
also Ciguario. (Dwight)
cut and dried peat (Standard)
Clack (Corn.). A pump valve. (Ray- 3. A number of bricks piled up In a
mond) particular form for burning. (Web-
Clack door (Eng.). The opening Into ster)
the valve chamber to facilitate re- 4. Apile of ore for roasting, or of
coal for coking. (Century)
pairs and renewals without unseat-
ing the pump or breaking the con- Clamping. The process of burning
nections. ((3hance). Also, an iron bricks in clamp. See also Clamp, 3.
plate bolted to the pipe to close the (Century)
opening. (Gresley)
Clack-door piece (Eng.). A cast-iron Clamp kiln. A kiln built of sods for
pipe having an opening in the side burning lime. (Century)
for access to the clack or valve. Clamshell. A hinged, two leaved self-
Clack guard (Scot). A ring to pre- loading scoop used In dredges, coal-
vent undue opening of the clack. ore-, and ash-loaders, and hoisting
(Barrowman) machinery. (Century)
Clack lid (Scot.). The flap of a clack Clanger (Eng.). See Clauncher, 1,
or stationary valve. (Barrowman)
Clanny (Eng.). A safety lamp In-
Clack piece. The casting forming the vented by Dr. W. R. Clanny In 1813.
valve chamber. (Chance) (Gresley)
Clack seat. The receptacle for a valve
Clapete. (Mex.). A clack valve.
to rest on. (C. and M. M. P.)
(Dwight)
Claco (Mex.). An old coin equal to Clap sill.In hydraulic engineering,
J of a Mexican real. See also Tlaeo. a miter the bottom part of the
sill;
(Dwight)
frame on which lock gates shut; a
Cladgy. A variation of claggy. lock sill (Century)
 GLOSSARY OF MINING AND MINERAL. INDUSTRY. 159

Clarifying tank. A tank for clarify- Clavos. 1. (Sp.) Masses of ore, and
ing cyanide or other solutions and of native metals. (Da vies)
frequently provided with a filtering 2. Iron ore ; in Mexican mines, a
layer of sand, cotton waste, matting, mass of rich ore. (Standard)
etc. (Clennell, p. 280) 3. (Sp.) Inclusions of igneous rock
in a sedimentary deposit. (Halse)
Clark process. A process for softening
water by the addition of slaked lime, Clay. A natural substance or soft rock
which precipitates calcium bicar- which, when finely ground and
bonate by forming with it the insolu- mixed with water, forms a pasty,
ble normal carbonate. (Webster) moldable mass that preserves its
shape when air dried; the particlee
Claro (Sp.). An open
space on the soften and coalesce upon being
lode, from which ore has been taken. highly heated and form a stony mass
(Crofutt) upon cooling. Clays differ greatly
mineralogically and chemically and
Claroline. A mineral oil used as a
consequently In their physical prop-
solvent for natural gases. (Bacon)
erties. Most of them contain many
Clasolite.A rock composed of other impurities, but ordinarily their base
rock fragments. See Clastic. is hydrous aluminum silicate. (U.
S. Geol. Surv.)
Clasp. 1. A
snugly fitting ferrule for
Clayband (Wales). Argillaceous iron-
connecting pump rods. (Gresley) stone in thin beds. (Gresley)
2. Any of the various forms of
catch, for holding together two ob- Clay bank. 1. A bank of clay. 2. A
jects or parts of anything. (Web- dun yellowish color. (Webster)
ster) Clay course. A clay seam or gouge
found at the sides of some veins.
Classifier.1. A machine for separat-
(C. and M. M. P.)
ing ore from gangue or for cleaning
coal from slack. (Webster) Clay dam. 1. (Mid.) A stopping
2. A machine for grading the feed made of and well-beaten
puddled
to concentrators so that each indi- clay, from 12 In. to .H6 in. thick, and
vidual concentrator will receive its rammed Into the roof, tloor, and
proper feed. Classifiers may be sides of the excavation made to re-
hydraulic (Richards) or surface- ceive it. 2. A stopping consisting of
current box classifiers (spitzkasten). two walls of stout planks placed 18
Classifiers are also used to separate to 24 inches apart, and supported on
sand from slime, water from sand, the outside by upright props, the In-
and water from slime. (Richards) tervening space being filled with
clay. (Gresley)
Clastic. A term applied
descriptive
to rock formed from the fragments Clayer (Scot.). A
rod for forcing clay
of other rocks; fragmen taL (Kemp) into jointsstrata In wet shot
of
holes (Barrowman). See also Clay
Clat. See Claut, 1. Iron.
Clauncher. 1. (Eng.). A tool for Clay gall. A dry, curled "clay-shav-
cleaning blast holes (Bainbridge). ing" resulting from the drying and
Also called Clanger. cracking of mud which Is later em-
2. (Derb.). A piece of stone, that bedded and flattened In a sand stra-
has a joint back of it, which becomes tum. (Lahee, p. 86)
loose and falls when the heading
Clay gouge. A thin seam of clay sepa-
has been driven past it (Hooson)
rating ore, or ore and rock. (Weed)
Clausthalite. Lead selenide, PbSe.
(Dana) Clay gun. See Mud gun.

Clavt. 1. (Scot.). A scraper with a Clay hog (Mid.). See Wash fault
long handle. (Barrowman) Clay hole. A cavity. In a stone, filled
2. Mud or rubbish heaped together. with clayey or sandy raaterlaL
(Standard) (Gillette, p. 6)
Clavar (Mex.). To nail; to drive a Claying. Lining a bore hole with clay,
stake (D wight) to keep the powder dry. (Gresley)
31avo (Mex.). 1. Nail. 2. C. bucno, Claying bar. A rod used for making
or rico, a rich pocket of ore. 3. C. a blast hole water-tight by driving
de metal, an ore-shoot; pay-streak. clay Into Its crevices, in order to
(Dwlght) protect the charge. (Century)
160 GLOSSAKY OF MINING AND MINERAL INDUSTRY.

Clay Iron. An iron rod used for ram- united so as to give rise to curious
ming clay into wet drill holes shapes. They are sometimes almost
(Webster). See Bull, 1; also Clay- as regular as if turned in a lathe.
ing bar. (Century)
Clay-ironstone. Clayey carbonate of Clay-stone porphyry. An old and
iron. A heavy compact or fine somewhat indefinite name for those
grained clayey looliing stone, occur- porphyries whose naturally fine
ring in nodules and uneven beds groundmass more or less kaolln-
is
among carboniferous and other ized, so as to be soft and earthy,
rocks. It contains only 20 to 30 per suggesting hardened clay. (Kemp)
cent of iron, and yet much of the
iron produced by Great Britain is Clead (Eng.). To cover with planks.
made from it. (Roy. (3om.) (G. C. Green well)

Clay kiln. A kiln or stove for burn- Cleading. A lining or covering of

ing clay. (Century)
Clay marl. A whitish, smooth, chalky
clay a marl in which clay predomi-
; Clean.
nates. (Webster)
Clay mill. A mill for mixing and
tempering clay; a pug mill. ((Cen-
tury)
Clay pan (Aust.). A shallow depres-
sion covered with a clayey deposit
which prevents the water from sink-
ing quickly into the ground. (Web-
ster)
Clay parting. Clayey material bound
between a vein and its wall. Also
called Casing and Parting. (Dur-
yee)
board planks, as the lagging on a
winding-engine drum. (Webster)
(No. of Eng.)
1. Free from
fire damp
or other noxious gases.
2. Acoal seam free from dirt part-
ings. (Gresley)
3. To undergo or perform the proc-
ess of <?leaning; to clean up; to
make a clean-up. (Webster)
Cleaner (Scot). A scraper for clean-
ing out a shot hole. (Barrowman)
Cleaner cell. A flotation cell in which
the concentrates from the rougher
cells are again treated for a further
reduction in the amount of gangue
present.

Clay pit. A pit where clay is dug. Cleanser; Clanser (Eng.). An iron
(Century) tube or shell, with which a bore
hole is cleaned. (Gresley)
Clay pocket. A clay-filled erosion cav-
ity in a rock ledge. (Bowles) Cleansing (So. Staff.). Clearing and
Clay rock. A rock made up of fine making fit for traversing old gate
argillaceous detrital material and roads; carrying out cuttings from
chiefly that derived from the decom- the mine clearing the sumps at
;

position of the feldspars; indurated bottom of shafts. (Min. Jour.)

clay, sufficiently hardened to be in- Clean toe. A sufficient shattering of
capable of using as a clay without the material that constitutes the
grinding, but not chemically altered toe, to make its entire removal pos-
or metamorphosed. (Century) Also sible without excessive secondary
called Clay stone. blasting. Compare Toe, 1 and 2.
Clay shale. Shale composed wholly or (Bowles)
chiefly of argillaceous material, Clean-np. 1. The operation of collect-
which again becomes clay on ing all the valuable product of a
weathering. (La Forge) given period or operation in a stamp
Clay slate. An argillaceous rock hav- mill, or in a hydraulic or placer
ing a slaty or fissile structure. It mine. (Raymond)
differs from clay shale in that it 2. The valuable material resulting
has been altered by metamorphism. from a clean-up. (Webster)
(Century) 3. To load out all the coal a miner
has broken. 4. An opportunity to
Qiay stone. 1. (Aust.) A soft, earthy, clean up. (Steel)
feldspathic rock occurring in veins,
and having the appearance of in- Clean-up man. 1. Usually a pensioner
durated clay. (Power) who keeps yard cleaned up, pulls
2 One of the concretionary masses weeds, and does odd jobs at blast
of clay frequently found in alluvial furnaces. (Willcox)
deposits, in the form of flat rounded 2. The man who performs the oper-
disks either simple or variously ation described under Olean-up, 1.
 GLOSSARY OF MINING AND MINERAL INDUSTRY. 161

Cleap. A cleaving crosswise of the Cleave (Scot). One of two or more

bedding in a coal seam; a cleat. divisions of a seam, usually Iron-
(Standard) stone. (Barrowman)
Clear. See Clean, 1 and 2.
Cleavings (Eng.). Divisions of beds
of coal, In the direction of the lam-
Clearance. 1. The space between the inae, either horizontal or inclined.
piston at the end of its stroke and Cleaving way (Corn.). A direction
the valve face, or the end of the parallel to the bedding planes of a
cylinder. (Ihlseng) rock. Compare Quartering way.
2. The space between the top or
(Greenwell, p. 80)
side of a car and the roof or wall.
Cleavlandite. A white lamallar variety
Clearer. 1. (Eng.) Miners who un- of albite. (Dana)
dercut the coal, working at distances
Cledge (Eng.). Clay; stiff loam; also
of say three or four yards apart
the upper stratum of certain beds of
along the face. (Gresley)
fuller's earth. (Webster)
2. A reservoir (In salt making) Into
which brine is conveyed. Cleek. 1. To load rages at
(Scot.)
the shaft bottom or at mid-workings.
Clear-melting. The process of keep- 2. (Scot.) A haulage clip. (Gres-
ing the glass in a molten condition ley)
for a time sufficient to permit the
Cleek coal (Scot). Coal as it comes
impurities or uncombined substances
(Century) from the mine (Barrowman). See
to settle.
also Run-of-mine.
Cleat. 1. The main set of joints along Cleeksman; Cleekie (Scot.). An early
which coal breaks when mined. term for the person who unhooked
(Webster) the baskets of coal at the shaft
2. A small piece of wood nailed to mouth. (Barrowman)
two planks to keep them together, or
nailed to any structure to make a Cleet (Derb.). See Cleat, 3.

support for something else. (Steel) Cleugh; Clench. A cleft or gorge in a

3. (Mid.) A wooden wedge four or hill; a ravine; also a cliff or the
five inches square placed between side of a ravine. (Century)
the top of a post and the underside
of a bar or cap. (Gresley) Cleve. (Eng.). A steep hillside; a
4. (Eng.) A piece (or pieces) of cliff. (Standard)
wood fastened to pump spears for Cleveite. A variety of urananite con-
the purpose of steadying them, and taining a large percentage of UOt,
preventing them from wearing where and also rich in helium. Contains
they pass through the collaring, and about 10 per cent of the yttrium
to prevent the edges of the spear earths. (Dana)
plates and bolts from injuring the
pumps. (G. C. Greenwell) Cliff. 1. Shale which is
(Wales)
laminated, splitting easily along the
Cleavage. 1. In petrology, a tendency planes of deposition. See also Bind,
to cleave or split along definite, 1 (Gresley). Also called Cllft.
parallel, closely spaced planes, which 2. A steep slope; a prec'.pice. (Web-
may be highly inclined to the bed- ster)
ding planes. It is a secondary struc- 3. The strata of rocks above or be-
ture, commonly confined to bedded tween coal seams. (Standard)
rocks, Is developed by pressure, and
ordinarily is accompanied by at least
Cliff glacier. A
which occupies
glacier
some recrystallization of the rock. a relatively small depression In the
In crystallogi-aphy, the property side of a mountain or In the escarp-
2.
possessed by many crystalline sub- ment of a plateau. (Century)
stances, of being rather easily split Clift 1. (Eng.) Local term for shale
parallel to one or more of the cry- (Redmayne). See also Cliff, 1.
stallographic planes p^culiar to the 2. A cliff (Standard). See also
substance (La Forge). Cleavage Cliff, 2.
should not be applied to the fractur-
ing of rocks, which is jointing. See Cliftonite. Carbon in minute cubic
Jointing. crystals (Dana). A form of graph-
itic carbon occurring In cubic or
Cleavage plane. The
planes along cubo-octahedral crystals in the mete-
which tlie cleavage takes place. oric iron of Youngdegin, West Aus-
Compare Joint plane. tralia. (Century)
76242°— 19 11
162 OHLOSSAKY OF MINING AND MINEKAL INDUSTRY.

Clinch, or CliaX bolts (Eng.). Cross Clipper-oflf (Aust). A boy who un-
bolts under *t^ar bolts to prevent fastens the clip connecting a skip
the pump rods from stripping. (G. to a haulage rope. (Power)
C. Greenwell)
Clipper-on (Aust.). A boy who fastens
Clinker. 1. The product of the fusion skips to a haulage rope with a clip.
of the earthy impurities (ash) of (Power)
coal during its combustion. (Ray- Clip pulley (Eng.). A
wheel contain-
mond) ing clips in the groove for gripping
2. See Cinder coal, 1. a wire rope. (Gresley)
3. A partially vitrified brick or mass
of bricks. 4. Vitrified or burnt mat- Clivage (Peru). Cleavage. (Dwight)
ter thrown up by a volcano. 5. A Olive (Derb.). See Cliviss.
scale of black oxide of iron formed
when iron is heated to redness in Cliviss (Eng.). A bit of turned iron,
open air. (Century) with a spring, for fastening a
bucket to a rope (Bainbridge). Also
Clinker bar. A bar fixed across the called Clive; Cliwy. A variation
top of an ash pit for supporting the of Clevis.
rods used for clearing the fire bars.
(Century)
Cliwy (Eng.). See Cliviss. A varia-
tion of Clevis.
Clinker brick. A very hard-burned Clod; Clot. 1. Soft shale or slate, In
brick. (Ries) coal mines, usually applied to a
layer forming a bad roof. (Ray-
Clinkstone. See Phonolite. mond)
Clinoaxis. The
diagonal or lateral 2. See Kettle bottom. A "clod of
axis in the monoclinic system which dirt" of greater or less diameter;
makes an oblique angle with the thin at the edges and increasing in
vertical axis. (Webster) thickness to the middle. (Missouri
& Illinois Coal Co. v. Schwalb, 74
Clinochlore.A silicate of aluminum Illinois, App., p. 569).
and magnesium usually containing
Clod coal (Scot). Strong homogene-
Iron. Normally, HsMgeAlzSisOis.
(Dana) ous coal. (Barrowman)
Clod tops (Forest of Dean). Clay or
Clinoclase. 1. Oblique cleavage. 2. A shale beds overlying seams of coal.
basic copper arsenate. See Clino- (Gresley)
clasite.
Clog (Mid.). A short piece of timber
Clinoclasite. A
hydrous copper arse- about 3 by 6 by 24 inches fixed be-
nate CuaAszOg.SCu ( OH ) J or 6CuO.- tween the roof and a prop. (Gres-
AsaOeSHaO. Color, internally, dark ley)
verdigris-green; externally blackish
Clog pack (York.). See Chock, 1, and
blue-green, and crystallizes in the
Nog, 1.
monoclinic system. (Dana)
Clorurar (Mex.) . To chloridize.
Clinometer. A simple apparatus for (Dwight)
measuring by means of a pendulum
or spirit level and circular scale, Close connected. Applied to dredges in
vertical angles, particularly dips. which the buckets are each connect-
(Raymond) ed to the one in front without any
intermediate link. (Weatherbe)
An epidote without iron,
Clinozoisite.
having the composition of zoislte. Closed basin. A district draining to
(Dana) some depression or lake within Its
area, from which water escapes only
Clinton ore. A red, fossiliferous, iron by evaporation. (Webster)
ore of the Clinton formation of
Closed fault. See Fault.
the United States, with lenticular
grains. Called also Dyestone, Fossil, Closed A fold In which the
fold.
or Flaxseed ore. (Standard) limbs (sides of the apch) have been
compressed until they are parallel.
Clip. A device similar to a clamp but (Farrell)
smaller and for the same purpose
(C. M. P.). See also Haulage clip.
Closed form. A crystal form In which
all the faces having a like position
Clipper (Eng.). A hook for attaching relative to the planes, or axes, of
the bucket to the cable. Used In symmetry yield an enclosed solid,
shaft sinking. (Bainbridge) (Dana)
 GLOSSARY OF MINING AND MINERAJL INDUSTRY. 163

Closed front. An arrangement of the Clucking. The breaking of a rock by

blast furnace without a forehearth. curved fractures that pass beyond
(Raymond) the limit of the desired plane of
separation. (Bowles)
Closed season. That portion of the
year when placers cannot be worked C lumper (Forest of Dean). A large
by reason of shortage of water, due mass of fallen stone. (Gresley)
to drought or cold. Clunch (Staff.). An English provin-
cialterm for any tough coarse clay.
Closed top. See Cup-and-cone. (Power)
Close-grained. Having fine and closely Clutch. A
coupling for connecting two
arranged fibers, crystals, or texture. working parts, as shafts, shaft and
(Webster) pulley, permitting either to be
thrown In or out at will, as by mov-
Close-jointed. A term applied to joints ing a lever. (Webster)
that are very near together. (Dale)
A two-part flask by
Clutch room (Aust). A
chamber, gen-
Close mold. filled
erally underground, In which there
pouring through ingates. (Stand-
are friction clutches that control the
ard) different haulage ropes of the vari-
Close place (Scot). A narrow drift ous districts. (Power)
without a separate air return. Coagulation. The
state of a solute In
(Barrowman) a solvent, or of a colloidal gel, re-
sulting from clotting or curdling the ;
Close-poling. The placing of poles or act of changing to a curd-like condi-
plank close together. See also Pol- tion. (Rickard)
ing, 2.
Coak. 1. Same as Coke. 2. Same as
Close work. 1. Driving a tunnel or Calk. (Standard)
drifting between two coal seams. 2.
(Scot). See Narrow work, 3.
Coal. A carbonaceous substance
formed from the remains of vegeta-
(Gresley)
tion by partial decomposition (U.
Closing apparatus (Eng.). Sliding- S. Geol. Surv.) A solid and more or
doors or other mechanical arrange- less distinctly stratified carbona-
ment at the top of an upcast shaft ceous substance varying
In color
for allowing the cages to pass up from dark-brown to black, brittle,
and down without disturbing the combustible, and used as a fuel ; not
ventilation of the mine. (Gresley) fusible without decomposition and
very insoluble. In its formation the
Clot. Same as Clod. vegetal matter appears to have
Clothing (Eng.). Brattice constructed first taken the form of peat,
of a coarse, specially prepared can- then and finally bituminous
lignite,
vas. (Gresley) coal. The
latter by the loss of its
bitumen has in some places been
Cloth oil. A name given to one of the converted into anthracite or hard
distillates of crude petroleum coal. Lignite gives a brown pow-
(specific gravity, 0.875) which is der, coal a black. Lignites contain a
used for oiling wood. (Mltzakls) large percentage of water and ash.

Clotting. The
sintering or seml-fuslon Coal apple (Aust.). A spheroidal form
of ores during roasting. (Raymond) of coal occasionally found in certain
seams. (Power)
Clour (Eng.). A small depression of Coal backer (Eng.). A man who is
roof extending Into the coal. (G.
engaged in carrying coal on his back
C. Greenwell) from a ship to wagons. (Century)
Cloustonite. A
mineral related to Coal balls (Lane). Calcareo-carbon-
asphalt, occurring In patches In blue aceous nodules, formed by the infil-
limestone and In blue flags at tration of water carryl»ig calcium
Inganess, Orkney. It Is soluble In carbonate from the shells of en over-
benzol and at a red heat gives off a lying shale, down Into the bed of
large amount of illuminating gas. woody fragments where it segre-
(Bacon) gates. (Power)
Cloy. A plasticcement mixture: ap- Coal barge. A barge or lighter used
plied to any clay not a natural clay. In the transportation of coal by
(Standard) water. (Century)
 ) "

164 GLOSSARY OF MINING AND MINERAL INDUSTRY.

Coal basin. Depressions in the older Coal dust.A finely divided coal.
rock formations, in wliich coal-bear- There a diversity of opinion as
is
ing strata Iiave been deposited. to what the term " coal dust
(Thompson) means that is, hbw finely must coal
;

be divided to be termed dust. Some

Coal bearer (Scot.). See Bearers, 1.
writers base the distinction on the
Coal bearing (Scot.). The ancient point whether it can be carried to
custom of employing women to carry considerable distances by air cur-
coal out of the mine. (Gresley) rents. Coal that will pass through
100-mesh screens (100 wires to the
Coal bed. A bed or stratum of coal. linear inch) is frequently accepted
Coal seam is more commonly used in as representing mine dust. For
the United States and Canada. testing explosives at the Pittsburgh
(Century) station coal passed through 100-
mesh is taken as standard. In the
Coal blacking. Iron founders' blacking foreign galleries the practice varies
made from powdered coal. (Web- between this size and coal that
ster) passes through 200-mesh.
Coal box (Aust.). Large bins for stor- For the consideration of coal dust
ing coal. (Power) as it affects mining, the writer pro-
poses tentatively a definition based
Coal brass. Iron pyrite in coal seams on the capacity of the dust to propa-
(Gresley). Commonly used in the gate flame in the incipient stages of
plural. an explosion, as determined at tlie
Coal breaker. 1. A building containing Pittsburgh station under certain
the machinery for breaking coal specific conditions. By this defini-
with toothed rolls, sizing it with tion, coal particles passing through
sieves, and cleaning it for market. a 20-mesh wire sieve (20 wires to
(Raymond) the linear inch) will be termed dust.
2. Amachine for breaking coal. In the Pittsburgh gallery-tests, only
3. A
person employed to break coal. partial flame propagation was ob-
(Standard) tained under the prescribed condi-
tions with coal that passed through
Coal bunker. A
place for storing coal, the 20-mesh and remained on a 40-
especially in steamships for furnace mesh sieve, but the partial propaga-
use. tion was sufficient to indicate that
Coal car. A freight car designed under slightly more severe condi-
especially for carrying coal, usually tions, namely, a larger initiating
made of iron, with a drop bottom. charge of black powder, the propaga-
tion might be complete. (Geo. S.
Coal carrier. One who or that which Rice, Bull. 20, U. S. Bur. Mines,
is employed carrying coal (Cen- p. 33.) This view was strengthened
tury). A railroad is a coal carrier. by subsequent large-scale tests in
the Experimental mine, operated by
Coal chute. A trough or spout down
which coal slides from a bin or the U. S. Bureau of Mines, near
Pittsburgh, Pa.
pocket to a locomotive tender, or to
vessels, carts, or cars. (Century) Coaler. 1. Anything wholly or chiefly

Coal clay. See Fire clay. employed in transporting or supply-

ing coal, as a railway from coal-
Coal-cutting machine. A machine mining regions; also a person em-
worked by compressed air or elec- ployed in coaling vessels. (Web-
tricity, forundercutting or channel- ster)
ing a bed of coal. 2. See Coalers.
Coal digger. See Coal miner. Coalers (Colloq., U. S.). A financial
Coal drawing (Eng.). The operation term for the stocks of the anthracite
of raising coal at a colliery. Hoist- coal-carrying railroads. (Standard)
ing. (Gresley)
Coalescent. Joined together; running
Coal drop. A broad, shallow inclined together. (Emmons)
trough down which coal is dis-
charged from a wharf into the hold Coalette. A synonym for Briquet.
of a vessel. (Century). A coal Coal exchange. A market for the sale
chute. of coal ; especially a place for trans-
Coal duns (Forest of Dean). Coal- actions in coal on a large scale,
iuea.sure shales. (Greslej (Century)
 ) —

GLOSSARY OF MINING AND MINERAL INDUSTRY. 165

Coal face. The working face of a stall Coal land. Land of the public domain
or room, composed wholly of coal. which contains coal beds. (U. S.
(Gresley) Min. Stat, pp. 724-750)
Coal factor. See Factor. Coal master (Eng.). The owner or
Coal fauld (Scot.). A storage place lessee of a coalfield or colliery.
for coal. (Century) (Gresley)
Coal field. A region in which deposits Coal measures. Those strata of the
of coal occur. Also called Coal basin Carboniferous system which contain
when of basin-like structure. (Web- coal.
ster)
Coal metals (Scot). Strata in which
Coal fitter (Eng.). A coal factor
coal seams occur. (Barrowman)
(Standard). See also Factor.
Coal formation. A term generally un- Coal meter (Eng.). One appointed to
derstood to mean tlie same as the superintend the measuring of coal.
coal measures. (Da vies) (Century)
Coal gas. Gas made from
coal by dis- Coal mine. Any and all parts of the
tilling bituminous coal in retorts, property of a mining plant, on the
and used for lighting and heating. surface or underground, which con-
(Webster) tributes, directly or indirectly under
Coal getter (Eng.). One who cuts, one management to the mining or
holes, hews, or mines coal in the handling of coal. (Spring Valley
mine (Gresley). A coal miner. Coal Co. V. Greig, 226 Illinois, p.
516; Hakason v. La Salle County
Coal hagger (No. of Eng.). One who Carbon Coal Co., 265 Illinois p. 167.)
is employed in cutting or hewing A colliery. See also Mine.
coal in the mine (Gresley). A coal
miner. Coal miner. One who digs coal. (Roy.
Com.
Coal heaver. One employed in moving
or shoveling of coal, in loading or Coal oil. 1. The crude oil obtained by
discharging coal ships, in shoveling the destructive distillation of bi-
coal from ships' bunkers to the fur- tuminous coal. 2. That distillate ob-
naces; a coal passer. (Century) tained from such a crude oil which is
used for illuminating purposes
Coalheugh. ,1. (Scot.) A mound of kerosene. 3. Crude
petroleum.
refuse about old mines. (Gresley)
(Bacon)
2. (Scot.) A place where coal is
dug; a coal mine. (Barrowman) Coal passer. One who£^ duty it is to
Coal hewer (Eng.). A person who pass coal to the furnace of a steam
(Bar- engine. (Century)
digs coal; a collier; a miner.
rowman ) Coal pipe (Eng.). 1. The carbonized
Coal hill (Scot). Ground occupied at annular coating or bark of a fossil
a pithead or mine mouth for colliery plant. 2. A very thin seam of coal.
purposes, (Barrowmau) See also Coal shed. (Gresley)
Coal hole. A hole for coal as a trap Coal pit 1. (U. S.) A place where
or opening in a sidewalk; a com- charcoal is made. 2. (Eng.). A
partment for storing coal. (Web- place where coal is dug. A coal
ster) mine.
Coal hulk. A vesel kept, usually at Coal plant. A fossil plant found In
foreign stations for supplying steam- association with or contributing by
ers with coal. (Century) ,

its substance to the formation of

Coaling. 1. The process of supplying coal beds. Strictly speaking, any
or taking coal for use as in coaling plant species, the residue of whose
a steamer, etc. (Century) individuals has entered under nat-
2. (Mid.). Engaged in mining coal. ural geological conditions, into the
(Gresley) composition of coal. (Century)
Coalition. 1. A voluntary Joining of Coal pocket. A structure for the
persons or parties, for the purpose storage f coal. (Century)
of combining their resources, as in
the support of some plan or policy Coal prints (No. of Eng.). Thin films,
relatlDg to mining operations; a or patches, of coal-like matter inter-
combinatU>n. bedded with shale. (Gresley)
166 GLOSSARY OF MINING AND MINERAL INDUSTRr,

Coal puncher; Pick machine. A coal Coal vend. 1. (Eng.). The general
cutter of the reciprocating type, sale of coal. 2. The limited quan-
used for undercutting and nicking tity of coal to wljiich each colliery
coal. (Power) was restricted by a former com-
bination of coal operators on the
Coal rake (Derb.). A seam or bed of Tyne. (Century)
coal. (Gresley)
Coal wall (Scot). The coal face.
Coal ree (Scot). Same as Coal rith. (Barrowman)
Coal rith; Coal ree; Coal fauld (Scot.) Coal warrant (Wales). A kind of fire-
A sale place for coal other than at clay forming the floor of a coal bed.
a colliery. (Barrowman) (Gresley)
Coal washery. See Washery.
Coal road. 1. An underground roadway
or heading in coal. (C. and M. M. Coal washing. See Washing appa-
P.) ratus.
2. A
railroad whose principal busi-
Coal whipper. A laborer or a machine
ness the haulage of coal, as from
is
that raises coal out of the hold of a
mine to industrial centers. ship. (Webster)
Coal room (Scot). A working face in Coal work. 1. (No. of Eng.). Head-
stoop-and-room workings. (Bar- ings driven in coal. (Gresley)
rowman) 2. (Scot). A colliery. (Barrow-
man)
Coal salad (Wales). A mixture of
various sorts of coal. (Gresley) Coal workings. A coal mine with its
appurtenances; a colliery (Stand-
Coal seam. See Coal bed. ard). Coal works.
Coal seat Same as Fire clay. Coaly rashings. Soft dark shale, in
small pieces, containing much car-
Coal shed (Eng.). A coal bed of only bonaceous matter. (G. and M.
a few inches in thickness, and there- M. P.)
fore unworkable. (Gresley)
Coarse; Coose. A name given to a vein
Coal-shengh. See Sheugh, 2. or the material from it when it is
not rich, the mineral being only
Coal smits (York). Worthless, earthy
thinly disseminated through it
coal. See also Coal smut (Gres-
(Power). Inferior, faulty.
ley)
Coarse jigs. The jigs used to handle
Coal smut (Eng.). An earthy coal the larger sizes and heavier grades
stratum at or near the surface. of ore or metal. (Weed)
The outcrop of a coal seam (Gres-
ley). Also called Blossom of coal. Coarse lode. One not rich. See also
Coarse. (Skinner)
Coal stone (Eng.). A kind of cannel
coal. (Gresley) Coarse metal. The regulus or copper
matte obtained when smelting cop-
Coal tar. A
tar obtained by the de-
per ore, containing 20 to 40 per cent
structive distillation of soft or bitu-
copper. (Webster)
minous coal, as in the manufacture
of coal gas. It is a complex mixture Coarse roll. A large roll for the pre-
of hydrocarbons and other sub- liminary crushing of large pieces of
stances. It is the source of many ore, rock, or coal. Used in stage
dyestufCs. (Webster) crushing.

Coal- tar naphtha. The light oil pro- Coast and Geodetic Survey. A bureau
duced in the distillation of coal tar. of the United States Government
(Bacon) charged with the topographic and
hydrographic survey of the coast
Coal-tar pitch. The residuum from and the execution of belts of pri-
the distillation of coal tar. Most
mary triangulation, and lines of pre-
of the tar is run to soft pitch with
cise leveling in the interior.
a melting point between 60** and 80*
C. (Bacon) Coaster (Corn.). One who picks ore
from the dump or abandoned mines.
Coal trimmer. One who
employed is
(Crofutt)
to stow and trim or shift coal on
board vessels, either as cargo or Coave. A sled for transporting coal
supply for furnaces. (Century) in mines. (Daddow)
 ) ;

GLOSSARY OF MINING AND MINERAL INDUSTRY. 167

Cob. 1. (Corn.) To break ore with Cobre (Sp.). Copper; C. aUgarraOo^

hammers, so as to sort out the valu- bornite; C. amarillo, clialcopyrite
able portion. (Whitney) C. azul, azurlte C. gris, gray copper,
;

2. (Derb.) A small, solid pillar of tetrahedrite C. negro, black or blis-

;

coal left as a support for the roof. ter-copper; C. roseta, rose-copper,

(Gresley) ingot-copper; C. rojo, red oxide of
copper; C. verde, malachite; C. vir-
Cobalt. A tough, lustrous, nickel- gen, native copper. (Halse)
white metal, related to and occur-
ring with iron and nickel. Symbol, Cobrizo (Sp.). Coppery; cupreous;
Co; atomic weight, 58.97. Specific copper-bearing. (Halse)
gravity, 8.6.
Cob wall. A wall built of unburned
Cobalt bloom. See Erythrite. clay, sometimes mixed with straw,
or of straw, lime, and earth. (Cen-
Cobalt glance. See Cobaltite. tury)
Cobaltina (Mex.). Cobaltite. Cocarde ore. See Sphere-ore.
(D wight)
Coccolith. A minute calcareous body
Cobaltite. A sulpharsenide of cobalt, found in chalk and deep-sea ooze.
CoAsS. Contains 35.5 per cent of It is supposed to be the secretion of
cobalt. Cobalt glance. (U. S. Geol. a unicellular plant. (Webster)
Surv.)
Cocer (Sp.). To burn lime; to roast
Cobalt minerals. Minerals containing ore. (Halse)
cobalt as linnaeite, cobaltite;
erythrite; smaltite. Cocha (Peru). A settling tank
(Pfordte). Also a lenticular ore de-
Cobalt ocher. The mineral erythrite. posit. (Halse)
(Standard)
Cobalt pyrites. See Linnaeite.
Cochano (Venez.). A nugget. (Halse)

Cobalt vitriol. See Red or Rose vitriol.

Coche; Cochina (Mex.). A rock-
crusher; a large anvil. (Dwight)
Cobbed ore (Eng.). Ore broken from Cochizo (Peru). Gray copper -ore.
veinstone by means of a small ham-
(Dwight)
mer. (Hunt)
Cobbing. 1. (Corn.) Breaking ore to Cockade ore. Cockscomb pyrlte; a
sort out its better portions. See form of marcasite. (Power)
also Spall. (Raymond) Cockermegs (Eng.). Timber props to
2. Rubble, as from furnace bottoms. support the coal while undercut-
Impregnated with copper. (Stand- ting (Gresley). Also called
ard) Cockers.
Cobbing board. A flat piece of wood Cockerpole. A piece of timber placed
used In cobbing. (Century) horizontally between two inclined
Cobbing hammer. A
short double- pieces which abut against the roof
ended hammer for breaking min- and floor. (Gresley)
erals to sizes. (C. and M. M. P.) Cockers. See Cockermegs.
Cobble. (Penn.)
1. In metallurgy of Cockerspraggs. Same as Cockermegs.
Iron, an imperfectly puddled ball
which goes to pieces in the squeezer.
Cockhead (Derb.). A pack to support
the roof. It consists of slack or
(Raymond)
waste and is about 12 ft. in width,
2. (Eng.) Small lump coal (Gres-
surmounted by a few lumps of coal.
ley). See also Cob coal.
(Gresley)
3. See Cobblestones.
Cockle. 1. (Corn.) Schorl or black
Cobblestone. A smoothly rounded tourmaline. ( Whitney
stone, larger than a pebble and
2. Any mineral occurring in dark,
smaller than a bowlder. (La Forge)
long crystals, especially black tour-
Cobbling (Eng.). Cleaning the haul- maline or schorl. (Webster)
age road of coal which has fallen
off the trams. (Gresley)
Cock metal. A soft alloy composed of
two parts copper and one part lead.
Cobcoai. A large round piece of coal. Used for making taps and cockSi
(Century) (Century)
168 GLOSSARY OF MINING AND MINERAL INDUSTRY,

Cockschute (Weish). Hard siliceous Cofferdam. 1. A water-tight lilclosur«,

beds passing into conglomerates In as of piles packed with clay, from
the Coal Measures of South Wales. which the water is pumped to ex-
(Power) pose the bottom (of a river, etc.)
Cockscomb pyrites. A variety of mar- and permit the laying of founda-
casite occurring In crestlike forms. tions, building of piers, dams, etc.
(Webster) (Webster)
Coco (Colom.). A cocoanut vessel In
2. A double bulkhead, provided in
which to deposit auriferous sands. tank steamers for the purpose of iso-
lating the oil cargo from the engine
(Halse)
and boiler space or from holds used
Cod (Newc). The bearing of an axle. for other cargo, and to prevent leak-
(Raymond) age Into the adjacent compartments.
Code. 1. A unified and coordinated (Mltzakis)
body law; especially, reenact-
of
Coffering. The operation of securing
ment, in improved and systematic
the shaft of a mine from the ingress
form, previously existing law,
of
of water by ramming clay in be-
whether derived from statute, pre- tween the casing and the rock.
scription, or judicial decisions. 2.
(Century)
A system of signals or of characters
used to represent letters or words, Coffin (Corn.). An old open-mine
or In any way to communicate in- working. In which the ore Is cast up
telligence, as a cipher code, naval from platform to platform. (Stand-
code, telegraphic code. See Tele- ard)
graph. 3. A system of rules and Cog. 1. A rock intrusion. 2. To con-
regulations generally approved and solidate as by hammering or rolling;
formally applied for conduct In par- also to shape by rolling and re-roll-
ticular cases; as, the social code; ing, as in the manufacture of iron.
the code of honor; the mining code. (Webster)
(Standard) 3.See Cogs; Chock; Nog.
C6dlgo (Sp). Code of laws; C. de Cog-and-rung gin. One of the earliest
minaa, mining code; law of mines. appliances for hoisting the coal and
(Halse) water from the mine. It was a
Cod piece (Aust). A wooden fish- windlass fitted with a cogwheel and
plate used for connecting the seg- pinion arrangement, and worked by
ments of a curb in shafts. (Power) a horse in much the same way as
horse-gins are worked. (Gresley)
Coe (Eng.). A small cabin built over
the shaft. (Hunt) Cogedor (Sp.). A collector; a sampler.
(Halse)
Coefficient. In physics, a number com-
monly used in computation as a fac- Cogger (Eng.). One who builds cogs
tor, expressing the amount of some (Gresley). See Cogs.
change or effect under certain con- Cogging; Coggin (So. Staff.). The
ditions as to temperature, length, propping of the roof in longwall
time, volume, etc., as the coefficient stalls. (Gresley). See also Cogs;
of contraction, depression, discharge, Nogs.
displacement, efficiency, efflux, elas-
ticity, expansion, fineness, friction,
CogoUos (Colom.). The superficial
hysteresis, inertia, leakage, mobility, part of an ore deposit; C. de Ian
reduction, refraction, resistance, vetas, an outcrop. (Halse)
rigidity, safety, and velocity. (Web- Cogs. See Nogs; only cogs are not
ster) squared, but simply notched where
Coestead (Eng.). A small building. they cross each other. The Interior
See Coe. (Bainbridge) of a structure of this kind and the
spaces between the timber are usually
Coffee-pot lamp (Aust.). An ordinary
coal miner's open oil lamp, similar
filled with gob. They are called also
Cobs, Corncobs, etc. (Raymond)
in shape to a coffee pot.
Cohesion. That force by which mole-
Coffer; Cofer. 1. (Derb.). To secure cules of the same kind or of the
a shaft from leaking by ramming In
clay behind the masonry or timber-
same body are held together, so that
the body resists being pulled to
ing. 2. (Corn,). See Mortar, 2. 3.
A rectangular plank frame, used In pieces. (Rickard)
timbering levels. (Raymond) Cohetazo (Mex.). A shot with a
4. A floating dock; a caisson. match, squib or detonator inserted.
(Standard) (Halse)
 GLOSSARY OF MINING AND MINERAL INDUSTRY. 169

Cohete (Mex.). A blasting cartridge, Cokey (Joplin, Mo.). A shoveler; a

a rocket; applied to a blast within mucker.
a mine or outside. (C. and M.
M. P.)
Cokey herder (Joplin, Mo.). A fore-
man of a shovel gang.
Coil drag. Atool to pick up pebbles,
Coking coal. The most important of
bits of iron, etc., from the bottom of
the bituminous coals, which burns
a drill hole. (Raymond) with a long yellow flame, giving off
Coin silver (U. S.). The
alloy of more or less smoke, and creates an
silver and copper which
in the intense heat when properly attended.
United States is accepted as the legal It is usually quite soft, and does
standard of fineness for the silver not bear handling well. In the fire
coinage, counting 90 per cent of the it swells, fuses, and finally runs to-
former metal to 10 per cent of the gether in large masses, which are
latter. (Standard) rendered more or less porous by the
evolution of the contained gaseous
Coir. Cocoanut-husk fiber (C. and
hydrocarbons. (Chance)
M. M. P.) Used in certain metal-
lurgical processes. Coking plate. A plate at the door of a
furnace which uses bituminous coal,
Cok (Mex.) Coke. (D wight) on which fresh coal is placed and
Coke. Bituminous coal from which the allowed to coke before being spread
volatile constituents have been on the fire. (Century)
driven off by heat, so that the fixed
carbon and the ash are fused to-
Coking stoker. A mechanical stoker
or device for firing a furnace which
gether. Commonly artificial, but
permits the coal to coke before feed-
natural coke Is also known. (U. S.
ing it to the grate, thus burning
Geol. Surv.)
the fuel with little or no smoke.
Coke coal (No. of Eng.). Carbonized (Century)
or partially burnt coal found on the
sides of dikes (Gresley). See
Col (Fr.). A
paddle or gap across a
ridge or between two peaks also. In ;
also Natural coke.
a valley In which streams fiow both
Coke drawer. A mechanical device for ways from a divide, that part of the
drawing coke from an oven. (Ful- valley at the divide, especially if the
ton, p. 187) valley slopes rather steeply away
from the divide. (La Forge)
Coke Iron. Iron made in a furnace
using coke as a fuel. (Webster) Cola. 1. (Mex.) That part of a vein
which terminates in depth tail-end
Coke oven. An oven used in the of a vein. 2. (Colom.) The lower
;

manufacture of coke. See Beehive end of a placer mine. The lower

oven; also By-product oven. Web-
end of a ground sluice. 3. (Sp.)
ster)
The bottom layer of slag below
Coke-oven tar. Coal tar produced in the charge in a smelting furnace.
by-product coke ovens in the manu- (Halse)
facture of coke from bituminous
coal. (Bacon)
Coladera (Mex.). A coarse screen.
(D wight)
Coke plate. Coke-smelted or puddled-
iron coated with tin (Standard).
Coladero. 1. (Sp.) A winze. 8.
(Colom.) Any chute or pass for ore.
See also Tin plate.
(Halse)
Coke scrubber. An apparatus filled Colander shovel. An open wirework
with coke moistened with oil, used
shovel used for taking salt crystals
to purify street gas, which is forced
from an evaporating brine. (Cen-
through it. (Century)
tury)
Coke tower. A high tower or con- Colas (Sp.). Tailings from a stamp
denser filled with coke, used in the
mill or any wet process. (C. and
manufacture of hydrochloric acid to M. M. P.)
give a large surface for the union
of a falling spray of water with the Cold bed. A platform In a rolling
rising hydrochloric acid gas. (Cen- mill on which cold bars are stored.
tury) (Raymond)
Coke wharf (Aust.). A platform onto CoJd blast. Air forced Into a furnace
which coke is pushed when dis- without being previously heated
charged from an oven. (Power) (Raymond). See Gay ley process.
170 GLOSSARY OF MINING AND MINERAL. INDUSTRY.

Cold chisel. A chisel of tempered steel, Collado (Sp.). A hill. (Min. Jour.)
used in cutting cold metal. (Stand-
ard) Collar. 1. See Cap. 2. The collar of
a shaft is the horizontal timbering
Cold-drawn. Drawn while cold or around the mouth. (Raymond)
without the application of heat, as 3. (No. of Eng.) The mouth of a
cold-drawn steel tubing. (Webster) mine-shaft. (Gresley)
Cold furnace (No. of Eng.). A drift 4. The mouth or opening of a bore
driven into an upcast shaft to con- hole. (Du Pont)
vey the return air into it instead 5. A flat ring surrounding anything
of passing it over the furnace fire. closely. (Steel)
This is done to prevent the ignition 6. (Scot.) A frame to guide pump
of the gas in the return air. (Gres- rods; the fastening of pipes in a
ley) shaft. (Barrowman)
Cold nose. (Western U. S.). A mining Collar crib (No. of Eng.). A strong
expert who underrates the value of polygonal wooden frame fixed In a
mineral properties. (Standard) shaft, upon which the crib or wood
Cold pit (Lelc). A downcast shaft. tubbing is bedded. (Gresley)
Called cold because the fresh or
Collared. Designating a drill hole In
cold air comes down It. (Gresley)
rock when
the hole has gained suffi-
Cold-roll.To roll while cold or with- cient depth to hold the drill from
out the application of heat. (Web- slipping. (Gillette, p. 120)
ster)
Collaring (Eng.). Timber framing for
Cold-short. Brittle when cold; ap- supporting pump trees in a shaft.
plied chiefly to iron and steel (Ray- See also Chogs. (Gresley)
mond). Compare Red-short.
Collar launder (Eng.). The pipe at
Cold-shot. 1. Small round particles of
the top of a lift of pumps for carry-
Iron sometimes found In the chilled ing water to a cistern. (Bain-
part of an iron casting. (Standard) bridge)
2. Chilled by the mold in casting,
or imperfect through such chilling. Collar of shaft (Aust). The first
(Webster) wooden frame round the top of a
shaft (Power). See Collar, 2 and 3.
Cold-stoking. In glass malting, the
operation of lowering the tempera- Collecting rope (Aust). An endless
ture of the oven until the glass at- rope used for bringing skips from
tains the proper consistency for where they are left by the main
blowing. This operation follows haulage system to the bottom of the
that of clearing. (Century) shaft. (Power)
Cold test. Aname given to a test ap- Collier (Eng.). Strictly speaking a
1.
plied to lubricating oils In order to man who mines coal with a pick
ascertain their power of withstand- though commonly applied to anyone
ing low temperatures without solidi- who works In or about a colliery.
fying or depositing paraffin. (Mitza- 2. A
steam or sailing vessel carry-
kis) ing a cargo of coal. (Gresley)
Colemanite. A hydrous borate of cal-
3. A coal merchant or dealer in coal.
(Century)
cium, 2CaO SBsOs 5H2O. The com-
. .

monest source of borax in the United Collier'scoal. A ccjrtain weight of

States. (U. S. Geol. Surv.)
(Mex.). A boss in charge of
Colero
peones. (D wight)
Colgantes (Hex.). Hangers for
pending sets in shafts. (Halse)
Colgar el canalon (Sp. Am.). To pre-
pare the sluice for washing; C. el
mineral, to open a vein by driving
levels; metal colgado, ore in sight;
ore reserves. (Halse)
Colina (Hex.). A small hill. (Dwight)
Colindantes (Mex.). Neighboring min-
ing properties, not more than 100
meters apart. (Dwight)
coal allowed periodically (once in a
month or six weeks) by the owners
to the men employ. ' on the works.
(Gresley)
sus-
Collier's lung. See Anthracosls.
Collier's ton (Eng.). A weight of
often several cwt. in addition to the
standard ton of 2,240 lbs. In former
times as much as 28 c .vt. was reck-
oned as one ion. (Gresley)
Colliery (Eng.). 1. A place where coal
is mined. Including Its machinery
and plant (Gresley). See also Coal
mine.
2. The coal trade. (Scandard)
 )

GLOSSARY OF MINING AND MINERAL INDUSTRY. 171

Colliery bailiff (Derb). The superin- Collom washer (Lake Sup.). A va-
tendent of the colliery. (Min. riety of jig. (Raymond)
Jour.
CoUophanite. A dull, colorless or snow-
Colliery consumption. The amount of white hydroujs calcium phosphate,
fuel consumed in generating steam CaaPaOs+HjO. (Dana)
and for other pui*poses in and about
a colliery. (Gresley) CoUuvial. Consisting of alluvium in
part and also containing angular
Colliery warnings (Eng.). Tele-
fragments of the original rocks.
graphic messages sent from signal-
Contrasted with Alluvial and Di-
service stations to the principal
luvial. (Century). Also, talus and
collierycenters to warn managers
cliff debris; material of avalanches.
of mines when sudden falls of the
(Watson, p. 241)
barometer occur. (C. and M. M. P.)
Collimate. 1. To bring into line, as Cologne earth. An
earthy, peaty mass
the axes of two lenses or of two of lignite, or
partly fossilized
telescopes also to make parallel, as
;
wood, of a deep brown color, occur-
refracted or reflected rays. 2. To ring in an irregular bed of from 30
determine or correct the direction to 50 feet thick, near Cologne.
of the line of sight (of a telescope) (Page)
by use of a collimator, or by vertical
reflection from the surface of a basin
Cololite. In geology, a substance ap-
pearing to be the petrified intestines
of mercury. (Standard)
of fishes or their contents, but more
CoUimation axis. The straight line probably formed of worm casts.
passing through the optical center of Frequently found in the lithographic
the object glass (of a transit) and slates of the OOlIte. (Century)
the horizontal rotation axis perpen-
dicular to the latter. (Webster) Colophonite. A
coarse garnet of the
variety andradite. So called by rea-
CoUimation plane. The plane described son of Its resinous luster and color.
by the collimation axis during the (Dana)
revolution of a transit. (Webster)
Color (Sp.). 1. Color. The shade or
Collimator. A fixed telescope with tint of the earth or rock which indi-
spider-lines in its focus, used to ad-
cates ore. 2. A
particle of metallic
just a second telescope by looking gold found in the prospector's pan
through it in a reverse direction after a sample of earth or crushed
with the latter, so that images of rock has been "panned out." Pros-
the spider-lines are formed in the pectors say, e. g., "The dirt gave
focus of the second telescope, as if
me so many colors to the panful."
they originated in a distant point. (Raymond)
(Standard)
Collision waves. Two waves that are Coloradoite. A
native telluride of mer-
propagated in opposite directions cury, found In Colorado. (Century)
through the burned gases, and orig- Colorados. 1. (Sp.). Ores impreg-
inating let the point where two ex- nated with oxide of Iron, and In a
plosion waves meet. (Mellor, Chemi-
state of decomposition. See also
cal Statistics and Dynamics, p. 491. Gossan. (Raymond)
1909) 2. (Mex.). The region of a mineral
Collodion. A solution of gun-cotton in vein which includes the oxidized
ether and alcohol. It is deposited portion. (Dwight)
as a film on the evaporation of the 3. (Peru and Chile). Oxidized sil-
ether, and is used as a coating for ver ores colored by copper or In
wounds and for photographic plates. which malachite or azurite predomi-
(Standard) nates. (Halse)
Colloid. A
state of matter supposed
Colors (Interference). In optical min-
to represent a degree of subdivision
eralogy, the colors of doubly refract-
into almost molecular dimensions,
ing substances as seen in polarized
dispersed in a solvent Colloidal
light (A. F. Rogers)
particles possess the property of
carrying electric charges, and also of Colote (Mex.). A
special basket used
falling to diffuse through a mem- for handling earth, etc., by cargo-
brane, this being the original dis- dores; is slung on the back, and
tinction between colloids and crys- usually provided with a short tall-
talloids. (RIckard) rope for quick dumping. (Dwight)
172 GLOSSARY OF MINING AND MINERAL INDUSTRY.

Colpa. 1. (Peru) Iron sulphate. 2. Comagmatic. Having certain chemical

(Mex.) A natural mixture of sul- or mineral characters in common
phate and peroxide of iron (Col- and hence regarded as derived from
cothar) in the patio process, and a common parent magma consangu- ;

sometimes used in lieu of magistral. ineous; said of igneous rocks in a

(Halse) district or region, but not necessarily
3. (Peru) An ore containing ga- Including all igneous rocks of the
lena, tethrahedrite and native sil- district. (La Forge)
ver (Dwight). Any mixture of ores
for smelting purposes.
Comagmatic region. An area in which
the igneous rocks of the same gen-
Colpas (Chile). Lump-ore. (Dwight) eral geologic age have certain dis-
tinguishing characters in common
Colrake. A shovel used to stir lead and are regarded as comagmatic; a
ores during washing. (Raymond)
petrographic province. (La Forge)
Columbia group. A series of fluviogla- Comalillo. 1. (Mex.). A damper in a
cial marine and estuarial deposits
furnace-flue. (Dwight)
of sand and gravel, overlying the
Lafayette formation along the At-
2.A double-hearthed reverbera tory
furnace for making magistral.
lantic coast of the United States
(Halse)
south of New York, formed in the
Pleistocene during the final glacial Comanche series. The Lower Cretace-
retreat. ous series of limestones covering
Columbite. A variable columbate and nearly all Mexico, and most of Tex-
tantalate of iron and manganese as. (Standard)
containing preponderant columbium Comb. The place, in a fissure which
and grading into tantalite, in which has been filled by successive deposi-
tantalum preponderates. (U. S. tions of mineral on the walls, where
Geol. Surv.) the two sets of layers thus deposite<l
Columbium. Ametallic element of approach most nearly or meet, clos-
steel-grjiy color and brilliant luster. ing the fissure and exhibiting either
Tantalum, which it closely resem- a drusy central cavity, or an inter-
bles chomically, is usually asso- locking of crystals. (Raymond)
ciated with it. Symbol, Cb atomic ;
Combed veins. See Banded veins;
weight, 93.1. Specific gravity, 7.06 also Comb.
to 8.4. (Webster)
Combination gas. Natural gas rich in
Column. 1. The rising main or length
oil vapors. Wet gas. Also called
of pipe conveying the water from Casing-head gas.
the mine to the surface. 2. See Mo-
tive column. 3. A solid core cut Combination longwall. See Longwall
from a bore-hole. (Gresley) method.
4. A kind of supporting pillar. Combination of subslicing and stoping.
(Webster) See Sublevel stoping.
6. The water above the valve in a
set of pumps. (Greenwell) Combination shot. A blast made by
dynamite and perraissibles or per-
Columna (Mex.). A standard for a
missible explosives and blasting
cable-tramway column ; vertical
;
powder in the same hole. It is bad
damper. (Dwight) practice and in many States is pro-
Columnar structure. 1. A mineralogl- hibited by law. (Du Pont)
cal structure made up of slender
Combination stoping. See Oombined
columns, as in some amphibole.
and underhand stoping.
2. A structure common in dikes,
sills, and lava sheets, consisting of Combined carbon. That portion of the
parallel, more or less regular, pris- carbon in iron or steel which is not
matic columns, generally transverse visible as graphite, and is supposed
to the rock mass. (La Forge) to be alloyed or chemically combined
Column pipe. The large cast-iron (or with the iron. (Raymond)
wooden) pipe through which the Combined overhand and underhand
water is conveyed from the mine stoping. This term signifies the
pumps to the surface (Chance). A workings of a block simultaneously
mounting pipe ; a rising main. from the bottom to its top and from
C©lumns-of-ore. Deposits of ore in the top to the bottom. The modifi-
lodes having a small lateral, but cations are distinguished by the sup-
considerable vertical extent (Dur- —
port used open stopes, stull-sup-
yee). An ore-shoot ported stopes or pillar-supported
 GLOSSARY OF MINING AND MINERAL INDUSTRY.
•stopes (Young). Also known as
Combined stopes, Combination stop-
ing, Overhand stoping and milling
system, and Back and underhand
stoping milling sys^iem.
Combined shrinkage stoping and block
caving. Also called Overhand stop-
ing with shrinkage and simultaneous
caving. In this method the ore-
body is worked from the top down
in successive layers of much greater
thickness than in top slicing. The
mass of ore is weakened by a series
of shrinkage stopes, which are ex-
tended up between the ribs, pillars,
or blocks, which are subsequently
caved. The intervening blocks are
undercut and caved as in block cav-
ing. The cover follows the caved
ore. (Young)
Combined side and longwall stoping.
Sec Overhand stoping.
Combined stopes. See Combined and
underhand stoping.
Combined top slicing and shrinkage
stoping. In this method the orebody
is worked from the top down in suc-
cessive slices. In the w^orking of
ench slice the unit is worked as a
shrinkage stope. The broken ore
serves to give lateral support to the
sides of the unit and also serves as a
working platform from which the
back is reached. After working a
unit the cover is caved. No timber
mat is used. (Young.) Also known
MS the Kimberly method.
Combining weight. That proportional
weight, referred to some standard,
and for each element fixed and
exact, by which an element unites
with another to form a distinct
compound. The combining weights
are either identical with, or are some
multiples or submultiples of, the
atomic weight. (Webster)
Combo (Peru). A sledge for breaking
ore. (Halse)
Combustible. Capable of undergoing
combustion; inflammable. (Web-
ster)
Combustible shale. A synonym for
Tasmanite.
Combustion. The action of fire on In-
flammable materials; the act or
process of burning. Chemically con-
sidered, it is a process of rapid oxi-
dation caused by the union of the
oxygen of the air, which is the sup-
porter of combustion, with any ma-
terial that is capable of oxidation.
(Centui-y)
173
Combustion chamber. A space over or
in front of furnace where the gases
from the fire become more thor-
oughly mixed and burnt. (Web-
ster)
Combustion furnace. A long, narrow,
portable furnace used in the combus-
tion method. (Webster)
Combustion method. A method for the
quantitative determination of car-
bon, hydrogen, etc., by combustion
of the substance with air, oxygen, or
some solid oxidizing material as
copper oxide, and absorption or col-
lection of gaseous products. It is
extensively used for the analysis of
organic compounds, and also for the
determination of carbon in iron and
steel. (Webster)
Combustion tube. A tube capable of
standing considerable heat, used in
the combustion method. (Webster)
Come-along. A gripping device as for
stretching wire, consisting of tv/o
jaws so attached to a ring that they
are closed by putting on the ring.
(Webster)
Comendite. A variety of rhyolite, con-
taining phenocrysts of sanidine,
quartz, and aegirite, in a granophy-
ric and spherulitic groundmass con-
taining hornblende and some blue
soda-amphibole, together with zir-
con, magnetite, titanite, tridymite,
and plagloclase. The name was
given by Ber tolls, an Italian geolo-
gist, from a locality on the island of
San Pietro, Sardinia. Compare Pal-
sonite. (Kemp)
Ccmer (Mex.). To eat; C. AlcvantCy
to break or stope ore; Coiner los
pilares, to take out the last vestiges
of mineral from sides and pillars
of a mine; to rob pillars. (D wight)
Comerse los pilares (Sp.). The same
as coiner los pilares, figuratively, to
abandon a mine. (Min. Jour.)
Comet (Wales). A hand lamp with
a long, torchlike flame. (Gresley)
Come water. The constant or regular
flow of water in a mine proceeding
from old workings or from water-
bearing rocks. (Gresley)
Comillo (Sp.). A reverberatory fur-
nace. (Min. Jour.)
Coming up to grass; Coming up to day.
(Eng.). A common term used by
miners for the word basset, or out-
crop. (Gresley)
 )

174 GLOSSARY OF MINING AND MINERAL INDUSTRY.

Comminute. To reduce to minute par- Compartimiento (Sp.). Compartment

ticles,or to a fine powder to pul- ; of a shaft; C. de aire, a brattice
verize; triturate. (Webster) (Halse). An air passage.
Common iron. The poorest quality of Compartment. A
separate division or
commercial iron. (Standard) section of anything (Webster).
Communication road (Scot.). An Mining shafts usually are divided
underground road between two coal into two or more compartments or
mine shafts. (Barrowman) sections, separated by framed tim-
bers and planking.
Commutator. 1. A device for reversing
the direction of an electric current, Compass. 1. An instrument for de-
as through the primary circuit of an termining directions, usually by the
induction coil. 2. An attachment pointing of a magnetic needle free
for the armature of a dynamo for to turn in a horizontal plane, as, for
commutating or rectifying the in- example, the ordinary surveyors
duced currents in the armature con- compass though sometimes having
ductors. (Webster) a clinometer attached. Also, a dip-
compass, for tracing magnetic iron
Commuting transformer. A trans-
ore, having a needle hung to move
former resembling a dynamo but
with a revolving commutator, the in a vertical plane. (Raymond)
other parts being stationary (Web- 2. An instrument for describing cir-

ster) cles, transferring measurements, etc.

(Webster)
Como beds. In geology, a thin series
of beds extending from Wyoming Competent. In geology;
1. Combining
along the east base of the Rocky sufficient firmnessand flexibility to
Mountains into Colorado, containing transmit pressure, and by flexure
a rich land fauna of mammals and under thrust, to lift a superincum-
reptiles. They are referred either bent load said of strata or of rock
:

to the Upper Jurassic or Lower Cre- structure. 2. Able to transport d6-

taceous. ( Standard bris of a given size: said of water
streams. (Standard)
Compact. Closely or firmly united or
packed; solid; dense; as a compact Complementary forms. In crystallog-
texture In rocks. (Webster) raphy, two forms which, combined
Company. 1. (Eng.) A number of geometrically, produce a form with
butty colliers, or partners who work higher symmetry. (A. F. Rogers)
in a stall or room. (Gresley) Complementary rocks. A term sug-
2. An association of persons for a
gested by W. C. Brogger for the
joint purpose, especially for carry-
basic rocks, which, usually in the
ing on a commercial or industrial
form of dikes, accompany larger in-
enterprise. (Webster) trusions of more acidic types, and
Ctwnpany man. A man who works for "complement" them in a chemical
the company by the hour or by the sense. • Compare Lamprophyre, Oxy-
day, such as track layers, timber- phyre, and Radial dikes. (Kemp)
men, drivers, and cagers, as distin- The diverse differentiation prod-
guished from miners who work un- ucts of one common magma. (Stand-
der contract, as by the ton, yard, ard)
etc. He also brushes down the
walls and roof when apparently dan- Complex. In mineralogy, containing
gerous; loads the loose rock and many Ingredients compound or com-
;

debris into cars and pushes them out posite. Some geologists use the
to the haulage way. (Spring Valley word as a noun to indicate a com-
Coal Co. V. Ghiaventone, 214 Illinois, plex set of rocks folded together, or
p. 314 Tygett v. Sunny side Coal Co.,
;
intricately mixed. Involved, compli-
140 Illinois App., p. 79 Hammett v. ;
cated, or enlarged. (Roy. Com.)
Victoria American Fuel Co., 236 Fed-
eral, p. 527 Paietta v. Illinois Zinc
Complex fold. A
fold which is cross
folded, that is, one of which the
;

Co., 257 Illinois, p. 14)

axial line is folded. (Leith, p. 105)
Company store. A store, selling grocer-
and general merchandise, owned
ies Complex steel. An alloy steel con-
and run by an industrial company taining more than two alloying ele-
(Webster). This type of store is ments, such as high-speed tool steel
common in mining and lumber (Hibbard). It contains more ele-
camps. ments than quaternary steel.
 GLOSSARY OF MINING AND MINERAL INDUSTRY. 175

Componer con madera (Mex.). To Compound ventilation (No. of Eng.)

timber a mine. (Dwight) The system of dividing or splitting
the air, and of ventilating the work-
Composite. Made up of separate parts ings of a coal mine by giving to each
or elements; combined or com- district or panel a separate quan-
pounded; not simple. (Standard) tity of fresh air, and conveying the
return air to a main air course
Composite dike. A dike formed by two direct from each panel. (Gresley)
intrusions of different ages into the
same fissure. (Kemp) Compresora de aire (sp.). An air com-
Composition. 1. An aggregate, mix-
pressor. (Lucas)
ture, mass, or body formed by com- Compressed. Pressed together; com-
bining two or more substances ; a pact; reduced in volume by pres-
composite substance. (Webster) sure. (Webster)
2. The chemical constitution of a
rock or mineral. (Power) Compression. 1. In steam practice,
the action of the piston in compress-
Composition face. In contact twin ing the steam remaining in the
crystals, the face of actual contact. cylinder, after the closure of ex-
It may or may not be the twinning haust valves, into the clearance-
plane. (Standard) space. (Ihlseng)
2. Also the point in the cycle of
Composition metal. A yellow alloy of operations, at which compression
copper, zinc, used for sheathing
etc.,
occurs; the period during which
vessels. (Standard)
compression occurs. (Webster)
Composition plane. The plane by
which the two individuals of a con-
Compression efficiency. The ratio of
the work required to compress Iso-
tact twin crystal are united in their
thermally all the air delivered by
reverse positions (Dana). Also
an air compressor to the work ac-
called Composition face.
tually done within the compressor
Compound. 1. A distinct substance cylinder, as shown by indicator
formed by the union of two or more cards, and may be expressed as the
ingredients in definite proportions by product of the volumetric efficiency
weight. (Webster) (the intake pressure and the hy-
2. A lubricant applied to the inside perbolic logarithm of the ratio of
and outside of ropes, preventing '.'or- compression), all divided by the In-
rosion and lessening abrasion of the dicated mean effective pressure with-
rope when in contact with hard sur- in the air cylinder or cylinders.
faces. (C. M. P.) (A. I. M. E., Bull. 140, p. Ivii)
3. The walled or fenced inclosure
of a European residence or factory
Compressor. See Air compressor.
in India, China, or the Malayan set- Ccmpromiso (Sp.). A private engage-
tlements; also, a similar inclosure ment or undertaking; also a joint-
containing a group of native houses stock undertaking. (Min. Jour.)
(Standard). A term also used in
Transvaal for the living quarters of Compuerta (Mex.). A sluice gate.
the Kaffir miners. (Dwight)
Compound cradle. An
apparatus com- Com6n (Peru). Average ore. (Halse)
posed of three of blanket
tiers
Concentrador; Concentradora (Sp.). A
tables, a shaking table and a quick-
buddle; an ore concentrator.
silver riffle for catching gold.
(Lucas)
(Duryee)
Concentrados (Mex.). Concentrates.
Compound twins. In crystallography, (Dwight)
individuals of one group united ac-
cording to two or more different Concentrar metal (Mex.) To con-
laws. (Standard) centrate ore. (Dwight)
Compound vein. 1. A
vein or lode con- Concentrate. 1. To increase the
sisting of a number of parallel fis- strength by diminishing the bulk as
sures united by cross fissures, of a liquid or an ore; to Intensify
usually diagonally. (Shamel, p. or purify by getting rid of useless
189) material (Webster). To separate
2. A vein composed of several metal or ore from the gangue or as*
minerals. (Power) Bociated rock. (Murray's Diet)

176 GLOSSAKY OF MINING AND MINERAL INDUSTRY.
2. That which has been reduced to
tistate of purity or concentration by
the removal of foreign, nonessential,
or diluting matter (Century).
product of a process of concentra-
tion, as in chemistry or metallurgy
(Standard). The product of con-
centration (in mining). Used In
plural form as "arrangements for
treating the concentrates were com-
plete" (Murray). Concentrates are
called "ore" at Joplin, Mo.
"mineral" at Michigan copper mines,
and "tailings" at Black Hawk,
Colorado.
Concentrating plant. See
trator.
Concentration. 1. The removal by me-
chanical means of the lighter and
less valuable portions of ore. (Ray-
mond). See Ore dressing.
2- The act of increasing the strength
of solutions by evaporating part of
their water.
Concentration table. A table on which
a stream of finely crushed ore and
water flows downward and the
heavier metallic minerals lag behind
and flow off in a separate compart-
ment. (Weed)
Concentrator. An apparatus in which,
by the aid of water or air and spe-
cific gravity, mechanical concentra-
tion of ores is performed (Ray-
mond). Also applied to the entire
plant containing the various con-
centrating devices, or machinery. A
concentration plant.
Concentric. That which has a
center with something else.
ster)
Conchoidal. Shell-shaped. The more
compact rocks such as flint, argil-
lite, felsite, etc., break with concave
and convex surfaces and are there-
fore said to have a conchoidal frac-
ture. (Roy. Com.)
Concordant injection. An
mass injected along bedding planes.
(Daly, p. 63)
Concrecion (Mex.). Concretion.
(Dwigh-)
Concrete. A
mixture of sand, gravel,
pebbles, or stone chippings, with ce-
ment or with tar, etc., used for side-
walks, roadways, floors, foundations,
etc. (Webster)
Concretion. A spheroidal or discoldal
aggregate formed by the segregation
and precipitation of some soluble
mineral like quartz or calcite around
a nucleus, which Is often a fossil.
(Kemp)
;
Concretionary. Tending to grow to-
gether. Particles of like chemical
composition, when free to move,
A come together and form nodules of
various sizes and shapes which are
called concretions. Clay and iron-
stone nodules, balls of iron pyrite,
turtle-stones, etc., are good exam-
ples. Some greenstones exhibit con-
cretionary structure. (Roy. Com.)
Concussion table. See Percussion table.
Condenser. A
vessel or chamber in
which volatile products of roasting
or smelting (e. g., mercury or zinc
Concen- vapors) are reduced to solid form by
cooling, or in which the fumes of
furnaces, containing mechanically
suspended as well as volatile me-
tallic matters, are arrested. (Ray-
mond). The function
of the con-
denser isoften performed by the
introduction of cold water, or as in
distillation, by placing the condenser
in another vessel through which a
current of cold water passes. Con-
densers of special form are largely
used in those oil fields where salt
water is employed for the genera-
tion of steam. (Mitzakis)
Condensing lens. A lens for producing
convergent light. (Luquer, p. 9)
Conduct (Aust.). See Cundy, 2.
Conductor. 1. A substance capable of
readily transmitting electricity, heat
or the like. 2. A person who con-
ducts or leads; a guide. (Webster)
3. See Guides, 1.
common 4. A wooden cylinder 12 to 13 ft.
(Web- long used in America when sinking
a new oil well. The conductor,
which has a slightly greater diame-
ter than that of the first string of
casing, is inserted in the drill hole,
and extends from the bottom of the
first casing to the floor of the der-
rick. The object of the conductor is
to guide the casing, great care being
Igneous
taken to secure its absolute ver-
tically in the first place. (Mitzakis)
Conducta. 1. (Sp.) A convoy for the
safe transportation of bullion or
coin overland. (Hanks)
2. (Mex.) A bullion train. The
bullion carried. (Dwight)
Conduction. Transmission through, or
by means of a conductor. Distin-
guished, in the case of heat, from
convection and radiation. (Webster)
Conductivity. Quality or power of
conducting or of receiving and trans-
mitting, as of heat, electricity.
(Webster)
 GLOSSARY OF MINING AND MINERAL. INDUSTRY.
Conduit. 1. An artificial cliannel, as
a canal, aqueduct or pipe for con-
veying water or fluid. 2. A tube or
trough for receiving and protecting
electric wires, as telephones, etc.
(Webster)
Conduit hole. A flat or nearly hori-
zontal hole drilled for blasting up
a thin piece in the bottom of a level.
(C. and M. M. P.)
Conduit pipe. Wrought-iron pipe used
as armor for electric wires (Nat.
Tube Co.). A tubular conduit.
Cone-ln-cone. 1. A curious structure,
occasionally found in clay rocks,
whereby two opposing and interlock-
ing sets of cones or pyramids are
developed, with their axes parallel
and their bases in approximately
parallel surfaces. (Kemp)
2. Coal exhibiting a peculiar fibrous
structure passing Into a singular
toothed arrangement of the particles
is called Cone-ln-cone coal, or cry-
stallized coal. (Gresley)
Confining bed. A water-tight bed
above or below a stratum containing
artesian water. (Lowe)
Confluence. A junction or flowing to-
gether of streams: the place where
streams meet. (Standard)
Confluent. 1. A stream that unites
with another; a fork or branch of
a river especially applied to streams
:
nearly equal In size, and distin-
guished from affluent. 2. Flowing
together so as to form one stream.
(Standard)
Conform ability; Conformity. The mu-
tual relation of conformable beds.
(La Forge)
Conformable. When beds or strata lie
upon one another in unbroken and
parallel order, and this arrangement
shows that no disturbance or denu-
dation has taken place at the local-
ity while their deposition was going
on, they are said to be conformable.
But if one set of beds rests upon
the eroded or the upturned edges
of another, showing a change of con-
ditions or a break between the for-
mations of the two sets of rocks,
they are said to be unconformable.
(Roy. Com.)
Congenial. A term applied to rocks In
which lodes become ore bearing.
(Duryee)
Conglomerado (Mex.). Conglomerate.
(D wight)
75242*—19 12
177
Conglomerate. An aggreg.Tte of round-
ed and water-worn pebbles and bowl«
ders cemented together into a co-
herent rock (Kemp, p. 88). De-
posited by streams or waves, gen-
erally with some sorting and strati-
fication. Compare Breccia.
Congo. 1. (Colom.) Fragments of
iron-ore, which accompany gold In
placers; a coarse black sand, 2.
Iron oxide in ore veins. (Halse)
Congruent forms. In crystallography
two forms which may each be de-
rived from the other by rotation
about an axis of symmetry. (A. F.
Rogers)
Coniagas. The name
of a mine In the
Cobalt Ontario.
district, It is de-
rived from the respective chemical
symbols, Co, Nl, Ag, and As.
Conical drum. The drum of a wind-
ing engine, constructed in the form
of two truncated cones placed base
to base, the outer ends being usually
the smaller in diameter. It may
also be a single cone.
Conical refraction. The refraction of
a ray of light at certain points of
double-refracting crystals, so that on
emerging from the crystal it widens
from an apex Jnto a hollow cone
(external conical refraction), or on
entering diverges into a cone and Is-
sues as a hollow cylinder {internal
conical refractiot^) (Standard)
.
Conichalcite. A
pistachio-green to
emerald-green hydrous calcium-cop-
per arsenate, perhaps (Cu,Ca)sAs«-
08.(Cu,Ca) (OEDj+^H-O, occurring
reniform and massive, resembling
malachite, (Dana)
Conkling magnetic separator. A con-
veying belt which passes under
magnets, below which belts run nt
right angles to the line of travel
of the main belt. The magnetic
particles are lifted up against these
cross belts and are thus removed,
(Llddell)
Connarite. A hydrous nickel silicate
perhaps, H4Nl2Si80io found In fragile
;
grains having a yellowish or green
color. (Dana)
Connate water. Water which was de-
posited simultaneously wltn the
deposition of solid sediments, and
which has not gince Its deposition
existed as surface water or atmos-
Dheric moisture. (Meiozer)
178 GLOSSARY OF MINING AND MINERAL INDUSTRY.
Connecting. The operation of joining
adjacent electric blasting cap wires
to each other, to connecting and
leading wires, in such a way that
an electric current will flow through
with the least possible resistance.
(Du Pont)
Connecting rod (Eng.). A rod con-
necting a crank pin with a beam,
crosshead, piston rod, or piston as
in a steam engine. (Webster)
Connecting wire. A wire of smaller
gauge than the leading wire used
for connecting the electric blasting-
cap wires from one bore hole to
those of an adjoining one. (Du
Pont)
Conoscope. A form of pol^rlscope used
for examining crystals in convergent
polarized light. (Webster)
Consanguinity. The genetic relation-
ship of those igneous rocks which
are presumably derived from a com-
mon parent magma. (Kemp)
Consequent. 1. Pertaining to or char-
acterizing the earth movements
which result from the external
transfer of material in the process
of gradation; contrast with Ante-
cedent. (Standard)
2. Having a course ordirection de-
pendent on, or controlled by, the
geologic structure or by the form
and slope of the surface: said
chiefly of streams and drainage.
(La Forge)
Consertal. An arrangement in which
irregularly shaped crystals in juxta-
position are closely fitted together,
or conserted. (Iddings, p. 223)
Conservation. A conserving, preserv-
ing, guarding, or protecting; a keep-
ing in a safe or entire state; pre-
servation, as of mineral resources.
Conservation of energy. One of the
fundamental laws that whenever a
change in mode of manifestation of
energy takes place, the total amount
of energy remains a constant.
(Llddell)
Consey (Scot.). An underground
branch road In stoop-and-room
workings. (Gresley)
Consideration. 1. A recompense as for
service; a fee or compensation. 2.
An act or process of considering;
continuous and careful thought;
examination; deliberation. (Web-
ster)
3. (Aust.). An extra payment given
to men working under unfavorable
conditions, e. g., in a wet place.
< Power)
Consistency. 1. The degree t solidity <
or fluidity of bituminous materials.
(Bacon)
2. Condition of standing or adher-
ing together; existence, firmness,
solidity. (Webster)
Constantan. An alloy of equal parts
of nickel and copper used chiefly
:
in electrical instruments on account
of its constant resistance. (Stand-
ard)
Construction account. An account in
mining finance to which all con-
struction expenses are charged.
Many of the Lake Superior copper
mines summarize their finances so
that the cost of operation Is divided
Into two classes, one being for gen-
eral working expenses and the other
for construction, sometimes classed
as capital account. It includes new
buildings and machinery on surface
and frequently new mine openin:?s.
(Weed)
Constructional. In geology, owing its
form, position, direction, or gen-
eral character to building-up proc-
esses, such as accumulation by
deposition or by volcanic extrusion.
(La Forge)
Construction way. A temporary way
or road employed for the transporta-
tion of the materials used in the
construction of a railroad. (Cen-
tury)
Consume. To use up; expend; waste;
as In the chemical and mechanical
loss of mercury in amalgamation.
Consumido (Mex.). The mercury con-
sumed and lost in an amalgama-
tion process. (Dwight)
Contact. 1. The place or surface
where two different kinds of rocks
come together. Although used for
sedimentary rocks, as the contact
between a limestone and sandstone,
It Is yet more especially employed
as between ingeous Intrusions and
their walls. The word Is of wide use
in western mining regions on ac-
count of the frequent occurrence of
ore bodies along contacts. (Kemp)
Afr.) A lode
2. (So. of great
length and between two kinds of
rocks, one of which Is generally an
igneous Intrusive. (Skinner)
Contact bed. In geology, a bed lying
next to (in contact with) a forma-
tion of different character. (Cen-
tury)
 GLOSSARY OF MINING AND MINERAL INDUSTRY. 179

Contact deposit. A mineral deposit Contador. 1. (Sp.) An accountant;

found betweentwo unlilie rocks, auditor; clerk. 2. A mechanical
usually applied to an ore body at the counter or indicator a meter for
;

contact between a sedimentary rock measuring water, gas, or electricity.

and an igneous rock (Weed). A
contact lode or vein.
Contact goniometer. A cardboard or
metal protractor for the measuring
of crystal angles.
Contact lode. See Contact, 2; Con-
tact deposit; Contact vein.
Contact metamorphism. A general
term applied to the changes which
take place along a contact (of an in-
truded igneous rock and the enclos-
ing rocks into which it has been
thrust) such as recrystallization of
limestone, or the formation of the
typical silicate minerals (Farrell).
Metamorphism produced by the heat
of an igneous intrusion. Also called
Thermometamorphism, or
metamorphism.
Contact minerals. Minerals formed by
contact metamorphism. (A. F.
Rogers)
Contacto (Mex.). Contact. (Dwight)
(Halse)
Contaminate. To make impure by
contact or admixture, as by a sub-
stance that performs the function, in
an ore-pulp, along with oil, of pro-
moting the emulsification or the de-
emulsification of the oil, and there-
by exerts an influence upon the
making of froth for the flotation of
minerals. (Rickard)
Contemporaneous. Existing together
or at the same time. (Webster)
Content. That which is contained;
the thing or things held by a re-
ceptacle or included within speci-
fied limits (Webster). Often used
in mining, as ore-content, mineral-
content, copper-content, etc.
Local
Contiguous. In actual contact; also
near, though not in actual contact.
(Webster)
Continental basin. A region in the in-
terior of a continent comprising one
or several closed basins. (Webster)

Contact process. A
process for the Continental deposits. Sedimentary
manufacture of sulphuric acid, based deposits laid down within a
general
on the catalytic action of finely di- land area and deposited in lakes or
vided platinum. It is conducted by streams or by the wind, as con-
passing the well-dried and purified trasted with marine deposits, laid
burner gases through the contact ap- down in the sea. (Ransome)
paratus, at a temperature of 350° C. Continental glacier. A type of glacier
and absorbing the sulphur trioxide, covering an entire continent, or a
formed by the direct union of sul- large portion of it; an ice sheet, as
phur dioxide and oxygen, in water. the ice cap of Greenland. (Stand-
(Webster) ard)
Contact twin. The simplest type of Continental plateau. A broad pro-
twin, inwhich two portions of a crys- tuberance of the surface of the litho-
tal appear to have been united along sphere, coinciding approximately
a common plane after one portion with a continent, but including also
has been rotated 180*^ relative to a continental shelf. Contrasted
the other. The plane of contact with Ocean basin. (Webster)
(plane of union or the composition,
face) may or may not be the twin-
Continental process. Same as the
ning plane (Butter). See also Jux-
German process.
taposition twin. Continental shelf. A submarine plain
of variable width forming a border
Contact vein. A variety of fissure to nearly every continent, as the sub-
vein, between different kinds of rock marine part of a continental plateau.
occupying a typical fracture from
faulting, or it may be a replace- Continuous charge. A
charge of ex-
ment vein formed by mineralized plosive that occupies the entire
solutions percolating along the sur- drill hole except for the space at
face of the contact where the rock is the top required for stemming.
usually more permeable and there (Bowles)
replacing one or both of the walls Continuous coal cutter. A coal min-
by metasomatic process (Shamel, ing machine of the type that cuts
p. H3). Aiso called Contact de- the face of the coal without being
posit withdrawn from the cut (Steel)
 ;
;

180 GLOSSARY OF MINING AND MINERAL. INDUSTRY.

Continuous kiln. 1. See Running kiln. which may account foi the sub-
Also called Draw kiln. 2. A kiln sidence of certain areas. The whole
in which the waste heat from the globe of the earth has shrunk by
hot brick chambers is used to heat cooling. (Roy. Com.)
the wares in other compartments
still to be burned. (RIes) Contraction vein. A vein formed by
the filling of a space caused by con-
Continuous process of distillation. A traction due to the drying or cool-
petroleum distillation process in ing of the surrounding rock.
which the crude oil flows slowly by (Power)
gravitation through a series of stills
or retorts each placed slightly lower Contrafuerte (Sp. Am.) Part of a
than the preceding one. Each still lode left intact (Lucas)
has a carefully maintained tempera-
ture, and yields, therefore, continu- Contraguia (Mex.). A movable guide
ously a product of given volatility. pulley over shaft. (Dwight)
(Mitzakis) Contra-lode. See Cross course.
Contorted. Bent or twisted together.
Used where strata are very much Contranatural (Hex.). A vein having
folded or crumpled on a consider- a contrary dip to other veins of the
able scale. If on a small scale they same system. (Halse)
are said to be corrugated. (Roy. Contrata (Sp.). A deed, contract, or
Com.)
agreement. (Halse)
Contortion. The folding, and bending
to which rock strata have been sub- Contra tanque (Mex.). A second set-
jected. (Oldham) tling tank. (Halse)

Contour. 1. The outline of a figure Contratiro (Mex.). An auxiliary

or body; periphery. 2. The outline shaft to serve as a footway, or for
of the surface of the ground with ventilation. (Halse)
respect to its undulation (Webster).
3. An imaginary line on the surface
Contratista (Mex.). A contractor.
(Dwight)
of the ground, every point of which
is at the same altitude. (La Forge) Contrato Mex. )
( A pact or agreement
.

between parties to perform some

Contour interval. The difference in act; a contract. (Dwight)
elevation between consecutive con-
tour lines. (Webster) Control assay. An assay made by an
umpire to determine the basis on
Contour line. See Contour, 3.
which a purchaser shall pay the
Contour map. A map showing the seller for ore. See also Umpire. 2.
configuration of the surface by
means of contour lines drawn at
Convection. A process of transmis-
sion, as of heat, by means of cur-
regular intervals of elevation as one
rents in liquids or gases, resulting
for every twenty feet, a crowding
of the contour lines indicating steep-
from changes of temperature or
other causes. (Webster)
ness. (Webster)
Contour race. A water-course follow- Convenio (Sp.). A legal agreement.
ing the contour of the country.
(Min. Jour.)
(Lock) Convergent light. Light tending to
one point or focus. (Webster)
Contra (Sp.). The person who car-
ries away the material dumped at Converse lock joint. A joint, for
the mouth of a shaft; C. canon, wrought pipe, that is made up with
drift in country rock, parallel with a cast-iron hub. (Nat. Tube Co.)
drift on vein C. cielo, top of a drift
1. An electric transformer
;
Converter.
a raise C. mina, countermine ; a
(Standard). 2. A vessel in which
;

communication between mines, or a are

metals or other materials
tunnel communicating with a shaft
changed or converted from one
C. pozo, a raise; C. sena, bell-signal.
shape or condition to another.
(Dwighl). C. tiro, an auxiliary
Specifically an oval-shaped vessel or
shaft contiguous to a main shaft,
retort, hung on an axis, made of
to serve as a footway, or for ven-
iron and lined with some refractory
tilation. (Min. Jour.)
material, in wliich molten pig-iron
Contraction. Shrinking, Rocks in is converted by the Bessemer process
passing from a vitreous to a crys- into steel (Century). Also used
talline texture shrink considerably, in converting copper matte.
 ) )) ; )

GLOSSARY OF MINING AND MINERAL INDUSTRY. 181

nonTcrting. See Bessemer process. Copalillo (Mex.). Zincblende.

The process was applied to the (Dwight)
metallurgy of copper by Pierre Man- Copaline. Same as Copalite.
h6s. Air is blown through molten
copper matte in the i)resence of Copalite. An oxygenated hydrocarbon
free silica. The iron Is oxidized to resembling copal, from the blue clay
FeO which forms a slag with the of Highgate, near London, England.
sflica the sulphur is oxidized and
; (Dana)
goes off as SO,. (Liddell) Cope. 1. (Derb.) To contract to mine
Converting coal (Mid.). A local name lead ore by the dish, load, or other
given to coal suitable for steel-mak- measure. 2. The upper part of a
ing purposes at Sheffield. (Gresley) flask, separable from the lower part.
See also Drag, 3. (Raymond)
Conveyer; Conveyor. 1. One who or
that which conveys, transports, or
3. An exchange of working places
between miners, sometimes spelled
transfers specifically, any mechan-
;
Coup. (C. and M. M. P.)
ical contrivance for conveying ma-
terial in the working of mills, ele-
4. (Derb.). A duty or royalty paid
vators, etc., such as endless chains,
to the lord or owner of a mine.
( Hooson
etc. ( Standard
Convoy (Eng.). A wooden brake for-
Copela. (Sp.) 1. cupel. A 2. The test
of a cupelling furnace. (Halse)
merly aplied to one of the wheels of
a coal wagon. (G. C. Greenwell) Copelar (Sp.). To assay by cupella-
tion, (Halse)
Convulsion. A sudden and violent dis-
turbance of the order of the rocks Copelilla (Mex.). Lead carbonate.
a terrestrial catastrophe cataclysm. ; (Dwight)
(Standard)
Copella (Sp.). T>ry amalgam remain-
Cooler arch. An
opening of truncated- ing in the bag after draining.
cone shape in tuyere breast of fur- (Egleston)
nace. The tuytire cooler is placed in
Coper (Derb.). One who contracts to
it. (Willcox)
mine lead ore at a fixed rate (Ray-
Cooling. Applied to minerals having mond). A Derbyshire miner.
the taste of saltpeter. (Dana)
Copi. Gypsum, generally weathered.
Cooling floor. A floor upon which hot (Power)
ore is placed lor the purpose of cool-
ing. ( Rickard
Copiapite. A basic ferric sulphate,
perhaps 2Fe208.5S08.18H20 (Dana).
Cooling tower. A device for cooling Also called Yellow copperas, and
the water used in a steam condenser Misy.
or refrigerating plant. (Century)
Coping. 1. The top or cover of a wall
Coom (Scot.). 1. Wooden centering usually made sloping to shed water.
for an arch hence the roof of a
; (Century)
mine or roadway is said to be 2. In marble works the process of
coomed when it is arch-shaped. trimming the edges of slabs of
2. Soot; the dust of coal. (Barrow- stone (Bowles). See also Coping
man) machine.
Coor (Eng.). A period of six or eight Coping machine. A machine, consist-
hours' work by miners, making four ing of a gearing and a carborundum
or three periods to the day of wheel for cutting and trimming
twenty -four hours. See Core, 1. marble slabs, as for base boards,
(Bainbridge). A Shift. tile, etc. (Bowles)

Coorongite. A South Australian Copos (or Pasillas) (Sp.). In amal-

elaterite, or mineral caoutchouc. gamation, little globules into which
( Bacon the quicksilver forms, when the
process is too quick. (Min. Jour.)
Coose. See Coarse lode.
Copado» (Mex.). Blacksmith's fuller.
Coppel. Same as cupel. (Standard)
(Dwight) Copper. A common metal of reddish
color, ductile, malleable, and very
Copajira (Bol.), Acid water in mines.
tenacious. One of the best conduc-
(Halse)
tors of heat and electricity. Sym-
Copal. An oxygenated hydrocarbon; bol, Cu atomic weight 63.57. Spe-
;

a tQssil resiiL (Dana) cific gravity, 8,93. (Webster)

 ) )

182 GLOSSAKY OF MINING A.ND MINERAL INDUSTRY.

Copperas. Ferrous sulphate. Also Copper slate. Slate impregnated with

called Green vitriol. copper minerals. (Duryee)
Copperaslne. A sulphate of iron and Copper smoke. The gases from the
copper resulting from the decompo- calcination of sulphide copper ore
sition of chalcopyrite. (Standard) (Raymond). Sulphur dioxide is an
important constituent.
Copperas stone. A synonym for Pyrite,
from which copperas Is often made.
Copper sulphate. See Chalcanthite.
(Chester) Copper uranite. See Uranite; Torber-
Copper barrilla (Bol.). Native copper nite.
in granular form mixed with sand. Copper vitriol. See Chalcanthite.
See Coro-Coro, also Barrilla. Coprolite. A piece of petrified dung;
Copper bath. A solution of copper salt, a fossil excrement. Such remains
as the sulphate used In electroplat- are found in many geological forma-
ing. (Standard) tions. ( Webster
Copper bottoms. A metallic product Copt (Aust.). A capsized or broken
of very indefinite composition, made skip. (Power)
(usually) in reverberatory furnaces
Coquimblte. A granular, massive, hy-
by smelting rich cupriferous sub-
drous ferric sulphate, Fe2(S04)i-|-
stances without sufficient sulphur to
OHO. (Dana)
quite satisfy the copper present.
(Peters, p. 227) Coquina (Sp.). A
coarse-grained, po-
rous, friable variety of limestone,
Copper glance. See Chalcocite. made up chiefly of fragments of
Copperlzation. Impregnation with shells of living or recently extinct
copper, or some preparation contain- species of mollusks and of coral, ce-
ing copper. (Century) mented together as rock. (La
Forge)
Copper loss. Electric energy wasted in
the copper conductors of a dynamo, Coracite. An alteration product of
motor or conducting system. (Web- uraninite partly changed to gum-
ster) mite. (Standard)
Copper minerals. Minerals containing Corahuari (Peru). A green copper
copper, as atacamite, azurite, bornite, ore. (Halse)
bournonite, brochantite, chalcanthite,
chalcocite, chalcopyrite, chrysocolla,
Coral. The solid secretion of coral
polyps, composed almost wholly of
copper, covellite, cuprite, enargite,
malachite,
calcium carbonate, which forms
melaconite, olivenite,
reefs and treelike and globular
stannite, tetrahedrite, and others.
masses. (La Forge)
Copper nickel. See Niccollte.
Coral limestone. A limestone composed
Copper pickers (Mich.). Laborers of coral fragments. Such a rock is
who sort vein material in which much used in the Bermuda Islands.
there is more or less native copper. (Ries)
(Sanders, p. 89) Coralline. Pertaining to, composed of,
or having the structure of corals as
Copper plates (Aust. and Pac). The ;

coralline limestone.
plates of amalgamated copper over
which the auriferous ore is allowed Coralloidal. Like coral, or consisting
to flow from the stamp battery, and of interlaced flexuous branchings.
upon which the gold is caught as (Dana)
amalgam. (Raymond)
Coral mud. The sediment or mud
Copper powder. A bronzing powder formed by the disintegration of
made by saturating nitrous acid coral. (Century)
with copper, and precipitating the
latter by the addition of iron. The
Coral ore. A
curved, lamellar variety
of liver-colored cinnabar from Idria,
preciptate is then thoroughly Austria. (Standard)
washed. (Century)
Copper pyrite. Same as Coral rag (Eng.). The upper mem-
Chalcopyrite.
ber of the Middle Oolite, so called
(Standard)
because it consists, in part, of con-
Copper rain. Minute globules thrown tinuous beds of corals, for the most
up from surface of molten
the part retaining the position in which
copper, when it contains but little they grew, and sometimes forming
suboxide. ( Raymond masses 15 feet thick. (Page)
 GLOSSARY OF MINING AND MINERAL INDUSTRY. 183

Coral zone. The depth of the sea at or some like material. (O. M. P.)
which corals abound. (Century) 4. The portion of a mold which
shapes the interior of a hollow cast-
Corbond. An irreg:ular mass or "drop- ing, or which makes a hole through
per" from a lode. (Raymond) a casting. (Webster)
5. A cone or V-shaped mass of rock
Cord. A cubic measure used especially
that is first blasted out In driving
for wood cut for fuel. It is, now
a tunnel. (Bowles)
legally In the United States, a pile
8 ft. long, 4 ft. wide and 4 ft. high, Core bit. A hollow cylindrical boring
or 128 cu. ft. (Webster) bit for cutting out a core in earth
boring or rock drilling (Webster).
Cordeau. A trade name for a type of
In operation it is attached to and
detonating fuse consisting of tri-
forms part of the core drill.
nitrotoluene inclosed in a lead tube.
(Bowles) Core box. The box in which the core,
or mass of sand producing any hol-
Corder (Eng.). The man who makes low part of a casting is made.
and repairs corves (small cars).
(Century)
(Bainbridge)
Cordlerite. A
raagneslum-lron-aluml-
Core A diamond or other hollow
drill.
securing cores (C. M. P.) ;
drill for
num Sometimes used as a
silicate.
(Bowles V. Virginia Soapstone Co.,
gem. (U. S. Greol, Surv.) A syno-
115 Virginia, p. 699). See also
nym of lolite or dichroite, employed Diamond drill;Adamantine drill;
as a prefix to those rocks that con-
Shot drill, and Calyx.
tain the mineral, as jordierite-
gneiss. (Kemp) Core iron. A strengthening iron
grate In a core. See Core, 4 (Web-
Cordillera. a continuous
Strictly,
chain or range of mountains. Gen-
ster). A term used in foundry prac-
tice.
erally, a whole mountain province,
Including all the subordinate moun- Core lifter. An instrument used to
tain ranges and groups and the inte- bring up the core left by an annular
rior plateaus and basins. Specifi- bit in a boring. (Standard)
cally, (capitalized), the great moun-
Core sand. A sand suitable for mak-
tainous region of western North
ing cores: composed of sand, clay
America, lying between the Central
and horse-dung. (Standard)
Lowland and the Pacific Ocean, and
extending from central Mexico into Core snatcher. A company man who
Alaska; also called Cordilleran collects and takes care of drill cores
Pro\ince. (La Forge) when the drilling is being done by
contract.
Cordirle process. The refining of lead
by conducting steam through it, Corf bater; Corf bitter (No. of Eng.).
while molten, to oxidize certain me- A boy who cleans the dirt or mud
tallic impurities. (Raymond) off corves. See Corf, 1. (Gresley)
Cordite. An
explosive of nitroglycerin Corf; Corfe; Corve; Cauf (the last
and a dope, used chiefly as a pro- incorrect). 1. (Newc.) A large
pellant. (Standard) basket used In hoisting coal; from
the Germ. Korb. 2. A wooden frame
Cord of ore. About seven
but tons,
to carry coal. 3. A sled or low
measured by w^agon loads, and not
by weight. The expression "cord"
wagon for the same purpose. (Ray-
Is a term used In some parts of
mond)
Colorado, U. S., and applied only
When used for bringing up the
rock from a sinking shaft the
to low-grade ore; the smelting ore
corves are made without wheels,
is reckoned by the ton. (MUford)
and are more like a basket. In
Cord6n (Mex.). A rib or band of ore early days corves were wicker
In a vein (Halse). Feeder. baskets, having wooden bows or
handles: they held about 4i cwt. of
Core. 1. (Corn.) A miner's under-
coal (Gresley). See Hutch, 1.
ground working-time or shift (Ray-
mond). Also spelled Coor. Corf bow (Eng.). The handle of a
2. A cylinder-shaped piece of rock corf. (Bainbridge)
produced by a core-drill. (Steel)
Coribronce (Mex. and Bol.). Chalcopy-
3. The central part of a rope form- rite. (D wight)
ing a cushion for the strands. In
wire ropes It is sometimes made of Corind6n; Corundo (Mex.). Carun-
wire, but usually it is of hemp, Jute, dum. (D wight)
184 GLOSSARY OF MINING AND MINERAL INDUSTRY.

Corinthian process. See Carinthian Cornish stone. China-stone or kaolin

process. (Standard)

Cork fossil. A variety of amphibole Cornstone. A reddish or bluish-red

or hornblende, resembling cork. It concretionary liiinestone. Its decom-
is the lightest of all minerals. position is sjiid to produce a good
(Century) soil for the cultivation of corn, be-
ing so different from the cold, stiff,
Cormano (Mex.) A loading chute. clayey soils formed over the marls
(Dwight) (Oldham). Also called Cornbrash.
Cornamusa ( Peru ) An earthen retort
.
Cornnbianite. A name coined by
with a movable cover. (Dwight)
Boase frora the classic name for
Cornbrash (Eng.). A local name for Cornwall, England, to describe a
certain beds in the Oolite forma- contact hornfels, consisting of an-
tion. It signifies a coarse frag- dalusite, mica and quartz. It was
mentary rock which breaks up proposed as a substitute for the
easily, and yields a soil useful for earlier but indefinite term proteo-
growing corn (Oldham). Also called lite. Bonney suggests restricting
CJornstone. cornnbianite to tourmaline horn-
Cornea (Peru). Horn silver. (Dwight)
fels. (Kemp)
Comean (Eng.). An Igneous rock, so Cornwallite. An emerald-green, mas-
called from its tough, compact, and sive,hydrous copper arsenate, Cus-
horn-like texture; known also as Asj08.2Cu(OH),-fH20. (Dana)
Aphanite. (Page) Coro-coro. A dressed product of
Corner break. The separation of a copper-works in South America, con-
block of stone from a solid ledge sisting of grains of native copper
by breaking it simultaneously along mixed with pyrite, chalcopyrite,
two faces meeting at a corner. mispickel, and earthy minerals
(Bowles) (Raymond). See Copper barrilla;
also Rarrilla.
Corner rackings (Scot.). Triangular
pieces of wood inserted in the cor- Corona. 1. (Sp.) The boring bit or
ners of rectangular shafts to fix the crowTi of a diamond drill. 2. C.
barring. (Barrowman) cortante, a cutting ring used in shaft
sinking through watery strata. 3.
Corners (Wales). Bands of clay iron-
stone. (Gresley)
The crown wheel of a Chilean mill.
4. (Colom.). A wooden bevel wheel
Cornet; Cornett (Fr.). In assaying, used in a native mill. (Halse)
a metallic bead flattened out and Coronadite. A manganate of lead and
made into a roll for treatment with manganese. (Mn,Pb),Mn80T. Re-
acid. (Webster) sembles psilomelane in general as-
Corning (Scot.). Mealtime. (Barrow- pect. (U. S. Geol. Surv.)
man) Corpa 1. An ore containing
(Peru).
Corning table. See Bilharz table. galena, gray copper and native sil-
ver. 2. Sulphate of iron. (Dwight)
Cornish diamond. A quartz crystal
Corporal (Mid.). A district foreman
from Cornwall. (Webster)
in charge of the underground haul-
Cornish engine. A single-cylinder, age ways. (Gresley)
single-acting beam engine using Corpuscle. See Electron.
steam expansively and regulated by
CorraL 1. (Mex.) A stableyard or an
an hydraulic control (Webster).
inclosure. (Dwight)
See Cornish pump.
2. A complete set of props; crib-
Cornish mining ton. A ton of 21 timbering. (Halse)
hundred weight of 112 pounds each, Corrasion. The wearing away of the
or 2.352 avoirdupois pounds. (Web- surface of the earth through the
ster) friction of solid material trans-
Cornish pump. A pump operated by ported by water or air. It is one
rods attached to the beam of a form of erosion. (La Forge)
single-acting, condensing beam-en- Correa. 1. (Mex.) A leather strap.
gine. The steam, pressing down the (Dwight)
piston in the vertical steam cylinder, 2. Metal de correa, nearlv pure cas-
lifts the pump rods, and these subse- siterite. 3. Horizontal timbers which
quently descend by their own weight. tiethe rafters of a roof together.
(RaymoQd) (Halse)
 )

GLOSSARY OF MINING AND MINERAL INDUSTRY. 185

Corredero (Colom.). The bed of an Corrugated. When

beds on a small
undent river a former channel of a
; scale are much
wrinkled, folded or
Btreanu (Halse) crumpled, they are said to be cor-
rugated. On a larger scale they are
Corrego (Port.)- 1. A ravine. 2. An said to be contorted. (Roy. Com.)
alluvial channel. (Braz.) 3. A
stream v.here auriferous tjravel is Corsite. A name applied by Zirkel
washed. (Halse) to the orbicular or spheroidal diorite
from Corsica; synonym for Napo-
Correlate. To put in relation with
each other; to connect as by the
leonite. (Kemp)
disclosure of a mutual relation. Cortada. 1. (Colom.) A straight cut
(Webster) made to connect two bends of a river
in order to work the bed of the
Correlation. The determination of the river as a placer at the intermediate
equivalence in geologic age and strat-
igraphic position of two formations
bend. 2. (Chile) cut or drift A
on a vein. 3. Any working driven
or other stratigraphic units in sepa-
to cut a vein; a crosscut. (Halse)
rated areas; or, more broadly, the
determination of the contempora- Cortador de leiia (Sp.). A wood chop-
neity of events in the geologic his- per (Halse). A synonym for
torys of two areas (La Forge). Fos- Lenador.
sils constitute the chief evidence in Cortadores ( Sp. ) Wood cutters. ( Min.
.

problems of correlation. Jour.

Correo (Sp.). 1. A post man. 2. Post Ccrtafrio (Mex.). Cold chisel.
office. 3. Mail. (Halse) (Dwight)
Corrido. 1. (Sp.) The strike of a Cortar (Sp.). 1. To cut. 2. C. nltnras,
vein. (Dwight) to cut a trench at the outcrop of a
2. Metal C, alluvial ore; Oro C, deposit, and then deepen it by under-
alluvial gold. (Halse) hand stoping. 3. C. pilar (Mex.)
To form a rock support or pillar
Corriente. 1. (Peru) All the opera-
in a mine. (Halse)
tions required for extracting metal
4. C. sogas (Mex.) Literally, to
on a large scale from one class of
cut the ropes. To abandon a mine,
ore. (Dwight) taking everything useful or movable.
2. (Sp.) Current, as of a stream;
(Dwight)
C. de aire, an air current. (Halse)
5. C. el oro, to separate gold from
Corrode. To
eat away by degrees as the foreign matter. (Lucas)
by acids, caustics or other chemicals.
To act corrosively; to undergo cor-
Corte (Sp.). 1. Edge of any cutting
instrument. 2. Cut or opening in a
rosion. (Webster)
mountain. 3. (Colom.) The work-
Corroded Phenocrysts that
crystals. ing portion of a placer, or vein at
after crystalization are more or less the surface; a stope. (Halse)
reabsorbed or fused again into the 4. (Peru) Opening to an ore-de-
magma. (Kemp) posit, a shaft or drift.
either 5.
(Peru) Pay-streak left clear so that
Ccrroding-lead. Refined lead suffi-
ore can be knocked down with-
ciently pure for the corroding pro-
out becoming mixed with waste.
cess, by which white lead is manu-
6. C. de caja (Mex.) Balance sheet
factured. (Raymond) of accounts. (Dwight)
Corrois (Fr.). Clay walls built to Corteza (Mex.). Crust. (Dwight)
Isolate a gob-fire. (Gresley)
Corrosion. The process of wearing
Cortlandtlte. A
special name given by
G. H. Williams to a perldotlte that
away, disintegrating or destroying consists chiefiy of hornblende and
by the gradual separation of small olivine and that occurs in the so-
parts or particles, especially by the called Cortlandt series of igneous
action of chemical agents, as an
rocks In the township of Cortlandt,
acid (Century). Compare Corraslon.
just soutli of Peekskill, on the Hud-
Corrosive. Anything that corrodes son River. This rock had been pre-
especially a chemical agent, as an viously called hudsonlte by E.
acid ; anything that wears away or Cohen, a name rejected by Williams
disintegrates. (Century) because already used for a variety
Corrosive sublimate. Mercuric chlor-
of pyroxene. (Kemp)
ide, HgCU. Called also Bichloride Corundolite. Wadsworth's name for
of mercury. It is a virulent poison. rocks composed of corundum or
(Webster) emery. (Kemp)
186 GLOSSAJRY OF MINING AND MINERAL. INDUSTRY.

Corundum. 1. Aluminum oxide, AI2O3. Costeable (Mex.). Sufllciently rich to

The colored and the clear varieties pay expenses at least (said of ore,
—
form the gems, sapphire, ruby, ground, stopes, etc.). (Dwight)
oriental emerald, and oriental topaz ;
Costean (Corn.). 1. To dig trenches
the granular impure variety is
known as emery. (U. S. Gcol. Surv.) or small pits through the surface
soil or d6bris to the underlying rock
2. The name of the mineral is some-
times prefixed to the names of rocks In places for the purpose of expos-
containing it; as corundum-syenite. ing the outcrop of a mineral deposit
(Kemp) and determining its course. (Web-
ster)
Ccrve. Se© Corf. 2. Fallen or dropped tin. From the
Corvers (No. of Eng.). Carpenters who Cornish, Cothas, dropped, and
make corves (baskets). Also for- Stean, tin. (Hunt)
merly one who brought corves out Costean-pit (Corn.). A pit sunk to
of the mine, and kept them in repair. bedrock in prospecting. (Stand-
(Gresley) ard)
Cosalite. A sulphide of lead and bis- Costearse (Mex.) To pay for Itself.
muth, PbjBi2SB. Contains 42 per cent (Dwight)
bismuth. (U. S. Geol. Surv.)
Costo; Costa; Coste (Sp.). 1. Cost
Cosecha (Chile). A clean-up at placer or price. C. neto, net cost. 2. Ex-
mines. (Halse) pense, working cost. C. del beneficio,
Cosmic. Of or pertaining to the celes- cost of reduction. (Halse)
tial universe, especially to that part 3. C. de los journales, the labor
of It outside the solar system. (La working cost. (Dwight)
Forge) Costra (Chile). 1. A conglomerate of
Cosmites. A term used by M. E. clay, gravel, and feldspar immedi-
Wadsworth to designate mineral ately overlying caliche. 2. Scale,
decorative materials, ornamental or portion of a lode or rock which
stones, and gems. (Power) breaks off In scales or flakes.
(Halse)
Costado (Sp.). The side of a pit, gal-
lery, or shaft (Halse) Coteau (Fr.) A hill or ridge, which
may be moralnlc; also, a high
Costal (Hex.). An ore sack or bag
plateau. (Standard)
made of the thread of the aloe.
(Halse) Cotense (Mex.). Miner's sash cloth,
or breechclout. Coarse hempen cloth
Costalera (Mex.). Ore-sacks (collec-
similar to burlap. (Dwight)
tively). (Dwight)
Goto (Sp.).1. In surveying, a land-
Cost book (Corn.). A book used to
keep accounts of mining enterprises
mark of rough stone. 2. G. miner 0,
a group of mines. (Halse)
carried on under the cost-book sys-
tem, peculiar to Cornwall and Cotter (Eng.). To mat together; to
Devon, and dilTering from both entangle. Frequently applied to a
partnership and Incorporation. It hard, cross-grained, tough stone or
resembles the mining partnership coal, as cottered coal. (G. C. Green-
system of the Pacific States. (Ray- well)
mond) Cotterite. A variety of quartz having
Bost-book system (Eng.). The method a peculiar metallic pearly luster.
of working a mine according to cer- (Standard)
tain regulations, by which the ad- Cotton ball. Set Ulexlte.
venturers may at any time " sign Cotton miner (Quebec). A miner em-
off", and cease to be liable for any ployed In an asbestos mine.
further expenditures in proving
the mine. The plan Is to insert in
Cotton rock. 1. (Missouri). A local
the "cost book" the name of each
name for a soft, fine-grained sili-
shareholder, and all expenses at-
ceous magneslan limestone of the
tached to the undertaking; a meet- Lower Silurian. (Century)
ing of the proprietors Is held every Cotton stone. 1. A variety of mesollte
two months, at which the purser (Power). 2. See Cotton rock.
presents his accounts, and the share- Cotunnite. A soft white to yellowish
holders are thus enabled to judge lead chloride, PbCla. Occurs In acl-
of the state of the undertaking be- cular crystals of the orthorhombic
fore Incurring any further liabili- system and in semlcrystalline
ties. (Whitney) masses. (Dana)
 GLOSSARY OF MINING AND MINERAL INDUSTRY. im
Cougas (Mex.). A black mineral wax Country bank (Ark.). A small mine
or oil. (Halse) supplying coal for local use only.
(Steel)
Goulch (Derb.). A piece of earth
falling from the roof or side in soft Country rock. The general mass of
workings. (Hooson) adjacent rock as distinguished from
Coulee. 1. A
solidified stream or sheet that of a dike, vein or lode. (Ste-
of lava extending down a volcano, vens V. Williams, 23 Federal Gas.,
often forming a ridge or spur. 2. p. 44)
A deep gulch or water channel; Country sale (Scot.). Sale of coal
usually dry. (C. and M. M. P.)
at the mine; sale by cart, as dis-
Coulomb. The practical unit of quan- tinguished from disposal by rail or
tity in electrical measurements; sea. (Barrowman)
namely, the quantity of elc "ricity
conveyed in one second by the cur- County of Durham system. A combina-
rent produced by an electro-motive tion of the panel and room-and-pillar
force of one volt acting in a circuit method of mining. See also Room-
having a resistance of one ohm. and-pillar method.
(Webster) Coup. (No. of Eng.). To exchange
1.
Counter. 1. A cross -vein. 2. (Or cavils (lots) with the consent of
counter - gangway.) A gangway the foreman. (Gresley)
driven obliquely upwards on a coal 2. (Scot.) A bank, or face of a
seam from the main gangway until heap where d§bris is dumped. 3.
it cuts ofC the faces of the workings, To overturn. (Barrowman)
and then continues parallel with the Couple. 1. A pair of equal forces, act-
main gangway. The oblique portion ing in opposite directions but not
is called Run. (Raymond) on the same point. They can not be
3. An apparatus for recording the
balanced by any single force, and
number of strokes made by a pump, their tendency is to produce motion.
engine, or other machinery.
(Webster)
Counterbalance; Counterpoise. A weight 2. (Mid.). To conduct water down
used to balance another weight or the sides of shafts into water curbs
the vibrating parts of machinery. or garlands. (Gresley)
(Ihlseng)
Coupler (Eng.). A boy who couples
Counter chute. A chute through which or connects the cars of coal, ore or
the coal from counter-gangway rock in order to form a trip or train.
workings is lowered to the gang-
A
Coupling. 1. threaded sleeve used
way below. (Chance)
to connect two pipes (Nat. Tube
Counter Coal
coal. worked from Co.)
breasts or bords to the rise of a 2. A device for joining two rope
counter gangway. (Gresley) ends without splicing. (C. M. P.)
Counter gangway. A gangway 3. (York) An attachment for join-
driven
ing a chain to the end of a rope.
obliquely across the workings to a
(Gresley)
higher level, or a gangway driven
between two liftsand sending its
4. A link or chain for connecting
mine cars.
coal down to the gangway below
through a chute. (Chance) Coupling chains ( Scot. ) Short chains
.

conecting the cage with the wind-

Counter head (Mid.). An underground
ing rope (Barrowman). See Bridle
heading driven parallel to another,
chains.
and used as the return air course.
(Gresley) Coupling tongs (Scot). A toolused
in joining flanged pipes. (Barrow-
Counterlode. A smaller vein running
man)
across the main lode. (Skinner)
Coup-over (Aust). Coup-up (Scot).
Counterpoise. See Counter-balance.
A small chamber. Into which an
Countervein. A
cross vein running empty skip can be upset so as to
at approximately right angles to the allow a full skip to pass when there
main ore body (Weed). See also is only a single line. (Power)
Counterlode.
Course. 1. To conduct the ventilation
Country (Corn.). The rock traversed backward and forward through the
by or adjacent to an ore deposit. workings, by means of properly ar-
See also Country rock. (Raymond) ranged stoppings and regulators.
 )

188 GLOSSARY OF MINIKG AND MINERAL INDUSTRY.

2. (Som.) A seara of coal. (Gres- clase (alkali -fol(lspar) and less

ley) nephelite, with hornblende nnd
3. The horizontal direction or strike aegirite-augite, and of
^
granitic
of a vein, etc.
lode, 4. Progress structure. The rock was previously
from point to point without change described as a " fine-grained syen-
of direction. 5. A
continuous layer ite," by J. P. Williams. (Kemp)
of brick masonry, cement or con-
crete. Webster)
;
Cow. A kind of self-acting brake for
6. An intlux of water from one di-
inclined planes; a trailer. (Ray-
rection. (Standard) mond). Compare Cousie.
Cowl (No. of Eng.). A wrought-iron
Coursed nibble. Rul)ble in courses of water barrel, or tank for hoisting
differing breadths. (Standard) water. (Gresley)
Course of ore. See Chute, 2; also Cowp (Newc). 1. To overturn. To
Course, 3. exchange working places. See also
Coup. (Min, Jour.)
Course of vein. Its strike. The hori-
zontal line on which It cuts the coun- Cowper-Siemens stove. A
hot-blast
try rock. (Duryee) stove firebrick on the regenera-
')f
tive principle. (Raymond)
Coursing. Ventilation in mines, as by
doors, brattices and stoppings. Cow stone (Eng.). A local term for
(Standard) green-sand bowlders. (Roberts)

Coursing the air. See Course, 1. Cow sucker. A heavy piece of iron
attached to the end of the drilling
Coursing the waste. See Course, 1. cable in order to facilitate the de-
scent of the latter when the tools
Courtzilite. form A of asphaltum are disconnected. (Mitzakis)
allied to gilsonite. (Bacon)
Coyote (Mex,). A man who buys and
Cousie (pronounced Cowssie) (Scot). mining shares.
sells (Dwight)
A self-acting plane. (Barrowman)
Coyote hole. Same as gopher hole. A
Cousie wheel (Scot.). The drum or small tunnel driven horizontally
pulley on a self-acting plane. (Bar- into the rock at right angles to the
rowman) face of the quarry. It has two or
Cousin Jack. A common nickname for
more cross-cuts driven from it
parallel to the face. It is in the
a Cornishman. (Raymond)
ends of these cross-cuts that the ex-
Covacha (Mex.). A cave or crevice. plosive charge is generally placed,
(Dwight) and the remaining space in the
tunnel is filled up with rock, sand,
Covellite. An indigo-blue copper sul- timbers, or concrete, to act as stem-
phide, CuS. Contains 66.4 per ming or tamping. (Du Pont)
cent copper. (U. S. Geol. Surv.)
Coyoting (Pac). Mining in irregular
Cover. 1. (No. of Eng.) The total openings or burrows, comparable to
thickness of strata overlying the
the holes of coyotes or prairie
mine workings (Gresley). Over-
foxes (Raymond). Gophering.
burden.
Cover binding (Corn.). See also Coz. 1. (Mex.). A hitch for a stull.
Plank timbering. (Dwight)
2. (Colom.) The pointed end of a
Covering bords (York). A series of leg piece or post. (Halse)
bords (rooms) formed o^i the side
of a shaft pillar, from which long- Crab. 1. A machine for moving heavy
wal. working is commenced. ( Gres- weights. Especially the engines
ley employed for lowering into place
the pumps, rods, pipes, etc.. of
Cover work. Lumps of copper too
Cornish pit-work. See also Crab-
large to pass the screen and which
accumulate in the bottom of the
winch. (Raymond)
mortar of a stamp. (Richards, p.
2. An iron rod forked at one end.
attached to loadc 1 coal cars com-
121)
ing up out of a slope. (Roy)
Covite. A name derived from Magnet 3. A hoisting winch used to pull
Cove, Ark., and suggested by H. S. ladles, cars, or iron plate in boiler
Washington for a leucocratic, holo- shop; also called Mule or Car
crystalline combination of ortlio- dumper. (Willcox)
 GLOSSARY OF MINING AND MINERAL INDUSTRY. 189

Crab hole (Aust.). 1. Holes, appar- of a chain in which a man is low-

enily water-worn, fouiul in the bed- ered and raised in a shaft not fitted
rock under the drift. (Da vies) with a cage. (Gresiey)
2. The hole burrowed by the Aus- 3. A wooden box, longer than wide,
tralian land crab, or crawfish also ; provided with a movable slide and
the hollow form by caving in of one hopper, and mounted on two
of these burrows. (Webster) rockers. It is used for washing
gold-bearing earths (Roy. Com.).
Crab winch. An iron machine consist- See also Rocker.
ing of two triangular uprights be-
tween which are two axles, one
4. To wash gold-bearing material in
a cradle. (Webster)
above the other. These machines
5. The part of a car dumper in
are frequently used in connection
which the car rests when it Is
with pumping gear where mine
dumped. (Willcox)
shafts are not deep. See also Crab,
1. (Duryee) Cradle dump. A tipple w^hich dumps
cars with a rocking motion. (Harr)
Cracker. A coal breaker. (Daddow)
Cracker boss. The officer in charge Cradling (Scot). Stone walling in a
of the screen room In a breaker. mine shaft. (Barrowman)
(Greene) Crag. 1. A
fossiliferous sandy marl
Cracket (No. of Eng.). A tool used of marine origin generally used,
;

by miners in mining coal. (Ores- capitalized, as part of the names of

ley) several formations of Pliocene age
in eastern England. (La Forge)
Cracking of oil. A name given to the 2. A steep, rugged rock a rough
;

method by which hydrocarbons of broken cliff or projecting point of

one composition are reduced to rock. 3. A detached fragment of
lower members of the same series, rock. (Webster)
or converted into other hydrocar-
bons during distillation (Mitzakis). Crampet (Eng.). A bracket (Baln-
It originated about 50 years ago brldge). See also Cramp, 3.
by the stillmen in the old Pennsyl- Cramp. 1. A short bar of metal hav-
vania refineries and means just ing two ends bent downwards at
Its
what its connotation conveys, right angles for Insertion Into two
namely a part alteration, as dis- adjoining pieces of stone, wood, etc.,
tinguished from the more complete to hold them together. (Duryee)
decomposition which would disrupt 2. A pillar of rock or mineral left
the molecule largely into carbon and for support. (Weed)
permanent gas. Cracking simply 3. (Derb.). A fastening used to
alters the molecules to an extent keep pumps In place (Hooson).
that produces an amount of low- See also Clamp, 1.
boiling fractions that can not be ob-
tained by simple distillation. It Crampon. A form of hooked clutch
may not be accomplished by any or dog for raising stones, lumber,
considerable production of perma- Ice, etc. grappling Irons.
;
Webster) (

nent gas, the product being largely Cranch (Derb.). A pillar of ore left
a liquid condensate, but of different to support the roof orhanging wall
character from that obtained by (Hooson). See also Cramp, 2.
simple distillation. (Min. and Sci.
Press, May 1, 1915)
Crandall. A mason's tool for dressing
stone. (Century)
Crackle ware. Pottery or porcelain Crane. A kind of machine for raising
covered with a delicate network of and lowering heavy weights, and
cnicks produced in the glaze. while holding them suspended, trans-
(Standard) porting them through a limited
Cracks (Scot). Vertical planes of
lateral distance. (Webster)
cleavage In coal. Planes at right Crane board (No. of Eng.). A return
angles to the bedding. (Gresiey) air course connected directly with
the furnace. (Gresiey)
Cracks of gas. Puffs or explosions of
gas in blast furnaces. (Willcox) Crane brae (Scot). A short incline
Cradle. (Eng.) A movable in steep workings. (Barrowman)
1. plat-
form or scaffold suspended by a Crane ladle. A pot or ladle, supported
rope from the surface, upon which by a chain from a crane, used for
repairs or other work is performed pouring molten metals into molds.
In a shaft. 2. (Mid.). A loop made (Century)
 ) '

190 GLOSSABY OF MINING AND MINERAL INDUSTRY.

Crane man. 1. (Eng.) One whose Creep. 1. (Eng.) A squeeze or crush

business it is to hoist coal with the forcing the pillars down into the
crane. (G. C. Green well) floor which often gives the miner
2. A man who operates any type of the impression that the floor is ris-
a crane. ing, due to its being softer than the
roof. Any slow movement of mining
Crane post. The upright post on which ground. Also called Squeeze; Pull.
the arm or jib of a crane works.
(Century)
Compare Thrust.
2.A gradual movement of loose
Crank (Wales). Small coal. (Gres- rock material such as clay, due to
ley) alternate freezing and thawing, wet-
ting and drying, or other causes.
Cranny. Any small opening, fissure, 3. To rise above the surface of a
or crevice, as in a wall or rock.
solution upon the walls of a vessel
(Duryee)
in which the solution is contained
Crate dam. A dam built of crates as salt crystals in a voltaic cell.
tilled with stone. (Duryee) (Webster)
4. A very slow movement of a wind-
Crater. The basin-like or funnel-
ing engine, when the brake is not
shaped opening which marks the
sufficiently applied to hold it
vent of a volcano also the mouth of
;
(Gresley)
a geyser. (Webster)
Craw-coal. See Crow-coal. Creeper chain (Aust). A strong end-
less chain, in which every few feet
Craw picker (Scot.). One who picks a horn is inserted, which catches the
stones from coal or shale. (Bar- axle of a skip and draws it up an
rowman) incline. (Power)
Craza (Mex.). A vessel to receive
Creeping. (Eng.). The settling, or
molten metal. (D wight)
natural subsidence, of the surface,
Craze; Creaze (Corn.). The tin ore caused by extensive underground
which Collects in the middle part of workings. ( Gresl ey

the huddle middlings.

; (Raymond)
Creeshy bleas. (Scot). Nodules of
Cream. A rusty impure meerschaum. bituminous shale in the soft roof of
(Power) some of the Scotch collieries. So
Crease. 1. (Forest of Dean) Moun- called from the sort of unctuous
tain limestone workings. (Gres- smoothness, which causes them to
ley) fall out when the coal is removed.
2. An old stream channel. (Lahee, Also called Greasy bleas. (Gresley)
p. 282)
Creaze (Corn.). Middlings. See
Creminel (Brit Guiana). A shovel
used by the natives for removing the
Craze. overburden of placer mines. (Halse)
Creek. 1. In maritime districts, a
small tidal inlet. 2. In inland dis- Crenitic. A word derived from the
tricts, a small stream or branch of Greek for spring, and especially
a river; a brook. (La Forge) used by T. S. Hunt for those rocks,
which were thought by him to have
Creek claim. A claim which includes come to the surface in solution and
the bed of a creek (Duryee). Un-
der the statute of Oregon, a tract of
to have been precipitated. He used
the so-called crenitic hypothesis
'

land one hundred yards square, one to explain certain schists whose
side of which abuts on a creek or
feldspars were supposed to have been
rather extends to the middle of the originally zeolites, but his views
stream. (Chapman v. Toy Long, 4 have received slight, if any, sup-
Sawyer, p. 32; 5 Federal Cas., p.
port. Crenitic is also used by W. O.
497) Crosby to describe those mineral
Creek placers. Placers in, adjacent to, veins which have been deposited by
and at the level of small streams. uprising springs. (Kemp)
(U. S. Geol. Surv., Bull. 259, p. 33)
Creosote. 1. An oily antiseptic liquid
Creek right. The privilege of divert- obtained by the distillation of wood
ing water for the purpose of work-
tar. Also a similar substance ob-
ing a creek claim. (Duryee)
tained from coal tar. 2. To satu-
Creel (Scot). A kind of basket in rate or impregnate with creosote, as
which coal and rock are conveyed timber to prevent decay. (Wel>-
from the mine. (Gresley) Bter)
 ;

GLOSSARY OF MINING AND MINERAL INDUSTRY. 191

Crept bord (Eng.). A bord or room posit; C. en rinones, small irregu-

more or less filled up from the ef- lar deposits. (Halse)
fects of creep. (Gresley) 2. (Mex.) Any mineral deposit.
(Eng.). Pillars of coal
This is the more modern sense, and
Crept pillars
the word is so used in the mining
which have passed through the vari-
laws at present (1902) in force in
ous stages of creep. (G. C. Green-
well)
Mexico. (Dwight)

Oressed. Reduced
about i inch in
Crib. 1. See
Curb, 1, Nog, Chock,
diameter for a short distance at
Pack. 2. A
structure composed of
ends. A foreign term, used on ar- frames of timber laid horizontally
tesian well casing. (Nat. Tube Co.)
upon one another, or of timbers
built up as in the walls of a log
Cresset (Eng.). A sort of lamp or cabin. 3. A miner's luncheon.
torch; an iron basket or vessel for (Raymond)
holding burning oil or other illumi- 4. (Eng.) A cast-iron ring in a
nant and mounted as a torch. (Web- shaft upon which tubbing is built
ster) up. 8ee Wedging curb. 5. (Eng.)
Cresting. Trimming used on the ridge
A wooden foundation upon which
the brick lining or walling of a
of tiled roofs. Same as Hip roll. shaft is built. (Gresley)
(Ries.)
Criba (Mex.). 1. Screen or sieve; C.
Creston (Sp.). The outcrop or apex
giratoria, revolving screen or trom-
of a vein. (Dwight) mel. See also Cedazo. 2. A hand-
Creta. 1. (Sp.). Fuller's earth. See jig. See also Harnero. (Dwight)
Greda, 1. 2. (Hex.). Impure lith-
arge formed in a reverberatory Cribado (Sp.). Jigging or screening
furnace. (Halse) ore. (Lucas)

Cretaceous. 1. Of the nature of chalk Cribador (Mex.). An ore screener.

relating to chalk. (Hitchcock) (Dwight)
2. The third and latest of the periods Cribar (Sp.). To screen, jig, or sift
included in the Mesozoic era; also (Halse)
the system of strata deposited in the
Cribbing. 1. Close timbering, as the
Cretaceous period. (La For^e)
lining of a shaft. (Rowden v.
Cretacio (Sp.). Cretaceous. (Dwight) Daniel, 151 Missouri App., p. 22)
Crevasse. A
fissure in the mass of
1. 2. The construction of cribs of tim-

a glacier. 2. A breach in the levee ber, or of timber and earth or rock

or embankment of a river. (Web- to support the roof. (Steel)
ster) Cribble. A sieve. (Raymond)
Crevet. A crucible. (Raymond) Cribwork. A construction of timber-
Crevice (Pac). 1. A shallow fissure ing made by piling logs or beams
in the bedrock under a gold placer, horizontally one above another, and
in which small but highly concen- spiking or chaining them together,
trated deposits of gold are found. each layer being at right angles to
2. The fissure containing a vein.. those above and below it (Cen-
(Raymond). As employed in the tury). See also Crib, 2.
Colorado statute relative to a dis- Crichtonite. A variety of ilmenite in
covery shaft, a crevice is a mineral- which the proportion of titanic
bearing vein. (Bryan v. McCaig, 10 oxide is less than normal. (Stand-
Colorado, 309; 15 Pacific, p. 413; ard)
Reals V. Cone, 27 Colorado, 500; 15
Pacific, p. 948; Terrible Mining Co. Crilley and Everson process. flota- A
V. Argentine Mining Co., 89 Fed- tion process in which the ore is
eral, 583) crushed to 50 mesh, and mixed with
a thick black oil. Boiling water
Crevicing. Collecting gold that Is in containing enough acid to give it a
the crevices of a rock. (Skinner) tart taste is then added. This
Criadero 1. An
process was tried at Baker City,
(Sp.). ore or min-
Oreg., and at Denver, Colo., in 1889.
eral deposit. C. detritico, alluvium;
(Liddell)
C. en arbol, ramification ; C. en fildn,
a vein deposit of considerable ex- Crimp. The flattening made by a
tension ; C. en veta, a vein deposit crimper near the mouth of a blast-
of variable but n^t great dimen- ing cap for holding the fuse in place.
sions; C. en capa, a stratified de- (Du Pont)
 )

192 QLOSSAKY OF MINING AND MINERAL. INDUSTRY.

Crimper. A device used for crimping Crop. See Outcrop; also Bassett.
1.
a cap about a piec« of fuse. (Gil- 2. The roof
coal or stone which has
lette, p. 443) to be taken down in order to secure
a safe roof in the workings. (Gres-
Cripple. 1. Swampy or low wet
ley)
ground; bog. 2. A rocky, shallow
3. (Corn.) See Crop-tin. 4. To
place in a stream. (Webster)
leave coal at the bottom of a bed.
Cris6cola (Sp.). 1. Chrysocolla. 2. (Raymond). See Cropping coal.
Gold solder. 3. Borax. (Halse) 5. (Eng.) To dock or fine by de-
ducting a certain portion of the
Crisol (Mex.). An assay crucible;
melting pot; slag pot. (D wight)
weight of coal in the car when there
is an excess of refuse, or the like.
Crlsolada (Sp.). 1. A crucible full of (Webster)
molten metal. 2. A crucible charge.
(Halse) Crop coal. Coal of inferior quality
near the surface. (Roy. Com.)
Crisolero (Mex.). A slag-pot puller.
(Dwight) Crop fall. A caving in of the surface
at the outcrop of the bed caused by
Cristal(Sp.). A crystal; C. de roca,
mining operations. Applied also to
rock crystal. (Halse)
falls occurring at points not on the
Cristalino (Sp.). Crystalline. outcrop of the bed. Synonomous
(Dwight) with Day fall. (Chance)
Cristo-grahamite. Grahamite from Crop ore (Local Eng.). First-quality
the Cristo mine, Huasteca, Mexico. tin ore, cleaned for smelting.
(Bacon) (Standard)
Critical angle. The least angle of in-
Crop out. To be exposed at the sur-
cidence at which total reflection
face; referring to strata (Whitney).
takes place. (Webster)
See also Outcrop.
Critical density. The density of a sub-
stance at its critical point. (Web- Cropper (Eng.). A shot placed at the
ster) highest side or edge of a shaft bot-
tom. (Gresley)
Critical pressure. The pressure neces-
sary to raise the boiling point of Cropping. An outcrop. (Standard)
a substance, in the liquid state, to
the critical temperature; the pres- Cropping coal. The leaving
of a small
sure that will just liquefy gas at its thickness of coal at the bottom of
critical temperature, (Webster) the seam in a working place, usu-
ally in back water. The coal so left
Critical temperature. Any tempera-
is termed *'
Cropper coal." (C. and
ture marked by a transition the ;
M. M. P.)
temperature above which a sub-
stance can exist only in the gaseous Cropping out. The natural exposure of
state, no matter what the pressure. bedrock at the surface. That part
(Webster) of a vein which appears At the sur-
face is called the cropping or out-
Crocidolite. Blue asbestos. One of
crop. (Raymond)
the monoclinic amphiboles. (Dana)
Croppings. Portions of a vein as seen
Crocoite. Lend chromate, PbO.CrOs.
Contains 68.9 per cent PbO and 31.1
exposed at the surface. (C and
M. M. P.)
per cent CrOa. (U. S. Geol. Surv.)
Crop tin. The chief portion of tin ore
Crocus. A term used in the Milford, separated from waste in the princi-
N. H., quarries to denote gneiss or
pal dressing operation. (Raymond)
any other rock in contact with gran-
ite. (Perkins) Crop upwards (Eng.). In miners' par-
Cromo (Sp.). Chromium. (Dwight) lance, to rise. (Roberts)

Cronstedite.A coal-black to brownish- Croquis (Sp.). A sketch; a rough

draft. (Halse)
black hydrous iron silicate, 4PeO.-
2FeaOs.3SiO,4fi.O. ( Dana Cross (Wales). See Crosscut.
Crookesite. Amassive, compact me- Crossbar. A
horizontal timber held
tallic, lead-gray selenide of copper, against the roof to support it, usu-
thallium and silver, (Gu,Tl,Ag)3Se. ally ovor a roadway; a collar
(Dana) (Steel)
 GLOSSARY OF MINING AND MINERAL. Il^DUSTRY. 193

Cross-bedded. Characterized by minor Cross fault. An oblique or dip fault

beds or laminae oblique to the (Webster)
main stratification; cross-stratified.
(Webster) Cross flucan. A
name given by Cor-
nish miners to clay veins of ancient
Cross-bedding. Lamination, in sedi- formation (Ure). See also Flucan.
mentary rocks, confined to single
beds and inclined to the general Cross frog. A frog adapted for rail-
stratification (La Forge). Caused road tracks that cross at right
by swift, local currents, deltas, or angles. (Webster)
swirling wind-gusts, and especially
characteristic of sandstones, both Cross gates (York). Short headings
aqueous and eolian. (Kemp) driven on the strike and at right
Cross course. A seam, bar or belt of angles to the main gates or roads.
rock, not necessarily a lode, crossing (Gresley)
a lode (Webster). A contra-lode. Cross gateway (Aust.). A road,
Cross-course spar (Corn.). Radiated through the goaf, that branches
quartz. (Whitney) from the main gateway. (Power)
Crosscut. 1. A small passageway Cross-grained rock (Ohio). A local
driven at right angles to the
term for certain sandstone beds that
main entry to connect it with a exhibit cross bedding. (Bowles)
parallel entry or air course. Also
used in Arkansas instead of "break- Crosshead. 1. A runner or framework
through." (Steel)
that runs on guides, placed a few
2. A level, driven across the course
feet above the sinking bucket in or-
of a vein or in general across the
der to prevent it from swinging too
direction of the main workings or
violently. (Power)
across the "grain of coal." (Ray-
mond)
2. A beam or rod stretching across
the top of something; specifically,
Crosscut method(combined with re- the bar at the end of a piston rod
moval of pillars). See Top slicing of a steam engine, which slides on
and cover caving. the ways or guides fixed to the en-
Crosscut method of working. See gine frame and connects the piston
Overhand stoping. rod with the connecting rod. (Cen-
tury)
Crosscut tunnel. A tunnel driven at
approximately right angles to a main Cross-head guide. A guide for making
tunnel, or from the bottom of a shaft the crosshead of an engine move in
or other opening, across the forma- a line parallel with the cylinder
tion to an objective point (Durj'ee). axis. (Standard)
The term " crosscut " would seem
more appropriate as the term tunnel Cross heading. A
passage driven for
Implies being open to the surface at ventilation from the airway to the
both ends, as a railroad tunnel. gangway, or from one breast
through the pillar to the adjoining
Crossed dispersion. In optical miner- working (Chance). Also called
alogy, the dispersion that produces Cross hole. Cross gateway, and
an interference figure with color dis- Headway.
tribution symmetrical to the center
of the figure. (A. F. Rogers) Cross hole (Wales). A short cut-
through communicating with two
Crossed nicols. Two nicol prisms headings, for ventilation purposes.
placed so that their vibration planes
(Lu- (Gresley)
are mutually at right angles.
quer, p. 26) Crossing. 1. The place where two or
Crossed twinning. Repeated twin- more lines of rails extending in dif-
ning after two laws. Shown in mi- ferent directions cross each other.
crocline. (Luquer, p. 37) (Power)
An entry running at an 2. (Eng.) See Air crossing. 3.
Cross entry.
angle with the main entry. (Roy) (Wales) A crosscut. (Gresley)

Crosses and holes (Derb.). In Derby- Crossite. A blue amphibole found In

shire the discoverer of a lode se- the crystalline schists of Californiai
cures it temporarily by making (Standard)
"crosses and holes" in the ground.
(Da vies) Cross latches. See Latches, 1.

76242'— 18 13
194 GLOSSARY OF MINING AND MINERAL INDUSTRY.

Cross lode. A vein intersecting the Crow-coal. Certain earthy coal which
true or principal lode (Webster). contains very little bitumen and a
See Cross-vein. large percentage of ash (Power).
Also called Craw-coal, and Craws.
Cross-measure. A heading driven hori-
zontally or nearly so, through or Crowfoot; Crow. 1. A tool with a side-
across inclined strata. (Gresley) claw, for grasping and recovering
broken rods in deep bore-holes.
Cross-off (Clev.). See Stack out. (Raymond)
Crossover. Ashort connecting track
2. An iron claw or fork, to which
a rope is attached, and by which
with a switch and frog at each end,
the rods are lowered and raised
by which trains, (or cars) may be
switched from either of two tracks
when changing the tools in deep
bore holes. (Gresley)
to the other. (Webster)
3. (Tenn.) Zigzag, wavy or Irregu-
Crosspiece. The short pieces of tim- lar, dark lines characteristic. of Ten-
ber in a wooden pillar or crib. See nessee marble. (Bowles)
Edgers. (Sanders, p. 115)
Crown arch. The arched plate which
Crossroad (Scot.). A main road supports the crown-she t of the fire
driven at a more moderate inclina- box of a boiler. (Century)
tion than directly to the rise of the
Crown bar. One of the bars on which
strata. (Barrowman) the crown-sheet of a locomotive
Cross section. A cutting or section rests. (Century)
across; a section at right angles to
an axis, especially the longer axis
Crown formation (Aust). A term
used in Bendigo for the outcrop of
of anything; also a piece of some-
saddle reefs crowning the hills, from
thing cut off in a direction at right which points the reefs dip in oppo-
angles to an axis. (W^ebster) site directions. (Power)
Cross-spur. A vein of quartz that Crown-gate. The head gate of a canal
crosses a lode. (C. and M. M. P.) lock. (Century)
Cross-stone. A synonym for Andalu-
site. (Chester) Crown gold. Gold eleven-twelfths
(.917) fine, the standard for English
Cross stoping. See Overhand stoping. gold coins since Charles II. (Web-
ster)
Cross-stratification.In geology, the
condition of having the minor lami- Crown-in (Ches.). The caving of the
nations oblique to the plane of the surface or cover of a rock-salt mine.
main stratum which they help to (Gresley)
compose. (Standard). See also Crownings-in (So. Staff.)- The strata
Cross-bedding.
forming the roof or cover. (Gres-
Crosstie. A timber or metal sill ley)
placed transversely under the rails
of a railroad, tramway or mine-cur
Crown sheet. The flat plate which
forms the top of the furnace or fire
track.
box in an internally fired steam
Cross vein. 1. An intersecting vein boiler. (Webster)
(Raymond). See Cross lode. Crownstone. 1. No. of Eng.) The top
2. A vein which crosses the bedding
stone of the gable-end of a house.
planes of the strata. This usage
2. A hard, smooth, flinty gritstone
appears unnecessary, and conflicts
(Century). See also Canister. 3.
with the same name applied to cases
where two veins actually cross each Crown tree; Crown. A
piece of timber
other. (Shamel, p. 165) set on props to support the mine
roof. (O. and M. M. P.)
Crouan (Corn.). Granite. (C. and
M. M. P.) See also Grouan. Crown wheel. A cog-wheel having the
teeth on the plane of the wheel's
Crouch clay (Eng.). An old name for
circle instead of upon its circumfer-
the white Derbyshire clay. (Cen-
tury)
ence. (Duryee)

Crouch ware. 1. (Staff.) A kind of

Croylstone. A variety of finely crys-
tallizeC barite. (Standard)
fine pottery made in the seventeenth
century. 2. A salt-glazed stoneware Crozle; Crozzle. To cake or harden
made at Burslem, England. (Cen- with heat; to burn to a cinder. A
tury) cinder (Webster). Said of coal
 GLOSSARY OF MINING AND MINERAL, INDUSTRY. 195

Cnicer* (Sp.). 1. Crosscut. 2. A Crush. 1. A general settlement of the

cross course; a cross-vein, 3. End strata above a coal mine due to fail-
pieces of a set of shaft timbers. ure of pillars; generally accompa-
(Halse) nied by numerous local falls of roof
In mine workings. 2. A species of
Cmceros. 1. (Chile) Minute veins, fault in coal. (Century)
oblique to the lode, in both direction Crush-border. A microscopic granular
and dip, being the largest and richest structure sometimes characterizing
at the junction. 2. (Spain) The
adjacent feldspar particles in conse-
tvv^o cross beams of the pulley frame
quence of their having been crushed
of a malacate. (Halse)
together during or subsequent to
Cruces (Sp.) The crosspieces of an their crystallization. (Dale)
arrastre or grinding mill. (Min. Crush breccia. A
breccia produced by
Jour.) the shattering of rocks along a fault.
(Century)
Crucible. 1. A melting pot. 2. The
Crushed steel. Angular fragments of
lower part of a shaft furnace, in
which fusion is effected and the hard steel employed as an abrasive
(Ray- In sawing stone. (Bowles)
molten bath Is contained.
mond) Crushed vein. A mineralized zone or
belt of crushed material. The crush-
Crucible steel. Also crucible cast ing is due to folding, faulting, or
steel. A superior but expensive shearing.
kind of cast steel made by either
Crusher. A machine for crushing rock
melting blister steel in crucibles, or
by fusing together wrought Iron, or other materials (Webster). As
a gyratory crusher, jaw crusher,
carbon and flux in crucibles. (Web-
ster)
stamp mill, etc.
Crusher rolls. See Rolls.
Crucite. Same as Andalusite. (Stand-
ard)
Crush-conglomerate. A conglomerate
produced by the crushing of certain
Crude. 1. In a natural state; not al- rocks In the shearing movements
tered, refined or prepared for use by following folding. (Standard)
any process, as crude ore. (Web- Crushing. 1. Reducing ore or quartz
ster) by stamps, crushers, or rolls. (Roy.
2. A name for crude petroleum. Com.)
(Bacon) 2. The quantity of ore so pulverized
or crushed at a single operation.
Crude oil. A name for crude petro-
leum. (Bacon) (Hanks)
8. (Aust.) The equivalent of "mill-
Crude mineral-oil. A name for crude run." (Power)
petroleum. (Bacon) Crushing machine. A machine con-
structed to pulverize or crush stone
Crude naphtha. Unrefined petroleum-
naphtha. (Standard) and other hard and brittle materi-
als; a stone crusher. (Century)
Crude ore-bin. An ore bin of crude Crushing mill. The same as Stamp
construction. (Rickard) mill (Winchell). See Crusher.
Crude-ore bin. A bin in which ore is Crushing A
machine consisting
rolls.
dumped It comes from the mine. of two heavy rolls between which
(Rickard) ore, coal or other mineral Is crushed.
Sometimes the rolls are toothed or
Crup. A gradual settling of the meas-
ribbed, but for ore their surface Is
ures overlying a mine caused by the (Century)
generally smooth.
weight crushing the pillars, or forc-
ing them down Into the floor Crushing strength. The resistance
(Harr). A variation of creep. which a rock offers to vertical pres-
sure placed upon it. It is measured
Crusader. A wooden sailing ship of 643 by applying graduated pressure to
tons register. One of the first sail- a cube, one Inch square, of the rock
ing vessels to be converted into oil tested. A crushing strength of 4,000
carriers In 1885. The Crusader was pounds means that a cubic inch of
fitted with 47 Independent tanks, the rock withstands pressure to
arranged in three superimposed 4.000 pounds before crushing
tiers,an arrangement which was (Lowe). The crushing strength is
found to work satisfactorily. (Mlt- greater with shorter prisms, and lesi
ukis) with longer prisms.
 )

196 GLOSSARY OF MINING AND MINERAL. INDUSTRY.

Crush line. In geology, a line along Cruzamiento (Sp.). 1. A crossing of

whicli rocks, under great compres- underground roads. 2. A crossing
sion, yield, usually with the produc- of air currents; an overcast. 3. The
tion of schistosity. (Century) crossing of two veins. (Halse)
Crush movement. In geology, compres- Cry of tin. The peculiar crackling
sion, thrust, or lateral movement noise produced in bending a piece
tending to develop shattered zones. of metallic tin. (Raymond)
(Century)
Cryolite. A fluoride of sodium and
Crush plane. In geology, a piano de- aluminum, 3NaP. AlFs. (U. S. Geol.
fining zones of shattering which re- Surv.
sult from lateral thrust. (Century)
Crush zone. In geology, a zone of
Cryolite glass. A semi-transparent or
faulting and brecciation in rocks.
milky-white glass, made of silica
and cryolite with oxide of zinc,
(Century) melted together. Also called Milk
Crust. 1. The hard external covering glass and Fusible porcelain. (Cen-
of anything. An incrustation. (Web- tury)
ster)
2. The lithosphere, or solid ex- Cryptoclastic. Compact. Made of ex-
terior portion of the earth, whose tremely minute fragmental par-
nature is partly known from geologic ticles. (Webster)
examination, or highly probable de- Cryptocrystalline. Formed of crystals
duction; contrasted with the envel- of unresolvable fineness, but not
oping hydrosphere and atmosphere glassy. (Kemp)
and with the unknown centrosphere
or bary sphere, whose nature is con- Cryptographic. In petrology, having a
jectural. (La Forge} graphic structure of intergrowths
8. (Shrop.) A fine-grained white so minute that it can not be resolved
sandstone. (Gresley) by a microscope. (Standard)
Crust fracture. An extended fracture Cryptohalite. A gray ammonium flu-
in the earth's crust. (Century) osilicate (NH^j.SiFa, that crystal-
lizes in the isometric system.
Crustificatlon. The English equivalent (Standard)
of a terra suggested by Posepny for
those deposits of minerals and ores Cr3rptoperthite. A variety of perthite
that are in layers or crusts and that, with structure so fine that it can not
therefore, have been distinctively de- be discerned by the microscope.
posited from solution. (Kemp) (Standard)
Crust movement. An extensive move- Crys ground (Forest of Dean). Car-
ment of the earth's crust. (Cen- boniferous limestone strata contain-
tury) ing beds of iron ore. (Gresley)
Crust-stress. Local strains and pres- Crystal. A regular polyhedral form,
sure within the rocks of the earth's bounded by planes, which is assumed
crust. (Century) by a chemical element or compound,
Crust-torsion. A twisting stress in the under the action of its intermolecu-
earth's crust. (Century) lar forces, when passing, under suit-
able conditions, from the state of a
Crutt (No. Staff.). See Branch, 1 liquid or gas to that of a solid. A
and 2. crystal Is characterized, first, by its
Cruz (Sp.). \. Cross. 2. Intersection definite Internal molecular struc-
of two ways. 3. Arms of a scale. ture, and, second, by its external
(Dwight) form. (Dana)
4. Awall which divides the bed of
Crystallized tin plate. Tin plate hav-
Spanish reverberatory furnaces.
ing crystals formed by the action of
(Halse)
diluted nitric and hydrochloric acids
Cruzada (Colom.). A crosscut. (Standard). A rather low grade of
(Halse) tin plate. See Tin plate.
Cruzado (Sp.). A lode or vein which
is crossed by another. See .also Crystalliform. Having a crystalline
Cruzador. (Halse) form. (Standard)
Cruzador (Colom.). 1. A cross vein or Crystalline. Of or pertaining to tlio
lode. 2. A vein crossed by another. nature of a crystal, having regular
(Halse) molecular structure. (Webster)
 ;

GLOSSARY OF MINING AND MINERAL INDUSTRY. 197

Crystalline aggregate. An aggregate
of crystalline grains or fragments.
as granite not showing well-defined
crystal forms. (Webster)
Crystalline limestone. Limestone com-
posed largely or wholly of crystal-
lized material, commonly as the re-
sult of metamorphism. (La Forge)
Crystalline rock. A
rock composed of
closely fitting mineral crystals that
have formed in the rock substance,
as contrasted with one made up of
cemented grains of sand or other
Crystallography. The science of crys-
tals treating of the system of forms
among crystals, their structure, and
tlieir forms of aggregation. A dis-
course or treatise on crystallization.
(Webster)
Crystalloid. Asubstance which, in so-
lution, diffuses readily through ani-
mal membranes, lowers the freezing
point of the solvent, and generally
is capable of being crystallized. Op-
posed to colloid (Webster). Metal-
lic salts, sugar, oxalic acid are crys-

material or with a volcanic glass. talloids.

(Standard)
Crystallology. The science of the
Crystalline schists. Rocks that have structure of crystals. It embraces
been entirely or partly recrystal- crystallography and crystallogeny.
lizedby metamorphism. They are (Standard)
named after their predominating Crystallurgy. The process of crystal-
mineral, as chlorite-schist, horn-
lization. (Century)
blende-schist, mica-schist, etc.
(Standard) Crystal optics. The science which
treats of the transmission of light
Crystallinic metamorphism. A
molecu-
in crystals. (A. F. Rogers)
lar change which renders an amor-
phous mineral body crystalline; as Crystolon. A trade name for carbide
limestone to marble. (Sloan) of silicon. (Pike)
Crystallites.Small, rudimentary or Cuadrilla (Mex.). 1. A settlement.
embryonic crystals, not referable to Compare Pueblo. (Lucas)
a definite species. (Kemp) 2. A gang or crew of laborers.
(Halse)
Crystallitic.In petrology, of the na-
ture of or belonging to the class of Cuadro (Sp.). 1. A square set for
crystallites. (Standard) slopes. 2. A
block of ground ready
Crystallization. The act or process of for stoping.3. (Colom.) A bunton,
crystallizing. A form or body re- also a timber 5 to 20 in. square.
sulting from act or process.
this (Halse)
See Crystallization systems. (Web- Cuajado (Mex.). 1. Argentiferous car-
ster) bonate of lead. 2. Coarse galena,
Crystallization systems. The thirty- (Halse)
t' -o possible crystalline groups, dis-
Cuarcita (Mex.). Quartzite. (D wight)
tinguished from one another by their
symmetry, are classified under six Cuarteador (Colom.). The miner who
systems, each characterized by the works cuarteo, 3. (Halse)
relative lengths and inclinations
of the assumed crystal lographic
Cuarteadura (Mex.). A fissure in
rocks. (Halse)
axes. These are: (1) Isometric;
(2) Tetragonal; (3) Hexagonal; Cuartear ( Sp. ) To break large stones
.

(4) Orthorhombic ; (5) Moi ^inic; with a sledge hammer. (Halse)

(6) Triclinic. (Dana)
Cnartel (Colom.). 1. Barracks for
Crystallize. To convert into a crystal miners. 2. An underground section,
to deposit crystals (Webster). district or group of workings,
To solidify, from a liquid or gaseous (Halse)
state, in a crystalline form, with a
regular molecular structure. (La Cuarteo (Colom.). 1. A transitory
Forge) suspension of the rains in winter.
2. A night shift of peons. 3. A sys-
Crystalloblastic. A structure in schists
tem of working mines by which the
due to relative perfection of crystal ore is bought of the miners by the
forms and arrangement. (Leith, p. company, the miners providing the
77) supplies. (Halse)
Crystallogeny The science and the- 4. (Mex.) Work on drill holes,
ory of the production of crystals. paid for by the foot, yard, metei,
(Standard) etc. (D wight)
198 GLOSSARY OF MINING AND MINERAL iKDUStRt.

Cuarto. 1. (Mex.) A shift; C. pri- Cubical cleavage. Equally good cleav*

mero, day-shift; C. segundo, after- age in three mutually perpendicular
noon-shift; C. tercero, night-shift. directions. (Butler)
(Dwight)
Cubicite; Cubizite. Cubic zeolite, or
2. (Sp.) A room in a mine for
analcime. (Century)
keeping tools, lights, etc. 3. (Mex.)
Minero de C, an underground mine Cubico (Sp.). Cubic. (Dwight)
captain. 4. (Colom.) Overtime.
Cubic stock. Blocks of stone approxi-
(Halse)
mately cubical in form as contrasted
Cuarton (Mex.). A large bowlder. with thin stock or slabs. (Bowles)
(Dwight) Cubierto (Sp.). 1. The bonnet of a
Cuarzo (Sp.). Quartz; C. ahumado, safety cage. 2. The overburden of a
smoky quartz C. furuginoso, ferru-
; placer mine. 3. The outer jacket of
ginous quartz; lechoso, milky C a furnace. (Halse)
quartz; C. porfidico, (Peru) horn- Cubilete A kind of shallow
(Sp.).
stone; C. Rosado, rose quartz. bucket for hoisting ore. (Halse)
(Halse)
Cuaternario (Sp.). Quaternary.
Cubilote (Sp.). A cupola smelting
furnace; a smelting pot. (Halse)
(Dwight)
Cubo (Mex.). 1. Bucket; kibble. 2.
Cuba (Sp.) 1. A keeve, vat. 2. A The third power of a number.
kibble. 3. An amalgamation bar-
(Dwight)
rel. 4. Shaft, fire room, or tunnel
of a blast or shaft furnace. 5. The Cuchara (Peru). 1. A spoon; ladle;
fire room of a coke oven. (Halse) scraper. 2. A
utensil made of horn,
in which minerals are washed as a
Cubanite (Cuba). A bronze-yellow
rough test of value. C. (Mex.)
sulphide of copper and iron mineral,
perhaps CuFeaS* or CuS.FcaSs. Blade of water wheel. (Dwight)
(Dana) Cucharilla (Mex.). An iron rod, used
in drilling, to remove drill cuttings
Cubbling. Breaking up pieces of flat
iron to be piled or fagoted, heated from a dry hole. (Dwight)
and rolled. (Raymond) Cucurucho (Mex.). A leather cover to
Cube. 1. In crystallography, a form, in protect miners at work from falling
the isometric system. Inclosed by six water or rocks. (Dwight)
similar faces each of which is per- Cuddy. 1. (Scot.) A
donkey. 2. A
pendicular to an axis. (La Forge) lever mounted on a tripod for lift-
2. (Scot.) A ventilating furnace In ing stones, leveling up railroad ties,
a mine. (Barrowman) etc. (Webster)
Cube coal. A
layer of hard green-
1.
3. Aweight mounted on wheels; a
loaded bogie, used to counter bal-
ish clay found at the top of a coal
seam in parts of Pennsylvania and ance the tub or car on an in-
clined roadway (Barrowman). Also
West Virginia. It breaks readily
spelled Cuddle.
Into cubes of nearly perfect shape.
Sometimes called Rooster coal. 2. Cuddy brae (Scot.). An Inclined road-
(Eng.) Coal broken into cubes, of way, worked in the same manner as
about one foot on each side, to suit a self-acting Incline. (Barrowman)
certain trade. (Gresley)
Cuele (Mex.). 1. The distance a tun-
Cube ore (Eng.). An arsenate of iron, nel or other work is extended dur-
6FeAs04.2Fe(OH),-fl2H20, of an ing a certain time. (Dwight)
brown color,
olive-green to yellowish 2. The bottom of a shaft. (Halse)
and occurring commonly in cubes Broad
Cuenca (Mex.). 1. valley. 2.
with the copper ores of Cornwall
Geological basin (Dwight). C. car-
Pharmacosid-
and other localities.
bonifera, a coal measure or basin.
erite. (Dana)
(Halse)
Cube powder. Gunpowder made in
A mass
Cuenta (Sp.). lenticular of
large cubical grains and burning
ore. (Halse)
more slowly than the small or ir-
regular grains. (Century) Cuerda 1. A
(Sp.). cord or small
rope. (Mex.) Limits of a mining
Cube spar. Same as Anhydrite. 2.
property. 3. (Mex.) A row of men
(Standard)
who pass blocks of ore from hand
Oubeta (Mex.). Bucket (Dwight). to hand. 4, A cord of firewood.
A small barrel or cask. (Halse)
 GLOSSARY OF MINING AND MINERAL INDUSTRY. 199

Dnero (Sp.). LA hide, generally of more or less pure,

sisting of fine coal,
oxen, cows, etc. (Halse). and coal dust and C Raymond)
dirt.
2. (Hex.) A leather bucket. 3. In the usage of many European
(D wight) authors, the Lower Carboniferous or
Cuerpo. 1. (Peru and Mex.) An ore
Dinantian series of the Carbonifer-
body. 2. A mass of pulp in process ous system of rocks in western
of amalgamation (Dwight) Europe, especially where consisting
largely of siliceous beds with little
3. (Mex.) A globule of mercury.
4. C. del alto, the hanging-wall
limestone (La Forge). Called In
Ireland, Calp.
branch of a vein; C. del medio, the
center branch of a vein C. del bajo,
; Culm bank; Culm dump. A heap or
the foot-wall branch of a vein. 5. pile of waste kept separate from the
C. de mineros, the personnel of a rock and slate dumps. See Culm, 2.
mine. (Halse) (Chance)
Guesco (Mex.). Coarse ore; a re- Culm bar. A peculiar bar used in
cemented, fragmentary rock. grates designed for burning culm
(Dwight) or slack coal. (Century)
Ouesta (Sp.). A sloping plain, espe- Culmiferous. Containing culm, as
cially one with the upper end at the coal. (Standard)
crest of a cliff; a hill or ridge with Culmophyre. A rock In w^hich the
one face steep and the opposite face phenocrysts are arranged in clus-
gently sloping. Common in South- ters or Irregular groups. (Iddlngs,
western United States. (Webster) p. 224)
Cueva (Sp.). 1. A cave or grotto. 2.
Culo (Sp.). The lower or Inner part
(Spain) Old Roman shafts and of a drill hole. (Halse)
headings, sometimes full of water
and running sand or mud. 3. Cumberlandite. A name derived from
(Colom.) Placer gravel covered by Cumberland Hill, R. L, proposed by
large blocks of granite making its Wadsworth for the ultra-basic, ig-
extraction very laborious. (Halse) neous rocks, forming the hill. It is
an aggregate of titaniferous magne-
Cuffat (Fr.). A vessel consisting of tite, plagioclase, olivine and sec-
a shallow tub fitted with 4 wheels ondary minerals, but contains from
and attached to chains at the sides 40-45 per cent iron oxides and
for hoisting coal. The coal is piled about 10 per cent TiOj. (Kemp)
in a conical form and kept from fall-
ing off by iron rings placed one Cumberland method of mining. See
above another. (Gresley) Top slicing and cover caving. Also
Top slicing combined with ore cav-
Cui (Fr. Guiana). A hemispherical ing.
vessel made
of tin plate, used in
draining placers. (Halse)
Cumbre (Sp.). Top or summit of a
mountain or hill. (Halse)
Cuiller (Fr.). A
long, wrought-iron,
Cumene. A hydrocarbon, CsHu. first
cylindrical bucket in which waste
from shaft sinking is brought to found by De la Rue and Muller in
the surface. (Gresley)
Rangoon oil. (Mitzakis)

Cuinage (Eng.). The official stamp- Cumulites. Vogelsang's name for

spherulitlc aggregates of globules.
ing ofpigs of tin for market
(Standard). A corruption of coin-
(Kemp)
age. Cumulose deposits. Peat, muck and
Culbuteur (Belg.). A dumping appa-
swamp soils In part. (Watson)
ratus which turns completely over, Cuna (Sp.). A cradle used In gold
or around, when emptying cars. washing. (Halse)
(Gresley) Cuiia. 1. (Sp.) A wedge or gad. 3.
Cnlet. The small, lower terminus, of (Sp.) A "horse" of ground. 3.
a brilliant-cut gem, parallel to the (Colom.) Pillars left in stopes for
table. (Standard) supporting th(» main levels. (Halse)
Culm. 1. (Eng.) Anthracite. (Welsh) Cundy; Cundie. 1. (Scot.) The spaces
A kind of coal, of indifferent quality, from which coal has been worked
burning with a small flame, out, partly filled with dirt and rub-
and emitting a disagreeable odor. bish between the packs (Gresley).
(Hunil)le) See Goaf.
2. (I'enn.) The waste or slack of the 2. (Aust.) The pas.snge under a
Pennsylvania anthracite mines, con- roadway into which an endless rope
 )

200 GLOSSARY OF MINING AND MINERAL INDUSTRY.

passes out of the way at the end used for remelting cast-
It is chiefly
of its track. Also called Conduct iron for foundry purposes. (Cen-
(Power). A variation o fConduit. tury). See Ouppla, 1.
Caneta (Sp.). 1. A small trench. 2. Cupriferous. Copper-bearing. The
The drain or gutter of an adit level Nipigon or Keweenawan formation.
or gangway. (Halse) (Winchell)
Cup-and-cone. A machine for charg- Cuprita (Sp.). The mineral cuprite.
ing a shaft furnace, consisting of an (Dwight)
iron hopper with a large central
Cuprite. Native red copper oxide,
opening, which is closed by a cone
CuaO. Contains 88.8 per cent cop-
or bell, pulled up into it from below.
per. (U. S. Geol. Surv.)
In the annular space around this
cone, the ore, fuel, etc., are placed; Cuproapatite. A variety of apatite
then the cone is lowered to drop the from Chile containing copper.
materials into the furnace; after (Standard)
which it is again raised to close the
hole. (Raymond)
Cuprotungstite. A tungsten-bearing
mineral, CUWO4+2H2O, also (CaCu)
Cupel. A small, shallow, porous cup, WO.-f 2HaO. Its comT)Osition Is vari-
especially of bone ash: used in as- able, and it may easily be mistaken
saying to separate precious metals for some mineral of the epidote
from lead, etc.; also a larger form group.
for commercial refining. (Webster)
Cuprous. Of, pertaining to, or con-
Cupel dust. A powder used In purify- taining copper. (Webster)
ing metals; also called Coppel dust.
Cuprum. Copper; the chemical symbol
(Century)
Is Cu.
Cupellation. 1. The treatment on a Cupula, cupola (Sp.). The cap or
hearth or cupel (usually formed of dome of a reverberatory furnace;
bone ash) of an alloy of lead, gold, steam dome of a boiler, etc. ( Halse

and silver, by means of fusion and

an air blast, which oxidizes the Curador (Mex.) A guardian of prop-
lead to litharge, and removes it in erty; trustee. (Dwight)
liquid form, or absorbs it in the Curb. 1. A timber frame, circular or
cupel. (Raymond) square, wedged in a shaft to make
2. As applied to lead smelting, it is a foundation for walling or tubbing,
the final separation of lead and or to support, with or without other
silver, and consists in melting and timbering, the walls of the shaft
heating in a reverberatory furnace (Raymond)
argentiferous lead with access of 2.The heavy frame or sill at the
air to the temperature at which top of a shaft. (Steel)
litharge forms on its surface. (Hof- 3. In tunnel construction a ring of
man, p. 506) brickwork or 01 cast iron, at the
Cupola (Sp.). A cupelling furnace. base of a shaft, surmounting a cir-
(Halse) cular orifice in the roof of the tun-
nel. A Drum-curb, is a flat ring of
Cupola. 1. A shaft furnace with a cast iron for supporting the brick-
blast, for remelting metals, prepara- work, having the snme diameter ex-
tory to casting. Sometimes incor- ternally as the shaft of brickwork.
rectly pronounced and written Cu- Temporary curbs of oak are also
pelo. (Raymond) used. (Simms)
2. The offtake for smoke and return 4. An Iron border to the incorporat-
air erected at or near to the top of ing bed of a gunpowder mill. 5. An
the upcast shaft. (Gresley) iron casing in which to ram loam
3. A domical-shaped projection of molds for casting. 6. The walls of
Igneous material from a batholith. a chamber in which sulphuric acid
Many stocks are cupolas on batno- is made. (Webster)
liths. (Daly, p. 102)
Curbing. See Curb, 1 Crib, Cribbing
4. A circular kiln, with a domed
;

roof, used for burning brick. (Web- and Back-casing.

ster) Curb tubbing (Eng.). Solid wood tub-
bing. (Gresley)
Cupola furnace. A shaft furnace built
!2iore slightly than the ordinary Curf (Som.). The floor of an under-
blast furnace, and usually of fire ground road which is being takeo
brick, hooped or cased with Iron. up. See also Canch. (Gresley)
 )

GLOSSARY OF MINING AND MINERAL INDUSTRY. 201

Curl (Ecuador). Gold, hence the Cu- Curtir (Sp.). The operation of add
rar^y river. (Halse) ing lime to warm ores, or magistral
to cold ores in amalgamation. (Min.
Curie point. The temperature lying Jour.
above the red heat, at which cer-
tain bodies, such as iron, nickel,
Curva (Mex.) Curve. (Dwight)
magnetite, etc., lose the property of Cuselite. name for a
Rosenbusch's
ferromagnetism and become para- peculiar variety of augite-porphy-
magnetic. (Webster) rlte from Cusel, in the Saar basin.
Curie's law. The law, established by Germany. (Kemp)
Pierre Curie, that magnetic suscep- Cushioned hammer. A power-hammer
tibility is inversely proportional to striking a cushioned blow. (Stand-
the absolute temperature. (Web- ard)
ster) Cut. 1. To intersect a vein or work-
ing. 2. To excavate coal. (Ray-
Curley cannel (Eng.). Cannel coal
which breaks with a conchoidal or mond)
curly fracture. (Gresley) 3.To shear one side of an entry or
crosscut by
digging out the coal
Curlstone (Shrop). Ironstone exhibit- from floor to roof with a pick
ing cone-in-cone formation. (Gres- ( Steel ) See also Undercut, 1.
.

ley) 4 (Som.). A staple or drop-pit,

which see. 5. ( Scot. ) . See Buttock
Curly shale. 1. (Scot.) A Pumpher- 6. (Eng.). The depth to which o.
ston oil shale. Its thickness is about drill hole is put in for blasting.
6 and
ft., it yields 20 gal. of crude (Gresley)
oiland from 60 to 70 lb. of ammo- 7. A term applied where the cutting
nium sulphate per ton. (Bacon) machine has cut under the coel to
2. (U. S.) Any folded and distorted a depth of five feet and for a width
oil shale. of fifteen feet. (Stratton v. North-
Current. 1. A body of fluid moving east Coal Co., 164 Kentucky, p. 302)
continuously in a certain direction, Cut chain (Scot). A system of work-
as a current of water or air. 2. A ing underground self-acting Inclined
movement of electricity analogous planes from several different levels,
to the motion of a stream of water by means of chains of various
or other liquid. (Webster) lengths which are regulated accord-
Current bedding. See False bedding. ing to the level from which coal is
lowered. (Gresley)
Current density. The amount of elec- Cut-chain brae (Scot). An incline on
tric current per unit of cross-section
which cut chains are used. (Bar-
area of the conductor, at any part rowman)
of the circuit. (Webster)
Cut coal (Scot). In stoop-and-room
Current meter. 1. An instrument, as working, coal cut on two sides
a galvanometer, for measuring the where two rooms at right angles to
strength of an electric current. each other just meet (Barrow-
(Standard) man)
2. Any instrument for measuring
Cut holes. The
first round of holes
the velocity force, etc., of currents.
fired intunnel or shaft (Du
a
(Webster) Pont). They are so placed as to
Curry pit (Leic). A hole sunk from force out a cone-shaped core in the
an upper to a lower portion of a center of a heading, and reller-e the
thick seam of coal through which burden on the second round of shots.
the return air passes from the stalls Cut-off. 1. A quarryman's term for the
to the airway. (Gresley) direction along which the granite
Curtain. A
sheet of brattice cloth must be channeled, because it will
hung across an entry in such a way not split. Same as Hard way. (Per-
that it prevents the passage of the kins)
air current but does not hinder the 2. The new and relatively short
passage of mules or mine cars, channel formed when a stream cuts
r Steel) through the neck of an oxbow. 3.
The act of shutting off the admis-
Curtain of coal (West Penn.). A thin sion of steam to an engine; also the
pillar left In lieu of timbers for mechanism for effecting this cut-ofC
support It also has the advantage at the proper point in the cycle.
of being a permanent wall and thus (Webster)
assists In directing ventilation. 4. See Cut-off entry.
202 GLOSSARY OF MINING AND MINERAL INDUSTRY.
Cut-off entry. An entry driven to in-
tersect another and furnish a more
convenient outlet for the coal. Also
called Cut-off. See Entry. (Steel)
Cut-out. 1. (Forest of Dean). See
Crutt or Branch, 1. 2. (Eng.) A cutting.
fault which dislocates a seam of
coal more than its entire thickness.
(Gresley)
3. A device for cutting out a por-
tion of an electric circuit, generally
including a fuse designed to melt
when the current exceeds a certain
strength. A circuit breaker. (Web-
ster)
Cut-over (Mid.). To cut a seam of
coal in a long-wall working, over or
beyond the first joint or cleat.
(Gresley)
Cuts (Scot). Strips of coal worked
off the sides of pillars (Gresley).
Also called Slices, or Skips.
Cut shot. Ashot designed to bring
down coal which has been sheared
or opened on one side. (Barrow-
man)
Cutter. A term employed In speak-
1.
ing of any coal-cutting or rock-cut-
ting machine; the men operating
them, or the men engaged in under-
holing by pick or drill. (Steel)
2. (Scot.) A fissure or natural
crack in strata. (Gresley)
3. A joint, usually a dip joint, run-
ning in the direction of working
(Webster). Usually in the plural.
4. (Mt. Pleasant, Tenn.) An open-
ing in limestone, enlarged from
cracks as fissures, by solution, which
is filled by clay and usually con-
tains valuable quantities of brown
phosphate rock. (W. 0. Phalen,
mineral technologist, U. S. Bur.
Mines)
6. A crack in a crystal which de-
stroys or lessens its value as a lapi-
dary's stone. (Century)
Cutter bar. That part of a chain min-
ing machine that supports the cut-
ting chain and extends under the
coal. (Harr)
Cuttery (Scot.). Much intersected
with joints or fissures, e. g., cuttery
sandstone. (Barrowman)
Cut-through. 1. (No. Staff.).
opening between headings every 18
to 20 yards in mines having a steep
inclination. See also Dip, 3 and 4.
(Gresley)
2. (Aust.). A
connection between
bords, used for ventilation and trav-
eling purposes. (Power)
Cutting. 1. (Eng.) The end or side
of a stall next to the solid coal
where the coal is cut with a pick in
a vertical line to facilitate breaking
down. Channeling. (Gresley)
2. The opening made by shearing or
(Steel)
3. Low-grade ore or refuse obtained
from dressing ore. 4- The opera-
tion of making openings across a
coal seam as by channeling, or be-
neath a coal seam as by undercut-
ting.
Cutting box. A box into which dia-
mond dust falls when the diamonds
which are cemented into the cutter
and setter are rubbed against each
other. (Century)
Cutting chain. The sprocket chain
which carries the steel points used
for undermining the coal with chain
mining-machines. (Steel)
Cutting down. The trimming of shaft
walls to increase its sectional area.
(C. and M. M. P.)
Cutting shot (Ark.). A shot put in
beside a cutting so as to blast some
coal into it and to shatter the coal
beyond for aid in making the next
cutting. See also Shot. (Steel)
Cut-up (Scot.). An excessive roof
fall leaving a large open space
above. (Gresley)
Cuvelage (Fr.). Same as Tubbing.
Cuvette. 1. (Fr.) A
bowl or basin of
pottery or china; a flat-bottomed
piece containing a water pot. 2.
The vessel in which molten glass is
received from the refining-pot and
borne to the table for casting and
rolling. (Standard)
Cuyuna. The name of an iron range
in Minnesota. It is composed of the
syllables, "Cuy" and "Una", the
former being a contraction of the
given name of Cuyler Adams who
was active in the early development
of that territory, and the last syl-
lable is the name of his dog "Una".
Cwt. An abbreviation for a hundred-
weight, or 112 pounds avoirdupois.
An Cyanamid. A trade name for a mate-
rialcontaining about 50 per cent
true cyanamide (CH2N2), and 25 per
cent calcium hydroxide. Commer-
cial cyanamid is made by passing
nitrogen over a heated mass of cal-
cium carbide (Ca(3a) and containa
35.0 per cent nitrogen.
 GLOSSARY OF MINING AND MINERAL, INDUSTRY. "ZOS

Cyanamide. A white crystalline com- Cyclic twin. Composed of parts which

pound (CH2N2) formed by the action appear to have been alternately re-
of cyanogen chloride on ammonia. volved 180" upon non-parallel twin-
(Standard) ning planes. The varieties with
names are trillings, fourlings, six-
Cyanidation. 1. Conversion of gold lings and eightlings. (Butler)
into a double cyanide of potassium Cylinder metal. Cast iron alloyed
and gold by the action of cyanide with two or more per cent of man-
of potassium (Duryee). See Cya-
ganese and possessing a low coeffi-
nide process. 2. The act or proc-
cient of friction when highly pol-
ess of cyaniding. (Webster)
ished. Used for engine cylinders.
Cyanide. 1. A compound of cyanogen
(Webster)
with an element or radical. 2. To Cymogene. A product obtained by the
treat with cyanide (Webster). Po- redistillation of American petro-
tassium and sodium cyanides are leum (Mitzakis). Usually nearly
used in the extraction of gold. pure butane.
Cyanide mill. A mill in which the Cymophane. A synonym for Cat's-eye.
cvanide process is carried on.
Cyprine. A variety of vesuvianite or
(Webster) idocrase, of a blue tint, which is
Cyanide process. A
process for the supposed to be due to copper. (Cen-
extraction gold
of from finely tury)
crushed ores, concentrates and tail- Cyrtolite. A yellowish to brownish
ings by means of cyanide of potas- mineral containing zirconia, yttria,
ium used in dilute solutions. The ceria, and other rare earths.
gold is dissolved by the solution and Found in pegmatites. (U. S. Geol.
subsequently deposited upon metal- Surv.)
lic zinc or by other means. (Skin-
ner). See also McArthur and Forest D.
process.
Dacite. A vitrophyric or felsophyric,
Cyanite; Disthene. A mineral indenti- generally volcanic, igneous rock,
cal in chemical composition with an- containing essential plagioclase and
dalusite and sillimanite, Al208.Si02, quartz, with or without hornblende
but differing in crystal form. Gen- and biotite or both quartz andesite.
;

erally in flat-bladed pieces. Some- (La Forge)

times used as a gem. (U. S. Geol.
Backer (Eng.). Insufficient ventila-
Surv.) Also spelled Kyanite.
tion of a mine (Bainbridge). Dead
Cyanogen. 1. A univalent radical, CN,
composed of carbon and nitrogen, Backer of wind (Derb.). Poor venti-
present in hydrocyanic acid and the lation in a mine. (Hooson)
cyanides. 2. A colorless, poisonous
Bad (No. of Eng.). In coal mining, to
gas, (CN)2, with an odor like that
mix (fire damp) with atmospheric
of peach leaves. (Webster)
air to such an extent that the mix-
Cyanotype. A simple method of pro- ture is incapable of exploding
ducing photographs, usually blue in (Century). Also called Dash.
color, by the use of paper, linen or Bado 1. Die of a stamp mill.
(Sp.).
the like, coated with certain com- 2. Astone on which a horse whim
pounds of cyanogen and iron. Also (malacate) works. (Halse)
a print so obtained. It is used for Bag (Aust.). A system whereby the
copying maps and charts. (Web- earnings of members of the Coal-
ster) miners' Federation are practically
equalized. ( Po w e r) Compare
Cyamiret. A former name for cyanide.
Darg.
.

(Standard)
Bagger
Cyclic. Applied to any action or pro-
cess that after going through a cer-
tain course, or accomplishing a defi-
nite order of changes, begins again
the same course or order, and so on
indefinitely until some new influence
stops or changes the action. (Ban-
some)
(Ark.). A T-shaped Iron
about 4 feet long, used to force an
auger into hard coal. The point is
placed in a hole dug in the floor
while the miner drilling the hola
presses his breast against the cross-
bar. The end of the auger fits into
any one of a number of recesses to
the stem oi the dagger. (Steel)
204 GLOSSARY OF MINING AND MINERAL. INDUSTRY.

Dagh (Turl^y). Hill; mountain. Damourite. A hydrous muscovHe.

(Ortjfutt) (Dana)
Dagner condenser. A series of muffle- A schistose meta-
Damourite-schlst.
shaped pipes through which dis- morphic rock composed largely or
tilled zinc is passed for condensa- wholly of damourite. It comprises
tion. (Ingalls, p. 551) much of what was formerly called
Dahamite. A name derived from Da- hydromica schist. (La Forge)
hamis, a place on the island of So- Damp. A general term for gaseous
cotra, and given by A. Pelikan to a products formed in coal mines, etc.,
dike rock of brown color, compact as distinguished from pure air. Sec
texture with red phenocrysts of aZsoAfterdamp Black damp; Choke
;

tabular albite or albite-ollgoclase. damp; Fire damp; Stink damp;

The mineralogical composition as White damp.
shown by recasting an analysis is
albite, 43.8; anorthite, 2.8; ortho- Damped (Eng.). Suffocated by gas
clase, 12.2; quartz, 31.5; riebeckite, or foul air in a mine. (Gresley)
6.8. The rock appears to be a va- Damper. A valve in a flue or at the
riety of paisanite. (Kemp) top of chimney to regulate the draft.
Daily report. See Boring Journal. (Raymond)
Dalama (Zambesi). Gold. (Lock) Dam plate.In a blast furnace, the
cast-ironplate which supports the
Dale. 1. (Scot.) A measure by which
dam or dam stone in front (Cen-
coal was formerly sold in the east
tury). See Dam, 2.
of Scotland. (Barrowman)
2. A low place between hills; a val- Damposcope (Scot). An instrument
ley. (Webster) invented by Professor Forbes, Glas-
gow, for detecting fire damp. (De-
Dalton's law (multiple proportions).
scribed in Trans. Min. Inst. Scot-
If two elements A and form sev- B land, vol. 1, p. 278.) (Barrow-
eral compounds with each other, and
man)
we consider any fixed mass of A,
then the different masses of which B Damp sheet (So. Staff.). A large sheet
combine with the fixed mass bear A placed as a curtain or partition
a simple ratio to one another (Lid- across a gate road to stop and turn
dell). Thus, iron and oxygen unite an air current, (Raymond)
In the proportion FeO, Fe208 and
which compounds (consider-
Dampy (Mid.). Mine air mixed with
FeaO*. in
so much carbonic acid gas as to
ing the oxygen) 3 and 4 are simple
cause the lights to burn badly or
multiples of one.
to go out. (Gresley)
Dam. 1. A barrier to keep foul air,
or water, from mine workings
Dam shale. A Scottish oil shale.
(Bacon)
(Davies). See Stopping; also Bulk-
head. Dam stone.The wall of fire brick or
2. The wnll of refractory material, stone inclosing the front of the
forming the front of the fore-hearth hearth in a blast furnace. See also
of a blast furnace. It is built on Dam, 2. (Century)
the inside of a supporting iron plate
(dam plate) Iron is tapped through
.
Dan. 1. (Mid.). A tub or barrel,
sometimes with and sometimes with-
a hole in the dam, and cinder
out wheels, in which mine water is
through a notch in the top of the
conveyed along underground road-
dam. See also Lurmann front.
ways to the sump or raised to the
(Raymond) surface. 2. A
small box or sledge
Dama (Sp.). A dam
or stone at the for carrying coal or waste in a mine,
end of a fire hearth of a furnace. (Gresley)
(Halse)
Danalite. A flesh-red to gray translu-
Damaged-groTind rent (Eng.). Usually cent sulpho-silicate, (Be, Pe, Zn,-
double agricultural rent for land oc- Mn)7Si302S, mineral, usually mas-
cupied by engines, heapstead, shops, sive but sometimes crystallizing in
houses, railways, etc. (G. G. Green- the isometric system. (Standard)
well)
Danburite. A pale-yellow to colorless,
Damask. The etched or "watered" vitreous, translucent to transparent,
surface produced on polished calcium boro-silicate mineral, CaBi«
(welded) steel, by corrosion, (Ray- (S104)j, crystallizing in the orthO'
nooa) rhombic system. (Dana)
 ) ; ;

GLOSSARY OF MINING AND MINERAL INDUSTRY. 205

Dandeir (Scot). A piece of slag, vit- Dash pot. 1. A device for cushioning
rified refuse, or calcined cinder. or damping a movement to avoid
(Webster) shock, consisting essentially of a
cylinder containing air or a liquid
Dandered coal (Scot.). Coal burned
and a piston moving in it. 2. A de-
by, and generally mixed with trap
vice for closing the valves on a Cor-
rock (Barrowman). See also Nat-
liss engine, actuated by atmospheric
ural coke.
pressure or a spring. (Webster)
Danforth's oil. See Naptha. Dass. 1. (Scot). A slice or cut taken
Danger board (Scot). A board on off a pillar in stoping. (Barrow-
which notice Is given, warning man)
against entering a dangerous part of 2. A stratum. 3. To work in or cut
the mine workings (Barrowman). out layers from the face of a cliff.
See also Fire board. A variation of Dess. (Webster)
Danger signal. A signal consisting of Datalling (Eng.). Blowing (blasting)
a board, shovel, or other material down roof in a mine. (Gresley)
with appropriate markings thereon,
Datlers (Lane). Men who work un-
placed in the front of a room or
derground, and are paid by the day
entry containing an explosive mix-
not contractors. (Gresley)
ture of fire damp. (Roy). Also, a
placard to indicate the location of Datolite. A hydrous silicate of boron
dangerous machinery, electric wires, and calcium, H20.2CaO.B203.2Si02.
explosives, mine openings, etc. The mineral is used as a gem. (U.
S. Geol. Surv.)
Banks. Black shale mingled with fine
coal. (Standard) Datolite group. A
group of minerals,
the species of which are usually re-
Banks' puddler. A revolving mechani-
garded as orthosilicates, HR'R"Si08,
cal puddler. See also Puddling.
or R'sR",(Si05)2; R'= Ca, Be, Fe,
(Raymond) chiefly; R"=Boron, the yttrium
Dant 1. (Newc.) Soft, inferior coal (and cerium) metals, etc. All of the
mineral charcoal. (Raymond) minerals of this group crystallize in
2. To reduce, as a metal, to a lower the monoclynic system. (Dana)
temperature. ( Standard
Datum. 1. Any
position or element in
Danty (No. of Eng.). Disintegrated relation to which others are deter-
coal. (Gresley) mined, as datum point; datum line;
Dap. A notch cut in a timber to re-
datum plane. 2. The mean low-
water mark of all tides, assumed as
ceive another timber. (C. M. P.)
a base of reckoning. (Webster)
Daiapskite.A hydrous sodium nitrate Datum level. The level (usually sea
and sulphate mineral, NaN03.Na2S04-
level or mean level of nearest con-
+H2O. (Dana) siderable body of water) from which
Dar cuele (Mex.). To drive a level. altitudes are measured in surveys.
(D wight) (Weed)
Darg. 1. (No. of Eng.) A specified Datum water level. The level at which
quantity or weight of mineral water is first struck in a shaft. (O.
agreed by the managers and men to and M. M. P.)
be produced during a shift for a Daugh (Scot). Soft fire clay asso-
certain sum of money. (Gresley) ciated with a seam of coal, and in
2. (Scot) To work by the day. which the holing is usually made.
3. A days' labor; toil. 4. See Dag. (Barrowman)
Darger (Scot). One who works by Dauk; Dawk; Douk (Eng.). Tough;
the day. (Standard) compact; sandy clay. (Power)
Dark rnby silver. See Pyrargyrite. Davis furnace. A long, one-hearth re-
Darrlinge (Ger.). Residue of copper verberatory furnace, heated by lat-
resulting from the process of sepa- eral fireplaces for roasting sulphide
rating silver from copper by liqua- ore. (Ingalls, p. 97)
tion. (Whitney) Davy; Davy lamp. A safety lamp in-
vented by Sir Humphrey Davy in
Dash (No. of Eng.). See Dad.
1815 for the protection of coal
Dashing (Eng.). Increasing the miners. Its safety feature consisted
amount of air in mines to prevent of a fine-wire gauze inclosiag the
explosions of mine gases. (Bain- flame to keep it from coming in con-
bridge). See also Dad. tact with mine gas.
 ) —
; ) )

206 GLOSSARY OF MINING AND MIIifBRAL INDUSTRY.

Davy man (Newc). The man who Daywork. All work other than that
trims and repairs the Davy lamps. done by the piece or contract, such
(Min. Jour.) as repairing roads, handling cars,
etc. Also called Company work and
Dawling (Derb.). A failing ore body, does not include work for which the
both in quality and quantity. (Hoo- men are paid by the month (Steel).
son) Work performed by day men.
Dawsonlte. A basic carbonate of alu- Dead. 1. (Corn.) Unventilated. 2.
minium and sodium, Na3Al(C03)8. As to a vein or piece of ground, un-
2A1(0H)8, mineral occurring in thin productive. ( Raymond
Incrustations of white radiating 3. (Eng.). The creep, after sub-
bladed crystals. (Dana) sidence or upheaval has taken place
to the full extent. (Gresley)
Dawson producer. A furnace used for
the manufacture of producer gas. Dead air. The
air of a mine when it

(Ingalls, p. 305) contains carbonic-acid gas (black

damp), or when ventilation is slug-
Day. 1. A term used to signify the gish. ( Stewart
surface; thus, "driven to day,"
meaning to daylight, therefore to
Dead coal (Kansas). noncoking A
coal mined from strip pits and used
the surface. (Chance)
for zinc smelting. (Stewart)
2. (Wales) The surface of the
ground over a mine. Day level, Dead-dipping. The act or process of
An adit. —
Day water Water from imparting a dead, or dull, surface
the surface. (Raymond) to brass or other metal by dipping
3. (Derb.) Ore that is found near it in an acid. (Webster)
the surface. (Mander)
Dead end. An entry, gangway, level,
Day-coal. The upper stratum of coal or other mine passage extending be-
as nearest the light or surface. yond the mine workings into solid
(Webster) coal or ore a stub. See Stub entry.
;

Day drift. A drift with one end at Dead end The closed end
(of a pipe).
the surface (Webster). An adit. of a pipe or system of pipes. (Nat.
Tube Co.)
Day eyes (Wales). Inclined planes
driven from the surface to the coal Deadened mercury. See Floured.
bed. ( Gresley Deadfall. A dumping platform at the
Day fall. See aUo Crop fall. mouth of a mine. (Standard)

Day hole. Any heading or level in a Dead glacier. A stagnant glacier; a

mine communicating with the sur- fossil glacier. (Century)
face. (Century) Dead ground. 1. Rock in a mine,
Day level (Scot). A level driven which, although producing no ore,
from the surface (Barrowman). requires to be removed in order to
An adit. get at productive ground. (Roy.
Com.)
Daylight mine (Scot). A mine or 2. A faulty or barren area of coal
drift extending to the surface. strata. (Gresley)
(Barrowman) Deadhead. 1. An extra length given

Day man. A
mine employee paid
coal to a cast object, as a cannon, to put
by the day as distinguished from pressure on the molten metal below
those paid by the piece, or by con- so that dross and gases may rise
tract. Also called Company man. into it; a sullage piece; a sinking-
(Steel) head. 2. That part of a casting fill-
ing up the ingate; a sprue. (Stand-
Day pair (Corn.). Miners who work ard)
underground during the day
(Pryce). The day shift
Dead hole. A shallow hole in an iron
casting. (Standard)
Day shift. A
group of miners, or other
Deading (Glouc, Som.). Same as
laborers, who work during the day.
Dead work.
Day stone (Eng.). A rock lying ex- Dead-line. A row of narked empty
posed in its natural state. (Web-
ster)
powder kegs or other danger signal
placed by the fire boss to warn
Day water. Surface water. (Web- miners not to enter workings con-
ster) taining gas. (Steel)
 GLOSSARY OF MINING a:ND MINERAL INDUSTRY. 207

Dead lode. A lode not containing valu- Dead-stroke hammer. A power ham-
able minerals in paying quantity. mer striking an uncushloned or in-
elastic blow. (Standard)
Deadman. 1. A buried log, or the like,
serving as an anchor, as for a guy Dead water. Standing or still water.
rope. (Webster) (Webster)
2. A wooden block used to guard the
raouth of a mine against runaway Dead weight. The unrelieved weight
car*5. ( Connors- Weyman Steel Co. of anything Inert. A heavy or op-
V. Kilgore, 66 Southern, p. 612) pressive burden. (Webster)
Dead mens'
graves (Aust.). Grave- Deadwork. Work is not directly
that
like mounds in the basalt underly- productive, though It may be neces-
ing auriferous gravels. (C. and M. sary for exploration and future
M. P.) production (Raymond). Unfinished
work.
Dead oil. A name given to those prod-
ucts of distillation consisting of Deaf ore. (Derb.). Gouge containing
carbolic acid, naphthalin, etc., ob- small grains of valuable mineral.
tained in the distillation of coal tar, Considered as Indicating that the
which are heavier than water and main orebody Is not far away.
which come off at about 340° F., or (Hooson)
over. (Century) Deal. 1. Plank used In shaft and gal-

Dead-plate. A nearly horizontal iron lery construction. (Raymond)

plate, at the mouth of the furnace, 2. A
board or plank of varying di-
under a steam boiler, on which the mensions. In Canada it is a board
bituminous coal charges are laid to 12 feet long, 11 Inches wide and 2^
be partly coked before they are Inches thick; in England, a board
pushed upon the grate where their not exceeding 3 Inches thick and 9
solid carbon is consumed. The gases Inches wide. (Standard)
evolved on the dead-plate pass over Deal-end (Eng.). A plank less than
the grate and are burned. (Ray- 6 feet long. (Standard)
mond)
Dean (Corn.). The end of a level.
Dead quartz. Quartz carrying no valu- (Raymond)
able mineral. (Ihlseng)
Debacle. 1. A great rush of waters,
Dead rent. A
certain, fixed, or mini- which, breaking down all opposing
mum rent paid at specified times by barriers, carries forward the broken
a lessee, whether the mine Is worked fragments of rocks, and spreads
or not. (Vandalia Coal Co. v. Un- them In its course. (Comstock)
derwood, 111 N. E. Rept, p. 330; 2. The breaking up of Ice in a
New York Coal Co. v. New Pitts- stream. A violent dispersion or dis-
burgh Coal Co., 99 N. E. Rept., 198) ruption. (Webster)
Dead riches. Base bullion. (Miller) De Bavay process. A flotation process
invented by Auguste J. F. De Bavay
Dead roast. Roasting carried to the in 1904, in which a freely flowing
farthest practicable degree in the pulp is brought to the surface of a
expulsion of sulphur. (Raymond) vessel of water, where advantage Is
Dead rock. The material removed in taken of the surface tension of the
the opening of a mine, that is of no liquid, and the sulphide floated. A
value for milling purposes. Waste film of carbonate on the sulphide,
rock. (Duryee) from weathering, Is detrimental,
and Is removed by soaking the ore
Dead rope (Aust.). Same as Buffer
in a weak solution of carbonate of
rope.
ammonia, or by passing carbon dl
Deads. 1. (Corn.) The waste rock, oxide through the pulverized wet
packed in excavations from which ore, or by friction. In the original
ore or coal has been extracted. process no oil or acid was used.
(Raymond) Later these were also used. (Lld-
2. The barren rock which Incloses dell)
the ore on every side. The wall D6bil (Mei.). Weak; a term applied
rock. to amalgam when very fluid. (Bg-
Dead small (No. of Eng.). The small- leston)
est coal which passes through the Debris. Rock fragments, sand, earth,
screening or separating apparatus, and sometimes organic matter. In
((iresley) a heterogeneous mass, as at the foot
208 GLOSSARY OF MINING AND MINERAL INDUSTRY.
of a cliff. 2. The silt,
gravel that flow from
mines; called in miner's parlance,
tailings, slums, and sometimes
slickens. /Sfee a Zso Tailings. (Hanks.
Also U. S. Min. Stat, p. 940)
Debris deposits. Refuse from hydrau-
lic mining operations. (U. S. Min.
Stat, p. 933-945)
Decantation. The act of pouring off
a liquid so as not to disturb a sedi-
ment or precipitate. (Webster)
Decanter. 1. A vessel used to decant
liquors or for receiving decanted
liquors, as in a laboratory. (Web-
ster)
2. An apparatus for sorting and
classifying tailings from gold-wash-
ing operations.
Deck. The platform of a cage upon
which the cars and men ride. Cages
are occasionally made with
three, or four decks. (Gresley)
Decken structure. A series of great
overthrust folds with nearly parallel
and horizontal axial planes. (Lieth,
p. 117)
Decking. The operation of changing
the tubs on a cage at top and bot-
tom of a shaft Caging. (Gresley)
Deck molding. Trimming made to
match cresting or ridging, on clay-
tiled roofs, and used for the purpose
of covering the planes
which has a flat deck.
Declaratory statement. In practical
mining operations, a term applied
to the statutory certificate of loca-
tion and is a notice or statement of
the location, containing a descrip-
tion of the mining claim, verified
by the oath of the locator, perform-
ing, when recorded, a permanent
function, and is the beginning of the
locator's paper title. Is the first
muniment of such title and is con-
structive notice to all the world of
Its contents. (Gird v. California
Oil Co., 60 Fed. Rept, p. 536; Pe-
ters V. Tonopah Min. Co., 120 Fed.
Rept, p. 589; Magruder v. Oregon,
etc., R. Co., 28 Land Decisions, p.
177; Pollard v. Shively, 5 Colorado,
p. 312 Metcalf v. Prescott, 10 Mon-
;
tana, p. 284)
Declared selling price (Aust). The
nominal selling price of coal de-
clared by the mine owners in the
Newcastle district, N. S. W., every
September, on which the payment
to miners is based. (Power)
sand, and Declination. The angle whlt.h the
hydraulic magnetic needle makes with the geo-
graphical meridian. It is said to be
east or west, according as the north
end of the needle points to the east
or west of the geographical me-
ridian.
Declinometer. An Instrument, often
measuring or re-
self-registering, for
cording the declination of the mag-
netic needle. (Standard)
Decompose. To separate the constitu-
ent parts of; to resolve into the
original elements; to rot or decay.
(Webster)
Decomposing furnace. A furnace used
in the conversion of common sal*
into sulphate of soda, aided by the
action of sulphuric acid. (Century)
Decomposition. The breaking up or
decay of compounds into simpler
chemical forms. (Roy. Com.)
two,
Decrepitate. To roast or calcine so
as to cause crackling; to crackle, as
salt, from the presence of moisture,
when heated. (Webster)
Decrepitation. The breaking up witri
a crackling noise of mineral sub-
stanceswhen exposed to heat, as
when common salt is thrown upon
the fire. (Roy. Com.)
Deeds (No. of Eng.). Debris or
waste thrown upon the spoil bank
(dump). (Gresley). A variation of
of a roof Deads.
(Ries)
Deep. 1. (Corn.) The lower portion
of a vein; used in the phrase "to
the deep," i. e., downward upon
the vein. (Raymond)
2. Workings below the level of the
pit bottom or main levels extending
therefrom. 3. (Forest of Dean;
Lane.) A vein, seam, mine, or bed
of coal or ironstone. (Gresley)
Deep coal (Eng.). Coal seams lying
at a depth of 1,800 feet or more be-
low the surface. (Gresley)
Deep leads. Alluvial deposits of gold
or tinstone buried below a consider-
able thickness of soil or rock.
(Duryee)
Deep-level (Trans.). In South Africa,
the first mining properties de-
veloped from the surface were
estopped from trespassing beyond
their side lines projected down-
ward. The next mine on the dip
of the lode became known as the
"deep-level" mine or "deep." Jour.,
Chem., Met. and Min. Soc., So.
Africa, vol. 14, 1914, p. 361)
 GLOSSAEY OF MINING AND MINERAL INDUSTRY. 209

Deep pit (Eng.). A shaft exceeding Deformation of rocks. 1. Restrlctedly,

400 or 500 yards in depth. (Gres- distortion of rock masses by pres-
ley) sure, evidenced by foliation, mutual
indentation of pebbles in conglom-
Deep-sinker (Aust). A tall drinking erate, distortion of fossils, stylo-
glass; also the drink it contains, so lites, (Standard)
etc.
called in fanciful allusion to the 2. Any change in the original shape
shaft of a mine. (Webster) of rock masses. Folding and fault-
ing are common modes of deforma-
Deep-well pump. A pump for oil wells,
tion. (Ransome)
etc. (Standard)
Deficient coal (Ark.) Coal more dif- Degradation. The general lowering of
ficult to mine than the standard, the surface of the land by erosive
and for which the miners are paid processes, especially by the removal
an extra price. (Steel) of material through erosion and
transportation by flowing water.
Deficient place (Aust.). workingA (La Forge)
place In which men cannot make fair
average wages, and for which they Degrade. To wear down by erosion.
are given extra pay. (Power) (Webster)
Definite proportions law. One of the Degree. A division, space, or interval
fundamental chemical laws that a marked on a mathematical or other
chemical compound always contains Instrument, as on a thermometer.
the same elements In the same pro- •(Webster)
portions by weight (Liddell). Com-
pare Dalton's law. Degree of curve. In railroad survey-
ing, that angle subtended, at the cen-
Deflagrate. To burn; burst into ter of curvature, by a chord of 100
flame; specifically to burn rapidly, feet. It Is twice the deflection angle.
with a sudden evolution of flame
and vapor, as a mixture of char- Dehne filter press. A standard plate-
coal and niter thrown into a red- and-frame filter press. (Liddell)
hot crucible. (Century)
Dehydrate. To render free from wa-
Deflagrating mixture. Combustible ter. (Webster)
mixtures generally made with niter,
the oxygen of which is the active Deil (Scot.). A tool for unscrewing
Ingredient in promoting their com- broken rods in a bore hole. (Bar-
bustion. (Century) row man)
Deflagration globe. A large glass globe Deister table. A
riffled table used in
for deflagration experiments, as ore dressing in which the angle be-
burning phosphorous in oxygen. tween the line of termination of the
(Webster) riffles and the direction of motion
Is not so acute as In the Wllfley.
Deflagration spoon. A spoon with a
It Is also wider and shorter. The
long vertical handle, used in defla-
top is rhomboidal. (Liddell)
gration experiments. (Webster)
Deflation. The removal of loose ma- Dejar respaldado (Peru). To leave
terial by the wind, leaving the rocks valuable ore In the wall - rock.
bare to the continuous attack of the (D wight)
weather. (Webster) Delay electric blasting-cap. A detonat-
Deflection angle. In railroad survey- ing device with a delay element be-
ing, theangle formed at any point of tween the priming and detonating
a curve between the tangent and a composition. It detonates about one
chord of 100 feet, and is, therefore, or two seconds after the electric cur-
one half the degree of curve. rent has passed through the bridge.
Deflocculating agent. An agent which
They are made In two kinds first —
produces deflocculatlon, as for ex-
—
and second delay and are used In
connection with regular, waterproof
ample the alkalis In certain concen-
or submarine electric blasting-caps
tration, and which therefore hin-
for blasting in tunnels, shafts, etc.,
ders settling. (Eng. and Min. Jour.,
vol. 101, p. 431)
where It is desirable to have charges
fired In succession without the neces-
Deflocculatlon. A
relative term op- sity of the blaster returning between
posed to flocculatlon, which tee, shots. (Di Pont)
75242"—10 14
210 GLOSSARY OF MINING AND MINERAL INDUSTRY.

Delay electric-igniter. An electrical Dema (Sp.). 1. Timbers; lagging. 2.

device using fuse as the delay ele- A dry-stone wall. 3. (Colora.). Th«
ment by which it is possible with the side of a ground sluice. (Halse)
use of a blasting cap on each fuse Demagnetize. To deprive of magnetic
to detonate a number of charges in polarity. (Century)
succession. (Du Pont)
Demar (Sp. Am.). To timber; to con-
Detessite. A
chloritic mineral of scaly
struct the sides of channels and
or short fibrous appearance filling sluices. (Lucas)
cavities or seams in basic Igneous
rocks. (Dana) Demasia (Mex.). Unoccupied ground
between two mining concessions, less
Delf. 1. (Forest of Dean, Lane.) A than one pertenencia in extent.
vein, seam, or bed of coal or iron-
(Dwight)
stone. (Gresley)
2. (Eng. and Scot) A thing which Demenge process. A process of hard-
has been dug; a mine; a quarry; a ening the face of a steel ingot by
pit. (Webster) carburizlng one side in the casting
mold. (Standard)
Delfman (Eng.). A miner or work-
man in a stone quarry. (Webster) Demurrage. A charge for the deten-
tion of railway cars over a certain
Deliquescent. Capable of becoming period allowed for loading or un-
liquid by the absorption of water loading.
from the air. (Standard)
Dendriform. Resembling a tree; ar-
Delivery drift (Eng.). A drift or adit borescent dentritic
; (Century).
driven from low ground into the Said of certain minerals.
shaft to receive water pumped from
Dendrite. 1. A branching figure re-
a lower level. Also called Off- take
drift. (G. G. Green well)
sembling a shrub or tree, produced
on or in a mineral or rock by the
Dellenite. A name proposed by Brog- crystallization of a foreign mineral,
ger for an intermediate gi'oup of ef- usually an oxide of manganese, as in
fusive rocks, between the dacites the moss agate also the mineral or
;

and the liparites (rhyolites). The rock so marked.

name is derived from Dellen, Hel- 2. A crystallized arborescent form,
singland, Sweden. Compare Tosca- as of gold or silver; an arboriza-
nite. (Kemp) tion. (Webster)
Delprat method. See Overhand stop- Dendritic. Branching like a tree ; said
ing. of minerals, as crystallized gold.
Delprat process. See Potter-Delprat Dendroid. Dentritic; arborescent
process.
Denounce To offer for rec-
(Mex.).
Delta. An
alluvial deposit at the ord, notice of a claim for a
legal
mouth of a river (Webster). Usu- mining concession, covering a de-
ally more or less triangular In form. scribed area, the mining rights of
The process of forming
Deltafication.
which are held by the government
(Webster). See also Denuncia.
a delta at the mouth of a river.
(Century) Densimeter. An apparatus for deter-
Deltaic. 1. Pertaining to or like a
mining the specific gravity or rela-
tive density of a substance. ( Stand-
delta. 2. Having or forming a delta.
(Century) ard)
Density. 1. The ratio of the mass of
Deltaic deposits. Sedimentary deposits
laid down in a river delta. (Ran- any volume of a substance to the
mass of an equal volume of some
some)
standard substance. For liquids and
Delta-metal. A
non-rusting, copper, solids the standard substance Is wa-
zinc, and iron alloy resembling ter. (Webster)
Alch's - metal and sterro - metal. 2. The quality of being dense, close,
(Standard) or compact 3. The quantity of elec-
tricity per unit of volume at a point
Deltoid dodecahedron. An Isometric
In space, or the quantity of elec-
form of 12 each a quadri-
faces,
tricity per unit of area at a point
lateral, distributed as determined by
on a surface. (Century)
the tetrahedral type of symmetry
(Dana). Sometimes called Delto- Denndacion (Sp.). Denudation or ero-
hedroQ. sion. (Halse)
 )

GLOSSARY OF MINING AND MINERAL INDUSTRY, 211

Denudation. 1. The washing down of
surface deposits so as to lay bare
underlying formations. This wash-
ing away in one place is associated
with the idea of deposition In an-
other. (Roy. Com.)
2. In geology, the same as erosion,
although there has been an effort
by some to restrict theterm to the
stripping away of overlying material
from some particular rock or sur-
face. (Ransome)
Denude. To wear away or remove
overlying matter from and so ex-
pose to view, as underlying rocks.
(Standard)
Denuded. In geology, rocks exposed
by the action of denudation. (Cen-
tury)
Denuncia (Sp.). 1. In Mexico and
Spanish America, the judicial pro-
ceedings by which a person claims
and secures the right to a mine
Depletion. The act of emptying, re-
ducing or exhausting, as the depie- >»
tion of natural resources (Cen- ^
tury). In mining, specifically said
of ore reserves.
Deposit. 1. Anything laid down. For-
merly applied to (suspended) matter
left by the agency of water, but now
made to include also mineral matter
in any form, and precipitated by
chemical or other agencies, as the
ores, etc., in veins. (Winchell)
2. The term mineral deposit or ore
deposit, is arbitrarily used to desig-
nate a natural occurrence of a use-
ful mineral or ore In sufficient extent
and degree of concentration to invite
exploitation. (Raymond)
Deposition. 1. The process of natural
accumulation of rock material, as
when thrown down or collected in
strata by water, wind, or volcanic
action also material thus deposited.
:

which he has discovered, or one the Opposed to denudation. (Standard)

title to which has been lost or for- 2. The precipitation of mineral mat-
feited by the neglect of the owner ter from solution, as the deposition
to work it, or by his having violated of gate, vein quartz, etc.
the mining ordinances. 2. A simi- Deposito (Sp.). 1. A deposit, generally
lar judicial proceeding by which sedimentary; a synonym of yaci-
waste or abandoned lands may be miento; D. de metal, an ore deposit;
preempted. (Century) D. de minerales, a mineral deposit.
Denunciador (Mex.). The denouncer 2. Cistern or tank. 3. (Mex.) An
of a mine. (Halse) ore bin. 4. Depositos (Mex.).
water collected in old workings.
Denunciamiento (Sp.). In mining, the (Halse)
act of giving formal notice of a
claim ; also, the claim itself. (Stand- Depp (Derb.). The continuance of
ard) ore with depth. (Mander)
Denunciante (Colom.). The denouncer Depreciation. The loss in the value of ^
of a mine or claim ; a claimant. I)hysica] property due to use. or
(Halse) otherwise, which cannot be made
good by current repairs. (E. B.
Denunciar (Sp.). To denounce. To Skinner, p. 149)
give information that a mine is
forfeited for being insufficiently Depreciation fund. A fund set aside
worked, or for a violation of some to replace a piece of depreciable
condition which Imposes that pen- property when it is worn out. (E.
alty. This term is also applied to B. Skinner, p. 150)
the giving notice of a discovery, for
Depression. 1. A lowering, sinking or
the purpose of registry. ( Raymond
diminution. 2. The angular dis-
Denuncio (Mex.). Denouncement; the tance of an object beneath the hori-
act of applying for a mining conces- zontal plan^ that passes through the
sion under the old mining laws. observer. Used In surveying.
(Dwight) (Webster)
Departamento (Sp.). Department; a Deputy. 1. (No. of Eng.) A man who
province, district or subdivision of fixesand withdraws the timber sup-
a country. (Halse) porting the roof of a mine, and who
Dependiente (Mex.). An Inferior attends to the safety of the roof and
of-
sides, builds stopping, puts up bract-
ficer or clerk. (Halse)
ticing, and looks after the safety of
Dephlegmator, or separator. An instru- the miners. (Mid.) An under-
2.
ment used In the refining of petro- ground who
looks after gen-
official
leum to arrest the oil mechanically eral safety of a certain number of
carried over by the vapor. (Mit- stalls (rooms) or of a district, but
Eakis) who does not set the timber himself
 )

212 GLOSSARY OF MINING AND MINERAL INDUSTRY.

although he has to see that it is Derrocado (Mex.). A mine in which

properly done. (Gresley) the workings have caved. (Halse)
3. A mine boss. (Roy) Derrumbe. 1. (Colom.) A land slip.
Deputy overman (Newc). The man 2. (Peru) A small and narrow
who lays the plates and sets the tim- mountain pass. (Halse)
ber for the miners, and has charge
of a portion of the mine. (Min.
Desaguador (Sp.). A water pipe;
drain. (Dwight)
Jour.)
Deputy
Desaguar (Sp.). To drain; to pump;
surveyor; Mineral surveyor.
to un water. (Lucas)
A person appointed by the Surveyor
General of the United States to Desague (Mex.). Un watering; mine
make proper surveys of lode or drainage. (Dwight)
placer mining claims, prior to the Desamparar (Sp.). To abandon, as a
issuing of a patent, (U. S. Min. mine. (Halse)
Stat., p. 577-581)
Desanchar. 1. (Sp.). To undercut. 2.
Deputy system (No. of Eng.). The D. la veta (Mex.), to take down the
plan of having all the timbering in soft wall of a vein and leave the
working places performed by spe- lode for subsequent extraction. To
cially appointed deputies (Gresley). gouge. (Halse)
Sec also Deputy.
Derbylite. A mineral, composed of Desaplomar (Peru). In the patio proc-
ess, to restore mercury. (Halse)
antimonate and titanate of iron, oc-
curring in black orthorhombic cry- Desarenar (Colom.). To clear away
stals. (Dana) the poor sand, as in placer mining.
Derbyshire spar; Derby spar.
(Lucas)
Fluo-
rite, found abundantly in Derby- Desativar (Sp.). To free a mine from
shire, Eng. (Chester). Fluorspar. rubbish or waste. (Vel.)
Derecho (Sp.). 1. Law; equity. 2. Desazogadera (Sp. Am.). A receptacle
Derechos; taxes; dues; customs. for the condensed quicksilver result-
(Halse) ing from the roasting operation.
(Halse)
Derivative rocks. Rocks derived by
erosion or comminution from exist- Desbocarse el barreno (Peru). To re-
ent rocks or rock material, as a sedi- main (as a drill hole) practically
mentary rock and volcanic tufa. intact after firing. (Dwight)
(Standard)
Desbordar (Mex.). 1. To stope under-
Derrame de veta (Sp.). Fragments of hand. 2. To rob mine pillars.
ore scattered over the surface of (Dwight)
the country near the lode. (Lucas) Desborde (Mex.). An underhand stope.
Derribar Sp.). To break ground. (Dwight)
(Halse)
Descapotar (Sp. Am.). To clear away
Derrick. 1. The framework or tower a capping. (Lucas)
over a deep drill hole, such as that
of an oil well, for supporting the
Descargadora (Mex.). A discharging
tank, from which the slimes are run
tackle for boring, hoisting or low-
off last. (Egleston)
ering. 2. Any of various hoisting
apparatus employing a tackle rigged Descargar (Sp.). 1. Literally, to un-
at the end of a spar or beam. (Web- load D. un homo, to tear down a
;

ster) furnace. ( Dwight

3. (Corn.) A digger; a miner. 2. (Colom.) To take away stones
(Pryce) in order to facilitate the washing
of gold-bearing sands. (Halse)
Derrick car. A wrecking car fitted
with a derrick or crane. (Webster) Descargue (Mex.). The last ingot re-
duced in a smelting furnace.
Derrick crane. A crane in which the
(Rrockwell)
top of the post is supported by fixed
stays in the rear and the jib is piv- Descenslon-theory. The theory that
oted like the boom of a derrick. the material in veins entered from
(Century) above. ( Raymond

Derricking. Operating like a derrick, Descloizite. Avanadate of lead and

as regards the raising and lowering zinc, found only in the oxidized
of the jib. (Webster) parts of veins. (U. S. Geol. Surv.)
 )

GLOSSARY OF MINING AND MINERAL INDUSTRY. 213

Dcscogollar (Colom.). To take away Desistimiento (Mex.). The abandon-

the upper part of a vein. (Halse) ment of a mining claim. (Dwight)
Descostradores (Sp.). Men employed Deslave (Sp. Am.). Tailings. (Lucas)
in taking down any fragment wliicli
may remain after blasting. (Min. Deslizarse el azoque (Peru). The
Jour. flouring of mercury. (Dwight)
Descriptive mineralogy. That branch Desmenuzable (Sp.). Friable ore.
of mineralogy devoted to the de- (Halse)
scription of the physical and chemi-
cal properties of minerals. (Cen- Desmine. See Stilbite.
tury) Desmontar (Colom.). To remove over-
Descubridora (Mex.). Discovery-mine; burden; to strip. (Halse)
first mine in a district, or on a
mineral deposit. (D wight) Desmonte (Colom.). The superficial
layer above the auriferous gravel.
Descubrir (Sp.). To discover, as (Halse)
mines. (Halse)
Desmontes (Mex.). Poor ores.
Desecho (Mex.). 1. The loss of mer-
(Dwight)
cury through chemical reactions
during amalgamation, 2. Lead- Desmoronos (Colom.). Surface dana-
dross. 3. Assay waste. (Dwight) age caused by mine workings, for
4. Very low-grade or poor ores. 5. which the operator has to pay dam-
Rubbish from mines; waste rock. ages. (Halse)
(Halse)
Desmorro (Mex.). Furnace barrings.
Desencielar (Colom.). To work the (Dwight)
lode between two adits. (Lucas) Dcsmosite. A banded contact rock de-
Desengranar (Mex.). To throw out veloped from shales and slates by
•

of gear. (Dwight) intrusions of diabase. Compare

Desenlodar (Sp.). To separate clay
Spilosite and Adinole. (Kemp)
from any mineral or ore. (Halse) Desnivel (Mex.). Difference in a level.
Desert rat (West. U. S.). A prospec-
(Dwight)
tor, especially one who works and Despachardores (Mex.). Men employed
lives in the desert, or who has spent in filling mantas with ore. (Halse)
much time in arid regions. The
name is derived from a small rodent Despacho (Mex.). 1. An office. 2. A
commission, warrant, or patent.
common throughout much of the
(Halse)
Great Basin and Southwestern
United States. Despajar (Mex.). To remove waste
rock by concentration. (Dwight)
Desguachar (Sp. Am.). To get out
the fine gravel or dirt. (Lucas) Despaje (Mex.). Waste from a concen-
tration plant. (Dwight)
Desiccate. To dry up to deprive or
;

exhaust of moisture; to preserve by Despensa (Mex.). 1. A storeroom for

drying. (Webster) provisions. 2. A
well-secured room
for keeping rich ore. (Halse)
Desiccator. A
short glass jar fitted
with an air-tight cover and contain- Desperdicios (Sp.). Tailings. (Lucas)
ing some desiccating substance as
calcium chloride, above which is
Despilado (Sp.). 1. The removing of
pillars. (Halse)
placed the material to be dried, or
preserved from moisture. (Web- Despilar; Despilarar (Mex.). To rob
ster) a mine; to remove pillars. (Halse)
Desierto (Mex.). Desert. (Dwight) Desplatar (Sp.). To desilverize. (Lu-
cas)
Desiliconize. To from silicon or
free
any of its compounds. (Century) Despoblado (Mex.). Ore with much
gangue. (Dwight)
Desilverlzation. The process of sepa-
rating silver from its alloys. (Ray- Despoblar (Mex.). To suspend mining
mond) work. (Dwight)
Desilverizing kettle. A
circular kettle Despueble (Sp.). Abandoning the
8 to 4 feet deep used for the desil- mine, or failure to keep the proper
verlzation of base bullion. (Hof- number of men at work. (Mln.
man, p. 451) Jour.)
214 GLOSSARY (/jf MINING AND MINERAL INDUSTRY,
Desqulnchar (Peru). To take down Detonating fuse. A fuse consisting of
the walls of a lode (Halse). See high explosive that fires the charge
Ensanchar, 2. without the assistance of any other
Destajero (Mex.). A contractor detonator. (Bowles)
for
piecework. (Dwight) Detonating gas. A mixture of two
Destajo. 1. (Mex.) A
contract piece- volumes of hydrogen and one vol-
work as distinguished from time-
;
ume of oxygen which explodes with
work. (Dwight) a loud report upon ignition. (Web-
2. (Peru) An open cut. (Halse) ster)

Destrancar (Colom.). To remove ob- Detonating powder. Any powder or

stacles which prevent the unwater- solid substance, which when heated
ing of mines. (Halse) or struck explodes with violence
and a loud report. (Webster)
Destmctional. Pertaining to destruc-
tion or shaped by destructive forces, Detonating primer. A primer exploded
as in geology, a plain which has by a fuse, used to fire high explo-
been formed by erosion. (Stand- sives. (Webster)
ard) Detonation. The very sudden chanjre
Destructive distillation. The process of unstable substances from a solid
of heating an organic compound in or liquid to the gaseous state with
a closed vessel, without access of the evolution of great heat and ac-
air, and collecting the products companied by a sudden report.
(Nicholls). A process of distillation Detonator. A term used to include
in which hydrocarbon molecules are blasting caps, or any device used for
broken down. Thus illuminating detonating a high explosive (Du
gas is a product of the destructive Pont). An exploder, percussion cap,
distillation of coal. Also called Dry or primer.
distillation, ajid Cracking.
Detonator tube. A eudiometer fitted
Desuing (Corn.). See Dissuing. for making explosions. (Webster)
Desulphurization. The removal of sul- Detrital rock. A
rock made up of the
phur from sulphide ores. (Ray- debris of other rock. (Centui-y)
mond) Detritus. A general name for inco-
Desulphurize. To from sulphur;
free herent sediments, produced by the
to remove the sulphur from an ore wear and tear of rocks through the
or mineral by some suitable process, various geological agencies. The
as by roasting. (Century) name is from the Latin for "Worn."
Rock waste. (Kemp)
Desvolcanarse (Colom.). To be cov-
ered by a landslide to be destroyed
;
Deuterogenic. Formed from proto-
or demolished. (Halse) genic rocks. (Standard)
Development. 1. A geological term,
Detaching hook. A self-acting me- applied to those progressive changes
chanical contrivance for setting
in fossil genera, and species, which
free a winding rope from a cage
have followed one another during
when the latter is raised beyond a
the deposition of the strata of the
certain point in the headgear; the
earth. (Roberts)
rope being released, the cage
remains suspended in the frame. 2. Work done in a mine to open up

(Steel) ore bodies, as sinking shafts and

driving levels, etc. (Skinner).
Determinative mineralogy. That Sometimes used synonomously with
branch of mineralogy which com- "annual assessment" work.
prises the determination of the na-
Devil (Aust.). An automatic ar-
ture, composition, and classification
rangement for detaching a set of
of minerals, by means of physical
skips from the main-and-tail rope
tests, blowpipe or wet analyses, and
haulage system. (Power)
the examination of the crystallog-
raphic and the optic properties. Devil's dice. Cubes of limonite, pseudo-
(La Forge) morph after pyrite. (Power)
Devitrification. The process by which
Detonador (Sp.). Fulminating cap; glassy rocks break up into definite
detonator. (Lucas)
minerals. The latter are usually
Detonate.1. To cause to explode with excessively minute but are chiefly
a sudden loud report. 2. To explode quartz and feldspar (Kemp). The
suddenly with a loud report. (Stand- change from a glassy to a crysta-
ard) line state after solidification.
 GLOSSARY OF MINING AND MINERAL INDUSTRY.
Deroulan. In the ordinarily accepted
classification, the fourth in order of
age of the periods comprised In the
Paleozoic era, following the Silurian
and succeeded by the Carboniferous.
Also the system of strata deposited
at that time (La Forge). Some-
times called the Age of fishes.
Dewar-Redwood process. A method for
cracking petroleum (1899) by the
use of a suitable still and a con-
denser in free communication with
each other, i. e., without any valve
between them, the space in the still
and condenser not occupied with
liquid being charged with air, car-
bonic acid gas, or other gas, under
the required pressure and the con-
denser being provided with a regu-
lated outlet for the condensed
liquid. A full description of the
process is contained in Sir Bover-
ton Redwood's standard worlc on pe-
troleum. (Mitzaliis)
Deweylite. An amorphous, resinous,
whitish to brown, hydrous magne-
sian silicate mineral, near serpen-
tine,but with more water; formula
perhaps, 4MgO.3SiO2.6H2O. (Dana)
Dezning. See Zur, also Dissuing.
riabantite. A chloritic mineral found
filling cavities in basic eruptive
rocks, like basalt and diabase. (Cen-
tury)
Diabasa (Mex.). Diabase.
Diabase. Abasic igneous rock usually
occurring in dikes or intrusive
sheets, and composed essentially of
plagioclase feldspar and augite with
small quantities of magnetite and
apatite. The plagioclase forms lath-
shaped crystals lying in all direc-
tions among the dark irregular
augite gi-ains, giving rise to the pe-
culiar diabasic or ophitic texture,
which Is a distinctive feature in the
coarser-grained occurrences (U. S.
Geol. Surv.)
Diabase Is often used as a prefix for
double names, as diabase-aphanite,
diabase-gabbro, etc. (Kemp)
Diabase-porphyrite. A porphyrite
whose groundmass is finely crys-
talline diabase, and whose pheno-
crysts are prevailingly plagioclase.
It Is contrasted with augite-porphy-
rite, whose phenocrysts are prevail-
ingly augite. (Kemp)
Diablo (Mex.). 1. Rail-bender. 2.
Kind of barrow used for moving
heavy weights. (Dwight)
8. (Colom.) A lifting jack or screw.
(Halse)
215
Diaclase. In geology, a line of rec-
tangular fracture; a term applied
by Daubr§e to explain the fact that
the lines of weakness in the earth's
surface are perpendicular to one an-
other. (Standard)
Dlaclinal. Crossing a fold, as a dla-
clinal river. (Webster)
Diadochite. A hydrated ferric phos-
phate and sulphate mineral, brown
or yellowish In color. (Dana)
Diagenesis. Recombination or rear-
rangement, resulting In a new prod-
uct, as In the formation of larger
crystalline grains from smaller ones.
(Webster)
Diagonal joints. Joints diagonal to
the direction of cleavage. (C. and
M. M. P.)
Diagonal staple (No. of Eng.). A shal-
low pit sunk in a sloping or diagonal
direction at the back of the main
beam of a pumping engine and in
which the lever beam works. (Ores-
ley)
Diagonal stratification. Same as False
bedding. Current bedding, and also
Cross-bedding.
Diagram factor. A numerical coeffi-
cient by which the area of a theo-
retical Indicator diagram must be
multiplied to approximate the dia-
(Dwight) gram obtained from the indicator.
(Webster)
Dial. 1. Acompass fitted with sights,
spirit levels, and vernier, for mak-
ing underground surveys. 2. To sur-
vey with a dial and chain. See Dial-
ing. (Gresley)
Dialing; Dialling. The operation of
making a survey with the dial.
(Gresley)
Diallage. The variety of monocllnlc
pyroxene which. In addition to the
prismatic cleavages, has others par-
allel to the vertical pinacolds. Used
also as a prefix to many rocks con-
taining the mineral. (Kemp)
Dialysis. The separation of crystal-
loids and colloids In solution, by
means of their unequal diffusion
through certain natural or artificial
membranes. (Webster)
Diamagnetio. Possessing or pertaining
to the property of being repelled by
a magnet and of tending to take a
position at right angles to the mag-
netic force. (Webster)
Diamant. A
Middle English form of
spelling diamond.
216 GLOSSAKY OF MINING AND MINERAL INDUSTRY.

Diamante (Sp.). Diamond; D. en Diaphaneity. The state or quality of

bruto, a rough diamond; D. negro, allowing light to pass through.
a bort. (Halse) Used in describing mineral. Com-
pare Transparent, Semi-transparent,
Diamond. 1. A very hard, native crys- Translucent, and Opaque. (Dana)
tallized form of carbon, C. When
pure and clear it is used as a gem Diaphanous. Allowing light to show
(U. S. Geol. Surv,). Although com- or shine through. (Webster)
monly colorless, is sometimes green,
yellow, brown, blue, or black. See Diaphorite. A mineral like freieslebe-
also Bort. nite in composition, (Pb.Ag2)6Sb4Sn,
2. (Aust.). A
pointed wooden or or 5(Pb,Ag2)S.2Sb2Sj, but ortho-
iron arrangement placed between rhombic in form. (Dana)
rails, just before a curve, w^here
Diario (Colom.). 1. The daily quan-
skips are liable to be derailed, so as
to enable them to mount the rails
tity of amalgam produced by a mill.
again. If the skips are traveling in
2. The mill diary or record of hours,
tonnage, etc. (Halse)
one direction only, the diamond Is
pointed at one end, if traveling back- Diaschistic. Derived from a larger,
wards and forwards on the same parent igneous mass, but differing
rails both ends are pointed. (Power) therefrom in composition said of;

Diamond chisel. A cutting chisel hav- certain dikes associated with igne-
ing a diamond or V-shaped point. ous intrusions. Contrasted with
(Gresley) Aschistic. (La Forge)
Diamond cutting. One of the three Diaspore. An aluminum hydroxide
processes by which diamonds are mineral, AljOs.HzO. (Dana)
prepared for use as ornaments or in
the arts, the others being diamond Diastatic. Pertaining or due to the
cleaving and diamond polishing. movements of the forces which pro-
(Century) duce deformation of the earth's sur-
face. (Standard)
Diamond drill.A form of rotary rock
drill in which the work is done by Diastrophe. In geology, an event char-
abrasion instead of percussion, black acterized by a deformation of the
diamonds (borts) being set in the earth's crust. (Standard)
head of the boring tool (Raymond). Diastrophism. The process or processes
Used in prospecting and develop- by which the crust of the earth is
ment work where a core is desired. deformed, producing continents and
Diamond dust; Diamond powder. A fine ocean basins, plateaus and moun-
dust produced in diamond cutting tains, flexures and folds of strata,
by the abrasion of two stones against and Also, the results of
faults.
each other. (Century) these processes. (Webster)
Diamond groove. A groove of V-sec- Diathermic. Allowing a free passage
tion in a roll. (Raymond) of heat (Webster)
Diamond hitch. An interlacing of Diatom. A
minute plant which is pro-
ropes forming a diamond on top of vided with a siliceous envelope.
the pack. Used in tying a pack on (Duryee)
an animal. (Webster) Diatomaceous earth. A friable earthy
Diamond saw. A circular disc having deposit composed of nearly pure sil-
diamonds (or diamond dust) set in ica and consisting essentially of the
its cutting edge. It is employed for frustules of the microscopic plants
sawing stone. called diatoms; diatomite. Some-
Diamond times wrongly called infusorial
spar. Corundum. (Power)
earth, which see. (La Forge)
Diamond system (Eng.). Boring or
Diatomic. Consisting of two atoms to
prospecting for coal or ore with dia-
mond drills.
the molecule. Bivalent. Having
two replaceable atoms or radicals.
Diamond tin. Large bright crystals (Webster)
of cassiterite. (Power)
Diatomite (Eng.). The silica of di-
Diamond wheel. A wheel made of atoms dried to a fine powder and
metal, copper or iron, and
as used in the manufacture of dyna
charged with diamond powder and mite, pottery glaze, etc. (Stand-
oil, used in grinding gema. ard.) See also Infusorial eartlL
 ) )

GLOSSARY OF MINING AND MINERAL INDUSTRY. 217

Diatomons. Having a single distinct Victoria, it is called the Stamp bed.

diagonal cleavage, as in certain 2. Atool used for cutting threads,
crystals. ( Webster usually at one passage. (Nat. Tube
Co.)
Diatom prism. A prism attached to a
microscope to give the oblique illu- Die-earth (Eng.). A local term at
mination for observing very fine Coalbrook Dale for the Wenlock
markings. ( Standard shale, because this stratum lies be-
neath all the mining ground of the
Diatreme. A vent occurring in a sur- district —
the minerals " dying out,"
face fissure in volcanic regions. as it were, at this stratum. (Page)
(Daly, p. 252)
Diehl process. A modification of the
Dibhole (Eng.). The lowest part of cyanide process in which cyanogen
a mine, into which the water drains bromide is added to the leaching so-
(Standard). A sump. lution. (Liddell)

Dibujo (Sp.). A drawing; design or Diente. (Sp.). A tooth or cog; D.

1.

draft. (Halse) de murcUlago, stibnite in cavities in

veins; D. de perro (O)lom.), a
Dice coal (Leic). Layers in a coal crystallized and opaque quartz oc-
seam which naturally break or split curring in geodes. (Halse)
Into small pieces resembling dice. 2. (Mex.) Binding stone in Mexi-
(Gresley) can masonry. SeeTizOn. (Dwight)
Dice mineral. A Wisconsin term for Diesel engine. An internal combustion
small cubic galena. (Power) engine in which only air is drawn
in by the suction stroke, and the air
Dicey lode (Corn.). A lode possess- is so highly compressed that the
ing many horizontal joints. (Power) heat generated ignites the fuel
which is automatically sprayed into
Dichroism; Pleochroism. The property
the cylinder under high pressure.
of exhibiting different colors in
(Webster)
different directions by transmitted
light. (Dana) Die-stock. A contrivance for holding
dies used in screw cutting (Cen-
Dichroite. A
hydrated, aluminum-mag-
tury). See Die, 2.
nesium-iron silicate mineral, H2(Mg,
Fe)4Al8Siio037. Synonymous with Difference of potential. The difference
lolite and Cordietrite. in electrical pressure existing be-
tween any two points in an electri-
Dichromic. Containing two atoms or cal system or between any point of
equivalents of chromium. (Web- such a system and the earth, as de-
ster) termined by a voltmeter. (Clark)
Dichroscope. An instrument for ob- Differential flotation. The floating of
serving pleochroism in minerals. one flotative mineral only, wlien
(A. F. Rogers) there are others present which are
ordinarily flotative. See Selective
Dlckinsonite. A
gi-een, hydrous phos-
flotation and Preferential flotation.
phate mineral, chiefly of manganese,
(O. C. Ralston, U. S. Bur. Mines)
iron and sodium. (Dana)
Differential pumping engine. com- A
Diclinic. A crystal having two of the pound direct-acting pumping en-
three axes inclined to the third and gine, generally of the horizontal
perpendicular to each other. ( Stand- class. (Gresley)
ard)
Differentiation. The process or proc-
Didymium. A supposed element an- esses whereby cooling magma sepa-
nounced by Mosunder in 1841. The rates into rocks of different kinds,
most recent investigations have usually connected by gradations.
shown that it is a mixture of two (Ransome)
elements, neodymium and praseo-
dymium. (Century) Diffraction. A modification which light
undergoes in passing by the edges of
Die. 1. A
piece of hard iron, placed opaque bodies or through narrow
In a mortar to receive the blow of slits or in being reflected from
a stamp, or in a pan to receive the ruled surfaces, in which the rays
friction of the muller. Between the appear deflected pi^ducing
to be
die and the stamp or muller the ore fringes of parallel light and dark
\m crushed (Raymond). At Clunes, or colored bands. (Webster)
 ) )

218 GLOSSARY OF MINING AND MINERAL INDUSTRY.

Dlffusate. In chemistry, material tion of panning, only performed

wliich, In the process of dialysis, with a sieve having a close haircloth
has diffused or passed through the bottom, and in a kieve of water
separating membrane. (Webster) which receives tl^e tailings of the
Dig. 1. To mine coal; applied to
process. (Raymond)
bituminous workings (Chance). See Dilly. 1. (No. of Eng.) A counter-
also Gouge, 3. balance mounted upon two pairs of
2. To excavate; make a passage tram wheels by means of which the
into or through, or remove by tak- empty tubs are carried up an under-
ing away material. (Century) ground incline of a greater inclina-
Digger. 1. One who digs, as a miner; tion than 1 in 3. (Gresley). A
a seeker of gold. A tool for digging. short self-acting Incline where one
(Webster) or two tubs are run at a time. (C.
2. A man who is paid by the ton, and M. M. P.)
for coal produced. A miner in the 2. Any of various vehicles, as a
stricter sense. Originally the digger lightwagon, truck, water cart, etc.
mined or undermined the coal. The (Webster)
term is now applied to the man who
merely shoots out the coal. (Steel)
Dilly boy. One who rides a dilly or
attends
3. A machine for removing coal it.

from the bed of streams, the coal Dilsh (Wales). Inferior coal in a
having washed down from collieries thin stratum; culm. (Gresley)
of culm banks above. (C. and M.
Diluent. That which dilutes, or makes
M. P.)
more a fluid that weakens
fluid ;

Digging. 1. Mining operations in the strength or consistence of an-

coal or other minerals. (Hargis) other fluid upon mixture. (Cen-
2. Region; locality; quarters; lodg- tury)
ing (Webster). See also Diggings.
Dilnir (Sp.). To dilute. (D wight)
Diggings. Applicable to all mineral
Diluvial. Pertaining to floods.
1. 2.
deposits and mining camps, but In
Related to or consisting of diluvium.
usage in the United States applied
(Century)
to placer mining only (Raymond).
See also Bar-Diggings. DiluvlTim. 1. Sand, gravel, clay, etc.,
In superficial deposits. See Drift, 0.
Dihedral. Having two sides, as a According to some authors, alluvium
figure; having two faces, as a crys-
is the effect of the ordinary, and
tal. ( Century diluvium of the extraordinary ac-
Dihydrite. A dark emerald-green, tion of water. The latter term is
hydrous copper phosphate, Cu»PjO«.- now passing out of use as not pre-
2Cu(OH)2. mineral, crystallizing in cise, and more specific names for
the monoclinic system. (Dana) the different kinds of material are
substituted. ( Raymond
Dike. 1. A long and relatively thin
2. A name formerly applied to the
body of igneous rock, which, while
unsorted and sorted deposits of the
In a state of fusion, has entered a
Glacial period, as contrasted with
fissure in older rocks and has there
the later water -sorted alluvium.
chilled and solidified (Century).
Compare Alluvium. (Kemp)
Not to be confounded with vein.
Also spelled Dyke. 2. A channel or Dimension stone. Stone that is quar-
ditch made for water by digging. ried or cut in accordance with re-
3. A bank of earth or stone a levee. ; quired dimensions. (Ries)
(Webster) Masonry consisting
Dimension work.
Dikelet. A small offshoot or apophysis of stones whose dimensions are
from a dike. (Standard) fixed by specification. (Century)
Dillue (Corn.). To sort (tin ore) by Dimetlan rock. A granitoid and
washing in a hand sieve. (Web- schistose rock, found In Wales lower
ster) than the Arvonian. (Standard)
DlUuer (Corn.). A fine hair sieve for Dimorfo (Sp.). Dimorphous. (Dwight)
tin ore. (Century) Dimorphism. Crystallization in two
DiUning; Dilleughing (Corn.). An Independent forms of the same
operation performed in tin dress- chemical compound, as of calcium
ing upon the slimes of a certain part carbonate occurring as calclte and
of the process. It Is like the opera- aragonite. (Webster)
 ;

GLOSSARY 05* MlNIlfG AKD MINERAL INDUSTRY. 219

Dlmorphiie. An orange-yellow arsenic (or) augite. Minute grains of mag-

sulphide mineral that is obtained as netite and tKanite may be visible.
a volcanic product, and is closely Quartz may be present in consider-
related to orpiment. (Standard) able amount, in which case the rock
is called quartz diorite. Quartz di-
Dinamita (Sp.). Dynamite. (Dwight)
orites grade into tonal ites and gran-
Dinamo (Sp.). Dynamo. (Dwight) odiorites. (U. S. Geol. Surv.)
Dinantian. In the usage of many Eu- Diorite - porphyrite. A porphyrite
ropean authorities, the oldest of the whose groundmass is a finely crys-
three series of strata comprised in talline diorite, and whose pheno-
the Carboniferous system in Europe crysts are prevailingly plagioclase.
Lower Carboniferous. Equivalent to It Is contrasted with hornblende-
the Mississippian of North America. porphyrite, whose phenocrysts are
Also the corresponding epoch of geo- prevailingly hornblende. (Kemp)
logic time. (La Forge)
Dip. 1. The angle
at which beds or
Dlnas brick. A
refractory brick, al- strata are inclined from the hori-
most entirely composed of silica zontal, while underlie Is the angle
from the Dinas clay in the Vale of formed between a vein and a verti-
Neath, England. (Raymond) cal line. The first is a geologist's
term, the second a miner's. (Uoy.
Dineral (Sp.). A standard of weight
Com.)
equal to 288 grains, used in assay-
ing. (Halse)
2. To slope downward from
the sur-
face. 3. (Eng.) Aor heading
Dinero (Sp.). 1. Money. 2. A stand- other underground way driven to
ard weight of silver, the twelfth the deep. 4. A dip entry, dip room,
part of a dineral, and equal to 24 etc. A heading driven to the full
grains. (Halse) rise in steep mines. (Gresley)
Dingle (Eng.). A narrow valley be- Dip compass. See Dipping Compass.
tween hills. (Humble)
Dip cut. In cutting out blocks of
Ding's magnetic separator. An ore stone, the cut which follows a line
separator on which the material is at right angles to the strike.
fed upward by a vibrating conveyor (Bowles)
and passes through successive zones
of magnetic separation. These zones Dip entry. An entry driven down hill
are covered by the rims of rotating so that water will stand at the face.
wheels which carry secondary mag- If it is driven directly down a steep
nets. These carry the magnetic par-
dip it becomes a slope (Steel). See
ticles out of the fields, are demag-
also Entry ; also Slope.
netized, and drop the concentrate. Dip fault. See Fault.
(Liddell)
Dip-head. A heading driven down-
Dinite. An
inodorous, tasteless, frag- ward on the dip of a coal seam.
ile mineral having the appearance (Webster)
of ice, but with a yellow tinge, and
very soluble in ether and carbon di- Dip-head level. A mine level connect-
sulphide; it was found In a lignite ing an engine-shaft (hoisting shaft)
deposit at Lunigiana, Tuscany. with the rooms or chambers (Stand-
(Bacon) ard). The main level, drift, w
slope.
Dinky. A small locomotive used to
Dip joint. A vertical joint about par-
move cars in and about mines and
allel with the direction of the cleav-
quarries. (Bowles)
age dip (C. and M. M. P.). See
Dint (Mid.). See Bate, I. also Dip slip.

Diopside. A calcium-magne-
natural Dip needle. See Dipping compass.
sium silicate, CaMg(Si08)2. A va-
riety of pyroxene. (U. S. Geol. Dippa (Corn.). A small pit sunk on
Surv.) a lode to catch water; a pit sunk
on a bunch ore. (Duryee)
Dioptase. A
hydrous silicate mineral
Dipper (No. of Eng.). A downthrow,
of copper, HjCuSiO*. (Dana)
or a fault. (Gresley)
Diorita (Sp.). Diorite. (Dwight) Dipper dredge. A dredge in which the
Diorite. A
granitoid rock composed material excavated Is lifted by a
essentially of hornblende and feld- single bucket on the end of an arm,
spar which is mostly or wholly pla- in the same manner as in the ordi-
gloclase, with acctissory biotite aod nary steam shovel. (WeatUerbe>
 ) ;

220 GLOSSARY OF MINING AND MINERAL. INDUSTRY.

Dipping. 1. (Wales). Same as Dip, Direct process. A process which yields

2. In Scotland it is called a dook. metal fit for use by a single proc-
3. in ceramics, the process of coat- ess from the ore. The direct proc-
ing a coarse clay body with enamel ess for malleable iron is an ancient
or slip of a fine quality by plunging method, which has been to a con-
the vessel Into the liquid material siderable extent replaced by the in-
for coating. (Century) direct process in which cast iron is
Dipping compass. A compass having
first made. (Webster)
the needle fixed to swing in a ver- Dirt (Eng.). 1. Clay, bind, or other
tical plane, so it can be readily de- useless waste produced in mining.
flected by magnetic rocks. (Weed) 2. (No. of Eng.) Foul air or fire
damp. (Gresley)
Dipping needle. See Dipping compass.
3. (Wisconsin zinc district.) Ore
Dipple (Eng.). Same as Dip, 3. and waste as broken in the mines.
4. Auriferous gravel, wash, or pay
Dip shift. The compcment of the shift
dirt. (Skinner)
(or slip) parallel with the fault
dip. (Lindgren, 122)
5. (Joplin, Mo.) Crude lead-zinc
p.
ore. The concentrate is called ore.
Dip side; Laigh side (Scot). The low-
est side of a room or wall. (Bar- Dirt band. 1. A
band of d6bris-filled
ice alternating with clearer ice in a
rownuin
glacier. 2. See also Dirt bed, X
Dip slip. The component
of the slip (Oldham)
parallel with the fault dip, or its
Dirt bed (or band). 1. (Eng.). A thin
projection on a line in the fault
surface perpendicular to the fault
stratum of soft, earthy material in-
strike. (Lindgren, p. 121) terbedded with coal seams. (Gres-
ley)
Dip-slip fault. See Fault. 2. Old soil in which trees, frag-

Dip slope. See Escarpment. ments of timber, and numerous

plants are found. (Oldham)
Dip split. A
current of intake air di-
A heap
rected Into or down a dip. (Gres- Dirt bing (Scot). debris
ley) (Barrowman). A waste heap.

Dip switch (Ark.). A slant or piece Dirt fault. An area of crushed coal,
of track connecting the back entry or a partial or total replacement of
or air course of a dipping coal seam the coal by a soft carbonaceous
with the main entry or gangway. shale or slate with more or less coal
(Steel) running through the mass in thin
stringers (Chance). Not a true
Dip throw. The component of the slip fault.
measured parallel with the dip of
the strata. (Lindgren, p. 124) Dirt scraper. A road scraper or a
grading shovel, used in leveling or
Dipntaci6n de mineria (Mex.). A lo- grading ground. (Century)
cal board, formerly elected in each
district for the administration of Dirt scratcher. A person whose duty
all matters relating to the mining it is to take down loose rock, clear
industry, abolished by the Law of away dirt, and perform such other
1892 and substituted by agentes. like work as requires no special
skill or experience. ( Kelly ville
(Halse)
Coal Co. V. Humble, 87 Illinois App.,
Dipyr. A variety of scapolite, often p. 438)
used as a prefix to the names of
rocks that contain the mineral. Dirty coal (Scot). A coal seam with
(Kemp) thick partings of blaes or fire clay
Dique (Sp.). 1. A mineral dike. 2. a very ashy coal. (Barrowman)
Dam. (D wight) Disc. See Tappet.
Direcci6n (Sp.). CJourse; direction; Discharge clack (Scot). The delivery
strike. (Halse) valve of a pump. (Barrowman)
Direct draft. Having a single direct Discharge, or issue. The expulsion of
flue; applied to steam boilers. (Cen- the pulp from a stamp-mill mortar.
tury) It is also used to designate the dis-
Direct firing. The combustion of coal tance from the bottom of the screen
effected by burning directly on a to the top of the die, because this
grate. (Ingalls, p. 268) figure determines, more than any
Direction of strata. The strike, or line any other factor, the rapidity of the
of bearing. (Hitchcock) expulsion of the pulp. (Rickard)
 GLOSSARY Of MINING AND MINERAL INDUSTRY.
Discission, space of. According to
Posepny, a space or opening in or
between rocks, formed by deforma-
tion of the rocks. Contrasted with
Space of dissolution. ( La Forge)
Discoidal. Having the form of a disk,
quoit, or ordinary biscuit. (Sloan)
Discolith. A discoidal coccolith.
(Webster)
Discordance. In geology, a lack of par-
allelism between contiguous strata.
Standard ) An unconformity.
( .
Discordant injection. An igneous mass
injected across bedding planes.
(Daly, p. 63)
Discordant stratification. Unconform-
able stratification (Hitchcock). See
also Discordance.
Discovery (Pac). The first finding
of the mineral deposit in place upon
a mining claim. A discovery is
necessary before the location can
be held by a valid title. The open- Dislocar
ing in which it is made is called
Discovery - shaft. Discovery - tunnel,
etc (Raymond). See Mine, 6, for
" Discovery of a mine."
The finding of mineral in place as
distinguished from float rock con-
stitutes a discovery. (Book v. Jus-
tice Mining Co., 58 Fed. Rept., p.
120 Nevada Sierra Oil Co. v. Home
;
Oil Co., 98 Fed. Rept, p. 676; Sho-
shone Mining Co. v. Rutter, 87 Fed.
Rept., p. 807; Migeon v. Montana,
etc., R. Co., 77 Fed Rept., p. 249 Mc-
Shane v. Kenkle, 18 Montana, p.
208; 44 Pacific, p. 979; U. S. Min.
Stat, p. 23; pp. 66-70)
Discovery claim. The first claim In
which a mineral deposit is found, and
when this is within a gulch or on a
stream the claims are simply marked
or numbered from the discovery
claim either by letters or figures up
or down the gulch or stream. Smith
V. Cascaden, 148 Fed. Rept, p. 793)
Disfrute (Sp.). Exploitation of a
mine; Obras de D., stopes, etc.
Dish. 1. (Derb.) A rectangular box
about 28 inches long, 4 inches deep,
and 6 inches wide in which ore Is
measured. 2. (Corn.) A measure
holding one gallon, used for tin ore
dressed ready for the smelter. (Cen-
tury)
3. (Corn.) The landowner's or land-
lord's part of the ore. (Raymond)
4. (No. of Eng.) The length or por-
tion of an underground engine plane
nearest to the pit bottom, upon
which the empty tubs (cars) stand Displacement, horizontal. A term used
before being drawn inbye. (Gres-
ley)
22i
Dish plate (Eng.). A plate or rail
concaved to receive the front wheels
of a tub to secure It while empty-
ing. (Webster)
Disintegration. The breaking asunder
and crumbling away of a rock, due
to the action of moisture, heat, frost,
air, and the internal chemical re-
action of the component parts of
rocks when acted upon by these sur-
face influences. (Roy. Com.)
Disintegrator. A machine for breaking
coal into powder.
Disk. 1. A flat circular plate as of
metal or paper (Webster)
2. The protecting plate or collar on
a stamp shaft by which the cam lifts
the shaft (Davies). See also Tap-
pet.
Dislocaci6n (Sp.). A fault as, in a
vein. (Dwight)
(Sp.). To displace; to fault
(Halse)
Dislocation. A shifting of the relative
position of the rock on either side
of a crack, or break. It may be up,
down, or to one side. Equivalent to
slip, slide, fault, throw, heave, up-
throw, downthrow, trouble. (Roy.
Com.)
Dispersion. In optical mineralogy, the
optical constants for different parts
of the spectrum. (A. F. Rogers)
Dispersoid. A body that has been dis-
;
persed in a liquid. (Rlckard)
Disphenoid. In crystallography, a
solid figure contained by eight
Isosceles triangles. (Standard)
1. The word "displace-
Displacement.
ment" should receive no technical
meaning, but is reserved for general
use; It may be applied to a relative
movement of the two sides of the
fault, measured in any direction,
when that direction is specified; for
Instance, the displacement of a
stratum along a drift in a mine
would be the distance between the
two sections of the stratum meas-
ured along the drift. The word
"dislocation" will also be most use-
ful in a general sense. (Lindgren,
p. 119)
2. The displacement of an air com-
pressor is the volume displaced by
the net area of the compressor pis-
ton. (A. I. M. E., Bull. 140, p. 57)
by Tollman to designate Strike slip,
wJUcJi see» (Lindgren, p. 121)
 )

222 GLOSSARY OF MIKING AND MINERAL INDUSTRY.

Displacement,normal. A term used Dissuing (Corn.). Cutting out the

by Tolman to designate Dip slip, selvage or gouge of a lode to facili-
which see. (Lindgren, p. 121) tate the extraction of ore. (Ray-
mond). See also Zur,
Displacement, total.A term used by
Spurr and Tolman to designate Slip, Distance blocks. Wooden blocks
which see. (Lindgren, p. 121) placed in between the main spears
The quantity of
and the side pump rods by which the
Disposal (Scot.).
proper distance between them is ad-
mineral sold. (Barrowman)
justed. (Gresley)
Disruptive. A
term applied to that
Disthene. Synonym for Kyanite;
kind of force exerted by an explo-
sometimes used as a prefix In rock
sive that tends to shatter the rock
names. (Kemp)
into fragments. (Bowles)
Dissected. Cut by erosion into hills
Distillate. The product of distillation,
as petroleum distillate.
and valleys or into flat upland areas
separated by valleys. Applicable Distillation. Volatilization, followed
especially to plains or peneplains by condensation to the liquid state.
in process of erosion after an up- (Raymond)
lift. (Ransome)
Distillation furnace. A
reverberatory
Dissection. In geology, the work of heating furnace in which the charge
erosion in destroying the continuity is contained in a closed vessel and
of a relatively even surface by cut- does not come in contact with the
ting ravines or valleys into it. (Ran- flame. It has a combustion cham-
some) ber in which the gases are burned
Disseminated. To be scattered or dif-
around the retorts containing zinc
ore, the retorts resting on shelves
fused through; to be permeated
inside the chamber. (Ingalls, p.
with. (Roy. Com.)
381)
Disseminated deposit. See Dissemi- Distillation, of petroleum. The proc-
nated ore. ess by which heatapplied to the
is
Disseminated ore. Ore carrying fine crude oil in order that its constit-
particles of metallic minerals, usu- uents may pass off in vapor, and
ally sulphides, scattered through by suitable arrangements subse-
rock or gangue matter, and without quently collected in the form of «i
genetic significance. (Lindgren, p. liquid. (Mitzakis)
68) Distortion. The act of distorting or
Dissociate. In chemistry, to resolve, twisting out of place, or out of
through variation of some physical shape. (Hitchcock)
condition, into simpler substances
Distributive fault. See Fault.
that are capable of reuniting to form
an original one. (Century) Distributor. 1. A device for distribut-
ing the charge when dumped into
Dissociation. The act or process con- blast furnace. (Willcox)
sisting in the reversible re-solution
2. An apparatus for distributing an
or decomposition of substances, with electric current, eitlier to various
complex molecules, into those with points In rotation, as in some mo-
simpler ones, when produced by a along two or more lines in
tors, or
variation in physical conditions;
parallel, as in a distributing sys-
also the state resulting from such
tem. (Webster)
process. ( Century
District. 1. In the States and Terri-
Dissolution. The act or process of
tories west of the Missouri (prior to
dissolving or breaking up. sepa- A 1880), a vaguely bounded and tem-
ration into component parts. (Web-
porary division and organization
ster)
made by the inhabitants of a min-
Dissolution, space of. According to ing region. A district has one code
Poscpny, a space or cavity in or be- of mining laws, and one recorder
tween rocks, formed by the dissolv- (Raymond). Counties and county
ing away of rock material. Con- officers have practically taken the
trasted with Space of discission. place of these cruder arangements.
TLa Forge) 2. A limited area of underground
workings. (Gresley)
Dissolving tank. A small tank used
for dissolving solid cyanide and pre- District rope
(Aust.). A rope used
paring a concentrated solution. for hauling skips in a district or
(Ctennell, p. 280) section of a colliery. (Power)
 )

GLOSSARY OF MINING AND MINERAL INDUSTRY. 223

Distarbance. The bending or faulting Divinatoria. A divining rod. (Hoc-
of a rock or stratum from Its origi- son)
nal position. (Roy. Com.)
Divining rod; Dowsing rod (Corn.).
Disturbed. Said of an orebody when A rod (most frequently of witch-
lacking defined walls and settled hazel, and forked in shape) used,
character. ( Weed according to an old but still extant
superstition, for discovering mineral
Ditch. 1. An artificial watercourse, veins and springs of water, and
flume, or canal, to convey water for even for locating oil wells, f Ray-
mining. A
flume is usually of mond)
wood; a ditch, of earth. (Ray-
mond) Divisional planes. Planes which di-
2. (Leic.) To clog; to Impede. vide rocks into separate masses,
(Gresley) large or small. In the same way as
Joints, fissures, and backs. (Roy.
Ditch drain. A gutter excavated in Com.)
the floor of a gangway or airway
to carry the water to the sump, or Division rope (Aust). See Buffer
out to the surface. (Chance) rope.

Ditched top (Leic). A coal seam Dizzue (Corn.). See Dissuing.

which has a hard unyielding top, D-link. Airon bar attached to
flat
and is with difficulty separated from chains, and suspended by a rope
the roof, is said to have a ditched from a windlass. It forms a loop In
top. (Gresley) which a man sits when lowered or
raised in a shaft or winze. (Gres-
Ditcher; Circle cutting drill. A drill
ley)
mounted on a frame that rotates
about a central axis. It is used to Do (doo) (Leic, Derb.). See Bout, 2.
cut circular trenches for the pro-
duction of large grindstones.
Doab. 1. A dark sandy clay found In
(Bowles)
the vicinity of many Irish bogs.
(Power)
Ditching. 1. Making of ditches. 2. The tract of land between two
(Standard) streams immediately above their
2. The digging or making of a ditch confluence. 3. The confluence of
by the use of explosives. See also two streams. (Standard)
Propagated blast. (Du Pont) Doak; Donk (Derb.). Flucan.
(Power)
Ditching car. Acar provided with
derricks and scoops to excavate Doar (Corn.). The earth; whence ore,
ditches, as In a railway cut. the earth of metals. (Pryce)
(Standard)
Dobby wagon (York). A cart for con-
Ditching machine. An excavating ma- veying waste material (rock, etc.)
chine for digging trenches. (Stand- from a mine. (Gresley)
ard)
'Dobie. A term applied to the mud cap
Ditch water. The
stale or stagnant or adobe method of secondary blast-
water collected in a ditch. (Cen- ing. See also Mud cap.
tury)
Dobla (Peru). Night shift (Dwight).
Ditch wiring. The method of connect- In Chile, a double shift. (Halse)
ing electric blasting caps in such
Doblar (Sp.). To bend; to work two
& way that the two free ends can (Dwight)
shifts in succession.
be connected at one end of the line
of holes. (Du Pont) D6cil (Sp.). Docile; malleable; free
milling. (Dwight)
Dltroite. Anephellte - syenite from
Ditro in Hungary, especially rich in Dock. 1. (N. Y. and Pa.) A local
blue sodalite. (Kemp) term among bluestone quarrymen
Divide; Dividing range. The water-
and dealers for yards where the
bluestone is unloaded as hauled
shed or helght-of-land from which
the heads of streams flow in oppo-
from the quarries, and reloaded for
transportation by rail or water to
site directions. (Roy. Cohl)
Its destination. (Bowles)
Dividing slate. A stratum of slate 2. A crib for holding loose or run-
separating two benches of a coal ning rock from obstructing a track
bed (Chance). A parting. or passageway. (Sander, p. 115)
224 GLOSSARY OF MINING AND MINERAL. INDUSTRY.

Dodd buddle. A round table resembling when ascending a slope to pi event

In operation a Wilfley table, and them running back down the slope
also like the Pinder concentrator in case of accident. A drag. (Steel)
(which see) except that it is convex 7. See Casing dog; also Pipe dog.
instead of concave. The table does
not revolve but has a peripheral Dog-and-chain. 1. An iron lever with
jerking motion imparted to it cir- a chain attached by which propa
cumferentially by means of a toggle are withdrawn. (Gresley)
2. See Dog belt.
movement. (Liddell)
Dodecahedral cleavage. In crystallog- Dog belt (Mid.). A strong broad
raphy, cleavage parallel to the faces piece of leather buckled round the
of the rhombic dodecahedron. (La waist, to which a short piece of
Forge) chain is attached, passing between
the legs of the man drawing a dan
Dodecahedral mercury. Native amal-
(tub) in a mine. (Gresley)
gam containing 75 per cent mercury
and 25 per cent silver. (Humble) Dog clip (Aust). Same as Clip.
Dodecahedron. In crystallography,
1. Dogger. 1. (Clev.). A bed of inferior
an isometric form composed of twelve ironstone overlying the main seam.
faces, each parallel to one axis and (Gresley)
intersecting the other two axes at 2. (Scot.). An irregular piece of
equal distances: specifically named stony coal in a seam. (Barrow-
the rhombic dodecahedron. 2. An man)
isometric form composed of twelve
faces, each parallel to one axis and
Doggy (So. Staff.). An underground
superintendent, employed by the
intersecting the other two axes at un-
butty. (Raymond)
equal distances: Specifically named
the pentagonal dodecahedron; also Doghole. A small opening from one
called Pyritohedron. (La Forge) place in a coal mine to another;
smaller than a breakthrough.
Dodecant. In crystallography, in the
(Steel)
hexagonal system, one of the twelve
parts Into which the space about the Dog hook. 1. (Eng.) A long hook
center of symmetry is divided by the for drawing an empty
wagon.
axial planes of symmetry. (La (Bainbridge)
Forge) 2. A strong hook or wrench for sepa-

Dodge crusher. Similar to Blake rating iron boring rods. 3. An iron

crusher, except the movable .law is
hinged at the bottom. Therefore the
discharge opening is fixed, giving a
more uniform product than the
Blake with its discharge opening
varying every stroke. (Liddell).
This type of crusher gives the great-
est movement on the largest lump.
Dodge pulverizer. A hexagonal barrel
revolving on a horizontal axis, con-
taining perforated die plates and
screens. Pulverizing is done by
steel balls inside the barrel. (Lid-
dell)
Dog. 1. Any of various devices for
holding, gripping or fastening some-
thing. 2. A drag for the wheel of
a vehicle. (Webster)
3. (Scot.) A hook-headed spike for
fastening down
flat-bottomed rails.
4. (Scot) A
spring hook, most
commonly in use for attaching a
Kinking bucket to the winding rope.
(Barrowman)
6. An iron bar, spiked at the ends,
with which timbers are held to-
gether or steadied. (Gresley)
6. A short heavy iron bar, used as
a drag behind a car or trip of cars
bar with a bent prong, used in han-
dling logs. (Century)
Dog house. 1. (Joplin, IMo.) A wash-
room; dry house; change house. 2.
(Joplin) A box or platform on
which a can or bucket rests at the
bottom of a shaft. 3. In furnace
practice. See Forechamber.
Dog iron. A short bar of iron with
both ends pointed and bent down so
as to hold together two pieces of
wood into which the points ar*»
driven, or one end may be bent
down and pointed, while the othei
is formed into an eye, so that if the
point be driven into a log, the other
end may be used to attach a chain
for hauling. (C. and M. M. P.)
Dog-on; Dug-on (Scot). To put the
hutches on the cage. This term
probably had its origin in the hook-
ing of the bucket to the rope by
means of a dog hook. (Barrowman)
Dogs. (Eng.)
1. In the plural: Bits
of wood at the bottom of an air
door (Bainbridge). 2. See also
Cage shuts. 3. See Dog, for vari-
ous other meanings.
 GLOSSARY OF MINING AND MINERAL. INDUSTRY.
Dogstoiie. A
rough or shaped stone
used for a millstone. (Century)
Dogtooth spar. A variety of calcite
with sharp-pointed crystals. ( Stand-
ard)
Dogwatch (Aust).
The night
a colliery (Fewer). See also Grave-
yard shift.
Doit (Eng.). Foulness, or damp
(Bainbridge)
Dol (Corn.). Pronounced doll.
ley or dale. (Pryce)
Dol (Corn.). Any part or share of
the adventure or tin ore, as one-
eighth, one-sixteenth, one-lhirty-sec-
ond, or the like. (Pryce)
Dol-coth. An old field or meadow; an
old valley or dale. The name of a
great mine in Camborne, Cornwall.
(Pryce)
Dole. A division of a parcel of ore.
(Raymond). Also spelled DOl.
Dolerita (Mex.). Dolerite. (Dv/ight)
Dolerite. Coarsely crystalline basalt
The word has had a somewhat vari-
able meaning during its history and
among different peoples. The Eng-
lish use it in place of diabase; in-
deed the definition given here jus-
tifies this usage, except that the
characteristic texture of diabase is
not essential to this definition of
dolerite. But the diabasic texture is
more of a microscopic feature than
a megascopic. (Kemp)
Dolina. In geology, one of the natural
funnel -form water tubes worn down
vertically through limestone strata
to their underground drainage.
(Standard)
Dolly. 1. (Aust.) An instrument used
for breaking and mixing clay in the
puddling tub. 2. A heavy timber
shod with iron, and hung from a
tree or other support and formerly
used for crushing quartz. (Davles)
3. To break up quartz with a piece
of wood shod with iron, in order
to be able to wash out the gold,
(Skinner)
4. A device consisting of a small
platform and a single wide roller,
used as a truck for timber, etc., or
when inverted as a stationary roller.
(Webster)
5. (So. Staff.). A cast-Iron weight
used when men ride in the shaft, to
act as a counter-balance to the wind-
ing engine. (Gresley)
16242'—19- -15
225
6. A tool for sharpening machine-
drill bits. (Gillette, p. 53)
7. To concentrate (ore) by use of
a dolly tub. 8. A wooden disk for
stirring the ore in a dolly-tub, in ore-
concentration by the tossing and
packing process (Standard). See
shift in
also Dolly-tub.
Dolly tub (Corn.). A tub in which ore
is washed, being agitated by a dolly,
aif.
or perforated board (Raymond).
See also Dolly, 7 and 8.
A val-
Dolomia (Mex.). Dolomite. (Dwight)
Dolomite. 1. A carbonate of calcium
and magnesium, (Ca, Mg) C0». (U.
S. Geol. Surv.)
2. A term applied to those rocks
that approximate the mineral dolo-
mite in composition. Named by
Saussure, after Dolomieu, an early
French geologist (Kemp). Also
called Magnesian limestone. It oc-
curs in a great many crystalline
and noncrystalline forms the same
as pure limestone, and among rocks
of all geological ages. When the
carbonate of magnesia is not pres-
ent in the above proportion the rock
may still be called a magnesian
limestone, but not a dolomite, strict-
ly speaking. (Roy. Com.)
Dolomite limestone. See Dolomite, 2.
Dolomitic. Composed of or similar to
dolomite. (Century)
Dolomitization ; Dolomization. The
process whereby limestone becomes
dolomite by the substitution of mag-
nesium carbonate for a portion of
the original calcium carbonate. If
the MgCOs approximates the 45,65
per cent, of the mineral dolomite,
there is great shrinkage In bulk,
leading to the development of po-
rosity and cavities up to 11 per
cent, of the original rock. (Kemp)
Dome. 1. To swell upward like a
dome. 2. The upper part of a fur-
nace. 3. The vertical steam cham-
ber on top of a boiler. 4. A crystal
form composed of planes parallel to
a lateral axis which meets in a hori-
zontal edge like the roof of a house.
5. In geology, an uplift in which
the beds dip outward in all direc-
tions from a center (Webster). Oil
and gas pools are frequently fooind
beneath domes.
Domeykite. A reniform and botry-
oidal, tin-white to steel-gray copper
arsenide, Cu»As; also found massive
and disseminated. (Dana)
226 GLOSSARY OF MINING AND MINERAL INDaSTRY.

Oomite. A more or less decomposed Door tender. A boy whose duty it Is

trachyte from the Puy de Dome in to open and close a mine door be-
the French volcanic district of the fore and after the passage of a train
Auvergne. The typical domite con- of mine cars. Also called Trapper.
tains oligoclase and is impregnated (Steel)
with hematite. (Kemp) Door trapper. See Door tender.
Donk (No. of Eng.). Clay or soft Dope. An
absorbent material es- ;
earth, found in cross veins and flats pecially in high explosives, the saw-
(Davies). See also Doak. dust, infusorial earth, mica, etc.,
Donkey. See Barney. Also used mixed with nitroglycerin as in dyna-
synonymously for Donkey engine, mite. (Webster)
Donkey pump, Donkey hoist. Dopplerite. An asphalt found in New
Donkey engine. A small auxiliary Zealand and some parts of Siberia.
engine. (Webster) It resembles elaterite. (Mitzakis)
Donkey An auxiliary hoisting
hoist. Dor6. Gold and silver bullion which
engine operated by steam or com- remains in a cupelling furnace after
pressed air. the lead has been oxidized and
skimmed off. (Bull, 98, U. S. Bur.
Donkey pump. Any of several kinds Mines, p. 70)
of combined pump and steam engine.
It may be operated independently Dore bullion. Same as Base bullion.
of the engine Used to supply water
:
Compare Dor6.
to a boiler, drain sumps, etc. Dor furnace. A regenerative zinc-dis-
Donnick; Donock; Donnock. A varia- tillation furnace with heat-recuper-
tion of Dornick. ating chambers at the ends of the
furnace instead of beneath the com-
Dook. 1. (Scot.) A mine or roadway
bustion chamber. (Ingalls, p. 463)
driven to the dip, usually the main
road (Barrownnnn). See also Slope. Dornick; Dornock (U. S.). A small
2. (Som.) An underground inclined rock or bowlder specifically a bowl-
;

plane. (Gresley) der of iron ore found in limonite

mines (Webster).
Dook workings (Scot.). Workings be-
low the level of the shaft bottom. Dorongee (pronounced duruni) (As-
(Barrovvman) sam, India). A gold- washing trough.
(Lock)
Door. A movable frame or barrier
of boards, or other material, usually Dorr agitator. An agitating machine
turning on hinges or pivots, by based on the thickener principle.
means of which a passage way may It is essentially a Dorr classifier
be opened or closed (Webster). equipped with a central air lift
Doors are placed in air passages of (Liddell)
mines to prevent the ventilating cur- Dorr classifier. A
machine to dimin-
rent from taking a short cut to the ish the amount
of water required
upcast shaft, and to direct the cur- for classification by raking the
rent to the working face. heavier grains up an inclined plane
Door chain (Scot). A chain with ad- against a light current of water,
justing screw by which the bucket which washes away the lighter ma-
and clack door of a pump are sus- terial. It is of the intermittent
pended. (Barrowman) type. (Liddell)
Door heads (Scot). The roof or top Dose. A special charge used in a blast
of the workings at a shaft (Bar- furnace, designed to cure furnace
rowman ) troubles. (Willcox)
Doorpiece.That portion of a lift of Dott; Dott-hole. A
small opening In
pumps which contains the clack or the vein. (Raymond)
valve. (Duryee)
Double-acting pump. (Scot). A pump
Doorstead. 1. (Eng.). Upright tim- which discharges at both forward
bers in the sides of levels for sup- and backward stroke. (Barrow-
ports. (Bainb ridge) man)
2. The entrance or place of a door.
Double bank. 1. To take up a claim
(Webster)
parallel with and adjoining another
Door stoop (Scot). A pillar or block claim containing an auriferous vein
of mineral left around a shaft for or lead. 2. Working with double
Its protection. (Barrowman) sets or relays of men. (Duryee)
 GLOSSARY 0^ MlNIiJQ A2TD MINERAL INDUSTRY.
Double-bank cages (Wales). Cages
having two decks, or a multiple of
two, so that decking (caging) may
be performed at two levels or banks.
(Gresley)
Double core-barrel drill. A core drill
having an inner tube that is sus-
pended on ball bearings and thus
may remain still while the outer
tube revolves. It is designed to
bring out a core from a delicate ma-
terial with a minimum of breaking
or other damage. (Bowles)
Double crib (Eng.). Two wedging
cribs placed one on the top of an-
other. (Gresley)
Double-diamond bottom (Ark.). An
arrangement of track at the shaft
bottom consisting of two parallel
tracks (one to each compartment of
the shaft) with a double crossover
track between them and repeated on
each side of the shaft. (Steel)
Double-entry. 1. A pair of entries in
flat or gently dipping coal so laid
out that rooms can be driven from
both entries; twin entries (Steel).
See also Entry.
2. A system of ventilation by which
the air current is brought into the
rooms through one entry and out
through a parallel entry or air
course. (Steel)
Double-entry room-and-pillar mining.
See Room-and-pillar method.
Double-handed gear (Newc). Heavy
drilling tools which require two men
to use them. (Min. Jour.)
Double header. A term applied to
quarry equipment consisting of two
independent channeling machines on
a single truck, operated by one man.
(Bowles)
Double-image prism. A prism made of
Iceland spar, giving two images of
equal intensity, but polarized at
right angles to each other. (Stand-
ard)
Double load. A charge in a bore hole
separated by a quantity of inert
material for the purpose of dis-
tributing the effect, or for prevent-
ing part of the charge blowing out
at a seam or fissure, in which case
the inert material is placed so as to
include the seam. (Du Pont)
Double-men. See Double-pick.
Double, or Duplex hammer. A forg-
ing device striking on opposite sides,
%» of a bloom. (Standard)
227
Double-pick; Double-men (Corn,). Two
men who use one pick, one during
the day, and one at night, so that
the pick is kept constantly at work.
(Pryce)
Double-refracting spar. Same as Ice-
land-spar.
Double refraction. Refraction shown
by certain crystals that split the In-
cident ray into two refracted rays,
polarized in perpendicular planes.
(Standard)
Double-room system. See Room-and-
pillar method.
Doubles (Som.). The repeated folds
or overlaps of the coal strata in
the Radstock district. (Gresley)
Double-shear steel. Converted steel
that has been twice fagoted and
drawn out. (Standard)
Double shift. 1. Two sets of men at
work, one set relieving the other.
2. To employ two shifts of men, or
to work double shift. (Steel)
Double stall (Wales). A system of
working coal in which the roof falls
within chambers of a limited
width. (Gresley)
Double-tape fuse. Fuse of superior
qualtity, or having a heavy and
strong covering. (G. and M. M. P.)
Double timber (Wales). Two props
and a bar placed across the tops of
them to support the roof and sides
of a heading. (Gresley)
Double working (No. of Eng.). Two
hewers (miners) working together
in the same heading. (Gresley)
Doubling. 1. A process for the treat-
ment of antimony sulphide by fus-
ing it with iron or other antimony
containing iron, so as to form an
iron sulphide, the removal of which
eliminates both iron and sulphur.
(Webster)
2. (Scot.) Thickening of a seam,
sometimes due to Its being folded
over or doubled (Barrowman). See
also Doubles.
See Douse.
Douce.
Douglas furnace. A horizontal, revolv-
ing cylindrical furnace having a cen-
tral flue. (Ingalls, p. 160)
Douglas process. See Hunt and Doug-
las process. (Raymond)
Douk; Douke; Dowk (Eng.). A soft
clay found in veins. Probably de-
rived from the Saxon deagan, to
knead or mix with water. (Hunt)
228 GLOSSARY OF MINING AND MINEHAL INDUSTRY.

Doup out (Scot.). To connect a drift Down spouts (Lane). Pipes fixed
with one formerly driven in stoop- down the sides of a shaft for con-
and-room worliings. (Barrowman) ducting water from one level or
sump to another. (Gresley)
Dour holing (Scot). Difficult under-
cutting in hard coal or stone. (Bar- Downthrow. Generally applied as
rowman ) meaning that side of a fault which
has moved downward. This use is
Douse; Dowse. 1. To beat out or ex- objectionable, since determinations
tinguish an ignited jet of fire damp of throw are always relative and it
(Gresley). Also spelled Douce. can rarely be told which side of the
2. To search for deposits of ore, for fault has moved. The term should
lodes, or water, by aid of the dous- be used with the definite under-
ing or divining rod. (Century) standing that it refers merely to a
relative and not an absolute dis-
Dowk (No. of Eng.). A dark-colored
placement. (Lindgren, p. 118)
clayey material forming part of a
vein (Standard). See also Douk. Downward enrichment. A term which
is synonymous with "secondary en-
Down (Eng.). Underground; in the richment" as the latter has applied
pit. (Gresley) to enrichment of ore bodies by the
Down brow (Lane). A dip incline downward percolation of waters.
underground. (Gresley) Dowse. To use the dipping or divin-
Downcast. 1. The shaft through ing rod, as in search of water, ore,
which the fresh air is drawn or etc. (W^ebster). See Douse.
forced into the mine; the intake Dowser. A divining rod for dowsing;
(Steel; Coal Run Coal Co. v. Jones, also one who uses a divining rod
127 Illinois, p. 381) (Webster). See Divining rod.
2. (Eng.) A fault which throws
a coal seam downwards. See also Dowsing rod; Dowzing rod (Som.).
Downleap. (Gresley) See Divining rod; also Dowser.
Downcomer. A pipe to conduct some- Dowson producer. A furnace used for
thing downward, as a pipe for the manufacture of producer gas,
leading hot gases from the top of (Ingalls, p. 305)
a blast furnace downward to the Dradge (Corn.). The inferior portions
regenerators, boilers, etc. (Web- of ore, separated from the best ore
ster). Sometimes called Downcome. by cobbing. (Raymond)
Downdraft. A downward draft as in Dradgy lode (Eng.). A lode through
a flue, chimney, shaft of a mine, which the mineral Is so thinly dis-
etc. (Webster) seminated as to be scarcely worth
Down-draft kiln. A kiln in which the the expense of dressing. Such lode,
heat enters the chamber from the ore-stuff, or stone is called dradgy.
top and passes down through the (Hunt)
ware. (Ries) Draft. 1. (Wales) Allowance coal.
Downer (Som.). A rest or cessation About 360 per week to every
lbs.
from work, say half an hour, taken householder. (Gresley)
during a shift or turn. (Gresley) 9. Act of drawing. 3. A load; the
quantity drawn forwai'd, up or out.
Downfall (So. Staff.). A downthrow.
4. A current of any sort, as of air
(Min. Jour.) in a room or chimney. 5. The area
Down holes. Drill holes that incline of an opening or group of openings
downward. (H. C. Hoover, p. 100) for the discharge of water, as the
draft of a turbine wheel. (Web-
Down-leap (Mid.). A
dislocation of
ster)
strata which has caused a coal seam
to be aburptly cut off and brought Draftage. A deduction made from the
below its original level. See also gross weight of ore to allow for loss
Downthrow. (Gresley) In transportation. (C. and M.
M. P.)
Downs (Eng.). The rounded, dry, and
unwooded chalk hills of XCent, Sur- Draft engine (Corn.). An engine used
rey, Sussex, and adjacent counties. for pumping. (Min. Jour.)
(Page)
Draft hole. An opening through whioh
Downset (Scot). A short drift to the air is supplied to a furnace. (Cen-
dip. (Barrowmau) tury)
 ) )

GLOSSARY OF MINING AND MINERAL INDUSTRY. 229

Dragr. 1. A wooden or iron bar placed Dragonera (Peru). Passage of the

between the spokes of the wheels of flame into the furnace at the fire
trams to check their speed upon an bridge. (D wight)
inclined way. See Back stay (Gres-
ley). A
brake, or sprag. Dragonite. A fabulous stone said to be
2. Anappliance to be attached to obtained from the head of the flying
the rear of a loaded train of cars to dragon. Quartz crystals, found in
prevent the cars from running down gravel, which have lost their bril-
the incline or grade in case the cable liancy and angular form, and conse-
should break. (Brookside Coal Min. quently their identity, were for-
Co. V. Hajnal, 101, Illinois App., p. merly thought to have had the origin
177; Brookside Coal Min. Co. v. Indicated above. (Pliny Hist., Bk.
Dolph, 101, Illinois App., p. 169) 37, p. 57)
3. The frictional resistance offered
to a current of air in a mine.
Dragons' skin (Eng.). A familiar
(Steel)
term among miners and quarry men
for the stems of Lepidodendron,
4. The lower part of a flask. The wliose rhomboidal leaf scars some-
mold having been prepared in the
two parts of the flask, the cope is what resemble the scales of reptiles.
put upon the drag before casting. (Page)
After casting, the flask is opened by Dragsman (No. of Eng.). A man em-
removing the cope. (Raymond) ployed as a pusher of tubs (cars)
5. Fragments of ore torn from a in underground working places.
lode by a fault. Such fragments are (Gresley)
scattered along the line of the fault
and are usually inclosed within Dragstaff. A pole projecting back-
crushed or bracclated pieces of the ward and downward from a vehicle,
rock traversed by that fault. Sec- to prevent it from running back-
ondary mineralization along the ward. See Backstay; also Drag. 2.
fault may obscure tlie true char- Drag-stone mill. A mill in which ores,
acter of the " drag " in which case etc., are ground by means of a heavy
the difference in associated minerals stone dragged around on a circular
may prove suggestive. (Min. and or annular stone bed (Webster).
Sci. Press, May 29, 1915.) See Arrastre.
6. Aniron blast-hole cleaner; drag-
twist. 7. A
ninnerless sled for Drag twist. A spiral hook at the end
drawing rough heavy stone, etc. a ;
of a rod, for cleaning bore holes.
stone-boat. ( Standard
(Raymond)
Draga (Sp.). 1. Dredge; dredger. 2.
Drain. A ditch cut In a mine floor or
A bottom. (Roy)
miner's shovel. (Halse)
Drainage basin. See Basin, 1.
Dragagem; Draga je (Port). Dredg-
ing. (Halse) Draught (So.
Staff.) The quantity
of coal hoisted in a given time (Ray-
Dragbar; Back stay (Aust). An iron mond. See Draft, 3.
bar fastened to the back of a skip
Draw. 1. (So. Staff.) Strictly
to prevent the latter running down
speaking, the distance on the sur-
hill in case the hauling rope breaks
face to which the subsidence or
(Power). See also Drag, 2.
creep extends beyond the workings.
Drag bolt, A coupling pin. (Web- (Gresley)
ster) 2. The effect of creep upon the pil-
lars of a mine. 3. To draw the
Drag chain, A
chain to make fast a pillars; to mine out the pillars, or
wiieel of a vehicle so tliat the wheel to pull or rob them after the rooms
will act as a drag. are worked out. Called Pull in Ar-
kansas. (Steel)
Dragline scraper. A type of apparatus 4. (Scot) The distance that min-
for the removal of soil. It consists eral is hauled by trammers. (Bar-
of one or more buckets or scrapers ro wman
attached to an endless cable or belt 5. In geology, a valley or basin.
operated by a drum or sprocket (Standard)
wheel. 6. To raise ore, coal, rock, etc., to
the surface; to hoist
Dragon ( So. Staff. ) A barrel in which
water is raised from a shallow Draw a charge. To take a charge
fibaft. (Gresley) from a furnace. (C. and M. M. P.)
230 GLOSSARY OY MINING AND MINERAL INDUSTRY.
Draw bar. 1. A bar used to connect
rolling stock, us a bar with a single
eye at each end for coupling together
a locomotive and its tender. (Web-
ster)
2. A heavy beam under the body of
a railway car and projecting -at the
end for coupling cars. Some ar-
rangement for coupling is placed at
the outer end, and springs at the
inner end to lessen recoil in start-
ing, coupling, etc. (Standard)
Drawer. 1. ( Scot. )
' A man or boy
who takes ore or rock from the
working face to the shaft, or termi-
nus of the horse or haulage road
(Barrowman). One who
trams or drives a horse under-
ground.
2. (Derb.) A man who hoists ore
or rock by means of a windlass, or
otherwise, from a shaft. (Hooson)
Drawhead. The head of a draw bar.
(Webster)
Draw hole. An
aperture in a battery
through which the coal is drawn.
(Chance)
Drawing. 1.Recovering the timbers,
chocks, etc., from the goaves. This
work is commonly performed with
the use of the Dog-and-chain, tvhich
see. 2. Knocking away the sprags
from beneath the coal after holing.
3. Raising coal, through a shaft or
slope. (Gresley)
4. In hydraulic mining, throwing
the water beyond the dirt to be re-
moved and causing it to flow to-
ward the giant (Hanks). Compare
Goosing.
Drawing a (No. of Eng.)
jud. 1.
Bringing down the face of coal, by
withdrawing the sprags. (Gresley)
2. See Jud, 4.
Drawing an entry. Removing the last
of the coal from an entry. (Hargis)
Drawing engine (Eng.). A winding
or hoisting engine. (Gresley)
Drawing lift. The lowest lift of a
cornish pump, or that lift in which
the water rises by suction (atmos-
pheric pressure) to the point where
it is forced upward by the plunger.
(Century)
Drawing road (Scot). An under-
ground passage along which ore or
coal is conveyed. (Barrowman)
Drawing small. When a winding rope,
from the effects of wear and tear,
has become less in diameter or in
thickness from that cause, it is said
to bo "drawing small." (Gresley)
Draw kiln (Scot). A lime-kiln in
which the process of calcination is
carried on continuously, the raw
limestone and fuel being put in at
the top and the llhie withdrawn at
the bottom. (Barrowman)
Drawlift. Same as Drawing lift
Drawn. The condition in which an
entry or room is left after all the
coal has been removed. (Hargis)
Drawn clay. Clay that is shrunk or
decreased in volume by burning.
(Century)
Draw slate. A soft slate, shale or
pushes rock from two inches to two feet
in thickness, above the coal, and
which falls with the coal or soon
after the coal is removed (Harr).
(Lumaghi Coal Co. v, Grenard, 133
Illinois App., p. 30; Interstate Coal
Co. V. Trivett, 155 Kentucky, p. 828)
Draw wood; Draw trees (Scot). To
extract and recover mine timbers.
(Barrowman)
Dredge. 1. A scoop or suction ap-
paratus, operated by power, and
usually mounted on a flat-bottomed
boat, for clearing out or deepening
channels, harbors, etc., by taking uj.
and removing mud or gravel from
their bottoms. Extensively used in
mining gold-bearing sand and gravel.
For this purpose it is equipped with
screening apparatus and gold-saving
devices. Also called Dredging ma-
chine.
2. Inferior ore separated from the
better ore by cobbing (Webster).
Sometimes written Dradge.
3.Very fine mineral matter held ir
suspension in water. (Raymond)
Dredge boat. A boat bearing a dredg-
ing machine, especially one used in
dredging river channels and in min-
ing gold-bearing sand and gravel.
Dredger. 1. One who uses a dredge
2. A boat employed in dredging. 3
A dredging machine. (Webster)
Dredge sump (No. of Eng.). A smali
reservoir at the bottom of a shaft
in which the water collects and de-
posits any sediments or debris.
(Gresley)
Dredging. 1. The act of using a
dredge. 2. The material brought up
by a dredge. (Century)
Dredging machine. See Dredge, 1.
Dredging pump. A pump for drawing
up silt, loose sand, etc., as in dredg-
ing (Standard).
 ) );

GLOSSARY OF MINING AND MINERAL INDUSTRY. 231

Dredgittg tube. The large tube of a 3. (No. of Eng.) A heading driven

dredging machine that operates by on the strike of the coal seam. 4.
suction for the removal of mud, (Forest of Dean) A hard shale.
sand, etc. (Standard) (Gresley)
Dredgy ore (Corn.). A 5. To make a drift ; to drive. (Web-
rock impreg-
ster)
nated with or traversed by minute
veins of mineral (Min. Jour.). Also
6. Any rock material, uch as
bowlders, till, gravel, sand, or clay,
called Dradgy ore, or Drady trade.
transported by a glacier and de-
Dreellte. A variety of barite. ( Dana posited by or from the Ice or by
or In water derived from the melt-
Dress. 1. To
clean ore by breaking off
ing of the ice. Generally used of
fragments of the gangue from the
the glacial deposits of the Pleisto-
valuable mineral (Whitney). See
cene epoch. Detrital deposits. (La
Ore dressing.
Forge)
2. The furrowing on a millstone
face. (Webster) Driftand pillar (No. Staff.). A sys-
Dressants (Fr.). Very steep lying tem of working coal similar to the
seams of coal, etc. (Gresley) room and pillar system.
Dressed rocks. Same as Roches mou- Drift-band (111.). A thin band or
tannges. ( Standard layer of soft earthy material occur-
ring In a coal seam.
Dresser. (Mid.).
1. A tool used by
colliersand banksmen for splitting Drift-bed. In geology, a layer of drift
large lumps of coal, and for clean- of sufficient uniformity to be dis-
ing coal for the market. A nooper. tinguished from associated ones of
(Gresley) similar origin; a drift stratum.
2. A tool or apparatus for cutting (Century)
and dressing the furrows on the face
of a millstone. (Century) Driftbolt. A bolt for securing together
3. The superintendent of persons successive layers, as of stones in a
employed in picking, washing, and foundation or of timbers In a gril-
dressing ore. 4. In the plural, those lage. (Webster)
persons engaged in ore dressing. Drift copper. Native copper found In
Dressing. (Mid.)
1. Trimming and gravel and clay, far from the origi-
cleaning up a stall face after the nal orebody, from which it has been
loaders have left off work. (Gres- carried by glaciers. (Weed)
ley) Drift deposit. Any accumulation of
2. (Corn.). The picking and sorting glacial origin; glacial or fluvio-gla-
of ores, and washing, preparatory to cial deposit. (Century)
reduction. (Raymond)
Drift epoch. Same as Glacial epoch.
Dressing floor. The or floor, place,
yard where ores are rough dressed Drifting. Opening a drift; driving a
or sorted. drift. See also Drift, 1, 2, and 3.

Dressing works. Drifting back (No. Staff.). The oper-

See Concentrator
also Ore dressing. ation of mining the pillars toward
the pit bottom as soon as the cross
Driblet-cone. A small fantastic cone, headings are driven. (Gresley)
formed by the adhesion of congeal-
ing driblets of liquid lava from a Drifting curb. A wooden frame forced
volcanic blowhole: contrasted with downward through quicksand, hav-
cinder cone. (Standard) ing planks driven at the back of it
Dries, Dry. Seams in the rock,
or to keep out the sand and water.
which are usually Invisible in the (Gresley)
freshly quarried material, but which Drift map. A map showing the dis-
may open up in cutting or on ex- tribution of various glacial and flu-
posure to the weather. See also vio-glaclal deposits, generally called
Dry, 1 and 2. (Rles) drift. (Century)
Drift. 1. A horizontal passage under- Drift mine. A mine opened by a drift.
ground. A drift follows the vein, as
distinguished from a crosscut, which Drift mining. A method of mining
Intersects it, or a level or gallery, gold-bearing gravel, or cement, by
which may do either. (Raymond) means of drifts and shafts, as dis-
2. In coal mining, a gangway or en- tinguished from the process of hy-
try above vrater level, driven from draulic raining (Webster). See
the surface in the seam. (Steel) Placer mining.
 232 GLOSSARY OF MINING AND MINERAL INDUSTRY.

Drift peat. A peat deposit associated Drill rod. A vertical rod bearing a
with or embedded in glacial drift. drilling tool for boring wells.
(Century) (Standard)
Drift scratches. Marks on the surface Drink time (Eng.) Meal time. (Bain-
of solid ledges of rocks, supposed to bridge)
have been produced by the grinding
Drip. 1. A name given to an appara-
action of masses of soil, gravel
and rocks, during glacial movement. tus attached to natural-gas wells to
(Jackson) exclude from the mains any liquid,
such as oil or water, that may ac-
Drift slabs. Slabs of more than ordi- company the gas. It usually con-
nary length, used especially for hold- sists of four Iron tubes placed ver-
ing back dirt, sand and water from tically, the Inner two being con-
a shaft. (Duryee) nected by a cross tube. During the
Drift stoping. See Sublevel stoping. passage of the gas through this ap-
paratus, the liquid becomes sepa-
Driftway. See Drift, 1.
rated and accumulates in a tube
Driggoe (Corn.). The lower pump in called a tail piece,
from which it Is
a set or tier; the working piece. blown out from time to time. (Mit-
Also called Drigger. (Pryce) zakis) Any opening arranged to
take a liquid from a line carrying
Difill. 1. A metallic tool for boring in gas, as condensation from a steam
hard material. The ordinary miner's line.
drill is a bar of steel with a chisel-
2. (En?.) The dip of a stratum.
shaped end, and is struck with a (Webster)
hammer. See Rock drill, Diamond
drill. (Raj-mond) Drip stone. 1. A porous stone, either
2. To make a hole with a drill or artificial or natural, for filtering
similar tool. 3. See Drilling, as ap- water. 2. Calcium carbonate in the
plied to oil and gas wells. form of stalactites and stalagmites.
(Webster)
Drill core. A solid, cylindrical
core of
Drive. 1. To excavate horizontally,
rock cut out by a diamond or sliot
drill. It forms a record of the
or at an Inclination, as In a drift,
strata through which the drill has adit or entry (Gresley). Distin-
passed. (Weed) guished from sinking and raising.
Driller. One .who or
2. (Aust.) A level, drift, or tun-
1. that which nel In a mine. (Hanks)
drills. 2. A drilling machine.
(Standard) Driven well. A well which is sunk by
Drill extractor. A device driving a casing, at the end of which
for with-
drawing the there is a drive-point, without the
drill bit from wells;
drill tongs. (Standard) aid of any drilling, boring, or jetting
device. (Melnzer)
Drilling. A term employed in a gen-
eral way to denote the different Drive pipe. 1. A pipe which Is driven
processes employed for the dis- or forced Into a bored hole, to shut
covery and extraction of petroleum off water, or prevent caving. (Nat.
or natural gas. Two general meth- Tube Co.)
ods of drilling have come to be 2. A thick type of casing fitted at
recognized: (a) Percussion systems, its lower end with a sharp steel
which consist of breaking up the shoe, which is employed when heavy
ground by means of a sharp pointed driving has to be resorted to for In-
instrument of a particular form, serting the casing. (Mitzakis)
which is made to strike the ground Drive-pipe ring. A device for holding
in a series of blows; and (&) Ro-
the drive pipe while being pulled
tary systems, which aim at the ex- from well. (Nat. Tube Co.)
traction of a core or permit all the
disintegrated material to be washed Driver. 1. A person who drives a
away. (Mitzakis). Also commonly horse or mule in a mine. (Roy)
used in prospecting for, and In the 2. One who controls the movements
development of ore or coal lands. of a locomotive, motor car, or the
Drilling jig. A portable drilling ma- like. (Webster)
chine worked by hand. (Century) 3. (Eng.)A bit of Iron for forcing
the wood Into a blasting hole (Bain-
Drilling-np. Preliminary digging out
the clay In the tap hole of a furnace.
bridge). A tamping iron.
This is done usually by hand, air,
4. (Eng.) A man who breaks down
the coal In the stalls with hammers
or electric drill. (Willcox)
and wedges, after the holing la
Drill- jars. See Jars* finished. A
miner. (Gresley)
 GLOSSARY OF MINING AND MINERAL INDUSTRY. 233

Driver boss, A person In charge of the Drop sheet (No. of Eng.). A door
drivers in ti mine. (Steel) See made of canvas, by which the venti-
Driver, 1. lating current is regulated and di-
rected through the workings (Gres-
Drive shoe. A protecting end attached ley). See also Curtain.
to the bottom of drive pipe and
casing. (Nat. Tube Co.) Drop shot. Shot made by dropping or
pouring melted lead as opposed to
Driving. 1. Extending excavations such as are cast, as buckshot and
liorizontally. Distinguished from bullets. (Century)
sinliing and raising. (Raymond)
2. A long narrow underground ex- Drop staple (Eng.). An interior shaft,
cavation or heading. 3. (Brist.) connecting an upper and lower seam,
A heading driven through rock. through which qoal is raised or low-
(Gresley) ered. (G. G. Green well)

Driving cap. A
cap of iron, fitted Drop stone. A stalactitic variety of cal-
to the top of a pipe, as in an oil cite. (Ontury)
well, to receive the blow when
driven and thus protect the pipe. Drop sulphur. Sulphur granulated by
(Century) pouring it molten into water.
(Webster)
Driving on line. The keeping of a
heading or breast accurately on a Drop tin. Tin granulated by pouring
given course by means of a compass it molten Into water. (Webster)
or transit. In Arkansas, called
Drop zinc. Zinc in the form of small
Driving on sights. (Steel)
globules. (Webster)
Drop. 1. To lower the cage to receive
Dross. 1. Refuse or Impurity In melted
or discharge the car when a cage of
metal slag. A zinc-and-iron alloy
;
more than one deck is used.
A
chute down
forming in a bath of molten zinc, in
2. (No. of Eng.).
galvanizing iron. (Standard)
which coal is run into keels or boats.
2. The material skimmed from the
3. To allow the upper lift of a seam
surface of freshly melted, not per-
of coal, to fall or drop down. (Gres-
fectly pure metal. (Raymond)
ley)
3. (Scot.) Small coal which passes
4. (Eng.) The quantity of coal
through a riddle or screen. (Bar-
brought down at one cutting. (Bain-
bridge)
rowman)
5. (Scot.) The apparatus by which In cannel coal
Dross coal. 1. (Scot.)
mineral is let down a blind shaft to districts, common or free coal. See
a lower level. 6. (Scot.) To work also Free coal, 2 (Barrowman). 2.
the upper portion of a thick seam See Dross, 3.
after the lower portion has been
worked. 7. (Scot.) To stop work. Drossy coal (Derb.). Coal containing
(Barrowman) pyrite. ((Presley)

Drop forge. To forge between dies by Drowned; Drowned out. Flooded: said
a drop hammer or drop press. of mines under water. (Gresley)
(Webster)
Drowned level. See Blind level, 2.
Drop hammer. A hammer for forging,
the weight being raised and then Drowned waste. Old workings full of
released to drop on the metal rest- water. (Gresley)
ing on the die or anvil. (Webster)
Druggon (So. Staff.). A square Iron
Dropper (Corn.). A
branch vein leav- or wooden box, used for conveying
ing the main vein on the footwall fresh water for horses, etc.. In a
side. (Raymond) mine. (Raymond)
Dropping pillars and top coal (Aust.). Drum. 1. That part of the winding
The second working, consisting of
machinery on which the rope or
drawing the pillars, and In thick chain is colled. (Raymond)
seams breaking down the upper por- 2. (Lane.) A brick, iron, or wooden
tion of the seam that was left tem-
cylinder, used when sinking a shaft
porarily In position. (Power) through sand. 3. See Runnlng-the-
Drop pit. A shaft in a mine, In which drum. (Gresley)
coal is lowered by a brake wheel. 4. A metal cask for shipment of oU,
(Gresley) gasoline, etc.
 )

234 GLOSSARY or MINING AND MINERAL INDUSTRV.

Dn\m head (No. of Eng.). A short Dry amalgamation. Treating ores with
heading formed to the rise of a level, hot dry mercury. (C. and M. M. P.)
or bank head, in which the drum
of a self-acting Inclined plane Is Dry blowing (Aust.). A method of
fixed. (Gresley) winnowing alluvial ore by allowing
it to fall from a height while the
Drum horns. Wrought-iron arms or wind is blowing. (Standard)
spokes projecting beyond the surface
or periphery of flat-rope drums, be- Dry-bone. A miner's term for an
tween which the ropes coil or lap. earthy, friable carbonate of zinc,
(Gresley) smithsonite. Often frequently ap-
plied to the hydrated silicate, so-
Dmnilin. An elongated or oval hill of called calamine. Usually found as-
glacial drift normally compact and sociated in veins or beds in strati-
unstratified, usually with its longer fied calcareous rocks accompanying
axis parallel to the direction of the sulphides of zinc, iron, and lead.
movement of the transporting ice. (Dana)
(Webster)
Drumming. The process of sounding Dry casting. A method of casting in
the roof of a mine to discover which the molds are made of sand
whether rock is loose. (Deep Vein and afterwards dried. (Century)
Coal Co. V. Reney, 112 N. E. Rept., Dry coal. Coal containing but little
p. 397)
hydrogen. ( Gresley

Drnmmy. Loose coal or rock that pro-

duces a hollow sound when tapped Dry diggings. 1. Placers not subject
with any hard substance (Dodd v. to overflow and M. M. P.)
(C.
Pocahontas Consol. Collieries Co., 2. Placermines or other mining
244 Fed. Rept, p. 151). Said es- districts where water is not avail-
pecially of a mine roof. able. (Standard)
Drum pulley. A pulley wheel used in Dry distillation. See Destructive dis-
place of a drum (Gresley). See tillation.
also Koepe system.
Dryer white. A white scum which
Drum rings. Cast-iron wheels, with forms on brick during drying.
projections, to which are bolted the (Ries)
staves or laggings forming the sur-
face for the hoisting cable to wind Dryer. An apparatus for drying ores,
upon. The outside rings are flanged, preliminary to smelting. Dryers
to prevent the cable from slipping are of various types as: revolving,
off the drum. (Gresley) cylindrical, zigzag, tower, and cast-
Druitt sheave (Aust). A cylindrical iron plates. (Ingalls, p. 617)
drum placed vertically on the inside Dry gas. Natural gas obtained from
of a curve, against which the main
sands that produce gas only. It
. rope of a main-and-tail-rope system does not contain oil vapors.
moves when rounding the curve.
(Power) Dry hole. A drill hole in which no
Drusa (Sp.). Druse; geode. (Lucas) water used, as a hole driven up-
is
ward (Standard). A well in which
Druse. A
crystallized crust lining the no oil or gas is found.
sides of a cavity (Raymond). See
Geode, 1; also Vug. Dry hone. An artificial razor hone in
which the sharpening crystals or
Drusy. Covered with minute crystals.
grains are so blended with the bond
Dry. 1. (Scot.) A
joint in the roof that good results can be obtained
of a coal seam, which can not usu- without the use of lubricants.
ally be discovered until the roof (Pike)
falls. (Gresley)
2. (Scot.) An incipient crack, as in Drylng-off. The process by which an
building stone. (Barrowman) amalgam of gold is evaporated, as
3. (Corn.) See Change house. 4. in gilding. (Century)
To free from water. 5. A
drying Drying oven; Porcelain oven. An
house. 6. That which is dry, as dry oven for firing porcelain. (Stand-
land. (Webster) ard)
7. Ametal containing too large a
proportion of oxygen; not suffi- Dry man. A man in charge of the
ciently poled: said of copper in building In which workmen change
process of refining. (Standard) their clothes.
 )

GLOSSARY OF MINING AND MINERAL INDUSTRY. 235

Dry method. 1. The method of mixing Dry separation. The elimination of

the raw materials of Portland ce- the small pieces of shale, pyrite,
ment in a dry state. (Bowles) etc.,from coal by a blast of air di-
2. In chemical analysis, the treat- rected upon the screened coal. See
ment of the compound with dry re- also Wind method. (Gresley)
agents, as blow-piping In qualita-
tive analysis and assaying in quan-
Dry sharpening stone. A stone so con-
tative analysis. (Standard) stituted that its crystals break away
from its binding material so rapidly
Dry ore. An argentiferous ore that that the particles of steel have no
does not contain enough lead for chance to fill the pores of the stone.
smelting purposes. (O. and M. M. Sandstone and coarse gritted scythe-
P.) stones are good examples. (Pike)

Dry pan. A circular revolving pan Drystone. Composed of stones, not ce-
with perforated bottom, in which mented with mortar, as a drystone
two large rollers revolve by friction wall. (Century)
against the pan floor. It is used
for grinding dry clays. (Ries) Dry sweating. A process by which
impure blister-copper is exposed to a
Dry-press process. A method of form- long, oxidizing heat below fusion
ing clay wares by using slightly point. (Standard)
moistened clay in pulverized form
and pressing it into steel dies. Dry wall. A rock wall set up without
(Ries) cementing material. See Drystone.

Dry process. A
method of treating Dry-wall method. See Overhand stop-
ores by heat as In smelting used in
;
ing.
opposition to wet process where the Dry wash. See Wash, 4.
ore is brought into solution before
extraction of the metal. See also D-trnck (Aust). A low side-opening
Wet process. truck, used for conveying coal for
home consumption, and from which
Dry puddling. A process of decarboni- the coal has to be shoveled. ( Power
zation on a siliceous hearth in which
the conversion is effected rather by
Dualin. Avariety of dynamite con-
sisting of 4 to 5 parts nitroglycerin,
the flame than by the reaction of
3 parts sawdust, and 2 parts salt-
solidor fused materials. As the
peter. (Webster)
amount of carbon diminishes the
mass becomes fusible and begins to Dual rope (York.). A hemp capstan-
coagulate (come to nature), after rope upon which men ride in a mine
which it is worked together into shaft. (Gresley)
lumps (puddle-balls, loups) and re- Duck machine. An arrangement of
moved from the furnace to be ham- two boxes, one working within the
mered (shingled) or squeezed in the other, for forcing mines.
air into
squeezer, which presses out the cin-
(C. and M. M. P.)
der, etc., and compacts the mass at
welding heat, preparatory to rolling. Duck's nest. See Springing. (Du
Silicon, and phosphorus are also Pont)
largely removed by puddling, pass-
Duck's-nest TuySre. A tuyere having
ing into the cinder (Raymond).
a cupped outlet. (Standard)
See also Puddling.
Dry rods (Scot). Pump rods outside Ducktownite (Tenn.). An Intimate
mixture of the minerals pyrite and
the delivery pipes or rising main.
chalcoclte. (Chester)
(Barrowman)
Ductile.Capable of being permanently
Drys. See Dry, 1 and 2.
drawn out or hammered thin. (Web-
Dry sand. 1. Sand prepared for molds ster)
by thorough drying and baking. Dudgeonite. The mineral annabergite
When special cohesion is required
with about one-third of the nickel
(as for cores) other substances, such
replaced by calcium. (Min. Res.,
as flour, molasses, etc., are mixed
U. S. Geol. Surv., 1915, pt. 2, p.
with it. (Raymond)
744)
2. A
stratum of dry sand or sand-
stone encountered in well drilling. Dudley rock. A fosslllferous limestone
A nonpioductive sandstone in oil of the English Wenlock (Upper Si-
fields. lurian). (Standard)
236 GLOSSARY OF MINING AND MINERAL INDUSTRY.

Due, The amount of royalty or ore 3. As

applied to the degree of
payable to the lord of the manor luster of minerals, means those
or owner of the soil. (Davies) minerals in which there is a total
absence of luster, as chalk, kaolin.
Due bill. Same as Pay bill.

Dneia (Sp.) 1. The

stave of a barrel Dumb bolts (Scot). Bolts at joints
or cask, etc. 2. Stone of a floor, etc. of single-plated pump rods, at right
3. Flooring board. (Dwight) angles to those through the plates,
to prevent the latter from tearing
Dueiio (Mex.). Owner; shipper of the wood. (Barrowman)
ore. (Dwight)
Dues (Corn.). See Due. Also called Dumb'd. Choked or clogged, as a grate
or sieve in which the ore is dressed.
Dish. (Pryce)
(Davies)
Duff (Aust). The fine coal left after
separating the lumps (Power). Dumb drift.An airway constructed to
Very tine screenings; dust. convey the ventilating current
around the ventilating furnace to
Duffer (Aust). See Shicer. the upcast, instead of passing it di-
Duff furnace. A furnace used for the rectly through or over the fire.
manufacture of producer gas. (In- (Chance)
galls, p. 305)
Dumb A break In strata caused
fault.
Duffy (Scot). Soft; inferior. (Bar- by a current of water eroding a
rowman) portion of it during the general
Dufrenite. A hydrous iron phosphate period of its deposition. (Powet)
mineral. Contains approximately
27.5 per cent, PzOb, 62 per cent FeaO.,
Dumb furnace. A ventilating furnace,
designed so that the foul, inflam-
and 10.5 per cent H2O. Exact com- mable air from the more remote
position doubtful. (U. S. Geol.
parts of the mine enters the upcast
Surv.) above the hot gases from the fire.
Dufrenoysite. A native sulpharsenide (Webster)
of lead, PbzAsaSB. (U. S. Geol.
Surv.)
Dumb screw (Scot.). A screw jack.
(Barrowman)
Duggle (Corn.). See Troil Dummy. 1. (No. Staff.) A low truck
Duin. A gold-washing dish used m on four wheels running upon rails,
Jashpur, India. (Lock) and loaded with pig iron or some
other heavy material; employed in
Dukeway (Som.). A method of hoist- steep coal beds as a balance-weight
ing coal on an incline from the to bring up an empty tub or car.
working face to the pit-bottom by (Gresley)
a rope attached to the winding-en- 2. Apaper bag filled with sand,
gine at surface in such a way that
tamping or for sepa-
clay, etc., for
while the cage is going up, the
rating two charges In a double-
empty trams are running down the loaded bore hole. (Du Pont)
incline, and as the cage descends the
loaded cars are brought up to the Dumortierite. A bright smalt-blue to
shaft (Gresley) greenish-blue, lavender or reddish,
transparent to translucent, alumi-
Dukey. 1. (Som.) A large carriage
or platform mounted upon wheels
num silicate, perhaps 4Ala08.3SiOj,
occurs as a mineral, usually in
and used on an inclined track under- fibrous columnar
to aggregates.
ground, for carrying a number of
small cars of coal. 2. (So. Wales)
(Dana)
An inclined plane worked by engine Dumoulin process. A method whereby
power (Gresley). See Dukeway. copper deposited on a rotating
is

rider (Wales). A boy who

mandrel and later stripped off as a
Dukey ac-
long strip, which Is then drawn Into
companies the trams upon an in-
wire without recasting. (Llddell)
cline plane. (Gresley)
Dump. 1. A pile or heap of ore, coal,
Dulan (Borneo). A circular concave
culm, slate, or rock. 2. The tipple
tray for washing gold. (Lock)
by which the cars are dumped. See
Dull. 1. (Brlst). Slack ventilation; Tipple. 3. To unload a car by
insufficient air in a mine. (Gresley) tipping It up. (Chance)
2. Not keen In edge or point; blunt. 4. (Cal.) The fall Immediately
3. Sluggish; slow in action. (Web- below a hydraulic mine. (Hanks)
ster) 5. The fall available for disposal
 GLOSSARY OF MINING AND MINERAL INDUSTRY. 237

of refuse at the mouth of a mine. Dun whin (No. of Eng.). Any dun-
{C. G. W, Lock) colored, hard
rock found in coal
6. (Eng.) A deep hole in the hed measures (Gresley). See also Whin.
of a stream or pond. (Webster)
Duplex breaker. A breaker having
Damp cart. A
cart or car having a more than one crushing chamber.
body that can be tilted, or a bottom (Richards, p. 21)
opening downward, for emptying.
(Webster) Duplex channeler. A type of channel-
ing machine which cuts two chan-
Dumper. 1. A tilting-car used on nels simultaneously. (Bowles)
dumps. (Raymond)
2. One that dumps or operates a Duplex hammer. See Double hammer.
dump cart. (Webster) Duplex wire. Two insulated-copper
3. ( Scot. ) A
tool for keeping a bore leading-wires wrapped together with
hole circular. (Barrowman) paraffined cotton covering. (Du
Pont)
Dump hook. A chain grab hook hav-
ing a lever attachment for releasing Durangite. An orange-red fluo-arse-
it from the object to which it is nate of sodium and aluminium,
connected. (Webster) Na(AlF)As04, occurring In mono-
clinic crystals. (Dana)
Dump house. The building where the
loaded mine cars are emptied into Durbachite. A name given to a basic
the chutes. (Roy) development at the outer border of
a granite intrusion in Baden. It has
Dump moraine. A kind of teraninal the general composition of mica sye-
moraine consisting of material nite. (Kemp)
dropped either from the surface or Durdenite, A greenish-yellow hydrous
from the interior of the glacier. ferric tellurite, Fe2(Te08)»+4H204.
(Standard)
(Dana)
Dump-skip. A skip with an attach- Dureza (Sp.). Hardness; solidity.
ment that dumps the load automati- (Halse)
cally. (Standard)
Durgy (Corn.). Anything low or
Dumpy level. A
surveyor's level hav- short. (Davies.) A variation of
ing a short telescope rigidly fixed to durgan, a dwarf.
a table capable only of rotary move-
ment in a horizontal plane. (Web- Duriron. An acid-resisting alloy used
ster) in chemical works and laboratories.
It consists of 14 to 14.5 per cent
Dune. A heap of blown sand (Roy. silicon, 0.25 to 0.35 per cent man-
Com.). See also Sand dune. ganese, 0.2 to 0.6 per cent carbon,
0.16 to 0.2 per cent phosphorus, and
Dunite. A variety of peridotite con-
under 0.05 per cent sulphur, the re-
sisting essentially of olivine and
chromite. It was named from the mainder being iron. Its melting
Dun mountains in New Zealand, the point is from 2,500" to 2,550° F.
original locality, but it also occurs The specific gravity is 7. (Min. and
in North Carolina. (Kemp) Sd. Press, vol. 114, 1917, p. 59.)
Dunn bass (Lane). An argillaceous Durmiente (Mex.). A railroad-sleeper.
shale in coal mines. See also Bind. The sill of a set of timbers. (Dwight)
(Gresley) Durn (Corn.). A frame of timber-
Dunnet shale. An oil shale, from 4 to
ing, like a doorframe. (Raymond.)
12 feet in thickness, found in Scot- Also spelled Durns ; Durnz Durnze.
;

land ; it yields from 24 to 33 gallons Duro (Sp.). Hard; Duros (Mex.) 1.

of crude oil per ton. (Bacon) Hard copper ores in which quartz
Duns (Glouc). Argillaceous shale.
predominates in the matrix. 2.

See Cliff, 1, and Bind, 1. (Gresley)

Badly calcined ores. (Halse)

Dunstone. 1. (Derb.) Ironstone in

Diirr (Ger.). The barren part of a
beds or seams. 2. (Wales) Hard lode. (Da vies)
kind of fire clay, or under-clay. Dust. Earth or other matter In very
(Gresley) fine so attenuated that
particles,
3. A local term for certain magne- they can be raised and carried by
sian limestones of a yellowish dun the wind; finely comminuted or
or cream color, occurring near Mat- powdered matter (Century). See
lock, Derbyshire. (Page) Coal dust.
238 GLOSSARY OF MINING AND MINERAL INDUSTRY.

Dust bell. The seal at the hottom of and designs: often used for deco-
the dust catcher, dust leg, or water- rating chimneypieces and fireplaceg.
seal valve, which is opened periodi- (Standard)
cally to drain flue dust from the
system. (Willcox) Dutch white. A pigment consisting of
one part of white lead and three
Dust chamber. An Inclosed flue or parts of permanent white. (Web-
chamber with deflectors, in
filled ster)
«hich the products of combustion
Duty. 1. A measure of the effective-
from an ore-roasting furnace are
ness of a steam engine, usually ex-
allowed to settle, the heavier and
pressed in the number of foot-pounds
more valuable portion being left in
(or kilogrammeters) of useful work
the dust chamber and the volatile
obtained from a given quantity of
portions passing out through the
chimney or other escape. (Cen-
fuel. (Raymond)
tury)
2. Cornish pumping engine)
(of a
The number of pounds of water
Dust-devil (India and Western U. S.). raised one foot high with a consump-
A moving column of sand; a sand tion of 112 lbs. of coal. (Gresley)
jspout (Webster). See Dust storm. 3. (Derb.) That part of the ore
which belongs to the lord or owner
Duster. 1. (Wales.) A man employed of the mine, usually every thirteenth
in cleaning tramways of dust and dish. See also Due (Hooson)
dirt in and about mines. (Gresley)
Duty-ore (Corn.). The landlord's share
2- An unproductive boring for oil or
gas.
of the ore. (Raymond)
Dust explosion. An explosion of car-
Duxite. A
resin from the lignite of
Dux, Bohemia; it fuses at 246" C,
bonaceous material as coal dust,
has a specific gravity of 1.133, and
flour, etc.
is near walchowite. (Bacon)
Dust firing. The burning of coal dust
Dyas. The permian series of strata in
in the laboratory of the furnace.
part of western Europe, where it
(Ingalls, p. 269)
comprises two well-marked subdivi-
Dust gold. Pieces of gold under 2 to sions. (La Forge)
3 dwt. (C. and M. M. P.) Very Dyestone. See Clinton ore.
fine gold.

Dust-laying oils. Crude oils, heavy as-

Dyestone fossil. Same as Dyestone;
Fossil ore.
phalt oils, tars, solutions of petro-
leum asphalt in gas oils, liquid as- Dyestone ranges. A term applied to
phalt, and emulsions of oils and the outcrop of Clinton iron ores ex-
water, used for laying dust on roads. tending through Maryland, Virginia,
(Bacon) West Virginia, and into Tennessee.
(Ore Dep.. p. 117)
Dustman. One who dumps the dust
catcher or loads the dust at blast Dying out. Applied to veins that grad-
furnaces. (Willcox) ually get narrower and narrower un-
til they cease entirely (Power).
Dustplate. A vertical iron plate, sup- Also called Tailing out.
porting the slag runner of an iron
blast furnace. (Raymond) Dying shift (Scot.). The third or ten
o'clock shift (Barrowman). See
Dust storm. A violent, spiral convec-
also Graveyard shift.
tional dust-laden whirlwind moving
across an arid region (Webster). Dyke. See Dike.
See Dust-devil. Dynamic geology. See Geology.
Dutch drop. A haulage term used at Dynamic head. That head of fluid
Anaconda, Mont, for flying switch. which would produce statically the
Dutch metal. An alloy of copper, 84.7, pressure of a moving fluid. ( Stand-
and zinc, 15.3 per cent. (Ure) ard)
Dutch ocher. Chrome yellow and whit- Dynamic metamorphism. Metamor-
ing. (Standard) phism produced by earth movements
in regions of great dislocation, shear
Dutch 0Ten« See Forechamber.
or crushing of rocks. Distinguished
DL.tch tile. A flat enameled earthen- from chemical processes, but the
ware tile painted in colors (usu- former are seldom unattended by
ally in blue) with inscriptions the latter.
 ;

GIi)SSARY OF MINING AND MINERAL. INDUSTRY. 239

Dynamite. 1. Originally, an explosive a hydrated silicate of aluminium
made of 75 per cent nitroglycerin and potassium, and Is related to pi-
absorbed in 25 per cent kieselguhr nite the name means hard to crush.
;

now any high explosive containing Compare Parophite. (Kemp)

explosive ingredients and used for
blasting purposes (Du Pont). A Dzhu (Corn.). To cut ahead on one
side of a face, so as to increase the
composition of detonating character
efficiency of blasting on the re-
containing nitroglycerin. "Detonat-
mainder. (Doubtless the same word
ing character" is used with inten-
tion, because nitroglycerin enters
as Dissue.) See Dissuing. Also
Into the composition of mixtures
Hulk. (Raymond)
which are propellants, and which
E.
are not dynamite. There are other
compositions of matter containing
nitroglycerin which are not dyna-
Eaglestone. A
concretionary nodule of
ironstone of the size of a walnut or
mite, but we cannot have a dyna-
mite which does not contain nitro-
larger; aetites. The ancients be-
lieved that the eagle transported
glycerin. (C. E. Munroe, U. S.
these stones to her nest to facilitate
Bur. Mines.) The strength varies
the laying of her eggs. (Webster)
according to the percentage of
nitroglycerin contained. Frequently Ear. 1. The inlet or intake of a fan.
called Giant powder. (Chance)
2.To charge with dynamite. 3. To 2. (Derb.) A small iron loop or
blow up or shatter with dynamite. ring fixed on the sides of tubs, etc.,
(Webster) to which side-chains are attached.
(Gresley)
Dynamiter. One who uses, or is In Earth. 1. The solid matter of the
favor of using, dynamite or similar
globe in distinction from water and
explosives for unlawful purposes.
(Century)
air. The ground. The firm land of
the earth's surface. 2. Loose mate-
Dynamo. A machine used for con- rial of the earth's surface; the dis-
verting mechanical energy into elec- integrated particles of solid matter
trical energy by magneto-electric In distinction from rock; soil. 3.
induction. (Webster) In chemistry, a name formerly
given to certain inodorous, dry, and
Dynamo metamorphism. Same as Dy-
uninflammable substances which are
namic metamorphism.
metallic oxides, but were formerly
Dyne. In physics, the unit of force regarded as elementary bodies.
in the centimeter-gram-second sys- (Century)
tem, being that force which acting 4. A term used for soft shaly or
on one gram for one second gen- clayey ground when sinking through
erates a velocity of one centimeter the coal measures. (Gresley)
per second. (Century)
Earth auger. An earth borer. (Stand-
Dyscrasite. A variable silver anti- ard)
monide mineral, including AgsSb. Earth borer. An auger for boring into
(U. S. Geol. Surv.) the ground. works
In a cylindri-
It
Dysodile. An inflammable, flexible, cal box which retains the cut earth
slightly elastic, yellow or greenish until the tool is withdrawn. (Stand-
gray hydrocarbon from Melili, ard)
Sicily, and from certain German Earth coal. 1. A name sometimes
lignitedeposits; it has a specific given to lignite. An earthy brown
gravity of 1.14 to 1.25 (Bacon). coal. (Gresley)
When burned it yields an odor like 2. Mineral coal as distinguished
asafoetida. (Chester) from charcoal. (Webster)
Dysprosium. An element of the rare- Earth current. A current flowing
earth group. Symbol, Dy; atomic through a wire the extremities of
weight, 162.5. (Webster) which are grounded at points on the
earth differing In electrical poten-
Dystome spar. A synonym for DatoUte. tial. The earth current Is due to
(Chester)
this difference, which Is generally
Dystomic. Having an Imperfect frac- temporary and often very large.
ture or cleavage. (Century) (Century)
Dysyntribite. A name given by O. U. Earth din. An earth quake. (Web-
Shepard, to a mineral or rock In St. ster)
Lawrence Ck>.. N. Y.. in which is Earth fall. A. landslide. (Webster)
240 GLOSSAHY 01' MINING AND MiNfiRAL INDUSTRY.

Earth flax. An earlj'^ name for as- Earthy lead-ore. A variety of oeru»
bestos (Chester). See also Amian- site. ( Power)

thus.
Easement. An
Incorporeal right ex-
Earth foam. The mineral aphrite isting distinct from the ownership
(Chester). A foliated pearly va- of the soil, consisting of a liberty,
riety of calcite near argentine. The privilege, or use of another's land
softer varieties approach chalk. without profit or compensation; a
Earth metal. Any metal whose oxide right of way. (Standard; U. S.
is classed as an earth. (Webster) Min. Stat, p. 608)
Earth movement. Differential move- Eat out (No. of Eng.). To turn a
ment of the earth's crust; local ele- heading or holing to one side in
vation or subsidence of the land. order to mine the coal on the other
(Webster) side of a fault without altering the
level course of the heading. (Gres-
Earth of bone (Eng.). A phosphate
ley)
of lime, sometimes termed "bone
phosphate," derived from bones by Eave tile; Starters. Roofing tile,
calcination. (Page) closed underneath at the lower end
Earth oil. Petroleum. (Webster) and placed at the eave line. (Ries)
Earth pitch. Mineral tar; a kind of Ebano. A trade name for a residual
asphalt. (Webster) pitch from Mexican petroleum.
Earth-pulsation. A slow undulation (Bacon)
of the earth's crust so gradual and Ebb (Scot). Shallow, not deep (Web-
slight as to escape ordinary obser- A
ster). seam is ebb when near
coal
vation. (Standard) the surface; the shaft is ebb which
Earthquake. A
local trembling, shak- is sunk to it
ing, undulating, or sudden shock of
the surface of the earth, sometimes Ebb-and-flow structure. A
stratifica-
accompanied by Assuring or by per- tion consisting of horizontally lami-
manent change of level. Earth- nated layers, with others obliquely
quakes are most common in volcanic laminated, indicative of alternations
regions, but often occur elsewhere. of tidal currents during deposition.
(Roy. Com.) (Standard)
Earth's crust. The external part of Ebonite. A black variety of hard rub-
the earth, accessible to geological ber capable of being cut and pol-
investigation. The use of this term ished; vulcanite. (Webster)
does not necessarily imply that the
rest of the earth is not also solid. Eboulement (Fr.). A term adapted
(Roy. Com.) from the French for sudden rock
falls and earth-slips in mountainous
Earth- tilting. A slight movement or regions. (Page)
displacement of the surface of the
ground as in some forms of earth- Ebullition. Act, or process of boiling
quakes. (Century) or bubbling up; effervescence.
Earth tremor. A slight earthquake. (Webster)
(Standard) Eccentric. A device for converting
Earth wax. See Ozocerite. continuous circular into reciprocat-
ing rectilinear motion, consisting of
Earthy brown-coal. A brown, friable a disk mounted out of center on a
mineral, sometimes forming layers driving shaft, and surrounded by a
in beds of lignite. In general, it is collar or strap connected with a rod.
not a true coal, for a considerable Rotation of the driving shaft gives
part of it is soluble in ether and the rod a back-and-forth motion.
benzol, and often in alcohol. See
(Standard)
Leucopetrite and Bathvillite. (Ba-
con) Eccentric bit. A modified form of
An name chisel used in drilling, in which one
Earthy calamine early for
hydrozincite. (Chester) end of the cutting edge is extended
further from the center of the bit
Earthy coal. See Earth coal, 1. tlian the other. The eccentric bit
Earthy fracture. A fracture resem- renders under-reaming unnecessary
bling that of a lump of hard clay. It is very useful in hard rock.
(George) (Mitzakis)
 GLOSSARY OF MINlKG AND MIKERAL IKDUSTRY. 241

Ecdemite; Heliophyllite. A bright yel- Edge water. In oil and gas welU,
low to green lead chlorarsenite, per- water that holds the oil and gas in
haps Pb4As»07.2PbCli, occurring as the higher structural positions.
a mineral In crystal or massive Edge water usually encroaches on a
form and as a incrustation. (Dana) field after much of the oil and gas

Echadero (Mex.). Level place near a

has been recovered and the pressure
mine, where ore is cleaned, piled,
has become greatly reduced. Com-
pare Top water Bottom water, (U.
;
weighed, and loaded. Also called
S. Geol. Surv. Bull. 658, p. 44)
patio of the mine. (Dwight)
Edge wheel. See Edge mill.
Echado (Sp.). Inclination or dip of
a vein. (Halse) Edingtonite. A white, grayish white
Gobbing; or pink hydrous barium and alumi-
Echar planilla (Mex.).
packing; filling with waste mate- num silicate mineral, perhaps BaAlr
rial. (Dwight) Si.Oio+3H,0. (Dana)
Edisonite. Titanic acid, rutile, occur
Eclogite. A more or less schistose ring in golden-brown, orthorohmbic
metamorphic rock, consisting of a
crystals, named in honor of Thos. A.
light-green pyroxene (omphacite),
Edison. (Chester)
actinolite (var. smaragdite) and gar-
net. Scarcely known in America. Eduction pipe. The exhaust pipe from
The name is from the Greek "to the low pressure cylinder to the
select," in reference to its attractive condenser. (Nat. Tube Co.)
appearance. (Kemp)
Eenle coal. (Scot). Coal slightly
Economic geology. See Geology. altered through nearness to whin,
Economic mineral. Any mineral hav- the broken edges of which show
ing a commercial value (Roy. Com.). bright circular spots more or less
See also Ore. distinct, like eyes. (Barrowman)
Economizer. An apparatus for utiliz- Effective rate. See Nominal rate.
ing the heat that would otherwise Effervesce. To bubble and hiss, as
be wasted, as in a system of water limestone on which acid is poured.
tubes in the uptake of a boiler to (Webster)
heat the feed water. (Webster)
Efladency miner. A term frequently
Edenite. A light-colored aluminous applied to a boss miner, or a con-
magnesium-calcium amphibole. A tract miner.
variety of the mineral hornblende.
(Dana) Effloresce. To change on the surface,
or throughout to a whitish, mealy
Edge coal; Edge seam (Eng. and or crystalline powder from the loss
Scot.). Highly inclined seams of of water of crystallization on ex-
coal, or those having a dip greater posure to the air. (Webster)
than 30'. (C. and M. M. P.)
Efflorescent. In mineralogy, forming
Edge mill. A
crushing or grinding an incrustation or deposit of grains
mill for ore in which a pair of or powder that resembles lichens or
stones or metal rollers are rolled dried leaves; not uncommonly due
around at the ends of a horizontal to loss of water of crystallization.
shaft turning about a central verti- (La Forge)
cal axis. (Webster) Also called
Applied by Dana to those
Effluent.
Edge runner, and Chaser. igneous magmas which discharge
Edger, The long pieces of timber in from a volcano by way of a lateral
a wooden pillar or crib. See also fissure. See Superfiuent and Inter-
Crosspieces. (Sanders, p. 115) fluent. (Daly, p. 131)
Edge rails Rails of rolled
(Scot). Effluent stream. 1. A stream whose
Iron or steel on the upper edge of upper surface stands lower than the
which the wheels run. (Barrow- water table in the locality through
man) which It flows, and which is not
Edge runner. See Chilean mill; Edge separated from the water table by
mill ; Chaser. any impervious bed. (Meinzer)
2. A stream that flows out c»f another
Edge stone (N. Y. and Pa.). A com-
stream or out of a lake. (Century)
mercial term applied to bluestone
that splits out in slabs thicker than Effosion (L.). The digging out from
flagging and suitable for curbing, the earth, as of fossils, etc (Hum-
•ills, door caps, etc. (Bowles) ble)
75242'— 19 la
242 GLOSSARY OF MINING AND MINERAL INDUSTRY.

Eflfuslve. In petrology, poured ont or Elastic bitumen. See Elateritc.

erupted on the surface of the earth
In a molten state, before solidifica- Elastic limit. That point at which the
tion; extrusive: said of a certain deformation in the material ceases
class of volcanic igneous rocks. (La to be proportional to the stresses.
Forge) (C. M. P.)

Eflfusive period. The second and final Elastic mineral-pitch. Elaterite.

stage of the solidification of por-
phyritic rocks from fusion, when at
Elaterite. A
massive amorphous dark-
brown hydrocarbon ranging from
the outpouring on the earth's sur-
soft and elastic to hard and brittle.
face the " groundmass " is supposed
It melts in a candle flame without
to be formed. Compare Intra tel- decrepitation, has a concholdal frac-
luric period. (Standard) ture and gives a brown streak. See
Eflorescencla (Peru). An outcrop. also Wurtzllite (U. S. Geol. Surv.).
(Dwight) Elastic bitumen.

Efydd (Wales). Copper. and M. Elbow. 1. A fitting that makes an

(C.
M. P.) angle between adjacent pipes. The
angle is always 90 degrees, unless
Egg coal. In anthracite only known — other angle is stated. Also called
as No. 2 coal. Coal that is small Ell. (Nat. Tube Co.)
enough to pass through a square 2. An acute bend in a lode. (Skin-
mesh of 2^ or 2f inches, but too ner)
large to pass through a mesh of 2,
inches. (Chance) Electric air-drill. A type of tripod
drill operated by compressed air
Eggette. See Briquet. supplied by a portable motor-driven
Egg-hole. (Derb.) A notch cut in compressor that accompanies the
the wall of a lode to hold the end drill. (Bowles)
of a stempel (Raymond). A hitch. Electrical calamine. Zinc silicate or
calamine, so called, on account of its
Egg stone. Oolite. (Webster)
strong pyro-electric properties and
Eglestonite. A native mercury oxy- to distinguish it from Smithsonlte.
chloride, Hg.ChO. (U. S. Geol. See also Calamine. (Webster)
Surv.)
Electrical precipitation. The removal
Egyptian jasper. A brown jasper, of suspended particles from gases by
found in pebbles and small bowlders the aid of electrical discharges. The
in Egypt. (Chester) electrical current used may be al-
ternating or direct. The alternating
Egyptian pebble. A synonym for
current agglomerates the suspended
Egyptian jasper. (Chester)
particles into larger aggregates caus-
Ehrhardt powder. Any of a series of ing rapid settling, especially if the
explosive mixtures containing potas- gases are quiescent. The direct cur-
sium chlorate, together with tannin, rent is used when large volumes of
powdered nutgalls, or cream of tar- rapidly moving gas, such as occur In
tar, and used for blasting, shells, smelter flues, are treated. The sus-
etc. (Webster) pended particles within a strong
electric field of constant polarity be-
Eichhorn - Liebig furnace. A hand-
come charged and are then attracted
worked muffle furnace. (Ingalls, p.
to a plate (electrode) of opposite
130)
charge. (Pulton, p. 59, Bull. 84,
Eisener hut. The German for iron Bur. Mines)
hat, or gossan. (Weed)
Electric blasting. The firing of one or
Eje (Sp.). Axle of a wheel. 2.
1. more charges electrically, whether
Axis of a fold. 3. Ejes de cobre electric blasting caps, electric squlba,
(Chile), copper matte containing 40 or other electric Igniting or explod-
to 60 per cent copper. (Halse) ing devices are used. (Du Pont)
Elaeolite; Eleolite. A name
formerly Electric blasting cap. A
device for
current for the nephelite of Pre-Ter- detonating chargesof explosives
tiary rocks. It is best known in the electrically. It consists essentially
rock-name eleollte-syenite, a syn- of a blasting cap. Into the charge
onym of nephelite-syenite, but the of which a fine platinum wire la
latter Is preferable. See Nephelite- stretched across two protruding
syenite. (Kemp) copper wires, the whole fastened In
 )
GLOSSARY OF MINING AND MINERAL INDUSTRY.
place by a composition sulpliur plug.
The heating of the platinum wire
bridge by the electric current ig-
nites the explosive charge in the
cap, which in turn detonates the
high explosive. (Du Pont)
Electric detonator. An electric blast-
ing cap. (Du Pont)
Electric drill. A mechanically oper-
ated drill employing neither com-
pressed air nor steam, but driven
by electric motor. It is used chiefly
in mining operations. (Bowles)
Electric exploder. A former designa-
tion for Electric blasting cap. (Du
Pont)
Electric locomotive. A locomotive
driven by electricity and carrying
no passengers (Standard). Called
also a Motor and used in mine
haulage.
Electric squib. A device similar to an
electric blasting cap, but containing
a gunpowder composition which sim-
ply ignites but does not detonate
an explosive charge; used for elec-
tric firing of blasting powder. (Du
Pont)
Electric system. All electric apparatus
pertaining to the operation of the
mine, and under the control of the
mine officials, that is connected elec-
trically to a common source of po-
tential or that is installed so that
it can be thus connected. (Clark)
Electric welding. A process of weld-
ing in which the parts to be joined
are heated to fusion by an electric
arc (arc welding) or by the passage
of a large current through the junc-
tion used in uniting steel rails, tub-
;
ing, etc. See also Thermite. (Web-
ster)
Electrobronze. Electroplated with
bronze. ( Standard
Electrochemistry. The branch of
chemistry that treats of electricity
as active in effecting chemical
changes. (Standard)
Electrocopper. To plate or cover with
copper by means of electricity.
(Century)
Electrode. Either terminal of an elec-
tric source either of the conductors
;
by which the current enters and
leaves an electrolyte. See Anode;
also Cathode. (Webster)
Electrolysis. Act or process of chemi-
cal decomposition by the action of
an electric current; subjection to
this process, as the electrolysis of
salts of silica or uickeU (Webster)
243
Electrolyte. 1. The solution in which
electrolytic separation of metals is
carried on. (Weed)
2. A chemical compound which can
be decomposed by an electric cur-
rent. (Standard)
Electrolytic. Pertaining to electroly-
sis or an electrolyte; deposited by
electrolysis (Webster). As applied
to copper, means copper made from
impure metal by electrical decom-
position and redepositlon the bar
;
of Impure copper is gradually dis-
solved and the pure metal rede-
posited at the opposite pole of the
battery, while other metals fall as
black slime to the bottom of the
tank in which the solution (electro-
lyte) is held. (Weed)
Electrolytic copper. The purest grade
of refined copper, produced by the
electrolytic process, and possessing
the highest electric conductivity.
(Skinner)
Electrolytic process. A process em-
ploying the electric current, either
for separating and depositing met-
als from solution, or as a source of
heat in smelting, refining, etc.
(Standard). The process has many
modifications and is used for re-
covering metals, as tin from scrap,
or refining as of copper for electro-
plating, recovering metal from ore
as by a combination of leaching, and
electrolytic deposition.
Electrolyze. To subject to electrolysis.
(Webster)
Electrometallurgy. That department
of metallurgy employing the elec-
tric current, either for the electro-
lytic separation and deposition of
metals from solutions, or as a source
of heat in smelting, refining, etc.
(Webster)
Electromotive force. The force, which
by reason of differences of potential,
causes electricity to move along a
conductor.
Electron. One of those particles, hav-
ing about one-thousandth the mass
of a hydrogen atom, which are pro-
jected from the cathode of a vacuum
tube as the cathode rays, and from
the radioactive substances as the
heta rays; also called Corpuscle.
(Webster)
Electroplate. To plate or cover with
an adherent coating of metal, com-
monly sliver, nickel, or golrt, by
electrolysis. (Webster)
 )

244 GLOSSARY OF MINING AND MINERAL INDUSTRY.

Electrum. 1. A
natural alloy of gold by Francis E. Elmore in 1904 In
and silver containing approximately which flotation is secured by the
40 per cent of silver. (U. S. Geol. addition of a small quantity of oil,,
Snrv.) and by the liberation of air in the
2. An alloy of copper, zinc, and pulp in a finely divided condition,
nickel (Raymond). See also Ger- this being accomplished by subject-
man silver. ing the freely flowing pulp to a
3. See Succinite ; also Amber. vacuum and simultaneous heating.
(Liddell)
Element. One
of a limited number of
distinct varieties of matter which, Elpasolite. A variety of cryolite, in
singly or in combination, compose which the sodium is partly re-
every material substance; a sub- placed by potassium. (Standard)
stance which can not be separated Elutriate. To cleanse or wash, or
into substances different from it- purify by washing and straining or
self, at least by ordinary chemical decanting. (Webster)
processes. ( Webster
Elutriation. Purification by washing
Elevante (Mex.). An overhand stope. and pouring off the lighter matter
(D wight) suspended in water, leaving the
Elevator. A device for raising or
1.
heavier portions behind. (Ray-
lowering tubing, casing, or drive mond)
pipe, from or into well. See Cas- Eluvial. Formed by the rotting of
ing elevator. (Nat. Tube Co.) rock in place to a greater or less
2. A
mechanical contrivance usually depth. (U. S. Geol. Surv. Bull. 263,
an endless belt or chain with a p. 26)
series of scoops or buckets for
transferring material, as grain, Eluvium. Atmospheric accumulations
in situ, or at least only shifted by
to an upper loft or bin for storage.
wind, in distinction to alluvium,,
3. A cage or platform and its hoist-
which requires the action of wa-
ing machinery in a warehouse, mine,
etc., for conveying persons or goods
ter. (Power)
from one level or floor to another. Elvan. The Cornish name for a dike
Called a Lift in England. (Web- of quartz-porphyry or of granite-
ster) porphyry. (Kemp)
Elevator pump. An endless band with Elvan course. A plutonic dike (Dur-
buckets attached, running over two yee). An Elvan dike.
drums for draining shallow ground.
(C. and M. M. P.)
Elvanite (Corn.). A variety of rock
of which elvans are made up, nearly
Elevator rope. A rope used to operate equivalent to quartz-porphyry and
an elevator. (C. M. P.) granite-porphyry. (Century)
Elie ruby (Eng.). variety of py-A Elve. The handle of a miner's pick
rope found in small garnet-like (Milford). A variation of Helve.
grains fn the trap-tuff of Kincraig
Embanques (Mex.). The wall accre-
Point, near Elie, in Fifeshire.
tions of a water-jacket furnace.
(Page)
(Halse)
Elihu Thomson process. A method of Embarcarse la veta (Peru). To be lost
electric welding of iron. (Goesel,
(as a vein) by reason of a fault or
p. 110) (D wight)
intersecting dike.
Eliquate. 1. To liquate; smelt. 2.
Embayment. A
deep depression in a
To part by liquation. (Webster) shore forming a large open
line
Eliquation. See Liquation. bay. (Lowe)
Ellis vanner. A gyratory vanner. Emblje (Mex.). Thinly laminated
mineral structure. (Dwight)
Elmore process. (Old Process)
1. A
wherein the ore is
flotation process Embollte. A chlorobromide silver
mixed with several times its weight mineral, Ag(Cl,Br). (U. S. Geol.
of water, and an equal, or greater Surv.)
weight of oil. The oil carries the Emborrascarse (Mex.). To become
sulphides to and the
the surface,
barren by pinching out, etc.
gangue and water are removed from (Dwight)
the bottom. This process was in-
rented in 1898. 2. (Vacuum Proc- Embouchure (Fr.). The moutb of a
ess) A flotation process Invented river. (Webster)
 GLOSSARY OF MINING AND MINERAL INDUSTRY. 246
Embozado (Mex.). Rich mineral en- Empties. Empty mine or railroad cars.
tirely embedded and concealed in Empty railroad cars are called
barren rock. (Dwight) "flats*' in Arkansas. (Steel)

Embiido (Hex.). A funnel; hopi)er. Empty rope. Any winding or haul-

(Dwight) ing rope from which the load upon
it has been removed. (Gresley)
Emerald. A bright, emerald-green, va-
riety of beryl. Used as a gem. Empty track. A track for storing
Called Canutillos fn South America. empty mine cars. (Steel)
(Dana) Empty trip. Empty coal cars return*
ing for another load. (Hargis)
Emerald copper. Same as Dioptase.
ilmpyrical. (Hare) 1. Of or pertain*
Iffierald nickel. 8eie ^aratlte; ihg to cohibustion. 12. Having a
fifiiergcd tn geoiogy» tt bOg
b6g. dotnbustibie principle, as coaL
which grows high above the water- (Standard)
level, drawing up the water by its
Ems method. The condensation of
sponginess, and becoming much dust and fumes from calcining fur-
thiclier than an immersed bog naces by use of large flues filled
(Standard). Compare Immersed with parallel rows of sheet iron.
bog. (Trans. Am. Inst. Min. Eng., vol.
fiiherjr. Ail iiiipiire forhl of thfe hlin- 11, p. S79)
feralcorundum (AUOs) iised sis att Einuisiori. Milkificatlon; A liquid
abrasive. See Corundum. (U. S. mixture in which a fatty or resin-
Geol. Surv.) cus substance is suspended in mi-
Emery stone. A mixture of gum nute particles almost equivalent to
shellac and emery, or emery and molecular dispersion. From L. emut-
clay used for emery wheels. (Cen- l/eo, to drain out, in turn from e.
tury) out, and mulgeo, milk, (Rickard)
Emery wheel. A wheel coated with
A combination of water and oily
material made miscible with water
emery or made of emery stone: for through the action of a saponi-
grinding or polishing. (Standard) fying or other agent. (Bacon)
Emmonite. A vnrlety of strontianite Enajenada (Mex.). A change of own-
in which the strontium is partially
ership. (Dwight)
replaced by calcium. (Standard)
Enameled brick. Bricks which are
Emmonsite. Probably a hydrated coated on one or more surfaces with
ferric tellurite. In thin yellow a white or colored enamel. (Kies)
green scales. (Dana)
Empalado
Enamel kiln. A kiln for enameling
(Sp. Am.). Timbering; porcelain. (Standard)
propping. (Lucas)
Enantlomorphous. Similar in form
Empalmar (Sp.). To splice; to join. but not superposable. Said of cer-
(Dwight) tain hemihedral crystals. (Web-
Empalme (Sp.). 1. Splice in a rope. ster)
2. Timber joint. 3. Junction of Enargite. A copper sulpharsenide min-
roads. (Dwight) eral, CusAsS*. Contains 48.4 per
Emparejar (Sp.). To level or square cent copper. (U. S. Geol. Surv.)
up. (Halse) En bonanza (Sp. Am.). Said of a
Empellar (Mex.). To add silver or mine when it is being worked at a
copper amalgam in the patio process. profit. (Halse)
(Halse) Encampanado (Mex.). A shaft which
Empirical. Pertaining to or derived does not reach the lower level of
from experience or experiments, as the mine. (Dwight)
nn empirical formula. Encampane (Peru). The difference of
Empleo (Sp.). The quantity of quick- level between any gallery and th«»
silver mixed with the ore on any surface. (Halse)
given occasion for effecting the Encapillar (Mex.). To start work In
amalgamation. (Min. Jour.) a new gallery. (Dwight)
Emplomada (Sp.). Lead poisoning. Encargado (Mex.). A superintendent
(Halse) (Dwight)
 ) )
246 GLOSSARY OF MnTlNG AND MINERAL INDUSTRY.
Encaustic tile. Floor tile having a
surface pattern of one type of clay
and backing of a difCerent one.
(Ries)
Enchada (Brtiz.j. A kind of hoe used
by gold washers. (Halse)
Eucierro (Sp. Am.). Configuration of
country which has arrested the flow
of water and caused it to deposit
auriferous alluvion. (Lucas)
Encina (Sp.). Oak; E. hlanca, white
oak E. negra, black oak. ( Dwight
; mining claim which cross the gen-
Encosta (Braz.). Hillsides on which
alluvial benches are found. (Halse)
Encroachment (Scot.). Trespass; the
area beyond the boundary from
which mineral has been abstracted.
( Barrowman
Encubado (Sp.). Tubbing. (Halse)
Enouentro (Sp.). 1. Meeting of two
galleries. 2. Meeting another vein
that intersects the one on which
work is being done. (Halse)
End. 1. (Scot.) A room or working
place facing the ends or secondary
joints of a seam, i. e., in the line
of the main joints (Barrowman).
Also called Butt.
2. (Eng.) The inner extremity of a
heading or stall. (Gresley)
End bands. tile, made by cutting
Half
whole longitudinally, and used
tile
where the roof butts against a ver-
tical surface. (Ries)
End-bump table. A
mechanically oper-
ated, sloping table by which heavy
and light minerals are separated.
The end motion imparted to the ta-
ble tends to drive all minerals up
the slope of the table, but a flow
of water carries the quartz and
other light minerals down faster
than the mechanical motion carries
them up. The heavy minerals set-
tle to the bottom and finally reach
the upper end and are delivered into
a proper receptacle. The Gilpin
County, Imlay and Golden Gate con-
centrators are the chief types.
End course; On-end (Scot.). At right
angles to, or facing, the end joints.
(Barrowman)
Ending (Eng.). An adit driven in a
direction with the grain of the coal.
(Bainbridge)
End joint; End cleat; Butt cleat.
joint or cleat in a seam about at
right angles to the principal or face
cleats. <C. and M. M. P.)
Endless-chain haulage. Sec Endless-
rope haulage.
Endless-rope haulage. A haulage sys-
tem using an endless traction rope
or chain for transporting cars, either
on surface or underground tram-
ways.
Endlichite. A variety of the mineral
vanadinite in which the vanadium Is
partly replaced by arsenic. (Dana)
End lines. The boundary lines of a
eral course of the vein at the sur-
face. If the side lines cross the
course of the vein instead of run-
ning parallel with it, they then con-
stitute end lines. (King v. Amy,
etc., Co., 152 United States, p. 228;
Last Chance Mining Co. v. Tyler
Mining Co., 157 United States, p.
696)
When a mining claim crosses the
course of the lode or vein instead
of being along such lode or vein, the
end lines are those which measure
the width of the claim as it crosses
the lode. (Argentine Mining Co. v.
Terrible Mining Co., 122 United
States, p. 485; U. S. Min. Stat, pp,
145-150)
End of coal. The direction, or section,
at right angles to the face; some-
times called the butt. (Raymond)
Endomorph. A crystal of one species
inclosed within one of another, as
one of rutile in quartz. (Webster)
Endomorphic. Pertaining to, or char-
acteristic of contact metamorphism
that takes place within the cooling
eruptive rock ; resulting from the re-
action of the wall rock upon the pe-
ripheral portion of an eruptive rock
mass. (La Forge)
End-on. Working a seam of coal, etc.,
at right angles to the cleat, or nat-
ural planes of cleavage. (Gresley)
Endosmosis. The transmission of a
fluid inward through a porous sep-
tum or partition which separates it
from another fluid of different
density. Opposed to Exosmosis.
(Century)
Endosmotic. Of, or pertaining to the
flow or diffusion of water or solu-
tions through the invisible pores of
(Power)
a rock inward to fissures.
Endothermic. Pertaining to a chemi-
A cal reaction which occurs with ab-
(Webster)
sorption of heat.
End piece (Corn.). See Wall plates.
 ) )

GLOSSARY OF MINING AND MINERAL INDUSTRY. 247

End plate. See Side plates. In tim- Engine plane. 1. (Eng.) An under-
bering, where both a cap and a sill ground way, either level or dipping
are used, and posts act as dividers, inbye or outbye, or both (undulat-
the posts become the end plates. ing), along which the cars are con-
(Sanders, p. 10) veyed to and from tlie workings by
engine power. See Endless chain;
Ends (York). Headings which are Endless rope; Main rope; Tail rope.
driven on the end or end-on. (Gres- (Gresley)
Ifiy) 2. A passageway having a steep
grade along which cars are raised
Enfriar (Mex.). To add to the torta
and lowered by a rope attached to
substances which reduce cupric to
an engine; a plane. In Arkansas,
cuprous salts. (Dwight)
limited to planes down which coal
En frutos (Sp.). Producing ore. is lowered. When the coal is hoist-
(Halse) ed, the plane is known as a slope.
(Steel)
Enganchador. 1. (Sp.) An on-setter.
Engine road (Scot). A haulage road
A hooker-on, bottomer. 2. (Peru)
worked by engine power. (Barrow-
An agent who furnishes mine labor
man)
on contract. (Halse)
Engine seat (Scot). The platform or
Enganchar. 1. (Sp.) To fasten or foundation to which an engine Is
hook on the bucket, kibble, etc. fastened. ( Barrowman
2. (Peru) To engage miners.
(Halse) Engine shaft. Usually the principal
shaft in a mine, and the one at
Enganche Attaching cars,
(Sp.). which the hoisting and pumping are
wagons, haulage or hoisting
etc. to done. (Roy. Com.)
ropes or chains. (Halse)
Engine tenter (No. Staff.). A brake-
Engine. 1. Any of numerous ma- man. (Gresley)
chines by which physical power is
applied to produce a desired pliysi-
Enginewright (Mid.). A practical
man, whose duty about a colliery Is
cal effect, especially one for convert-
to inspect the machinery, ropes, and
ing a physical force, as heat, into
other appliances. (Gresley)
mechanical power. (Webster)
2. (Eng.). A
collier's term for en- Englacial. Embedded in a glacier, as
gine-house or building, arching, etc., englacial drift; also traversing the
within which a steam engine is fixed. body of a glacier, as an englacial
(Gresley) stream. (Webster)
Englacial-till. See Till.
Engine barrel (Scot.). A large water
barrel used in sinking shafts. Bar- (
English cupellation. A method of re-
rowman fining silver in which the character-
istics are: A small reverberatory
Engineer. One
versed
1. in any furnace with a movable bed and
branch of engineering, as a civil, a fixed roof, and the fact that the
mining or electrical engineer, and bullion to be cupelled is charged
who applies creative effort to the gradually and the silver refined in
solution of problems. 2. One who the same furnace where the cupel-
carries through an enterprise by lation is carried on. (Hofman,
skillful or artful contrivances; an p. 518)
efficient manager. 3. Any one who
English furnace. A small furnace for
manages or runs any stationary the distillation of zinc. The Eng-
engine or locomotive an engine lish furnaces differ from other types
;

driver. The term engineman is used

by the U. S. Department of Labor in
preference to engineer, the latter be-
ing defined as under 1, above.
Engine keeper (Scot.).
(Gresley)
Engineman (Eng.). One who works a
winding, hauling, fan, pumping or
other engine. (Gresley). See En-
gineer, 3.
Engine pit (Eng. and Scot). A shaft
used entirely for pumping purposes.
(Gresley)
by distilling the zinc per descensum
instead of per ascensum. (Ingalls,
p. 390)
English method. A method of smelt-
A brakeman. ing lead ore in which the char-
acteristics are: A large charge of
lead ore, a quick roasting, a high
temperature throughout and the aim
to extract all the lead in the rever-
beratorj\ The hearth inclines to-
ward the middle of one of the sides,
the lead collects in the furnace and
is tapped at intervals into an out«
side kettle. (Hofman, p. 95)
 ^
;

248 GLOSSARY OF MINING AND MINERAL INDUSTRY.

Engl^^h process. In copper smelting, Enstatite. 1. A magnesium silicate

the process of reduction in a rever- mineral, MgSIOa. (Dana) 2. The va-
beratory furnace, after roasting, if riety of orthorhombic pyroxene with
necessary. (Raymond) less than 5 per cent FeO. It Is
largely used as a prefix to the names
English salts. Epsom salts. (Web-
of rocks that contain the mineral.
ster)
(Kemp)
English zinc-furnace. A furnace in
which zinc is reduced and distilled Entblossen (Ger.). Uncovering a lode.
from calcined ores in crucibles. (Davies)
(Raymond) Entibacion (Sp.). Timbering of mines
Engorgement. The clogging of a fur- walling. (Lucas)
nace. See also Scaffold, 2. (Ray- Entibador (Sp.). A timberman.
mond) (Halse)
Kngranar (Sp.). To throw into gear. Entibar ( Sp. ) To timber a mine or
.

(Dwight) any part thereof. (C. and M. M.

Engrasadura (Mex.). A grease-cup. P.)
(Dwight) Entibo (Sp.). A prop or stay.
Enhydrite. A
mineral (as nodules of (Halse)
chalcedony ) having cavities con- Entoolitic. OOlitic structure formed
taining water. (Standard) by small globular spaces after
filling

EnhydroTis. Containing water; hav- the manner of a secretion. Opposed

ing drops of included fluid; as, en- to Extoolitic. (Power)
hydrous chalcedony. (Standard) Entrada (Sp.). Entrance to a mine.
Enjalma (Sp.). A kind of pack sad- (Halse)
dle. (Halse) Entresuelo (Mex.). Gallery between
Enmaderado (Sp.). Timbering; cas- two levels (Dwight). An interme-
ing. (Lucas) diate level.

Enrichment. The action of natural Entromparse (Mex.). To form a

" nose " of slag in the blast fur-
agencies which increases the metal-
lic content of an ore. Secondary nace. (Halse)
sulphide enrichment refers to the Entry. 1. In coal mining a haulage
formation of new sulphide minerals road, gangway, or airway to the sur-
which contain a larger percentage face. 2. An underground passage
of the metals. (Parrell) used for haulage or ventilation, or as
Enriquecimiento ( Sp. ) . Enrichment a manway. Back entry, the air
of veins. (Halse) course parallel to and below an en-
try. Distinguished from straight en-
Enrockment. A mass of large stones try, front entry, or main entry. Dip
thrown into water to form a base, entry, an entry driven down hill so
as for piers, breakwaters, etc. that water will stand at the face.
(Webster) If it is driven directly down a steep
Ensalmorar (Mex.). To add salt. dip it becomes a slope. Oob entry
(Halse) a wide entry with a heap of refuse
Ensalmoro (Mex.). The addition of or gob along one side. Slab entry,
salt to the tort a. (Dwight) an entry which is widened or
slabbed to provide a working place
Ensanchar (Sp.). 1. To enlarge a for a second miner. Double-entry,
bore hole. 2. (Colom.) E. el hilo, a system of opening a mine by two
to cut down the soft wall of a lode parallel entries; the air current is
for the purpose of widening a drift. brought into the rooms through one
(Halse) entry and out through the parallel
Ensancharse (Mex.). The widening of entry or air course. Cut-off-entry,
a vein. (Dwight) an entry driven to Intersect another
Ensayador (Sp.). An assayer. and furnish a more convenient outlet
(Dwight) for the coal. Single entry, a system
of opening a mine by driving a single
Ensayar (Sp.). To assay. (Dwight)
entry only, in place of a pair of en-
Ensaye (Sp.). 1. Assay. 2. Assay tries. The air current returns along
office (Dwight) the face of the rooms, which must
3.In gold washing, a trial made by be kept open. Triple-entry, a sys-
a pan. In the patio process a test tem of opening a mine by driving
ot the torta. (Halse) three parallel entries for the main
 ) ))
GLOSSARY OF MINING AND MINERAL INDUSTRY.
entries. Tioin-entry, a pair of en-
tries close together and carrying the
air current in and out, so laid out
that rooms can be worked from both
entries. Also called Double entry.
(Steel)
3. (Scot.) The beginning of a
lease. ( Barrowman
Entryman. 1. A miner who works
an entry. (Steel)
2. One who enters upon public land
with intent to secure an allotment
under homestead, mining, or other
laws. (Webster)
Ilntry stumps. Pillars of coal left in
the mouths of abandoned rooms to
support the road, entry, or gangway
until the entry pillars are dniwn.
In Arkansas these pillars are called
Entry stumps even when the rooms
are first driven, before any pillars
are pulled or the rooms abandoned.
(Steel)
Entncar (CJolom.). To
stamp mill. (Halse)
Envainado (Mex.). Lost or left to
one side (as a vein). (Dwight)
Eo. In geology, indicating the dawn
or earliest phase of an epoch, as
Eocene. ( Standard
Eocene. In the usage of the U. S. Geo-
logical Survey, the earliest of the
epochs into which the Tertiary pe-
riod is divided; also the series of
strnta deposited at that time. (La
Forge
Eolation. The process by which wind
modifies land surfaces, both directly
by transportation of dust and sand,
and by the work of sand blasts, and
Indirectly by wave action on shores
eolic gradation. (Standard)
Eolian. (Formerly spelled aeolian.)
Of, relating to, formed by, or depos-
ited from the wind or currents of
air. (La Forge)
Eolian marble. A name given by
Hitchcock to the crystalline granu-
lar limestones of Mount
Vermont. (Merrill)
Eon; Aeon. A period of existence; an
age; an Infinite space of time. The
term is used by some geologists to
denote any one of the grand divi-
sions of geological time. (Webster)
Eopaleozoic. The earlier portion of
Paleozoic time. Including the Cam-
bric and the sllurlc. (Standard)
Eorhyolite; Eobasalt; etc. A series of
names proposed by O. Nordenskjoeld
for the older equivalents of the
; )
249
rhyolites, basalts, etc. The terms
are practically equivalent to apo-
rhyoUte, apobasalt, etc., but the lat-
ter have priority. (Kemp)
Eozoic. Pre-Cambrlan pre-Paleozoic.
;
Formerly applied to the rocks now
included in the Archean and Algon-
klan systems and the correspond-
in ing geologic periods, being Intended
to supplant Azoic when it was
learned that the Azoic rocks con-
tain some fossil remains. (La
Forge)
Epeirogenic. Of, or pertaining to,
causing, or designating the rising
or sinking of extensive tracts of the
earth's crust. (Webster)
Epelrogeny. The deformation of the
crust of the earth by which the
broader features of relief, such as
continents, ocean basins, and the
greater plateaus, are formed. See
overfeed a Diastrophism. (Webster)
Ephemeral stream. A stream which
flows In direct response to precipi-
tation. (Melnzer)
Ephemerls. A
publication giving the
computed places of the heavenly
bodies for each day of the year,
with other numerical data (Web-
ster). An astronomical almanac.
Epicenter. That part of the earth's
surface directly above the origin of
an earthquake. (La Forge)
Epiclastic. Consisting of the consoli-
dated detritus of preexistent rocks.
( Standard
Epicontinental. Situated upon a con-
tinental plateau or platform, as an
epicontinental sea. (La Forge)
Epicrystalline. Both sedimentary and
crystalline in character: said of
strata. (Standard)
Epidiabase. A
name proposed by Issel
as a substitute for epidiorlte because
believed to be more appropriate.
(Kemp)
Eolus, in
Epidiorite. A name applied to dikes
of diabase, whose auglte Is In part
altered to green hornblende. The
name was coined before it was un-
derstood that the hornblende was
secondary in this way. It was first
applied by Giimbel in 1879 to a se-
ries of narrow dikes that cut Cam-
brian and Ordovlclan strata in the
Flchtelgeblrge. The name empha-
sizes their age as later than the
typical pre-Cambrlan dlorltes, but
Its significance has been expanded
in later years. (Kemp)
250 GLOSSARY OF MINING AND MINERAL INDUSTRY.

Epidoslte. Rocks largely formed of Erbhefste (Ger.) The deepest part

epidote. Tl^e epidote seems gen- of a mine, (Davies)
erally to bG^'t>rodu«ed by the reac-
tions of fl^ldspar and bisilicates
Erbium. A metallic element of the
rare earth group. Symbol, Er;
upon each other during alteration. atomic weight 167.7. (Webster)
(Kemp)
Erg. The amount of work done by
Epidote. A
basic orthosilicate of cal- one dyne working through a dis-
cium, aluminum, and iron, H2O.- tance of one centimeter. One foot
4Ca0.3(A],Fe)203.6SiO, (U. S. Geol. pound is equal to 13,560,000 ergs.
Surv.). The name of this min- (Webster)
eral is often prefixed to the names
of rocks containing it. As a rule, Erlan; Erlanfels. A name proposed
the presence of epidote indicates the by Breithaupt for metamorphic
advance of alteration. (Kemp) rocks, which consist essentially of
augite, i.augite schists.
e., The
Epidotization. The production of name is derived from the iron fur-
epidote in a rock by metamorphism. nace at Erla, near Crandorf, Sax-
(Webster) ony. (Kemp)
Epigene. 1. Formed, originating, or Erles (Eng.). Earnest money. (Bain-
taking place on the surface of the bridge)
earth. 2. Foreign. Said of forms Erodible. Yielding more or less easily
of crystals not natural to the sub- to erosive action; as, underlying
stances in which they are found. easily erodible limestones. (Stand-
Compare Pseudomorph. (Webster) ard)
Erosion. The group of processes
Epigenesis. Change of the mineral whereby earthy or rock material is
character of a rock due to outside
loosened or dissolved and removed
influences. Compare Metamorphism from any part of the earth's sur-
(Webster). As applied to ore de-
face. It includes the processes of
posits, epigenetic deposits are
weathering, solution, corrasion, and
younger than the country rock con-
transportation. The mechanical
taining them. (Vogt)
wear and transportation are effected
Epiphesis. See Apophysis. by running water, waves, moving
ice, or winds, which use rock frag-
Epoch. Generally, that part of geo- ments to pound or grind other rocks
logic time during which a formation to powder or sand. (Ransome)
or group of strata was deposited:
used by the U. S. Geological Survey Erosion surface. A land surface
indifferently as the time equivalent shaped by the disintegrating, dis-
of a series or a group, but restricted solving, and wearing action of
by the International Congress to a streams, ice, rain, winds, and other
division of a period, hence the time land and atmospheric agencies.
equivalent of a series. (La Forge) (Ransome)
Erosive. 1. Having the property of
Epsomite. A mineral composed of eating away or corroding corrosive.
;
hydrous magnesium sulphate, Mg-
2. Wearing away acting by erosion.
;
SO4+7H2O. (U. S. Geol. Surv.)
(Century)
Epsom salt. Same as Epsomite. Erratic. A name often given to trans-
Equivalent. 1. In geology correspond- ported bowlders ( Roy. Com. ) Loose .

ing in geologic age or stratigraphic
position; said of formations, etc.
(La Forge)
2.A term applied to grains of ore
or vein-stuff of varying diameters
and density, which fall through
water at an equal velocity (Hunt)
Usually used in the plural.
Era. In geology, in general a large
division of geologic time; speciti-
cally, a division of geologic time of
the highest order, comprising one or
more periods. The eras now gen-
erally recognized are the Archeo-
eoie, Proterozoic, Paleozoic, Meso-
Boic, and Cenozoic. (La Forge)
gravel and stones on the earth's sur-
face, including what is called drift.
(Webster)
Erratic blocks (Eng.). See Erratic.
Rounded erratic blocks are called
bowlders.
Erubescite. A synonym for Bornite.
(A. F. Rogers)
Eruption. In geology, the emission or
ejection, at the earth's surface,
through a crater, pipe, or fissure, of
such material as lava, heated water,
gases, mud, stones, and dust; char-
acteristic of volcanoes and geysers
and usually more or less sudden,
violent, and explosive. (La Forge)
 ;

GLOSSARY OF MINING AND MINERAL INDUSTRY. 251

Eruptive. The name given to rocks Escoria (Sp.). 1. Slag or cinders. 2.

that have burst through other rocks A spongy lava. (Halse)
in a molten state, or that have been
thrust up bodily (Davies). The
EscoriaL 1. (Sp.-Am.). A pile or
name ought properly to be only ap- dump of slag, or a yard containing
such dumps. (Webster)
plied to effusive or volcanic rocks,
but it is often used as a synonym for
2. An exhausted mine. (Standard)
igneous. (Kemp) Escorificador (Mex.). Scorifier, in as-
saying. (Dwight)
Eruptive vein. A vein filled by erup-
tion of igneous matter from below. Escritura (Sp.). A deed, instrument,
(Standard) bond, or contract. (Halse)
Erythrite; Cobalt bloom. A hydrous Escrow. A deed, bond, or other writ-
cobalt arsenate, CosAsjOs.SHjO. ten engagement, delivered to a third
Found in the oxidized parts of co- person to be delivered by him to the
balt and arsenic-bearing veins. (U. grantee only upon the performance
S. Geol. Surv.) or fulfillment of some condition.
Escala (Sp.). 1. Ladder. 2. E. movil, (Webster)
a man engine. 3. In drafting, a Escuadra (Mex.). A change of direc-
scale. (Halse) tion of 90° ; square. (Dwight)
Escalera (Mex.). A ladder, generally
made of notched poles; E. de bar-
Escuela de minas (Sp.). A school of
mines. (Halse)
rotes, mine ladder with rounds; E.
de muescas, mine ladder or notched Escurrir (Sp.). To leak; to drip; to
timber. (Dwight) drain off. (Dwight)
Escal6n (Sp.). 1. A step, round, or Esker; Escar; Eskar. A narrow ridge
rung. 2. A stope; E. de banco, an of gravelly or sandy drift, deposited
underhand stope; E. de cielo, an by a stream in association with gla-
overhand stope. 3. Scale. (Halse) cier ice. Eskers were formerly
called Serpentine kames. (Webster)
Escantillon (Mex.). A wooden ruler
used by timbermen; pattern; gage. Eslabon (Mex.). A link of a chain.
(Dwight) (Dwight)
Escape (Eng.). A second or addi- Esmanil (Sp.). Blende. (Halse)
tional shaft by which the men may
get out of the mine in case of acci- Esmeralda (Sp.). Emerald. (Dwight)
dent to the other shafts. Also Esmeril (Sp.) Emery. (Dwight)
an Upcast ; Escape pit ; Escape way.
(Gresley) Espato (Sp.). Spar; E. fluor, fluor-
spar, bluejohn E. calizo, calcite
Escape way. An opening through
;

E. de hicrro, siderite; E. de Is-

which the miners may leave the
landia, Iceland spar; E. de manga-
mine if the ordinary exit is ob- E. pesado, heavy
neso, rhodocrositp ;
structed. (Steel)
spar; barite. (Halse)
Escar. See Esker.
Espdtula (Sp ). Spatula. (Dwight)
Escarcha (Peru). Native silver in
thin plates. (Dwight) Espejado (Peru). Galena. (Dwight)

Escarpment. A cliff or relatively steep

Espejo (Colom.). A slickenside.
r Halse)
slope separating level or gently
sloping tracts. (La Forge) Espejuelo (Sp.). 1. A transparent
piece of talc. 2. Mica. 3. Selenite.
Eschka's mixture. Magnesium oxide 4. (Mex. and Chile) Calcite. 5.
and sodium carbonate. (LIddell) (Hid., Mex.) Galena in large crys-
Escogedor (Braz. and Colom.). An tals, also blende in large crystals.
ore picker or sorter. (Halse) 6. (Mex.) A
slickenside. 7. (Peru)
Barite. (Halse)
Escoger (Sp.). To pick or sort ore. 8. (Peru) Lead carbonate mixed
(Halse) with galena and gray copper.
Escombrera (Sp.). A place where (Dwight)
waste from the mine is thrown a ; 9. (Mex.) A mineral gangue, with a
dump. (Halse) faintly reflecting surface. (C. and
Escombros. 1. (Fr. Guiana). In placer M. M. P.)
mining, an overburden of red and Espeque (Mex. ) . A handspike ; wooden
yellow variegated clays containing lever; the long arm or lever in
pebbles. (Halse) machinery moved by animal power.
2. (Mex.). Waste rock. (Dwight) (Dwight)
252 GLOSSARy OF MINING AND MINERAL INDUSTRY.

Esperaazft classifier. A classifier of nally measured. 2. Estacas. divi-

the free-settling type in which the sions or partitions made in mines.
settled material is removed by drag- 3. (Colom.) A person who works a
ging it up an inclined plane by mine solely to retain title; the owner
means of a continuous belt of flat of a mine who pays the tax but does
blades or paddles. It is continu- not work it. 4. Lagging. (Halse)
ous in its operation. (Liddell)
Estacada (Mex.). The lagging of the
Espcsor (Sp.). Tbk'kness of a vein sides of a shaft in open-crib tim-
or bed. (Halse) bering. (Halse)
Espet6n (Mex.). The tapping bar of Estacar (Sp.). To stake out a claim,
i\ smelting furnace. (D wight) road, etc. (Halse)
nsplnguetta (Sp.). A blasting needle.
Estacion. A surveyor's
1. (Sp.)
(Halse)
station or point. 2. (Colom.) A
Espoleta (Mex.). The blasting charge length of 100 feet in lining out a
for a small blast; primer or blast- railroad. 3. Season (of the year).
ing fuse. (Dwight) (Halse)
Esponja. 1. (Mex.) Spongy bullion, Estadia (Mex.), A leveling rod.
after retorting and before melting. (Dwight)
(Dwight)
2. (Sp.) A network of narrow fer- Estado (Peru). A measure of length
ruginous veins. (Halse) (2§ varas). Approximately a
Esporton (Sp.). A large basket fathom. (Dwight)
(Halse). See also Espuerta. Estalactita (Sp.). A stalactite.
Espuela (Mex.). Additional quantity (Dwight)
of copper sulphate required in the
torta, when not enough was added
Estalagmita (Sp.). A stalagmite.
at first. (Dwight) (Dwight)

Espuerta (Spain). A large basket at- Estampillas (Mex.). Stamps with

tached to an endless wire rope for which the Government taxes are
removing sulphur from the mines. paid; postage stamps. (Dwight)
The baskets are 10 to 12 feet apart.
(Halse) Esthanho (Port). Tin. (Halse)

Espuma 1. Scum, froth, foam.

Estano (Sp.) 1. Tin. 2. Tin ore as
(Sp.).
cassiterite; E. de grano, E. de
2. Gossan. 3.Magnesia. 4, Dross of
placeres, stream tin. 3. Tin concen-
metals. 5. (Colom.) Oro de E.,
(Halse)
trate. See Barrilla, 3. 4. E. de
float gold.
escoria, slag tin. (Halse)
Esquisto (Sp.). Shale; schist or slate.
(Halse) Estanque (Mex.). A tank; reservoir.
(Dwight)
Essential. In petrology, necessarily
present in any variety of rock, being
Este; Oriente (Sp.). East. (Dwight)
required by the definition of the va- Esteatita (Sp.). Steatite or soap-
riety: said of some minerals In a stone. (Halse)
rock. (La Forge)
Esteos (Mex.). Vertical beams sup-
Essexite. A name
derived from Essex porting the pulley of a hoist
County, Mass., and applied to a gran- (Dwight)
ular igneous rock intermediate be-
Estereis (Braz.). 1. Veinstone:
tween the nephelite-syenites, the dio-
mattrix. 2. Barren rock. (Halse)
rites, and the gabbros, which con-
tain labradorite, orthoclase, and Esterellite. A name given by A.
more or less nephelite or sodalite, Michel-Levy to a variety of diorite-
together with augite, biotite, barke- porphyry from Esterel, France. The
vicite, olivine, and apatite. (Kemp) rock shows some peculiarities of
chemical composition which have
Essonite. A
cinnamon-colored variety
given it special interest in discus-
of garnet; called hyacinth when
sions relating to differentiation.
used as a gem, though the term
more properly belongs to zircon.
(Kemp)
(U. S. Geol. Surv.) Est6ril (Sp.). 1. Veinstone. 2- Bar-
ren rock. Often used in plural.
Estaca fSp.). 1. A stake. E. flja,
(Halse)
a post driven into the ground from
which the mining claim was origi- Estibnita (Sp.). Stibuite. (Dwight)
 . ) :

Glossary of mining and mineral industry. ^63

Estopa ( Mex. ) Cotton waste Ethane. A colorless, gaseous com-

(D wight) pound (C2H*), of the paraffin serie.s
contained in the gases given off by
Estoraqiie (Mex.). Resin ;
yellow zinc- petroleum and in illuminating gas.
blende. (D wight) (Standard)
Estovers (Eng.) Necessary supplies, Ether. 1. A hypothetical medium of
especially wood which a tenant is extreme elasticity and supposed to
allowed to take from the landlord's be diffused throughout all space as
premises, for the necessary fuel, re- well as among the molecules of
pairs, etc., for himself. (Webster) which solid bodies are composed and
to be the medium of the transmis-
Estrada ( Port ) A road . ; E. de ferro,
sion of light and heat. 2. A highly
a railroad. (Halse)
volatile inflammable, light, mobile,
Estratificacion ( Sp. ) . Stratification. colorless liquid used as an anes-
(D wight) thetic and solvent. (Century)
Estrato (Sp.). Stratum; layer; bed. Ether axes. See Axes of elasticity.
(Halse)
Ethmolith. A
mass of rock
plutonic
Estrechamiento del filon (Sp.). Pinch- which narrows downwardly. (Daly,
ing; pinching out. (Lucas) p. 88)
Estrellarse la veta (Peru). To "peter
Ettle (No. of Eng.). 1. Waste (Gres-
out," or become lean, especially by
ley). See Attle, 1.
scattering. ( Dwight
2. To intend, appoint, arrange (Q.
Estriada (Sp.). Striated. (Dwight) C. Greenwell). See Attle, 2.
Estribo. 1. (Sp.). Stirrup. 2. (Mex.) Ettlings (No. of Eng.). Earnings;
Hogback in a mountain ; a spur. wages. (Century)
(Dwight)
Euchroite. A vitreous, bright emer-
To press or squeeze
Estrujar
amalgam.
(Sp.).
(Halse)
—
ald or leek-green, transijnrent to
translucent hydrous copper arsenate,
Estrujon (Mex.) A second collection CusAsjOs-Cu ( OH ) j+GHaO, mineral
of amalgam, generally very pasty. crystallizing in the orthorhomblc
(Dwight) system. (Dana)
Estuarine. Of. pertaining to, or Euclase. A vitreous, colorless to pale
formed in an estuary. (Webster) green or blue gluclnum-aluminum sil-
Estuary. A bay, as the mouth of a icate mineral, 2BeO.Al2032Si02H20,
river, where the tide meets the river crystallizing in the monoclinic sys-
current. A frith. (Webster) tem. (Dana)
Estufa. 1. A
stove or tubular appa- Encrite. A
name given by G. Rose
ratus for heating air for hot blast. to rocks and meteorites that consist
2. (Mex.) In the patio process, a essentially of anorthite and augite.
chamber with flues under the floor The term is practically obsolete.
for heating the torta. (Halse) (Kemp)
Estufa amalgamacidn (Sp.). A modifi- Eudiometer. An instrument for the
cation of the patio process, using volumetric measurement and analy-
heat, (Raymond). See Estufa, 2. sis of gases. (Webster)
Etch figure. A marking, usually mi- Eudyalite. Essentially a metasilicate
nute pits, produced by a solvent on of Zr, Fe (Mn), Ca, Na, etc., in red
a crystal surface; the form varies to brown tabular or rhombohedral
with the species and solvent but con- crystals; also massive (Dana).
forms to the symmetry of the crys- The name of the mineral is some-
tal, hence revealing its molecular times prefixed to the rare nephelite-
structure. (Webster) syenites that contain it. (Kemp)
Etching. A
process of engraving in Eugranitic. Same as Granitoid.
which the produced by the
lines are (Standard)
action of an acid or mordant (Cen-
Euhedral. In petrology, bounded by
tury). Used also in studying the
composition and structure of metals
its own
crystal faces; automori)hic
said of some minerals in a crystal-
and crystals.
line rock and contrasted with sub-
fiter (Sp.). Ether. (EKvight) hedral and anhedral. (La Forge)
 )

254 GLOSSARY OF MINING AND MINERAL INDUSTRY.

Euktolite. A name derived from the Eiitomous. In mineralogy, having dis-

Greek words for "desired rock" and tinct cleavage; cleaving readily.
given by H. Rosenl)uscli to one (Century)
wliich filled a gap in his classifica-
tion of rocks. The same rock had Euxenlte. In mineralogy, a niobate
been previously named Venanzite. and titanate of yttrium, erbium,
(Kemp) cerium and uranium. (Dana)
Eulysite. A name given by Erdmann Evansite. In mineralogy, a massive,
to rocks inter! aminated with the colorless to milk white, hydrous
gneisses of Sweden, and consisting aluminum phosphate, 2AIPo4.4Al-
of olivine, green pyroxene, and gar- (OH).-M2H20. (Dana)
net. (Kemp)
Evaporar (Colom.). To retort amal-
Eulytite. A silicate of bismuth, Bi4- gam. (Halse)
occurring usually in minute
SisOij,
dark brown or grayish tetrahedral Evaporate. To convert Into vapor, usu-
crystals, (Dana) ally by means of heat; vaporize;
also, to remove and dissipate by this
Euosmite. An amorphous, brownish process. (Standard)
yellow, oxygenated hydro-
brittle,
carbon from clefts in brown coal Evaporating dish, or pan. A shallow
at Balershof, near Thumsenreuth, dish,of glass, porcelain, or metal
In the Fichtelgebirge it has a spe-
; used in processes requiring evapo-
cificgravity of 1.2 to 1.5, and dis- ration.
solves easily in alcohol and ether.
Evaporation gage. A graduated vessel
(Bacon)
of glass for determining the rate of
Euphotide. The name chiefly used evaporation of a liquid placed In it,
among the French for gabbro. It in a given time and exposure. (Cen-
was given by Hauy, and is derived tury)
from the Greek words for well and Everlasting lamps (No. of Eng.) Nat-
light, in allusion to its pleasing
ural jets of fire damp or souall
combination of white and green.
blowers which continue to burn as
( Kemp long as gas is given off. (Gresley)
Euphyllite. A white sodium-potassium
mica that is intermediate between
Everson process. An oil flotation proc-
ess involving the use of from 6 to 20
paragonlte and muscovite. (Stand-
per cent oil and usually less than
ard)
1 per cent acid. (Megraw, p. 8)
Used among the French as a
Eiirite.
synonym for felsite, but also applied
Excambion (Scot.). An exchange of
to compact rocks chiefly feldspar
land or minerals. (Barrowman)
and quartz, such as some granu- Excavar (Sp.). To excavate; to
lites. The name was first given by dredge. (Halse)
Daubisson the groundmass of
to
Excavation. 1. In engineering, an
porphyries, because of their easy
open cutting, as in a railway in dis-
fusibility compared with hornstone
tinction from a tunnel. 2. The act
or flint. (Kemp) of digging out of material (earth,
Etti opium. A metallic element of the rock, etc.) by any means so as to
rare-earth group, discovered in 1896. form a cavity. (Century)
Symbol Eu atomic weight, 152.0.
(Webster)
;
Excavator. A steam or electric
power-machine for removing earth,
Eustatic. Pertaining to or designat- rock, etc., as a steam shovel, dredge,
ing a land area which undergoes etc.
neither elevation nor depression.
Excessive location. A mining claim In
(Webster)
excess of the width allowed by law.
Eutaxitic. A general name for banded (U. S. Min. Stat., pp. 90, 538-539)
volcanic rocks. The banding is due
to the parallel arrangement of por- Exempted claim. A elaim which, by
tions of the rock that are con- the mining laws has been allowed to
trasted either in mineralogy or tex- remain idle, and for which an ex-
ture (Kemp). Contrasted with emption certificate has been ob-
Ataxitic. tained (Morine). Common, espe-
Entectic. Of maximum fusibility said
cially in Canada and Australia.
;

of an alloy or solution having the Exfoliate. 1. To peel off in concentric

lowest melting point possible with layers, as some rocks do by weather-
the given compoaents, (Webster) ing. In this way the concretionary
 GLOSSARY OF MINING AND MINERAL. INDUSTRY,
rtructure of some kinds of green-
stones Is well brought out, the
weathered surface showing rounded
masses with the successive spherical
layers falling off. (Roy. Com.)
2. To swell up and open into leaves
or plates like a partly opened book.
(George)
Exhalation. 1. Any vapor or gaseous
matter arising from substances or
surfaces exposed to the atmosphere.
(Power)
2. In geology, any gas or vapor
formed beneath the surface of the
earth and escaping either through
a conduit or fissure or from molten
lava or a hot spring; an emanation.
(La Forge)
Exhaust fan. A fan used for creating
a draft by the formation of a par-
tial vacuum in contradistinction to
a blower. (Century)
Exhaustion. 1. In chemistry, the proc-
ess of completely extracting from a
substance whatever is removable by
a given solvent. (Century)
2- In mining, the complete removal
of ore reserves.
Exhibici6n (Mex.). Exhibition;
sessment. (D wight)
Exomorphic. A descriptive term for
those changes which are produced
by contact-metamorphism in the
wall rock of the intrusion the an-
tithesis of endomorphic. (Kemp)
Exosmosis.
See Endosmosis.
Exothermic. Pertaining to a chemical
reaction which occurs with the evo-
lution of heat. (Webster)
Exotic. That which has been intro-
duced from other regions. (Power)
Expander. A device for expanding the
end of a tube, in a tube-plate or as
a casing In a well.
Expansion bit. A drill bit
be adjusted for holes
sizes.
Expansion joint. A device
connecting up long lines of
etc.,to permit linear expansion or
contraction as the temperature rises
or falls. (Nat. Tube Co.)
Expansion
loop. Either a bend like
the letter Uor a coil in a line of
pipe to provide for expansion or
contraction. (Nat. Tube
Expansion ring. A hoop or ring of
U-section used to join lengths of
pipe so as to permit of expansion.
(Nat. Tube Co.)
255
Expansion tamping. A term used in
quarrying when the drill hole above
the powder charge is filled for sev-
eral inches with hay, tow, or the
like, followed by several inches of
clay lightly tamped and finally by
well-packed stemming. (Gillette, p.
442)
Expert. One who has special skill or
knowledge In a particular subject,
as a science or art, whether ac-
quired by experience or study; a
specialist (Webster). Often ap-
plied to a mining engineer, as a min-
ing expert.
Explode. To burst or expand violently
and noisily, as gunpowder explodes,
or as a boiler explodes (W^ebster),
or as an explosion of gas, or coal
dust.
Exploder. A cap or fulminating car-
tridge, placed in a charge of gun-
powder or other explosive, and ex-
ploded by electricity or by a fuse.
Also called Detonator. (Raymond)
Exploit. 1. To make complete use of;
to utilize. 2. To make research or
experiment; to explore. 3. To em-
ploy or utilize selfishly, without re-
as-
gard to right or justice. (Century)
Exploitation. The extraction and uti-
lization of ore. Often confused witli
"exploration." (Rickard)
; Exploracion (Sp.). 1. Exploration;
prospecting. 2. A prospect.
(D wight)
Explorar (Sp.). To prospect; to ex-
plore. (Halse)
Exploration. 1. The work involved in
looking for ore. Often confused
with " exploitation." (Rickard)
2. A mode of acquiring rights to min-
ing claims. (Collins v. Bubb. 73
Fed. Rept, p. 739)
Exploring mine (Scot.). A working
that may place driven ahead of the others to
of various explore the field (Barrowman). A
prospect.
used in Explosion. 1. A sudden Ignition of a
pipe, body of fire damp, coal dust, or ex-
plosives, as powder, dynamite, etc.
(Steel)
2. The act of exploding; rapid com-
bustion, decomposition, or other
similar process resulting In a great
and sudden development of gases,
and consequent violent Increase of
Co.)
pressure, usually accompanied by a
loud report. 3. A sudden breaking
apart, shattering or bursting in
pieces by internal pressure, as that
of gas or steam. (Standard)
 . )

256 GLOSSARY OF MINING AND MINERAL INDUSTRY.

Explosion proof. The term "explosion- Expropiar ( Sp. ) To expropriate.

proof casing or iuclosure" means (Dwight)
an inclosure that is so constructed
and maintained as to prevent the Extencteur (Fr.). An apparatus
ignition of gas surrounding it by any which discharges onto a burning
sparlis, flashes, oi explosions of gas
mass of water charged with
coal,
that may occur tvithin such inclo- carbonic acid under a very high
sure. (H. H. Clark, U. S. Bur. pressure. ( Gresley

Mines) Extinction. In optical mineralogy, the

Explosion-proof motors. The Bureau
of Mines has applied the term "ex-
plosion proof" to motors constructed
so as to prevent the ignition of gas
surrounding the motor by any
sparks, flashes, or explosions of gas
or of gas and coal dust that may
occur within the motor casing.
Explosions from molten iron. An ex-
plosion caused by molten iron escap-
ing and coming in contact with
water or wet material. (Wilcox)
Explosion wave. From
the French
Onde Explosive, and coined by
Bertholet, signifying that wave or
"flame" which passes through a
uniform gaseous mixture with a per-
manent maximum velocity.
explosion wave is a
rate of the
definite physical constant for each
mixture the explosion wave travels
; Extraccion
with the velocity of sound in the
burning gas which itself is moving
rapidly forward en masse in the
same direction, so that the explosion
wave is propagated far more quickly
than sound travels in the unburned
gas. (H. B. Dixon, First Series, Brit.
Coal-Dust Experiments, 1908-09, p.
150)
Explosive. Any mixture or chemical
compound by whose decomposition
or combustion gas is generated with
such rapidity that it can be used
for blasting or in firearms, for ex-
ample, gunpowder, dynamite, etc.
arresting of a beam of light by
polarization, by the imperfect trans-
parency of the medium, or other-
wise. (Century)
Extinction angle. The angle through
which a section of an anisotropic
crystal must be revolved from the
direction of a known crystallo-
graphic plane to that of maximum
darkness under the polariscope.
(Dana)
Extinction direction. In optical min-
eralogy, the position of extinction.
(A. F. Rogers)
Extoolitic. An oolitic structure built
up around a core from within out-
The
ward; a small concretion.
Op-
posed to entoolitic. (Power)
(Sp.). 1. Extraction;
winding, or hoisting. 2. Output, or
production, as of a mine. (Halse)
Extraction. A designation for that
part of the metallic content of the
ore which is obtained by a final met-
allurgical process, as the extraction
was 85 per cent. Compare Recovery.
Extract© (Sp.). Extract; extractor
(Mex.), a summary of an applica-
tion for a mining concession, pub-
lished on the bulletin board; ex-
cerpts. (Halse)
Extractor. One who or that which ex-
tracts as a drill-extractor.
; ( Stand-

Explosive oil. Nitroglycerin. (Bruns- ard)

wig, p. 295) Extractor box. See Zinc-box.
Explosive, permissible. See Permis-
sible explosive.
Extra dynamite. The present desig-
nation of those explosives consisting
Explosive volcano. A volcano charac- of nitroglycerin, other explosive in-
terize<l by periodic eruptions of gredients and an active base absorb-
great violence and explosive force. ent. They are more easily affected
(Standard) by water than straight dynamite,
Explotacion de minas (Sp.). Mining; but give off less noxious fumes, are
winning; working. (Lucas) less sensitive to blows, and they ig-
Explotar (Sp.). To exploit, work, or nite less easily from sparks. (Du
win E. una mina^ to work a mine.
;
Pont)
(Halse)
Extraer. 1. (Sp.) To extract, wind
Exposure. In geology, the condition or hoist. 2. To [»ump. (Halse)
or fact of being exposed to view,
either naturally or artificially; Extrahazardous. Unusually dai.ger-
hence, also, that part of a rock, bed, ous specifically used in insurance in
:

or formation which is so exposed; classifying occupational lisks, ai

an outcrop. (La Forge) mining is extrahazardous.
 GLOSSARY OF MINING AND MINERAL INDUSTRY.
Eztralateral. Situated or extending
beyond the sides; specifically not-
ing the right of a mine owner to
the extension of a lode or vein from
his claim beyond the side lines, but
within the vertical planes through
(Century)
the end lines.
Extralateral right. In the United
States Mining law, said of the right
which one who locates on the pub-
lic domain, a claim in which a vein
comes to an apex, has to parts of
the vein beyond the planes passed
through the side lines of his claim,
but lying within vertical cross planes
passed through the end lines. (Web-
ster ; also, U. S. Min. Stat., pp.
159)
An explosive mixture of
Extralite.
ammonium nitrate, potassum chlo-
rate, and naphthalene.
Extramorainic. Situated outside of or
beyond the terminal moraine of a
glacier, (Century)
Extraordinary ray. That ray of polar-
ized light which, in doubly refract-
ing crystals, has a variable value
and therefore does not obey the sine
law. (Dana)
Extraviado (Mex.). Astray in a mine.
(Dwlght)
Extrio (Sp.). Hand picking.
Extrusive. A term applied to those
igneous rocks which have cooled
after reaching the surface (Ries).
A synonym for Effusive, and much
used in America. (Kemp)
Exudation-vein. See Segregation-vein.
Exude. 1. To discharge gradually
through pores or small openings, as
liquid, gum (oil or gas) give off or
out by slow percolation as the pines ;
exude pitch. 2. To ooze or flow
slowly forth through pores, cracks,
or gashes; as gums exude from
wounded trees, or gas (and oil) ex-
udes from the underlying formation.
(Standard)
Eye. 1. The top of a shaft 2. The
opening at the end of a tuy&re of
a blast furnace, opposite the nozzle.
3. The hole in a pick or hammer
head which receives the handle.
(Raymond)
4. The central or intake opening of
a fan.
Eye of a shaft. See Eye,
75242*—19- -17
257
Eyestone (Eng.). A variety of agate
which shows in the center, a spot
or spots more highly colored than
the concentric layers. (Page)
Ezterl (Sp. Am.). A green jasper with
reddish veins; a kind of blood-
stone. (Halse)
Faber du Faur furnace. A cubical cru-
cible furnace built into cast-iron
framework, mounted on trunnions
in order that the furnace may be
turned over and the contents emp-
tied. Used in the desilverization
133- of zinc crusts. (Hofman, p. 485.)
Fabian system. See Freefall. May be
described as the father of freefall
drilling systems, all others having
(Webster) originated from it, although it is not
now used in its original form.
(Mitzakis)
Fabric. In petrology, that factor of
the texture of a crystalline rock
which depends on the relative sizes,
the shapes, and the arrangement of
the component crystals. (Iddings)
Face. 1. In any adit, tunnel, or stope,
the end at which work is progress-
ing or was last done. 2. The face of
coal is the principal cleavage-plane
at right angles to the stratification.
(Lucas) Driving on the face is driving
against or at right angles with the
face. (Raymond)
3. Apoint at which coal is being
worked away, in a breast or head-
ing; also working face. (Gllebas
V. Spring Valley Coal Co., 159 Illi-
nois App., p. 90)
4. The surface exposed by excava-
tion. The loorking face, front, or
forehead, is the face at the end of
; the tunnel heading; or at the end
of the full-size excavation. (Simms)
5. A cleat or back. 6. (Lane.) To
place a full tub in position for be-
ing lowered on an incline. (Gres-
ley)
7. One of the flat, more or less
smooth, surfaces of a crystal. (A. F.
Rogers)
Face airing (No. of Eng.) That sys-
tem of ventilation in which all of
the air sweeping through the mine,
ventilates the working faces and
main roads only. (Gresley)
Face A well-defined joint or
cleat.
cleavage plane in a coal seam.
1. Compare Butt cleat Bee Face, 2,
258 GLOSSARY OF MINING AND MINERAL INDUSTRY.

Face entry. The gallery of a mine Faenza white. In ceramics, a fine

driven at right angles with the enamel of stannic oxide character-
face cleat of the coal. (Roy) See istic of some varieties of majolica-
also Face, 2. ware. (Standard)
Face-on. When the face of the breast Fagot. See Pile, 1 and 2.
or entry is parallel to the face cleats
of the seam. (Steel). See Face, 2. Fahlband. A
term originally used by
German miners to indicate certain
Face slip. The front slip of a coal bands of schistose rocks Impreg-
seam. (Roy) nated with finely divided sulphides
but not always rich enough to work.
Facet. The polished surface of a cut-
(Watson, p. 606)
stone. (A. F. Rogers)
Fahlerz (Ger.). A gray copper ore.
Face wall. A
wall built to sustain a Sometimes called Fahl ore.
face cut into the earth in distinction
to a retaining wall, which supports Fahlite. A variant of Fahlerz. (Ches-
earth deposited behind it. (C. and ter)
M. M. P.) Fahl ore. Same as Fahlerz.
Facies. Variety especially applied to
;
Fahlunite. An altered form of lollte.
an igneous rock that in some re- (Dana)
spects is a departure from the nor-
mal or typical rock of the mass to Fahrenheit. Designating a thermome-
which it belongs. Thus a mass of ter scale, on which the freezing point
granite may grade Into porphyritic of water 32* and the boiling point
is
facies near its borders. (Ransome) is 212*. To convert Fahrenheit
readings to centigrade readings, sub-
Facing. 1. (Aust.) The main vertical tract 32° from the former and then
joints often seen in coal seams they divide by 1.8. ,(C. and M. M. P.)
;

may be confined to the coal, or con-

tinue into the adjoining rocks Fahrkunst (Ger.). An apparatus for
(Power). See also Cleat. lowering and raising men in a shaft.
2. Powdered coal or charcoal ap- See also Man machine. (Gresley)
plied to the face of a mold or mixed Faikes; Faiks; Fakes (Scot). Fissile
with sand that forms it, to give a sandy shales. (Power)
fine smooth surface to the casting.
(Webster) Failed hole. A drill hole In which
dynamite has been loaded and falls
Factor. 1. One who makes it his busi- to explode. (Cook v. Cranberry
ness to sell merchandise or property Furnace, 70 S. E. Rept., p. 473)
intrusted to him for that purpose,
receiving a commission on the Fair-lead. A
block, ring, or strip of
amount of sales a commission mer-
;
plank with holes, serving as a
chant; often in combination with guide for the running rigging or for
the name of the merchandise; as, any other rope, to keep it from chaf-
cofihf actor. Factors and brokers are ing or fouling (Webster). Origi-
both and equally agents, but with nally a nautical term but now also
this difference: the factor Is In- used in dredging.
trusted with the property which Is Fairy stone. 1. (Scot.) A fantasti-
the subject-matter of the agency; cally-shaped calcareous or ferrugi-
the broker is only employed to make nous concretion formed in alluvial
a bargain in relation to it. (Stand- clays. (Power)
ard) 2. A stone arrowhead. (Webster)
2. One of the several elements, cir-
3. A fossil sea-urchin or echlnlte.
cumstances, or Influences which tend (Standard)
to the production of a given result.
(Century) Faiscador (Mex. and Braz.). A placer
miner; gold washer. (Halse)
Faddom (Eng.). A fathom, 6 feet,
commonly used as a measure by Faisqueira (Braz.). A place where
miners. (Hunt) gold Is found; a placer. (Halse)
Facnas. 1. (Sp.) Work; labor; task. Faixa (Port). 1. A band of ore. 2.
2. (Mex.) Dead work, as putting A belt of rock. (Halse)
up an air shaft, or unwaterlng a
Faja (Sp.). 1. A band of mineral In
mine. (Halse)
a vein. 2. A band or belt of rock.
faenero (Braz.). A common laborer. 3. A horizontal cut in a vein.
(Halse) (Halse)
 ;

GLOSSARY OF INITNTNG AND MINERAL INDUSTRY. 259

Fake. 1. (Sc<»t. nnd En^'. ) See Faikes. False bedding. Current bedding. Lami-
2. A soft solilerin.i; fluid used by jew- nations in sandstone parallel to each
elers. (Century) other for a short distance, but
oblique to the general stratification
Falda (Sp.). Slope; flank of hill.
caused by frequent changes in the
(Dwight)
currents by which the sediment was
Faldeos (Bol.). Ancient Rold-bearing carried along and deposited (Power).
alluvial deposits. (Hulse) See also Cross-bedding.
Falding furnace. A mechanically False bottom. 1. A floor of iron placed
raked muffle furnace having three
hearths with combustion flues under
in a puddling machine. (Da vies)
the lowest hearth. (Ingalls, p. 141)
2. (Aust. and Amer.) A bed of
drift lying on the top of other allu-
Fall. 1. A mass of roof or side which vial deposits, beneath which there
has fallen in any subterranean may be a true bottom, or a lower
working or gallery, resulting from bed of wash resting directly upon
any cause whatever. 2. A length the bed rock. (Skinner)
of face undergoing holing or break- 3. A flat hexagonal or cylindrical
ing down for loading. 3. (Eng.) piece of iron upon which the ore is
To blast or wedge down coal, etc., crushed in a stamp mill. The die.
in the process of working it. 4. At Clunes, Victoria, Australia, it ia
To crumble or break up from ex- called Stamper bed.
posure to the weather ; clays, shales,
etc., fall. (Gresley) False cleavage. A secondary cleavage
5. To break down; to collapse. superinduced on slaty cleavage. (0.
6. A
vertical or sloping descent of and M. M. P.)
flowing water; a waterfall. 7. De-
scent from a higher to a lower level. False Galena. Sphalerite, (Webster)
(Webster)
Falla. 1. (IMex.). A vein of soft rock False part. A part of a flask used
at right-angles to drift. (Dwight) temporarily in forming a mold.
2. (Sp.) A fault; F. Falsa, an in- (Standard)
terruption in a bed or seam; a False set. A temporary set of mine
horse. (Halse) timber used until work is far enough
Fallers (Lane). A .synonym for Cage advanced to put in a permanent set.
shuts. (Steel)

Falling (Scot, and No. of Eng.). An False stuU. A stuU so placed as to

overlying stratum which falls or offer support or reinforcement for
comes down as the mineral is ex- a StuU, prop or other timber. (San-
tracted from under it. Sometimes ders, p. 44)
called Following. (Barrowman)
False superposition. The actual or vis-
Falling stone. A meteorite. (Web- ible order in which strata lie in any
ster) locality in case of overturn, as the
Fall line. A line characterized by nu- older rocks have been thrust over
merous waterfalls, as the edge of a the newer ones. (Standard)
plateau in passing which the streams
make a sudden descent. (Webster) False topaz. A yellow variety of
quartz resembling topaz. (Dana)
Fall of ground. Rock falling from the
roof into a mine opening (Weed). False. 1. (Sp.) False; counterfeit
See also Fall, 1. 2. (Mex.)Treacherous ground. See
also Flojo. (Halse)
Falls. Working by falls. A system of
working a thick seam of coal by Faulta de explosi6n (Sp.). Spent shot;
falling or breaking down the upper misfire. (Lucas)
part after the lower portion has
been mined. (Gresley). Compare Faluns. A French term applied to
Caving system. some Tertiary strata, resembling the
English crag. (St. John)
False amethyst. An early name for
violet-colored fluorite when cut as a Famatinite. A copper-antimony sul-
gem. Other colors of the same min- phide, SCujS.SbaSB, mineral contain-
eral were called false emerald, ruby, ing 43.3 per cent copper. (U. S.
sapphire, or topaz. (Chester) Geol. Surv.)
260 GLOSSARY OF MINING AND MINERAL INDUSTRY.

Famp. (Oumb.) Decomposed lime-

1. Faraday's law. 1. The quantity o£
stone,but in some other districts substance liberated at the cathode
a very fine - grained siliceous bed. or anode is proportional to the
(Hunt) quantity of current passed. 2. The
2. (Newc.) Soft, tough, thin shale quantities of different substances
beds. (Raymond) liberated by ihe same quantity of
current are proportioned to their
Famulia (Peru). A wedge; a gad.
chemical equivalents. (Webster)
(D wight)
Farrall6n (Peru). An outcrop project-
Fan. A
revolving machine, to blow
ing above country-rock. (Dwight)
air a mine (pressure fan,
into
blower), or to draw it out (suc- Fare (Wales). Standing coal, or coal
tion fan). (Raymond) unholed or uncut. (Gresley)
Fancy lump coal. 1. Soft coal from Farewell rock (Eng.). The Millstone
which all slack and nut coal has grit, so called because no coal is
been removed. 2. (Ark.) Semi-an- found, worth working, below it. It
thracite coal of larger size than is used for furnace hearths, being
grate coal. (Steel) highly refractory. (Webster)
Fan drift. A short tunnel or conduit Farm (Eng.), 1. To let at a fixed
leading from the top of the air rental said of mineral lands.
:

shaft to the fan. (Steel) 2. (Corn.) That part of the lord's

Fanega (Mex.). A variable unit of dry fee, generally one-fifteenth, which is
mensnre. usually 90.815 liters; of taken for liberty to work in tin
superficial measure usually 3.5663 mines. (Min. Jour.)
hectares. (Dwight)
Farrisite. A name derived from Lake
Fang. 1. (Scot.) The power of a Farris In Norway, and applied by
pump form a vacuum.
bucket to Brogger to a very peculiar rock,
Hence a pump has " lost the fang ** which is as yet known only In one
when so much air passes the bucket small dike. The rock is finely granu-
that a vacuum can not be made until lar in texture and consists of some
water is poured on the top of the soda-bearing, but not sharply identi-
bucket. (Barrowman) fied, tetragonal mineral related to
2. (Derb.) An air course, cut in the melilite, together with barkevicite,
side of the shaft or level, or, con- colorless pyroxene, biotite, serpen-
structed of wood. (Raymond) tlnous pseudomorphs after olivine,
3. (Wales) In the plural, cage magnetite, and apatite. (Kemp)
shuts. (Century)
Far set (Mid.). To timber and sprag
Fanglng; Fanging-pipes (Eng. ).
the far end of a stall, preparatory
Wooden air-pipes used in mine ven- to holing. (Gresley)
tilation (Century). See Fang, 2.

Fanner (Scot). .K. small portable Fascine (Fr.). A fagot; a bunch of

hand fan (Barrowman). See Blow-
george.
Fan shaft. A
shallow shaft sunk
1.
beneath a fan connecting it with
the fan drift 2. The upcast shaft
where a fan is in use. (Gresley)
Fan structure. An arrangement of
closely folded strata such that the
axis planes of the folds dip on each
side of a mountain pass or range
toward the central-axis plane of the
range itself, so that the whole has
a structure, as exhibited in cross
section, resembling that shown by
an open fan held upright (Cen-
tury)
Farad. The practical unit of electrical
capacity; the capacity of a con-
denser which, charged with one Cou-
lomb, gives a difference of potential
of one volt. (Webster)
twigs and small branches used for
forming foundations on soft ground.
(C. and M. M. P.)
Fast 1. (Lane.) The first hard bed
of rock found after sinking through
sand or quick ground, upon which
a wedging crib Is generally laid.
2. When a heading or bord end is
not in communication with another
one by a break through, but has only
one open end, it is said to be fast
or called a fast place. (Gresley)
Fast-end. 1. The part of the coal bed
next the rock. 2. A gangway with
rock on both sides. See Loose-end.
(Raymond)
3. The limit of a stall In one direc-
tion, or where the face line of the
adjoining stall is not up or level
with, nor in advance of, it (Gres-
ley)
 ) :
GLOSSARY OF INIINIKG AND MINERAL. INDUSTRY.
Past-in-the-foot (Scot). When the
suction holes of a pump are filled
up, the pump is said to be fast-in-
the-foot. (Barrowman)
Fast jenkin (Eng,). See
Sometimes spelled Jenking.
Fast place (Scot). A drift or work-
ing place in advance of the others.
(Barrowman)
Fast shot (Newc). A charge of pow-
der exploding without the desired
effect. (Raymond)
Fast side (Scot). The side not
sheared in a room where shearing
is done on one side only. (Barrow-
man)
Fast wall (Eng.). The wall in which
bearing doors are placed. (G. C.
Green well
Fat. A white or yellowish substance
forming the chief part of adipose
tissue. It may be solid or liquid;
it is insoluble in water when treat-
;
ed with an alkali, the fatty acid
unites with the alkaline base to
make soap (Rickard). A term used
in flotation.
Fat coal; Gas coal. Coals containing
much volatile oily matter.
Fathom (Corn.). Six feet
of mining ground is six feet square
by the whole thickness of the vein,
or in Cornish phrase, a fathom for-
ward by a fathom vertical.
mond )
Fathomage (Scot). Payment made
to miners per fathom driven or cut
(Barrowman)
Fathom-tale (Corn.). See Tutwork, 2.
This name probably arises from the
payment for such work (tutwork)
by the space excavated, and not by
the ore produced. (Raymond)
Fatigue. 1. To weary with labor or
any bodily or mental exertion. 2.
The weakening of a metal bar by the
repeated application and removal of
a load considerably less than the
breaking weight of the bar. (Cen-
tury)
Fat-lnte. A
mixture of pipe clay and
linseed used for filling Joints,
oil,
apertures, etc. (Century)
Faucet. 1. A device to control the
flow of liquid. Commonly called a
tap and used in house plumbing to
draw water. 2. Enlarged end of a
pipe to receive the spigot end of an-
other pipe, . e., a bell end. (Nat.
Tube Oo.)
261
Fauld. 1. The tymp-arch or working-
arch of a furnace. (Raymond)
2. (Scot) Same as fold. (Stand-
ard)
Faulding or folding-boards (Scot).
Jenkin. Cage-catches or shuts in mid-work-
ings. (Gresley)
Fault. 1. In geology, a break in the
continuity of a body of rock, at-
tended by a movement on one side
or the other of the break so that
what were once parts of one con-
tinuous rock stratum or vein are
now separated. The amount of dis-
placement of the parts may be a
few inches or thousands of feet.
Various descriptive names have been
given to different kinds of faults as
follows
Closed fault. A fault in which
the two walls are in contact (Lind-
gren, p. 117). Dip. A fault whose
strike is approximately at right
angles to the strike of the strata
(Lindgren, p. 120). Dip Slip. A
fault in which the net slip is prac-
tically in the line of the fault dip
(Lindgren, p. 126). Distributive.
See Slip fault Flaw. A rare type
of fault, described by Luess, in
which the strike is transverse to the
strike of the rocks, the dip high and
(Power) varying from one side to the other
A fathom in the course of the fault and the
relative movement practically hori-
zontal and parallel with the strike
of the fault (Lindgren, p. 128).
(Ray- Gravity. See Normal fault Hinge.
A faulting about an axis normal to
the plane of faulting, which may
produce a fault that on one side of
the pivotal axis would be called
normal and on the other side re-
verse, yet there may not be any dif-
ferential movement in the center of
the mass of the two parts of the
faulted body ( Leith, p. 32 ) Horizon-
.
tal. A fault with no vertical displace-
ment (Webster). Longitudinal-. A
fault whose strike is parallel with
the general structure (Lindgren,
p. 121). Normal. A fault in which
the hanging wall has been depressed
relatively to the foot wall (Lind-
gren, p. 126). Oblique. A fault
whose strike Is oblique to the strike
of the strata (Lindgren, p. 120).
Oblique slip. A fault in which the
net slip is between the direction of
dip and the direction of strike
(Lindgren. p. 126). Open. A fault
In which the two walls are separated
(Lindgren, p. 117). Overlap. A
thrust fault in which the shifted
strata double back over themselves
(C. and M. M. P.). Parallel dis-
placement. A fault in which all
262 GLOSSARY OF MINING AND MINERAL INDUSTRY.

straight lines on opposite sides of a Faulting. In geology, the movement

fault and outside of the dislocated which produces relative displace-
zone, that were parallel before ment, along a fracture, of adjacent
the displacement, are parallel after- rock masses. (La Forge)
ward (Lindgren, p. 118). Pivotal. Fault line. The intersection of a fault
See Hinge fault. Reverse. faultA surface or plane with the surface
in which the hanging wall has been
of the earth or with any artificial
raised relatively to the foot wall
surface of reference. (Lindgren, p.
(Lindgren, p. 126). Rotary. A 117). Compare Trend.
fault in which some straight lines
on opposite sides of the fault and Fault plane. A surface along which
outside of the dislocated zone, dislocation or faulting has taken
parallel before the displacement, are place.
no longer parallel, that is, where one Fault rock. The crushed rock due to
side has suffered a rotation relative the friction of the two walls of a
to the other (Lindgren, p. 118). fault rubbing against each other.
Step. A series of closely associated (Power)
parallel faults (Webster). Strike.
A fault whose strike is parallel to Fault space. The space between the
the strike of the strata (Lindgren, walls of an open fault. (Lindgren,
p. 120). Stnke slip. A fault in p. 117)
which the net slip is practically in Fault strike. The direction of the In-
the direction of the fault strike. tersection of the fault surface, or
J. Geike calls such faults "transcur- the shear zone, with a horizontal
rent faults." Jukes-Brown desig- surface. (Lindgren, p. 118)
nates them "heaves" (Lindgren, p.
126). Thrust. A reverse fault Fault surface. The surface along
(Leith, p. 32). Transcurrent. See which dislocation has taken place.
Strike slip fault. Translatory. See May be called a fault plane if it is
Rotary fault. Vertical. A fault in without notable curvature. (Lind-
which the dip is 90 degrees (Lind- gren, p. 117)
gren, p. 126). Fault terrace. A terrace formed by
2. In coal seams, sometimes applied two parallel fault-scarps on the
to the coal rendered worthless by its same declivity, " thrown " in the
condition In the seam (slate-fault, same direction. (Standard)
dirt-fault, etc.). (Raymond)
Fault trace. The line of intersection
Fault block. A body of rock bounded of a fault plane with the surface.
by faults. (Webster) (Leith, p. 32). Compare Trend.
Fault breccia. The breccia which is Fault vein. A mineral vein deposited
frequently found in a shear zone, in a fault fissure. (Century)
more especially in the case of thrust Fault vent. A volcanic vent located
faults. (Lindgren, p. 118) on a fault. (Century)
Fault bundle. In geology, a group of Fauna. The animals collectively of
faults. (Century) any given age or region. The plants
are similarly called its Flora,
Pault coal (Aust.). A name used for (Roy. Com.)
inferior coal the Clermont dis-
in
Fausted ore (Eng.). Refuse lead ore,
trict, Queensland, which occurs not
which undergoes a second dressing.
only near faults, but also away from
(Bainbridge)
them. (Power)
Fausteds (Eng.). The waste left in
Fault dip. The inclination of the fault the sieve as separated from the ore.
plane, or shear zone, measured (Hunt)
from a horizontal plane. (Lind- Fauvelle. Asystem of drilling, that
gren, p. 118) was invented in 1846 by an English-
man, Beart, and a French engineer,
Fault escarpment; Scarp. An escarp-
Fauvelle, providing for the continu-
ment or cliff resulting from a fault, ous removal of the detritus from the
or a dislocation of the rocks adja-
well by means of a water flush or
cent (Century). Also called Fault
current of water. All the water-
scarp.
flush systems now In use are
Fault fissure. The fissure produced by modifications of the Fauvelle sys-
a fault, even though it is afterward tem, which has long ceased to be
filled by a deposit of minerals. employed in its original form. (Mit-
(Century) zakis)
 ) :

GLOSSARY OF MINING AND MINERAL INDUSTRY. 263

Pavaa (Braz.). In the diamond fields, In stone cutting, sand and water
brown pebbles, consisting of a hy- employed to assist the saw blade In
drated phosphate, or of titanium and cutting.
zirconium oxides, and regarded as
Feeder. 1. Small vein joining a larger
good indications. (Halse)
vein. 2. A spring or stream. 3. A
Fayalite. A silicate of iron, Fe2Si04, blower of gas, as in a coal mine.
belonging to the chrysolite group. (Raymond)
(Dana) 4. A device for feeding ore uni-
formly to a rock crusher. It usu-
Feasible ground. Ground that can be
ally has a motion imparted to it to
easily worked, and yet will stand
aid in feeding the material. (Rich-
without the support of timber and
ards, p. 71)
boards. (Pryce)
Feed-water heater. An apparatus for
Feather. See Plug and feather.
heating water before it is fed to a
Feather alum. See Alunogen; Halo- boiler. (Standard)
trichite.
Fee engineer. One who (usually a
Feather edge. The thin end of a mining engineer) looks after the in-
wedge-shaped piece of rock or coal. terests o' the owner of mineral
( Steel rights. His specific duties are to
check up the amount of ore mined
Feathered tin. Pure tin in a granu-
lated condition; granulated tin: pre-
by the lessor (operator) see that ;

no undue waste is permitted, and

pared by pouring the molten metal
that royalties are paid according to
Into cold water. (Standard)
contract.
Feathering. See Plug and feather.
Feel (So. Staff.). To examine the roof
Feather ore. An early German name of a seam of coal with a stick or
under which were Included fibrous rod by poking and knocking it.
stibnite and jamesonite, but now (Gresley)
used only for the latter. (Chester)
Feigli(Newc, Derb.). Refuse washed
Feathers. Two long wedge - shaped from lead ore or coal. (Raymond)
pieces of steel or iron which are In-
serted at the back of a drill hole in
Feitor (Braz.). An overseer. (Halse)
coal, between which a long wedge is Fekes (Scot). Shale and slate.
driven up. forcing the feathers apart, (Power) See also Faikes.
and thereby breaking down or loos- Feldespato (Sp.) Feldspar. (Halse)
ening the coal (Gresley). See Plug
Feldspar. A general name for a group
and feather. of abundant rock-forming minerals,
Feather shot. Copper granulated by the names and compositions of
being poured molten into cold wa- which are as follows Orthoclase, :

ter. (Webster) a monoclinic potassium - aluminum

silicate, KjO.AUOs.GSiOj ; varieties
Feathers of litharge. Crystals ot
are known as adularia and sanidine.
litharge. (Ricketts, p. 102)
Microcline, a triclinic variety of the
Feather zeolite. An erroneous trans- same composition as orthoclase.
lation of Faserzeolith, an early Anorthoclase, a triclinic feldspar
name for a variety of natrolite. containing both sodium and potas-
(Chester) sium,
Plagioclase feldspars are a subgroup
Fee. 1. (Mid.) To load the coal, from minerals
of triclinic at one
a heading into cars. (Gresley)
end of which is albite. a so-
2. Reward or compensation for serv-
dium-aluminum silicate, NajO.AljOs.-
ices rendered, or to be rendered;
6SiOj and at the otlier end an-
;
especially payment for professional
orthite, a calcium-aluminum silicate,
services. 3. Property, as mineral
CaO.Alj08.2SiOa. Mixtures of these
land. (Webster)
two molecules, which may be rep-
Feed. 1. Forward motion imparted to resented by Ab and An, re.'ipec-
the cutters or drills of rock-drilling tively. form
or coal-cutting machinery, either AbsAni to AbsAm.
Olif/ocl'ise,
hand or automatic. (Gresley) AyulrMne, AbsAn, to AbiAui.
2 The material, as ore. ui>on which Lahradorite, AbiAui to AbiAn^
a crusher or griinling mill operates. Bi/tOLvnite, AbiAna to AbiAuo.
The material supplied to a fmii.ice Celsian is similar to anorthite. but
or other metallurgical process. 3. coulaius barium In plac« of calcium,
 ) :

264 GLOSSABT OF MINING AND MINERAL INDUSTRY.

BaO.Alj08.2SiO,. Hyalophane is a that have few or no phenocrysts,

monoclinic form containing barium and thnt, therefore, give but slight
and calcium. Feldspar is found in indications to the unaided eye of
practically all Igneous rocks. (U. S. their actual mineralogical composi-
Geol. Surv.) tion. The microscope has shown
The name of the mineral is often them to be made up of microscopic
prefixed to the names of those rocks feldspar, quartz and glass. Petro-
that contain it, such as feldspar- silex has been used as a synonym.
porphyry, feldspar - basalt, etc. (Kemp)
(Kemp) Felsitic. 1. In petrology, pertaining
Feldspathizatlon. Metamorphic alter- to, characteristic of, or composed
ation of other material Into feld- of felsite. 2. Almost or wholly crys-
spar. talline, but made up of crystals too
small to be readily distinguished by
Feldspathic. Containing feldspar as a the unaided eye: said of the tex-
principal ingredient. (Raymond) ture of some igneous rocks and
practically synonymous with Apha-
Feldspathize.To change to feldspar:
nitic and Lithoidal. (La Forge)
a term used in geology to describe
this metamorphic process. (Cen- Felsitoid. Having a felsitic appear-
tury) ance, with an exceedingly compact
Feldspathoids. Silicates of aluminum
aphanitlc texture: applied to meta-
and an alkali or alkaline earth, that
morphic rocks. (Century)
are practically equivalent to feld- Felsobanyite. A massive snow-white
spar in their relations in rocks. hydrous aluminum sulphate min-
The principal ones are nephelite, eral, 2Al,O,.SOs.l0H2O. (Dana)
leucite and melllite, but sodalite,
noselite, hauynite, and analcite
Felsophyre. A
contraction for felsite-
porphyry (Kemp). A porphyritic
could perhaps be also considered
rock having a felsitic ground mass.
such, although their composition va-
ries from the above. (Kemp) (Webster)

Fell. 1. One of the many namesfor

Felsophjrric. Of porphyritic texture
lead ore, formerly current in Derby-
with a felsitic groundmass. (La
shire, England. See also Riddle. Forge)
(Duryea) Felspar. See Feldspar.
2. The finer pieces of ore which
will
pass through the sieve or riddle in
Felstone. A very compact and uni-
sorting. ( Standard form kind of feldspar (Davles)
See also Felsite.
Fellheap (Derb.). A pile of ore and
rock as it comes from the mine,
Felsyte. See Felsite.
placed in a convenient place for Femic. In the Quantitative system
dressing. (Mander) of classification of igneous rocks,
pertaining to or composed of the
Fells shale. A Scottish oil shale,
standard minerals of the second
which yields from 26 to 40 gal. of
group, comprising minerals com-
crude oil and from 20 to 35 lb. of
paratively low In silica and high
ammoiiium sulphate per ton. (Ba-
in iron, magnesium, or calcium
con)
often but incorrectly used in place
Felsia. A short term applicable to the of Mafic or Subsiliclc. (La Forge)
group of feldspathiC' minerals and
Fence (Aust). 1. An obstruction, such
quartz and to the rocks composed
as a bar or cross-sticks, placed
predominantly of these minerals.
across an underground passage past
Compare Mafic. (Ransome) which men have no right to travel.
Felsita (Sp.). Felsite. (Halse) (Power)
2. To make a drive (trench) around
Felsite. The word was first applied
the boundaries of an alluvial claim,
in 1814 by Gerhard, an early geolo-
to prevent wash dirt from being
gist, to the fine ground-mass of
porphyries. These were recognized
worked out by adjoining claim hold-
ers. (C. and M. M. P.)
to be fusible as distinguished from
hornstone, which they resembled Fence gnards (So. Staff.). Ralls fixed
(Compare Eurite). Felsite is now around the mouth of a shaft, or
especially used for those finely crys- across the shaft at a landing to keep
talline varieties of quartz-por- people and objects from falling in.
phyries, porphyries or porphyrites (Gresley)
 )

GLOSSARY OF MINING AND MINERAL INDUSTRY. 265

Penda (Port). A fissure. (Halse) tlie alloying metal ordinarily added

are:
bob (Eng,). Abeam
Fend-oflf; Fend-off Ferroaluminum: Contains about
hinged at one end (the other end 10 per cent aluminum. Ferrocerium:
having a free reciprocating motion) Contains from 50 to 94 per cent
fixed at a bend in a shaft or upon cerium. It is usually made from
an inclined plane, to regulate the monazite residues after the extrac-
motion of and to guide the pump tion of thoria and, besides cerium,
rods passing round the bend. (Gres- contains didymium, lanthanum, and
ley) other rare earth metals in smaller
Ferberite. An
iron tungstate mineral, quantity. Ferrochromium or ferro-
FeW04. Applied to the wolframites chrome: Contains 56 to 70 per cent
chromium. Ferrocobalt: Contains
which carry little or no manganese.
about 50 per cent cobalt. Ferro-
Ferberite contains 76.3 per cent
manganese: Only iron-manganese
tungsten trioxide, WOs. (U. S. Geol.
alloys carrying 45 per cent or more
Surv.)
of manganese are known as ferro-
Fergusoni\e. a. metacolumbate and manganese. The iron alloys con-
tantalate of yttrium, with erbium, taining 7 to 45 per cent manganese
cerium, uranium, etc. Found in peg- are known as " spiegel " or " spie-
matites. (U. S. Geol. Surv.) geleisen," also as " mirror iron " or
" specular pig iron." " Standard fer-
Ferraris furnace. 1. An inclined re-
verberatory furnace for calcining romanganese " contains 80 per cent
(Ingalls, p. 21) manganese. Alloys containing as
sulphide ore.
much as 70 per cent manganese are
2. A gas-fired, heat-recuperative fur-
made in the blast furnace. The
nace for the distillation of zinc ore.
electric-furnace product contains 70
(Ingalls, p. 466) " Silico-
to 83 per cent manganese.
Ferraris table. An ore-concentration splegel" is a blast-furnace spiegel-
table consisting of a plane rubber eisen carrying 17 to 22 per cent man-
belt traveling between rollers fur- ganese and 6 to 12 per cent silicon.
nished with broad flanges to keep In European practice an alloy Is
the belt in line. It has a slope from made that contains 20 to 25 per cent
side to side. The feed is at the up- silicon and 50 to 55 per cent man-
per corner, and washing is by jets ganese. Ferromolybdenum: Con-
directed across the table. (Liddell) tains from 45 to 80 per cent molyb-
Ferric furnace. A
high, iron blast denum. FerronicJcel: Contains 25 to
furnace, in the upper part of which 75 per cent nickel according to order.
Ferronickel has seldom been used as
crude bituminous coal is converted
(Raymond) nickel is readily soluble In molten
into coke.
steel, and Is easily added without
Ferriferous. Containing iron, as rocks. loss. Ferrophosphorus : Although not
(Standard) strictly an alloy is generally con-
Ferrilite. A variety of common trap; sidered as one of the ferroalloys.
ragstone. ( Standard It contains 10 to 25 per cent phos
phorus. Ferrotungsten: Contains
Ferrlte. 1. An indeterminable red-
from 70 to 92 per cent tungsten.
dish decomposition product, in al- Most ferrotungsten Is made In the
tered igneous rocks, usually consist- electric furnace and ordinarily con-
ing of hydrous iron oxide. (Stan-
tains 70 to 82 per cent tungsten and
dard) 0.3 per cent or more carbon. The
2. In iron and steel, pure metallic sulphur and phosphorus must be
iron. Any of several compounds
3.
kept down to the percentage allow-
which may be regarded as metallic able In steels, i. e. about 0.05 per cent
derivations of the ferric hydroxide, sulphur and about 0.05 per cent
FeaO«(OH)a, analogous to alumi- phosphorus. Ferrotungsten Is also
nates. (Webster) made by chemical processes, being
4. Microscopic crystals of iron oxide. precipitated as a powder and con-
(Kemp) taining 87 to 92 per cent tungsten.
Ferrltization. Metamorphic alteration Ferrotitanium: Contains 10 to 50
of material
other into far rite. per cent titanium. " Ferrocarbon-tl-
(Standard) tanlum " Is the trade name for the
Ferroalloy. An
alloy of iron with electric furnace product. That
some other metal. It ordinarily re- made by the alumlno-thermlc proc-
fers to alloys that are used In mak- ess is free from carbon but contains
ing steels. The principal ferroalloys aluminum. Ferrosilicon: Contains 7
tud the approximate percentage of to 92 per cent silicon. Grades carry-
 );

266 GLOSSAKV OF Mmil^G Al!^D MllSTERAL INDUSTRY.

lag 7 16 per cent silicon are made

tit Ferrule. 1. A metal ring or cap on
In biaAl furnaces but higher silicon the end of a cane, handle of a tool,
oontenv is obtained only in the elec- post, or the like, to strengthen or
tric furnace. Ferrosilicon contain- protect it. 2. A bushing or thimble
ing 85 to 92 per cent or more of Inserted in the end of a boiler tube
silicon Is used for making hydrogen or the like, to spread it and make a
gas. Ferrovanadium: Contains 20 to tight joint. 3. A short pipe-coupling.
50 i»er cent vanadium. Under pres- (Standard)
ent practice the tendency is toward
Ferrum (L.). Iron, for which the
35 to 40 per cent vanadium. Fer-
ronranium: Contains between 20 and chemical symbol Is Fe.
40 per cent uranium. Ferrozircon- Fetid. Having the odor of sulphur-
mm: Contains 20 to 50 per cent eted hydrogen or rotten eggs. The
isirconium. odor is elicited by friction from
Numerous experimental alloys some varieties of quartz and lime-
have been made, such as ferroboron, stone. (Dana)
ferroboron-silicon ferrocobalt-chro-
Fetid sandstone. See Stinkstone.
mium, ferromagnesium, ferrocal-
cium, ferronickel-silicon, ferrosodi- Fettle. To coveror line with a mix-
um and ferrotantalum, but their use ture of ore, cinders, etc., as the
has not been standardized. hearth of a puddling furnace. (Web-
There are three principal proc- ster)
esses of making ferroalloys, viz The :
Fettling. 1. Material used to line the
blast furnace, the electric furnace,
hearth of a puddling furnace, as
and by alumino-thermic smelting.
sand, or a mixture of ore, cinder,
Ferroalloys can be made in the blast
calcined magnesite, etc. (Webster)
furnace only when the alloy has a
2. (No. of Eng.). Cleaning up any
comparatively low melting point.
The alumino-thermic process gives underground roadway, etc. (Gres-
ley)
an alloy free from carbon but leaves
some aluminum in the alloy. Either Fiador (Sp.). 1. A bondsman, surety.
of the other processes gives alloys 2. A safety catch. 3. A supplemen-
containing a certain percentage of tary rope used in a shaft for men
carbon, though under good practice to hold on to when ascending and
the carbon can be kept compara- descending. (Halse)
tively low in most ferroalloys.
(Frank L. Hess.) Fiasco. An ignominious failure of any
kind; a complete breakdown. Said
Perrocalcite. A variety of calcite con- of a mining venture which has re-
taining ferrous carbonate. (Dana) sulted in failure.
Ferrocarril (Sp.). Railway, railroad Fibra (Sp.). 1. A filament. 2. A
F. a6ro, a rope way. (Halse) small vein of ore. (Halse)
Ferrogoslarlte. A variety of goslarite Fibrolite. A mineral of the same
containing ferrous sulphate. (Stand- composition as andalusite which It
ard) closely resembles in crystal form,
although generally in more slender
Ferrolite. Wadsworth's name for
crystals (Ransome). Sometimes
rocks composed of Iron ores. ( Kemp used as a prefix to rock names.
Ferromagnesian. In petrology, con- (Kemp)
taining iron and magnesium. Ap-
plied to certain dark silicate min-
Fichtelite. A white, translucent,
brittle, odorless hydrocarbon from
erals, especially amphibole, pyrox-
peat beds near Redwltz, North Ba-
ene, blotite, and olivine, and to
varia; It Is easily soluble In ether.
ingenous rocks containing them as Is soluble In cold nitric acid, and dis-
dominant constituents. (La Forge) tils without decomposition. (Bacon)
Ferromagnetic. Magnetic In a high
Fictile. 1. Molded, or capable of be-
degree, as iron, nickel and cobalt. 2. A piece of fictile
ing molded.
(Webster) ware. (Webster)
Ferruginous. Containing Iron. (Ray- 3. Made of earth or clay ; of or per-
mond) taining to pottery. (Standard)
VerrnginoTis sandstone. A sandstone Fiddle blocks (Scot). Pulley blocks
rich in Iron as the cementing ma- used for raising pump pipes. In
terial, or an grains, or both. which the pulleys are placed one
(Bowles) above another. (Barrowman)
 GLOSSARY OF MINING AND MINERAL INDUSTRY. 267

Pleg (\^ales.). A crack in the roof, Figure stone. Same as Agalmatolite.

often letting in water. (Gresley) (Webster)
Field. 1. A
large tract or area of Fijian soapstone. A soapstone of a
many square miles containing valu- Post-Tertiary age found in the Fiji
able minerals. See Coal field; also Islands. (Standard)
Mineral field. 2. A colliery, or firm
of colliery proprietors. 3. The im-
Filite. A smokeless powder used in
Italy. (Webster)
mediate locality and surroundings
of i\ mine explosion. (Gresley) Fill (Eng.). To load trams in the
4. A region or space traversed by mine. (Gresley)
lines of force; as gravitational,
magnetic, or electric. (Webster)
Filled stope. A stope in which the
waste rock of the vein on the
is left
Field-book. A book used in surveying, fioor of the stope, thus raising the
engineering, geology, etc., in which stope as the work proceeds. (Creede
are set down the angles, stations, United Mines Co. v. Hawman, 127
distances, observations, etc. (Cen- Pac. Rept., 924; 23 Colorado App.,
tury) p. 130)

Field club (Eng.). A sick or accident Filler(Eng.). A man who fills trams
benefit club or society supported and or cars at a working place or in a
managed by the owners or lessees of stall. (Gresley)
a colliery. (Gresley)
Fillet. The rounded corner of a groove
Fieldwork. Work done, observations in a roll used in shaping structural
taken, or other operations, as tri- steel. (Raymond)
angulation, leveling, making geologi- Filling.1. (Eng.) The places where
cal observations, etc., in the field or trams are loaded in the workings.
upon the ground. (Century) (Gresley)
fields. (So. Afr.) A synonym for 2. The waste material used to fill up
Goldfields. old stopes or chambers. 3. Allowing
a mine to fill with water. (Weed)
Fierro (Sp.). 1. Metallic iron. 2.
Matte. 3. Speiss. 4. See Hierro. F.
Filling deposits. A general term for
bianco, arsenical pyrite F. viejo
;
deposits filling pre-existing cavities^
(Peru), silver ores consisting mainly replacing the term "crustified depos-
of Iron oxide; F. espejado, specular its" proposed by Posepny. (Eng,
iron ore. (D wight) and Min. Jour., vol. 75, p. 257)

Filling-out (Anst.). Shoveling into

Pierros (Mex.). 1. Low-grade silver
ores (from 20 to 35 oz. per ton). 2.
Ahzug and abstrich from refining
lead. (Dwight)
Fiery. Containing an explosive gas
(Steel). Said of a gaseous mine.
Fiery drake; Burning drake (Derb.).
A meteor much talked of by miners
(1747), and said to be a sure sign
of an abundance of ore at the place
where it fell. (Hooson)
Fiery heap (Eng.). The deposit of
rubbish and waste or unsalable coal
which ignites spontaneously. (G.
C. Green well)
Fiery mine. A mine in which the
seam or seams of coal being worked
give off a large amount of methane.
Fighting (Eng.). Said of a ventilat-
ing current when the motion of the
air is first in one direction and then
in another, due to the weight or
pressure of the ventilating current
of air in a mine becoming equal or
nearly so in both the downcast and
upcast shafts. (Gresley)
skips and taking to the surface, as
filling-out burning material when a
small fire occurs in a mine. (Power)
Filling pieces. Rocks of such size as
to fill the open spaces between crib
timbers, etc. (Sanders, p. 116)
Filling system. See Sublevel stoping.
Filling - up method. See Overhand
stoping.
Film. A coating or layer; a thin
membrane ; a term used in flotation.
(Rickard)
Film-sizing tables. A table used in ore
dressing for sorting fine material by
means of a film of flowing water.
These tables may be considered as
surface tables, from which the prod-
ucts are removed before they have
found a bed, so that the washing is
always done on the same surface;
and building tables or buddies, on
which the products are removed after
they have formed a bed. These use
the relative transporting power of a
film of water flowing on a quiet sur-
face, which may be either rohgh or
 ; )

268 GLOSSARY OF MINING AND MINERAL INDUSTRY.

smooth, to act upon the particles of Filty (Som.). A local term for flr«
a water-sorted product. The smaller damp. (Gresley)
grains, of high specific gravity, are
moved down the slope slowly or not Fin. The thin shee^ of metal squeezed
at all by the slow undercurrent the ;
out between the collars of the rolls
larger grains, of lower specific grav- in a roll train. (Raymond)
ity, are moved rapidly down the
Find. 1. (Eng.) A sinking or driving
slope by the quick upper current.
for coal, etc., attended with success.
(Liddell)
(Gresley)
Fllon (Sp.). 1. A vein or lode. The 2. A thing found or discovered;
Spanish use of this word is for the especially, a valuable discovery as,
;

large veins, while Vena and Veta a find of minerals. (Standard)

and their diminutives apply to the
smaller veins F. de capa, a bedded
; Fine gold. Almost pure gold. The
vein; F. compuesto, a compound value of bullion gold depends on its
vein F. de contacto, a contact vein
; percentage of fineness (Skinner).
F. doble, two veins which meet and See Fineness also Float gold.
;

run alongside of each other, the fill-

ing of each remaining distinct; F. Fine metal. 1. See Metal, 8. 2. The

mineral, n metalliferous vein or iron or plate metal produced in the

lode. (Halse) refinery. ( Raymond
2. (Mex.) A small stringer; an in- Fineness. The proportion of pure
tersecting vein. (D wight) silver or gold in jewelry, bullion or
3. F. de roca, a dike F. de carbdn, a ;
coin, often expressed in parts per
coal measure. (Halse)
thousand. The fineness of United
Filter. 1. Any porous article, as a States coin is nine-tenths, or 9(X)
cloth, paper, sand, or charcoal fine; that of English gold coin is
through which water or other liquid eleven-twelfths or 917 fine, and
is passed to separate from it matter English silver coin is 925 fine.
held in suspension. 2. To pass (Webster)
through; to percolate. (Webster)
Fine raggings (Eng.). Pieces of ore
Filter bed. A
pond or tank having a
deposited at the bottom of a sieve.
false bottom covered with sand, and
(Hunt)
serving to filter river or pond water.
(Century) Finery. A charcoal hearth for the
Filtering-stone. porous stone, Any conversion of cast-iron into malle-
such as sandstone through which able iron. (Raymond)
water is filtered. (Century)
Fines. 1. Very small material pro-
Filter press. 1. A
machine for remov- duced in breaking up large lumps,
ing a liquid from crushed ore (or as of ore or coal. (C. and M. M. P.)
pulp), usually by forcing the liquid 2. The product passing through the
under pressure through canvas or screen when the material from the
cloth, leaving the muddy ore mass zinc boxes of a cyanide mill is
behind. (Weed) rubbed over a sieve. See Shorts.
2. An apparatus employed in the (Clennell, p. 41)
separation and refining of ozokerite 3. Small pieces of rockand dirt that
and paraffin wax. (Mitzakis) fall from the mine roof, and gener-
Filterpump. A pump to aid filtration ally, though not always, precede a
by producing a partial vacuum by falling of heavy material and conse-
means of a stream of water. (Web- quently signify danger. (Tennessee
ster) Copper Co. v. Gaddey, 207 Fed.
Piltrar (Sp.). To filter; to sink in. Rept, p. 299)
(Dwight) 4. Ores in too fine or pulverulent a
condition to be smelted in the same
Filtrate. 1. To
by straining or
filter
way as ordinary coarse ores. ( Stand-
percolation. liquid which
2. The ard)
has passed through a filter. (Cen-
tury) Finger bar. 1. (Aust.) An Iron rod
Filtration. The act or process of filter- attached to a cage with the end bent
ing; the process of mechanically in such a way as to keep the skips
removing the undissolved particles from running off the cage while be-
in a liquid by passing the liquid ing raised or lowered. (Power)
through filtering paper, charcoal, 2. A prop for hanging up a stamp.
sand, etc (Century) (Richards, p. 199)
 GLOSSARY OF MINING AND MINERAL INDUSTRY. 269

Finger grip. 1. (Eng.) A tool used It commonly involves the processes

In boring for gripping the upper end of scorification, cupellation, etc.
of the rods. (Gresley) (Standard)
2. An instrument (tool) for recover-
ing from a bore, as of a well, a Fireback. The back wall of a furnace
broken rod, or dropped (lost) tool. or fireplace. (Century)
(Standard) Fire bank (Mid.). A spoil bank which
Finlal. Ornamental pieces of burned ignites spontaneously. (Gresley)
clay used for finishing off the join- Fire bars. Grate bars in a fireplace.
ing of the ridge line with the hips, (Raymond)
ridge line at gables, or top of a
tower. (Ries) Fire blende. Pyrostilpnite. (Power)

Fining. 1. See Refining. 2. The con-

Fire board. A blackboard on which
the fire boss indicates every morn-
version of cast into malleable iron
ing, by chalk marks, the amount of
in a hearth or charcoal fire. (Ray-
gas in different parts of the mine.
mond) (Chance)
Finishing jig. The jig used to save
Fire boss. An underground official
the smaller particles of ore in a con-
who examines the mine for fire
centrator or stampmill. (Weed) damp, and has charge of its removal
Finishing rolls. 1. The rolls of a train (Steel). See Fireman; also Fire
which receive the bar from the viewer.
roughing rolls and reduce it to its
finished shape. (Raymond)
Fire box. The chamber of a furnace,
steam boiler, etc. (Webster)
2. The last roll, or the one that does
the finest crushing in ore dressing, Fire breeding (So. Staff.). Said of
especially In stage crushing. any place underground showing in-
dications of a gob fire. (Gresley)
Finos (Mex.). Fine ore; fines.
(D wight) Fire brick. A refractory brick of fire
clay or of siliceous material used to
Fintas (Braz.). A fixed annual tax line furnaces. (Raymond)
on mines. (Halse)
Fiord; Fjord. A narrow, deep, steep- Fire bridge. The separating low wall
between the fireplace and the
walled inlet of the sea, formed by
hearth of a reverberatory furnace.
the submergence of a mountainous
coast. (La Forge)
(Raymond)
Fire chamber. The part of a furnace
Fior di persicor. A white marble with
which contains the fuel, as in pud-
veins and clouds of purple or red,
dling furnace. (Standard)
from Albania. (Merrill)
Fiorite. Siliceous sinter, named from
Fire clay. A clay comparatively free
from iron and alkalies, not easily
Mt. Santa Flora, in Tuscany
fusible, and hence used for fire
(Kemp). An opal occurring near
bricks. It is often found beneath
hot springs. (Dana)
coal beds (Raymond). Also called
Fire. 1. To blast with gunpowder or Bottom stone.
other explosives. 2. A word shouted
Fire coal (Scot). Coal supplied to
by miners to warn one another when
a shot is fired. (Steel)
workmen connected with a colliery.

3. (Eng.). A collier's term for the

(Barrowman)
explosive gas in mines. 4. To ex- Fire coat. A film of oxide on metal
plode or blow up. The expression due to the action of fire or heat
" the pit has fired " signifies that (Webster)
an explosion of fire damp has taken
place. (Gresley)
Fire crack. A crack which forms In
a metal while it is being reheated
5. Fuel in a state of combustion, as
or annealed. (Webster)
on a hearth, in a grate, furnace,
etc. 0. In precious stones the qual- Fire cnre (Scot). A rude kind of
ity of refracting and dispersing rentilation furnace, about 2 feet by
light, and the brilliancy of effect 3 feet (Gresley)
that comes from this quality. (Cen-
Fired. (Eng.)
1. Said of a mine
tury)
when an explosion of fire damp has
Fire assay. The assaying of metallic taken place. (G. C. Greenwell)
ores, usually gold and silver, by 2. Said of one who has been dis-
methods requiring a furnace heat charged from work.
 )

270 GLOSSARY OF MINING AND MINERAL INDUSTRY.

Pire damp. A
combustible gas or Fire opal. A hyacinth-red opal which
"damp" formed by decomposition gives out flrelike reflections. (Dana)
of coal or other carbonaceous mat-
ter, and consisting chiefly of me- Fire pan ^York.). See Fire lamp, 2.

thane, CH*; also the explosive mix-

ture formed by this gas (5.5 to 13
Fire plug. A plug' or hydrant for
drawing water for extinguishing
per cent) and air (Webster). The
fires. (Webster)
gas contained in the coal and
is
often given off in large quantities, Fire point. See Flashing point.
and explodes upon ignition when
mixed with atmospheric air. Fire pot. 1. The vessel which holds
the fire in a furnace. 2. A crucible.
Pire door. 1. The door or opening (Webster)
through which fuel is supplied to a
furnace or stove. 2. A fireproof Fireproofing. 1. Act or process of ren-
door in a building or in a mine, as dering anything fireproof also the ;

a door to enclose an area in which material used in the process. (Web-

there is a mine fire. ster )
2. A general name applied to those
Pire engine. 1. (Scot.) A name for- forms used in the construction of
merly given to the steam engine. floor arches, partitions, etc., for fire-
(Barrowman) proof buildings. (Ries)
2. (Eng.) A pump
worked by hand
for throwing water upon gob fires. Fire rib (So. Staff.). A solid rib or
(Gresley) wall of coal left between workings
to confine gob fires. (Gresley)
Fire feeder. An apparatus for feed-
ing the fire of a furnace. (Century) Fire setting. The softening or crack-
ing of the working face of a lode, to
Fire grate. The grate which holds the facilitate excavation, by exposing it
fuel in many forms of heaters and to the action of a wood fire built
furnaces. (Century) against it. Now
nearly obsolete, but
Fire-heavy (Eng.). Words marked much used in hard rock before the
upon the scale of a mercurial ba- introduction of explosives (Ray-
rometer to indicate when much fire mond). See also Firing, 4.

damp may be expected to be given Fire stink. 1. (So. Staff.) The odor
off in the mine, and to show that
from decomposing iron pyrite. caused
extra vigilance is required to keep by the formation of sulphureted
the ventilation up to its full strength. hydrogen. ( Raymond
(Gresley) 2. (Eng.) Smell, indicating spontn-
Fire hole (Scot.). A space in front neous combustion in a coal mine
of boiler furnaces to hold fuel (Gresley). Also called Fire styth.
(Barrowman). A fire box. Firestone. 1. (Som.) Synonymous
with Fire clay. (Gresley)
Fire kiln. An oven or place for heat-
2. Iron pyrite formerly used for
ing anything. (Century) striking fire; nlso, a flint. 3. A

Pire lamp (Eng.). 1. An iron basket

stone which will endure high heat.
4. In a slag hearth, a plate of iron
on three legs, or hung by chains
from posts, in which coal is burnt covering the front of the furnace
to give light to miners where gas except for a few inches of space be-
Is not used. 2. An iron bucket or
tween it and the bed plate. (Web-
basket of fire suspended in a pit- ster)
shaft (shallow mine) to create a Fire styth. See Fire stink, 2.
draught or ventilation through the
workings. (Gresley) Fire tile. Same as Dutch tile. (Stand-
ard)
Fireman (Eng.). A man whose duty Fire trier (Mid.). See Fireman; also
it is to examine with a safety lamp
Fire boss.
the underground workings, to ascer-
tain if gas is present, to see that Fire viewer. A person whose duty it
doors, bratticing, stoppings, etc., are is examine the workings of n
to
in good order, and generally to see mine with a safety lamp (Roy). A
that the ventilation is efficient Fire boss.
(Gresley). See also Fire boss. A fireproof wall used as a
Fire wall.
Fire martle. See Lumachelle. fire stop. (Webster)
 GLOSSARY OF MINING AND MINERAL INDUSTRY. 271

Firing. 1. The act of discharging a Firsts. The best ore picked from a
firearm, a mine, blast, etc. 2. Act mine (C. and M. M. P.). Heads;
or mode of introducing fuel into tlie concentrates.
furnace and working it. 3. Expos-
ing to intense heat in a kiln. (Web-
First water. The purest variety or
finest quality; said of certain pre-
ster)
cious stones, especially the diamond.
4. (Derb.) The application of heat
(Standard)
by building fires upon hard strata
in order to soften them, preliminary First weight (Eng.). The first move-
to the use of the pick. See also Fire ment of the roof which takes place
setting. (Mander) after commencing to excavate any
large area of coal, without leaving
Firing a mine (Eng.). Maliciously
(Gres- pillars. (Gresley)
setting fire to a coal mine.
ley) First working (Eng.). Proving a seam'
Firing line (Scot.). An appliance of coal, etc., by driving headings,
used in former times for clearing a etc. Development work. (Gresley)
room of fire damp. A prop being set Firth. A narrow arm of the sea; a
up near the face, a ring was fixed in frith. (Webster)
it near the roof, and a cord or wire
passed through the ring. Attaching Fish. (Eng.).
1. To catch up a
his lamp to one end of the cord, the drowned clack by means of a fish
miner withdrew to a distance, and head. See Fish head. (G. O. Green-
pulling the cord raised the lamp to well )
the height necessary to explode the 2. To join two beams, rails, etc., to-
accumulated fire damp. (Barrow- gether by long pieces at their sides.
man) (C.and M. M. P.)
Firing machine. 1. A designation for 3. To
pull up or out from or as
the electric blasting machine. (Du from some deep place, as if by fish-
Pont) ing (Century). Said of recover-
2. An
apparatus for feeding a boiler ing lost or broken well-boring tools.
furnace with coal. A mechanical Fish backs (Vt). A local term ap-
stoker. plied groups of closely spaced
to
Firing pin. A wooden cylinder upon fractures in marble deposits.
which the blasting paper is formed (Bowles)
in a case for the cartridge or
Fish-bed. In geology, a deposit con-
dummy. (Steel)
taining the fossil remains of fishes
Firing point (Eng.). That point at in predominant quantity among
which fire damp mixed with atmos- those of other marine animals. Also
pheric air explodes (Gresley). The called Bone-bed. (Century)
percentages of gas vary from 6 to 13
per cent, with the maximum explo-
Fish-bellied (Eng.). An early form of
railway rail which had its greatest
sibility at about 11 per cent.
depth halfway between the support-
Firm (Corn.). A solid shelf of rock; ing chairs (sleepers or ties), the
bedrock (Pryce). See also Shelf. lower edge being elliptically curved
Firn. A
Swiss name for the granular, between chair and chair. Cast-iron
rails were made of this form. (G.
loose or consolidated snow of the
C. Greenwell)
high altitudes before it forms gla-
cial ice below (Kemp). See N6v6. Fish-eye stone. A synonym for Apo-
phyllite (Chester). A hydrated cal-
First aid. The
assistance or treatment
which should be given an injured
cium silicate in which part of the
calcium may be replaced by potas-
person immediately upon injury or
sium.
as soon thereafter as possible. (C.
and M. M. P.) Fish head (Scot.). A tool for extract-
ing clacks (valves) from mine
First man (Leic). The head butty
pumps. (Barrowman)
or coal getter in a stall. (Gresley)
Fishing. In oil-well drilling, the oper-
First-of-the-air. 1. (Ark.) That part
ation by which lost or damaged tools
of the air current which has just
are secured and brought to the sur
entered a mine, or working place;
face from the bottom of a welL
the intake air. 2. (Ark.) The (Mitzakis)
working place of a mine, or the
split, which is nearest the intake, Fish plates. The bars used to join the
or receives the first of the air. ends of adjacent rails in a car track.
(Steel) (C. and M. M. P.)
 ;
.

272 GLOSSAEY OF MINING AND MINERAL INDUSTRY.

Fish-tail bit. A
bit usually employed Fistle. See Fissle.
in the rotary system of drilling. It
is used for drilling in soft strata, Fitcher (Corn.). To stick fast, as 8
such as sand and clay. (Mitzakis) drill. (Gillette, p. 175)

Fissile. Capable of being split, as Fittage (Newc). Expenses incurred

schist, slate, and shale. (Roy. in selling the coal. (Min. Jour.)
Com.)
Fitter (Eng.). The person who sella
Fissllity. 1. Quality of being fissile.
coal at the shipping port (Bain-
2. A
rock structure characterized by bridge). A
coal factor. See also
separation into parallel laminae, as Factor.
slate, schist, etc. (Webster)
Fissle;Fistle (No. of Eng.). A faint Fitting (Scot). 1. The whole ma-
crackling noise, which takes place chinery, plant, and works of a col-
when creep begins in the workings. liery. (Barrowman)
(Gresley) 2. Selling coal, as the business of a
fitter. (Bainbridge)
Fisura (Sp.). Fissure. (D wight)
Fitting office (Newc). The office for
Fissure. An extensive crack, break, the transaction of business relating
or fracture in the rocks. mere A to coal sales, at the shipping port.
joint or crack persisting only for a
(Min. Jour.)
few inches or a few feet is not usu-
ally termed a fissure by geologists Fittings. A term used to denote all
or miners, although in a strict physi- those pieces that may be attached
cal sense it is one. (Ransome) to pipes in order to connect them or
Where there are well-defined provide outlets, etc., except that
boundaries, very slight evidence of couplings and valves are not so des-
ore within such boundaries is suffi- ignated. (Nat Tube Co.)
cient to prove the existence of a
Fix. To fettle or line with a fix or
lode. Such boundaries constitute fettling, consisting of ores, scrap and
the sides of a fissure (Iron Silver cinder, or other suitable substances,
Mining Co. v. Cheeseman, 116, U. the hearth of a puddling furnace.
S. Sup. Ct. Rept, p. 536; Hyman (Raymond)
V. Wheeler, 29 Fed. Rept, p. 355;
Cheeseman v. Shreve, 40 Fed. Rept., Fixation. 1. The act or process by
p. 794). 8ee Vein; Lode; and Fis- which a fluid or a gas becomes or is
sure vein. rendered firm or stable in consist-
ency, and evaporation or volatiliza-
Fissure vein. A cleft or crack in the tion prevented specifically in chem-
;
rock material of the earth's crust,
istry that process by which a gas-
filled with mineral matter different
eous body becomes fixed or solid on
from the walls and precipitated uniting with a solid body, as fixa-
therein from aqueous solution, or
tion of oxygen, fixation of nitrogen
introduced by sublimation or pneu-
(Century). A state of non- volatil-
matolysis. (Shamel, p. 136)
ity, or the process of entering such
A mineral mass, tabular in form, as a state as the fixation of a metal
;
a whole, although frequently irregu-
the fixation of nitrogen in a nitrate
lar in detail, occupying or accom-
by bacteria. 2. The process by
panying a fracture or set of frac-
which dye colors are made perma-
tures in the inclosing rock; this
nent. (Standard)
mineral mass has been formed later
than the country rock, either Fixed carbon. That part of the car-
through the filling of open spaces bon which remains behind when coal
along the latter or through chemi- is heated in a closed vessel until the
cal alteration of the adjoining rock. volatile matter is driven off ( Steel )
(Lindgren. Genesis of Ore Deposits, It is the nonvolatile matter minus
p. 500) ash. (Webster)
A fissure in the earth's crust filled Fixed rent (Scot). The minimum
with mineral (Raymond). See Fis-
yearly rent for use of a mineral
sure; Lode; and Vein. A fissure field. (Barrowman)
vein or lode may have in addition to
the clear fissure filling of mineral a Flag. (Ches.) A bed of hard marl
1.
considerable amount of decomposed overlying the top stratum of a salt
wall rock, clay, etc. (Consol. Wy- bed. (Gresley)
oming Gold Mining Co. v. Champion 2. A thin slab of stone (Bowles),
Mining Co., 63 Fed. Rept., p. 544) See also Flagstone,
 )

GLOSSARY OF MINING AND MINERAL INDUSTRY. 273

Flagging. See Flag, 2. 4. A molder's tool for forming
flanges. (Webster)
Flagging a squib. Uncoiling the end 5. A plate to close a pipe opening
of the paper which is impregnated or other orifice; a blank flange.
with sulphur or some other combus- (Standard)
tible substance. Flagging the squib
permits more time to elapse from the Flange bolts (Newc), Bolts for fas-
ignition of the unrolled paper and tening pumps, or pipe flanges, to-
the firing of the charge of powder. gether. (Min. Jour.)
(Du Pont) Flank bore. See Flank hole.
Flaggy. Capable of being split into Flank hole (Eng.) Flank bore (Scot).
;

parallel-faced slabs thicker than A hole bored into the side of a

slates. (Roy. Com.) heading or other underground work-
ing, to test the thickness of a rib
Flags. Thin, even beds of rocks which
or barrier, or the position of old
readily separate along the plane of
workings likely, or known, to con-
deposition. They may be arena- tain water or gas, or both. (Gresh
ceous, argillaceous, or calcareous.
ley)
(Emmons)
Flannels (Eng.). Suits of stout white
Flagstone. A rock that splits readily flannel clothes provided by the mas-
into slabs suitable for flagging. ters for the enginewright and his
( Bowles assistant for wearing in a shaft or
Flaikes (Scot.). Shaly or fissile sand- other wet place when on repair
stone (Gresley), A variation of work. (Gresley)
flake. Flap-door (Newc). A manhole door.
Flake copper. Very thin scales of na- (Raymond)
tive copper, (Weed) Flapper-topped air crossing (Eng.). An
Flake white. A name sometimes given air crossing fitted with a double
to pure white lead. (Ure) door or valve giving direct commu-
nication between the two air cur-
Flame coloration. See Flame reaction. rents when forced open by the blast
of an explosion. (Gresley)
Flame engine. A gas engine. (Cen-
tury) Flapping. A
term used in copper re-
fining to explain the process of strik-
Flame kiln. A lime kiln that burns
ing the surface of the molten metal
wood. (Standard)
with the edge of the head of a rabble
Flame reaction. The characteristic in order to uncover the surface of
coloration which certain elements the copper. (Eng. and Min. Jour.,
or their compounds impart to a vol. 102, p. 875)
flame, thus affording a test (flame
test) for their presence. (Webster) Flaps (Eng.). Rectangular wooden
valves about 24 inches by 18 inches
Flame safety lamp. See Safety lamp. by li inches thick, hung vertically
Flame spectrum. The spectrum ob- to the framework of the air cham-
tained by volatilizing substances in a bers of a ventilator (Gresley). A
nonluminous flame. (Webster) flap valve.
Flap valve. A valve which opens and
Flamper (Derb.). Clay ironstone in
shuts on one hinged side; a clack
beds or s«ams. (Gresley)
valve. (Webster)
Flanch. 1. (No. of Eng.) The flange
or broad ends of iron pipes where
Flaqueza (Peru). Leanness; shaly
structure; the overhanging section
joined to one another (Gresley).
See also Flange, 1. of a precipice. (Dwight)
2. To slant outward; to flare. Flaser- structure. A structure devel-
(Webster) oped in granitoid rocks and espe-
Flang (Corn.). A cially in gabbros by dynamic
two-pointed pick
used by miners. metamorphism. Small lenses of
(Raymond)
granular texture are set in a scaly
Flange. 1. A projecting rim, edge, lip aggregate that fills the Interstices
or rib (Nat. Tube Co.). See Flanch. between them. It appears to have
2. (Derb.) A place where the vein been caused by shearing that has
turns out of Its course. (Hooson) crushed some portions more than
3. Applied to a vein widening (Ray- others, and that has developed a
mond ) kind of rude flow-structure. (Kemp)
75242'— 19 U
 ; ) )

274 tILOSSARY OF MINIISTG AND MINERAL INDUSTRY.

Flash (dies.). A subsidence of the pointed downwardso that the bot-
surface due to the working of rock tom of the hole shall be about
salt and pumping of brine. (Gres- level with the floor. (Du Pont)
ley)
Flat-joint pointing. A pointing in
Flashed brick. Brick that have had which the mortar is flush with the
their edges darkened by special surface and is lined with the point
treatment in firing. (Ries) of the trowel. (Standard)
Flashing. In glass making: The re-
heating of partially formed glass-
Flat lad (Eng.). Same as Crane-
ware in a flashing furnace, to re- man, 1.

store the plastic condition and to Flat lode. A lode which varies in
smooth rough edges. (Century) inclination from the horizontal to
about 15°. See also Flat, 1.
Flashing furnace. A furnace for re-
heating glass. (Century) Flatman (No. of Eng.). One who
links (couples) the cars together at
Flashing point; Flash point. The the flats, or levels. See Flat, 3.
temperature at which petroleum,
( Gresley
being heated, begins to evolve vapor
In such quantity that on the appli- Flat-nose shell. A cylindrical tool
cation of a small flame a momentary with a valve at the bottom, for bor-
flash due to the ignition of the ing through soft clay. (Raymond)
vapor occurs. (Mitzakis)
Flat of ore. A horizontal ore deposit
Flash test. A test to determine the occupying a bedding plane in the
flashing point of an oil. (Webster) rock. (See aZso Flat, 1. (Duryee)
Flask. 1. The wooden or iron frame Flat rails (Scot). Tram rails. (Bar-
which holds the sandmold used in rowman )

a foundry. 2. An iron bottle in

Flat-rods. A series of horizontal or
which quicksilver is sent to market.
inclined connecting rods, running
It contains 76i pounds. (Raymond)
upon rollers, or supported at thwi-
3. A small bottle-shaped vessel for Joints by rocking-arms. to convey
holding fluids, especially one with a
motion from a steam engine or wa-
broad, flat body (Webster). A ter wheel to pump rods at a dis-
tinned vessel in which a miner car-
tance. (Raymond)
ries oil for his lamp, or beverage for
his lunch. (Barrowman) Flat A rope in which the
rope.
strands are woven or sewed to-
Flat. 1. (Derb. and No. Wales) A gether to form a flat, braid-like
horizontal vein or ore-deposit aux-
rope. (C. M. P.)
iliary to a main vein; also any
horizontal portion of a vein else- Flats. 1. (Eng.) Subterraneous beds
where not horizontal. (Raymond) or sheets of trap rock or whin. 2.
2. (Derb.) A district or set of (No. Staff.) Tracts of coal seams
workings separated by faults, old which lie at a moderate inclination
workings, or barriers of solid coal. in districts containing highly In-
8. (No. of Eng.) A siding or sta- clined beds (Gresley). See Flat, 1.
tion underground; a parting. 4. 3. Narrow decomposed parts of
(Ark.) A railroad car of the gon- limestones that are mineralized.
dola type for shipping coal. (Steel) (C. and M. M. P.)
5. A level surface, without eleva-
tion, relief, or prominences a plain ; Flat sheet (Eng. and Aust). A floor-
a level tract along the banks of a ing of boiler plate at crossings, and
riv^r. (Webster) at the top and bottom of a shaft,
to facilitate the handling of skip, oi
Flat-back stope. An overhand stoplng cars (Power). Also catled Flat
method in which the ore is broken shut ; Flat sheet Turn sheet. ;

in slices parallel with the levels.

Also called Longwall stope. (H. C. Flattened-strand rope. A wire rope
Hoover, p. 98) whose strands are flattened or oval,
Flat coals (Scot.). Seams of coal ly- and therefore presents an Increased
ing horizontal or at a low angle wearing surface over that of the or-
of inclination. dinary round-strand rope. ( C. M. P.

Flat cnt. A manner of placing the Flattened-strand triangular rope. A

bore holes, for the first shot In a wire rope of the flattened-strand
tunnel, In which they are started construction in which the strand*
about 2 or 3 feet above the floor and are triangular in shape. (C. M. P.)
 GLOSSARY OF MINING AND MINERAL INDUSTRY. 275

Plattenlng furnace.
- A furnace in about which one or more coils of a
which cylinder glass is flat-
split hauling rope pass. (C. M. P.)
tened out into sheets. (Standard)
Fleitman's test. A test for arsenic.
Flatter (Aust.). See Flatman. It is performed in a small tube, and
if arsenic is present, ursine is
Flatting (Derb.), Hauling coal un- evolved which makes a brown stain
derground with horses and boys. on a paper moistened with silver
(Gresley) nitrate. (Webster)
Flatting mill. 1. A rolling mill for
producing sheet metal. 2. A mill
Flemish brick. A hard, yellow paving
in which grains of metal are flat-
brick. (Standard)
tened by steel rolls, and reduced to Flenu coal (Belg.). A long-flame
metallic dust. (Webster) smoky variety of bituminous coal oc-
Flat trimmer. A workman who stands curring abundantly in the Belgian
in a car inwhich coal is being load- coal fields. Similar coal is found
ed from a chute, whose duty it is to in Wales. (Page)
pick out slate, sulphur and other
impurities found in the coal (Bow- Flerry. To split, as slate. (Standard)
den V. Kewanee Coal & Min. Co. 157, Flete (Sp.). 1. Carriage of freight,
Illinois App., p. 483) usually freight by mules or horses.
Flat vein. Same as Vein, and 2. Freight charges. (Halse)
2,
Flat, 1. Fletz (Ger. Flotz). A bed or stratum.
Flat-wall (Corn.). A local term (in As employed by Werner, a layer or
St. Just) for footwall. (Raymond) bed Inclosed conformably in a strati-
fied series, but differing in charac-
Flatware. In ceramics, plates, dishes, ter from the rocks In which it oc-
saucers, as distinguished from
etc., curs. (Century)
hollow ware. (Century)
Flexible. As applied
to the charac-
Flat working (Scot). A working of teristicof tenacity in minerals,
moderate inclination (Barrowman). means that the mineral will bend
See Flat, 1 also Flat
; lode. without breaking, and remain bent,
Flaw. See Fault. as talc. (Dana)
Flaxseed coal. A fine size of anthra-
Flexible joint. Any joint between two
cite coal. (Webster) pipes that permits one of tliem to be
deflected without disturbing the
Flaxseed ore. See Clinton ore. other pipe. (Nat. Tube Co.)
Fleak (Derb.). A thatched cover to Flexible sandstone. A fine-grained va-
protect the miners while breaking riety of Itacolumlte. (Standard)
and washing ore. (Mander)
Flexible silver ore. Same as Stern-
Fleaking (Eng.). Thinning the pillars bergite.
of coal before abandonment (Bain-
bridge). A variation of flake. See Flexure. The bending or folding of
Flltching. strata under lateral pressure.
(Standard)
Flecha (Mex.). Machinery shafting.
(Dwight) Flinders diamonds (Tasmania). A va-
Fleck (Mid.). Coal or other rock is riety of topaz. (Power)
said to "fleek off" when humps or Flint. 1. A dense fine-grained form
masses of it fall from a slip or of silica which is very tough and
fault in the workings without giv- breaks with a conchoidnl fracture
ing warning, or without much l;il)or and cutting edges. Of various colors,
in cutting (Gresley). A variation white, yellow, gray, and black. See
of flake. also Chert. (U. S. Geol. Surv.)
Fleet. The movement of a rope side- 2. (Shrop.) Fine-grained sandstone
wise when winding on a drum. (C. i
suitable for building purposes. (Gres-
M. P.) ley)
Fleet angle (Aust.). The angle be- Flint mill. 1. In pottery works, a
tween the two ends of a winding mill In which flints are ground. 2.
drum as a base, and the head frame A device in which flints on a re-
pulley or s) eave as the apex. volving wheel produce a shower of
(Power) sparks incapable of igniting fire-
Fleet wheel. A grooved wheel or damp, and once used to light miners
•heave that serves as a drum and at work. (Webster). See Steel mill, 2.
 j

276 GLOSSARY OF MINING AND MINERAL INDUSTRY.

Flintshire furnace. A reverberator 2. A variety of opal that floats on

furnace with a depression, well, or water; found in light spongy con-
crucible in the middle of the side of cretionary or tuberous masses. 3.
the hearth used for the roasting and A bricklayer's rubbing - stone for
reaction process on lead ores. (Ray- working out the. defects in a brick
mond) that has been cut. (Standard)

Flinty slate. A common slate contain- Flocculate. To aggregate in small

ing more than the normal percentage lumps; said of soils and sediments
of silica. (Humble) (Webster). A term also used in the
flotation process.
Flitching (No. Staff.). Widening the
sides of a heading. (Gresley)
Flocculating agent. A substance which
produces flocculation, as for exam-
Flitting (Aust.). Conveying a coal- ple,the inorganic acids, and which
cutting machine from one place to thereby promotes settling. (Eng.
another. (Power) Min. Jour., vol. 101, p. 431)
Flocculation. The technical term for
Float. 1. The
floating part of an ap-
the gathering of suspended particles
paratus for indicating the height of
water in a steam boiler or other
into aggregations. A relative term
as opposed to deflocculation. (Eng.
vessel. 2. (Scot.) Intrusive trap
and Min. Jour., vol. 101, p. 430)
rock either at the surface or be-
tween strata. (Barrowman) Flocculent. Resembling wool, there-
3. (Eng.) A clean rent or fissure fore, wooly. Coalescing and adher-
in strata unaccompanied by disloca- ing in flocks. A
cloud-like mass of
tion. (Gresley) precipitate in a solution. From L.
4. A term much used among miners floccus, a lock of wool. (Rickard)
and geologists for pieces of ore or Flock. Any small tufted or flake-like
rock which have fallen from veins
mass of matter floating in a solution,
or strata, or have been separated
especially if produced by precipita-
from the parent vein or strata by tion. (Standard)
weathering agencies. Not usually
applied to stream gravels. Used Floe rock. A deposit of fragments of
also as an adjective. ganister situated on a steep hillside.
A quartzite talus. See Ganister, 1.
Float-copper. 1. (Lake Sup.) Fine (Bowles)
scales of metallic copper (especially
produced by abrasion in stamping) Floe-till. See Till.
which do not readily settle in water. Floetz (Ger.). See Fletz.
(Raymond)
2. Native copper found away from Flojo (Sp.). 1. Weak, as applied to

Compare Float explosives. 2. Terreno flojo, loose

its original rock.
ore. (Webster) or treacherous ground. (Halse>

Floater; Float mineral; Float ore. The

Flood gate. 1. (Eng.) A gate to let
off excess of water in flood or otlier
British term for float, 4, which see.
times. (C. and M. M. P.)
Float-gold; Flour gold. Particles of 2. Agate to regulate the flow of
gold so small and thin that they water as in a race way. (Stand-
float on and are liable to be carried ard)
off by the water. (Hanks) Flood plain. Flat ground along a
Floating reef. Masses of displaced bed stream, covered by water at the
rock lying among alluvial detritus. flood stage. (Webster)
(Lock). S^ce Float, 4. Flookan; Flocking; Fluckan; Flukan
Floating spurs (Aust). Short-lived (Corn.). See Flucan.
flat quartz veins. (Power) Floor. 1. The rock underlying a
Float mineral. See Floater ; Float ore. stratified or nearly horizontal de-
posit, corresponding to the foot wall
Float ore. Water-worn particles of of more steeply-dipping deposits. 2.
ore; fragments of vein material A horizontal, flat ore-body. 3. A
found on the surface, away from floor, in the ordinary sense, or a
the vein outcrop (Raymond). See plank platform underground. (Ray-
Float, 4.
mond)
Floatstone. 1. A cellular quartz rock. 4. That part of any subterraneous
The honeycomb quartz detached gallery upon which you walk or
from a lode is often called floatstone upon which a tramway Is laid.
by rainera. (Skinner) (Gresley)
 )

GLOSSARY OF MINING AND MINERAL INDUSTRY. 277

Flo«r break. The break or crack ore can becaused to float on a

which separates a block of stone liquid into finely ground
which the
from the quarry floor. (Bowles) ore is fed. Classified as Film flota-
tion and Froth flotation (Ralston,
Floor cut. A cut by means of which U. S. Bur. Mines). Among the
a block of stone is separated from processes are the following: Catter-
the quarry floor. See Floor break. mole, Crilley and Everson, De
(Bowles) Bavay, Elmore (Old Process), El-
more (Vacuum Process), Froment,
Flop gate. An automatic gate used in
Goyder and Laugh ton, Horwood,
placer mining when there is a short-
Hyde, Macquisten, Minerals Separa-
age of water. This gate closes a
tion, Ltd., Murex, Potter-Delprat,
reservoir until it is filled with wa-
Robson and Crowder, Sanders and
ter, when it automatically opens and
Wolf processes.
allows the water to flow into the
sluices. When the reservoir is Flotz (Ger.). See Fletz; Floetz.
empty, the gate closes, and the oper-
ation is repeated. (Min. Sci. Press, Flour copper. Very fine scaly native
vol. 114, p. 369) copper that floats on water and is
very diflicult to save in milling
Flor (Hex.). The richest scrapings (Weed). See Float copper.
from the bed of an arrastre,
(Halse) Floured. The finely granulated condi-
tion of quicksilver, produced to a
Flora. The plants collectively of a
greater or less extent by its agita-
given formation, age, or region.
tion during the amalgamation proc-
Compare Fauna. (Roy. Com.)
ess (Raymond). The coating of
Floran-tin (Corn.). Tin mineral quicksilver with what appears to
scarcely visible in the rock also tin ; be a thin film of some sulphide, so
ore stamped very small. ( Raymond that when it is separated Into glob-
ules these refuse to reunite. Also
Floridin. Fullers' earth from Quincy
called Sickening and Flouring. (Roy.
and Jamieson, Florida, used in de-
(Ba- Com.)
colorizing petroleum products.
con) Floured mercury. See Floured.
Flos ferri. A coralloid variety of ar-
Flour gold.The finest gold dust, much
agonite. (Power)
of which will float on water. See
Flosh (Corn.). A rude mortar, with a Float gold. (Skinner)
shutter instead of a screen, used
Flow. 1. That which flows or results
under stamps. (Raymond)
from flowing a mass of matter mov-
;

Floss. Fluid, vitreous cinder, float-

1. ing or that has moved in a stream,
ing In a puddling furnace. (Ray- as a lava-flow. 2. In ceramics, the
mond) flux used to cause color to run and
2. A floss hole. 3. White cast-iron blend in firing. 3. A marshy moor;
for converting into steel. (Web- a morass; low-lying watery land.
ster) (Century)
Floss hole. A tap hole. (Raymond) Flowage structure. A rock-texture
The whose appearance Indicates that the
Flotation. act or state of float-
material was In a state of flow Im-
ing, from the French flottaison,
mediately previous to consolidation.
water-line, and flatter, to float, to
Called also Fluldal structure.
waft. (Rickard)
(Standard)
Flotation process. A concentration Flow-and-plunge structure. A variety
process that takes advantage of the
of false bedding, consisting of short
principles of surface tension and
obliquely laminated beds deposited
colloid chemistry, with whatever
Irregularly, at various angles of
allied principles may be Involved, to
slope, the result of tidal action,
separate mineral from gangue by plunging waves.
accompanied by
means of floating It upon the sur-
(Standard)
face of water or other solutions,
while the gangue is Induced to sink Flow-bog. A peat bog of which the
through the surface and settle sepa- surface Is likely to rise and fall
rately (Megraw, p. 3). The process with every Increase or diminution
or processes by which the valuable of water, as from rains or springg.
minerals in a mass of finely ground (Century)
 )

278 GLOSSAKY OF MINING AND MINEEAL INDUSTRY.

Flow cleavage. That cleavage depend- Fluedust. Dust composed of particle*

ent on the parallel arrangement of of unchanged or oxidized ore, vola-
the mineral constituents of the rock, tized lead that has been converted
developed during rock flowage. Com- into oxide, carbonate and sulphate,
pare Fracture cleavage. (C. K. and of fuel (Hofman, p. 85). It
Leith, U. S. Geol. Surv. Bull. 239, may also include other volatilized
p. 23) products, as of arsenic, zinc, etc.
Flower of iron. See Flos ferri.
Flue linings. Low-grade fire-clay pipe
Flowers of sulphur. A light-yellow of cylindrical or rectangular cross
pulverulent sulphur formed when section used for lining flues. (Ries)
vapor of sulphur is condensed.
(Standard) Flue plate; Flue sheet. A tube plate
in a boiler for supporting the ends
Flowers of zinc. iS'ee Zinc oxide. of the flue pipes. (Webster)
Flowing furnace. A reverberatory Flue sheet. See Flue plate.
with inclined hearth, nsed in Corn-
wall for treating roasted lead ores Flue tops. A form of burned clay
by the precipitation process. (Ray- ware, often of ornamental char.ac-
ter, placed on the top of chimney
mond)
flues. (Ries)
Flowing well. An oil well in which
pumping not necessary to bring
is
Fluid. Having particles which easily
the oil to the surface. (Redwood, move and change their relative po-
p. 244)
sition without separation of the
mass, and which easily yield to
Flow Lines of structure in Ig-
lines.
pressure; capable of flowing; liq-
neous rocks indicating a flowing uid or gaseous. (Webster)
movement of the material immedi-
ately preceding final consolidation Fluidal structure. The arrangement
(Standard). See Flow-structure. of mineral particles in an igneous
rock caused by a movement or flow
Flow-structure. A structure due to in the mass when it was but par-
the alignment of the minerals or in- tially crystallized (Century). Also
clusions of an igneous rock so as
called Fluxion-structure, and Flow-
to suggest the swirling curves, ed-
structure.
dies and wavy motions of a flowing
stream. Fluxion-structure is synon- Fluidimeter. An instrument devised
ymous. (Kemp) by H. Joshua Phillips for determin-
ing the fluidity of oils at various
Fhican; Fluccan (Corn.). Soft clayey temperatures. (Mitzakis)
matter in the vein a vein or course
;

of clay. (Raymond) Fluid inclusion. A liquid inclosed in

a cavity, usually very minute, in a
Flucany lode. A lode having flucan mineral. (Century)
on one or both walls, and sometimes
in the center. (Power) Fluid ton. Thirty-two cubic feet. A
imit to correspond with the short ton
Flue. 1. A passage for air, gas, or of 2,000 lbs., and of sufficient accu-
smoke. ( Ra y mond
racy for many hydro-metallurgical,
2. A
British term used In the same hydraulic and other Industrial pur-
sense as the term Tube is used in poses, it being assumed that the
America. (Nat. Tube Co.) water or other liquid under con-
3. (So. Wales). A furnace, as a sideration weighs 62.5 Ik per cubic
large coal fire at or near the bot- foot. (Eng. and Min. .lour., Jan.
tom of an upcast shaft for produc- 4, 1919)
ing a current of air for ventilating
the mine. (Gresley) Flu jo (Sp.). Flux. (Halse)
Flue bridge. The separating low wall Flukan. Same as Flucan.
between the flues and the laboratory Fluke. A rod used for cleaning drill
of a reverberatory furnace. (Ray- holes before they are charged with
mond ) powder. (Da vies)
Flue brush. A brush made of pieces Flume. 1. An
inclined channel usually
of wire or steel used to cleanse the of wood and often supported on a
interior of a flue from scales and trestle, for conveying water from a
soot. (Century) distance to be utilized for power,
Flue cinder. Iron cinder from the re- transportation, otc, as in placer
heating furnace, so called because mining, logging, etc. 2. A mill tail.
It luns out from the low r part of 3. A ravine or gorge with a stream
the flue. (Raymond) running through It. 4. To tran»-
 GLOSSARY OF MINING AND MINERAL INDUSTRY.
port In a flume, as logs. 5. To divert
by a flume, as the waters of a
stream, in order to lay bare the
auriferous sand and gravel forming
the bed.
Pluming. See Flume, 4 and 5.
Fluor. A synonym for Florite.
Fluorspar.
Fluorapatite. Common apatite, con-
taining fluorine with but little or no
chlorine. (Webster)
Fluorescence. The emission of light
from within a substance while
being exposed to direct radiation,
or, in certain cases, to an electrical
discharge in a vacuum tube.
(Dana)
Fluorine. An element of the chlorine
family, isolated as a pungent, cor-
rosive gas, pale greenish-yellow in
color. Symbol, F; atomic weight,
19.0; specific gravity, 1.31. (Web-
ster)
Fluorine minerals. Minerals contain-
ing fluorine, such as apatite, amblygo-
nite, chondrodite, cryolite, fluorite,
lepidolite, topaz, and others. (A. F.
Rogers)
Fluorite. See Fluorspar.
Fluorspar; Fluorite. The mineral cal-
cium fluoride, CaFa. Color com-
monly purple, green, or white (U. S.
Geol. Surv.). It is the fourth in the
scale of hardness, or next higher
than calcite, and may be scratched
by a steel point.
Fluran. See Floran-tln.
Flush. 1. To operate a placer mine,
where, the continuous supply of wa-
ter is insufficient, by holding back
the water and releasing it periodi-
cally in a flood. 2. To fill under-
ground spaces, as in coal mines,
with material carried by water,
which after drainage forms a com-
pact mass. (Webster)
3. To clean out a line of pipes, gut-
ters, etc., by letting In a sudden
rush of water. 4. The splitting of
the edges of stone under pressure.
5. Forming an even continuous line
or surface. (C. and M. M. P.)
6. (Mid.) A small flash due to
nited fire damp. (Gresley)
7. See Hydraulic mine-filling.
Flush production. The yield of an oil
well during the early period of pro-
duction. (Redwood, p. 243)
Pluthwerk (Ger.). Searching for ore
in streams and river beds. (Davies)
279
Fluting. A smooth, gutter-like chan-
nel or deep smooth furrow worn
in the surface of rocks by glacial
action. (Roy. Com.)
Fluvial. Of, or pertaining to rivers;
growing or living in streams or
ponds; produced by river action, aa
See
a fluvial plain. (Webster)
Fluviatile. Growing near or belonging
to rivers or fresh water; caused or
produced by the action of a river;
fluvial. (Standard)
Fluviatile deposits. Sedimentary do-
it is
posits laid down by a river or
stream. (Ransome)
Fluvioglacial.Produced by streams
which have their source in glacial
ice. (Webster)
Fluvio-marine. Formed by the joint
action of a river and the sea, as in
the deposits at the mouths of rivers.
(Thompson)
Fluvioterrestrial.Of or pertaining to
the land and fresh waters of the
earth; not marine. (Standard)
Flux. 1. A salt or other mineral,
added in smelting to assist fusion,
by forming more fusible compounds.
(Raymond)
2. Bitumens, generally liquid, used
in combination with harder bitu-
mens for the purpose of softening
the latter. See Asphaltic fluxes;
Paraffin fluxes. (Bacon)
Fluxing ore. An ore containing an ap-
preciable amount of valuable metal,
but smelted mainly because contain-
ing fluxing agents required in the re-
duction of richer ores. (Weed)
Fluxion structure. Same as flowage
structure. A
structure that includes
such phenomena as flow-lines, paral-
lel orientation of phenocrysts, band-
ing, elongation of vesicles, etc.
(Standard). See Fluidal structure.
Flux-spoon. A small ladle for dipping
up a sample of molten metal for
testing. (Century)
Fly. 1. A gate or door in
(Mont.)
a hopper for diverting ore, rock, or
coal from one bin or conveyor to an-
other. 2. A piece of canvas drawn
ig-
over the ridge-pole of a tent, dou-
bling the thickness of the roof, but
not In contact with It except at the
ridge-pole. 3. The flap or door of a
tent. (Century)
Doors in
Fly doors (No. of Eng.).
: working roadways, opening eithei
I way. (Gresley)
280 GLOSSARY OF MINING AND MINERAL INDUSTRY.

Plying cradle (Eng.). See Cradle, 1 Fold. Rocks or strata which have been
and 2. bent into domes and basins or rolls.
This structure is observed mainly in
Flying reef (Aust). A broken, dis- mountainous regions, and is charac-
continuous, irregular vein. (Power) teristic of both the altered and un-
Foach (Eng.). Nearly synonymous altered sedimentary roclis (Buck-
with the old Cornish word, "Pock," ley). Strictly, a strong flexure of
"Pokkin," to push. A narrow level a stratum, with steeply inclined
is called a " Foching little level." sides. Loosely and more commonly
When a miner has not obtained what any flexure of a stratum. (Stand-
he considers a full price for his con- ard)
tract he would be likely to say,
" 'Twill do 'pon a foach," viz. it will Folding boards (Scot.). Shuts; a shift-
ing frame on which the cage rests, in
do on a push. (Hunt)
or at the top of a shaft (Barrow-
Foal (Newc). A young boy employed man). Chairs; dogs; keeps; keps.
in putting coal. (Raymond)
Foliated. Leaf-like. The meaning is
Foaley bant (Derb.). A group of similar to that of laminated, but
three or four boys sitting in chain the latter generally indicates a finer
loops attached to a hemp rope a few or more parallel division into layers,
feet above the heads of a group of foliated being applied rather to the
men (also riding in chains attached approximate parallelism of the
to the same rope) in which position layers in such rocks as gneiss and
they formerly rode up and down a schist. (Roy. Com.)
mine shaft. (Gresley)
Foliated coal. Coal occurring in thin
Foam. A collection of minute bubbles plates or layers.
resulting from strong agitation of
a liquid (Standard). A term used Foliates. A term suggested by Bastin
in the flotation process, meaning to as a convenient and comprehensive
froth; to foam. one to include all rocks showing
Foaming earth. A synonym for foliated structure other than bed-
Aphrite (Chester). See Earth ding planes. (Watson)
foam.
Foliation. 1. The banding or lamina-
Foam-spar. Same as Aphrite. tion of metamorphic rocks as dis-
tinguished from the stratification of
Foco (Mex.). Electric arc or incan-
descent lamp. (Dwjght)
sediments. (Kemp)
2. Acrystalline segregation of cer-
Fodder. 1. (No. of Eng.) A unit em- tain minerals in a rock, in dominant
ployed in expressing weights of me- planes, which may be those of strati-
tallic lead, and equal to 21 hundred- fication (stratification-foliation) of
weight of 112 pounds avoirdupois. joints (joint-foliation), of shearing
(Raymond) (cleavage-foliation), or of fracture
2. Eight pigs of cast iron. (Web- under the strain of flexure (fault-
ster) ing-foliation). (Standard)
Foddom; Faddnm (Scot). Fathom. Folkstone marl (Eng.). A stiff marl,
Fogana de horno (Peru). The fire pit
varying in color from light gray to
of a furnace. (D wight) a dark blue; also known as gault.
It abounds in fossils. (Humble)
Fogata (Mex.). Fumes from blasting.
(D wight) Follower. A used for making all
drill
but the first part of a hole, the
Foge (Corn.). A forge for smelting latter being made with a drill of
tin. (Raymond) larger gauge, known as a starter.
Fog6n (Sp.). A hearth; fire box. (Bowles)
(D wight) Following (Scot.). An overlying stra-
Fogonero (Mex.). A boiler-fireman.
tum which falls or comes down as
(Dwight) the mineral is extracted from under
it (Barrowman)
Foil. Metal, In very thin pliable
sheets or leaves; as, tin foil; gold
Following dirt (Lane). A thin bed
of loose shale, etc., forming the roof
foil. (Standard)
of a coal seam, which has to be
Foil-stone. An imitation jeweL (Cen- taken down in the workings in or-
tury) der to prevent It falling. (Gresley)
 )

GLOSSARY OF MINING AND MINERAL INDUSTRY. 281

Following-ln (Eng.). Said of a shift Foot ale (Derb.). Ale bought with
arriving at a working place before the first day's wages after a man
the previous shift has finished work. begins work. All the miners join
(Gresley) in a jollification. (Hooson)
Following stone. Roof stone that falls Foot blocks (Eng.). Flat pieces of
on the removal of the seam (C. and wood placed under props, in tun-
M. M. P.). See Following. neling, to give a broad base, and
thus prevent the superincumbent
FoUowing-np bank (York.). A breadth weight from pressing the props
of about 6 yards of coal taken off down. (Simms)
the working face. (Gresley)
Foot-hill. A
distinct lower part of a
FoUowing-up-the-whole with the mountain one of the hills or minor
;

broken. See Bord-and-pillar method. elevations of a mountain range

The cardboard tag which lie next the adjacent lower
Follow-up tag.
land and form a transition between
placed in the cartons, boxes, or cases
that and the higher portions. Com-
of blasting supplies, used for iden-
tifying the date and place of manu-
monly used in the plural. (Century)
facture. (Du Pont) Foot hole. Holes cut in the sides of
Fomento (Sp.). Protection, support, shafts or winzes to enable miners
encouragement; Junta de F. y ad- to ascend and descend. (C. and M.
ministracidn, board of encourage- M. P.)
ment and administration of mining.
Foot -hook (So. Staff.). The large
(Halse)
hoisting-rope hook that is attached
Fondeo (Mex.). Temporary staging to the skip. (Min. Jour.)
in a shaft. (Dwight)
Foot-hook chain (So. Staff.). A strong
Fondo. 1. Bottom, as of a
(Mex.) chain at the end of the rope, and
mine. (Dwight) connected vdth the foot-hook. (Min.
2. (Sp.) Underground workings. 3.
Jour.)
(Bol.) An amalgamating pan. (Lu-
cas) Footing. A spreading course or courses
Fondon (Sp.) A wooden or stone tub forming the foot or foundation of a
or kettle with a copper bottom, used
wall. (Standard)
for grinding and amalgamating sil- Foot-piece. See Sill, 2.
ver ores (Standard). A
large cop-
per vessel, in which hot amalgama- Foot-pound. A unit of energy, or work,
tion is practiced. (Raymond) being equal to the work done in rais-
FonoUta (Sp.). Phonolite. (Dwight) ing one pound avoirdupois against
the force of gravity the height of
Fontaine powder. A variety of pic- one foot. (Webster)
rate powder containing potassium
chlorate. (Webster Footrlll; Futterll; Footrail. 1. (Eng.)
The entrance to a mine by means
Fool's gold. Pyrite, a sulphide of iron,
of a level driven into a hillside.
FeSa.
An adit. 2. A
dip road, up which
Fftot. 1. A measure of 12 inches ; one- coal is brought (Gresley)
third of a yard. (Webster)
2. (Corn.) An ancient measure con-
Foot rod (Scot). An iron rod at the
taining 2 gallons or 60 lbs. of black foot of pump rods to which the
tin. (Da vies) bucket is attached. (Barrowman)
3. The footwall.
Footwall (Corn.). The wall under the
4. A
" foot " Is twelve inches In
vein (Raymond). Sometimes called
length on the vein, including its Underlying wall.
entire width, whether six Inches or
sixty feet, and its whole depth down Footway. The series of ladders and
toward the earth's center. (Stand- platforms by which men enter or
ard) leave a mine (Raymond). Also a
Foot- acre. See Acre-foot footpath along a haulage way.

Footage. The payment of miners by Foralite. A marking formed in sand-

the running foot of work (Stand- stone and other formations, possibly
ard). Compere Yardage, and Cord- due to the burrowing of a worm; a
age. boring in a stone. (Standard)
 ) )

282 GLOSSAKY OF MINING AND MINERAL INDUSTRY,

Forbesite. A
dull grayish-white, hy- naces it is from the forehearth that
drous nickel-cobalt arsenate, H2(Ni,- cinder is tapped. See Dam, 3, and
Oo)^S20s+8H20, having a fibro- Tymp, 1 (Raymond). An inde-
crystalline structure. From Ata- pendent settling reservoir into which
cama. (Dana) is discarded the molten material
from the furnace, and which is
Forced production. To work a mine so heated from an independent source.
as to make it produce a greater out- The heavy metal settles to the bot-
put than can be maintained. (Mil- tom and the light slag rises to the
ford) surface. (Peters, p. 298)
Force fan. A blowing fan. Foreland. A promontory or cape; a
Force piece. Timber placed diagonally headland. (Century)
across a shaft or drift for securing Forellenstein. A variety of olivine-
the ground. (Da vies) gabbro, consisting of plagioclase,
Force pump. A pump that forces wa- olivine and more or less pyroxene.
ter above its valves. (C. and M. The dark silicates are so arranged
M. P.) in the lighter feldspar as to sug-
gest the markings of a trout (from
Forcer. 1. A small hand-pump used the German, Forelle.) (Kemp)
in Cornish raining. 2. The solid pis-
ton of a force-pump. (Standard) Foreman. A
leader ; the chief of a set
Forcherite. An
orange-yellow opal col- of workmen who superintends the
ored with orpiment. (Standard) rest; an overseer. (Webster) See
also Bank boss.
Forcing lift; Forcing set (Scot.). A
set pumps raising water by a
of Fore mine; Fore-set mine (Scot). A
plunger; a ram pump. (Barrow- mine (entry or room) driven toward
man) the rise of the strata. (Barro^vman)
Forcing set (Eng.). A force pump. Forepale; Forepole. To drive tim-
See Forcing lift. bers or planks horizontally ahead at
Fore bay. A reservoir or canal from the working face, to prevent the
which water is immediately taken to caving of the roof in subsequent driv-
run a water wheel, a turbine, or the ing (Raymond). See Forepoling.
like. The discharging end of a pond Forepole. See Forepale.
or millrace. (Webster)
Forebreast (Scot.). The working face Forepoling. A method of securing
of a mine. (Barrowman) drifts in progress through quicksand
by driving ahead poles, laths, boards,
Forechamber. An auxiliary combina- slabs, etc., to prevent the inflow
tion for gas-fired boilers, that pro- of the quicksand on the side and top.
vides incandescent surface for the face being protected by breast-
lighting gas instantly when turned boards (Raymond). See also Fore-
on after being shut off for any pale.
reason. Also called Dutch oven and
Dog house. ( Willcox Fore-set beds. The series of Inclined
layers accumulated as sediment rolls
Forefield (Newc.) The face of the
The forefield-end is the down the steep frontal slope of a
w^orkings.
delta. See Bottom-set beds, and
end of the workings farthest ad-
Top-set beds. (Watson, p. 274)
vanced. ( Raymond
Forefieldend (Derb). The farthest Fore shift (Eng.). The first shift of
hewers (miners) who go into the
extremity of mine workings. (Min.
mine from 2 to 3 hours before the
Jour.)
drivers and loaders. (G. C. Green-
Porehammer (Scot). A sledge ham- well)
mer; commonly applied to the ham- Foresight. 1. Any reading taken to
mer used by a blacksmith's assistant determine the elevation of a point
(Barrowman)
on which a leveling rod is held bet- ;

Forehead (Scot). The face of a mine
or level. (Barrowman)
Foreheadway (Eng.). See Headway,
Forehearth. A projecting bay in the
front of a blast-furnace hearth,
under the tymp. In open-front fur-
ter calledminus sight, since it must
be subtracted from the elevation of
the line of sight to give the eleva-
1.
tion of the point 2. Any sight or
bearing taken in a forward direc-
tion by a compass or transit (Web-
ster)
 GLOSSARY OF MINING AND MINERAL INDUSTRY. 283

Foresite. A zeolitic mineral from the Forgemaster. The owner or superin-

Island of Elba. It resembles stil- tendent of a forge or iron-works.
bite. (Century) (Century)

Fore-spar plate. See Bloomery. Forge roll. One of the train of rolls
by which a slab or bloom of metal
Forest marble. An argillaceous lime- Is converted into puddled bars.
stone which when cut along certain (Century)
planes shows the dark coloring mat-
ter so distributed as to be imitative Forge scale. A loose coating of oxide
of woodlands and forests also called
; which forms on heated iron during
Landscape marble. (Merrill) the process of forging; hammer
scale. (Standard)
Forestop. (Derb.). To forepole.
Forge train. In iron-puddling, the
Forewinning (Newc). The
work- first series of two pairs of rolls by means
ing of a seam in distinction from of which tlie slab or bloom is con-
pillar drawing (C. and M. M. P.). verted into bars. (Century)
Advance workings.
Forging. A piece of forged-metal
Forfeiture. Loss of some right, privi- work; a general name for pieces ot
lege, estate, etc., in consequence of hammered steel. (Century)
some breach of condition, or other
act. The act of forfeiting. (Web- Forging-press. A press for forging
small metal articles. (Century)
ster)
Forfeiture of a mining claim takes Fork. (Corn.)
1. The bottom of the
place by operation of the law with- sump. (Derb.) A piece of wood
2.
out regard to the intention of the supporting the side of an excavation
locator whenever he fails or neglects in soft ground. (Raymond)
to preserve his right by complying 3. A tool with many tines or prongs
with the conditions imposed by law, used for separating lump coal from
and is made effectual by one who slack. (Steel)
enters upon the ground after the 4. (Scot.) tool A used for changing
expiration of the time within which buckets, (Barrowman)
the annual labor may be done, and 5. A prop with a Y-shaped end.
completes a location before resump- (Skinner)
tion of work by the original locator 6. An appliance used in f reef all sys-
(Street v. Delta Min. Co., 42 Mon- tems of drilling which serves to hold
tana, p. 386). A forfeiture of a min- up the string of tools during con-
ing claim consists in the consequence nection and disconnection of the
attached by law to certain facts, and rods. (Mitzakls)
the intention of the claimant as to 7. (Eng.) To pump water out of a
whether or not a forfeiture In fact mine. A mine is said to be *' in
exists is wholly immaterial, and in fork,** or a pump " to have the
this respect a forfeiture differs from water In fork," when all the water
abandonment (Navajo Indian Res. is drawn out of the mine. (Web-
In re, 30 L. D., p. 515; U. S. Min. ster)
Stat., pp. 254-258). Compare Aban-
Fork-filled (Aust.). Coal filled into
donment.
skips with a fork, having the prongs
Forge. 1. An open fireplace or hearth about li inches apart This sepa-
with forced draft, for heating iron, rates the bulk of the slack from the
steel, etc.; as, a blacksmith's forge. round coal, which should not con-
2. A hearth or furnace for making tain more than 10 per cent of fine
wrought iron directly from the ore; coal. (Power)
a bloomery. (Standard) Form. 1.the faces of a crystal
All
3. (Eng.) That part of an Iron- which have a like position relative
works where balls are squeezed and to the planes, or axes, of symmetry
hammered and then drawn out into (Dana). The sum of those planes
puddle-bars by grooved rolls. (Ray- whose presence is required by the
mond) symmetry of crystal when one of
4. To form by heating In a forge (Standard)
them is present.
and hammering; to beat into some 2. A
mold, pattern, or model; some-
particular shape, as a mass of metal. thing to give shape, or on or after
(Century) which things are fashioned. 3. A
Forge cinder. The dross or slag from blank or schedule to be filled out by
a forge or bloomery. (Webster) the insertion of details. (Century)
 )

284 GLOSSARY OF MINING AND MINERAL INDUSTRY.

PormaciAn. 1. (Sp.) Formation. 2. Fossick. 1. (Aust). To work out the

(Colom. ) Altered country rock form- pillars of abandoned claims, or work
ing the filling of a lode. Analogous over waste heaps in hope of finding
to "mullock" of Australia. (Halse) gold. (Standard)
2. (Eng.) In gold mining to under-
Formal (Mex,). Regular; undis- mine another's digging. 3. A
turbed. (Dwight) troublesome person. (Century)
Formalizar (Mex.). To formalize a Fossicker (Aust). A sort of mining
contract or other legal paper. gleaner who overhauls old workings
(Dwight) and refuse heaps for gold that may
be contained therein. (Davies)
Formation. As defined and used by
the U. S. Geological Survey, the Fossil. Originally, any rock, min-
1.
ordinary unit of geologic mapping eral, or other object dug out of the
consisting of a large and persistent earth. 2. Now, any remains, impres-
stratum of some one kind of rock. sion, or trace of an animal or plant
It is also loosely employed for any of past geological ages which have
local and more or less related group been preserved in a stratified deposit
of rocks. In Dana's Geology it is or in a cave. (Webster)
applied to the groups of related 3. (Mid.) A local term formerly
strata that were formed in a geolog- used for a particular kind of rock
ical period (Kemp). Any assem- bed found in sinking. Cank, lig-
blage of rocks which have some nite, etc., were called by this name.
character in common, whether of ( Gresley

origin, age or composition (Lyell).

Fossil copal. See Copalite
In chronological geology formations
constitute as it were the units, and Fossil farina. See Bergmehl, 2.
several formations may go to make
Fossil flour. Infusorial earth. (Cen-
up a system. The word is often tury)
loosely used to indicate anything
which has been formed or brought Fossil glacier. A
remnant of the Pleis-
into its present shape. (Roy. Com.) tocene ice-sheet on the coastal plains
of northern Siberia. It is covered
Formene. Methane. (Standard) by soil and vegetation, interbedded
with clays, and in the ice are
Formosa marble. A high grade of found the carcasses of the mam-
marble of a dark-gray and white moth and the hairy rhinocerous, re-
color variously mottled and blotched
taining fiesh, skin and hair. (Cen-
with yellow and red; from Nassau, tury)
Germany (Merrill)
Fossiliferous. Containing organic rfr
Formula weight. The sum of the mains. (Comstock)
atomic weights of the elements of a
Fossilize. 1. To reduce to a fossil,
compound.
convert into a fossil. 2. To become
Forno (Port) ; Homo (Sp.). 1. An antiquated or obsolete. (Century)
oven or kiln. 2.A furnace; F. alto, Fossil ore. Fossiliferous red hematite.
a blast furnace. (Halse) (Raymond)
Forro (Mex.). Lagging. (Dwight) Fossil paper. See Mountain paper.
Forsterite. A magnesium silicate min- Fossil resin. resin A found in a geo-
eral, Mg2Si04, occurring in- white logical deposit, as amber and co-
crystals at Vesuvius; in greenish or palin. (Standard)
yellowish embedded grains at Bol-
ton, Mass., as boltonite. (Dana) Fossil salt. Same as rock salt. (Cen-
tury)
Fdsforo (Sp.). Phosphorus. (Dwight) Fossil wax* See Ozocerite.
Fosil (Sp.) 1. Fossil. 2. Any min- Fother (No. of Eng.). 1. A measure
eral or rock. (Halse) of coal (17§ cwt), being an ordi-
nary cartload for one horse. (Gres-
Fosilifero (Sp.). Fossilif er ous. ley)
(Dwight)
2.A weight by which lead and some
Fosse (Fr. and Belg.). Literally, a other metals were formerly sold, in
ditch, moat, or trench. Frequently England, varying from 19 to 24 cwt.,
applied to a colliery or coal mine. and divided in 80 fotmals. (Web-
>

(Gresley) ster)
 ) )

GLOSSARY OF MINING AND MINERAL INDUSTRY. 285

Potmal (Eng.). An old weight for ninny individuals as are required to

lead, etc., usually about 70 pounds. incorporate and hold the offices re-
See Fother, 2. (Webster) quired for corporate management, as
the laws do not permit a corpora-
Foucault current In electricity, an tion, which is an artificial person,
eddy current (Webster) to form another corporation, or to
serve as a director of another cor-
Foul. A condition of the atmosphere poration. (Weed)
of a mine, so contaminated by gases
as to be unfit for respiration (Gres- Founding. The act or process of cast-
ley). Impure. ing metals. (Century)
Foul coal (Eng.). Faulty, or other- Foundry. A manufacturing establish-
wise unmarketable coal. (Gresley) ment which articles are cast from
in
metal: as, an iron foundry; brass
Foulness. 1. (Scot) An
impurity in a
foundry. ( Standard
seam; an irregularity in the physi-
cal character of a seam, caused, e. Foundry iron. A
dark grade of pig
g., by numerous lypes or small iron, rich in carbon, used for mak-
hitches. (Barrowman) ing castings. (Webster)
2. (Eng.) Fire damp.
Fountain. A spring of water issuing
Fouls (Eng.). A condition in which from the earth. The source or
seams of coal disappear for a cer- head, as of a river (Webster). See
tain space and are replaced by some also Gusher.
foreign matter (Gresley). See Fault, Fourchlte. In petrology, an aphano-
phyric, basalt-like igneous rock con-
taining phenocrysts of augite in »
Found. 1. (Eng.) When sinking or
groundmass composed of hornblende,
driving to find or prove a coal seam,
and analcite, but no
augite, olivine.
as soon as it is encountered it is
(La Forge)
said to have been found. (Gresley)
2. To form in a mold, as articles of Fourling. A twin crystal consisting of
cast iron, by melting the metal and four individuals. (Standard)
pouring; to cast (Standard)
Four-wheel jimmie (Penn.). A four-
Foundation. 1. A structure upon which wheel railroad car made of wood.
a building or machine is erected, It was the first type of car made for
usually wholly or principally of ma- the transportation of anthracite.
sonry; that part of the building be- (Nicolls)
low the surface of the ground, or the
portion that constitutes the base;
Fowlerite. A zinc-bearing variety of
rhodonite. (A. F. Rogers)
sometimes a platform on which the
upper portions rest. (Standard) Fox mold (Eng.). A provincial name
2. (Mid.) The shafts, machinery, for the reddish greensand colored by
building, railways, workshop, etc., an oxide of Iron. (Roberts)
of a colliery, commonly called a
plant (Gresley) Foxtail. 1. (So Wales). The last cln-
der obtained in the Welsh process of
Founder. 1. (Eng.). The first shaft refining iron in a charcoal forge.
sunk upon a vein. From this the (Standard)
miner possesses, and lays out, his 2. A grass, with sharp barbed seed,
ground. (Hunt) common in mining regions of Cali-
2. One who practises the business fornia and other western States.
of founding; one who makes cast-
ings; as, an Iron-founder. (Stand- Fox wedge (Eng.). A long wedge
ard) driven between two other wedges
with their thick ends placed in the
Foundermere (Derb.). The first 32
opposite directions. It is also called
yards of ground worked. (Min.
stob-and-feather, or plug-and-feather.
Jour.
(G. C. Green well)
Foundershaft The first shaft sunk
(Raymond). See also Founder, 1.
Foyaite. A variety of nephellte. syen-
ite,containing hornblende, from Mt
Founders shares. The few shares is- Foya in the Monchique range of
sued to the individuals organizing Portugal. (Kemp)
a stock company. In companies
owned outright by other companies, Fractile. Pertaining to cleavage or
founders shares artt issued to as breakage, as in stone. (Standard)
 ) )

286 GLOSSARY OF MINING AND MINERAL INDUSTRY.

Fractional distillation. An operation Frame table. An inclined table, used

for separating a mixture of two or
more liquids which have different
boiling points (Century). Used ex-
tensively in petroleum distillation.
Fractionate. To separate (a mixture,
as a liquid by distillation) into frac-
tions having more or less fixed prop-
erties but not necessarily definite
compounds applied also to mixtures
;
in separating ore slimes by running
water a miner's frame.
; ( Standard
Frame tubbing (Eng.). Solid wood
tubbing, entirely composed of rings or
curbs of wood about 6 by 8 inches
square built up In segments, and
wedged to keep It watertight.
(Gresley)

of rare earths. (Standard) France screen. A traveling-belt screen

in which the screencloth is mounted
Fractionation. Chemical or physical on a series of separate pallets, thus
separation by successive operations, avoiding bending the screen ns It
each removing from a liquid some goes over the pulleys. (Llddell)
proportion of one of the substances.
The operation may be one of pre- Franclsci furnace. A furnace for the
cipitation, or of crystallization, or of treatment of roasted blende and
distillation. (Century) other fine ore. It consists of a se-
ries of superimposed muffles formed
Fractura (Sp.). Fracture. (D wight) by arches of magnesia brick and
Fracture. The character or appear- built Into the walls of the furnace
ance of a freshly broken surface of and communicating with a common
a rock or mineral. Peculiarities of condensation chamber. (Ingalls, p.
fracture afford one of the means of 485)
distinguishing minerals and rocks
Frangibillty. The degree of facility
from one another. (Roy. Com.) with which a rock can be broken, or
Fracture cleavage. The capacity to yields to the hammer. (Oldham)
part along parallel planes, usually in
intersecting sets, along which there Franja (Port). Paystreak. (Halse)
has been either incipient fracturing Franjilla (Peru). Argentiferous ga-
or actual fracturing followed by ce-
lena. (Halse)
mentation or welding. This struc-
ture is developed in shearing planes. Franklinite. An Iron-manganese-zlnc
It may or may not be accompanied oxide mineral, ( Fe, Zn. Mn ) O. ( Fe,
by a parallel arrangement of min- Mn)20». (U. S. Geol. Surv.)
eral. Compare Flow cleavage. (C.
K. Leith, U. S. Geol. Surv., Bull. 239. Frasch process. 1. A desulphurizing
p. 139) process which consists of distilling
oil over lead oxide, followed by re-
Fragmental. Formed from fragments fining with sulphuric acid. (Mlt-
of preexisting rocks, such as sand-
zakls)
stones and breccias. Clastic is syn-
2. A process for mining sulphur in
onymous. (Kemp) which superheated water Is forced
Fragua (Sp.). Forge; blacksmith's into the sulphur deposits, for the
shop. (Dwight) purpose of melting the sulphur.
The molten sulphur Is then pumped
Fraidronite. A name used by early to the surface. Used extensively In
French geologists for a variety of Louisiana and Texas.
minette. (Kemp)
Free. 1. Native, uncomblned with
Frame; Rack (Eng.). A table com-
other substances, as free gold or sil-
posed of boards slightly inclined.
ver. (Raymond)
over which runs a small stream of
2. Coal is said to be "free" when It
water to wash off waste from slime and easily mined, or
Is loose
tin (Hunt). A buddle. See Tin when it will "run" without mining.
frame.
(Chance)
Frame dam (Eng.). A solid, water-
Free air. Ordinary air at s<»a level
tight stopping or dam in a mine to
and at a temperature of 60° F.
keep back and resist the pressure (Gillette, p. 213)
of a heavy head of water. (Gres-
ley) Free-burning coal. Coal which does
not cake when burning. (Bacon)
Frame set. The legs and cap or
cross-bar arranged so as to support Free cleek (Scot). The right of a
the roof of an underground passage. miner to get hutches (cars) without
Also called Framing or Set. ( Steel waiting his turn. (Barrowman)
 )

GLOSSARY OF MINING AND MINERAL INDUSTRY. 287

Free coaL 1. (Scot) Coal on which Freestone. Any stone, especially a
lordship or royalty is not paid. 2. sandstone, that may be cut freely in
( Scot ) Coal easily broken or which any direction without a tendency
burns freely (Barrowman). See to split
also Free-burning coal.
Free way. A direction of easy split-
Pree omshing. Crushing under con- ting In a rock. (Bowles)
ditions of speed and feed such that
there is plenty of room for the fine Freeze. To solidify, as of a molten
ore to drop away from the coarser charge in a furnace. (Weed)
part and thereby escape further
Freiberg amalgamation. £>ee Barrel
fine crushing. See also Choke crush-
process.
ing. (Richards, p. 98)

Free-drainage level. An adit A level

Freibergite. A silver-rich tetrahe-
which drains through an adit drlte. See Tetrahedrite. (U. S.
Geol. Surv.)
(Gresley)

Pree fall. 1. An arrangement by Freieslebenite. A lead-silver sulphanti-

which, in deep boring, the bit is al- monlde mineral, approximately
lowed to fall freely to the bottom at 5 ( Pb,Ag2 ) S.2Sb2S8. Contains 24.5
each drop or down-stroke. (Ray- per cent silver (U. S. Geol. Surv.)
mond) French blue. See Ultramarine, 2.
2. The process of operating the drill.
Often called Russian, Canadian, and French chalk. A kind of talc used by
Galician free fall. tailors. (A. F. Rogers)

Free-flowing volcano. One in which Freno (Sp.). I. A bridle. 2. A brake

the flow is moderately constant with on a hoist F. de seguridad, a safety
;

a minimum of violence. (Standard) brake. (Halse)

Free gold. Gold uncombined with
other substances (Skinner). Placer
gold.
Freeing a mear (Eng.). The giving of
the first dish of ore to the lord
(owner) of the mine. (Hunt)
Freeing of ore (Derb.). Cutting out
soft material from one side of the
vein in order to make it easier to
mine the ore. (Hooson)
Free level (Eng.). An adit
Greenwell
Free-milling. Applied to ores which
contain free gold or silver, and can
be reduced by crushing and amalga-
mation, without roasting or other
chemical treatment. (Raymond)
Free miner. (Can.) A person or
1.
association holding a license and
thereby authorized to prospect on
unoccupied lands and to carry on
mining operations subject to any
other conditions Imposed by the law.
A licensed miner. (Webster)
2. (Forest of Dean) A man born
within the Hundred of St. Briavels,
In the county of Gloucester, who has
worked a year and a day in a mine.
(Gresley)
Free share (Som.). A certain propor-
tion of « royalty on coal, paid to
lessor by lessee. (Gresley)
Frente (Mex.). Breast of working or
face of drift; F. de guia, main or
haulage level in a mine. (Dwight)
Frenzied (So. Staff.). Said of coal
crushed by the creep or subsidence
of the cover. (Gresley)
Fresh air. Air free from the presence
of deleterious gases (Roy). Pure
air.
Freshet. A sudden rise in a stream or
river, caused by heavy rains or melt-
(C. G. ing snow in the mountains or high-
lands, and which does great damage
to the works connected with hydrau-
lic mining unless guarded against in
time. (Milford)
Freudenberg plates. Iron plates sus-
pended In dust chambers for the
purpose of settling dust and condens-
ing fumes that escape from the fur-
nace with the gases. (Hofman, p-.
390)
Freyalite. A rare radio-active silicate
of thorium, the cerium metals and
other elements, found in Norway.
(Webster)
Friable. Easy to break, or crumbling
naturally (Roy. Cora.). Said of cer-
tain minerals.
Friction breccia. Angular material de-
rived from earth-movements which
crush and break the rock on the two
sides of a fault (Watson, p. 1(X))
 ); ;

288 GLOSSARY OF MINING AND MINERAL, INDUSTRY.

Friedellte. A
raassive, cleavable to Frontal hammer; Frontal helve (Eng.).
closely compact, hydrated manganese A forge-hammer lifted by a cam,
silicate, H» ( MnCl ) Mn4Si40i«. ( Dana acting upon a "tongue" imme-
diately in front of the hammer-head.
Frijol. 1. (Rp.) A kidney bean. 2. ( Raymond)
(Hex.) A miner's term for a red
conglomerate. (Halse) Front-and-back shift (Aust). A sys-
tem in which one of a pair of miners
Frijolillo (Guanajuato). Round frag- comes to work two hours before the
ments of limestone with calcareous other, while the latter remains two
cement. (D wight) hours after the first has gone home
the object being to keep the tram-
Fringe. A thin sprinkling of Isolated
or grouped erratics (bowlders) in
mers going, who work 10 hours,
against the miners' eight hours.
front of the extreme terminal mo-
(Power)
raine of a glacier. (Standard)
Front entry. See Entry.
Frio (Mex.). 1. Cold. 2. In amalga-
mation, the condition of "sickened" Front6n (Mex.). Face of a drift, etc.
mercury. (Dwight) Any working-face. (Dwight)
PrSos (Bol.). Ores containing but
little or no iron. (Halse)
Frost pin. A short heavy iron pin
used by surveyors to make a hole
Frisol fColom.). Any stone, polished in frozen ground so that a wooden
by water, and imitating the form of peg may be driven without breaking.
a kidney bean. (Halse) (B. F. Tibby)
Frit. 1. The material of which glass Froth. A collection of bubbles result-
is made after having been calcined ing from fermentation, efferves-
or partly fused in a furnace before cence, or agitation (Rickard). A
vitrification. 2. To prepare by heat term used in flotation.
to fuse partially. (Webster)
Frother. An oil which makes a foam
Frit brick. A lump of calcined
glass or froth. (Megraw, p. 37)
materials brought to a pasty condi-
tion in a reverberatory furnace pre-
Froth flotation. A flotation process in
which the minerals floated gather in
liminary to the perfect vitrification
and on the surface of bubbles of air
in the melting pot. (Webster)
or gas driven into or generated in
Fritting. The formation of a slag by the liquid in some convenient man-
heat with but incipient fusion, ner. See Film flotation. (O. C.
(Raymond) Ralston, U. S. Bur. Mines)
Fritting inrnace. The reverberatory Frozen. 1. Congealed with cold, as
furnacfr in which the materials for the hard surface over cooling molten
making glass are fritted. (Stand- metal. (Webster)
ard) 2. Immovable by reason of expan-
sion consequent upon imperfect lu-
Frog. 1. A device made of rails se-
brication; said of a journal and its
cured to a plate, or bolted together bearing. (Standard)
through distance pieces, forming a
3. Said of vein material which ad-
connection of one track with an-
heres closely to the inclosing walls.
other branching from or crossing it.
(Shamel, p. 150)
(Webster)
Frozen ore. See Frozen, 3.
Fronwnt process. A flotation process
. In which a sulphide ore is agitated Frozen coal(Ark.). Coal which
In water with a little oil and sul- strongly adheres to the rock above
phuric acid, the sulphide particles or below it (Steel). See Frozen, 3.
become oiled and attach them- Fmchtschiefer. A German name for
selves to and are floated by gas bub-
a variety of spotted, contact schists
bles. Calcite is added to the ores
in the outer zone of the aureole.
when needed. Minerals Separation (Kemp)
Ltd., bought this patent in 1903.
(Liddell) Frne vanner. An ore-dressing ap-
paratus consisting essentially of a
Pront. 1. A
designation for the mouth
rubber belt traveling up a slight
or collar of a bore hole. (Du Pont)
inclination. The material to be
2. See Face, 4.
treated is washed by a constant
Vrontal apron. Same as Apron, 8. flow of water while the entire belt
 )

GLOSSARY OF MINING AND MINERAL INDUSTRY. 289

Is meanwhile shaken from side to Fulminante (Sp.). A blasting cap or

side. Other vanners of the side- detonator. (Halse)
shake t3T)e are the Tulloch, Johns-
ton, and Norbom. (Liddell) Fulminate. 1. J n explosive compound
of mercury, HgCsNaOa, which is em-
Frush (Scot.). Brittle ; having unusu- ployed for the caps or exploders, by
ally little tenacity; soft and easily means of which charges of gun-
broken up. (Barrowman) powder, dynamite, etc., are fired.
Frutos (Sp.). Product, ore, mineral; (Raymond)
Veta en frutos (Mex.), a vein carry- 2. To make a loud sudden noise;
ing pay ore. (Halse) to detonate; to explode with a vio-
lent report. (Webster)
Fuel economizer. A feed- water heater
consisting of pipes around which the Fumarole. A hole or spot in a volcanic
gases of combustion from a furnace or other region, from which fumes
pass. (Standard) issue (Webster). The exhalation
consists of water-vapor, with such
Fuel feeder. A contrivance for supply-
gases as nitrogen, hydrogen, free hy-
ing a furnace with fuel in graduated
drochloric acid, hydrofluoric acid,
quantities (Century). A mechani- and silicon fluoride (Vogt). See
cal stoker.
Solfataras, Mofette, and Soflioni.
Fuel gas. Gas used for heating or Fumarolic. Pertaining to or issuing
cooking, as distinguished from illu- from a fumarole. (Standard)
minating-gas. ( Standard

Fume. 1. The gas and smoke, more es-

Fuelle (Mex.). Bellows. See Barquin.
pecially the noxious or poisonous
(D wight) gases given off by the explosion or
Fuel ratio. The amount of heating- detonation of blasting powder or
capacity in a fuel as compared with dynamite. The character of the
another fuel taken as a standard. fume is influenced largely by the
(Century) completeness of detonation. The de-
gree of confinement of the charge
Fuente (Sp.). A spring of water.
and the size of the detonator has a
(Halse)
great influence on the character of
Fuerte (Sp.).Strong; applied to the fumes produced. (Du Pont)
amalgam needing more mercury. 2. Consists of metals or metallic
Also applied to powerful explosives. compounds that have been volatil-
(Halse) ized at the high temperatures of the
furnaces, condensed at lower tem-
Fuga (Sp.). An excess blast in a fur-
peratures, and carried by furnace
nace whereby the charge is cooled.
gases into the flues. Sulphur triox-
(Halse)
Ide and elemental sulphur, driven off
Fulguration. A sudden glistening of from furnaces and condensed, are
molten gold or silver at the close also classed as fume. (Bull. 98, U. S.
of cupellation (Standard). See Bur. Mines, p. 63)
Blick. In general, all the volatile con-
stituents of the ore charge are rep-
Fulgurite. Little tubes of glassy rock
resented. The fume frequently con-
that liave been fused from all sorts
tains appreciable amounts of silver,
of other rocks by lightning strokes.
which is decidedly volatile under
They are especially frequent in ex-
posed crags on mountain tops. The
certain conditions. The particles
of fume are very fine and are under
name is derived from the Latin for
the stress of certain physical forces,
thunderbolt. (Kemp)
so they do not settle easily, as
Fuller. A blacksmith's
tool with a most of the flue dust does, but in
round edge, used in grooving or large proportion pass through the
spreading hot iron; a swage or stack with the gases and spread
creaser. (Standard) over the surrounding country, un-
less special preventive methods are
Fuller's earth. A
fine earth resem-
used, as is now generally done. ( Ful-
bling clay, but lacking plasticity. It
is much the same chemically as clay,
ton, Bull. 84, U. S. Bur. Mines, p.
but has a decidedly higher percent- 12). See Metallurgical fume.
age of water (Kemp). It is high Fuming sulphuric acid. An acid made
In magnesia and possesses the prop- by dissolving sulphur trioxlde in
erty of decolorizing oils and fats by concentrated sulphuric acid. Nord-
retaining the coloring matter. hausen acid. (Webster)
75242*— 19 19
290 GLOSSARY OF MINING AND MINERAL INDUSTRY^

Fnndamental complex. See Basement fire bars to prevent fuel from being
complex. carried into the flues and to quicken
the draft by contracting the sec-
J*Tindainental rocks.Those rocks form-
tion of the current of hot gas. (Cen-
ing the foundation, substratum,
tury)
basis, or support of others. (Roy.
Com.) Furnace cadmium, or cadmia. The
zinc-cadmium oxide which accumu-
Fundente (Sp.). In metallurgy, a fus-
lates in the chimneys of furnaces
ing ore; a flux. (Halse)
smelting zinciferous ores.
Tundicidn (Mex.). 1. The process of
melting silver into bars. 2. Sistema
Furnace charger. A weighing appa.
ratus for feeding into a furnace
de F., smelting process F. en crudo,
;
mouth the proper proportions of ore,
smelting direct without roasting.
fuel, etc. (Standard)
3. A smelting works, foundry or as-
say office. 4. Casting. (Halse) Furnace holding-the-iron. A condition
of the furnace by reason of which
Fundidor (Sp.). Smelter; founder; it gives much less than normal
melter. (Halse)
amount of iron at casting, although
Fnndir (Sp.). To smelt, melt, or cast the feeding may have been regular.
metals. (Halse) The tap hole runs Iron slowly, and
amount of cinder is somewhat
Fundo minero (Mex.). All the perte-
scanty. Compare Furnace loslng-
nencias embraced under one title.
the-iron. (Willcox)
(Dwight)
Furnace losing-the-iron. Escape of
Funnel. The gate or pouring hole of iron from the hearth of a blast fur-
a mold. (Standard) nace into the foundation beneath,
Funnel box. A square funnel forming indicated by decreased quantity of
one of a series of gradually increas- iron at casting, and appearance of
ing size, for separating metal-bear- slag at tapping hole. (Willcox)
ing slimes according to fineness Furnaceman. One whose sole occupa-
(Standard). See Spitzkasten. tion is to attend a furnace.
Fuque (Mex.). The deepest point of Furnace shaft. An upcast shaft used
excavation. (Dwight) in mine ventilation where a furnace
Fur; Furring (Eng.). A deposit of is employed. (C. and M. M. P.)
chemical salts and other material Furnace stack. A chimney built over
(sediment) upon the inner sides of a furnace for increasing the
pamps, boilers, etc. (Gresley) draught. (Harr)
Furar (Port). To bore or drill for
Furnisher. A man who furnishes
a blast. (Halse) money or machinery to a party of
Furgen. A round rod used for sound- miners, and so becomes entitled to
ing a bloomery fire. (Raymond) a share of the profits. (Davies)
Furg6n (Mex.). Box or closed freight Furring brick. Hollow brick for lin-
car. (Dwight) ing or furring the inside of a wall.
Usually of common brick size, with
Furlong. One eighth of a mile; that
surface grooved to take plaster.
is, 40 rods; 10 chains, or 660 feet.
(Ries)
(Webster)
Furrow. See Fault trace.
Furnace. 1. A structure in which,
with the aid of heat so produced, the Furtherance (Newc). An extra price
operation of roasting, reduction, fu- paid to miners when they also haul
sion, steam-generation, desiccation, the coal. (Raymond)
etc., are carried on, or, as in some
mines, the upcast air current is
Fuse. 1. A core of black powder
wrapped with hemp or cotton
heated, to facilitate Its ascent and
threads or tape, with various wa-
thus aid ventilation. (Raymond)
terproofing compounds between
2. (Eng.) A large coal fire at or each, or on the outside, to provide
near the bottom of an upcast shaft,
a uniform burning speed of the pow-
for producing a current of air for
der core for the firing of explosives,
ventilating a mine. (Gresley)
either with or without a blasting
Furnace bridge. A barrier of fire cap. (Du Pont)
bricks or an iron-plate chamber 2. Any of various devices, as a tube,
filledwith water, thrown across the casing, cord, or the like filled or
furnace at the extreme end of the impregnated wlta combustible mat-
 GLOSSARY OF MINING AND MINERAL INDUSTRY.
tor, or a kind of detonator, by means
of which an explosive charge is ig-
nited. 3. To liquefy by heat; to
render fluid. 4. To unite or blend
as if melted together. (Webster)
5. A safety piece in an electric cir-
cuit, that fuses when the current is
too strong, called often Safety strip
or Safety plug (Standard).
See
Fuse plug, 2.
Fuse auger. An instrument for remov-
ing part of the filling of a fuse, to
regulate its time of burning, the
depth of the bore being indicated by
a scale. (Webster)
Fase gage. An instrument for cutting
time fuses to length. (Standard)
Fuse Ughter. A device for facilitat-
ing the ignition of the powder core
of a fuse. One form is in the shape
of a carpet tack covered with a
powder composition; another form
is in the shape of a cord, which
when ignited burns and maintains
a " coal of fire " in contact with the
exposed powder in the fuse. (Du
Pont)
Fuse lock. A friction lock by which
a miner may fire the free end of a
blasting fuse by a lanyard, (Stand-
ard)
Fuse plug. 1. A plug fitted to the fuse
hole of a shell to hold the fuse. 2,
A fusible plug that screws into a
receptacle, used as a fuse in elec-
trical wiring. (Webster)
3. A plug of fusible metal inserted in
a steam boiler so as to prevent any
danger that might arise from over-
heating due to low water.
(Stand-
ard)
Fusibility scale. A list of minerals ar-
ranged in the order of their fusi-
bility, as follows: 1. Stibnite; 2.
Natrolite; 3. Almandite garnet; 4.
Actinolite; 5. Orthoclase; 6. Bronz-
Ite. (Dana)
Fusible. Capable of being melted or
liquefied. (Webster)
Fasible metal. Any alloy, usually one
containing bismuth, which melts at
a comparatively low temperature.
(Standard)
Fusible quartz (Eng.). A term oc-
casionally applied by the older min-
eralogists to obsidian. (Page)
Fusion. 1. Act or operation of melt-
ing or rendering liquid by heat. 2.
State of being melted or dissolved
by heat. 3. Union or blending of
things as if melted together, ( Web-
ster >
291
Fuze. Pronounced as though spelled
"fuzee." Originally the device used
for exploding the charge in a pro-
jectile and later used as a designa-
tion for an electric blasting cap.
Now known as an electric blasting
cap (Du Pont). A variation of Fuse.
Fuzze (Eng.). Straws, reeds, or hol-
low vegetal substances filled with
powder (Bainbridge). See alao
Fuse, 1 and 2.
G.
Gab. A hook; specifically, in steam
engines, the hook on an eccentric-
rod, catching on the rock-shaft pin,
in a valve motion. (Standard)
Gabarro (Mex.). Ore in large pieces
from egg size up. (Dwight)
Gabble (Scot). A hook on the end of
a chain or rope; a coupling. (Bar-
rowman)
Gabbro. A finely to coarsely crystal-
line igneous rock composed mainly
of lime-soda feldspar (labradorite
or anorthite), pyroxene, and fre-
quently olivine. Magnetite or il-
menite, or both, anr" apatite are ac-
cessory minerals. It is generally
dark colored. Gabbros composed
largely or wholly of feldspar are
called anorthosites, and those con-
taining orthorhombic pyroxene are
often called norites. (U. S. Geol.
Surv.) A full review of the mean-
ing and history of gabbro, by W. S.
Bayley, will be found in Jour, of
Geology, August, 1893, p. 435.
Gabronite. A bluish-gray variety
of
altered wernerite. (Standard)
Gabian. A variety of petroleum ob-
tained at Gabian, department of He-
rault, France. (Standard)
Gabion. A bottomless wicker cylinder
or basket, from 20 to 70 inches in
diameter and from 33 to 72 inches
high; used in engineering, when
filled with stones, to form the foun-
dation of a jetty. (Standard)
Gablack (Derb.). See Gavelock.
Gable-rake tile. The full-flanged tile
used at the verge of open gables.
(Ries)
Gab-lever. A device for disengaging
the gab, on the eccentric rod of a
steam engine, from the rockshaft.
(Standard)
Gad. 1. A steel wedge. 2. A small
iron punch with a wooden handle
used to break up ore. (Raymond)
3. A metal spike. 4. A chisel or
292 GLOSSARY OF MINING AND MINERAL INDUSTRY.

pointed or wedge-shaped bar of iron Gage glass. A

strong vertical or nearly
or steel about 6 inches long for vertical glass tube connected at its
breaking or loosening ore. 5. A ends with the inside of a steam
bar, billet or ingot of metal. 6. To boiler,showing the water level.
break or loosen with a gad, as rock. (Standard)
(Webster)
7. A percussion drill; a Jumper. Gage-pressure. The pressure shown by
(Standard) an ordinary steam-gage. It is the
absoltue pressure less that of the
Gadder. A device for supporting a ma- atmosphere. (Ihlseng)
chine drill and permitting a number
of parallel holes being driven from Gage ring (Scot). A standard ring
one mounting. Distinctly a quarry for measuring buckets of coal or ore.
device. (Gillette, p. 97.) Called also (Barrowman)
Gadding car. Gadding machine.
(Standard)
Gagger. A
piece of iron used in a
mold to keep the sand or core in
Gadding machine. See Gadder. place. (Webster)
Gadolinite. A
mineral whose formula Gaging (So. Staff.). A small embank-
is BeaFe(YO)2(SiO02. Crystals ment of slack or rubbish, at the en-
often prismatic, rough and coarse; trance to a heading, to fence it off.
fracture conchoidal or splintery. (Gresley)
Brittle. Luster vitreous to greasy.
Color black, greenish black, also
Gahnite. A zinc-bearing spinel, Zn AI2O4.
brown (Dana). A complex silicate (Dana)
of glucinum, iron, and the yttrium Gailletins (Belg.). Round coal. (Gres-
and cerium rare-earth metals. Oc- ley)
curs in pegmatites. (U. S. Geol.
Surv.)
Gain. 1. (Mid.) A transverse chan-
nel or cutting made in the sides of
Gadolinium. A metallic element of a roadway underground for the in-
the rare earth group. Symbol Gd; sertion of a dam or permanent stop-
atomic weight, 157.3. (Webster) ping. (Gresley)
Gad steel. Flemish steel ; so called be- 2. A
notch, mortise, or groove in a
cause wrought in gads or wedges. timber to receive and support the
(Standard) end of a girder. 3. A
cross cut in
coal mining. (Webster)
Gae (Scot). A fault, or slip, dike.
See also Gaw, 1. (Barrowman) Gain gear (Scot). The movable ma-
chinery of a mill; going gear.
Gaffer (Scot). A foreman. (Barrow-
(Standard)
man)
Gag. 1. (Eng.). An obstruction in Gaiola (Port.). A hoisting cage.
the valve of a pump which prevents (Halse)
it from working. (G. C. Green well) Gaist (Scot). See Ghaist; Ghost-coal.
2. A fuller or set hammer, used to
straighten railways rails. (Web- Gait 1. (Eng.) A journey or trip.
ster)
(Balnbridge)
2. Two buckets of water carried by
3. (Derb.). Any piece of timber
used temporarily to reinforce other a yoke on the shoulders. (Webster)
timber until proper timbering can Gaite (Eng.). Variation of Gate, a
be done. (Hooson) road. (Webster)
4. (Eng.). Chips of wood in a shaft
bottom, or sump. (Gresley) Gal. (Corn). A hard rusty gossan.
(Power)
Gage; Gauge. An instrument for meas-
uring, indicating, or regulating the Galaclite. A variety of white natrolite
capacity, quantity, dimensions, power, occurring in Scotland in colorless
amount, proportions, etc., of any- acicular crystals. (Century)
thing hence, a standard of compari-
;
Gale. (Forest of Dean)
1. A speci-
son. (Standard) fied of
tract mineral property
Gage cock. A small cock In a boiler granted by the Crown to a colliery
at the water line, to determine the proprietor or company for working
water level. (Nat Tube Co.) the mines. (Gresley)
Gage door. A wooden door fixed in an 2. The Royalty paid by a free miner
ain^^ay for regulating the supply of for a plot of land with the right to
ventilation necessary for a certain dig for coal, iron, or stone. 3. The
district or numljer of men. Also license for the plot of land. (Web-
called Regulator. (Steel) ster J
 )

GLOSSARY OF MTNIKG AND MINERAL INDUSTRY. 295

Galeage (Eng.). Royalty from min- Galliard (Eng.). A hard flinty rock
eral land. (Bainbridge) used for road metal. Called also
CalUard. (Standard)
Galee. A coal miner having (or own-
Gallium. A rare metallic element,
ing) a gale in the forest of Dean,
England. (Standard) found combined in certain zinc
ores. It is white, hard, and malle-
Galemador. 1. (Mex.) A silver- able, resembling aluminum and re-
smelting furnace. 2. (Peru) A markable for low melting point,
its
small furnace for roasting silver 86* F., 30** C. Symbol. Ga; atomic
ores. (Dwight) weight, 69.9. (Webster)

Galemar (Mex.). To reduce ore in a

Gall of glass. A neutral salt skimmed
off the surface of melted crown
Mexican furnace. (Dwight)
glass. Also called Sandiver. (Ure)
Galeme (Mex.). 1. A cupelling fur- Gallon. The standard gallon of the
nace with an absorbent hearth. 2. United States contains 231 cubic
A reverberatory furnace. (Halse) inches, or 8.3389 pounds avoirdu-
pois of distilled water at its maxi-
Galena; Galenite. Lead sulphide, PbS. mum density and with a barometer
Contains 86.6 per cent lead (U. S. of 30 inches. The English imperial
Geol. Surv.). The commonest lead gallon contains almost exactly 1.2
mineral. When freshly broken it U. S. gallons. (Webster)
has a bright silvery appearance,
from which it has been called lead- Gallows (No. of Eng.). frame A
glance. consisting of two uprights and a
cross-piece for supporting a mine
Galena limestone. A Silurian forma- roof. (Standard)
tion in Illinois and adjoining states.
Named from Galena, Illinois. (Web-
Gallows frame (Eng.). The frame
supporting a pulley, over which the
ster)
hoisting rope passes to the engine
Galenite. See Galena, for which it is a (Ihlseng). See also Head frame.
synonym. Gait; Gault; Golt (Eng.). See Folk-
stone marl.
Galera (Mex.). 1. A long shed on
each side of the patio. 2. A store- Galvanism. Current electricity, especi-
room for ordinary ore. 3. A grind- ally that arising from chemical
ing mill, or mill house. 4. An ir- action, as distinguished from that
regular ore deposit. 5. A furnace generated by heat or induction: a
for distilling sulphur. 6. A row of term no longer in scientific use.
reverberatory furnaces. (Halse) (Standard)

Galeria. 1. (Sp.) A gallery, level. Galvanize. To coat with zinc. (Ray-

2. At Bilboa. Spain, a variety of mond)
hematite. (Halse) Galvanized rope. Rope made of wires
Galeron (Sp.). A large irregular ore that have been galvanized or coated
deposit. (Halse) with zinc to protect them from cor-
rosion. (C. M. P.)
Galiage. Royalty (Raymond), A vari-
ation of Galeage. Galvanized sheets. Iron coated with
zinc; the name is derived from the
Gallatin. The heavy oil of coal tar process used in their manufacture,
used In the Bethell process for the being formerly an electric method.
preservation of timber. Called also (Skinner)
Dead oil. (Standard)
Galvanizing. The process by which
Gallein. A coal tar color (purple and the surface of Iron and steel is
violet) used in dyeing. (Century) covered with a layer of zinc. (Nat.
Gallery. In mining, a level or drift.
Tube Co.)
( Raymond Galvanometer. An instrument for de-
Gallery-furnace. A termining the presence of an elec-
retort-furnace
used in the distillation of mercury. tric current, measuring Its intensity
( Raymond and direction. (Webster)

Gallery of efflux (Eng.). A drainage

Galvanoscope. An Instrument for de-
tecting an electric current and show-
tunnel or adit. (Ure)
ing its direction, differing from a
Gallery work. Pottery, especially of galvanometer in being only quali-
A coarse kind. (Standard) tative. (Standard)
 )

294 GLOSSAKY OF MINING AND MINERAL INDUSTRY.

Galvano-thermometer. An Instrument Gangue. The non-metalliferous or ncn-

for measuring the heat generated by valuable metalliferous minerals in
an electric current, or for measuring the ore; veinstone or lode-filling
the current by the heat it generates. (Rickard). The mineral associated
(Standard) with the ore in a vein. (Raymond)
Gambusino (Sp.). 1. A prospector, or Gangway. 1. The main haulage road
searcher of gold. A synonym for or level (Gresley). Frequently
Cateador. 2. A tributer. (Halse) called Entry.
2. (Newc.) A
wooden bridge. (Ray-
Gamella (Braz.). A wooden bowl, mond)
about two feet wide at the mouth, 3. A passageway or avenue into or
and fire or six inches deep, used for out of any enclosed place, as in a
washing gold out of the auriferous mine. (Sangamon Coal Min. Co. v.
material collected in sluices and in Wiggerhaus, 122, Illinois, p. 283)
river sand. (Lock)
Ganil (Eng.). A sort of brittle lime-
Gamma rays. Very penetrating rays stone. (Standard)
not appreciably detected by a mag-
netic or electric field, emitted by ra- Ganister. 1. A highly refractory sili-
dium and other radioactive sub- ceous sedimentary rock used for fur-
stances. (Webster) nace linings. (U. S. Geol. Surv.)
2. A mixture of ground quartz and
Gancho (Mex.). Hook of any kind. fire clay, used in lining Bessemer
Dog used for extracting tapping bars converters (Raymond)
from furnace. (Dwight) 3. A local name for a fine close-
grained siliceous clay that occurs
Gang. 1. (Mid.) To go; to move
under certain coal beds in Derby-
along. 2. A
train or set of mine
shire, Yorkshire, and North of Eng-
cars or trams. (Gresley) land. (Power)
3. A mine. 4. A
set of miners.
(Raymond) Ganister beds. Coal-bearing beds of
5. Gangue. (Standard) the lower coal measures of England
(Standard). Compare Ganister, 3.
Ganga (Sp.). Gangue or matrix.
(Halse) Gank (Derb.). A red or yellow vein
filling extending through joints or
Gang-art (En^:.). The side of a mine.
fissures. Considered as a sign of ore
(Bainbridge)
nearby. (Hooson)
Gang car. A car which may be loaded Gannen (No. of Eng.). A road (head-
with a block of stone and placed be- ing) down which coal is conveyed in
neath the blades of a gang saw. It
cars running upon rails (Gresley).
is a modern substitute for the sta-
An inclined gangway in a coal mine.
tionary saw bed. (Bowles) (Standard)
Gang drill. A set of drills in the same
Gantry; Gauntry; Ganntree. 1. A
machine operated together. (Stand-
frame erected on a gold dredge for
ard)
supporting different parts of the ma-
Ganger. 1. (Mid.) One who is em- chinery. (Weatherbe)
ployed at conveying minerals along 2. A bridge or platform carrying a
the gangways in or about a mine, traveling crane or winch and sup-
which employment is known as gang- ported by a pair of towers, trestles,
ing. (Gresley) or side frames running on parallel
2. A foreman over a gang of work- tracks. 3. A structure supporting a
men. (Webster) number of railroad signals for sev-
eral tracks. (AVebster)
Ganggesteine. German for dike rocks.
(Kemp) Garabato (Mex.). 1. Curved iron bar
Gang-rider (Eng.). A lad who rides used in copper-smelting. (Dwight)
with or upon the trams of an under- 2. The suspension hook of a mine
lamp. ( Halse
ground engine plane, to give signals
when necessary, and to operate any Gard (Eng.). Gravelly sand; a varia-
levers, clevises, couplings, etc.
tion of Garde.
(Gresley). A Trip rider.
Garde (Corn.). Tailings, composed of
Gangsman. See Ganger.
clay and sand, from tin dressing
Sasman. See Fireman ; also Fire boss. works. (Hunt)
 ;

GLOSSARY OF MINING AND MINERAL INDUSTRY. 295

Gardner crusher. A swing - hammer Garnierite. A hydrous nlcikel-mag-

crusher, the hammers being flat U- nesium silicate ;a variety of genthite,
shaped pieces hung from trunnions Ha(Ni,Mg)SiO+Aq. (U. S. Geol.
between two disks keyed to a shaft. Surv.)
When revolved, centrifugal force
throws the hammers out against the Garrapata (Hex.). A clamp for
feed and a heavy anvil inside the stretching wires. (D wight)
crusher housing. (Liddell) Garrote (Hex.). A hoisting brake.
Garganite. A name suggested by Viola See Freno. (Halse)
and de Stefani for a dike rock in the Garrotero (Mex.). Railway brake-
Italian province of Foggia, which in
man. (Dwight)
the middle, with prevailing alkali-
feldspar, contains both augite and Gas. 1. An aeriform fluid, having
emphibole, i. e., is a vogesite; on neither independent shape nor vol-
the edges it contains biotite, horn- ume, but tending to expand indefi-
blende, olivine, and resembles ker- nitely. (Webster)
santite. (Kemp) 2. In mining, a mixture of atmos-
pheric air with fire damp (Stand-
Garimpeiro (Brazil). A gold-seeker;
ard). The common name for me-
also a smuggler. (Lock)
thane. See Fire damp.
Garkupfer (Ger.). Refined copper. 3. Gas is considered as a mineral,

(Whitney) and while in situ is a part of the

Garland. 1. (So. Staff.) A trough or
gutter round the inside of a shaft
to catch the water running down the
sides. (Raymond)
2. (Eng.). A wooden, rectangular
frame, strengthened with iron cor-
ner-plates, for keeping the coal upon
the top of a car. (Gresley)
Garnet. A group of silicate minerals
including several species with re-
lated chemical structure commonly
crystallized in dodecahedrons or
trapezohedrons of the isometric (cu-
bic) system. Garnets are not al-
ways pure but may contain the mole-
cules of two species giving rise to
intermediate types, as the gem
rhodolite. Common varieties are:
Almandite, Iron - aluminum garnet
(abrasive and gem precious garnet).
;
Andradite, lime-iron garnet. Esso-
nite, gem variety of grossularite.
land. (Westmoreland etc. Gas Co.
V. DeWitt, 130 Pennsylvania State,
p. 235)
Gas alarm. An alarm for noting the
presence of fire damp or choke damp
in a mine. (Standard)
Gas black. A
superior kind of lamp
black, collected by introducing a
cold iron surface into the luminous
gas flame. (Webster)
Gas carbon. A compact variety of car-
bon obtained as an incrustation on
the interior of gas retorts, and used
for the manufacture of carbon rods
or pencils for the electric arc, and
for the plates of voltaic batteries.
(Webster)
Gas coal. Any coal that yields a kirge
quantity of illuminating gas on dis-
tillation ( Gresley ) It should be free
.

Grossularite, lime-aluminum garnet. from sulphur and other impurities.

Pyrope, magnesia-aluminum garnet;
—
gems Arizona ruby, Cape ruby, Gas coke.
retorts,
The coke formed in gas
as distinguished from that
etc. Rhodolite, isomorphous mix-
ture of two molecules of pyrope and made in coke ovens. (Webster)
one molecule of almandite. Spessar- Gas conductor. A pipe for leading
tite, manganese - aluminum garnet combustion gases from the mouth of
used as a gem, sometimes called a blast furnace to a hot-blast stove.
Hyacinth (U. S. Geol. Surv.). A
(Standard)
vitreous to resinous, transparent to
subtranslucent, red brown, yellow, Gas detector. A device to show the
white, apple green, or black, brittle, presence of fire damp, etc., in a
non-cleavable silicate, crystallizing mine (Standard). See also Safety
in the isometric system. (Standard) lamp; Burrell gas detector, Metha-
Garnet blende. A synonym for Sphale- nometer, and Eudiometer.
rite, commonly called blende.
Gas drain (Eng.). A heading driven
(Chester)
in a mine for the special purpose of
Garnet rock. A rock composed essen- carrying off fire damp from any
tially of garnets. (Kemp) working. (Gresley)
296 GLOSSAKY OF MINING AND MINERAL. INDUSTllY.
Gas engine. A kind of internal-com-
bustion engine using fixed gas also,
broadly any internal-combustion en-
gine. (Webster)
Gaseous. 1. In the form, or of the
nature, of gas; pertaining to gases.
2. Lacking substance or solidity.
(Webster)
Gaseous place. A place that is likely
to be dangerous from the presence
of inflammable gas. (Clark)
Gas field. A tract or district yielding
natural gas. (Webster)
Gas firing. The combustion
of coal
effected by burning in such a way as
to produce a combustible gas, which
is then burned secondarily in the
laboratory of the furnace. (Ingalls,
p. 268)
Gas furnace. A furnace using gas for
fuel, or one for making gas. (Web-
ster)
Gas gage. An instrument for ascer-
taining the pressure of gas, gen-
erally consisting of a bent gradu-
ated tube containing water or mer-
cury, open at one end with the other
end screwed into the vessel contain-
ing the gas. (Century)
Gas generator. 1. An apparatus for
generating gas, as a retort in which
hydrocarbons are evolved by heat.
2. Acarburetor. 3. A machine for
the production of carbonic acid gas,
for aerating water. (Webster)
Gash. 1. (Scot.) A break or opening
in the strata, usually filled with
sand, gravel, or other loose rocks.
(Barrowman)
2. Applied to a vein wide above, nar-
row below, and terminating in depth
within the formation it traverses
(Raymond). See also Gash vein.
Gas-house coal tar. Coal tar produced
in gas-house retorts in the manufac-
ture of illuminating gas from bitu-
minous coal. (Bacon)
Gas-house tankage. Material that has
been used to remove sulphur com-
pounds from illuminating gas. It
contains substances which are poi-
sonous to plants and must be used
with great care. It is often rich
in nitrogen, containing 5 to 10 per
cent. (Amer. Fert. Hand Book,
1917, p. 44)
Gash vein. A mineralized fissure that
extends only a short distance ver-
tically. It may be confined to a sin-
gle stratum of rock, but is a com-
paratively shaUow vein (Ihlseng).
See alto Gash, 2.
Gasket. A thin sheet of composition
; or metal used in making a joint
water, gas, or steam tight. (Nat.
Tube Co.)
Gas, natural. See Natural gas.
Gasoscope. An apparatus for detecting
the presence of dangerous gas escap-
ing into a coal mine or a dwelling
house. (Webster)
Gas oil. One
of the first products of
distillation the manufacture of
in
lubricating oils. (Mitzakis)
Gasol. A product condensed from
casing-head gas by applying a pres-
sure of 850-900 pounds per square
inch at ordinary temperature. It
has a specific gravity of 0.5, and
one pound of the liquid produces
seven cubic feet of gas. (Bacon)
Gasoline. A
name applied broadly to
the lighter products derived from
the distillation of crude petroleum
having a specific gravity of 0.629 to
0.6673 (95*^ to 80° B.). It is volatile,
inflammable, and used as a fuel in
vapor stoves and engines; also as a
solvent for fats and oils.
Gas pipe (Mid.). A short wooden pipe
about four inches by four inches in-
side, having its upper end open to
the roof, and the lower end open-
ing into the bratticing so that any
gas given off in the roof may be
carried away as formed (Gresley).
Any pipe for conveying gas.
Gas pore. A gas bubble in a mineral.
(Standard)
Gas producer. A
furnace in which
coal is burned for the manufacture
of producer gas. There are two
types, namely: 1. The step-grate,
natural-draught generator, which is
but a development of the ordinary
fire box. 2. The shaft furnace, with
or without a grate and worked by a
natural draft or forced draft. The
latter type is identical in many re-
spects with a blast-smelting fur-
nace.
The principal producers are : Boe-
tius, Dawson, Dowson, Duff, Hege-
ler, Mond, Siemens, Smythe, Swin-
dell, Talbott, Taylor, Wellman, and
Wilson. (Ingalls, p. 298)
Gas sand. A sandstone containing nat-
ural gas. (Webster)
Gassed. See Gassing, 2.
Gas separator. See Gas trap.
Gasser. A
well that yields gas, es-
pecially an oil well producing much
gas. (Webster)
 )

GLOSSARY OF MINING AND MINERAL INDUSTRY. 297

Gassing. 1. Act or process of subject- under pressure considerably exceed-
ing to tlie actionof gas, as lime to ing the atmospheric pressure.
chlorine gas in mat:ing bleacliing (Melnzer)
powder. 2. Tliepoisoning of per-
sons exposed to noxious fumes or Qatch. Plaster as used In Persian
gases. 3. The bubbling of the acid architecture. (Webster)
In a storage battery. (Webster)
Gatchers (Corn.). The final sludge
Gas spectrum. 1. The spectrum,
con- or leavings from a tin-ore concentra-
sisting of bright lines or bands, ob- tion plant. (Davies)
tained by dispersing the light from
a glowing gas or vapor. 2. An ab- Gate. 1. (Eng.) Gateway, or gate
sorption spectrum obtained by pass- road. A
road or way underground
ing light through a gas or vapor. for air, water, or general passage:
(Webster) a gangway. 2. The aperture in a
founder's mold, through which the
Gas spurts. Little heaps observed on
molten iron enters. (Raymond)
the surface of certain geological
3. The
closing piece in a stop valve.
strata containing organic matter so
called because believed to be due to
;
4. A
valve controlling the admission
of water to a water wheel or to a
the escape of gas. (Webster)
conduit. ( Standard
Gassy. impreg-
Characteristic of or
nated with gas, especially coal gas Gate end. The inby end of a gate.
(Standard). Applied to any mine See Gate, 1. (Gresley)
which generates methane, or any
Gate-end plate (Mid.). A large sheet-
other gas.
iron plate about four feet six inches
Gas tank. See Gas trap. square and one-half inch thick, upon
Gas tar. Coal tar obtained as a by- which trams (mine cars) are turned
product in the manufacture of illu- round upon coming from the working
minating gas. (Webster) face to be taken along the gate or
roadway ( Gresley ) A kind of turn-
.

Gas trap. One of many devices for table; a turn sheet.

separating and saving the gas from
the flow and lead lines of producing Gate road (Eng.). A road connecting
oil wells. The mixture of oil and a stall with a main road (Stand-
gas allowed to flow through a
is ard). See Gate, 1.
chamber large enough to reduce the
velocity of the mixture to the point Gates canvas table. A large form of
at which the oil and gas tend to Inclined canvas table in which the
separate. The gas seeking the top pulp Is first classified, then dis-
of the chamber, is drawn off free of tributed along the upper edge of the
oil, while the oil is discharged at table. The concentrates are caught
the bottom. (Tech. Paper No. 209, In the warp of the canvas and after
Bu. Mines) Also called Gas sepa- this Is full, treatment must be
rator Gas tank.
;
stopped while the concentrates are
swept or sluiced off. (Llddell)
Gas-water. Water through which coal
gas has been passed, and which has Gate shutter. A paddle-llke Imple-
absorbed the impurities of the gas. ment used to shut off the flow of
(Century) metal from a mold, and to divert
It to other molds. (Standard)
Jas well. 1. A deep boring, from
which natural gas is discharged. Gate valve. A valve with a sliding
(Raymond) gate; stop valve (Standard). See
2.As used in oil and gas leases, a also Gate, 3.
well having such a pressure and vol-
Gateway (Mid.). See Gate, 1.
ume of gas, and, taking into ac-
count its proximity to market, as Gather. 1. (Derb.) To drive a head-
can be utilized commercially. ing through disturbed or faulty
(Prichard v. Freeland Oil (Do., 84 ground In such a way as to meet
S. E. Rept, p. 946) the seam of coal, at a convenient
level or point on the opposite side.
Gas works. A manufactory of gas, See also Eat out. (Gresley)
with all of Its machinery and ap-
2. To collect (molten glass) from a
purtenances; a gas plant. (Web- pot on the end of an iron tube. 3.
ster)
To collect the loaded mine cars from
Gas zone. A formation which contains the rooms or chambers in a train
capillary or supercapillary voids, or or trip on a main haulage roadi
both, that are full of natural gas (Standard)
298 GLOSSARY OF MINING AND MINERAL INDUSTRY.

Gathering coal (Scot). See Gather- Ganton (Scot). A water course cut
ing peat. in the floor of a mine or working.
(Barrowman)
Gathering Iron. The iron used in tak-
ing viscid glass from the melting Gauze lamp (Scoi). A (so-called)
pot (Standard) safety lamp, formerly used in the
Scotch coal mines. It is a kind of
Gathering motor. A light weight type Davy lamp, with a gauze top about
of electric locomotive used to haul three inches in diameter, and has no
loaded cars from the working places brass frame to strengthen it and no
to the main haulage road, and to re- glass. (Gresley)
place them with empties.
Gavel. A mason's setting - maul.
Gathering mnle. The mule used to col- (Standard)
lect the loaded cars from the sepa- Gavelock (Eng.). An iron poker or
rate working places, and to return lever; a crowbar (Bainb ridge).
empties. (Steel) Also spelled Gablack.
Gathering peat (Scot). A peat used Gavelor; Gaveler (Derb.). An officer
to maintain a fire all night, hot who gives the miner possession of
embers being gathered about it. the mine, and who also collects the
(Standard) taxes. (Mander)
Gathering rod. See Gathering iron. Gavia (Spain). A primitive method
of carrying ore In baskets on men's
Gathering zone. A term suggested by shoulders up Inclined shafts in
J. W. Finch for the space above which steps were cut. (Halse)
the ground-water level. See also
Zone of discharge and Static zone. Gaw. 1. (Scot.) A narrow vein of
igneous rock intersecting the strata.
(Lindgren, p. 31)
(Barrowman)
Gato (Mex.). Jackscrew; railbender. 2. A drain or trench, (Webster)
(D wight) Gawl (Lane). An unevenness in a
coal wall. (Gresley)
Gatton (Scot). See Gauton.
Gayeterie (Belg.). Second quality coal
Gauge. See Gage. remaining after the large pieces
Gauge-door. See Gage-door. have been removed. See Gayette.
Gayette (Belg.). Large picked coal.
Gault. 1.(Eng.). See Folkstone marl. A variation of French Gaillette.
2. To cover with clay obtained from
the subsoil. (Webster) Gayley process. The process of remov-
ing moisture from the blast of a
Gauntlet. A narrowing of two single blast-furnace by reducing the tem-
railway tracks almost into the space perature so that the moisture will
of one, as on a bridge or in a tunnel, be deposited as snow or ice. The
without breaking the continuity of use of the dehydrated blast effects
either track by a switch, the two great fuel economy, and promotes
tracks overlapping each other. regularity in iron-smelting opera-
(Standard) tions. (Webster)
Ganntree; Ganntry. See Gantry. Gay-Lussac's tower. In sulphuric-acid
making, a tower filled with pieces
Ckiuteite. A name derived from the of coke over which concentrated sul-
Gaute Valley, central Bohemia, and phuric acid trickles down and, meet-
given by J. E. Hibsch to a leuco- ing the gas issuing from the lead
cratic dike rock of porphyritic tex-
chambers, absorbs its nitrous anhy-
ture and trachytic habit. The phe-
dride, which otherwise would be
nocrysts are hornblende, augite, and Compare Glover's
lost (Standard).
abundant lime-soda feldspar. The tower.
groundmass is about 80 per cent
feldspar rods, with the remainder, Gaylussite. A hydrous carbonate of
magnetite grains, small hornblendes, sodium and calcium mineral, CaCos.-
augltes, biotites, and a little color- Na2Co8.5HjO. (Dana)
less glass. The gauteite is regarded
Gazogene. See Gasogen.
as a complementary dike-rock to
neighboring camptonites and is be- Geanticline. A great upward flexure
lieved to correspond to the deep- of the earth's crust; opposed to
seated monzonites. (Kemp) Geosyncline. (Webster)
 ) —
GLOSSARY OF MINING AND MINERAL INDUSTRY. 299

Bears; Pair of gears. 1. Two props and 0.8 soda (Brunswig, p. 300).
and a plank, the plank being sup- It is a plastic, water-proof high ex-
ported by the props at either end. plosive, of high density, used prin-
2. The teeth of a gear wheel or pin- cipally for close work and where it
ion. (C. and M. M. P.) is exposed to water. (Du Pont)
3. (No. of Eng.) See Double tim-
Gelatinization. Solubility with the
ber. Also staging and rails erected
formation of jelly-like silica. (A. F.
at quays over coal chutes. (Gres-
Rogers)
ley)
Gelation. by
Solidification, especially
Seat. The hole
a mold through
in cooling. (Standard
which the metal is poured in cast- Gelignite. The term by which gelatin
ing. See Gate, 2. (Standard) dynamite is known abroad. (Du
Pont)
Gedanite. A resin resembling amber,
but not containing succinic acid and Gem. 1. A general term for any pre-

less rich in found on

oxygen ; it is cious or semi-precious stone, as dia-
the shores of the Baltic. See also mond, ruby, topaz, etc., especially
Succinite. (Bacon) when cut or polished for ornamental
purposes. 2. Archseologically, the
&ee. 1. To cause (a draft animal) term engraved stone,
is restricted to
to turn to the right. 2. To turn to e. g., intaglios and cameos.
3. In
the right, away from the driver: the mineralogical sense, one of the
opposed to Haw; in the imperative, orders of minerals used by Mohs,
addressed to oxen, mules, or horses distinguished by their hardness
as a command. (Standard) enough to scratch quartz trans- —
parency, nonmetallic luster, but
Geest. 1. A name proposed by J. A. generally brilliant and beautiful.
DeLuc in 1816 for "the immediate (Power)
products of rock decay in situ." It
Is a provincial word for earth in Gemmary. 1. The science of gems. 2.

Holland and northern Germany. A house or receptacle for gems or

(Compare Laterite, Saprolite. (Kemp) jewels; also gems collectively. 3.
2. High, gravelly land; gravel or An engraver of gems. (Standard)
drift. (Standard) Gem stone. A precious stone; a min-
eral suitable for cutting as a gem.
Gefarht (Ger.). The course or direc-
(Standard)
tion of a lode. (Davies)
Generating station. A station in which
Geg; Gag (Scot). A piece of stone
electric generators are operated by
or other obstruction preventing the
prime movers. (Clark)
proper closing of a pump valve. The
valve is said to be gegged when so Generation. In petrology, all those
obstructed. (Barrowman) crystals,of one or several species,
that form at the same period of the
Gelsothermal. Same as Isogeothermal
cooling and solidification of an ig-
( Standard ) . See Isogeothermal
neous rock (La Forge). The same
lines.
species may have one, two, or very
Geissler'stube. A sealed glass tube rarely three generations.
containing some highly rarified gas
Generator. 1. A source of electricity,
and having electrodes at either end
especially one that transforms heat
which can be connected with an in-
or mechanical work directly into
duction coil. When an electric dis-
electric energy, as opposed to a vol-
charge is passed through it the gas
taic battery. See Dynamo. 2. A
becomes luminous. (Standard)
vessel, chamber or machine in which
Gel. A form of matter
In a colloidal the generation of a gas Is effected,
state that does not dissolve but as by chemical action. (Standard)
nevertheless remains suspended in a
Generator gas. Producer gas. (Web-
solvent from which it fails to pre-
ster)
cipitate without the intervention of
heat or of an electrolyte. (Rickard) Geneva mby. An artificial ruby.
(Power)
Gelatin dynamite. An explosive, the
composition of which varies between Genthite. A hydrous nickel-magne-
wide depending upon its use.
limits, sium silicate mineral, theoretically
A typical composition Is: 62.5 per 2Ni0.2Mg0.3Si026H20, but the nickel
cent nitroglycerin; 2.5 collodion cot- content Lb variable. (U. 8. Qeol,
ton; 25.5 sodium nitrate; 8.7 meal, Surv.)
 ;

800 (GLOSSARY OF MINING AND MINERAL INDUSTRY.

Geo. 1. (Iceland) A narrow inlet inhabit it, considered in relation tc.

walled in by steep cliffs. 2. An ele- the earth's surface; also a bo9k or
ment In many compound words of treatise on the above subject. (La
Greek origin, meaning the earth. Forge)
(Century)
Geologlan. An old term for Geologist.
Gcocerain. See Geocerite.
Geological formations. Groups of
Geocerellite. A white, brittle, alcohol- rocks of similar character and age.
soluble oxygenated hydrocarbon (Lawver)
which melts at 82" C. (Bacon)
Geological horizon. Rocks of one geo-
Geocerite. A white oxyge-
wax-like, logical age. (Weed)
nated hydrocarbon which melts at
about 80° C. It is soluble in alco- Geologic high. Sometimes used in oil
hol and is unacted upon by a hot fields to indicate a later geological
potassium hydroxide. Geocerite oc- formation regardless of elevation
curs in the brown coal of Gester- opposed to Geologic low, which re-
witz. See Geomyricite. (Bacon) fers to earlier formations. Compare
Topographic high.
Geocronic. Of or pertaining to geo-
logical time (Standard). Now ob- Geologic low. See Geologic high.
solete.
Geologist. One versed in geology, or
Geochrony. Geologic chronology the ;
engaged in geological study or in-
system of time divisions used in vestigation. (Standard)
geology (Webster). Now obsolete. Geology. The science which treats of
the history of the earth and its life,
Geocronite. An alchemist's nnme for especially as recorded in the rocks.
lead. A
lead gray sulphide mineral
Three principal branches or phases
of antimony and lead, SPbS.SSjSs.
are usually distinguished 1. Struc-:

(Webster)
tural, or geotectonic geology, treat-
Geode. 1. A hollow nodule or concre- ing of the form, arrangement, and
tion, the cavity of which is lined internal structure of the rocks. 2.

with crystals. (U. S. Geol. Surv.) Dynamic geology, dealing with the
2. The cavity of such a nodule. causes and processes of geological
(Webster) change. 3. Historical geology,
3. (Leic.) Large nodules of iron- which, aided by other branches,
stone, hollow in the center. (Gres- aims to give a chronological account
ley) of the events in the earth's history.
(Webster)
Geodesy. The
science and art of meas- Other subdivisions are Economic
:

uring portions of the earth's sur- geology, that branch of geology

face by triangulation and astronomi-
cal observation the determination
; of the science in industrial relations
of the magnitude and figure of the
earth: distinguished from survey-
ing, which is concerned only with
limited tracts, as farms or counties.
(Standard)
Geodetics. See Geodesy.
Geogeny. The study of the genesis or
formation of the earth (Standard).
An obsolete term.
Geognosy. That part of geology which
treats of the materials of the earth
and Its general interior and exte-
rior constitution; sometimes nearly
synonymous with geology. (Web-
ster)
which deals with the applications
and operations. Legal geology, the
application in litigation of the facts
and principles of geology, particu-
larly its subdivisions, mineralogy,^
economic geology, and mining ge-
ology. Mining geology, a subdivi-
sion of economic geology concerned
with the application of geologic
facts and principles to mining.
Stratigraphio geology, a study of
the succession of the beds of rock
laid down during the progress of
geologic ages. (Shamel, p. 11)
Geomorphic. Of, or pertaining to, the
figure of the earth or the form of
its surface; resembling the earth.

Geography. TLo science that treats of (Webster)

the surface of the earth, including Geomorphogeny. That part of geom-
its form and development, the phe- orphology which treats of the origin
nomena that take place thereon, and and development of the earth's sur-
the plaots, animals, and peoples that face features. (La Forge)
 GLOSSARY OF MINING AND MINERAL INDUSTRY. 301

Principal divisions of geologic time,

[IT. S. Geological Survey.]

Em.
 ) ;

302 GLOSSARY OF MINING AND MINERAL INDUSTRY.

Geomorphology. 1. That branch of Gerhardtite. Basic cupric nitrate,

I)hysical geography which deals with
the form of the earth, the gen-
oral configuration of its surface, the
distribution of the land, water, etc.
2. The investigation of the history
of geolgic changes through the in-
terpr«'tation of topographic forms.
(Webster)
iJeomyricin. See Geomyrlcite.
Geomyricite. A wax-like, white min-
eral, melting at about 80° C, and
soluble in hot absolute alcohol and
ether; its composition (CsiHssOz) is
near that of certain vegetal waxes.
(Bacon)
Geonomy. The science of the physical
laws of the earth. It includes ge-
ology and physical geography. ( Web-
ster)
Geophone. A device to determine be-
neath the surface the exact location
of sounds transmitted through the
ground. It is a recent invention
and may prove useful In finding men
imprisoned by mine disasters.
Geophysical. Relating to the physics
of the earth. (Century)
Geordie. 1. (Scot.) A coal
2.A miner's name for a safety lamp
invented by George Stephenson.
(Webster)
Cu(N03)2. 3Cu(0H),. In pyramidal
orthorhombic crystals. Color, em-
erald green. From the copper mines
at Jerome, Ariz. (Dana)
German. A straw filled with gunpow>
der to act as a fuse in blasting oper-
ations. (Gresley)
German cupellation. The character-
istics of this method are: a large
reverberatory furnace with a fixed
bed and a movable roof, that the
bullion to be cupelled is all charged
at once and tliat the silver is not
refined in the same furnace where
the cupellation is carried on. (Hof-
man, p. 508)
Germanium. A grayish white rare me-
tallic element, resembling silicon
and carbon in some respects, and
tin In others. Symbol, Ge; atomic
weight, 72.5; specific gravity 5.46.
(Webster)
German process. In copper smelting,
the process of reduction in a shaft-
furnace, after roasting, if necessary
(Raymond). See German reduction
process. Also called Swedish proc-
ess.
German reduction process. This proc-
worker. ess consists in: (a) Roasting the
ore; (b) Melting and obtaining a
matte with 30 to 40 per cent of cop-
per called coarse metal (c) Roast-
;

ing the coarse metal; (d) Melting

Geordie turn-out (Aust.). A turn-out
and obtaining a matte with 60 to
(switch), from a heading to a bord,
70 per cent copper called fine metal
made of iron bars of square cross
(e) Roasting the fine metal; and
section instead of ordinary T-rails,
(f) Melting and obtaining black
so that the same turn-outs can be
copper. (Goesel)
used to the right or left by simply
reversing them. (Power) German silver. A white alloy of
nickel, copper, and zinc. (Ray-
Geostatic. Capable of sustaining the
mond)
pressure of superincumbent earth.
(Century) German steeL A metal made from
charcoal iron obtained from bog
Geosyncllne. A great downward fiex- iron or from sparry carbonate of
ure of the earth's crust; opposed to iron. (Standard)
Geanticline. ( Webster
Gersdorffite. A
mineral, sulpharsenlde
Geotectonic. Pertaining to the form, of nickel, NiAsS or
NiSi.NiAsa. Iron
arrangement, and structure of the and sometimes cobalt replace more
rock masses composing the earth's or less of the nickel. Is usually mas-
crust. Structural. (Webster) sive and has a silver-white to steel-
Geothermic;
gray color. (Dana)
Geothermal. Of, or per-
taining to, the heat of the earth's Gerstenliofer furnace. A shaft furnace
interior. (Webster) filled with terraces or shelves,
through which crushed ore is caused
Geothermic degree. The average depth to fall, for roasting. (Raymond)
within the earth's crust correspond-
ing to an Increase of one degree in
Get. 1. (Eng.) To work away or
excavate by mining either under or
temperature. (Webster)
above ground. 2. The produce or
Gerente (Mex.), Business manager. output, in tons, of a colliery or mine
(Dwlght) during a certain period. (Gresley)
 ) )

GLOSSARY OF MINING AND MINERAL INDUSTRY. 303

Get a clean-up (Ark.). To have an Giallo antico marble. A yellow marble

opportunity to load out all the coal used by ancient Greeks and
the
a miner has loosened. (Steel) Romans; hence the name Giallo
antico or antique yellow. The
Getter (Eng.). A miner who gets out source is Algeria. (Merrill)
coal or ore. (Standard)
Giant. A large nozzle used in hy-
Getting (Eng.). Cutting, mining, and draulic mining. (Webster)
loading coal, etc., in a mine. (Gres-
ley) Giant granite. See Pegmatite.
Getting'-in-the-top (Eng.). Cutting Giant kettle. One of the numerous
out and timbering the crown of the very large potholes (moulins) on
excavation for tlie tunnel. ( Simms the coast of Norway, probably
formed by englacial waterfalls.
Getting rock (So. Staff.). Clay iron- (Standard)
stone in the roof of a coal seam,
which is worked in conjunction with Giant powder. A form of dynamite
the coal. (Gresley) consisting of a mixture of nitro-
glycerin and kieselguhr. (AVebster)
Geyser. A spring from which hot
water and steam, and in some cases Giant's Causeway. A sheet of columnar
mud, are intermittently, periodically, basalt covering large areas where
and explosively thrown vertically, the structure is finely displayed in
like a fountain, to a considerable the close-fitting hexagonal pillars
height. (La Forge) distinctly marked, and varying in
diameter from 15 to 20 inches, with
Geyser basin. An area in which a height of 20 feet In some places.
geysers are grouped. (Standard) It forms a prominent cliff on the
north coast of Ireland.
Geyserite. A hydrated form of silica,
a variety of opal, deposited around Gib. 1. (Scot.) A
sprag; a prop put
some hot springs or geysers. (Dana) in the holing of a seam while being
under-cut. (Barrowraan)
Ghaist (Scot.). The white ash or 2. A piece of metal often used in the
cinder of shale of shaly coal. (Bar- same hole with a wedge-shaped key
rowman) for holding pieces together. (C. and
Ghat; Ghaut (India). Literally, a
M. M. P.)
pass often difficult and narrow, Gib and key ( Scot. ) A two-part tight-
.

through a mountain ridge, or from ening wedge, one part, the gib, be-
the lower plains to the higher ing fixed while the other part, the
plateaux (Oldham). A range or key or cotter, is adjustable length-
chain of mountains or hills, or the wise. ( Standard
scarped wall of a table-land. ( Stand-
ard) Gibber. In geology, a facetted pebble
or glyptolith; a dreikanter. (La
Ghost. 1. (So. Stafle.) A blue cap on Forge)
a candle or lamp. (Gresley)
2. (Scot.) See Veal. Gibbsite. A monoclinic hydroxide of
aluminum mineral, AljOsSHjO.
Ghost-coal (Scot.). A coal which (Dana)
yields a fixed white incandescent
light, as of a specter, in a burning Gieseckite-porphyry. A nephelite por-
fire (Standard). Called also Gaist. phyry from Greenland, whose nephe-
lite phenocrysts are altered to the
Ghurr; or " The mother of
Thurr; aggregate of muscovlte scales, which
metals." A
term used by alchemists was called gieseckite under the im-
for the mineral substance which pression that it was a new mineral.
in time is supposed to ripen, and
Liebenerite porphyry is the same
become real ore. Glauber the thing from Predazzo, in the Tyrol.
alchemist (from whom we get (Kemp)
"Glauber's salts," sulphate of soda)
tellsus "that in Germany the miners Gig. 1. (Scot.) A winding engine.
know when the ores are not grown (Barrowman)
to perfection, and usually say they 2. (Eng.) A small sump. See
are come too soon; and shut up the Sump, 1. (Bainb ridge)
mine again for some years till it is 3. (Eng.) A two-storied box or
ripened and grown to perfection." cage for use in a mine shaft; also
(Hunt) a kibble. (Webster)
 )

804 GLOSSARY OF MINING AND MINERAL INDItSTRY.

Gig house (Scot.). A winding-engine Gin pit. A shallow mine, the hoisting
lioiise. (Barrowman) from which is done by a gin.
(Webster)
Gild. To wash over or overlay thinly
with gold; to coat with gold, either Gin pole. Any of the three poles of a
in leaf or powder. 2. To overlay hoisting gin. A single pole held in
with any other substance for the position by guys. (Webster)
purpose of giving the appearance of
Gin race. 1. (Eng.) A wide excava-
gold. (Standard)
tion near the top of an underground
Gillie's process. A flotation process inclined plane in which a gin is
based upon the principles of the Pot- fixed. (Gresley)
ter-Delpeat process but embodying 2. The track or path of a horse
some unique apparatus. The proc- turning a gin. Also called Gin
ess never had any commercial suc- ring. (Webster)
cess. (T. J. Hoover, p. 15)
Gin ring. The circle round which a
Gilpin county table. See End-bump horse moves in working a gin or
table. horse-whip. (Century)
Gilsonite; ITintaite. 1. A brilliant Gin tackle. A tackle arranged for use
black, very brittle variety of asphalt with a gin; especially, a combina-
having a marked conchoidal frac- tion of a double with a triple pulley
ture and a brown streak. Upon ex- block which multiplies by five the
posure to air readily breaks down power exerted. (Standard)
Into a brown powder. Decrepitates Gin wheel. The cylinder of a gin or
but fuses easily tn a candle flame, winch. (Standard)
and is soluble in carbon disulphide
(CSj), alcohol, and turpentine. (U. Gipsy winch. A small winch that may
S. Geol. Surv.) be attached to a post, working either
2. A solid asphaltum found in place, by a rotary motion or by the recip-
in a vein, lode, or rock. (Webb v. rocating action of a handle having
American Asphaltum Min. Co., 157 a pair of pawls and a ratchet.
Fed. Kept, p. 205) (Standard)
Glme (Eng.). A hole washed in an Giraffe. 1. A cage-like mine car espt?-
embankment by a rush of water cially adapted for inclines, having
through a leak. (Standard) the frame higher at one end than at
the other. (Standard)
Gin. (Eng.)
1. A drum and frame- 2. A mechanical appliance for re-
work carrying pulleys, by which the ceiving and tripping a car of ore,
ore and waste are raised from a etc., when it arrives at the surface.
shallow pit (Gresley). A whim. (Duryee)
Also called Horse gin. Gin Is a con- 3. A multiple-deck skip. (Halse)
traction of engine.
2. A pump worked by a windlass. Girasol. Opal. Bluish white, translu-
3. A pile-driving machine. (Stand- cent, with reddish reflections in a
ard) bright light. (Dana)
Gin beam (So. Staff.). A timber cross- Girdle. (No. of Eng.)
1. A thin bed
bar carrying the pulley wheels over of stone exposed in a shaft or bore
the top of a head frame. (Gresley) hole. (Gresley)
Gin block. A simple form of tackle- 2. (Newc.) A thin stratum of coal.
block attached to a gin. (Standard)
(Power)
3.A thin sandstone stratum. 4. The
Ginging (Derb.). The lining of a peripheral line of a cut gem, at
shaft with masonry. (Raymond) which it is held by the setting.
Gingoni (Derb.). Walling up a shaft, (Standard)
instead of timbering, to keep the Girth; Girt. 1. In square-set timber-
loose earth from falling. (Min. ing, a horizontal brace in the direc-
Jour. tion of the drift. (Raymond)
Gin horse. A horse working a gin, or
2. A small girder. (Standard)
mill (Standard). See Gin, 1. Gis (Mex.). Chalk; crayon; pencil
Ginney (Nova Scotia). A prop. (D wight)
Ginny carriage (Eng.). A small strong Gismondite. A mineral, CaAlaSiiOu-f'
4H2O. In pyramidal crystals,
carriage for materials. (Webster)
pseudo-tetragonal. Colorless or
Ginny rails (Eng.). Track rails for white, bluish white, grayish, reddish.
ginny carriages (Webster) (Dana)
 ) ;

GLOSSAKY OF MINING AND MINERAL INDUSTRY. 305

Grizzen (Scot.). To shrink from dry- Glaciated. Covered by and subjected
ness so as to leak ; as a pail gizzeas to the action of a glacier. (La
leaky. (Standard) Forge)
Gjer's 8oaking-pit. A cavity lined with
Glaciation. 1. The effect produced
refractory material used in metal
working to inclose large ingots, in upon an area through being covered
order to preserve them at a high by a glacier and through the ero-
sion, transportation, and deposition
temperature, and thus avoid the ne-
cessity of reheating. (Century)
of material by the glacier. (La
Forge)
Glacial. In geology, pertaining to, 2. The act of or result of freezing,
characteristic of, produced or de- or the state of being frozen. (Stand-
posited by, or derived from a glacier. ard)
(La Forge)
Glacial boundary. The boundary line Glacic. Same as glacial. (Standard).
of the utmost extension of the Glacier. A stream or sheet of ice,
lower margin of glacier land-ice in formed by the compacting and re-
any region, often extending beyond crystallization of unmelted snow ac-
the outer terminal moraine. ( Stand- cumulated to a great thickness,
ard) flowing down a mountain valley or
Glacial drift. See Drift, 6. outward across country in all di-
rections from a center of accumula-
Glacial epoch. The Pleistocene epoch, tion (La Forge). When a glacier
the earlier of the two epochs com- reaches the sea it often breaks off
prised in the Quarternary period:
and forms ice bergs.
characterized by the extensive
glaciation of regions now free from Glacier burst. The sudden release of
ice. (La Forge) a reservoir of water which has been
Glacial erosion. The erosion of earth impounded within or by a glacier.
and rocks produced by glacier ice (Century)
charged with detritus, and assisted GlaciSre (Fr.). An artificial or natu-
by glacial streams (Standard). See ral cavity, in a temperate climate,
Glaciation, 1.
in which a mass of ice remains un-
Glacialism. The glacier theory. thawed throughout the year; an ice
(Standard) glen; ice cave. (Standard)
Glacialized. Subjected to the action of Glacier grain. 1. The gi'anular tex-
ice. (Standard) ture of glacier ice. 2. One of the

Glacial planing and polishing. The grains of ice in a glacier. (Cen-

leveling and smoothing of rock sur- tury)
faces by ice erosion. (Standard) Glacier meal. See Rock flour.
Glacial scoring. The scratching and
grooving of a rock surface by gla- Glacier milk. Water Issuing from be-
cial erosion.(Century) neath a glacier and exhibiting a
characteristic white color due to
Glacial scratches. See Glacial striae. suspended triturated rock. (Web-
Glacial striae. Usually straight,
i. ster)
more or less regular scratches, com-
Glacier mud, or silt. The pulverulent
monly parallel in sets, on smoothed
material, produced by glacial ero-
surfaces of rocks, due to glacial-
sion, that is washed out from be-
abrasion; glacial scratches. 2.
neath a glacier and deposited at
Curved, crooked, and intermittent
lower levels by glacial streams.
gouges, of irregular depth and (Standard)
width, and rough definition, on cer-
tain rock-surfaces, sometimes due Glacier snow. The compacted moun-
to abrasion by icebergs. ( Standard tain snow that is in the intermediate
GlAfiial terrace. A glacial deposit re- stage between ordinary snow and
arranged in terrace form. (Stand- glacier Ice. (Standard)
ard)
Glacier table. A block of stone left
Glaciate. To overspread with glacial and supported above the surface of
ice,or to produce the phenomena of a glacier on a column of ice formed
rock planation, rock-scoring, drift, by the melting away of the sur-
etc. (Standard) rounding glacier ice. (Webster)
75242'—19 20
306 GLOSSAKY OF MINING AND MINERAL INDUSTRT.

Glaeier theory. The theory that large Gland bridge (Scot.). A bar or strip
elevated portions of the temperate of iron to which a gland is some-
and frigid zones were covered dur- times bolted. See also Gland, 1.
ing the early Quaternary, and per- (Barrowman)
haps during some earlier epochs, by
Glass. 1. The amorphous result of the
slowly moving ice sheets and gla-
ciers, that tra sported vast masses of
quick chill of a fused lava. See
drift to lower latitudes, assisted by Obsidian; also Volcanic glass.
icebergs drifting along the coast. (Kemp)
(Standard) No longer a theory, but 2. (Eng.) A collier's word for a
accepted as fact. dial. (Gresley)
3. A compound of silica with at
Olacioaqueous. Pertaining to or re- least two metallic oxides, usually
sulting from the combined action of those of sodium, potassium, or lead.
ice and water. (Standard) It is generally transparent or trans-
(Jlaciofluvlal. Of, pertaining to, pro- lucent, is brittle and sonorous at
duced by, or resulting from com- ordinary temperatures, and when
bined glacier action and river ac- heated becomes soft and ductile,
finally melting. The point of fusion
tion. (Standard)
differs with its composition. It
Glaciolacustrine. Pertaining to or breaks with a conchoidal (commonly
characterized by glacial and lacus- called vitreous) fracture, and Is
trine conditions. Deposits made in acted on by hydrofluoric acid, but
lakes whose borders were affected not by ordinary solvents. (Stand-
by glacier ice, or by water flowing ard)
directly from glaciers. (Webster)
Glassen (Local, Eng.). To coat with
Glaciology. That branch of geology or as with a glaze. (Standard)
which treats of glaciers, of the de-
posits formed by them, and of the Glass furnace. A furnace for fusing
results of their action in modifying together the materials of which glass
topography. (La Forge) is made, or one for remelting glass
frit and making it ready for work-
Glaciomarine. Of, or relating to proc-
ing. (Standard)
esses or deposits which involve the
action of glaciers and the sea, or Glass gall. A
whitish scum cast up
the action of glaciers in the sea. from the materials of glass in fu-
(Century) sion, and removed by the aid of
Glacure (Fr.). A thin glazing on fine shovels. (Webster)
pottery. (Standard) Glass inclusion. In crystals of igneous
Glance. A term used to designate va- rocks, an inclusion of glass or some
rious minerals having a splendent lithoid substance. (Standard)
luster, as silver glance, lead glance, Glass metal. The fused and refined
etc. (Roy. Com.) material of which glass Is made.
Glance coal. A term for Anthracite. (Century)
(Gresley) Glass rock. A pure cryptocrystalline
Glance cobalt. Same as Cobaltite. Trenton limestone in northern Illi-
(Standard) nois and southern Wisconsin. (Ore
dep., p. 234)
Glance copper. Same as Chalcocite.
(Standard) Glass sand. An extremely pure silica
sand useful for making glass and
Glance pitch. A pure quality of as- pottery. (Bowles)
phalt; manjak. (Webster)
Glass seam. A joint plane in a rock
Gland. 1. (Scot.) A
malleable iron
that has been re-cemented by deposi-
band surrounding a pipe or log and tion of calcite or silica in the crack.
tightened by means of bolts. (Bar-
(Bowles)
rowman)
2. The outer portion of a stuffing Glass tiff. Calcite. (Power)
box, having a tubular projection Glass wool. A
fibrous wool-like ma-
embracing the rod, extending into terial, composed of fine filaments of
the bore of the box, and bearing glass intermingled like mineral wool
against the packing. 3. The fixed
(Standard). See Mineral wool.
engaging part of a positive-driven
clutch. 4. A bar hooked at both Glanberlte. A
mineral, sodii.m-calcium
«nds for clamping the parts of a sulphate, NaaSO^-OaSO*. (U. S.
molder's flask. (Standard) Geol. Surv.)
 ;

GLOSSARY OF MINING AND MINERAL INDUSTRY. 307

Glauber salt. See Mirabllite. may take place under the applica-
tion of mechanical force, as by pres-
Glaucodot. Sulpharsenide of cobalt
sure (Dana). Also called Glide
and iron, (Co, Fe)AsS. In ortho-
planes.
rhombic crystals. Also jaassive.
Luster metallic. A grayish tin-white Glimmer. Mica (Standard). See
mineral. (Dana) Glist, 1.
Glaucolite. A variety of wernerite
Glimmering. As applied to the degree
having a blue or green tint. ( Stand-
of lustre of minerals, means those
ard)
which afford an imperfect reflection,
Glauconitc; Greensand. Essentially a and apparently from points over the
hydrous silicate of iron and potas- surface, as flint, chalcedony (Dana).
sium, but the material is usually a Compare Glistening.
mixture and consequently varies
much in composition. The potash Glist. 1. (Corn.) Mica. (Raymond)
ranges from 2.2 to 7.9 per cent. 2. A gleam; sparkle.
(Webster)
See also Marl. (U. S. Geol. Surv.) 3. (Eng.) A dark, shining mineral
resembling black tourma line. ( Stand-
Glaucophane. One of the monoclinic ard)
amphiboles. A silicate of sodium,
aluminum, iron, and magnesium. Es- Glistening. As applied to the degree
sentially NaAl(Si08)..(FeMg)SiO.. of lustre of a mineral means those
(Dana) minerals affording a general reflec-
tion from the surface, but no image,
Glaucopyrite. J. variety of lollingite as talc, chalcopyrite (Dana). Com-
containing cobalt. (Standard) pare Glimmering.
Glazed. Containing considerable sil- Glister (Va.). To increase the heat
ira said of pig iron, which is thus
:
of (a brick-kiln) by stirring the fire
made brittle and difficult to puddle. and supplying fuel. (Standard)
(Standard)
Glit (Scot.). The slime of a river
Glaze kiln. A kiln for firing glazed bed. (Standard)
biscuit ware. (Standard)
Globe valve. 1. A valve with approxi-
Glazier. One who applies glaze to pot- mately a spherical chamber. 2. A
tery. (Standard) valve in which a ball is pressed
Glazing barrel. A rotating barrel in against a seat to close it. (Stand-
which gunpowder is glazed with ard)
graphite. (Standard) Globnlite. 1. A very minute droplike

Glazy. Vitreous; glassy; dull. Hav- body, the simplest kind of a crystal-
ing a glazed appearance as the frac- lite. (Webster)
tured surface of some kinds of pig 2. A
tiny, rounded, incipient crystal
iron. (Webster) form visible in some volcanic glasses
when they are examined in thin
Glebe (Gt. Brit.). A tract of land sections under a microscope. (Ran-
containing mineral (oie). (Stand- some)
ard)
Glockerite. A mineral, 2Fe508.SO,.-
Gleg parting. 1. (Scot.) The eaSy 6H2O. Massive, sparry, earthy, or
parting of one strntnin from an- stalactitic. Color, brown to ocher-
other. (Barrowman) yellinv to pitch black; dull green.
2. Sharp; smooth or slippery.
(Dana)
(Webster)
Glen. A small valley; a .secluded
Glomeroporphyritic. A textural term
proposed by Tate for those porphy-
hollow anion;? hills. (Standard)
ritic rocks whose feldspar pheno-
Glessite. A resin occurring, with suc- crysts are made up of an aggregate
cinite on the shores of the Baltic; of individuals instead of one large
it has a brown color and n specific cry.stal. Compare Ocellar. (Kemp)
gravity of 1.015 to 1.027. (Bacon)
Gloom. A stove for drying gunpowder
Gliding. A change of form by dif- drying oven. (Standard)
ferential movements along definiie
planes in crystals without fracnue.
Glory hole. 1. A large open pit from
which ore Is or has been extracted
(C. K. Leith, Bull. 2;S9, U. rs. iieol.
(Weed). See also Milling.
Surv., p. 138)
2. An opening through which to ob
Gliding planes. Directions parallel to serve the Interior of a furnace,
which a slipping of the molecules (Standard)
 )

308 GLOSSARY OF MINING AND MINERAL INDUSTRY.

Glory-hole system. A method of min- Gluing rock. A ferruginous clay ly-

ing using a system of haulageways ing above a coal stratum, and which
beneath the block of ore, which has may be mined at the same time a»
had its top surface exposed by the the coal. (Standard)
removal of the overburden. Con-
necting with the haulageways are Glut. 1. (Newc.) A piece of wood,
chutes that extend up to the sur- used to up behind cribbing or
fill

face, and are spaced at intervals of tubbing. (Raymond)

50 ft., or at any other convenient 2. A wooden wedge. 3. A small
distance. The excavation of the ore brick or block to fill up a course;
begins at the top of the chute, and also an unburned pressed brick.
the broken ore is removed by load- (Standard)
ing it out from the chutes into cara
Glyptic. In mineralogy, exhibiting fig-
on the haulage level. The ore block
is worked from the top down. The ures. (Standard)
method is similar in principle to Glyptography. 1. The art, process, or
underhand stoping (Young). Also operation of engraving on precious
called Milling system and Chute stones or the like. 2. A description
system. of or treatise on gem-engraving the ;

Glossary. A
collection of notes or ex- knowledge or study of engraved
planations of words and passages of gems. (Standard)
a work or author; a partial diction- Glyptolith. A faceted pebble polished
ary of a work, an author, a dialect, by wind action. (Lahee, p. 44)
art, or science, explaining archaic,
technical, or other uncommon words. G. M. B. (Eng.). "Good merchantable
( Webster ) In addition, this glossary brand," as applied to copper by the
contains provincialisms and local Metal Exchange. (Skinner)
terms used by miners, as well as Gmelins blue. See Ultramarine, 2.
many words originating in other in-
dustries but adapted to the mining Gneiss. A
layered crystalline rock
and mineral industry. with a more or less well-developed
cleavage, but without the fissility of
Gloss coal. A variety of brown coal, schist. (U. S. Geol. Surv.) The
compact, deep black, with conchoidal commonest varieties are mica-gneiss,
fracture well developed, possessing consisting of feldspar, quartz, and
a resinous to glossy and metallic mica; and hornblende-gneiss, con-
luster. It is the hardest and most sisting of feldspar, quartz, and horn-
compact of the lignites; its specific blende. (Roj\ Com.)
gravity varies from 1.2 to L5. (Ba-
con) Gneissio; Gneissoid. Having the ap-
pearance or character of gneiss.
Glost. In ceramics, lead glaze used in (Ransome)
the manufacture of pottery. ( Stand-

ard) Gnomonio projection. A projection

made on a plane tangent to a sphere.
Glost oven. In ceramics, a glazing- (A. F. Rogers)
kiln. (Standard)
Goaf; Gob. 1. That part of a mme
Glover's tower. In sulphuric-acid from which the coal has been
works, a tower through which the worked away and the space more or
acid from the Gay-Lussac tower less up. The
filled 2. refuse or
trickles and yields nitrous anhy- waste left in the mine. (Woodson)
dride to the gases entering the lead-
chambers, at the same time cooling Goaflng. Same as Goaf, 2.
them. (Standard) Goaves. Old workings. (Raymond)
Glow. The incandescence of a heated Gob. 1. The c<«nmon American term
substance, or the light from such a for goaf. 2. Any pile of loose waste
substance; white or red heat; as, in a mine. 3. To leave coal and
the glow of melted iron the glow of
;
other minerals that are not market-
embers. ( Standard
able in the mine. 4. To stow or
Olucinum. An element occurring only pack any useless underground road-
in combination in a few compara- way with rubbish. (Steel)
tively rare minerals, as beryl, chry- 5. To choke, as a furnace gobs up.
soberyl. A silver-white malleable (Webster)
metal. Symbol, Gl; atomic weight,
d.l. Specific gravity, 1.8 (Webster).
Gobbet. A block of stone. (Standard)
Called Beryllium by German chem- Gobbin (Leic). A contraction of gob-
ists. bing. See Qoat, also Gob.
 GLOSSARY OF MINING AND MINERAL INDUSTRY, 309
Gobbing. See Gob, 3, 4 and 5. The Godown. A corruption of the Malay
term Gobbing-up is also used godong, meaning a warehouse. ( Web-
synonymously.

Gobbing slate. A thick layer of slate Goffan; Goffen (Corn.), A long nar-
between two seams of coal. The row surf ace - working (Raymond).
lower seam is mined and the upper See also Coffin.
seam and the slate shot down, the Gog (Eng.). A bog. (Standard)
coal loaded out and then the slate
gobbed. (Thacker v. Shelby Coal Gogo (Philippines). A plant whose
Min. Co., 197 S. W. Rept. p. 633) juice is said to catch fine gold,
(Lock)
Gob entry. A
wide entry with a heap
of refuse or gob along one side. Going (Scot.), Working, e. g., a going
(Steel) place. A room in course of being
w^orked. (Barrowman)
Gob-fire. Fire originating spontane-
ously from the heat of decomposing Going bord (No. of Eng.). A bord
gob (Chance). Also called Breed- (room) down which coal is trammed,
ing-fire. or one along which the coal from
several working places is conveyed
Gob road (Eng.). A gallery or road into the main haulage. (Gresley)
extended through goaf or gob.
(Gresley) Going headway. A headway or bord
laid with rails, and used for con-
Gob-road system (Eng.). A form of veying the coal cars to and from the
the longwall system of working coal, face. (C. and M. M. P.)
in which all the main and branch
roadways nre made and maintained Gold. A
metallic element of charac-
in the goaves. (Century) teristicyellow color. The most mal-
leable and ductile of all metals and
Gob room. Space left for stowing gob. one of the heaviest substances
(Steel) known. Symbol, Au atomic weight,;

197.2. Specific gravity, 19.2 to 10.4.

Gob stink (Aust.). The odor from the
burning coal given off by an under- Gold amalgam. 1. A variety of native
ground fire. (Power) gold containing mercury. (Stand-
ard)
Gob-up (Eng.). See Gob, 4 and 5.
2. See Amalgam, 3.

Gob wall. A rough wall of

flat stones
built to prevent the piles of gob from
obstructing the passage of air.
(Steel)
Go-devil. 1. A
scraper with self-ad-
justing spring blades, inserted in a
pipe line and carried forward by the
fluid pressure, clearing away ac-
cumulations from the walls of the
pipe. 2. In the oil country this term
Is also applied to device for explod-
ing the nitro-glycerin used to shoot
an oil well. (Redwood)
3. A rude sledge upon which one end
of a log is borne, the other end trail-
ing on the ground; tleboy; also a
rough, strong wagon used in the
woods and about quarries, (Stand-
ard)
Godfrey furnace. A furnace with an
annular hearth for roasting sulphide
ores. Used In Wales. (Ingalls, p.
118)
Oodong (Malay). A warehouse; also
called Godown.
Gold beater. One who makes gold leaf.
(Standard)
Goldbeaters' mold. A pack composed of
several hundred goldbeaters' skins,
having between them partly beaten
gold foil to be hammered out into
gold leaf. (Standard)
Goldbeaters' skin. The outer coat of
the caecum of the ox, prepared for
the use of the goldbeater, (Stand-
ard)
Gold brick. A pretended or real brick
or bar of gold, sold by a swindler to
his victim, to whom is delivered the
spurious brick or some substitute
for the genuine one; hence, anything
purchased as valuable which proves
to be almost or quite valutles*.
(Webster)
Gold digger. One who digs for or
mines gold. This word is almost
exclusively used to designate placer
miners. Those engaged in mining io
solid rock are called quartz miners
(Century;
 ) :

810 GI,OSSARY OF MINING AND MINERAL INDUSTRY.

Gold diggings. A region where gold is Gold wash. A place where gold iJ
found mixed witiisand or gravel washed: used chiefly in the plural.
(Standard). See Diggings. (Standard)

Gold dust. Fine particles of gold, such Gold washer. 1. A sweater of gold
ns are obtained in placer mining. An coin. One who recovers gold by
2.
impure dust is sometimes called com- washing away the dirt from aurif-
mercial dust. (Webster) erous gravel, in a pan, cradle or the
like. Also a mechanical device for
Golden gate tabls. See End-bump
this purpose. (Webster)
table.

Golden ocher. 1. A native ocher. 2. Gold washing. Act or process of wash-

A mixture of light-yellov^r ocher, ing auriferous soil for gold also a ;

chrome yellovs^ and whiting. ( Stand- place where this is carried on (Web-
ard) ster). See also Diggings.

Gold fever. A mania for seeking gold Gold work. Act or art of working
1.
applied specifically to the excitement gold. 2. A
place where gold is
caused by the discovery of gold in mined, washed, or worked. (Web-
California in 1848-49. (Standard) ster)

Goldfiedite. A
sulphantimonide of cop- Gole. 1. A sluice or floodgate. 2. A
per in which part of the antimony is small stream ditch. 3. A hollow
;

replaced by arsenic and bismuth and between hills; vale. (Standard)

part of the sulphur by tellurium.
(U. S. Geol. Surv.) Golpeador (Mex.). The striker, in
hand drilling. (Dwight)
Gold field. A region where gold is
found. ( Standard Gompholite. See Nagelfluh.
Gold-filled.Denoting an extra heavy Gondola. 1. (U. S.) A long platform
or thick plate of gold on a base railroad car, either having no sides
metal, as in watch-making. Com- or very low sides. (Webster)
pare Rolled plate. (Standard) 2. A large flat-bottomed river-boat
of light build. (Standard)
Gold foil. Gold beaten or rolled very
thin. (Webster) Gong metal. An alloy from which Ori-
Gold latten. 1. Very thin sheet gold. ental gongs are made, as one of 78
2. Any thin sheet brass or other parts copper, and 22 parts tin.
metal gilded. (Standard) (Webster)
Gold mine. 1. A mine containing or Gongora (Colom.). A cavity or vug in
yielding gold. It may be either in a lode. (Halse)
solid rock (quartz mine) or in allu- Goniometer. An instrument for meas-
vial deposits (placer mine). 2. Any
uring the angles of crystals. (Web-
investment yielding or furnishing ster)
great profit.
Goodletlte(Aust.). The matrix rock
Gold purple. Purple of Cassius. (Web- inwhich rubies are found embedded.
ster) (Standard)
Goldschmidt's process. 1. The thermite Good levels (Corn.). Levels nearly
process of welding. See Thermite. horizontal. (Raymond)
2. The reduction of a metal by mix-
ing Its oxide with powdered alumi- Good roasting. Complete roasting.
num and igniting. (Webster) (Raymond)
Goldsmith's window (Aust). A slang Good-shooting coal (Ark.). Coal that
term for a rich mining claim. can be shot " off the solid " with a
(Standard) large proportion of lump coal and
little slack. (Steel)
Gold solder. A kind of solder contain-
ing twelve parts gold, two of silver Goose. (Forest of Dean) A water
1.

and four of copper. (Webster) barrel or tub. (Gresley)

Aventurine in which the
2. (Scot.) A platform carrier for
Goldstone. handling coal tubs or cars on steeply
gold spangles are very close and inclined roads. (Webster)
fine, giving it the appearance of a
natural jewel. See Aventurine. Gooseberry stone. A pale yellowish va-
(Webster) riety of garnet included under the
term grossularite. (Webster)
Gold tellnride. See Sylvanite; Calav-
erite ; Krennerite. Goose brae (Scot). See Cuddy-brae.
 )

GLOSSARY OF MINING AND MINERAL INDUSTRY. Sll

Ooose-dung ore. An Inferior grade of copper, etc. (Roy. Com.). Also
iron sinter containing silver. Called spelled Gozzan. Iron-hat is also a
also Goose silver ore. synonym.
Gooseneck. A bent pipe or tube hav- Gossaniferous. Containing or produc-
ing a swivel joint, so that its outer ing gossan. (Century)
end may be revolved. (Standard) Gossany lode. A lode filled with gos-
Goose silver ore. See Goose-dung ore.
san. (Power)

Goosing (Cal.). In hydraulic mining,

driving the gravel forward with the
stream from the giant. The reverse
of drawing. (Hanks)
Gopher; Gopher- drift. An irregular
prospecting drift following or seek-
ing the ore without regard to main-
tenance of a regular grade or sec-
tion. (Raymond)
Gopher 1. Same
hole. as a coyote
hole. sometimes used as a des-
It is
ignation for any horizontally drilled
hole, usually on a level with the
mine or quarry floor (Du Pont).
(Bartnes v. Pittsburgh Iron Ore Co.,
143 Northwestern, p. 117; Spino v.
Butler, 113 Minnesota, p. 326; 129
N. W. Kept., p. 590)
2. A small irregular prospect hole
in mining (Standard).
Gopher-hole blasting. A term applied
in the Middle West and West to a
method of blasting rock by means of
charges placed in small tunnels
driven into the quarry face at floor
level. It is known as "tunnel blast-
ing" In the East. (Bowles)
Gophering. Prospecting work confined
to digging shallow pits or starting
adits. Term used from
this work
to the crooked little holes
dug in the soilby gophers. (Weed)
Gorge. 1. Anarrow passage between
hills; a ravine. 2. A jam; as, an
Ice-gorge. ( S tandard
Gorra. (Mex.). A
miner's hat of
stiffened with pitch. (Dwight)
Gorr6n. 1. (Peru) The lower pivot of
the vertical shaft in an ore-grinding
mill. (Dwight)
2. (Sp.) A round smooth pebble.
(Halse)
Goshenite. A colorless beryl.
Goslarlte. Native white vitriol or
zinc sulphate, ZnSO«.7HjO.
(Dana)
Gossan. A ferrugiaous deposit filling
the upper parts of mineral veins or
forming a superficial cover on masses
of pyrite. It consists principally
of hydrated oxide of Iron, and has
resulted from the oxidation and re-
moval of the sulphur as well aa the
Gotear (Mex.). To drip gently; to
leak. (Dwight)
Gothic groove. A groove of Gothic-
arch section in a roll. (Raymond)
Gothite; Goethite. A hydrous oxide
mineral of Iron, FejOs-HsO. (Dana)
Goths (Staff.). Sudden burstings of
coal from the face, owing to tension
caused by unequal pressure (C. and
M. M. P.) The term " air blast " is
sometimes used in metal mines,
especially in South Africa.
Got-on-knobs (So. Staff.). A system
of working thick coal, being a kind
of bord-and-pillar plan, the main
roadways being first driven to the
boundary. (Gresley)
Gotten (Mid.). Said of a worked out
See Gopher. or exhausted mine. (Gresley)
Gouge. 1. A layer of soft material
along the wall of a vein, favoring
the miner, by enabling him after
"gouging" it out with a pick, to at-
tack the solid vein from the side
(Raymond), ^ee Selvage, also Flu-
can.
2. (Nova Scotia) A
narrow band
of gold-bearing slate next the vein,
which can be extracted by a thin,
similarity of
long-pointed stick.
(Lock)
3. To work a mine without plan or
system. 4. To contract the face of
(a mine working) by neglecting to
keep the sides cut away. ( Standard >
Gouge slip. An oilstone or hone for
felt, sharpening gouges or chisels (Cen-
tury). See also Slip stone.
Gouging. In placer mining, an oper-
ation similar to ground sluicing.
Also called Booming. (Weatherbe)
Gouging shot. A gripping shot or
opening shot used to make the fii*st
(Dana) opening in a straight-room face, or
to start a break through. See Shot
(Steel)
Gonnce (Corn.). A frame made of
boards In which small tin ore Is
washed in a stream of water. A
strake. (Pryce)
Gontwater (Forest of Dean). Mine
water containing hydrogen sulphide,
H,S. (Gresley)
312 GLOSSARY OF MINING AND MINERAL INDUSTRY.

Govern jr. A device for regulating

1. made in improving a roadwaj,
the speed of an engine or motor (Steel)
under varying conditions of load 4. An ore which carries a great or
and pressure. 2. A device for regu- comparatively small amount of valu-
lating the flow or pressure of a fluid, able metal is called respectively a
as gas or water. (Standard) high- or low-grade ore. 5. The de-
gree of strength of a high explosive.
Gow (Scot). A blacksmith. (Stand-
Those above 40 per cent nitroglyc-
ard)
erin are arbitrarily designated as
Gowan. Decomposed granite. (Stand- high-grade and those below 40 jev
ard) cent strength as low-grade dyna-
Gowl (Derb.). To break down, as the
mites. (Du Pont)
6. In geology, that slope of the bed of
roof and sides are said to gowl or
a stream, or of a surface over which
gowl out when they fall. (Gresley)
water flows, upon which the current
Goyazite. Perhaps Ca»AlioP>02«.9HaO. can just transport its load, without
In small rounded grains. A yellow- either eroding or depositing. (La
ish white mineral. From BrazlL Forge)
(Dana) Graded. In geology, brought to or
Goyder and Langhton process. A flo- established at grade, through the ac-
tation process (1905) that was a tion of running water carrying a
variation of the Potter-Delprat proc- load of sediment, by eroding or de-
ess. It was used at Broken Hill, grading at some places and deposit-
N. S. W. (Liddell) ing or aggrading in other places.
(La Forge)
Gozzan (Eng.). See Gossan.
Grab. An instrument for extricating
Grader. One who or that which
grades; a person. Implement, or ap-
broken boring tools from a bore
paratus employed In grading streets,
hole. (Gresley)
etc., as, a road-grader. (Standard)
Grabau process. A method of obtain- Gradient. 1. Rising or descending by
ing aluminum from cryolite. (Goesel, regular degrees of inclination. 2. A
p. 91.)
part of a road which slopes upward
Graben. A depressed tract of land or downward a grade. 3. The rate
;

caused by faults. (Webster) of increase or decrease of a variable

Grabhooks. Hooks used In lifting
blocks of stone. They are used in
pairs connected with a chain, and
are so constructed that the tension
of the chain causes them to adhere
firmly to the rock. (Bowles)
Grab iron. See Grab.
Grab sample. A sample of ore or coal
taken at random, such as may be ob-
tained by taking small amounts at
different places on a car or pile of
ore or coal.
Grace o' God (Eng.). An accidental
discovery of a vein of ore. (Bain-
bridge)
Grada (Sp.). A single stope; O. in-
vertida, an overhand stope; O, de-
recha, an underhand stope. (Halse)
Gradation. In geology, the bringing of
a surface or a stream bed to grade,
through erosion, transportation, and
deposition by running water. (La
Forge). See Aggradation and Deg-
radation.
Grade. 1. The amount of fall or in-
clination in ditches, flumes, roads,
etc 2. To prepare a roadway of
more uniform slope. 3.
magnitude, or the curve that repre-
sents it. (Webster)
Gradienter. A
surveyor's instrument
consisting of a small telescope
mounted on a tripod and fitted with
a spirit level and a graduated verti-
cal arc, used for determining grades,
etc. Called also Grading instru-
ment. Sometimes spelled Gradi-
entor. (Standard)
Gradient post. A post or stake Indi-
cating by its height or by marks on
It the grade of a railroad, highway,
or embankment, etc., at that spot
(Webster). A grade stake.
Grading test. See Screen analysis.
Grado (Mex.). Degree. (Dwight)
Graduador (Mex.). A manometer, or
blast gage. (Dwight)
Graduated tile. Roofing tile for cover-
ing curved surfaces, such as a round
tower, circular bays, and other cir-
cular roofs. (Ries)
Graduation. The method or system of
dividing a graduated scale; also,
one of the equal divisions or one of
the dividing lines In such a icale.
A fllliog (Standard)
 GLOSSARY OF MINING AND MINERAL INDUSTRY. 313
Oraduator. 1. An apparatus for evapo- 2. (Scot.) A miner's tools; horse
rating a liquid by causing it to flow harness.(Barrowman)
over large surfaces while exposed to Gram; Gramme. A unit of weight In
a current of air. 2. A dividing en- the metric system equal to 15.432
gine. (Standard) grains, 0.643 pennyweight, 0.03215
troy ounce, 0.035274 avoirdupois
Graffito(Italy). In ceramics, pottery ounce, and has a fine gold value of
decorated with scratches or scorings. 66.45 cents or 2.73275 shillings.
Also culled Graffito ware. (Stand- (Llndgren, p. 20)
ard)
Gram-centimeter. A unit of work the ;
Grafito (Sp.). Graphite; plumbago. work done in raising the weight of
(Halse) one gram vertically one centimeter;
981 ergs. (Standard)
Grafting spade (Eng.). A long nar-
row spade for digging clay. (Gres- Gram-degree. Same as Calory (Stand-
ley) ard). See Calorie.
Grafting tool. A very strong curved Grammatite. Same as Treraollte.
spade used in ditch digging. ( Stand- (Standard)
ard)
Grampus (U. S.). The tongs with
Grahamite. A hydrocarbon resem- which bloomery loups and billets
bling albertite in Its jet-black lus- are handled. (Raymond)
ter. Is soluble in carbon disulphide
and chloroform but not in alcohol, Granada (Sp.). Garnet (Halse)
and is fusible. Occurs In veinlike Granalla (Sp.). Grains of metal; fil-
masses. Specific gravity 1.145. Has ings; grains of melted gold found
conchoidal fracture and Is brittle. in Indian graves. (Halse)
(U. S. Geol. Surv.)
Granate. 1. (Sp.) Garnet;' a syno-
Grail. Gravel or sand; anything in nym for Granada. 2. (Mex.) Crys-
fine particles. (Standard) tallized cinnabar. (Halse)
Grain. 1. A second direction of split- Granceo (Sp.). The operation of
ting, less pronounced than the rift crushing ore. (Halse)
and usually at right angles to it. Granif orm. Formed like a grain com- ;
(Bowles) posed of grains or granules. ( Stand-
2. Eng. ) Of coal, the lines of struc-
(
ard)
ture or parting parallel with the
main gangways and hence crossing Granite. 1. A granular igneous rock
the breasts. (Raymond) composed essentially of quartz, or-
3. A unit of weight equal to 0.0648 thoclase or microcline, and mica.
part of a gram, 0.000143 part of an Commonly a part of the feldspar is
avoirdupois pound, and 0.04167 part plagioclase. The mica may bo either
of a pennyweight A grain of fine biotite or muscovite or both. Horn-
gold has a value of 4.306 cents or blende is a common, and augite
2.125 pence. (Llndgren, p. 20) an uncommon, component. Apatite,
4. In petrology, that factor of the zircon, and magnetite are always
texture of a rock composed of dis- present, generally as very small in-
tinct particles or crystals which de- dividuals. Commercially, almost all
pends upon their absolute size. (La compact Igneous rocks are called
Forge) granite as distinguished from slate,
sandstone, and marble. (U. S. Geol.
Grain gold. Gold that has become Surv.)
granular In the process of heating.
(Standard)
Granite family. The group of crystal-
line, homogeneous or non-foliated
Grain tin. 1. (Corn.)
Crystalline tin rocks resembling granite, such as
ore (Raymond). Oxide of tin in syenite, quartz - syenite, granltlte,
the form of grains or pebbles. and all varieties of granite itself.
(Hunt) (Roy. Com.)
2. The purest and finest white tin,
smelted with charcoal. (Century)
Granitelle. A
granite with compara-
tively little mica, so that it consists
Oraith; Grathe. 1. (No. of Eng.) To almost entirely of quartz and feld-
replace, repair, dress, or put in or- spar; binary granite. It has been
der (Gresley). Probably a varia- also used by R. D. Irving for augite*
tion of grade. granite. (Kemp)
314 GLOSSARY OF MINING AND MINERAL INDUSTRY.
Granite-porphyry. Practically
quartz - porphyry with a coarsely
crystallinegroundmass and prepon-
derating phenocrysts. The chief
phenocrysts are, however, feldspar.
(Kemp)
Granite ware. 1. A fine, very hard pot-
tery resembling Ironstone china. 2.
Pottery having a variegated surface
resembling or suggesting the mark-
ings of granite. (Standard)
8. A kind of ironware, coated with
an enamel suggesting granite. (Web-
ster)
Granitic. Characteristic of, composed
of, pertaining to, or resembling
granite. (La Forge)
Granitlcoline. Growing upon or at-
tached to granite, as lichens. (Cen-
tury)
Granitiflcation. The act of forming
Into granite, or the state or process
of being formed into granite. (Cen-
tury)
Granitite. Biotitic granite. It is much
the commonest of the granites.
(Kemp)
Granito (Sp.). Granite. (Halse)
Granitoid. A
textural term to de-
scribe those igneous rocks which are
entirely composed of recognizable
minerals of approximately the same
size. It was suggested by granite,
the most familiar of the rocks which
show this characteristic. In the
granitoid texture each kind of min-
eral appears in but one generation,
and tJie individuals seldom have
crystal boundaries (Kemp). See
ahto Granular.
Grano (Sp.). A grain; O. de oro, a
grain of gold. (Halse)
Granodiorite. A term which has been
given special currency by the usage
of the U. S. Geological Survey, and
which is employed for the interme-
dite rocks between granites and
quartz-diorites. It is a contraction
for granite-dlorite and is a very use-
ful rock name. Compare Adamellite.
(Kemp)
Granolith. An artificial
crushed granite and cement used for
paving. (Webster)
Granophyre. A descriptive term used
in connection with microscopic
study to describe those groundmasses
In quartz-porphyries and mlcrogran-
Ites in which the quartz and feld-
spar crystals have simultaneously
a crystallized so as to mutually pene*
trate each other. Micropegraatitic
is synonymous (Kemp). The term
is but little used.
Granophyric. In petrology, porphyritlc
with a granular groundmass. (La
Forge)
Grant (Eng.). A tract of land leased
or ceded for mining purposes.
(Pryce)
Granular. Composed of approximately
equal grains, either crystalline in
outline or rounded by attrition spe- ;
cifically, in igneous rocks, composed
of grains of constituent minerals,
each of which has been formed in
but one definite stage of the crystal-
lization. (Standard)
Granular quartz. Same as Quartzite.
(Dana)
Granulate. To form into grains or
small particles, as gunpowder, zinc,
etc, (Standard)
Granulated. In ceramics, stippled
with a brush in imitation of gran-
ules spotted mottled.
; ; (Standard)
Granulated steel. Steel made from pig
iron by a process in which the first
step Is the granulation of the iron.
(Standard)
Granulating machine. 1. A device for
reducing metal in a liquid form to
fine grain. In a common method the
hot metal is dropped on the face of
a rapidly revolving disk, which scat-
ters it centrifugally in minute par-
ticles. 2. An apparatus for reducing
a powder cake to gunpowder.
(Standard)
Granulation. 1. The state or process
of being formed Into grains or small
particles. From Latin granum, a
grain (Rickard). A term used In
metallurgy.
2. The process of separating Into
various sizes the particles of blast-
ing powder. (Du Pont)
Granule. A little grain; a small par-
ticle. (Webster)
Granulite. Properly speaking, a moder-
stone of
ately fine-grained metamorphic rock
composed chiefly of quartz and feld-
spar, but commonly containing some
garnet (La Forge). Sometimes the
name is less correctly used for mus-
covite granite, or for granites con-
taining little else than quartz ana
feldspar (Kemp), Compare White-
stone, 2.
 )

GLOSSARY OF MINING AND MINERAL INDUSTRY. 315

Granulltic. In petrology, character- Grappel. See Grapnel, 1.

istic of, composed of, pertaining to, Grappling iron. An
instrument con-
or resembling granulite. ( La Forge sisting of several iron or steel claws
Granza. 1. (Sp.) In California for grappling and holding fast to
quicksilver mining, second-grade ore something. (Century). See also
obtained in small lumps. (Stand- Grapnel, L
ard) Grasa (Mex.). Slag from smelting
2. (Hex.) Any metallic mineral operations. (Dwight)
from the size of rice to that of hen's
eggs (Dwight). Used in the plu- Grasero (Mex.). Slag pile. (Dwight)
ral. Grass (Corn.). The surface over a
Granzear (Mex.). To crush ore into a mine. Bringing ores to grass is tak-
fine powder by two large stones. ing them out of the mine. (Ray-
(Halse) mond)
Graphic. In petrology, characterized Grass captain (Eng.). An overseer ot
by the mntual interpenetration, com- the workmen above ground (Pryce).
monly in parallel orientation, of the A surface foreman.
crystals of two minerals, especially Grass crop (Scot.). The outcrop of a
quartz and feldspar; said of the vein. (Barrowman)
texture of some igneous rocks. (La
Forge) Grasshopper engine (Scot). A beam
engine having one end of the beam
Graphic gold. Crystals of sylvanite
supported on a rocking fulcrum.
arranged regularly so as to simulate (Barrowman)
symbols (Standard). Called also
Graphic tellurium. Grass roots. A miner's term equiva-
lent to the surface (Roy. Com.)
Graphic granite. A
variety of binary '
From grass roots down is from '

granite in which the quartz is dis-
posed in the feldspar in such a way
that in cross section it has some re-
semblance to Hebrew and cuneiform
writing, and from this circumstance
derives its name. (Roy. Com.)
Graphic ore. Same as Sylvanite.
(Standard)
Graphic tellurium. See Graphic gold.
Graphite. 1. A soft, steel-gray to
black, more or less impure, native
form of carbon (U. S. Geol. Surv.).
The name of the mineral is often
prefixed to the names of rocks con-
taining it, as graphite-gneiss, graph-
ite-schist, etc. (Kemp)
2. Called also black lead and plum-
bago, because it is used for marking,
although lead does not enter into Its
composition.
Graphitic carbon. That portion of the
carbon in iron or steel which is
present as graphite. (Raymond)
Grapholite. Any species of slate suit-
able to be written on. (Webster)
Graplin. See Grapnel, 2.
Grapnel. 1. An implement for remov-
ing the core left by an annular drill
in a bore hole, or for recovering
the grass roots to the bed rock.
(Martin v. Eagle Dev. Co., 41 Ore-
gon, p. 456; 69 Pacific, p. 216)
Grate. 1. (Corn.) See Screen, 1, as
applied to stamps. (Raymond)
2. A frame, bed, or a kind of basket
of iron bars for holding fuel while
burning. (Webster)
Grate bar. 1. A bar forming part of
a fire grate. (Standard)
2. One of the bars forming a coarse
screen or grizzley.
Grate coal. Coal which will pass
through bars 3i to 4i inches apart
and over 2Hnch round holes; also
called Broken coal. In Arkansas the
bars are 7 inches apart and the holes
3 inches to 3i Inches in diameter.
(Steel)
Grate room. A compartment of a glass
furnace, with grated bottom for
holding the fire. (Standard)
Grate surface. The area of the sur-
face of the grate of a steam boiler,
or any part of it. (Standard)
Grating. 1. The plate of perforated
metal, or a wire sieve, fixed in the
openings In mortar of stamp mills
(Roy. Com.). A heavy screen.
2. The act of sorting ores by passing

tools, fragments, etc., fallen into the them through grates. (Standard)
hole. (Raymond) Gravel. Small stones and pebbles or a
2. A small anchor with four or five mixture of sand and small stones;
flukes or claws; a grappling Iron. more specifically, fragments of rock
(Webster) worn by the action of air and water,
3.A heavy tongs used Inhandling larger and coarser than sand. (U.
large logs, stoneis, etc. (Standard) S. Geol. Surv.)
S16 GLOSSARY OF MINTITG AKD MINERAL. INDtJSTRt.

Gravel mine. A placer mine: a body crushing the charge in the mortar
of sand or gravel containing par- by its weight, when allowed to fall.
ticles of gold. (Skinner) See also (Weed)
Gravel pit.
Gray antimony. See Stibnite.
Gravel pit. A pit from which gravel
is obtained. (Standard) Grayback (Aust.). A local name for
minor cleats that cross the main
Gravel plain (tundra) placers. Placers cleat. (Power)
along the coastal plain of Seward
Peninsula, Alaska. (U. S. Geol. Grayband. A variety of sandstone for
Surv. Bull. 259, p. 33) sidewalks; flagstone. (Standard)
Gravel powder. Very coarse gunpow- Gray beds (No. of Eng.). A stratum
der. (Standard) formed by a mixture of shale and
Gravel stone. A pebble; a calculus. sand. (Power)
(Webster)
Gray cobalt. Smaltite.
Gravel wall (War.). The junction of
a coal seam with overlapping, or
Gray copper. See Tetrahedrite.
unconformable, rocks. (Gresley) Grayheads (Aust.). Joints In the
rolling country of the Southern
Grave-wax. See Hatchettite.
Coalfield of N. S. W., which run
Graveyard shift. A term used in the parallel with the longer axis of a
Western States for the night shift, roll; these joints are generally
usually beginning at 11 o'clock p. m. coated with a whitish substance.
See Dying shift; also Dog-watch. (Power)
Gravimeter. 1. An instrument for Gray hematite. See Specularite.
measuring the force or acceleration
of gravity. Called also Gravity Gray iron. Acast iron containing
meter. 2. An instrument of deter-
much graphitic carbon. (Standard)
mining specific gravities, particu- Gray manganese. See Manganite.
larly of liquids. See Hydrometer.
(Standard) Gray metal. Shale of a grayish color.
(C. and M. M. P.)
Gravimetric analysis. The quantita-
tive determination of the constitu-
Gray ore (Corn.). Copper glance.
ents of a compound by weight; con-
See Tetrahedrite. (Raymond)
trasted with Volumetric analysis. Gray post (Eng.). Sandstone of a
(Standard) gray color. (G. C. Green well)
Gravitation. See Law of gravitation. Grays (Som.). Hard siliceous sand-
Gravity battery. In electricity, a two- stone. (Gresley)
fluid battery in which the fluids are Gray slag. The slag from the Flint-
separated by their different specific shire lead furnace. It Is rich in
gravities. (Standard) lead. (Raymond)
Gravity fault. See Fault. Gray's tester.An instrument used for
Gravity plane* A tramline laid at determining the flashing point of
such an angle that full skips run- heavy oils. (Mitzakis)
ning down hill will pull up the emp- Graystone. A grayish, or greenish,
ties. (Power) compact rock, composed of feldspar
Gravity railroad. A railroad in which and augite and allied to basalt.
the cars descend by their own (Webster)
weight ;an inclined railroad. Graywacke; Granwacke. 1. Vn old
(Standard) name of loose signification, applied
to metamorphosed, shaly sandstones
Gravity solution. A solution used to
that yield a tough, irregularly
separate the different mineral con-
breaking rock, different from slate
stituents of rocks by their specific
on the one hand and from quartzite
gravities, as the solution of mer-
on the other. The components of
curic iodide in potassium iodide hav-
graywacke may be largely bits of
ing a maximum specific gravity of
rocks, rather than fragments of min-
3.19. (Standard)
erals. (Kemp)
Gravity stamp. A
stamp, usually set 2. A
variety of sandstone containing
in batteries of five, in which the abundant grains of biotite, horn-
piston is raised by a cam, the stamp blende, magnetite, etc. (La Forge)
 GLOSSARY OF MINING AND MINERAL INDUSTRY. 317

Qrajrwacke slate. Micaceous and Grede (Venez.) A yellow iron-stained

sandy, fine-grained, slaty, or shaly clay. (Duryee)
rocks: formerly so-called. (Stand-
ard) Greek (Scot). Grit; the texture of a
hard rock; coarse sandstone. (Bar-
Graywether. One of numerous frag- rowman)
ments or blocks of sandstone and
conglomerate, covering large tracts Greek masonry. A style of masonry
in Dorsetshire and Wiltshire, Eng- in which each alternate stone is of
land, supposed to be remnants of the full thickness of the wall.
eroded Tertiary strata. Called (Standard)
also Druidical, Sarsen, and Saracen Green carbonate of copper. See Mala-
stones. (Standard) chite.

Graz6n. (Sp.)
1. A fragment of ore Green charge. A mixture of ingredi-
which does not pass through a ents for gunpowder before the inti-
screen. 2. (Venez.) Pisolitic brown mate mixing in the incorporating
hematite. (Halse) mill. (Webster)
Grease. 1. Properly speaking, this Green cinnabar. A
green pigment con-
term should only be applied to fatty sisting of the fired oxides of cobalt
or oily matter of animal origin but ;
and zinc. (Webster)
mixtures of mineral oil with lime- Green coal (Aust). Freshly mined
and soda-soaps constitute well- coal. (Power)
known lubricating greases. (Bacon)
2. Animal fat when soft. Also any- Green copperas; Green vitriol. The
thing oily or unctuous. From the mineral melanterite, a hydrous fer-
French graisse. A term used in the rous sulphate, FeSOi+THjO.
flotation process. (Rickard) Green earth. 1. Glauconite, found in
Grease box. A box containing fat or cavities of amygdaloids and other
grease to lubricate a bearing. (Web- eruptive rocks, and used as a pig-
ster) ment by artists. (Webster)
2. Chlorite; a variety of talc.
Grease pot. The third of a series of (Humble)
vats used in tinning sheet-iron or
steel. (Standard) Green feldspar. A synonym for Ama-
zon stone; microcline. (Chester)
Greaser. 1. A person who oils or
greases the mine cars. (Steel) Green hole. A furnace tap hole in
2. An automatic apparatus which which clay is not properly set, and
greases the axles of skips as they through which the drill may break
pass. (Power) and let iron out unexpectedly. ( Will-
3. A
slang name for a Mexican or cox)
Spanish- American. (Webster) Greenhouse. In ceramics, a moder-
Greasy. Applied to the luster of min- ately warmed building for partly
erals. Having the luster of oily drying green pottery. (Standard)
glass, as elaeollte. (Dana) Green iron ore. The mineral dufren-
Greasy bleas (Scot). See Creeshy ite; aproximately, FeP04.Fe(0H)fc
bleas. (Dana)
Greasy gold. Fine gold. (Megraw, Green lead ore. See Pyromorphite.
p. 2) Green marble. A commercial term for
Greasy quartz. Milk quartz. (Power) serpentine.

Great coal (Scot). Large pieces of Green mineral. Green carbonate of

selected coal. In the East of Scot- copper; malachite. (Standard)
land, the coal was formerly divided
Green ocher. A yellow ocher mixed
Into four grades, great coal, chews,
with potassium ferrocyanide. (Stand-
lime coal, and pan wood. (Barrow- ard)
man)
Greenocklte. Cadmium sulphide, CdS.
Grejave. A ditch. (Standard) Contains 77.7 per cent cndmlum.
Greda. 1. (Sp.) Fuller's earth ; a .soft Greenockite occurs as a secondary
friable earth which absorbs grease. mineral in zinc deposits in various
2. Marl, chalk. 3. (Venez.) Pay parts of the United States, but not
gravel; alluvial gold. 4. (Colom.) as a commercial deposit at any
A carboniferous schist containing place. The majority of sphalerite
oodular pieces of iron ore. (Halse) deposits are cadmlferous. and cad-
 )

S18 GLOSSARY OF MINING AND MINERAL INDUSTRY.

mium in commercial quantity is ob- Green ware. Damp, recently made.

tained as a by-product in smelting unburned pottery, requiring to be
these ores at certain plants. (U. S. dried before burning or baking.
Gaol. Surv.) See Furnace cadmium. (Standard)
Green In the Scottish shale-oil in-
oil. Greillade (Fr.). Iron ore In coarse
dustry, the once-run crude oil after powder, mixed with charcoal dust
chemical treatment It is distilled for reduction by the Catalan proc-
in the first-stage oil stills and is ess. (Webster)
fractioned into naphtha, light oil,
heavy oil, and heavy oil and wax. Greisen. A
granitoid but often some-
(Bacon) what rock, composed of
cellular
quartz and muscovlte or some re-
Green roof. A miner's term for a roof lated mica, rich in fluorine. It Is
which has not broken down or shows the characteristic mother rock of the
no sign of taking weight. (Gres- ore of tin, cassiterite, and Is In
ley) most cases a result of the contact
action of granite and Its evolved
Greenroom. A chamber for the recep- minerallzers. (Kemp)
tion of unburned and undried pot-
tery. (Standard) Greiia (Mex.). Undressed ore.
(D wight)
Greensand. Sedimentary deposit con-
sisting, when pure, of grains of glau- Grenate. Garnet (Standard). Also
conite, which have a dark greenish spelled Grenat.
color. (Webster)
GrSs (Fr.). 1. Grit. 2. Sandstone.
Green sand. A highly siliceous sand 3. Stoneware. (Standard)
containing a little magnesia and
GrSs c6rame; Gres de Flandres (Fr.).
alumina, mixed with about one-
twelfth its bulk of powdered coal or
A fine German stoneware, usually
with a salt glaze, not made specially
charcoal, used when dampened for
in Flanders, but in Coblentz and
making molds; distinguished from
Cologne. (Standard)
dry sand (Webster). An unburned
molding sand. Greve. A ditch or trench. (Stand-
ard)
Greensand beds. In general, any Cre-
taceous or Tertiary bed contain- Grewt. An earth of different color
ing a green iron-potassium silicate; from that of the main deposit, found
specifically, the Lower Cretaceous of in searching for mines on the banks
England, whether containing the of rivers (Standard). Also spelled
green silicate or not. (Standard) Greut. A
variation of groot, mean-
lug soil.
Greensand marl. Sand or marl con-
taining glauconite (U. S. Geol. Grey wethers ( Eng. ) . See Gray wether.
Surv.). See Greensand; Marl. Grid. 1. Agrated opening. 2. sec- A
Greensand of Peru. An early synonym tion of electrical resistance, usually
for Atacamite, because found there made of cast iron. (C. and M.
In the form of sand. (Chester) M. P.)
Greenstone. An old field name for 3. A wire-bottomed mining sieve.
those compact, igneous rocks that
4. Abattery plate somewhat like a
grating; specifically, a zinc plate in
have developed enough chlorite In
a primary battery, or a lead plate,
them a green cast.
alteration to give
either perforated or furnished with
They are mostly diabases and dlo- depressions, for retaining the ac-
rltes. Greenstone Is partially syn-
tive material In a storage battery.
onymous with trap. It Is often used (Standard)
as a prefix to other rock names
(Kemp). The term Is used fre- Gridaw (So. Wales). Pulley frames or
quently when no accurate determi- head gear. (Gresley)
nation is possible.
Griddle; Riddle. 1. (Corn.) A
Green tar. Barbados petroleum. (Ba- miner's sieve to separate ore from
con) halvans. ( Raymond

Green verditer. See Verditer, 2 and 3. 2. To screen ore with » griddle.

(Webster)
Green vitriol. Ferrous sulphate; cop-
peras, melanterlte. Called also Gridiron twinning. See Crossed twin-
Martial vitriol. (Standard) ning.
 ) )

GLOSSAKY OF MINING AND MINERAL INDUSTRY. 319

Gridiron valve. A slide valve having Grindlet. A little ditch or drain.

many ports corresponding to ports (Standard)
in the seat. (Standard)
Grindstone. 1. A
tough sandstone of
Grleta (Mex.). A crevice; fissure. fine and even
grain, composed almost
(D wight) entirely of quartz, mostly in angular
Grieve. 1. (Scot.) A weigher; a pit- grains. It must have sufficient ce-
headman; a hill salesman. (Bar- menting material to hold the grains
rowman together but not enough to fill the
2. A manager; an overseer. (Web- pores and cause the surface to wear
ster) smooth. (U. S. Geol. Surv.)
Griff (Eng.). A steep, rocky glen.
2. A large circular stone made
from sandstone and used quite ex-
(Standard)
tensively for the sharpening of many
Griffin roller mill. A
centrifugal mill, different tools and instruments.
like the Huntington, except there is (Pike)
one roller only. See Huntington
mill. (Liddell) Grindstone grit. A kind of grittty rock
from which grindstones are made.
Grille furnace. A mechanically - fed (Standard)
muffle furnace. (Ingalls, p. 130)
Gringo. In Spanish America, any one
Grimes (So. Wales). See Bell mold. of English blood or speech: a con-
Grind. 1. To reduce
to a powder by temptuous epithet. (Standard)
friction as in a mill. 2. To polish
or sharpen by friction. (Webster)
Griotte marble. A
French marble of
a beautiful red color and often varl-
Grinder. One who or that which gated with small dashes of purple
grinds, as an emery wheel for grind- and spots or streaks of white, as
ing tools, a machine for crushing in the variety locally known as
ore, etc. (Webster) griotte de perdrix from
ocil the
Grinders* asthma, rot, or phthisis. Dis-
French Pyrenees. (Merrill)
ease of the lungs consequent upon Grip. 1. A small, narrow cavity.
inhaling the metallic dust produced (Raymond)
In grinding metals. (Standard) 2. To turn into the side of a work-
Grinding bed. A machine for grind- ing place. (Steel)
ing stone slabs, consisting of a later- 3. A notch cut into the side of a
ally moving table on which the slab mass of stone, into which a wedge
is placed, and a heavy rotating iron may be driven to separate the mass
disk, whose lower surface abrades (Bowles). Also called Side shear.
or polishes the upper surface of the 4. (Scot.) A pick. (Barrowman)
stone. (Standard) 5. An
apparatus attached to a car
for clutching a traction cable. 6.
Grinding bench. A stone slab on which A gripsack or valise. (Webster)
to fasten by plaster of Paris, in a 7. (Eng.). To dig trenches or
level position, a plate of glass the drains in. 8. A grappling tool for
upper surface of which is to be drawing up well-boring rods.
ground or polished. (Standard) (Standard)
Grindingr lathe. A lathe of special Gripe. A
strap brake or ribbon brake
construction in which the work re- on hoisting apparatus. (Standard)
volves on dead centers while acted
on by an emery wheel. (Standard) Griper (Eng.). A Thames coal-barge
or collier. (Standard)
Grinding plate. 1. A piece of steel or
Iron by the medium of which ore is Gripper. A claw of a submarine
ground against another hard sur- dredger. ( Standard
face. (Rickard)
Gripping shot. A shot so placed that
2. A heavy cast Iron disk rotating the point or inner end of the hole
on a vertical axis, used to grind or
is considerably farther from the face
polish plate glass. (Standard)
of the coal to be broken than is the
Grinding slip. A free-cutting oilstone heel or outer end of the hole. See
or whetstone; a hone. (Standard) also Shot.
Grinding vat. A mill for grinding Grip wheel. A
wheel, the periphery of
flints or clay used in making porce- which with a series of tog-
is fitted
lain. It Is a form of the arrastre. gle-jointed, cast-steel Jaws that grip
(Century) the rope automatically. (0. M. P.)
 ) ) )

820 GLOSSARY OF MINING AND MINERAL INDUSTRY.

Grison stone. A gr^y freestone. than the one above. There is an-
( Webster other cylinder of wood studded with
soft wrought-Iron pegs, a ring of
Grisou (Fr.). Fire damp. pegs being opposite each cast-iron
Grist (So. A black, coaly
Wales). ring. The magnetic portion of the
stratum, indicating a probable bed ore (usually crushed below 12
of coal not far off. (Gresley) mesh) is carried around on the cast-
iron rings until it gets near the
Gris^ (Sp.). Fire damp. (Lucas) pegs, to which it jumps because of
their induced magnetism. It is then
Grit. 1. In
petrology, a sandstone
carried on these pegs out of the
composed of coarse, angular grains
magnetic field and thrown ofC.
and very small pebbles. (La Forge) (Liddell)
2. An artificial stone for sharpening
tools. Standard grades are coarse, Groove. 1. (Derb.). The place where
medium, and Coarse stones
fine. a miner Is working. Miners are
cut very rapidly, but leave a rough (1747) called groovers. (Hooson)
edge. Medium stones do not cut 2. A mine, from the German Grube,
as fast as coarse stones but leave a (Raymond)
smoother edge. Fine stones are still
slower cutting, but are useful where Groove fellow (No. of Eng.). A mate
extremely fine edges are desired. or fellow workman in a mine.
(Pike) (Standard)
3. Rough, hard particles; sand or
gravel. 4. Degree of hardness with
Groover (No. of Eng.). A miner.
openness of texture or composition; (Standard)
allied to buhrstone and the like.
(Standard)
Groroilite. A nearly black earthy
manganese or wad, streaked with
Grizzle. 1. (Eng.) Inferior coal with dark-red markings, occurring in
an admixture of iron pyrite. (Gres- parts of Europe. (Standard)
ley) Grorudite. Brogger's name for a por-
2. A second-rate brick, underburnt, phyritic, dike rock from Grorud,
gray in color, and deficient in
near Christiania, Norway.
strength. (Webster) The
phenocrysts are microcline and aegi
Grizzly. 1. An iron grating
(Cal.) rite; the groundmass consists of
that catches the larger stones pass- rectangular orthoclase, quartz and
ing through the sluices and throws aeglrite. It is a variety of granite
them aside. (Hanks) porphyry. (Kemp)
2. A
grating of iron or steel bars
Gro6 morceaux (Belg.). Coal in very
for screening ore, etc. (Webster) large lumps. (Gresley)
3. rJuard rails or covering to pro-
tect chutes, manways, winzes, etc., Gross ton. The long ton of 2240
in mines. (Montana Stat., Laws, pounds avoirdupois,
1911, Sec. 3)
Grossularite. Calcium-aluminium gar-
Grog. Ground up pieces of burned net, 3CaO AI2O..3 SiO,
. cinnamon
;

clay or brick, added to the raw clay stone. (Dana)

mixture for the purpose of decreas-
ing the shrinkage and density of Grotto. A
small cavern or a cavern-
the burned ware. (Ries) like apartment or retreat, natural
or artificial; especially, a cavern
Groin (Eng.). A structure of piling, having some attractive features, as
sometimes with a stone apron at beautiful stalactite formations, or
the end, to accumulate sand and rockwork. ( Standard
shingle on a beach, and to act as a
breakwater. ( Standard Grouan (Corn.). Gravel, rough sand.
Brondal magnetic separator. A device
Also called Gowan. Hard grouan
is granite or moorstone. Soft grouan
utilizing a magnetic field for the
Is the same material in a lax and
concentration of certain magnetic
sandy state. Grouan lode, any tin
ores. It consists of a vertlcsi*'. re-
lode which abounds with this gravel.
volving cylinder made up of rings
(Pryce)
of cast iron with the spaces be-
tween containing the wires for the Grouder (Corn.). A mixture of grouan
electric current. Each ring is so and clay, used for scouring wood
magnetized as to be a little stronger '
work. (Pryce)
 )

GLOSSARY OF MINING AND MINERAL INDUSTRY. 321

Ground. 1. The rock in

(Corn.) Ground moraine. In geology, the Ir-
which a vein found; also, any-
is regular sheet of till deposited partly
given portion of the mineral deposit beneath the advancing glacier and
itself. (Raymond) partly directly from the ice when it
2. In electricity, a connection with melts away. (La Forge)
the earth. A ground plate. ( Stand-
ard) Ground plate. 1. A groundsill. 2. A
bedplate supporting railroad sleep-
Ground air. Air inclosed in porous ers or ties. 3. In electricity, a metal
surface soil, like surface moisture plate in the ground forming the
or ground water. (Century) earth connection of a metallic cir-
cuit. (Standard)
Ground bailiff (Eng.). An inspector
or superintendent of a mine. ( Stand- Ground rent (Eng.). Rent paid for
ard) the surface occupied by a colliery
plant. (Gresley)
Ground block; Ground crab (Eng.).
A species of capstan used for lower- Ground return. That part of an elec-
ing the sinking pumps. ( Gresley tric circuit as the earth, or metal-
lic conductors intimately associated
Ground circuit. An electric circuit with the earth, and which is practi-
completed by the ground; an earth cally at earth potential at all points.
circuit. (Standard) (H. H. Clark)
Ground coal; Grounds (Scot). The Ground rope (Scot.). The rope con-
bottom of a coal seam. (Barrow- necting hanging pumps to a ground
man) crab. (Barrowman)
Ground crab. See Ground block. Groundsel. See Groundsill.
Ground detector. A device, as in a cen- Groundsill. A bed piece or foundation
tral power station, to indicate where timber supporting a timber super-
a ground connection, entailing loss structure as a set of mine timbers.
of electricity, has taken place. A ground plate. (Webster)
(Standard)
Ground sluice. 1. A channel or trough
Grounded circuit. A circuit that is in the ground through which aurif-
permanently grounded at one or erous earth is sluiced for placer
more points. (H. H. Clark) mining. 2. To wash down a bank of
earth with a stream of water.
Ground hog. See Barney. (Webster)
Ground ice. Ice which sometimes Ground spears. Wooden rods (one on
forms on the bottom of either run- each side of the pump) by which
ning or still waters. It often has a sinking pump is suspended.
stone and mud attached to its bot- (Gresley)
tom (Webster). Also called Anchor
ice. Groundstone. A foundation; gi'ound-
work. (Webster)
Grounding. 1. See Ground, 2.
2. In marble-working, the act or Ground water. The water which per-
process of polishing marble with meates, In an unbroken sheet, the
emery. 3. See Ground-laying. rock masses of the earth, filling
(Standard) their pores and fissures.

Ground laying. In ceramics, the Ground-water discharge. The return

process of applying a coat of boiled of ground water to the surface.
oil to porcelain ware, to receive the (Meinzer)
colored enamel; bossing; grounding. Ground-water divide. The crest line
(Standard) of a water table. On the opposite
Groundman. A man employed to work sides of this line the water table
on the ground, as in digging or ex- slopes in opposite directions (Mein
cavating. (Webster) zer). Compare Watershed.

Groundmass. The relatively finely Ground-water level. The level below

crystalline, or glassy, portion of a which the rock and subsoil, down to
porphyritic rock as contrasted with unknown depths, are full of water.
Its phenocrysts. Not to be con- (Chamberlin, vol. 1, p. 67)
founded with basis, as will be seen Groundwork. The foundation work of
by referring to the latter. (Kemp) a structure. (Standard)
75242°—19 21
 )

322 GLOSSARY OF MINING AND MINERAL INDUSTRY.

Group. 1. In geology, commonly and Grozing iron. 1. A steel tool formerly

loosely, the unit of stratigraphic used for cutting glass. 2. A bulbous
classification. 2. Specifically, (a) In tool for smoothing the soldered
the usage of the U. S. Geological joints of lead pipe. (Webster)
Survey, two or more associated for-
mations formerly regarded as one Grubbin. See Gubbin.
but now separated in some areas; Grube (Ger.). A mine. (Davies)
(6) according to the International
Geologic Congress, the stratigraphic Grub saw. A saw made from a
division of highest rank, coordinate coarsely notched blade of soft iron,
with era. (La Forge) provided with a wooden back used, ;

with sand, for sawing stone by hand

Grouser. A temporary pile or heavy power. (Standard)
iron-shod pole driven into the Grubstake (West. U. S.). Supplies
bottom of a stream to hold a drill- furnished to a prospector on promise
ing or dredging boat or other float- of a share in his discoveries. So
ing object in position. (Century) called because the lender stakes or
risks the grub (food), etc., so fur-
Grout. 1. A term applied to the waste
nished. (Webster)
material of all sizes obtained In
quarrying stone. (Perkins) Grubstake contract.An agreement be-
2. (Eng.) Thin mortar poured into tween two or more persons to locate
the interstices between stones and mines upon the public domain by
bricks. (C. and M. M. P.) their joint aid, effort, labor, or ex-
3. Acoarse kind of plaster or ce- pense, and each is to acquire by vir-
ment, usually studded with small tue of the act of location such an
stones after application, sometimes interest in the mine as agreed upon
used for coating walls of a build- in the contract. (Marks v. Gates,
ing. (Webster) 2 Alaska, p. 524; Cascaden v. Dun-
4. Athin cement mixture forced bar, 2 Alaska, p. 412; Berry v.
into the crevices of a stratum or Woodburn, 107 California, p. 504;
strata to prevent ground water from Meylette v. Brennon, 20 Colorado, p.
seeping or flowing into an excava- 242; Hartney v. Gosling, 10 Wyo-
tion. Frequently employed in shaft ming, p. 346; 68 Pacific, 1123; Ell-
sinking and bore-hole drilling. iott V. Elliott, 3 Alaska, p. 365)

Grouting. 1. The process of filling In Gruell (Irish). Coal. (Standard)

or finishing with grout. 2. The
Grueso (Sp.). Lump ore. The term
grout thus filled in. (Century) is in use at the quicksilver mines of
California. ( Raymond
Grove; Groove (Eng.). A drift or adit
driven into a hillside from which Gruff (Eng.). A name given to an old
coal Is worked (G. C. Greenwell). mine on the Mendip Hills (Hunt).
See also Groove, 1 and 2. A pit or shaft.
Growan; Grouan (Corn.). A name ap- Grunching (Aust). Shooting-fast, i.e.,
plied by miners to granite and shooting in the solid. (Power)
similar rocks. (Ure) See also Grundy. Granulated pig iron used In
Grouan. making granulated steel. (Webster)

Growl (Mid.). Coal pillars are said Grunstane (Scot). A grindstone.

to growl when they are undergoing
a crushing weight (Gresley)
Grow-on. Quarrymen's term to desig-
nate the place where the sheet struc-
ture dies out, or the place where
two sheets appear to grow onto one
another. (Perkins)
Growth (Scot.). The rate of entrance
of water into a pit or mine working.
(Barrowman)
Groze (Scot.). To turn
bottom of a bore hole, by which
means the borer, from a sense of
feelingand hearing, knows when a
change of strata occurs. (Barrow-
) A variation of gwag.
(Standard)
Grunter. A hooked rod to aid In sup-
porting a crucible (Standard). A
founder's term.
Grupiaras (Braz.). Bench placers on
the slopes of hills. (Halse)
Guaca. 1. (Sp. Am.) A narrow tun-
nel or drift' in a hill. 2. (Peru) An
ancient Indian grav>». (Halse)
Guadalcazarite (Sp.). A variety of
a chisel in the
cinnabar containing zinc. (Stand-
ard)
Guag (Corn.). A place from which
the ore has been extracted (Daries).
 GLOSSARY OF MlNll^G AND Mll^ERAL INDUSTRY. 32d

Buaira (Peru). A wind furnace made Guayaquillite. A pale yellow, amorph-

of clay, used by the Indians for ous, nonresinous, oxygenated hydro-
smelting ores. (Halse) carl3on, from near Guaj'aquil, South
America it has the specific gravity
;
Guairona (Peru). Guard rails at
1.092. begins to fuse at 70° C, and
mouth of a shaft. (Dwlght)
is soluble In alcohol. (Bacon)
Guaje (Mex.). A gourd for dipping Gubbin (Eng.). An argillaceous iron
water. (D wight) ore, found in Staffordshire, England
Gualda (Peru). Chalcopyrite. (Halse) (Standard). Sometimes spelled
Grubbin.
Gualdra ( Mex. ) Long and stout beam,
.

generally sustaining other beams, or Gudgeon. 1. An iron pin to fasten to-

a heavy weight. (D wight) gether blocks of stone. (Webster)
Guano. A substance found in great 2. (Eng.) A bit of wood used for
roofing a mine. (Bainbridge)
abundance on some coasts or islands 3. The bearing of a shaft, especially
frequented by sea fowls and com-
when made of a separate piece. 4.
posed chiefly of their excrement. It
is rich in phosphates and nitrogen-
A metallic journal set into the end
of a wooden shaft. (Standard)
ous matter. (Webster)
Giiedales (Mex.). Irregular contact
Guaquero (Colom.). One who searches
veins of copper ore occurring in
for treasure in Indian graves, or
porphyry. (Halse)
guacas. (Halse)
Gueulette (Fr.). In glass making, the
Guarache (Peru). 1. Overtime work, back door of an annealing oven.
generally at night. 2. A sandal. (Standard)
(D wight)
Gug (Som.). A self-acting Inclined
Guaracu (Sp. Am.). Basalt; diorite. plane underground sometimes;

(Lucas) called a Dip incline. (Gresley)

Guard. 1. A support in front of a roll- Guhr. See Keiselguhr.
train to guide the bar into the
groove, sometimes called a side-
Guhr dynamite. An explosive pre-
pared by usually mixing three parts
guide. (Raymond) nitroglycerin and one part kiesel-
2. Any fixture or attachment de-
guhr. Other proportions may be
signed to protect against injury. 3.
used. (Brunswig, p. 296)
To protect from danger; to keep in
safety; to defend. (Webster) Guia (Sp.). 1. Indications (of a vein
Guarda. A thin parting be-
or pay streak, or of metal in a
1. (Sp.)
panning test). 2. Guide for cage in
tween a lode and the wall rock.
shaft. (Dwight) o.
(Da vies)
2. (Mex.) Immediately adjacent
3. A short drill usorKfor starting a
country rock. 3. A guard. (Dwight)
drill hole. 4. (Colo.n.). A main
level or gallery. 5. (Peru) A
Guardafierros (Mex.). A tooolman. blasting fuse. 6. O. de flldn, a
(Dwight) leader in a lode; guide; feeder, or
Guardaraya (Mex.). 1. Landmark;
pay streak. 7. (Peru) The final

monument. 2. The end and side sample of ore used as a test.

(Pfordte)
lines of a mining claim (Dwight).
3. A
surveyor's mark used under- Guide plate (Scot.). A cast-iron plate
ground for measuring work. containing grooves or ridges to
(Halse) guide hutches or cars onto rails.
Guardatiro (Mex.). Person Issuing
(Barrowman)
mining supplies to the miners. Guide pulley. See Guides, 7.
(Dwight)
Guide rope. A cage guide. (Stand-
Guard plate. A
plate in front of an ard)
iron furnace, covering the tap hole
Guides. 1. The timbers at the side of
through which the slag is drawn
a shaft to steady and guide the
out. (Standard)
cage, 2. The holes in a crossbeam
Guard rail. An additional rail placed through which the stems of the
beside the rail in service, to compel stamps in a stamp mill rise and fall.
the flange of the wheels to run close 3. In a rolling mill, a wedge-shaped
to the latter in crossing over frog piece held in the groove of a roll to
points or entering switches. (Cen- prevent the sticking of the bar by
tury) peeling it out of the groave. When
324 GLOSSARY OP MINING AND MINERAL INDUSTRY.

the guide is held by a hanger or Gulf. A large deposit of ore in a 1 xle.

counterweight against the underside (Century)
of the roll, it is called a hanging
(Raymond)
Gullet. 1. An opening in the strata.
guide.
(Raymond)
4. (Corn.) Cross veins in the St.
£. A narrow working cutting used
Just district. 5. A boring rod hav- for a dirt-car track. (Standard)
ing an enlargement or wings fitted
to It to suit the size of the bore hole Guillies (Corn.). Worked-out cavities
for steadying the rods when a con- in a mine. (Duryee)
siderable depth has been attained. Gully. A
1. small watercourse with
(Gresley) steep sides, usually cut out of clay
6. In a steam engine, a cross-head
or earth. (Roy. Com.)
guide, 7. A pulley to lead a driv-
2.A metal tram rail or tram plate.
ing belt or rope in a new direction, (Century)
or to keep it from leaving its de-
sired direction. 8. A curved plate Gulph of ore. A very large deposit of
directing a sheet of water against ore in the lode (Whitney). A varia-
the buckets of a water w h e e 1. tion of gulf.
(Standard) Gum. 1. (Scot.) Very small coal,
Guide tube. A tube for grinding a bit for example, that which will pass
or drill. (Standard) through a screen having a mesh of
one-fourth inch or less (Barrow-
Guiding bed (Eng.). A thin band of man). Slack; screenings.
coal leading to the regular seam. 2. (N. Z.) See Kauri resin.
(Gresley)
Gumbo. 1. A name current in West-
Guija (Mex.). Gangue. Sometimes ap- ern and Southern States for those
plied to quartz; a pebble. (Dwlght) soils that yield a sticky mud when
Guijarro (Sp.). 1. A pebble; bowlder. wet (Kemp). (Southwest Mo.) A
2. Any siliceous stone. (Halse) putty-like clay associated with lead

Guijo (Mex.). A pointed pivot, upon

and zinc deposits. (Tex.) clay A
encountered in drilling for oil and
which turns the upright centerpiece sulphur,
of an arrastre. (Dwight) 2. The stratified portion of the
Guijola (Mex.). A double bellows lower till of the Mississippi Valley.
used for supplying blast to copper- (Standard)
smelting furnaces. (Halse) Gum digger (N. Z.). One whose occu-
Guijoles (Mex.). Kidney-shaped pieces pation is to dig the fossil resin of
of cassiterite found in rhyolite. the Kauri pine, which is used in
(Halse) 1 the manufacture of varnish. (Web-
ster)
Guijoso. 1. ^;iP.) Gravelly; full of
pebbles.' 2. (Mex. ) Quartzose.
Gum dynamite. Explosive gelatin.
(Standard)
(Halse)
Guillotine. A machine for breaking Gummite. An alteration product of
uraninite of doubtful composition,
iron with a falling weight. (Ray-
(Dana)
mond)
Gun. A
bore hole in which the charge
Guimet blue. An artificially prepared of explosive has been fired with no
ultramarine. (Webster) other effect than to blast off a small
Guincho (Port). A winch or drum. amount of material at the mouth of
(Halse) the bore hole; also called a Boot-
leg or "John 'Odges " (Du Pont).
Guinea gold. Twenty-two carat gold, See Blown-out shot.
of which guineas were coined.
(Standard) Gunboat. A self-dumping box on
wheels, used for raising (or lower-
Guingaro (Mex.). Pickaxe. See ing) coal in slopes; a monitor, a
Huingaro. (Dwight) skip. (Chance)
Guixa (Sp.). Quartz. (Hanks) Guncotton. A nitrocotton of the
highest nitration or containing the
Gulch (Cal.). A
narrow mountain
greatest possible percentage of nitro-
ravine; a small canon. (Hanks)
gen. Sometimes called Insoluble
Gulching (No. Staff.). The moving cotton. used as a bursting
It is
and cracking noise underground due charge for submarine mines and for
to the settling of the mine roof. demolishing bridges and other struc-
(Gresley) tures in warfare. (Du Pont)
 GLOSSARY OF MINING AND MINERAL INDUSIHY. S25

Gunite. 1. A ceraeut api)liefl, by n Gurlet. A mason's pickax having one

cement gun, to the roof and sides of cutting edge and a point. (Stand-
a coal mine. 2. To cement with a ard)
cement gun.
Gurmy. A mine level; working.
Gun metal. An alloy of copper with (Standard)
tin, or zinc, and sometimes a little
iron. The common formula nine is Gurt (Corn.). A channel to carry wa-
parts copper to one tin Aich's metal ;
ter from an ore-dressing floor.
and some other gun metals contain (Davies)
zinc and iron but no tin. (Ray- Gusher. An oil well with a large
mond) natural flow. (Webster)
Gunned shot (Scot). See Blown-out Guss (Bristol, Eng.). A short piece
shot.
of rope by which a boy draws a
Gunner (Kans.). A blown-out shot. tram or sled in a mine. (Gresley)
Gunnies. (Corn.)
1. In mining, Gut. To rob, or extract, only the rich
breadth or width. A single gunnies ore of a mine, (Weed)
is a breadth of 3 feet. (Standard) Gutter. (Forest of Dean). An air-
1.
2. ( Corn. ) The vacant space left way through a goaf. 2. Candies or
where the lode has been removed dips, when subjected to the warm
(Raymond). A crevice. Also spelled air of a mine, waste away very rap-
Gunniss. idly, and are said to gutter. (Gres-
Gunniss (Corn.). See Gunnies. ley)
3. The dry bed of a river of Ter-
Gun of wood (Derb.). A hollow plug.
tiary age, containing alluvial gold,
(Hooson) often covered to a great depth by
Gunpowder. A black or brown explo- volcanic matter or debris; also
an inti-
sive substance, consisting of called Bottom. 4. A channel for
mate mechanical mixture of salt- running water. (Webster)
peter, charcoal, and sulphur, used 5. (Aust.) The lowest portion of an
in gunnery and blasting. It con- alluvial gold deposit. (Skinner)
sists of70 to 80 per cent saltpeter, Guttering. 1. A channel cut along the
and 10 to 15 per cent of each of
side of a mine shaft to conduct the
the other ingredients. (Webster)
water back into a lodge or sump.
Gunpowder paper. Paper spread with (Gresley)
an explosive compound. It is 2. A process of quarrying stone in
rolled up for use in loading. which channels, several inches wide,
(Standard) are cut by hand tools, and the stone
block detached from the bed by pinch
Gunpowder press. A press for com- bars. (Green well, p. 151)
pacting meal powder before granu-
lating into gunpowder. (Standard) Gutter-up (Mid.). A roof fall which
extends to an excessive height. See
Gunter's chain. The chain commonly
also Cut-up. (Gresley)
used in surveying, having 100 links,
each 7.92 Inches long. (Standard) Gutzkow's process. A modification of
the sulphuric-acid parting process
Gurdy (Scot.). An arrangement of
for bullion containing large amounts
three pulleys with brake for self-
acting inclines. (Barrowman) of copper. A large excess of acid
is used; the silver sulphate is then
Gurgulho (Braz.). A horizontal, reduced with charcoal, or, in the
bedded plateau deposit. It is made original process, ferrous sulphate.
up of coarse rocks with more or (Liddell)
less red clayey earth and frequently
Guy. A guide; a rope, chain, or rod
contains diamonds; a pudding stone.
attached to anything to steady It; a
(Halse)
rope which holds in place the end
Gurgusco (Panama). Extracting the of a boom, or spar; a rod or rope
rich ore. (Lucas) attached to the top of a derrick and
extending obliquely to the ground
Gurgusero (Panama). A spoiler.
where it is fastened. (Webster)
(Lucas)
Ourhofite. A snow-w) ite variety of Guy anchor. The support to which
derrick guys are attached. (Bowles)
dolomite, containing a large per-
centage of calcium. (Standard) Guy rope. See Guy,
 ;

S26 GLOSSARY OF MINING AND MINEHAL iNDtJSTllt.

Duy rings. Kings on the head block Haba (Sp.). A piece of ore more or
of a derrick mast, to which the guy less rounded and encased in gangue.
ropes are attached. (Standard) (Halse)
Gwag (Corn.). Rubbish; an old mine Kabilitador (Sp.). One who supplies
worlcing. (Webster) money for working a mine. (Min.
Jour.)
Gweeon (Aust.). An aboriginal stone
hatchet. (Webster) Habilitador (Peru). A money lender.
(Lucas)
Gwythyen (So. Wales). A mineral
vein or seam. (Gresley) Habilitar (Peru). To furnish working
funds for a mine or mill. (Dwight)
Gymnite. A synonym for Deweylite.
(Chester) Habit. In crystallography, the char-
acteristic form, as determined by the
Gypseous; Gypsiferious. Resembling,
faces developed and their shapes
containing, or consisting of gypsum.
and relative proportions, of the crys-
(Webster)
tals of a given mineral from the
Gypsite. See Gypsum. same general region or geologic as-
sociation (La Forge). In the crys-
Gypsum. Hydrous calcium sulphate, tals of a given species there is con-
CaS04+2H20. Contains 32.5 per stancy of angle between like faces,
cent lime, 46.6 per cent sulphur tri-
but the forms of the crystals may be
oxide, and 20.9 per cent water. Ala-
many. As the relative size of a
baster is a fine-grained compact va-
crystal changes, the habit may vary
riety, white, shaded, or tinted. Oyp-
indefinitely. See Form. (Dana)
site is an incoherent mass of very
small gypsum crystals or particles, Hacer (Sp.). H. adelantos, to ad-
and has a soft, earthy appearance; vance money; H. mina, to make a
contains various impurities, gener- mine. (Halse)
ally silica and clay. Satin spar is
Hacha (Sp.). Ax or hatchet. (Halse)
a fine fibrous variety which has a
pearly, opalescent appearance. Sel- Hachazuela (Mex.). Adze. (Dwight)
enite Is a variety which occurs in
distinct crystals or in broad folia.
Eachero (Sp.). A wood cutter.
(Halse)
Some crystals are 3 or 4 feet long
and clear throughout. (U. S. Geol. Hachita (Mex.). Hatchet. (Dwight)
Surv.) Hachure. A short line used in draw-
Gypsum wedge. A thin wedge-shaped ing and engraving, especially la
piece of selenite. (A. F. Rogers) shading and denoting different sur-
faces as in map drawing to represent
Gyratory breaker; Gyratory crusher. slopes of the ground. (Webster)
A rock crusher built on the principle
of the old fashioned cofCee mill. It Hacienda (Sp.). 1. Exchequer; treas-
consists of a vertical spindle the foot ury public revenue capital funds
; ; ;

of which is mounted
in an eccen- wealth; landed estate; establish-
tric bearing within a conical shell. ment. 2. In mining it is usually

The top carries a conical crushing applied to the offices, principal

head revolving eccentrically in a buildings, and work for reducing
conical maw. There are three types the ores (Raymond) H. de bene- ;

of gyratory; those which have the ficio, metallurgical works; H. de

greatest movement on the smallest fundioidn, smelting works; H. de
lump; those that have equal move- maquila, a custom mill. (Dwight)
ment for all lumps those that have
;
Haciendero (Sp.). The superintend-
greatest movement on the largest ent of the hacienda. (Min. Jour.)
lump. (Liddell)
Hack. 1. (No. of Eng.) A pick or tool
H. with which colliers cut or mine the
coal. (Gresley)
Haas furnace. A muffle furnace of the
McDougall type, the hearths being 2. A sharp blade on a long handle
used for cutting billets in two.
separated by suitable flues through
which the products of combustion (Raymond)
3. To pile up edgewise for the pur-
from the fireplace are made to pass.
pose of green molded
drying, as
(Ingalls, p. 142)
bricks. 4. A set of bars in a tail
llaas tester. An instrument for ob- race. 5. A place where bricks are
taining the flashing point of pe- set to dry; also, a pile of fcTeen
troleum. ( Mitzakis bricks. (Standard)
)
 ; )

GLOSSARY OF MINING AND MINERAL INDUSTRY. 327

flackbanow. A barrow for taking talline schists, and underlying the
bricks from the molders to the Lower Silurian, in the Himalaya
hacks. (Webster) mountains. (Standard)
Hack hammer. A hammer resembling Hair plate. See Bloomery.
an adz, used in dressing stone.
(Webster) Hair pyrites. Same as Millerite.
Hacking. 1. The operation of picking (Standard)
a grindstone or an abrading wheel Hair salt. Epsomite when In silky
to remove the glaze. 2. The use of fibers. A form of alunogen. (Web-
two thin masonry courses instead ster)
of one as thick as both of them.
3. In gem cutting, a series of cuts Hair stone. Quartz thickly penetrated
in a metal lap to serve as recepta- with hairlike crystals of rutile, ac-
cles for the abrasive powder. 4. tinolite, or some other mineral.
The stacking of bricks for drying. (Webster)
(Standard)
Hair zeolite. A
synonym for fibrous
Hacking board. A board on which to zeolite, which may
be natrolite,
pile unburned dried bricks. (Stand- scolecite, or mesolite. (Chester)
ard)
Hake. A shed where tiles are dried.
Hack iron. A
miner's pick ax or hack. (Standard) See Hack, 5.
A chisel or similar tool for cutting
Half-and-half. Solder made of equal
metal, as wire, into nails. (Web-
ster )
parts of tin and lead. (Webster)
Half-and-half plane, or Half-end half-
Hackly. Showing jagged points in
plane (Scot.). In a direction mid-
fracture (Standard). A term ap- way between plane course and end
plied to the fracture of metals.
course (Barrowman). See also
Hacksaw. A fine toothed saw having Half-course.
a narrow blade stretched in a
Half balk (Eng.). A mine prop cut
frame, for cutting metal. (Web-
into halves. See also Balk, 2. (G.
ster)
C. Green well)
Hade. 1. The angle of inclination of
a vein measured from the vertical
Half blinded Scot. )(Two ends driven
.

dip is measured from the horizontal. one on each side and not
off a plane,
opposite each other by half their
See Underlay, 2. (Skinner)
2. To
deviate from the vertical said ;
width. (Barrowman)
of a vein, fault, or lode. (Webster) Half-bloom. A round mass of puddled
iron before squeezing; a half-made
Haenisch and Schroeder process. A bloom. ( Standard
method for the recovery of sulphur
as liquid sulphurous anhydride from Half-brilliant. A single-cut brilliant.
furnace gases. (Ingalls, p. 166) (Standard)
Hag. 1. (Scot.) A cut; a notch. 2. Half -course. A drift or opening driven
To cut as with an ax; to cut down at an angle of about 45° to the strike
the coal with the pick. (Barrow- and in the plane of the seam.
man) Half-edge seams (Scot). Highly in-
3. A quagmire or pit
(No. of Eng.)
clined seams; seams lying at an in-
in mossy ground; any broken
ground in a bog. ((Century)
clination of 1 in 1. (Barrowman)
Half -end (York.). See Horn coal, 1.
Hahner furnace. A continuously-
working shaft furnace for roasting Half facet. In gem cutting, a skill-
quicksilver ores. The fuel is char- facet or cross-facet on a brilliant
coal, charged in alternate layers (Standard)
with the ore. The Vail' Alta fur-
Half -marrow (Newc). Young boys, of
nace is a modification, having the
iron tubes of the Albert!. (Ray-
whom two do the work of one
loader. (Raymond)
mond)
Half mask. The part of a mine res
Haiarn (Wales). Iron. (C. and M. cue, or oxygen-breathing apparatus*
M. P.) which covers the nose and mouth
Haimanta. One of a series of beds i
only, and through which the wearer
of gi-eat thickness and varying lith«v brpMthes the oxygen furnished by the
logical character, overlying the crys- apparatus.
 )

328 GLOSSA^RY OF MINING AND MINERAL INDUSTRY.

Half-moon (Eng.). A scaffold nearly Haloid. 1. In chemistry, of, pertain-

filling up one-half the sectional area ing to, containing, or resembling sea
of a shaft. (Gresley) salt, sodium chloride. 2. Pertaining
to, containing, or derived from one
Half-pitch. Dipping or rising 18 of the halogens. 3. A compound of
inches to the yard. (Roy) one of the halogens with a metal in :

this sense more properly spelW

Half set.In mine timbering one leg
Halid or Halide. (La Forge)
piece and a collar. (Steel)
Half-turn socket. In oil-well drilling, Ilaloidite. Wadsworth's name for
a fishing tool having jaws bent rock salt. (Kemp)
around in an incomplete circle, to
engage lost tools that lean to one Halotrichite. Hydrous sulphate of
iron and aluminum, FeSOiAlaCSO*);!
side of the well. (Nat. Tube Co.)
4-24H2O, occurring in yellowish,
Half work; Half wark (Eng.). When silky fibrous forms. (Dana)
the day's work is half over, or when
Haloxylin. A mixture of yellow prus-
by reason of poor trade conditions,
siate of potash, niter, and charcoal,
half-time is worked. (G. G. Green-
well)
used as an explosive. (Century)
Halter (New Zealand). A miner work-
Halite; Rock salt. Natural sodium
ing on his own account. (Ander-
chloride, NaCl. See Salt, 1. (U. S.
son)
Geol. Surv.)
Hallazgo (Sp.). Discovery of an ore
Halvanner (Corn.). A dresser of im-
(Halse)
pure or inferior ore. (Davies)
deposit.
Halvan ore. See Halvans.
Halleflinta (Sweden). dense, com- A
pact, metamorphic rock, consisting Halvans; Ha ving s; Hanaways
1

of microscopic quartz and feldspar (Corn.). Ores much mixed with

crystals, with occasional phenocrysts impurities. (Raymond)
and sometimes hornblende, chlorite,
magnetite and hematite. It is as-
Hambergite. A beryllium borate,
Be2(OH)B03, occuring in grayish-
sociated with gneisses, but is of ob-
scure origin. (Kemp) white, prismatic crystals. From
Langesund fiord, southern Norway.
Hallenflintoid. Of or resembling hUl- (Dana)
leflinte. Century
(
Hamlinite. A basic phosphate of
Hallett table. A
table of the Wllfley aluminum and strontium. In color-
type, except that the tops of the lessrhombohedral crystals. Occurs
riffles are in the same plane as the with herderite, bertrandite, etc., at
cleaning planes and the riffles are Stoneham, Me. (Standard)
sloped toward the wash- water side.
(Liddell)
Hammer. To make a noise as of
blows in a pipe, the result of sud-
Hall furnace. A modification of the den stoppage of the flow, or of
Wethey furnace for roasting sul- turning on steam said of water.
;

phide ore. (Ingalls, p. 97) (Standard)

Hallite. A
yellow to green variety of Hammer-and-plate. A signaling appa-
mica, H34Mgn(Al.Fe)4Si904s, that ratus (Chance). A gong.
crystallizes in the monoclinic sys-
Hammer beam. A short beam project-
tem. (Standard)
ing laterally from the inside of a
Halloysite. A
claylike, aluminum sili- wall, and serving as a tie beam.
cate, resembling kaolin ite but amor- (Standard)
phous and containing a larger but
Hammer-dress. To dress or face stone
uncertain quantity of water, 2H2O.-
with a hammer. (Webster)
Ah08.2Si02H-Aq. (U. S. Geol.
Surv.) Hammer-harden. To harden, as a
metal, by hammering it while cold.
Hologen. In chemistry, any one of
(Webster)
the elements bromine, chlorine,
fluorine, and iodine (The radical Hammerman. 1. One who uses a
cyanogen is also included by some hammer constantly in any metal-
chemists), which with the metals working trade. (Standard)
form compounds analogous In some 2. One who strikes with a hammer
respects to common salt. (La in hand drilling of holes for blast-
Forge) ing.
 ) )

GLOSSARY OF MINING AND MINERAL INDUSTRY. 329

Hammerpick. See Pollpick. Hand-filled coal (Scot.). Lump cual

Hammer-refined. Designating steel the
which the miner loads by hand.
grain of which lias been made (Barrowman)
finer and by heavy hammer-
closer Hand frame. An iron barrow used in
ing followed by lighter and quicker a foundry. (Standard)
blows at the finish. (Webster)
Hammer scale. Scale formed on ham-
Handful (Brist. and Som.). A length
of 4 Inches. (Gresley)
mering heated metal. (Webster)
Hammer slag. Anvil dross. (W^eb- Hand gear. 1. (Eng.) A small hand-
ster cylinder for winding or hoisting
from shallow work (Bainbridge).
Hammersmith. One who shapes or A windlass.
works metal with a hammer.
2. The mechanism for opening the
(Standard)
valves of a steam engine by hand
Hammer tongs. Blacksmith's tongs in starting. (Standard)
having projecting lugs for engaging
the holes of hammer heads or the Hand hammer. Any hammer wielded
like during forging. (Webster) by hand. A blacksmith's (or min-
Hammer-wrought. Wrought with a
ner's) hammer used with one hand
as distinguished from a heavier
hammer; said of ornamental Iron-
work. (Standard)
hammer or sledge. (Webster)
Hammochrysos. A mineral known to Handhole. A hole, as in a boiler, into
the ancients and characterized by which the hand may be inserted.
gold-like spots. Probably a sand (Standard)
from yellowish mica schist. (Web-
ster) Hand hook. An implement for twist-
ing iron bars. (Standard)
Hancock jig. A
with movable sieve
jig
having both an up-and-down and a Hand level. A
small instrument con-
reciprocating motion. (Liddell) sisting of a telescope with a bubble
Hand, or Handle (Eng.). To work a tube so attached that the position of
winding, pumping, hauling, or other the bubble can be seen when look-
engine. (Gresley) ing through the telescope. (Web-
ster)
Hand barrow. 1. A frame or flat bar-
row, without a wheel, carried by Handling (Mid.). Reloading coal un-
handles. 2. A kind of hand cart. derground from one car to another.
(Webster) (Gresley)
3.A wheelbarrow. (Standard)
Hand-picked coal. Coal from which
Handbrace. A tool used in boring by all stones and inferior coal have
hand. (Standard) been picked out by hand; large
lumps. ( Barrowman
Hand dog (Eng.). A kind of spanner
or wrench for screwing up, or dis- Hand screw. A jackscrew. (Stand-
connecting, the joints of boring rods ard)
at the surface. (Gresley)
Hand specimen. A piece of rock
Hand-dug wells. The earliest known trimmed to a size, usually 1 by 3
method of extracting petroleum was by 4 inches, for megascopic study
by mer.ns of pits dug by hand labor. and for preservation in a working
The usual method was to dig a few collection. (La Forge)
feet and then allow the oil to collect
at the bottom, whence it was subse- Handspike. 1. A wooden lever for
quently collected by means of a suit- working a capstan or windlass. (O.
able vessel. The deepest of these and M. M. P.)
wells rarely exceeded 50 feet. (Mit- 2. A bar used as a lever in lifting
zakis) weights or overcoming resistance; a
heaver. (Standard)
Handfarht (Ger.). The descent into
a mine by ladders. (Davles) Hand whip. A
counteri>oised sweep
for raising water from shallow pits.
Hand-fill (Eng.). To separate the A shadoof. (Webster)
small from the large coal in the
mine, the latter being filled by the Handyman. At small plants, a Jack-
hand Into the car, and the former of-all-trades, as a rigger, milwright,
thrown to the side of the working and machinist combined (Willcox).
place, or filled separately as re- A man employed to do various kinds
quired. (G. C. Greenwell) of work.
330 GLOSSARY OF MINING AND MINERAL INDUSTRY.

Hang. 1. (Brist.) The hade of a Hanging-on (Eng.). The pit bottom,

fault. (Gresley) level,or inset, at which the cages
2. To have charge choked up or
its are loaded. (Gresley)
arched in one part, while the part
underneath falls away so as to Hanging scaffold (Scot). A movable
leave a gap; said of a blast fur- platform in a shaft attached to a
nace. (Webster) winding rope. (Barrowman)
Hang-bench (Eng.). A support for a Hanging sets (Scot.). Timbers from
windlass. (Bainb ridge) which cribs are suspended in work-
ing through soft strata. (Barrow-
Hanger. 1. (Scot.) The hook of a man)
miner's lamp. (Barrowman)
2. (Corn.) The hanging wall. (Dur- Hanging side; Hanging wall; Hanger.
yee) The wall or side above the ore body.
3. That which hangs, overhangs, or (Winchell)
is suspended. (Webster)
4. See Hanging bolts.
Hanging spear-rods (Eng.). Adjust-
5. A frame containing a bearing for able wooden pump rods, by which a
a shafting. (Standard) sinking pump is suspended in a
shaft. (Gresley)
Hanger-on (Eng.). The man who
runs the full trams upon the cages Hanging tie. A tie,as in a floor, the
and gives the signals to hoist (Gres- end of which isupheld by a strap,
ley). See also Cager, 1. connecting it with a beam above.
(Standard)
Hangfire. Said of a charge that ex-
plodes later than expected. A hang- Hanging valley. A valley the floor of
tire rarely occurs with electric firing, which is notably higher than the
but it is not infrequent with blasting level of the valley or shore to which
cap and fuse. (Du Pont) It leads.

Hanging. 1. The hanging wall the ;

Hanging valve. 1. A rotary - engine
rock on the upper side of a min- valve which is hinged and falls by
eral vein or deposit (Weed). See gravity so as to form an abutment,
Hanger, 2. but is lifted by the passing pis-
2. Sticking or wedging of part of ton. 2. A clack valve or flap valve.
the charge in a blast furnace (Standard)
(Willcox). See Hang, 2.
Hanging wall. The upper wall of an
Hanging Rods made of IJ or 1^
bolts. inclined vein, or that which hangs
inch round iron, by which the wall over the miner at work. (Webster)
plates are suspended while being
placed in position in the
Hangklip (So. Afr.). An overhanging
shaft.
Sometimes called Hangers.
cliff. (Standard)

Hanging coal. A portion of the coal Hanksite. A mineral having the fol-
seam which, by under cutting, has lowing composition, 9Na2S04,2Naa-
had its natural support removed. COa.KCl, occurring in hexagonal
(Raymond) prisms, short prismatic to tabular;
also in quartzoids. Color, white to
Hanging deal (Aust.). Planks used yellow. From California. (Dana)
to suspend a lower curb from the Hap ire (Peru). A trammer a laborer ;
one above it, in cases where back- who assists a miner, and who car-
ing deals are necessary. (Power)
ries ore on his back or shoulders.
Hanging glacier. A
glacier of small In Peru the load is 50 to 75 pounds,
size on so steep a slope that the ice while in Chile as much as 200
breaks off and falls from its lower pounds are carried in a leather bag
end. (Century) at one time. (Halse)
Hanging gnide. See Guides, 3. Haplite. A name proposed by L.
Fletcher for that variety of granite
Hangin g its water ( Scot. ) The bucket
.
which consists of quartz and potash
failing to pump on account of a
feldspar. The name is derived from
faulty valve, air between the
or
bucket and the valve, the column of
the Greek for simple. Compare
water above the bucket being suf-
Binary granite. (Kemp)
^cient to prevent the opening of the Harbor. In glass making, a large
bucket lids, is said to hang Its water. chest for holding materials before
(Barrowman) fusion. (Standard)
 ) ) :

GLOSSARY OF MINING AND MINERAL INDUSTRY. 331

5ard. 1. Containing certain mineral Hardness scale. The scale by which

salts in solution, especially calcium the hardness of a mineral is de-
carbonate; said of water having termined as compared with a stand-
more than eight or ten grains of ard. The Mohs scale is as follows
such matter to the gallon. 2. In 1. Talc; 2. Gypsum; 3. Calcite;
ceramics, requiring great heat: said 4. Fluorite; 5. Apatite; 6. Ortho-
of muffle-colors in porcelain decora- clase; 7. Quartz; Topaz;8. 9.
tion. (Standard) Sapphire; 10. Diamond. (Dana)
Hard coal. Same as Anthracite. Hard pale solder. An alloy of tin 2
parts, lead 1 part: for pewterers'
Hard drawn. Drawn while cold; said
use. ( Standard
of wire. (Standard)
Hardened steel. Steel that has been Hardpan. A
name specially developed
hardened by quenching from or in the digging of auriferous placers,
above the hardening temperature. and applied to the layers of gravel
(Hibbard) which are usually present a few
feet below the surface and which
l:ar4eiiing-kiln. A kiln In which, in are cemented by limonite or some
the transfer printing process, un- similar bond. They are therefore
finished pottery is exposed to a resistant. It is also used to de-
low heat to drive away superfluous scribe bowlder clay, which is like-
oil. (Century) wise difficult to excavate. (Kemp)
Hard head. 1. A residual alloy, con-
Hard porcelain. Porcelain character-
taining much iron, arsenic and tin,
ized by a body of kaolin and feld-
produced in the refining of tin.
spar with a feldspathic glaze, as
(Raymond)
Chinese, Sevres. Berlin, etc., porce-
2.,A hard knob or knot formed by lain. (Standard)
extreme cementation of sandstone
in certain spots. (Bowles) Hard Pottery which can not
pottery.
3. A large, smooth, rounded stone be by a sharp-pointed
scratched
found especially in coarse gravel piece of iron. (Standard)
(Century). A nigger head.
Hard-rock phosphate. A term used in
Hard heading (Eng.). A heading, Florida to designate a hard, massive,
tunnel, or drift driven in stone.
close-textured, homogenous, light-
(Gresley)
gray phosphate, showing larger or
Hardinge mill. A tube mill made with smaller irregular cavities, that are
two conical sections connected by a usually lined with secondary mam-
central very short cylinder. The rail liary incrustations of phosphate
cone at the feed end is very short of lime. (Power)
so that the large pebbles settle and
grind at the large end where the feed Hards (Mid.). A hard and close-
is coarse. (Liddell) grained coal. (Gresley)

Hard lead. Lead containing certain Hard solder. Any solder that melts
impurities, principally antimony. only at a red heat: used in solder-
(Raymond) ing silver, etc. (Standard)
Hard metal. An alloy of about two Hard spar. A name applied both to
parts copper with one of tin, pre- corundum and andalusite. (Ches-
pared in the process of making gun ter)
metal. ( Century

Hardness. The cohesion
ticles on the surface of a body (as
a mineral) as determined by its ca-
pacity to scratch another, or be it-
self scratched. (Webster) The
hardness of a mineral is relatively
constant. For convenience, all min-
erals are referred to a scale of hard-
ness of ten units composed of com-
mon or well known minerals {see
Hardness scale). Tlie degree of
hardness is expressed by the num-
ber of the mineral in the scale, and
minerals of intermediate hardness
are expressed by fractions. (Buckley)
of the par- Hard steel. Steel containing more
than 0.30 per cent of carbon. Em-
ployed for rubbing surfaces and
where great ultimate strength is re-
quired (Webster). See also Steel.
Hard way, or Head grain. A plane at
right angles to both rift and run,
along which the rock splits with
greater diflEiculty than in directions
of either rift or run (Bowles)
Sometimes called Cut-off.
Hard white Georgia bauxite con-
ore.
taining less than 1 per cent ferric
oxide. (Ore Dep., p. 406)
332 GLOSSARY OF MINING AND MINERAL INDUSTRY.

Hardy. A
square-shanked chisel or cially so on one end or side, so that
fuller for insertion in a hardy hole. these harder burned parts were blu-
(Standard) ish black. The name is more loosely

Hardy hole. A
hole in a blacksmith's
used nowadays, (^lies)
anvil for the insertion of a calking Harveyize. To subject the face of a
tool or other piece. (Standard) steel plate to a process of cementa-
Haricot. Red copper oxide (CuO) tion which increases the carbon In
used as a back ground in ceramic . that portion of the plate, producing
decoration (Standard). Also spelled a plate with a comparatively soft
Harrico. body and a very hard face. (Cen-
tury)
Harina (Sp.). 1. Flour; H. fdsil, in-
fusorial earth. 2. Fine powder of Harvey process. A process for car-
metals ; H. del bocarte, pulp at gold- burizing the face of a piece of low-
extraction mills. (Halse) carbon steel by subjecting it to the
action of carbon at a very high heat,
Harlequin. The Oriental opal. (Stand-
and then a sudden chilling, as by a
ard)
spray of cold water. (Webster)
Harneado (Chile). Screening, as of
Harz, or plain eccentric jig. A jig in
ore; Harneadoras de carbdn, a coal-
which pulsion is given intermit-
screening apparatus. (Halse)
tently with suction. The periods de-
Harnear (Sp.). To screen, as in ore voted to them are about equaL
dressing. (Halse) (Liddell)
Harnerero (Mex.). The operator of a Harzburgite. A variety of peridotite
hand- jig. (D wight) that consists essentially of olivine
Harnero (Mex.).
and enstatite or bronzite. Saxonite
Hand-jig (Dwight)
A was earlier proposed by Wadsworth
sieve; a screen. (Halse)
(1884) for the same roclv, and haa
Harp. 1. (Scot). A sparred shovel priority. (Kemp)
used in the east of Scotland for
filling coal. (Barrowman)
Kasenclever furnace. 1. A vertical
shaft furnace for calcining sulphide
2. (Scot.) To fill a hutch with coal ore. (Peters, p. 172)
at the face. (Gresley)
2. A simple, efficient muffle furnace
Harrie; Herrie (Scot). To rob; to for roasting zinc ores in Upper Si-
take the coal that can conven-
all lesia. (Ingalls, p. 131)
iently be mined without attempting
Hasenclever-Helbig furnace. A roast-
to systematically remove the whole
ing furnace having a hearth inclined
( Barrowman ). A variation of
at an angle of 43°. The ore de-
Harry, to strip; despoil; to rob.
scends over the hearth by gravity.
Harrisite. A variety of chalcocite that (Ingalls, p. 136)
is pseudomorphous after galena.
Haspel (Sp. Am.). A hand winch.
(Standard)
(Lucas)
Harrow (Aust). An apparatus used Hassing. See Hasson.
for mixing gold-bearing clays. ( Skin-
ner) Hasson; Hassing (Scot). A ver-
tical gutter between water rings in
Harstigite. An acid orthosilicate of
a shaft (Barrowman). See also
manganese and calcium. The min- Gauton.
eral occurs in small, colorless, pris-
matic crystals. From Sweden. Hasson deal (Scot). A cover for a
(Dana) hasson. (Barrowman)
Hartlne. A white resin separated by Hastial (Sp.). 1. The surface of
ethyl ether from a resin from the either wall, or roof, or floor of a
brown coal of Oberhart See also deposit; side of a deposit. 2. The
Xyloretinite. (Bacon) side of a gallery, shaft, or any exca-
vation. (Halse)
Hartite. A mineral closely resembling
fictelite; it melts at 75" C, and oc- Hatajo (Mex.). A drove of pack-
curs near Gloggnitz, Austria, and in mules. (Dwight)
Styria and Carinthia, (Bacon) Hatch. (Brist)
1. A door, or gate,
Harvard brick. A term originally ap- 2. A stroke
or line used in engraving
plied to clear, red, common brick, or drawing to give the effect of shad-
which were overburned, and espe- ing. (Webster)
 )

GLOSSARY OF MINING AND MINERAL INDUSTRY. 333

Hatchet stake. A small anvil on which Haulage clip (Eng.). Levers, jaws,
to bend sheet metal. (Standard) wedges, etc., by which trams, singly
or in trains, are connected to thfl
Hatchettine. A synonym for Hatchet- haulage ropes. (Gresley)
tite. (Bacon)
Hatchettite. A yellowish-white, wax-
Haulage plant. A
mechanical installa-
tion for the tramming of rock (ore
yellow or greenish-yellow hydro-
carbon which darkens on exposure; or coal), operated by ropes, com-
it melts at 46° C, is sparingly solu-
pressed air, or electricity. (Weed)
ble in boiling alcohol and cold ether, Haulageway. The gangway, entry, or
and is decomposed by concentrated tunnel through which loaded or
sulphuric acid. Its specific gravity empty mine cars are hauled by ani-
varies from 0.892 to 0.983. (Bacon) mal or mechanical power.
Hatchettolite. A tantalo-niobate of Hauler. Same as Driver.
uranium, near pyrochlore. In octa-
hedrons. Color yellowish brown. Haulier (Fr.). A boy or man who
Occurs with samarskite, at the mica goes with a pony or horse in the
mines of Mitchell County, North mine, or who attends the trips upon
Carolina. (Dana) engine planes, etc. (Gresley). A
driver.
Hatching (Brist). An underground
way or self-acting inclined plane, Haunch. The part of an arch from
in a thin seam of coal, extending the keystone to the skew back. (O.
from 60 to 80 yards to the rise. and M. M. P.)
(Gresley) Haupt furnace. A gas-fired Silesian
E9,therlite. A nameproposed by A. furnace with recuperative chambers
Henderson for a syenite from South for preheating the air for secondary
Africa which has for its feldspar combustion. (Ingalls, p. 409)
anorthoclase instead of orthoclase. Haurl A
(Scot). claut; a scraper.
Pilandite is a porphyritic phase of
( Barrowman
the same. (Kemp)
Hat rollers (Eng.). Cast iron or steel Hausmannite. A mineral, Mn304 or
rollers, shaped like a hat, revolving MnO.MnjOs. In tetragonal octahe-
upon a vertical pin, for guiding haul- drons and twins also granular mas-
;

age ropes around curves* (Gresley) sive, particles strongly coherent.

Luster submetallic. Color brownish
Hatter (Aust.). A miner or other black. (Dana)
worker who works alone, and there-
fore whose "hat covers his family." Haiiynite; Eaiiyne. A silicate
and
(Webster) sulphate and
of sodium, calcium,
aluminum. Na2Ca(NaS04.Al)Al2-
Hatting (Aust). The labor of a (Si04)«. (Dana)
miner who works alone. (Stand- The name of the mineral is often
ard) prefixed to the names of those rocks
Haud off; Hold off (Scot.). Keep back. that contain It (Kemp)
Called by a laborer pushing a full
car to another meeting him with an
Hauzeur furnace. A double furnace
for the distillation of zinc wherein
empty one, the latter being obliged
waste heat from one set of retorts
to get out of the way. (G. C. Green-
is utilized for heating the second
well)
set. (Ingalls, p. 443)
Hauerite. Manganese dlsulphide,
MnSo. In octahedral of pyrito-
Hawk's eye. A blue variety of crocid-
olite from South Africa (Power).
hedral crystals; also massive.
See also Tiger-eye, 1.
Color reddish-brown or brownish-
black. (Dana) Hawser. 1. Any wire rope used for

Haul. 1. To transport by pulling or towing on lake or sea. A fiber haw-

drawing, as cars. 2. The distance
over which anything is hauled as, a
long or a short haul. (Standard)
Haulage. The act or labor of hauling
or drawing. In mining, the draw-
ing or conveying, in cars or other-
wise, of the produce of the mine
from the place where it is mined to
the place where It is to be hoisted,
treated, used, or stored.
ser consists of three strands laid up
right-handed. (C. M. P.)
2. A large rope, 5 to 10 inches Ik
circumference, generally of 9 strands
and left-handed twist. (Standard)
Hawser-laid rope. A rope having three
strands of yarn twisted left-handed,
the yarns being laid up right-handed.
Synonymous with cable-laid rope as
applied to wire ropes. (C. M. P.)
 )

334 GLOSSARt OF MINING AND MINERAL INDUSTRY.

Hawser wire rope. Galvanized rope of Headboard. A wedge of wood placed

iron or steel, usually composed of 6
strands, 12 wires each, principally
used in marine work for towing pur-
poses. (C. M. P.)
Hayden process. An electrolytic proc-
ess for copper refining.
but one true cathode and one anode
in the tank, a large number of plates
of unrefined copper being placed be-
against the hanging wall, and
against which one end of the stull
is jammed. (C. and M. M. P.)
Head coal (Scot.). Formerly, the
stratum of a coal next the roof.
There is More usually now, the top portion of
a coal seam when left unworked,
either permanently or to be after-
wards talcen down the top coal on
;

tween and parallel to them. The a loaded wagon. (Barrowman)

side of each plate toward the cathode Header. 1. A rock that heads off or

then acts as an anode, while copper delays progress. 2. A blast hole at

is deposited on the side of each or above the head. 3. A stone or
plate toward the anode, until the brick laid lengthwise at right angles
entire plate has moved over by the to the face of the masonry. 4. An
amount of its own thickness. This entry-boring machine that bores the
is the so-called series method of re- entire section of the entry in one
fining. (Liddell) operation. (Rels)
Hazle (No. of Eng.). In coal mining.
6. (Mid.). A collier or coal cutter
who drives a heading, (Gresley)
a tough mixture of sandstone and 6. A plank or timber, longer than a
shale ( Gresley ) Al so spelled Hazel.
.
cap. supported by two props, 'one at
Head. 1. Any road, level, or other sub- each end. (Big Branch Coal Co. v.
terraneous passage driven or formed Wrenchie, 170 S. W. Rept., p. 16)
in the solid coal, etc., for the pur- Headframe. A structure erected over
pose of proving and working the a sliaft to carry the sheaves over
mine. 2. That part of a face near- which the cable runs for hoisting the
est to the roof. 3. (Som.) Any cage. Called in England, Gallows
length of working faces. 4. (So. frame. (Chance)
Staff.) A shift or day's work by Head gate. A water gate or flood-
the stint in heading-out, or driving gate of any race or sluice. (Stand-
of deadwork. 5. The top end of the ard )
boring rods above the surface. 6.
Headgear. 1. That portion of the
Pressure of water in pounds per
winding machinery attached to the
square Inch, or, of so many feet.
headframe, or the headframe and
7. To cut or otherwise form a nar-
its auxiliary machinery. (Chance)
row passage or head. 8. A lift. 9. 2. That part of deep-boring appa-
See Motive column. (Gresley)
ratus which remains at the surface.
10. In the plural, the purest ore ob-
(Raymond)
tained by washing; distinguished
from middling, tailing, and slime, Head grain Same as Hard way.
that are also used in the plural form. (Bowles)
11. The circular plate that forms Head house. The house or building
the end of a cylinder of a steam en- that encloses the headframe. See
gine. (Crofutt) also Gallows frame. (Chance)
12. See Sluice head. 13. The atti- Heading. 1. The vein above a drift.
tude or direction of the set of paral- See Back, 1. 2. An interior level
lel planes in a massive crystalline or airway driven in a mine. 3. In
rock along which fracture is most longwall workings, a narrow pas-
difficult. It is normal to the direc- sage driven upward from a gang-
tion of the strongest cohesion. 14. way in starting a working in order
A rammer for crushing gold quartz. to give a loose end. (Raymond)
15. (Eng.) An earthy deposit from 4. A continuous passage between
rock decay. (Webster) two rooms, breasts, or other working
16. A layer of angular debris of ad- places. 5. (Ark.). The narrow
jacent strata, which generally over- part of an entry near the working
lies the raised beaches of England. face. (Steel)
(Standard) 6. The operation of driving a head.
7. (Scot). The top portion of the
Head-bay. The water space immedi-
load above the tub (car) sides.
ately above the lock In a canal.
( Gresley
(Century)
8. .\ collection of close joints.
Headblock. 1. A stop at the head of (Perkins)
a slope or shaft to stop cars from 9. A term sometimes applied to the
going iown the shaft or slope. 2. preliminary drift or pioneer bench
A cap piece. (Steel) In tunnel driving. (Bowles)
 CLOSSAllY OF MINIWG AND MINERAL INDUSTRY. 335

Headlng-and-stall. See Room-and- Headtree (Newc). A piece of wood,

pillar method. on top of a prop, to support the roof.
(Min. Jour.)
Heading driver; Entryman. A miner
who drives a heading, entry, drift, Headwater erosion. The extension of
or adit. a stream valley by erosion of the
upland at its head. (Webster)
Headings. 1. In ore dressing, the
heavier portions collecting at the Headway (Newc). 1. See Crosshead-
upper end of a huddle or sluice, as ing. The headways are the second
opposed to the tailings, which set of excavations in post-and-stall
escape at the other end, and the mid- work. (Raymond)
dlings, which receive further treat- 2. (No. of Eng.). The direction of
ment (Raymond). Also called Con- the cleat or a place driven parallel
centrates. See Head, 10. with the cleat, that Is, end-on.
2. Coarse gravel or drift overlying (Gresley)
placer deposits. 3. That portion of
u vein which is above a level. Headwork. 1. The headframe with
(Power) the head gear. (Webster)
2. (Ark.) The cutting and other
Heading seam. See Joint, 3. work done at the face of an entry.
Heading side. The underside of a lode (Steel)
(Davies). See Heading wall.
Healing stone. A slate or tile for roof-
Heading tool. A tool for swaging bolt ing. (Standard)
heads. (Standard)
Heading wall. The foot wall or lower
Heap. 1. (Newc.) The refuse at the
wall of a lode along which the head-
pit's mouth. (Raymond)
ing is run. (Skinner)
2. (Scot.) To load up a tub (car)
above the top of the sides. (Gres-
Headline. A line extending from the ley)
front of a dredge to an anchorage
jind used to hold the dredge in place Heap keeper (No. of Eng.). A man
during operations. See also Side who looks after the sorting and
line, 1. (Weatherbe) cleaning of the coal at the surface,
and keeps things in order about the
Headpiece. A cap ; a collar. (Chance) shaft.
Headrace. The channel by which wa- Heap matte. Matte produced by heap
ter is led to a water wheel, or to roasting.
any machinery. (Standard)
Heap roasting. Burning the sulphur
Headroom. Height as between the out of ores piled in heaps, with a
floor and the roof, as In a mine.
small amount of wood or other fuel.
(Grcsley)
(Weed)
Heads. 1. (N. Y. and Pa.). A local Heapstead (Eng.). The entire surface
term applied by bluestone quarry- works about a colliery shaft (Gres-
men to the open joints that run ley)
north and south. (Bowles)
2. (Eng.). See Headings, 1. Also Hearth. 1. The floor or sole of a re-
Head, 10. verberatory. 2. The crucible of a
3. (Scot). Large top-coal on a blast furnace. (Raymond)
loaded hutch. (Barrowman) 3. A bloomery. 4. A plate or table
4. (Aust.). Small faulty. (Power) upon which cylinder glass is flat-
tened. (Standard)
Head (No. Staff.). The rise side
side
of a heading driven on the strike. Hearth accretions. See Sow, 4.
(Gresley.)
Hearth bottom. A furnace bottom
Headsman (No. of Eng.). In a col- soaked to some depth vrtth metal,
liery, one who biings coal from the (Hofman, p. 85)
workings to the tramway. (Web- Hearth cinder. Slag produced in re-
ster)
fining metals. (Webster)
Head stocks. Gallows frame; head-
Hearth ends. Particles of unreduced
frame. (Chance)
lead ore expelled by the blast from
Headsword (Corn.). Water dis- a furnace. (Raymond)
charged through the adit level.
Hearth plate. A cast-iron plate serv-
(Davies)
ing as a sole for a refiner's furnace.
Head tin (Corn.). See Headings. 1. (Standard)
 ) )

336 GLOSSARY OF MINING AND MINERAL INDUSTRY.

Heart joint (Scot). A particular Heating surface. That surface In h

form of attachment joint between steam boiler or similar apparatus
the bucket-rod and the foot-rod of from which the heat passes to the
a pump. (Barrowman) liquid to be evaporated or heated;
the fire surface. ,( Standard)
Heart shake. A defective condition of
timber shown by cracks extending Heat of combustion. The heat evolved
from the heart outward. ( Standard when a
substance is completely
burned in oxygen.
Heart wall. A
wail hearted with rub-
ble, concrete, or other filling. (Web- Heating tube. A water tube exposed
ster) to the fire in a steam boiler.
(Standard)
Heat. 1. A physical agent or form of
energy generated by the transforma- Heat recuperation. The recovery of
tion of some other form of energy, heat from waste gases. (Ingalls, p.
as by combustion, chemical action, 355) .

or the stoppage of mass-motion by

friction, possessing the power of
Heat A unit of quantity of
unit.
ex- heat; the heat required to raise the
panding, melting, vaporizing, and de- unit mass of water through one de-
composing bodies, of raising their gree of temperature (Standard).
temperature, and of passing through Compare Calorie; also British ther-
space with the velocity of light. mal unit.
2. The material heated, melted, etc.,
at one time; as, the foundry runs Heave. 1. The horizontal component
three heats a day. ( Standard of the slip, measured at right an-
3. One operation in a heating fur- gles to the strike of the fault
nace, Bessemer converter, puddling Used by J. E. Spurr and A. Geikie for
furnace, or other furnace not oper- " offset" Used by Jukes Brown
ating continuously. (Raymond) for " strike slip." (Lindgren, p. 123)
4. (Eng.) The elevated tempera- 2. A rising of the floor of a mine
ture produced by spontaneous com- caused by its being too soft to re-
bustion in a mine. (Gresley) sist the weight on the pillars.
(Steel)
Heat economizer. A device by which
the steam in a steam engine or the Heavily watered (Scot). Said of a
hot air of an engine is cooled, caus- colliery when
the escape of water
ing it to impart its heat to a metal- from the strata into the shaft or
lic body which stores up the heat workings is abundant, requiring
and imparts it in turn to the next powerful pumping machinery. (Bar-
charge of steam or air, thus reduc- rowman)
ing the waste of heat; a regenerator. Heavy. The hollow sound produced
(Century) when knocking on a mine roof,
Heat energy. That form of energy which is loose. (Gresley)
which manifests itself through ther- Heavy (No. of Eng.). An exten-
fire
mal effects. (Webster) sive and severe explosion. (Gres-
Heat engine. An engine which trans- ley)
forms heat into mechanical work. Heavy gold (Aust). Particles of gold
(Century) the size of gunshots. (Davies)
Heater. One of the workmen who as- Heavy spar. Synonym for Barite.
sists in the operation of rolling large
steel armor plates. (Standard)
Heavy tiff. See Tiff, 2.

Heathen (Eng.). Applied to a bed of Hebilla (Sp.). A buckle. (Halse)

coal immediately below the 10-yard Hebrew granite (Eng.). graphic A
coal, Staffordshire. (Bainbridge) granite in which the crystals of
Heath peat. Peat derived chiefly from quartz imbedded in the body of the
decomposed heather. (Standard) feldspar resemble Hebrew charac-
ters. (Roberts)
Heating back. A chamber back of a
forge, in which the air intended for Hechado (Sp.). The dip of a lode
the blast is heated. (Standard) (Lucas)

Heating furnace. The furnace in Hectare. A measure of area eciual to

which blooms or piles are heated 2.4711 acres.
before hammering or rolling. (Ray- i
Hedenbergite. A calcium-iron variety
mond) i
of pyroxene, CaFe(SiO,),. (Dana)
 )

GLOSSAKY OF MINING AND MINERAL INDUSTRY. 337

Eedgehog. 1. (Scot.) A broken Helium. An inert, monatomic, gas-

strand or single wire of a rope torn eous element occurring in the at-
out while the rope is in motion, and mosphere of the sun and stars, and
drawn up Into a knot or bundle on in small quantities in the earth's
the rope. (Barrowman) atmosphere, in several minerals and
2. A dredger consisting of a roller in certain mineral waters. Symbol,
with protruding spikes or spades He; atomic weight, 4.0; specific
which is dragged over the bottom of gravity, 0.12. (Webster)
a river, etc., to remove silt, mud, or
the like. (Webster) Helper. A miner's assistant, who
works under the direction of the
Hedgehog stone. Quartz crystals con- miner. (Hargis)
taining needles of gothite or some
other iron oxide (Chester). Com- Helper-up (Aust.). An assistant to a
pare Hair stone. trammer when the roads are bad.
Hedrumite. A name proposed by (Power)
Brogger for certain syenitic rocks Helve. 1. (Eng.) The handle of a
that are poor or lacking in nephelito, pick or maundrill (Gresley). Some-
but that have a trachytic texture. times called Helver.
(Kemp) 2. A lift-hammer for forging blooms.
Heel. The mouth or collar of a bore ( Raymond
hole. (Du Pont)
Helvite. A mineral occurring com-
Heel of a shot. In blasting, the front monly in tetrahedral crystals; also
of a shot, or the face of the shot in spherical masses. Brittle; lus-
farthest from the charge (C. and ter vitreous, inclining to resinous.
M. M. P.). Same as Heel, Color honey-yellow, inclining to yel-
Heel of coal. A small body of coal lowish brown, and siskin green, red-
left under a larger body as a support.
dish brown. Composition, (Be, Mo,
(Steel) Fe)7Si30i2S. (Dana)
Heepstead (Eng.). ;S^ee Heapstead. Hemachate. A light - colored agate
spotted with red jasper. Also called
Eegeler furnace. A muffle furnace 7 Blood-agate. (Standard)
hearths high. The lower hearths
are heated by gas burned in the Hematita (Sp.). Hematite. (Dwight)
flues beneath them. The first me- Hematite. One of the commonest
ores
chanical furnace to be employed suc- of iron. FejOs, which when pure
con-
cessfully for blende roasting in th<» tains about 70 per cent of metallic
United States, at La Salle, 111. iron and 30 of oxygen. It may be
(Ingalls, pp. 145 and 450) readily distinguished from magnetic
Hegeler producer. A furnace for the and titaniferous iron ore by its red
manufacture of producer gas. (In- streak and powder, the others giv-
galls, p. 307.) ing a black streak. Hematite is
sometimes mixed with sufficient
Height- of -land. See Watershed. magnetite to cause it to adhere to
Heintzite; Hlntzcite; Kaliborlte. A the magnet. The hydrated variety
hydrous borate of magnesium and of this ore Is called limonite or
potassium. The mineral occurs in brown hematite. (Roy. Com.)
small crystals sometimes aggregated. Hematltic. Pertaining to, containing,
Colorless to white. From Stassfurt. or resembling hematite. (Century)
(Dana)
Helenite. A wax near ozocerite but Hembra (Mex.). A post (timbering).
elastic like caoutchouc; it is yellov,'
(Dwight)
and has a specific gravity of 0.915. Hemidome. That form in a crystal
It occurs at Ropa In Galicia. composed of two parallel domatic
(Bacon) planes in the triclinic, or of two
Helictite. A distorted twlg-liko lat- parallel orthodomatic planes in the
eral projection of calcium carbon- monoclinic system of crystallization.
ate, found in caves, etc. (Stand- (Standard)
ard). Compare Stalactite; Stalag- Hemihedral. In crystallography, hav-
mite. ing a lower grade of symmetry than,
Heliotrope. A subspecies of quartz, of and only half as many faces as, the
a deep-green color, peculiarly pleas- corresponding form of full or nor-
ant to the eye. Also called Blood- mal symmetry for the system, (Ls
stone. (Century) Forge)
75242**—19 22
338 GLOSSABY 01? MIKING AND MINEHAL INBtTSlHY.

Hemiholohedral. Noting hemiliedrous Hercules powder. An explosive that

in which all the octants contain half resembles dynamite No. 2, and con-
the whole number of similar planes. sists of nitroglycerin with a more
(Standard) or less explosive dope. (Raymond)
Hemimorphic, In crystallography, hav- Hercules stone. The lodestone. Called
ing no transverse plane of symmetry also Ileiaolean stone; Heraklean
and no center of symmetry, and stone. (Standard)
composed of forms belonging to only
one end of the axis of symmetry. Hercynite. Iron spinel, FeAUO^. Iso-
(La Forge) metric; a massive, fine granular
black mineral. (Dana)
Hemimoi-phite. A hydrous zinc sili-
cate, HaZnSiO. (Dana). Compare Hermetic casing. See Screw casing.
Calamine. Heronite. A name proposed by A. P.
Hemiprism. Aform produced by two Coleman, for a dike rock, consist-
parallel planes cutting the two lat- ing essentially of analcite, ortho-
eral axes in the triclinic system of clase, plagioclase and aegirite, the
crystallization. (Standard) analcite having the character of a
base, in which the other minerals
Hemipyramid. A form consisting of form radiating groups of crystals.
two pairs of similar parallel planes The name is derived from the local-
cutting all three axes in the mono- ity. Heron Bay, on the north shore
clinic system of crystallization.
of Lake Superior. (Kemp)
(Standard)
Hemithrene. Brogniarfs name, cur- Herramienta (Mex.). Tools; equip-
ment. In Guanajuato used instead
rent amongthe French, for certain
dioritic rocks that contain a large
of Parada. (Dwight)
amount of calcite, presumably an Herrar (Sp.). To shoe horses.
alteration product. (Kemp) (Halse)
Hemitropic. Crystals that appear as
if composed of two halves of a
Herreria (Sp.). 1. A blacksmith's
crystal turned partly round and
shop. 2. Ironworks. 3. A forge.
(Halse)
united. Examples of this structure
may be often foi nd in feldspar and Herrero (Sp.), Blacksmith. (Dwight)
cassiterite crystals. (Jackson)
Herreshoii furnace. 1. A rectangular-
Henderson process. The treatment of
shaft blast furnace for smelting cop-
copper sulphide ores by roasting
per ore. (Peters, p. 287)
with salt, to form chlorides, which
2. A mechanical, cylindrical, multi-
are then leached out and precipi-
ple-deck, mutlle furnace of the Mc-
tated. Henderson originally pro-
Dougall type. (Ingalls, p. 152)
posed to volatilize the chlorides, and
the leaching and precipitation are Herringbone. 1. Resembling the spine
not original with him. Longmaid of a herring, characterized by the
and many other metallurgists have arrangement of materials in rows of
proposed them in various modifica- parallel lines, which in any two suc-
tions. (Raymond) cessive rows slope in reverse direc-
Hepatic cinnabar. A variety of cin-
tions. 2. A gear with double-screw
teeth. (Webster)
nabar of a liver-brown color. (Web-
ster) Herringbone work. 1. Masonry in
which the stones are laid slanting in
Hepatic gas. An
old chemical term for
opposite directions in alternate
hydrogen sulphide. (Webster) An arrangement of di-
courses. 2.
Hepatic mercurial ore. See Hepatic agonal struts in X forms between
cinnabar. Joists to communicate strength from
one joist to its neighbors. (Stand-
Hepatic pyrite. Marcasite. (Power)
ard)
Hepatin. An amorphous limonite, of a
Hervezon (Colom.). Alluvium mixed
liver-brown color, and containing a
with poor sands or superficial earth.
small percentage of copper. (Ches-
(Halse)
ter)
Hepatite. A variety of barite: so Hervidero (Sp.). 1. A boiling spring.

called from the fetid odor it exhales

2. A mud volcano. (Halse)
when heated. (Standard) Hervir (Sp.). To boll. (Dwight)
 ) ;

\GLOSSARY OF MINING AND MINERAL INDUSTRY. 339

Hess (So. Staff.). Clinker from fur- three lateral axes perpendicular to
nace bailers. (Gresley) the vertical axis and intersecting
at mutual angles of 60°. (La
Hessite. A telluride mineral,
silver Forge)
Ag2Te. Contains 63.3 per cent
silver. (U. S. Geol. Surv.) Hexahedron. In crystallography, a
form, in the isometric system, en-
Hessonite. A variety of garnet; Cin-
closed by six faces each perpendicu-
namon stone. (Century)
lar to an axis; a cube. (La Forge)
Heterogeneous. Differing in kind
having unlike qualities; possessed Hexoctahedron. In crystallography, a
of different characteristics; opposed form, in the isometric system, en-
to homogeneous. (Webster) closed by 48 similar faces with un-
equal intercepts on all three axes.
Heterotactous. lacking uni-
Irregular ;
(La Forge)
formity in stratification or arrange-
ment of parts heterogeneously ar-
; Hextetrahedron; Hexatetrahedron. In
ranged. (Standard) crystallography, a form, in the iso-
Heterotomous. Having a cleavage un- metric system, of tetrahedral sym-
like that which is characteristic of metry, enclosed by 24 similar faces
the mineral in its ordinary form, as with unequal intercepts on all three
a variety of feldspar. (Standard) axes. (La Force)
Heugh (Scot.). 1. A place where coal Hiatal. A rock fabric in which the
or other mineral is worked a pit ; variation in the size of the crystals
or shaft. (Barrowman) is not in continuous series, but in a
2. Agem with rugged sides; a crag broken series with hiatuses. (Id-
(Standard). Also spelled Heuch. dings, Igneous Rocks, p. 198)
Heulandite. A mineral of the zeolite Hiatus. A chasm; a gap; a space
family. A hydrous silicate of cal- where something is wanting. (Web-
cium and aluminum, SHjO.CaO.- ster)
Al203.6Si02. (Dana)
Heumite. A name proposed by W. C.
Hichu (Peru). A species of long grass
used as fuel or fodder. (Dwight)
Brogger for a dike rock, composed
of minerals, too small to be recog- Hick-joint. A of masonry-
system
nized with the eye alone, but which pointing in which the mortar be-
under the microscope prove to be tween the courses is flush with the
natron-orthoclase, natron-microcline, face of the wall. (Standard)
barkevicite, biotite, and in small
amount, nephelite, sodalite, and Hiddenite. An emerald-green spodu-
(liopside. The accessories are apa- mene. Used as a gem. (U. S. Geol.
tite, magnetite, pyrite, and titanite. Surv.)
The silica in two dikes was found to Hidraulica (Sp.). Hydraulic. (Dwight)
be respectively 47.10 and 48.46.
The name was derived from Heum, Hidrografia (Mex.). Hydrography
a small town on Lake Farris. (Dwight)
( Kemp Eielmite. A stanno-tantalate (and
Hewer (Newc). One who undercuts niobate) of yttrium, iron, manga-
the coal with a pick. A coal miner. nese, calcium. Crystals (ortho-
rhombic), usually rough; massive.
Hewing (Newc). Undercutting or
Color pure black. From Sweden.
mining the coal. (Min. Jour.)
(Dana)
Hewing double (Eng.). See Double- Hierro (Sp.). Iron; H. aflnado, re-
1.
working. (G. C. Greenwell)
fined iron; H. cochino, pig iron;
Hewing rate (Aust.). The rate of pay //. colado, cast iron. 2. Iron ore;
given miners for mining coal. //. arcilloso, clay ironstone; H.
(Power) arsenical, arsenopyrite H. especu-
;

lar, specular iron ore; H. crotnado,

Hewns (Eng.). The sides of a cal- chrome iron ore (Lucas). H.
dner or roasting furnace, from their labrado, wrought iron (Min. Jour.)
being formerly built with hewn
;

H. limoso, bog ore; llmonlte; JFI.

stone. (Pryce)
magn^tico, magnetite; H. pardo,
Hexagonal system. In crystallography, brown iron ore; H. rojo, hematite;
that system of crystals in which H. vie jo. (Peru) Silver ores con-
the f'lces are referred to four axes, sisting mainly of iron oxide.
a principal or vertical axis and (Halse)
340 GLOSSARY OF MINING AND MINERAL INDUSTRY.

Higado (Peru). 1. An oxide of iron, Hijuela (Sp.). 1. A small thread of

occurring in small isolated masses, ore or mineral. 2. A small drain.
containing minute particles of gold. (Dwight)
2. A lenticular deposit of gold ore.
Hijuelas (Mex.). A, small-size torta,
(Halse)
made up as a sort of assay on a
High. A miner's name for the coal of large scale, with from 1 to 5 kilo-
a thick seam. (Steel) grammes of argentiferous mud.
(Dwight)
High doors (Scot). An upper landing
in a shaft. (Barrowman) Hilera (Peru). A parting in a coal
seam. (Halse)
High explosives. Explosives which
Hilera costeable (Sp.). Pay streak.
detonate or are composed of ingredi-
(Lucas)
ents which detonate. In the United
States the designation covers explo- Hill. 1. An arch or high place in a
sives like gelatin, dynamite, blasting mine, (Roy)
gelatin, etc., which are stronger and 2. (Scot). The surface at a mine.
more sudden in their action than (Barrowman)
gunpowder. (Du Pont) 3. (No. of Eng.,An under-
Mid.)
ground inclined plane. (Gresley)
High furnace. The ordinary blast fur-
4. A natural elevation of land of
nace. (Century) local area and well defined outline.
High-grade. 1. An arbitrary designa- (Webster)
tion dynamite of 40 per cent
for
See Grade, 5.
Hill clerk (Scot). The person who
strength or over. weighs mineral, whether at the mine
(Du Pont) or depot connected therewith. (Bar-
2.Rich ore. 3. To steal or pilfer rowman )
ore or gold, as from a mine by a
miner. See High-grading. Hill diggings. Placers on hills. (0.
and M. M. P.)
High-grade mill. A plant for treat-
ing high-grade ores. Hiller. In pottery, a vessel used In
making the glaze. (Standard)
High-grade ore. Rich ore. Compare
Low-grade ore. Hillman; Hillsman. 1. (Scot). A
High-grader. One who steals and
pit headman; a hill clerk. 2. A
coal salesman. (Barrowman)
sells, or othenAise disposes of high-
grade or specimen ores. A com- Hillock (Eng.). A heap of sterile
mon practice in the early days of vein-stuff or stone. (Hunt)
gold mining. Hii: sale (Scot). Sale of coal at the
High-grading. Larceny of small par- mine in carts, as distinguished
ticles of ore or gold by employees in from shipment in railway cars.
a mine. (Goldfield Cons. Mines Co. (Barrowman)
V.Richardson, 194 Fed. Rept., p.
Hillside placers (Alaska). Placers on
200) slopes, intermediate between creek
High pillar. See Shaft pillar. and bench claims. (Purington, C.
W., Bull. 259, U. S. Geol. Surv., p.
High-reef. A bedrock which fre- 33)
quently rises more abruptly on one
side of a channel or water course Hilo. 1. (Mex.) Thread; pay streak;
than on the other. (O. and M. small stringer of ore, 2. (Peru)
M. P.) Strike of a vein. (Dwight)
3. H. altos (Sp.) Threads or small
High-reef wash. A term usually
veins of ore extending into the up-
applied to deposits of wash dirt
per or hanging wall. 4. H. bajos,
upon the high-reef. (Duryee)
Threads or small veins of ore *»x-
High side. A deep coal-mine car, i. e. tending into the lower or foot wall,
one with high sides. Compare Gon- (Min. Jour.)
dola, 1.
Hindostan. A fine-grained sandstone
High Steel containing a large
steel. used extensively in the manufacture
proportion of carbon. (Standard) of very cheap sharpening stones, es-
pecially axe stones. Found in Indi-
High values (Transvaal). Ore having
(Pike)
ana.
a high assay value. (Rickard, Jour-
nal Chem. Met. and Min. Soc. of S. Hinged - hammer crusher. See Wil-
Africa, Jan. 1914, p. 361) liams Hinged-hammer crusher.
 ) ) ;:

GLOSSARY OF MINING AND MINERAL INDUSTRY. 341

Hinge fault. See Fault. Hitcher. The man who runs trams
into or out of the cages, gives the
Hinging coal
(Scot.). Coal lying at
signals, and attends at the shaft
a moderately high inclination. (Bar-
rowman when men are riding in the cage.
(Gresley). See also Cager.
Hlnsdalite. A mineral related to alu-
nite,but with replacements as indi- Hitcher-on. The person employed at
cated in the following formula the bottom of a shaft or slope to
2PbO.3Al2O8.2SO3.P2OB.6HoO. (U. S. put loaded cars on, and take empty
Geol. Surv.) cars off the cage. (Roy)
Hintzeite. See Heintzite. Hitch wheels (So. Staff.). Drums
Hip-and-ridge angle. A piece of roof-
upon which winding bands (chains)
coil. (Gresley)
ing tile required where a hip starts
from a ridge. (Ries) Hoarding (Eng.), A temporary closed
Hip roll. A tile used for covering the fence of boards placed around a
hips on roofs, and which in cross work in progress. (C. and M. M. P.)
section may show either roll or an
angle. ( Ries
Hoarstone. A stone designating the
bounds of an estate; a landmark,
Hip roll starter. A closed hip piece of (Webster)
roofing tile used at the lower end
of a hip roll. (Ries)
Hoastman (Local, Eng,). A member
of the principal civic corporation of
Hip tile. A tile made to fit the hip of Newcastle - on - Tyne formerly, a
;

a roof. (Standard) member of a merchant gild of that

place which received strangers that
Hircine. A fossil amorphous resin, came to buy coal and certain other
the composition of which has not
been determined. commodities, conducted the pur-
(Century)
chases, and levied upon them a cer-
Hirst. A bank of sand in or along a tain duty. In later times the gild
river. (Standard) controlled the selling and exporta-
Hislopite. A grass-green . variety of
tion of coal. (Standard)
which the color is due
calcite in to Hobo connection. Same as Parallel
admixed glauconite. (Standard) connection, as used in blasting. (Du
Pont)
Historical geology. See Geology.
Hod. 1. (Forest of Dean) cart or A
Hit (Eng. ). To find, prove, or cut into sled for conveying coal in the stalls
a coal seam or fault. (Gresley) of thin seams. (Gresley)
Hitch. 1. (Scot, and Newc.) A minor
2. A wooden tray or trough with a
handle, borne on the shoulder, for
dislocation of a vein or stratum not
carrying bricks, mortar, etc. (Web-
exceeding in extent the thickness of
ster)
the vein or stratum. 2. hole cut A
in the side rock, when this is solid Hoek. A corner or angle, as be-
enough, to hold the cap of a set of tween mountains; a secluded valley.
timbers, permitting the leg to be dis- (Standard)
pensed with. (Raymond)
3. To attach trams to hauling ropes
Hofmannite. A crystalline, colorless,
tasteless, and odorless mineral, pos-
by short chains. (Gresley)
sessing a specific gravity of 1.0565;
4. A sudden stoppage of pumping
it melts at 71° 0. and has the com-
machinery. (Standard)
position (^aoHseO. It forms a white
Hitch-and-step (So. Wales). A system crystalline efflorescence on lignite in
of regulating the distance between the vicinity of Sienna. (Bacon)
the faces of stalls in longwall work.
Hogar (Mex,). Hearth of a furnace.
(Gresley)
(D wight)
Hitch cutter. A miner who cuts places Hogback, 1. (Eng.) A sharp rise in
in the coal, ore, or wall in which
the floor of a coal seam. (Gresley)
to rest or place timbers to prevent
2. A ridge formed by the outcrop-
rock from falling. (Andrews v. ping edge of tilted strata; hence
Tamarack Min. Co., 114 Michigan, any ridge with a sharp summit and
p. 375; 72 N. W. Rept., p. 242; Da-
steeply sloping sides, as an esker
nula V. Quincy Min. Co., 160 Michi-
(Webster). Called also Horseback.
gan, p. 351 ; 130 N.W. Rept.. p. 604
Andrews v. Tamarack Min Co., 180, Hoggan (Corn.). The food carried by
Michig8.n, p. 73) the miner to the mine. (Da vies)
 )

342 GLOSSARY OF MINING AND MINERAL INDUSTRY.

Rogger. 1 (Scot.) A leather or can- Hold out! (Derb.). An exclamation

vas delivery pipe at the top of a by the banksman, down a shaft to
sinking set of pumps, (Barrowman) the bottomer, when men are about
2. (No. of Eng.7 Stockings without to descend the shaft, to let him
feet, worn by coal miners. (Gres- know that he is not to send up a
ley) load of coal, but merely the empty
rope or chain. (Gresley)
Hogger pipe (No. of Eng.). The up-
per terminal pipe with delivery hose Hole. 1. To undercut a seam of coal
from the mining pump. (Century) by hand or machine. 2. A bore
hole. 3. To make a communication
Hogger pump. The topmost pump in from one part of a mine to another.
a shaft. (Raymond) (Steel)
Hoggin. A material composed of 4. (Joplin, Mo.) A local term for a
screenings or siftings of gravel or
mine shaft.
a mixture of loam, sand, and gravel, Hole man (Penn.). One who loads
used in making filter beds, as a holes with explosives; a charger.
binding material for metal roads, or (De Nardo v. Stephens-Jackson Co.,
the like. (Webster) Penn. 104 Atlantic, p. 585)
Hog-tooth spar. Like a dog-tooth spar, Holes (No. of Eng.). The different
a name for calcite, occurring in stages or floors from which the
acute scalenohedrons. (Chester) cages are loaded at the shaft bot-
Hohenlohehiitte furnace. A retort fur- tom. (Gresley)
nace for the distillation of zinc.
(In galls, p. 408)
Hole A system of contract
system.
work underground by which the
Hoist. 1. An
engine for raising ore, pointing of the holes and blasting
rock, coal, from a mine and
etc., are done by company men and the
for lowering and raising men and rest of the work by the miner. (H.
material. Also called Hoister. 2. C. Hoover, p. 165)
The amount of ore, coal, etc., hoisted
during a shift. Holing. 1. The working of a lower
part of a bed of coal for bringing
Hoisting block. The lower block of down the upper mass. 2. The final
a block-and-fall, bearing the hoist- act of connecting two workings un-
ing hook. (Standard) derground. (Raymond)
Hoisting crab. A
crab, winch, or wind-
lass for hoisting. (Standard) Holing about (Eng.). The operation
of establishing an air current be-
Hoisting engineer; Hoist man. One tween the down-cast and up-cast
who operates a hoisting engine, espe- shafts. (G. C. Green well)
cially at a mine or quarry. Also
called Engineman. Holing-pick. A pick used in holing
coal. (Standard)
Hoisting jack. A
device for applying
hand power to lift an object by Holing-shovel (So. Staff.). A short-
means of a screw or lever, or by handled, round-bladed shovel. (Min.
hydraulic power. (Century) .Tour.

Hoisting rope. A
rope composed of a
Holing-through. Driving a passage
sufficient number of wires and through to mak;e connection with an-
strands to insure strength and flexi-
other part of the same workings, or
bility. Such ropes are used in shafts, with those in an adjacent mine
elevators, quarries, etc. (C. M. P.)
(Chance). See also Holing, 2.
i^ee Cable, 1 and 3.
Hollin (Mex.). Fume; condensed fur-
Hoja (Sp.). Leaf; sheet; H. de pi-
nace-smoke; soot. (Dwight)
zarra, a slab of slate H. dei^ lihro,
;

(Mex.) a black schistose rock H. de ; Hollow blocks. Hollow tiles, larger

papel, finely laminated clay, slate than common brick, usually of
or talc. (Halse) rectangular form, and having some
cross webs. Used in exterior walls
Hojalata (Sp.). Tin plate. (Halse)
and also partitions. (Ries)
Hojalatero (Mex.). Tinsmith. Hollow brick. Brick molded with hol-
fDwight) low spaces them. They are usu-
in
Holding iron. See Furnace holding ally strengthened by cross webs.
iron. (Ries)
 )

GLOSSARY OF MIN-ING AND MINERAL INDUSTRY. 343

Hollow-fire (Eng.). A kind of hearth Homestead act (U. S.). An act of Con-
with blast, used for reheating tht' gress authorizing the sale of public
blooms produced in the South Welsh lands in parcels of 160 acres each,
process of fining, or the bars of to settlers.
blister-steel in the manufacture of
shear-steel. (Raymond) Homestead entry. An entry under the
statute enacted to secure homesteads
Hollow lode (Aust). A lode filled to actual settlers on the public lands.
with vugs. (Power) (Hartman v. Warren, 76 Fed. Rept.,
p. 160)
Hollow-plunger pump. A pump used In
mining and quarrying, as in muddy Homichlin. A variety of chalcopyrite
and gritty water. (Standard) that is partly altered to bornite.
Hollow reamer. A tool for straighten- (Standard)
ing a crooked borehole. (Gresley) Homilite. (Norway). A black, black-
Hollows (Eng.). Old abandoned work- ish brown mineral, (Ca,Fe)8B2SljO».
ings. (Gresley) Crystals often tabular. (Dana)
Hollow spar. Andalusite. Homocllne. In geology, a group of In-
Hollway process. A process for the clined beds of the same dip, which
removal of sulphur from iron and may be either monoclinal, one limb
copper sulphides by fusion and pneu- of a fold, or Isoclinal, but whose
matic treatment, analogous to the actual relations are not determinate
manner in which carbon, etc., are (La Forge). Used in a more re-
remo\'ed in the Bessemer process. stricted sense than a monocline In
(Raymond) that it applies to small or fragmen-
tary areas.
Holmium. A chemical element of the
rare-earth group, not yet definitely Homoeomorphism. A near similarity
isolated. Symbol, Ho; atomic of crystalline forms between unlike
weight, 163.5. chemical compounds. (Power)
Holocrystalline. A textural term ap- Homogeneous. Of the same kind or
plied to those rocks that consist en- nature; consisting of similar parts,
tirely of crystallized minerals as dis- or of elements of a like nature;
tinguished from those with more or opposed to heterogeneous. (Web-
less glass. (Kemp) ster)
Holohedral. In crystallography, pos-
sessing all the faces that have
Homogeneous metal. A variety of In-
got metal by the open-
produced
equivalent intercepts required by
hearth process, for example, steel.
the symmetry of the group to which
(Raymond)
the form belongs. (La Forge)
Holohedron. A form having the full Homogeneous steel. Cast steel without
number of symmetrically arranged blowholes. (Standard)
planes crystallographically possible.
(Standard)
Honda (Mex.). A rope chair for de-
scending a shaft. A sling. (Dwight)
Holohemihedral. Denoting
hemihe- Hondonada (Sp. Am.). An excava-
drons in which all the sectants have
tion. (Lucas)
half instead of the whole number
of similar planes. (Standard) Hondura (Colom.). A sudden depres-
sion in the surface of the bed rock
Holohyaline. Completely glassy. (Id-
of placer mines. (Halse)
dings, Igneous Rocks, p. 187)
Holomorphic. Uniformly or completely
Hone. An extremely fine-grained
sandstone suitable for sharjiening
symmetrical. ( Standard
razors or other fine-edged Instru-
Holosiderite. Meteoric iron a meteor- ; ments or tools. (Bowles)
ite consisting of metallic iron with-
Honestone. A stone suitable for mak-
out stony matter. (Webster)
ing hones for sharpening also, a ;

Holystone. A soft sandstone used to hone ready for use. (Webster)

scrub decks. To scrub with holy-
stone. 'Webster)
Home (No. of Eng.). In the direction
of,or toward the shaft, as in an un-
derground mine. (Gresley) Outby.
Honeycomb. Any substance, as cast-
iron, worm-eaten wood, etc., having
cells suggesting a honeycomb (Web-
ster). Also applied to curtain rock
structures.
 ) ;

844 GLOSSARY OF MIl^INQ AND MINERAL INDUSTRY.

Honeycomb dun (Eng.). A Devon- Hopper- truck ( Aust. ) . See Hopper ear.
shire name for a vesicular, schistose,
trappean rock. (Roberts) Hoppet. 1. (Eng.) A hoisting bucket.
(Webster)
Honey-stone. A
mellate of aluminum, 2. A vessel for measuring ore.
AlaajOui+lSHaO, of yellowish or (Standard)
reddish color, and a resinous aspect,
crystalizing in octahedrons with a Horbachite. A
metallic, dark-yellow,
square base. The mineral is harder iron-nickel sulphide that is closely
than gypsum, but not so hard as related to pyrrhotite, and Is found
calcite. (Dana) as a massive mineral. (Standard)

Hoo cannel (Eng.). Impure earthy Horca (Sp.). Hoist; gallows frame;
canuel coal. (Gresley) headgear. (Halse)
Horizon. 1. In geology, any given def-
Hood. 1. See Bonnet, 1. 2. The top inite position or Interval In the
of a pump. (Standard)
stratlgraphlc column or the scheme
Hook block. The lower sheave or of stratlgraphlc classification: gen-
block, on a crane hoist, to which a erally used in a relative sense. 2.
swivel hook is attached. (Willcox) As used by some British geologists,
one or several consecutive beds char-
Hooker-on. Same as Hook-on; also
acterized by a certain fossil or fos-
Hanger-on.
sils; a zone. (La Forge)
Hook handles (Com.). The handles
Horizontal-cut underhand. See Under-
by which a wiudlass is worked.
(Min. Jour.)
hand stoplng.
Horizontal fault. See Fault.
Hook-on. The man who adjusts cables
or chains, about objects to be lifted Horizontalslicing (ascending). See
places hook of crane-block in bucket Overhand stoplng.
bails, and hooks of winches to ob-
Horizontal slicing (descending). See
jects to be moved, etc. (Willcox)
Top-slicing and cover-caving.
Hookworm. See Ankylostomiasis.
Horizontal throw. See Heave.
Hopes (No. of Eng.l. Valleys formed
by denudation of the coal measures
Eorley-Sedgley water iinder. An In-
strument used for ascertaining the
of the County of Durham. (Gres-
amount of water in a tank contain-
ley)
ing oil. (Mitzakls)
Hopfner process. A process for the Hormigon (Sp.). Concrete (Lucas)
recovery of copper in which a sr)lu-
tion of cuprous chloride in sodium Hormiguillar (Peru). To add salt and
or calcium chloride is used to some water to the amalgamating
dissolve copper sulphides. The solu- charge. (D wight)
tion is then electrolyzed in tanks
Hormiguillo (Peru). 1. A line of la-
with diaphragms. The anodes are
borers who pass material from hand
Impure copper, the cathodes pure to hand. 2. The second treading in
copper. Copper is deposited from
the patio process before mercury la
the cuprous chloride solution, and
added. (Halse)
cuprlc chloride regenerated. (Lid-
dell) Horn. 1. (Derb.) A line at an angle
of 45° with the face of the coal.
Hopper. 1. A trap at the foot of a
(Mln. Jour.)
chute for regulating the contents of 2. See Spoon, 1.
a wagon. 2. A place of deposit for
coal or ore. (Raymond) Hornacho (Sp.). 1. A mine shaft.
3. A funnel-shaped feeding trough. See Pozo. 2. An excavation made
4. (Derb.) A dish used by miners In the hillside In search of ore.
to measure ore. It varies from 14 (Halse)
to 16 pints in different localities.
^ Hornada (Sp.). One complete smelt-
( Mander ing operation in any furnace.
Hopper car. A car for coal, gravel, (Halse)
etc.,shaped like a hopper, with an
opening at the bottom to discharge
Hornblende. A
variety of the mineral
amphlbole. Color between black
the contents. (Standard)
and white, through various shades
Hopperings. In gold washing, gravel of green, Inclining to blackish green;
retained In the hopper of a cradle. also dark brown; rarely yellow,
 )

GLOSSAKY OF MINING AND MINERAL INDUSTRY. 345

pink, rose-red. In part a normal Horn silver. Chloride of silver. See
metasilicate of calcium and mag- Cera rgy rite. (Dana)
nesium, RSiOs, usually with Iron,
also manganese, and thus in general Horn socket. I« well boring, an im-
analogous to the pyroxenes. The plement to recover lost tools, espe-
alkali metals, sodium and potassium, cially broken drill poles, etc. It
also present, and more commonly so consists of a conical socket, the larger
than with pyroxene. (Dana). The end downward, which slides over
name of the mineral Is prefixed to the broken part, a spring latch grip-
many rock names. ping it when entered. Frequently
a flaring mouthpiece Is riveted to
Hornblende In petrology, a
schist. the horn socket, making it a bell-
schistose generally
rock, meta- mouth socket. (Nat. Tube Co.)
morphic, composed essentially or
chiefly of hornblende. (La Forge) Horn A longitudinal section,
spoon.
cut from the under side of an ox
Hornblendite. A granitoid, igneous horn and scraped thin; used for
rock, consisting essentially of horn- washing auriferous gravel and pulp
blende and analogous to pyroxenite. where delicate tests are required
(Kemp) (Hanks). See also Spoon, 1.
Horn coal. (Eng.) C5oal worked
1.
Hornstone; Chert. An impure flint or
partly end-on and partly face-on.
chalcedony with splintery fracture.
(Gresley)
More brittle than flint. (U. S. Geol.
2. A variety of cannel coal from
Surv.
South Wales. (Bacon)
3. A coal that emits, when burn- Horny (Scot). An Inferior kind of
ing, an odor like that of burnt horn. gas coal, the pieces of which rattle
(Power) with a sound suggestive of horns.
Hornfels. A
dense, compact rock pro- (Barrowman)
duced from slate by the contact
action of some igneous intrusion, es-
Horn tiff (Mo.). Calcite stained with
pecially granite. Various micro- carbonaceous material sometimes ;

scopic minerals are developed in it.

dark enough to be mistaken for
sphalerite.
(Kemp)
Eornillo (Sp.). 1. A small oven or Horquilla (Mex.). A coke-fork.
furnace. 2. A portable assay fur- (Dwight)
nace. 3. A mud volcano. (Halsc) Horse. 1. A mass of country rock
Hornito. A gas-emitting vent on, and lying within a vein. (Book v. Jus-
originating in a lava flow (Daly, tice Mining Co., 58 Fed. Rept. p.
p. 135). A low, oven-shaped mound 125)
common In the volcanic districts of 2. Anyirregularity cutting out a
South America, usually emitting portion of the vein. (Consol.
from its sides and summit hot smoke Wyoming Gold Mining Co. v. Cham-
and other vapors. (Century) pion Mining Co., 63 Fed. Rept, p.
544 Barrett v. Dessy, 78 Kansas, p.
;
Horn lead. Lead chloride. (Century) 644; 97 Pacific, p. 786.) See Dirt-
Homo (Sp.). 1. A kiln; H. de cal, fault and Rock-fault To take horse.
a lime kiln. 2. A furnace H. alto, ;
To split into branches as a vein of
a blast furnace II. acoplado, a dou-
; ore in a mine. (Standard)
ble-hearth furnace; H. castellano, 3. (Scot). A seat suspended from a
a low, shaft furnace; H. cubierto, crane rope In a shaft (Barrow-
a jacket furnace; H. de afinacidn, man). See also D. Link.
a refining furnace; H. de cuba, a 4. (Eng.). In saltmaking, to set the
shaft furnace, generally a blast fur- lumps of salt upon the top of each
nace; H. de fundici6n, a smelting other In the hothouse. (Webster)
furnace (Lucas) H. de magistral,
;

roasting stove, for copper pyrites

Horse arm (Eng.). The part of a
(Min. Jour.) JJ. de reverbero, a re-
;
whim to which the horses are at-
verberatory furnace; H. de tostar, tached. (Bainbridge)
a roasting furnace. (Halse) Horseback. 1. Natural channels cut or
Horn quicksilver. Mercurous chloride,
washed away by water in a coal
seam, and filled up with shale and
HgjClj. Calomel. (Dana)
sandstone. Sometimes a bank or
Horns (Eng.). Guides on the winding ridge of foreign matter in a coal
drum keep the rope in place.
to seam. 2. A portion of the roof or
(Bainbridge) floor which bulges or intrudes into
 ;

846 GLOSSARY OF MINING AND MINERAL INDUSTRY.

the coal. 3. A mass of country rock Horsepower. A unit of power numeri*

lying within a vein or bed (Steel). cally equal to a rate of 33,000 foot
See also Horse, 1. pounds of work per minute (=550
4. A piece of slate, flat underneath, foot pounds per second) used in
thick In the middle, and running stating the power bf a steam engine
out to a thin edge upon each side or other prime mover. (Webster)
(Stratton v. Northeast Coal Co., 164
Kentucky, p. 303). See also Kettle Horsepower hour. The work performed,
bottom. or energy consumed, by working at
6. (Maine) A low and somewhat the rate of one horsepower for one
sharp ridge of sand or gravel also, ;
hour. It is equal to 1,980,000 foot
but not generally, a ridge of rock pounds. (Webster)
which rises for a short distance with
Horse pump. An ordinary lifting
a sharp edge. A hogback. (Cen-
tury)
pump worked by horse power.
(Duryee)
Horse beans (Ches.). A stratum of a
granular rock immediately overly- Horse road. An underground way for
ing salt beds, in which brine occurs horse haulage. (Gresley)
((Presley). Also called Shaggy
metal.
Horse ran. A device by means of
which horses draw loaded vehicles
Horse block; Horsing block. A frame up an incline from excavations.
of timber on which to rest the raised (Standard)
end of an excavator's wheeling
plank. (Webster) Horse shovel. A road scraper. (Cen-
tury)
Horse engine; Horse gin (Scot.). A
winding drum driven by horse power Horses' teeth (Corn.). A quarryman's
for raising mineral. (Barrowman.) term for white elongated crystals of
feldspar, which gives the granite its
Horse fettler (So. Staff.). A man who porphyritic character. (Power)
looks after the u^nderground horses
and ponies. (Gresley) Horse tree (Eng.). A strong timber
Horseflesh ore (Corn.). Bomlte. (Ray- beam for supporting pumps. (Gres-
ley)
mond)
Horse gin. Gearing for hoisting by Horseway. A road fit for travel with
horse power. (Hanks) a horse. (Webster)

Horsehead (Eng.). A wooden box Horse whim. A horse-power winding

used for mine ventilation. (Bain- drum for raising ore from a mine.
bridge) A horse gin.
Horse height (Mid.). Sufficient dis- Horsfordite. A silver- white, massive
tance between the floor and the roof, copper antimonide, probably CueSb,
for a horse to travel without knock- occurring in Asia Minor. (Dana)
ing his head. (Gresley)
Horsing (Eng.). Drawing trams un-
Horse-in -the-lode (Eng.). A dead or derground by horsesand ponies,
worthless part in the lode; gener- (Gresley)
ally composed of fragments of the
strata through which the lode Horst. A tract of the earth's crust
passes, which invariably divides the separated by faults from the sur-
lode (Hunt). See also Horse, 1. rounding tracts which have been
relatively depressed (Webster).
Horse load (Eng.). A measure of Also spelled Horste.
weight used in some parts of East
Lancashire. 1 horse load=4 cwt. Horwood process. A flotation process
5 horst loads equal one ton. (Gres- in which ifa mixture of iron, cop-
ley) per, lead, and zinc sulphides is
roasted, the three former can be
Horse platform (Scot.). The switch changed to oxide and sulphide at a
and crossing used on (includiilg the
comparatively low temperature,
rails) a horse-haulage road. (Bar-
whereas the blende is practically un-
rowman) altered. The pa rtly roasted material
Horseplay. Rude or boisterous play is then subjected to a heated-acid
(Webster). Often results in serious oil-flotation process, by which the
accidents at mines and Industrial zinc Is floated, the other metals stay-
plants. ing behind. (Liddell)
 GLOSSARY OF MmiKG AND MlKJlRAL INDXJS'TRY. 847
ftose. 1. A strong flexible pipe made House (Eng.). See Gunnies and Turn-
of leather, canvas, rubber, etc., and house.
used for the conveyance of water,
or air under pressure, to any par-
House of water (Corn.). A cavity or
ticular point. (C. and M. M. P.)
space filled with water. (Raymond)
2. (Scot.) A rope shackle; an iron Housing. The casing for a machine
clasp at the end of a rope. (Bar- or part thereof.
rowman)
Hove ( Scot. ) Past participle of heave.
.

Host. A mineral that contains an- The floor of a mine worliing is said
other (Standard). Compare Hair to heave or rise. (Barrowman)
stone. Hovel. A large conical or conoidal
Hot. A term applied to a mine or part brick structure, around, or within
of a mine that generates methane which the ovens or firing kilns are
in considerable quantities. grouped in the manufacture of por-
celain. (Webster)
Hotbed. A
platform In a rolling mill
on which rolled bars lie to cool. Howdie horse (No. of Eng.). A pit
(Raymond) horse kept on the surface for use in
cases of emergency. (Gresley)
Hot-blast. Air forced into a furnace
after having been heated. (Ray- Howell. The upper stage in a porce-
mond )
lain furnace. (Standard)
Hot-blast man. A stove tender at blast Hcwell furnace. A form of revolving
furnaces. (Willcox) roasting furnace. (Raymond)
Hot-blast system. In ventilation, the Howk (Scot.). To dig; scoop; make
plenum system. (Webster) a hollow; to burrow. (Century)
Hot-cast porcelain. See Opaline. How way! (No. of Eng.). A signal
to lower the cage. (Gresley)
notching (Eng.). Jigging, as of lead
ore. (Ure) Hoy a. 1.(Sp.) A hollow or excava-
tion; H. de carbdn, a coal basin.
Hot chisel. A chisel for cutting hot
2. (Peru) The bed of a river.
metal : distinguished from a Cold (Halse)
chisel. (Standard)
Hoyo (Sp.). A pit; an excavation. A
Hot-drawn. A term used to signify portion of ore worked with a few
the product of drawing, when the laborers. (Halse)
operation is performed on material
that is hot —usually red hot. (Nat. H-piece. That part of a plunger-lift
which the valves or clacks are
Tube Co.) in
fixed. (Raymond)
Hothouse. A heated building or cham-
ber for drying pottery or other Huacal (Mex.). Crate; bowl; drink-
wares; drying room. (Standard) ing-dipper made of a gourd.
(D wight)
Hot roll. To roll while hot, as a
metal. (Webster) Huachaca (Peru). The portion of ore
belonging to the laborer who oper-
Hot saw. A
circular saw for cutting
ated on shares. (Dwight)
hot bar-iron in small pieces. ( Stand-
ard) Huaillaripa (Peru). Thief of gold ore.
(Dwight)
Hot-short. Brittle when heated, es-
pecially beyond a red heat, as hot- Hualllarlpear (Peru). 1. To steal
short iron. (Webster) gold ore. 2. To extract gold from
tailings by means of sheepskins in
Hot spot. A small portion of the fur- a gentle current of water. (Dwight)
nace shell that is warmer than the
rest. It Indicates a thin lining. Huaira. 1. (Peru) Ancient Indian
(Willcox) smelting furnace (still used in Po-
tosl, Bolivia). (Dwight)
HoulUer. The French equivalent for
coal measures. (Roberts)
2. A ventilating brattice. (Halse)
Huairacanon (Peru). A brattice, gen-
Hour-glass structure. A. structure re-
erally of wood. (Dwight)
sembling the shape of an hour-glass
seen in thin sections of certain min- Huairuna (Peru). Small earthen re-
erals and due to differences of mo- tort, retorting amalgam,
used for
lecular attractions in different direc- extracting from 5 pounds to 15
tions in a crystal. (Iddings, Rock pounds silver from each charge.
mlneralii, p. 72) (Dwight)
 )

348 OLOSSARY OF MINING AND MlNEI^AL INDUSTRY.

Huantajaylte. An argentiferous va- Hule (Sp.). Oil cloth; oil skin.

riety of halite, 20 NaCl+AgCl, oc- (Halse)
curring in cubic crystals and as an
Incrustation. (Dana) Hulk. 1. (Corn.) To take down and
remove the softer part of a lode,
fiuaquero (Peru). An earthenware before removing the harder part.
pitcher found in Indian burial See Gouge, 1, and Dzhu. 2. The re-
grounds. (Halse) moval of the soft gouge. 3. The
excavation made by this operation.
Huascolite. A variety of galena in (Century)
which part of the lead is replaced
by zinc. (Standard) nulla (Sp.). 1. Pit coal. Black bitu-
minous coal. 2. A
generic term for
Hiibnerite. Nearly pure manganese all fossil coal ; H. apizarrada, slate
tungstate. MnWO«. When pure it coal ; H. brillante, anthracite H. de ;

contains 76.6 per cent tungsten tri- llama, bituminous coal H. grasa, a ;

oxide WOa. (U. S. Geol. Surv.) coking coal //. magna, noncoking
;

Kucica (Panama). High-lying al- coal; H. para gas, gas coal. (Halse)
luvial deposits. (Lucas) Hullera (Sp.). 1. A coal mine; a col-
Huckle (Staff, and Derb.). The sum- liery. 2. A coal formation. (Halse)
mit or apex of an anticline or
saddle-back. (Page) Humboldtilite. A silicate of aluminum
and iron belonging to the melilite
Hudge. 1. (Som.) See Bowk, 1, Also group. ( Dana
a small box or tram without wheels,
running on timber slides, drawn by Humedad (Mex.). Moisture.
a boy, in thin and steep seams. (Dwight)
(Gresley)
2. An iron bucket for hoisting ore or
Humidity. The condition of being hu-
coal. (Raymond). See Bowk, 2. mid ; dampness
moisture ; ; as, the
humidity of the atmosphere. ( Stand-
Hudsonite. A variety of Cortlandtlte. ard)
(Kemp)
Humidostat. A device to regulate at-
Hueja (Mex.). A bowl made from a mospheric humidity. (W^ebster)
gourd. See also Jicara. (Dwight)
Huminite. A hydrocarbon from Ost-
Huel (Corn.). A mine; a variant of
mark, Sweden, having the composi-
wheal.
tion (ash-free) carbon, 67.15; oxy-
:

Huella (Mex.). A trace of gold or gen, 29.83 hydrogen, 2.55 nitrogen,

; ;

silver in assaying. (Dwight) 0.47; and sulphur, 0.40 per cent.

(Bacon)
Hueso. 1. (Sp.) Limestone remain-
ing unburnt in a kiln. 2. (Mex.) Humite. A basic fluo-sillcate of mag-
Wood tin. 3. (Chile) Yellowish nesium. Orthorhombic. Fracture
compact caliche. 4. (Peru) Bone subconchoidal to uneven. Brittle.
or argillaceous seams in coal beds. Luster vitreous to resinous. Color
(Halse) white, light-yellow, honey-yellow to
chestnut-brown and garnet, or hya-
Huevo (Colom.). 1. A name applied
cinth-red. (Dana)
toenlargements in ore bodies. 2.
A large bowlder of granite or other Hummock. 1. A small elevation ; hil-
hard rock In soft country rock. lock. 2. A pile or ridge of ice on
(Halse) an Ice-field. (Standard)
Huff separator. An electrostatic ma- Hummocky. Lumpy, or In small un-
chine depending on the repelling and even knolls. (Roy. Com.)
attracting action of electrically
charged particles. The feed is
Humo (Sp.). Fume; smokedamp, or
passed over a roller, and the con-
damps in a mine. (Halse)
stituents take various electrical Hump (Aust). A long tramp with a
charges according to conductivity bundle on one's back, as a hump of
and are repelled accordingly. (Lid- 50 miles. (Webster)
dell)
Humpe (Peru). Carbon dioxide gas In
Hugger (No. of Eng.). In coal min- mines; choke damp. (Halse)
ing, a back or cleat. (Gresley)
Humphed coal (Scot). Coal altered
Huingaro (Mex.). Pick, or pick ax. by contact with an igneous rock;
(Balsa) inferior coal. (Barrowman)
 )

GLOSSARY OF MINING AND MINERAL INDUSTRY. 349

HumuB. A dark brown substance, Hunt and Douglas process. Consists in

formed usually In tlie soil, due to the roasting matte carrying copper, lead,
partial decomposition of vegetal gold, and silver at a very low tem-
matter; the organic portion of the perature, forming copper sulphate
soil. (Webster) and oxide but not silver sulphate.
This product is leached with dilute
Hund (Pr.). A dog. A rectangular sulphuric acid for copper. The re-
iron tram or wagon on four small sulting solution is treated with cal-
wheels. (Gresley) cium chloride and the copper pre-
cipitated as subchloride by passing
Hundido (Sp.). Cave or run. See
SOa through the solution. The cup-
Derrumbe. (Halse)
rous chloride is then reduced to
Hundimiento (Sp.). 1. A cave or run cuprous oxide by milk of lime, re-
of ground; fall of roof. 2. Letting generating calcium chloride, and the
down the roof, as in longwall work- cuprous oxide is smelted. (Liddell)
ing. Subsidence. (Halse)
Huntilite. A silver arsenide occurring
Hundred-weight. A weight commonly with native silver at Silver Islet,
reckoned in the United States, and Lake Superior, Michigan. (Century)
for many articles in England, at 100
pounds avoirdupois; but commonly Hunting coal (York.). Ribs and posts
In England, and formerly in the of coal left for second working.
United States, at 112. There is also (Gresley)
an older hundredweight, called the
long hundredweight, of 120 or six- Huntington and Heberlein process.
score pounds. ( Standard See Blast-roasting.
Hungarian mill. A rotating, grinding Huntington mill. A mill of the Chile-
mill used in Hungary for removing an type operating by the centrifugal
small portions of gold from quartz force of steel rollers revolving
by mixing with mercury one of the : against the inner surface of a heavy
many forms of pan-amalgamators. horizontal steel ring or die. The
(Standard) rollers are suspended upon rods
Hungaro (Peru). A roasting furnace from horizontal arms by short trun-
nions allowing a swing of the rod
with two beds, one above the other.
(Halse) and roller in a direction radial from
the central vertical shaft. (Lid-
Hungry. Hard, barren vein matter, dell)
as white quartz. Compare Likely.
Hunt's process.Originated by Ber-
(Hanks)
tram Hunt treating precious
for
Hung shot. A shot which does not metal ores containing copper or zinc,
explode immediately upon detona- using an ammoniacal cyanide solu-
tion or Ignition (C. and M. M. P.). tion and recovering ammonia by
See also Hangfire. boiling. The process may more truly
Hunker. 1. (India) Yellowish clay be said to have been devised and
containing concretionary nodules. perfected by Mosher. (Liddell)
(Gresley) Hurdled ore. Ore passed through a
2. Eng.) To sit with the balls of coarse screen, like a mortar screen.
the feet upon the ground and the (Davies)
knees bent, so that the thighs rest
on the calves of the legs. This posi- Hurdle screen (Scot). A temporary
tion no doubt became habitual with screen or curtain for clearing gat
miners from the nature of their out of a pit (Gresley). Used espe-
underground work. (G. G. Green- cially where gas has collected in pot
well) holes or caves in the roof.

Hunt continuous filter. A horizontally- Hurdy - gurdy. 1. See Hurdy - gurdy

revolving continuous-vacuum filter. wheel. 2. Adance house in a min-
It consists of an annular filter bed, ing camp. (Standard)
usually of triangular wooden slats Hurdy-gurdy drill (Aust). A hand
filled with coarse sands. The vac- auger used for boring holes in coal.
uum withdraws part of the pulp (Power)
moisture as soon as the bed is
fQi*nied. A spray then washes it Hurdy-gurdy wheel. A water wheel
after which, the vacuum dries it and operated by the direct impact of
the material is then scraped off. a stream upon its radially-placed
(Liddell) paddles. (Raymond)
850 GLOSSARV OF MINING AND MINERAL li^DUSTRY.

Hurgdn ( Sp. ) . A poker //. de punta

; Hutch mounting (Scot). The iron-
curve, a rabble. (Halse) work on the frame and box of a
Hurlbarrow (Scot.). A wheelbarrow.
wooden hutch. (Barrowman)
(Standard) Hutch road (Scot.)i A hutch tram-
Hurler (Scot). One who wheels way. (Barrowman)
bricks or heavy material on a wheel-
barrow. (Standard)
Hutch runner (Scot). A boy who
draws hutches. (Gresley)
Hurley (Scot). A box on wheels; a
hutch. (Barrowman) Hiittenwerk (Ger.). A furnace or
smelting house. (Da vies)
Haronian. In geology, in the usage of
the U. S. Geological Survey, the Huttrill. A hard place in a vein or
lower of the two series comprised pipe. (Hooson)
in the Algonkian system. Also the Hyacinth. A transparent red, or
corresponding geologic epoch. By brownish, variety of zircon, some-
some geologists the Huronian is di- times used as a gem. (Dana)
vided into Lower Huronian, Middle
Huronian, and Upper Huronian or Hyaline. A synonym for glassy, which
Animikean. (La Forge) is often prefixed to the name of vol-
canic rocks to signify a glassy de-
Hurrier. See Haulier. Generally a velopment, as hyalo-rhyolites.
small boy who trams coal. (Gres- (Kemp)
ley)
Hyaline quartz. Quartz with a bluish,
Hurry. 1. To
haul, pull, or push opalescent, cast due to presence of
cars of coal, in a mine. (Gresley) chalcedony. Used as a gem.
2. (Scot.) A screen or sieve. 3. (Standard)
A chute, slide or pass as for ore in
a mine, or for coal discharged from Hyalite. A variety of opal (hydrous
cars into vessels. (Webster) silica)which occurs in clear globu-
4. (Gt. Brit.) A wooden staging on lar or botryoidal forms resembling
a navigable river, to which the rail- drops of melted glass. (U. S. Geol.
ways are conducted from coal pits: Surv.)
used in loading vessels with coal. Hyalithe. An opaque variety of glass,
(Standard) frequently black, green, brown, red,
Hurry gum (Scot). The fine material etc., resembling porcelain, and valu-

that passes through a screen or sieve. able owing to its strength. (Stand-
(Barrowman) ard)

Hush (Gt Brit.). To clear away Hyalography. The

art of engraving on
(soil) from bedrock in prospecting. glass, eitherwith a diamond, emery,
(Standard) or hydrofluoric acid. (Standard)
Hushing. The discovery of veins by Hyalomelane. Basaltic glass. The
the accumulation and sudden dis- word is derived from the Greek for
charge of water, which washes away black glass. (Kemp)
the surface soil and lays bare the Hyalophane. A barium feldspar, (Ks,-
rock. See also Booming. (Ray- Ba)Al2(Si03)4. In crystals; also
mond) massive. Monocllnic. Switzerland
Husky. An Eskimo dog (Webster). and Sweden. (Dana)
Used extensively in traveling and Hyalopilltic. Composed
of, or char-
freighting in the far north.
acterized by, innumerable slender
Hutch. 1. (Scot.) A low car, suited microlites embedded in glass; a
both to run in a level and to be structure frequently found in ba-
hoisted on a cage. 2. (Corn.) A saltic lavas. (Webster)
cistern or box for washing ore. See
also Jig, 1. (Raymond)
Hyalosiderite. A highly ferruginous
variety of common olivine. (Dana)
3. To wash ore in a box or jig.
(Webster) Hybrid porcelain. A waie originally
4. (Scot.) A basket for coal. 5. made In imitation of oriental porce-
(Scot.) Two hundredweight of py- lain, containing some kaolin essen- ;

rlte. (Standard) tially an artificial, soft porcelain,

6. The tine concentrates which pass represented by the early Italian and
through a jig screen. P'rench porcelains. (Standard)
Hutch cleading (Scot). The wood Hydato. A prefix to lithological terms
comprising the bottom, side, and end to Indicate an origin through
boards of a hutch. (Barrowman) aqueous processes. (Kemp)
 GLOSSARY OF MINING AND MINERAL INDUSTRY, 351
Hydatagenic. In geology, derived Hydraulic cement. Cement which seta
from or modified by substances in under water. The rocks, which on
a liquid condition said of tbe gene-
: being calcined and ground very fine
sis of ores and other minerals con- : yield this cement, must contain in
trasted with Pneumatogenic. ( Stand- addition to lime certain proportions
ard) of alumina, silica and magnesia. A
little iron is also usually present
Hydatopneumatic. Pertaining to, or (Roy. Com.)
formed by, the combined action of
gas and water. (Webster) Hydraulic dredge. A dredge in which
the material to be excavated Is
Hydatopneumatolytic. A term used mixed with water and pumped
in the discussion of certain ore de- through a pipe line to the place of
posits to describe their origin deposit (Webster)
through the agency of water and
vapors. (Kemp) Hydraulic elevator. An elevator oper-
ated by the weight or pressure of
Hyde process. A
flotation process pat-
water, especially an apparatus used
ented in 1911, by James M. Hyde,
in dredging and hydraulic mining
in which a small amount of sul-
phuric acid, with or without the use
which raises mud and gravel by
of copperas, is used to give the
means of a jet of water under heavy
slimy portion of the ore a prelimi- pressure inducing- a strong upward
nary coagulation current through the pipe. (Web-
before flotation.
ster)
The sulphides, after agitation, are
floated off rapidly and as completely Hydraulic gradient. A line showing
as possible with a considerable over- the fall in pressure of water or
flow of freely flowing water, thereby other liquid In passing through a
producing an impure concentrate pipe discharging at one end. (Web-
which is re-treated in a second ma- ster)
chine. (Liddell)
Hydrargillite. A synonym for Gibbsite. Hydraulic hose. The flexible hose
used to direct a stream of water
Hydrargyriasis. Chronic mercurial against a wall or face of drift (Da-
poisoning. (Webster) vies)
Hydrargyrum. Mercury. (Webster) Hydraulic jack. A jack for lifting,
Hydrate. 1. A compound formed by pressing, etc., in which pressure on
the union of water with some other the moving part Is transmitted by
substance and represented as actu- a liquid, as water or oil.
ally containing water. 2. Less prop-
erly, a hydroxide, as calcium hy- Hydraulicity. The property of hard-
drate. (Webster) ening under water; said of materi-
als for hydraulic cement. (Stand-
Hydrated. Containing water In chemi- ard)
cal combination, and hence In a defi-
nite proportion in each case, as gyp- Hydraulicking (Pac). Washing down
sum which contains 'water of crys- a bank of earth or gi'avel by the
tallization,' calcium hydrate, or lime use of pipes, conveying water under
which has absorbed water on slak- high pressure. (Raymond)
ing, hydrated oxide of iron, or yel-
low ocher, which can be readily Hydraulic lime. A variety of calcined
converted Into the anhydrous or red limestone which, when pulverized,
oxide by driving off the water by absorbs water without swelling or
heat. (Roy. Com.) heating, and affords a paste or ce-
ment that hardens under water.
Hydraulic. 1. Of or pertaining to (Standard)
fluids in motion; conveying, or act-
ing, by water operated or moved by
; Hydraulic limestone. A limestone
means of water, as hydraulic min- which contains some silica and alu-
ing. 2. Hardening or setting under mina, and which yields a quicklime
water, as hydraulic cement (Web- that will set or form a firm, strong
ster) mass under water, as In hydraulic
cements. (Dana)
Hydraulic cartridge. A
device used In
mining to hav-
split coal, rock, etc., Hydraulic mine-filling. Filling a mine
ing 8 to 12 small hydraulic rams in with material transported by water.
the sides of a steel cylinder. (Web- (Charles Enzian, Bull. 60, U. S. Bur.
ster) Mines)
 ) )

352 GLOSSARY OF MINING AND MINERAL INDUSTRY^

Hydraulic mining. A method of min- Hydrodynamlc. Of or pertaining te

ing in which a bank of gold-bearing hydrodynamics relating to the force
;

earth or gravel is washed away by or pressure of water or other fluids.

a powerful jet of water and carried (Standard)
Into sluices, where the gold sepa-
rates from the earth by its specific Hydrodynamometer. An instrument
gravity (Standard). (Woodruff v. for determining the velocity of a
North Bloomfle.ld Grand Mining Co., fluid in motion by its pressure.
18 Fed. Rept., p. 756.) Also used (Standard)
for other ores, earth, anthracite
Hydrofluoric acid. A volatile, colorless,
culm, etc. Hydraulic mining is
hygroscopic corrosive liquid com-
made unlawful and prohibited in
certain river systems where it ob-
pound, HF, formed by decomposing
metallic fluorides. It readily attacks
structs navigation and injures ad-
silica, and is largely used for etch-
joining landowners. (United States
ing on glass. (Standard)
V. North Bloomfield Gravel Mining
Co., 81 Fed. Rept., p. 249.) (U. S. Hydrofranklinite. See Chalcophanite.
Min. Stat., p. 934, 941-943)
Hydrogen. A
gaseous element, color-
Hydraulic mortar. Mortar that will less, odorless, tasteless, inflammable,
harden under water (Standard). and lighter than any other known
Compare Hydraulic cement. substance. Symbol, H atomic ;

weight, 1.01; specific gravity, 0.07.

Hydraulic ram. A machine for raising (Webster)
water by the energy of the moving
water of which a portion is to be Hydrogenous. Formed or produced by
raised. (Webster) water; applied to rocks formed by
the action of water, in contradis-
Hydraulics. That branch of science tinction to pyrogenous rocks, or
or of engineering which treats of those formed by the action of heat.
water or other fluid In motion, its (Century)
action in rivers and canals, the
works and machinery for conduct- Hydrogenous coal (Aust). Coals con-
taining a large quantity of mois-
ing or raising it, its use in driving
machinery, etc. (Webster) ture, e. g., brown coal. (Power)

Hydrcapatite. A milk-white hydrous Hydrohematite. See Turgite.

variety of apatite. (Standard)
Hydrocarbon. A compound containing
only hydrogen and carbon.
The
simplest hydrocarbons are gases at
ordinary temperatures; with in-
crease In molecular weight they
change to the liquid, and finally to
the solid state. (Webster)
Hydrocarbon black. A synonym for
Lampblack. (Bacon)
Hydroceramic. Describing porous pot-
tery through which water exudes
and causes coolness by evaporation.
(Standard)
Hydroclastic. Clastic through the
agency of water said of fragmental
;
Hydrology. That part of geological
science which has to do with the
relations of water standing or flow-
ing beneath the surface of the earth.
Hydrolysis. A chemical decomposition
by which a compound Is broken up
and resolved Into other compounds
by taking up the elements of water.
(Century)
Hydromagneslte. A white, hydrous,
magnesium carbonate that is earthy
and chalklike. (Century)
Hydromechanics. The mechanics of
fluids, including hydrostatics, hydro-
dynamics, hydrokinetics, and pneu-
matics. ( Standard

rocks deposited by water. (Web- Hydrometallurgy. The reduction of

ster) ores by wet processes, as by leaching
and precipitation.
Hydrocyanic acid. An unstable, vola- Hydrometamorphism. Metamorphism,
tile, colorless, and extremely poison-
as of rocks, produced by water and
ous liquid compound, HCN, formed
heat: contrasted with Pyrometa-
by decomposing metallic cyanides
morphlsm. ( Standard
with hydrochloric acid. It has a
characteristic odor resembling that Hydrometer. A floating Instrument
of bitter almonds. Called also Prus- for determining the specific gravity
«ic acid. (Standard) of liquids. (Webster)
 ) )
GLOSSARY OF MINING AND MINERAL INDUSTRY.
Hydrophane. A variety of common
opal which becomes more translu-
cent or transparent
(Dana)
Hydrophilic. A
property possessed by
colloids whereby they take up wa-
ter In conjunction with the mole-
cules of the colloid in a manner
analogous to a closed hydrated
molecule. Hydrophilic colloids are
valuable dispersing mediums for the
making of emulsions. (Rickard)
A term used in flotation processes.
Hydrophilite. Chlorocalcite. Calcium
chloride, CaCls. In white cubic
crystals or as an incrustation at
Vesuvius. (Dana)
Hydroplutonic. Relating to or pro-
duced by the joint action of heat
and water, resulting in fusion at a
lower temperature than by heat
alone; aqueo-igneous. (Standard)
Hydropneumatic. Relating to, or pro-
duced, or worked by the combined
action of water and air, or gas.
(Standard)
Hydroscope. An instrument for de-
tecting moisture, especially in the
air. ( Standard
Hydrosphere. 1. The aqueous vapor
of the entire atmosphere. 2. The
aqueous envelope of the earth,
cluding the ocean, streams, all lakes,
and underground waters and the
aqueous vapor in the atmosphere.
(Webster)
Hydrostat. A contrivance or appa-
ratus to prevent the explosion of
steam boilers. (Webster)
Hydrostatic balance. A balance for
weighing substances in water to as-
certain their specific gravity. (Web-
ster)
Hydrostatic pressure. The pressure
exerted by a liquid, as water, at
rest. (Standard)
Hydrostatics. That branch of physics
which relates to the pressure and
equilibrium of liquids, as water,
mercury, etc. ; the principles of
statics applied to water and other
liquids. (Webster)
Hydrotasimeter. An electrically oper-
ated apparatus showing at a dis-
tance the exact level of water, as
in a reservoir an electric high- and
;
low- water indicator. (Standard)
Hydrothermal. Pertaining to hot wa-
ter, especially with lespect to its
action in dissolving, re-depositing,
75242'—19 23
;
363
and otherwise producing mineral
changes within the crust of the
In water. globe. (Power)
Hydrous. Containing water chemi-
cally combined, as in hydrates and
hydroxides. (Webster)
Hydrous salts. Salts containing the
so-called water of crystallization.
Hydroxide. A compound of an ele-
ment with the radical or ion, OH, as
sodium hydroxide, NaOH.
Hydrozincite. A basic zinc carbonate,
perhaps ZnC08.2Zn ( OH ) ». Massive,
fibrous, earthy or compact, as in-
crustations. Color white, grayish
or yellowish. Occurs at mines of
zinc, as a result of alteration
(Dana). Also called Zinc bloom.
Hygrometer. An instrument or appa-
ratus for measuring the degree of
moisture of the atmosphere. (Web-
ster)
Hygroscopic. Having the property of
readily absorbing moisture from the
atmosphere. ( Power
Hypabyssal. Having become consoli-
dated from fusion, underground,
under conditions intermediate be-
tween deep-seated and superficial
conditions, and therefore differen-
in-
tiated by special structural features
said of certain igneous rocks, some-
times called dike-rocks. (Standard)
Hypautomorphic. In petrology, same
as Hypidiomorphic and Subhedral.
(La Forge)
Hyperite. Used in Sweden loosely for
the rocks of the gabbro family, and
in a restricted sense for olivine-
norite. (Kemp)
Hyperphoric. Change in a rock by the
introduction of a new mineral into,
or the removal wholly or in part of
an old mineral from the original
rock mass, for example, dolomltiza-
tion of limestone. (Power)
Hypersthene. An orthorhombic py-
roxene, (Fe,Mg)Si03. (Dana)
Hypersthenite. An obsolete name for
Norite. (Kemp)
Hypidiomorphic. In petrology, same
as Subhedral, which see. (La Forge)
Hypocrystalline. In petrology, partly
crystalline; said of the texture of
some igneous rocks which consist
partly of crystallized minerals and
partly of amori^hous glass; hypohy-
aline. (La Forge)
354 GLOSSARY OF MINING AND MINEEAL INDUSTRY.

Hypog€lc, Pertaining to or derived Ice bowlder. A bowlder transported

from erustal and interior move- and deposited through glacial ac-
ments in the earth as, the hypogeic; tion. (Standard)
work of mountain mailing. (Stand-
ard)
Ice cap. A perennial mantle of ice
and snow covering a tract and mov-
Hypogene. 1. A term proposed by ing in all directions from the center.
Lyell for all nether-formed rocks, A very large ice cap is an ice sheet,
i. e. rocks that have assumed their or continental glacier. (Webster)
present form at great depths be-
neath the surface, whether origi-
Ice cliff. An abrupt shore of arctic
nally stratified or unstratified. The
ice, more or less interstratified and
covered by earth and vegetation
former belong to the metamorphic
and the latter to the plutonic group. (Standard). See Ice blink.
(Roy. Com.) Ice creeper. A creeper, used for walk-
2. Applied to ores or ore minerals ing on ice. (Webster)
that have been formed by generally
ascending waters as contrasted with Ice drift. Loose floating ice. (Stand-
(Ran- ard)
supergene ores or minerals
some). Compare Supergene. Ice fall. 1. A frozen waterfall, or a
similar mass of ice. 2. A falling of
Hypohyaline. Partly glassy. See Hy- ice as from an iceberg. (Webster)
pocrystalline. (Iddings, Igneous
rocks, p. 187) Ice field. A large field of floating ice
(Standard). See also Ice float.
Hypsometer. An instrument for meas-
uring the height above the sea level Ice float; Ice floe. A sheet, or flat free
by determining the atmospheric mass, of floating ice (Webster). See
pressure through observation of the also Ice field.
boiling point of water. (Standard) Ice foot. A wall of ice formed by
Hysteresis. In physics, a lagging or
1. sea water and snow frozen at the
retardation of the effect, when the seashore in polar regions. Also
forces acting upon a body are called Ice ledge. (Standard)
changed as if from viscosity or in- Iceland agate. A name for obsidian
ternal friction. 2. In a magnetic from Iceland. (Chester)
material, as iron, a lagging in the
values of resulting magnetization Iceland spar. Transparent calcite,
due a changing magnetizing force.
to which, owing to its strong double
(Webster) refraction, is largely used for op-
tical purposes. Also called Iceland
Kysterobase. A name given by K. A. crystal. ("Standard)
Lassen to the rock of a series of
dikes, related to the diabases, but Ice ledge. See Ice foot.
differing from them, in often having Ice mark. Any mark or Indication
quartz, brown biotite, and brown left by moving ice or glacial action.
hornblende, the last sometimes re- (Standard)
placing the augite. There may be
also some glass basis. (Kemp) Ice mill. The place where a glacier
abrades underlying rock through the
Hysterogenite. Posepny's term for
action of rubble. (Standard)
mineral deposits derived from the
debris of other rocks. The word Ice mountain. An iceberg. (Standard)
means of secondary or later forma- Ice pack. A
large area of floating
tion. Compare Idiogenite, Xenogen-
pieces of ice driven together more
ite. (Kemp) or less closely. (Webster)
Hysteromorphous. Applied to second- A
Ice pillar. of Ice on a
pedestal
ary deposits due to surface agen- glacier, supporting a broader block
cies. (Power)
of stone, which has protected the ice
beneath it from solar heat. (Stand-
ard)
Ice age. The glacial period. (Web- Ice pyramid. A mound of ice on &
ster) glacier, having a stone or earthy
debris lying against Its foot. ( Stand-
Iceberg. A large floating mass of ice, ard)
detached from a glacier. (Web- The crash, or concussion,
Ice quake.
ster)
attending tlie breaking up of masses
Ice blink (Greenland). A cliff of ice of ice, often due to contraction f?om
OD a coast (Webster). See Ice cliff. extreme cold. (Webster)
 ;

GLOSSARY OF MINING AND MINERAL INDUSTRY. 355

tee river. A glacier (Standard), bee Idiophanous. Exhibiting interference
also Ice stream. figures in crystals without the aid
Sanidine;
of the polarlscope. (Webster)
Ice spar. a white trans-
parent variety of o r t h o cl a s e. Idler. A sheave or pulley running
(Power) loose on a shaft to guide or support
a rope. (C. M. P.)
Ice stream. A glacier; also a collec-
tion Hoes moving in a certain
of Idle wheel. A
pulley to guide a driv-
course (Webster). An ice river. ing belt, to Increase Its tension, or to
Increase its arc of contact on one of
Ice system, A system of glaciers di- the working pulleys. (Standard)
verging from a common center.
(Standard) Idocrasc. See Vesuvianite.
Ice tabic. A mass of level ice. (Stand- Idria furnace. See Leopoldl furnace.
ard) Idrialite. A
dark earthy mineral, con-
Ice ton. The theoretical number of sisting of hydrocarbons, mixed with
heat units required to melt one ton cinnabar, clay, etc., It occurs in
of ice at 32° F. It is 284,000 B. T. Idria, Austria. (Webster)
U., taking the ton at 2,000 pounds, A black
Idryl. material obtained
or 318,080 B. T. U. for a ton of from the mercury condensation-
2,240 pounds. (Webster) chambers at Idria, which Bodeker
Ice tongue. A steep, narrow cliff of considered as the radical of idria-
ice, rising high above glacial n6v€, lite. (Bacon)
and extending upward toward the igneo (Sp.). Igneous. (D wight)
higher mountain peaks. (Standard) Igneo-aqueous. Formed by the joint
Ice wall. See Ice foot. action of fire and water. Thus ashes
thrown from a volcano Into water
Ice worn. Abraded by ice ; specifically,
and there deposited In a stratified
rubbed, scratched, or channeled by form might properly be said to be of
glacial action. (Standard) Igneo-aqueous origin. (Century)
Ichnite. A fossil footprint. (Webster) Igneous. In petrology, formed by
Ichnolite. A fossil footprint or the solidification from a molten state:
stone containing it. (Standard) said of the rocks of one of the two
great classes Into which all rocks
Ichnology. The science which treats are divided, and contrasted with
of the footprints of extinct animals. Sedimentary (La Forge). Rocks
(Emmons) formed In this manner have also been
Icosinene. A liquid hydrocarbon called Plutonic rocks, and are often
(CmHm) contained in ozocerite. divided for convenience Into plutonic
(Standard) and volcanic rocks, but there is no
clear line between the two. (W'eb-
L D. B. (Africa) Illicit diamond ster)
buyer. (Morrison)
Igneous fusion. Fusion unassisted by
Ideal form. A crystal form in which the solution in the water of crystal-
like faces are of the same size and lization as In the case of anhydrous
shape. (A. F. Rogers) substances. Opposed to aqueous fu-
sion. (Webster)
Idiogenitcs. A term suggested by
Posepny to describe those ore de- Ignescent. A stone or mineral that
posits which are contemporaneous in gives out sparks when struck with
origin with the wall rock. The steel or iron. (Standard)
word means of the same origin. Igniter. 1. A metal case containing
Compare Xenogenite, Hystorogenite. an ordinary fuse at one end with a
(Kemp) number Instantaneous
of fuses
branching out from the other end
Idiogenous. Said of deposits contem-
and leading to as many holes to Ig-
poraneous in origin with the rocks in
nite blasting charges. (Webster)
which they occur, i. e., primary de-
2. A device to relight safety lamps
posits which are constituents of the
Internally by friction. One type
rocks In which they occur. (Power)
uses a waxed strip with IgniUng
Idlomorphic. In petrology, bounded matches at Intervals, while another
by the crystal faces proper to Itself type has a small burred wheel oper-
euhedral; automorphic: said of ating against a piece of cerium or
some crystals In an igneous rock something of a similar nature.
and opposed to Allotriomorphic Electrical devices are sometimes em-
(La Forge) ployed.
 .

356 GLOSSARY OF MINING AND MINERAL INDUSTRY.

Ignites. A word used by M. E. Wads- Tmblbici6n (Sp.). Desilverizing rich

worth to include all pyrotechnic ores, lead matte, etc., in a bath of
minerals. (Power) molten lead. (Halse)

Ignition. 1. The act of igniting, or Imbrex. 1. A curved tile; a pantile.

the state of being ignited. 2. Per-
cussion material or detonating pow-
der. (Standard)
Ignition charge. A small charge of
black or other easily ignited pow-
der, used with the main charge of
smokeless or other slow-igniting
powder to receive ignition from tlie
primer thus expediting the main
charge. (Webster)
Ignition tube. A small, hard glass
tube for examining the behavior of
substances when heated. (Webster)
Ijadas (Mex.). 1. An assay; samples
of two to five pounds. 2. An early
term (1565) for jade. (Halse)
Ijolite. A
granitoid, nephelite rock,
and corre-
occurring in Finland
sponding in mineralogy to the nephe-
linites. It contains chiefly nephelite
and pyroxene. The name is derived
from the lijoki river, Finland, and
was given by Ramsay and Berghell.
(Kemp)
Ilesite. A
hydrous sulphate of man-
ganese, zinc, and iron found In fri-
able crystalline aggregate in Park
County, Colorado. (Century)
111 Noxious gas, as from
air (Scot).
underground fires or choke damp a
stagnant state of the atmosphere un-
derground. (Barrowman)
Illinitlon. A
thin crust of extraneous
matter formed on minerals. (Stand-
ard)
Illiquation. The melting of one sub-
stance into another. (Standard)
Ilmenite ; Menaccanite. Iron-titanium
oxide, FeTiOs. Contains 36.8 per
cent iron and 31.6 per cent titanium
(52.7 per cent TiO^) (U. S. Geol.
Surv.). Is sometimes prefixed to
those rocks which contain enough of
the mineral to receive attention as
ores; thus ilmenite-gabbro, ilmenite-
norite, etc. (Kemp)
rivalte; Lievrite; Yenite.
CaFe2(FeOH)(SiO«),, occurring in
prisms, with prismatic faces ver-
<5ically striated. Columnar or com-
pact Fracture uneven.
massive.
Brittle. Luster submetallic. Color
Iron-black or dark grayish black.
Streak black, inclining to green or
brown. Opaque. (Dana)
Imkn (Sp.). Magnet; Piedra inidn,
lodestone. (Dwight)
2. Oneof the scales or partitions
of overlapping tilework or of other
imbrication. (Standard)
Imbricate structure. See Distributive
fault.
Imlay table. See End-bump table.
Immersed bog. In geology, a bog
which increases by various plant-
accumulations and growths under
water ( Standard) Compare
Emerged bog.
Impact screen. A type in which the
screen moves with the load of ma-
terial, bringing up against a stop so
as to throw the material forward on
it. The Imperial screen is a common
type. (Liddell)
Impalpable. Extremely fine, so that
no grit can be perceived by touch.
(Webster)
Impastation. 1. In ceramics, the act
or process of converting into paste.
2. A
combination of different mate-
rialsbaked together or united by a
cement: said of porcelain, etc.
(Standard)
Imperial screen. An oscillating or vi-
brating screen on which the ore is
; thrown upward, as well as moved
forward on the screen. (Liddell)
Imperial yellow porcelain. A Chinese
hard porcelain having a uniform yel-
low glaze, originally made exclu-
sively for the imperial family and
others connected with the court.
(Standard)
Impervious. Impassable; applied to
strata such as clays, shales, etc.,
which will not permit of the pene-
tration of water, petroleum or
natural gas. (Roy. (3om.)
Impervious bed. A bed or stratum
through which water will not move
under ordinary hydrostatic pressure.
(Meinzer)
A mineral, Implosion. A bursting Inward ; sudden
collapse; opposed to explosion.
(Standard)
Impound. 1. To collect (water) as
by damming a stream for irrigation
purposes, or the like. 2. A reser-
voir for water, as one made by
damming a stream (Webster).
Used In connection with the storage
of tailings from ore-dressing plants
and bjrdraulic mines.
 ) ) )

GLOSSARY OF MTNIKG AND MINERAL INDUSTRY. 357

Impregnated. Coiitniiiinjj metallic Incinerate. To burn to ashes; to con-

minerals, scattered or diffused sume by fire; to cremate. (Web-
through the mass. Properly used in ster)
referring to country rock containing
mineral similar to that in the vein. Incinerator. A fu rnace or oven for in-
(Weed) cinerating subs:tances, as refuse.
(Webster)
Impregnation. An ore deposit con-
sisting of the country-rock impreg- Incised ware. Pottery decorated with
nated with ore, usually without defi- scratches; graffito. (Standard)
nite boundaries. (Raymond) Inclinacion (Sp.). Hade; dip; in
Improvement. As used in the mining clination; slope. (Lucas)
statutes, is an artificial change of Inclination. The dip of a vein meas-
the physical condition of the earth
ured from the horizontal. (Skinner)
upon or reasonably near a mining
claim as to evidence a design to Incline. 1. A shaft not vertical;
discover mineral therein, or to fa- usually on the dip of a vein. See
cilitate its extraction. It must be also Slope. (Raymond)
reasonably permanent in character 2. Any inclined plane, whether
(Frederick v. Klauser, 52 Oregon, p. above or beneath the surface. Usu-
116). See also Labor and improve- ally applied to self-acting planes
ment. above ground, as in the bituminous
coal fields. (Steel)
Impsonite. An asphalt found in Okla-
homa much like albertite but almost Incline bogie (Scot.). A wheeled car-
insoluble in turpentine. (U. S. Geol. riage for inclines, constructed with
Surv. a horizontal platform so that cars
Impuesto minero (Mex.). The tax can be run onit and be conveyed

paid on mining claims. (Dvvight) up and down the incline or slope.

( Barro wman
Impulse. A force communicated sud-
denly the effect of an impelling
; Inclined cut-and-iilling. See Rill stop-
force; a thrust; a push. (Century) ing.

In (Eng.). When a stall or other Inclined plane. A natural or artificial

working place in a mine is blocked
up with fallen roof, etc., It is said
to be in, or to have come in. (Gres-
ley)
Inalterable. Unaffected by the action
of light or air: applied to painted
porcelain, faience, or enamel, the
colors of which have been fired.
(Standard)
Inanrate. Having a golden
(Standard)
Inbond. Laid with its length across
the thickness of a wall said of a : or fragment of another substance;
brick or of a long stone. (Standard)
Inby; Inbye; Inbyeslde (Newc). To-
ward the working face, or interior,
of the mine. Away from the shaft
or entrance. Also called In-over.
Incandescent. Made luminous by
heat; white or glowing with heat.
( Standard
Inches of pressure. The height in
inches of a column (1) of water,
or (2) of mercury, as a measure of
hydrostatic pressure. (Standard)
Inch-pound. A unit of work, being the
work done by raising one pound
through an loch. (Century)
slope used for facilitating the as-
cent, descent or transfer from one
level to another of vehicles or other
objects (Standard). See also In-
cline, 2.
Inclined shaft. See Incline, 1.
Inclinometer. 1. A dipping compass.
2. An instrument for measuring in-
clination or slope, as of the ground
luster. or of an embankment; clinometer.
(Standard)
Inclusion. 1. In petrology, a crystal
or a minute cavity, filled with gas
or liquid, inclosed in a crystal. 2.
A fragment, of whatever size, of
another rock inclosed in an igneous
rock; a xenolith. (La Forge)
Incompetent. In geology, not combin-
ing sufficient firmness and flexibility
to transmit a thrust and to lift a
load by bending; consequently, ad-
mitting only the deformation of flow-
age: said of strata and rock struc-
ture. See also Competent, 1. ( Stand-
ard)
Incorporadero (Mex.). The place where
the incorpoixi, in the patio procesa
is effected. (D wight)
358 GLOSSARY OF MINING AND MINERAL INDUSTRY.

Encorporar (Sp.). In amalgamation, India steel. A fine natural steel from

to add the first charge of quicksil-
ver. The term cebar is applied to
the adding of subsequent charges;
It also means the act of thoroughly
mixing the quicksilver, with torta
of wet ore. (Min. Jour.)
Incorporo (Hex.). The adding and
mixing of mercury and other in-
gredients for the patio
(D wight)
Incrustation. 1. A
crust or hard coat-
ing of anything upon or within a
body, as a deposit of lime inside a
steam boiler. (Webster)
2. A method of ornament that con-
sists in applying or in inlaying one
(usually a finer) material upon an-
other, as colored marbles, mosaics,
southern India made direct from the
ore; wootz. (Standard)
Indicated horsepower. That horse-
power which is calculated from in-
dicator-diagrams, as distinguished
both from that which is measured
by a dynamometer and from nomi-
nal horsepower. (Standard)
process. Indicated power. See Indicated horse-
power.
Indicator. 1. An instrument for show-
ing at any moment the position of
the cage in the shaft. 2. An instru-
ment for recording, by a diagram,
upon a card the varying pressure of
the steam in the cylinder of a steam-
engine during the stroke. (Ray-
mond )

lacquers, or enamels upon wood, 3. An apparatus for showing the

stone, or metal also the material so
; presence of firedamp in mines, the
applied. (Standard) temperature of goaves, the speed of
a ventilator. (Steel)
Indagacion ( Sp. ) . Search ; examina- 4. (Aust.) One of a group of nar-
tion. (Halse)
row pyritiferous seams, the intersec-
Index fossil. A genus or species of tions of which with the auriferous
fossil which ispeculiar to, or char- quartz veins of the district are usu-
acteristic of, a geological horizon or ally characterized by rich accumu-
zone. (Webster) lations of gold. 5. A substance used
in chemistry to indicate to the eye,
Index of refraction. A number which
usually by its capacity for color
expresses the ratio of the sine of
change, the condition of a solution
the angle of incidence to the sine of
as to the presence of free acid, al-
the angle of refraction. (Webster)
kali, or other substance. (Webster)
Index plane. A
surface of any bed, Indicator caru, or diagram. A dia-
which may be regarded
dike, or vein, gram showing the variation of steam
as a plane and used as a base for pressure In the cylinder of an en
measurement of fault movements. gine during an entire stroke or revo-
(Parrell) lution. (C. and M. M. P.)
India. A remarkably fast-cutting, Indicator vein. A vein which is not
long-wearing oilstone made from metalliferous itself, but, if followed,
alundum. (Pike) leads to ore deposits (Duryee).
India-cut. In lapidary work, a cut See also Indicator, 4.
approximately in the form of a bril- Indicolite. An indigo-blue variety of
liant, but done in such a way as to tourmaline. (Dana)
retain as much weight as possible.
Indigo copper. Covellite. (Dana)
India-cut stones are clumsy and are
usually recut for Western markets. Indium. A soft, white, malleable, and
(Webster) easily fusible metallic element found
combined, in very small quantities,
Indiana furnace. A simple Belgian
in many ores, especially zinc blende.
zinc furnace in which the gas is
Symbol, In; atomic weight, 114.8;
fired under the lowest row of re-
specific gravity 7.2. (Webster)
torts. (Ingalls, p. 474)
Individual coal car. One owned or
Indianaite.A kind of white clay from leased by a coal operator, and not
Lawrence County, Indiana, used in by the transportation company.
making porcelain. (Century) These cars have painted on their
Indianite. A variety of anorthite oc- sides the names, initials, or some
curring as the gangue of corundum chosen trade-mark or emblem of
at the Carnatic, India. (Century) their owners, and are run for their
exclusive benefit. They are generally
Indian ocher. A native Indian red,
used between the mines and the
principally of Fe^Oj.
coastwise shipping ports of the varl-
Indian pipestone. See CatUnite. ous railroads. (Nicolls)
 ;

GLOSSARY OF MINING AND MINERAL INDUSTRY. 359

Indoor (Eng.)- Toward the inside of Infiltration theory. The theory that a
a cylinder; as, the indoor strolie of vein was filled by the infiltration of
a piston (Standard). See also In- mineral solutions. (Raymond)
door strolie.
Indoor catches. Strong beams in a
Infiltration vein. A
vein that has been
filled by percolation of hot solutions,
Cornish pump, to catch the wallcing
often alknline, laterally or from be-
beam in case of accident and pre- low. (Standard)
vent damage to the engine itself.
(Gresley) Inflammable. Readily inflamed, In any
Indoor stroke (Eng.). That stroke of sense; easily set on fire; as, an in-
a Cornish pump which lifts the wa- flammahle gas. (Standard)
ter at the bottom or drawing lift. Influent stream. A
stream whose up-
(Gresley) per surface stands higher than the
Indraft; Indraught. The act of draw- water table in the locality through
ing in, or that which is drawn in; which It flows, and which is not sep-
an inward suction or flow; as, an arated from the water table by any
indraft of air. (Standard) impervious bed. (Meinzer)
Induction. The production of magne- In fork (Eng.). When pumps are
tization or electrification in a body working after the water has receded
by the mere proximity of magne- below some of the holes of the wind-
tized or electrified bodies, or of an bore, they are said to be in fork.
electric current in a conductor by (Gresley)
the variation of the magnetic field
Informe (Mex.). Report. (Dwight)
in its vicinity. (Standard)
Induction balance. An apparatus for Infraglacial. Pertaining to, derived
measuring changes of conductivity, from, or caused by processes taking
detecting the proximity of metallic place under, or at the bottom of,
bodies, etc., by noting extremely glaciers or glacial sheets; sub-gla-
minute changes in an electric cur- cial. (Standard)
rent. (Standard) Infragranitic. Situated or derived
Induction coil. An apparatus for gen- from sources below granitic beds;
erating currents by electromagnetic as, an infragranitic origin. (Stand-
induction. (Standard) ard)

Induction-pipe, -port, or -valve. The Infrallas. Same as Rhaetic beds.

pipe, port or valve through which (Standard)
the live steam or other motive fluid Infralittoral. In geology, below the
passes to the cylinder of an engine. region of littorial deposits. (Web-
(Standard) ster)
Indurated. Hardened; applied to
Inframundane. Situated below the
rocks hardened by heat, pressure, or (Standard)
earth's surface.
the addition of some ingredient not
commonly contained in the rock re- Infusorial earth; Dlatomaceous earth;
ferred to, as, marls indurated by Tripolite. An earthy substance or
calcium carbonate. (Roy. Com.) soft rock composed of the siliceous
Indurated talc. An impure, hard, slaty skeletons of small aquatic plants
variety of talc (Standard). Called called diatoms (U. S. Geol. Surv.).
also Talc slate (A former and common, but incor-
rect usage. Properly Diatomaceous
Infection. Communication of disease,
earth.) Useful as an absorbent of
as by contact or through the me-
nitroglycerin. Called also Infuso-
dium of air, water, or clothing: dis-
rial silica and Fossil flour, and in
tinguished from contagion (Stand- special forms Rottenstone and Elec-
ard). Important in accident and
tro-silicon ; Kieselguhr.
first-aid work.
Ingate. 1. An opening in a mold
Infilling. Material used for filling in
filling. (Standard) through which melted metal enters
in casting; a gate. 2. The point of
Infiltration. 1. The deposition of min-
entrance from a shaft to a level in
eral matter among the grains or
a coal mine. (Standard)
pores of a rock by the permeation
or percolation of water carrying it Ingaun e'e (Ingoing eye) (Scot.). A
in solution. (Roy. Com.) drift or mine starting from the sur-
2. The material filling a vein as face of the ground; also the end of
though deposited from a solution In the mine at the surface. (Barrow-
water. (Standard) man)
 )
860 GLOSSARY OF MINING AND MINERAL INDUSTRY.
Ingeniero (Sp.). Engineer; E. civil,
a civil engineer ;E. de minas, a min-
ing engineer. (Halse)
Ingenio (Peru). 1. Engine. 2. A crude
ore-mill, used in patio amalgama-
tion. 3. (Mex.) An amalgamat-
ing mill, driven by a water wheel
helow the grindstones. See also In-
(Dwight)
jenio.
In-going. That which is
(Gresley)
Ingot. A cast bar or block of metal.
( Raymond
Ingot iron. A malleable, nonhardening
product of the Bessemer or open-
hearth process. Called also Mild
steel and Cast steel. (Standard)
Ingot mold. A mold in which
ingots. (Standard)
Ingrain (Eng.). A portion of coal
given above the quantity purchased
for good measure: usually a quar-
ter-chaldron added to five chaldrons.
(Standard)
Inhaler. Something from or through
which one inhales; specifically, an
appliance or apparatus of different
forms and uses, as, for taking the
chill from the air before it reaches
the lungs for filtering out iron-dust
;
or other injurious substances from
the air breathed through it; for ad-
ministering medicines by inhalation
or, for supplying fresh air to a diver
or miner. (Standard)
Injection theory. The theory that a
vein was filled first with molten min-
eral. (Raymond)
Injector. A
device for injecting feed
water into a steam boiler by the
direct action of live steam. (Web-
ster)
Injenio (Peru). A horizontal water
wheel and Chilean mill combined.
See also Ingenio. (Pfordte)
Injunction. A judicial order or proc-
ess, operating upon the person, re-
quiring the party to whom it is di-
rected to do or (usually) refrain
from doing some designated thing.
(Standard)
Ink stone. Same as Copperas
Green vitriol. (Standard)
Inlet. A bay or recess, as in the
shore of a sea, lake or river a nar-
row strip of water running into the
land or between islands. (Webster)
Inlier. An older deposit exposed by
the removal of a portion of an over-
lying stratum.
Inmost. Being at a point, place, or po-
sition farthest from the exterior;
deepest within innermost as, the
; ;
inmost depths of a mine. (Stand-
ard)
In-over; In-o'er. Same as Inby.
In Said of rock, occupying,
place.
relative to surrounding masses, the
position that it had when formed
going inby. (Raymond). See In situ. If an
ore body is continuous to the extent
that it may maintain that character,
then it is 'in place.' (Iron Silver Min-
ing Co. V. Cheeseman, 8 Fed. Rept.,
p. 301)
Inquartation. See Quartation.
In re (L.). In the matter of; used
to cast especially in legal phaseology. (Cen-
tury)
Insalmoro (Sp.). Salting the torta,
(Egleston)
Insequent. In geology, developed on
the present surface but not conse-
quent on nor controlled by the struc-
ture said of streams, drainage, and
;
dissection of a certain type. (La
Forge) A type of drainage in which
young streams flowing on a nearly
level plain wander irregularly.
(Lahee, p. 338)
Inset (Eng.). The entrance to a mine
at the bottom or part way down a
shaft where the cages are loaded.
A landing. (Gresley)
Inside. A term often used to desig-
nate the interior of a mine.
Inside foreman, or Superintendent. An
underground foreman or superin-
tendent.
Inside parting. A side track or part-
ing some distance from the begin-
ning of a long entry, at which cars
are left by a gathering driver. Also
called a Swing parting. (Steel)
Inside slope. A slope on which coal is
raised from a lower to a higher
entry, but not to the surface.
(Steel)
In situ. In its natural position or
place; said specifically, in geology,
or of a rock, soil, or fossil, wlien in the
situation in which it was originally
formed or deposited (Webster).
See In place.
;
Inspan (So. Afr.). To harness or
yoke up animals. (Standard)
Inspector. One employed to make ex-
aminations of and to report upon
mines and surface planta relativ*

GLOSSARY OF MINING AND MINERAL INDUSTRY.
to compliance with mining laws,
rules and regulations, safety meth-
ods, etc. State inspectors have au-
thority to enforce State laws regu-
lating the working of the mines.
Inspirator. A
kind of injector for
forcing water by steam. See In-
jector. (Webster)
Inspissated. Thickened as by evapora-
tion and oxidation, as for example
the pitch or gum resulting from pe-
troleum after long exposure. (Roy.
Com.)
Installment bond. An interest-bearing
bond payable, principal and Interest,
in equal annual Installments. (E.
B. Skinner, p. 140)
Instratified. Same as Interstratlfied.
(Standard)
Instroke. The right to take coal from
a royalty to the surface by a shaft
in an adjoining royalty. rent is A
usually charged for this privilege.
(C. and M. M. P.)
Instrumentos (Sp.). Instruments;
tools. (Min. Jour.)
Insufflator. A
kind of injector for
forcing air into a furnace. (Web-
ster)
Insulate. To separate from conduct-
ing bodies by means of nonconduc-
tors, as to prevent transfer of
or electricity. (Webster)
Insulator. 1. A nonconducting sub-
stance or body used in insulating
electric wires, etc. (Webster)
2. A substance that is a nonconduc-
tor of electricity, heat, or
(Standard)
Intake. 1. The passage by which the
ventilating current enters a mine.
See Downcast, which is more appro-
priate for a shaft; Intake for an
adit, or entry. (Raymond)
2. The air current moving toward
the interior of the mine. 3. In hy-
draulics, the point at which water is
received into a pipe or channel.
(Century) The suction pipe for a
pump.
4. (Scot) One who works under-
ground at odd work. (Gresley)
Intake area. That part of the surface
of the lithosphere where water
passes into the lithosphere on its
way to the zone of saturation.
(Meinzer)
Intendencia (Hex.). An official
trict. (D wight)
)
361
Intendente (Sp.). 1. Superintendent
overseer, chief. (Hanks)
2. A public officer in charge of the
public treasury of a province.
(Halse)
Interbedded. Occurring between beds,
or lying in a bed parallel to other
beds of a different material; inter-
stratified. (Webster)
Intercalary. Inserted or coming be-
tween others; introduced or exist-
ing interstitially as intercalary
:
beds in geology. (Century)
Intercalate. To insert among others
as a bed or stratum of lava between
layers of otlier material; to inter-
stratify. (Webster)
Intercepts. In crystallography dis-
tances cut off on axes of reference
by planes. (A. F. Rogers)
Intercolline. Placed between hills:
applied specifically in geology to de-
pressions between the cols and cra-
teriform hillocks of volcanic regions
(Standard). See also Col.
Interes (Sp.) Interest (Halse).
/. del oro (Hex.), the greatest sale
value of gold. (Lucas)
Interestuarine. Situated between two
estuaries. ( Standard
Interfacial angle. In crystallography,
heat the internal diahedral angle between
any two faces of a crystal or a
crystal form. (La Forge)
Interfelted. So intimately forced to-
gether by pressure and heat as to
produce interlocking of structure
sound.
along contiguous surfaces: said of
different kinds of strata. (Stand-
ard)
Interference color. Colors produced by
the destruction or weakening of cer-
tain wave lengths of a composite
beam of light by Interference. An
important element in the determina-
tion of minerals in thin section un-
der the polarizing microscope.
(Webster)
Interference figure. A system of col-
ored rings and curves combined with
black bars and curves seen when a
thin section of a mineral is exam-
ined in a certain way through the
microscope or other suitable optical
instrument The interference fig-
ure is due to birefringence (which
see), and is one of the most useful
dis- optical aids in identifying mineral*.
(Ransome)
 ) )

362 GLOSSARY OF MINING AND MINERAL INDUSTRY.

Interfluent. Applied to those igneous Interstice.An opening in anything of

magmas which discharge from a vol- between things especially, a narrow
;

cano by way of subsurface cavities space between the parts of a body

within the cone. See also Super- or things close together; a crack:
fluent and Effluent. (Dana) crevice chink cranny. ( Standard
; ;

Interfluve. The territory intervening Of, pertaining to, existing

Interstitial.
between two neighboring rivers. in, or forming an interstice or in-
(Standard) terstices. (Standard)
Interglacial. Of, pertaining to, or des- Interstitial deposits. Deposits that fill
ignating, a comparatively warm the pores of rocks, and frequently
epoch occurring between two glacial used in place of impregnation de-
epochs. (Webster) posits. (Eng. and Min. Jour., vol.
75, p. 257)
Intergrowth. The interlocking of
crystals due to their crystallizing at Interstratification. The state of lying
the same time and in contact with between other strata: in geology,
one another. (George) the condition of a bed, stratum, or
member of an aqueous deposit with
Interjointal. Situated or occurring
reference to the overlying and under-
between joint planes of rocks.
lying beds. (Century)
(Standard)
Interleaved. Lying in seams between Interstratified. Interbedded ; strata
layers of rock. (Standard) laid between or alternating with
others. (Roy. Com.)
Interlobate. Situated between lobes;
specifically in geology lying between Interstrial. Between striae. (Stand-
adjacent glacial lobes, as deposits. ard)
(Century)
Intertrappean. Lying between beds of
Interlocking tile. Roofing tile having trap. (Standard)
ridges and grooves which interlock
when the tile are laid on the roof. Interveined. Intersected with or as
(Ries) with veins. (Standard)
Intermine. To intersect or penetrate Interventor. 1. ( Sp. ) A mine inspec-
.

with mines. (Webster) tor, representing the interests of the

Intermontane. Lying between moun-
tains. (Century)
Internal-combustion. Designating or
pertaining to any engine in which
the heat or pressure energy neces-
sary to produce motion is developed
in the engine cylinder, as by the ex-
plosion of gas. (Webster)
International metric carat. See Carat,
3.
Interpenetration twins. Two
crystals in twinned position which
penetrate each other. (Butler)
tnterrupter. In electricity, a device
for rapidly and frequently breaking
and making an electric circuit,
in an induction coil. (Standard)
Intersecting vein. A vein or lode
which cuts across one of earlier
formation. (U. S. Min. Stat., pp.
586, 592)
Intersertal. In petrology, having the
later-formed minerals, and the rock
glass, if there is any, filling the
interstices in a network of crystals
of the earliest-formed mineral said
of the texture of .some diabases and
coarse-grained basalts. (La Forge)
proprietors by whom he is appoint-
ed. (Min. Jour.) See Fee engineer.
2. (Mex.) A trustee or receiver for
a mine in dispute. (Dwight)
Into the house (Newc). The up-
stroke of a pumping engine. (Min.
Jour.
Into the solid; On the solid. Said of a
shot which goes into the coal be
yond the point to which the coal cat
be broken by the blast. (Steel)
or more
Intraformational. Formed by, exist-
ing in, or characterizing the interior
of a geological formation. (Stand-
ard)
Intramontane. Situated or acting
as
within a mountain. (Webster)
Intratellural. In geology, same as In-
tratelluric. (Standard)
Intratelluric. Taking place deep with-
in the earth. For example, the
large phenocrysts of a porphyry are
usually of intratelluric crystaliza-
tion. (Kemp)
Intrusion. In geology, a mass of Ig-
: neous rock which, while molten, was
forced into or between other rocks.
(La Forge)
 ;

GLOSSARY OF MINING AND MI15ERA1. INDUSTRY. 363

tntrnslon displacement. Faulting co- lonite. A fossil hydrocarbon found in

iiicirient with the intrusion of an a more or less impure condition in
igneous rock. (Ransome) the lignite of lone Valley, Amador
County, Cal. It has a brownish-yel-
Intrusive. In petrology, having, while low color and, while only slightly
molten, penetrated into or between soluble in alcohol, is completely dis-
other rocks, but solidifying before solved by chloroform; it yields a
reaching the surface said of certain
:
brown, tarry oil on destructive dis-
igneous rocks; nearly the same as tillation. (Bacon)
Plutonic and contrasted with Effu-
sive or Extrusive. (La Forge) Ir k pena (Colom.). To find the pay
streak; to touch bottom. (Halse)
Intumesce. To enlarge or expand with
heat; to swell or bubble up, as be- Ire (Prov. Eng.). Iron. (Standard)
fore the blowpipe. (Webster)
Irestone. Hard clay slate ; hornstone
Invasi6n (Mex.). A mining trespass. hornblende. (Raymond)
(D wight)
Iridescence. The exhibition of pris-
Inversion. The folding back of strata matic colors in the interior or on
upon themselves, as by the overturn- the surface of a mineral; a play of
ing of a fold, in such a manner that rn inbow colors (Dana). Labrador-
the order of succession appears to be ite and some other feldspars show
reversed. (Webster) it. The tarnish on the surface of
Inverted siphon. A pipe or tube in coal, copper pyrites, etc., is some-
the shape of a siphon, but inverted, times iridescent.
as for carrying water across the de-
pression of a ravine to a lower level. Iridium. A rare metallic element of
(Standard) the same group as platinum which
it much resembles, being silver-
Investment. The act of investing or white, but harder, brittle, and insolu-
laying out money productively, or ble in its normal state even in aqua-
converting capital, especially in a regia. It is one of the heaviest sub-
permanent manner; also, the money stances known. Symbol, Ir; atomic
or capital so invested, or the prop- weiglit, 193.10 ; specific gravity, 22.4.
erty invested in. (Standard) (Webster)
Inwalls. The interior walls or lining Iridosmlne. A
natural alloy of iridium
of a shaft furnace. (Raymond) and osmium. Analyses show 43 to
Inwan (Scot.). Inward. (Barrow- 77 per cent of iridium, 17 to 49 per
man) cent osmium, and a little rhodium,
ruthenium, platinum, iron, and cop-
lodargyrite. See lodyrite.
per. (U. S. Geol. Surv.)
Iodine. A
nonmetallic element of the
Iris. A
transparent rock crystal, espe-
halogen group, isolated as a shin-
ciallywhen it exhibits the colors of
ing blackish-gray crystalline solid of
the rainbow. (Chester)
peculiar chlorine-like odor. Symbol,
I; atomic weight, 126.92; specific Irish buggy. A wheelbarrow.
gravity, 4.94. (Webster)
Irish coal (Local, U. S.). Slate or
lodite. Same as lodyrite. (Stand-
rock; especially when loaded out of
ard)
the mine in cars.
Iod3rrite. Silver iodide, Agl. Contains
46 per cent silver. Occurs as a min- Irish diamond. A rock crystal (Web-
eral. (U. S. Geol. Surv.) ster). See Bristol diamond.
lola furnace. A
natural-gas-fired fur- Irish dividend. An assessment on
nace used at Tola, Kans., for the dis- mining stock. Compare Buck-up.
tillation of zinc. It is a direct
Irish touchstone. Basalt, the stone
adaptation of the Hegeler furnace.
which composes the Giant's Cause-
(Ingalls, p. 475)
way. (Webster)
lolite. See Cordierite. Iron. A silver-white metallic element,
Ion. One
of the substances which ap- malleable and ductile, strongly at-
pears at the respective poles when tracted by magnets, readily oxidized
a body is subject to electrolysis, that (rusted) in moist air, and attacked
one appearing at the anode being by many corrosive agents. Symbol.
called the anion, the other the cath- Fe; atomic weight, 55.84; specific
itm, (Webster) gravity, 7.86. (Webster)
 ) ) )

364 GLOSSARY OF MINING AND MINERAL INDUSTRY.

Iron alum. A double sulphate of iron Iron mold (Eng.). A yellow lump of
and potassium that occurs native iron ore found in the chalk de-
and is then called Halotrichite. posits. (Webster)
Called also Alum-feather. (Stand-
ard) Iron ocher. Oxides of iron. Red ocher
is hematite and yellow ocher is the
Iron black. Finely divided antimonv. hydrated oxide, limonite.
(Standard)
Iron piler. A laborer who removes
Iron brucite. A partly decomposed iron from cars, sometimes breaks it,
brucite containing iron. Called also and piles and
classifies it according
Eisenbrucite. (Standard) to grade.(Willcox)
Iron by hydrogen. See Reduced iron. Iron powder. See Reduced iron.
Iron chamber. The reverberatory or Iron putty. A mixture of ferric oxide
charge chamber of a puddling fur- and boiled linseed oil, used by me-
nace where the metal is heated. chanics in making pipe joints
(Cejitury) (Webster)
Iron clad. A kind of furnace for roast- Iron pyrite. See Pyrite.
ing mercury ore. (Webster)
Iron-reduction process. See Precipita-
Iron clay. Same as Clay ironstone. tion process.
(Standard)
Iron runner. The spout by which iron
Iron earth (Eng.). A
black pulveru- flows from the tap hole of a blast
lent compound of peroxide of iron furnace. (Willcox)
and protoxide of manganese, occur-
ring in veins of ironstone in the
Iron sand. Sand containing particles
of iron ore, usually magnetite.
crystalline schists. (Page)
Iron flint. An opaque, flintlike fer- Iron saw. A circular saw for cutting
ruginous variety of quartz. (Web- iron. ( Standard
ster) Iron scale. A film of oxide forming on
Iron froth. A spongy variety of
fine
iron. (Standard) See also Forge
scale.
hematite. (Power)
Iron shears. 1. A machine for cutting
Iron furnace. A furnace in which iron
is smelted or worked in any way.
iron plates or bars. 2. pair of A
hand shears for cutting sheet iron
(Standard)
or iron wire. (Standard)
Iron glance. A variety of hematite;
Iron-shot. Shot with iron; having
specular-iron. (Power)
markings due to iron. Said of cer-
Iron gymnite. A red variety of der- tain minerals. (Webster)
veylite containing iron. Called also
Ironsmith. A worker in iron, as a
Eisengymnite. ( Standard
blacksmith. ( Standard

Iron hat. See Gossan. Iron spar. Siderite or chalybite.

Iron jack. In the Missouri zinc (Power)
region, solid flint rock with dissemi- Iron steel. A material formed of iron
nated specks of black jack (zinc between steel surfaces, or of steel-
blende). (Webster) coated iron. (Standard)
Iron man. 1. (Eng.) A collier's term Ironstone. Any ore of iron from
for a coal-cutting machine. (Gres- which the metal may be smelted
ley) commercially, but usually restricted
2. An iron worker; a manufacturer to stratified ores, especially to clay-
of iron. 3. (Eng.) A kind of iron —
Ironstone the ore from which most
ore. 4. A
man who handles the rails of the iron of Great Britain is
in track laying. (Webster) made. (Roy. Com.)
5. An apparatus on wheels for sup- Ironstone blow (Aust). A ferrugi-
porting a glass-blower's punty while nous gossan. (Webster) See also
he is blowing large cylinders, as Gossan.
for window glass. (Standard)
Ironstone casing (Aust.). The casing
Iron-master. One who conducts or of ferruginous matter, usually aurif-
manages the founding or manufac- erous, found abutting on quartz
ture of iron on an extensive scale. reefs. (Da vies)
(Webster)
Ironworker. One engaged in manu-
Iron mica. A micaceous hematite. facturing iron or ironwork (Stand'
(Chester) ard)
 GLOSSARY OV MINING AND MINERAL INDUSTRY. 365

troii'works. An establishment for the Isocline. In geology, a series of is-

manufacture of iron or of heavy oclinal strata. An anticline or syn-
ironNVork. (Standard) cline so closely folded that the rock
irr«j|^lrable. Not respirable ; not fit to beds of the two sides or limbs have
8b*6 breathed (Standard). Said of the same dip. (Webster) Also called
mine gases. an Overturn, or Overturned anti-
clinal. See Monoclinal, 3; also Iso-
Irruption. In geology, the movement clinal fold.
of molten rock from a magmatic res-
ervoir to the place where it solidi- Isodiametric. In crystallography, hav-
fies: if the molten rock reaches the ing the lateral crystal axes equal:
surface the process becomes erup- said of crystals of the hexagonal
tion, but that term commonly in- and tetragonal systems. (La
cludes other phenomena as well. Forge)
(La Forge)
Isodimorphons. In mineralogy, both
Irrnptive rock. An igneous rock which
isomorphous and dimorphous: said
was forced into or invaded other of certain groups of minerals. (La
rocks as molten magma. An intru- Forge)
sive rock. The distinction between
irruptive and eruptive is often disre- Isomorphous. In mineralogy, of ana-
garded. (Ransome). Compare Ef- logous composition and closely sim-
fusive. ilar crystalline form : said of certain
Isbell table. A
table with a recipro- groups of minerals. (La Forge)
cating motion in which there is no
Isogeotherm. A line or curved surface
cross-wash water. The bed of pulp
Is fleep as in a jig, and heavy mate-
beneath the earth's surface through
points having the same mean tem-
rial goes to the bottom. The con- Also called
perature. (Webster)
centrates and tailings are then split
by means of a cut-out, which can be Isogeothermal lines.
adjusted vertically to skim at any Isogenic line. An imaginary line join-
height desired. The riffles make an ing places on the earth's surface at
angle of about 20° with the line of which the variation of the magnetic
motion of the table. (Lid(iell) needle from the meridian or true
Iserin; Iserine; Iserite. Titanic iron north is the same. (Webster)
sand, or ilmenite, supposed to be
isometric in its crystallization. Isohalslne. A line connecting points
(Standard) of equal salinity in the waters of the
ocean. (Century)
Isinglass. Mica in thin transparent
sheets. (Webster) Isohyetal. Marking equality of rain-
Isinglass stone. Mica. (Webster) fall. (Century)
Isle of Wight diamond. A fine trans- Isomagnetic. Designating or pertain-
parent variety of quartz. (Power) ing to lines connecting points of
equal magnetic force. (Webster)
Isobase. In geology, a topographic or
imaginary contour line in a map, Isomeric. Composed of the same ele-
drawn through a series of points of ments united in the same proportion
equal elevation in a topographic sur- by weight, but differing in one or
face or line, formerly level, but at more properties owing to difference
present deformed. (Standard) in structure. (Webster)
Isochemic lines. Planes or lines of Isomeromorphism. Isomorphism l)e-
equal content of phosphorus in any tween substances having the same
single layer of iron ore. (Winchell) atomic proportions. (Century)
Isoclinal; Isoclinic. In geology, dip- Isometric. 1. Characterized by equjil-
ping in the same direction; hence, ity of measure. 2. See Isometric
an isoclinal. (Standard) system.
Isoclinal fold. In geology a strati-
Isometric system. In crystallography,
graphic fold whose sides have paral-
that system of crystals in which the
lel dips: it may be an anticline or
a syncline, and either (1) vertical,
forms are referred to three equal
mutually perpendicular axes. (La
(2) overturned, that is, forced over
Into an oblique position, or (3) re-
Forge)
cumbent, that is, pushed over into Isomorphous mixture. A solid solu-
nearly or quite a horizontal position. tion of two or more isomorphou»
Called alao Carinate folds. substances. (A. F. Rogers)
 ) ) )

366 GLOSSARY OF MINING AND MINERAL INDUSTRY.

Tsoseismic line. An imaginary line softens at 76° C, and resembles

connecting all points on the surface hartite; it is found at Oberhart,
of the earth where an earthquake near Gloggnitz, Austria. (Bacon)
shock is of the same intensity.
Ixtajales (Mex.). An earthy oxide of
Isostasy. General equilibrium in the iron, often containing sulphide of sil-
earth's crust, supposed to be main- ver, or native-silver threads. ( Hal se
tained by the yielding or flow of
rock material beneath the surface Iztli (Mex.). A cutting implement
under gravitati ve stress. ( Webster made from a flake of obsidian.
(Standard)
Isostatic. Subject to equal pressure
from every side; being in hydro-
static equilibrium. (Webster)
Jabon. (Sp.)
1. Soap; J. de mon^
Isotherm. A line joining points on the tana, soapstone or steatite. 2.
earth's surface having the same tem- (Colom.) A slickenside. (Halse)
perature at a given time, or the
same mean temperature for a given Jaboncillo (Mex.). Decomposed tal-
period. (Webster) cose rock, or hardened clay, gener-
Isotope. A group of two or more radio ally found in a vein, and sometimes
elements occupying the same place indicating the proximity of rich ore.
in the Periodic table and chemically (Dwight)
nonseparableand identical independ-
;
Jaca (Braz.). Spots in diamonds.
ent of atomic mass, the nature of
(Halse)
the parent element, and the sequence
of changes in which they result. Jacal (Mex.). 1. A hut in which tools
See also Pseudoisotopy. For discus- and ore are kept. 2. A covering
sion See Soddy, The Chemistry of over a shaft to keep out rain a :

the Radio-Elements, Pt. II, p. 5. shaft house. (Halse) Also spelled

Isotropic. Having the same properties Xacal.
in all directions. Said of a medium Jacaranda (Braz.). A wood from
with respect to elasticity, conduc- which stamp stems are made by na-
tion of heat or electricity, or radia- tives. (Halse)
tion of heat or light. (Century)
Jacinto (Sp.). 1. Hyacinth, a trans-
Istrian stone. A marble near Trieste, parent red variety of zircon. 2. Cin-
from which Venice is largely built. namon stone, a variety of garnet.
Ita. A Japanese gold-washing board. 3. A dark red quartz. (Halse)
Itabirite. 1. A metamorphic rock, Jack. 1. Zinc blende. See Sphalerite
first described from Brazil, of schis-
(U. S. Geol. Surv.)
tose structure and composed essen-
tially of quartz grains and scales of
2. A jack-screw attached to a point-
ed pipe and used for holding an elec-
specular hematite. Some muscovite tric coal-mining machine in position
is also present. It is a close rela-
while at work. Also called a Pipe-
tive of itacolumite. It was named
jack. 3. A tin bucket with pouring
from Itabira, a place in Brazil.
spout in which powder in quantities
When it crumbles to powder it is of 5 to 12^ pounds is carried into
called Jacutinga. (Kemp) the mine. (Steel)
2. A specular iron ore. (Dana) 4. (No. of Eng.) A lantern-shaped
Itacolumite; Flexible sandstone. A va- case made of tin in which safety
riety of metamorphosed sandstone, lamps are carried in strong currents
slabs of which will bend noticeably of ventilation. 5. (Scot.) One who
without breaking. (U. S. Geol. works underground at odd work.
Surv. (Gresley)
Itaipava (Braz.). A sort of screen 6. (Scot.) A narrow dyke usually
used in rapid rivers behind which of igneous rock. (Barrowman)
the rich gold-bearing sands accumu- 7. A wooden wedge for separating
late. (Halse) rocks rent by blasting. (Webster)
Itambamba (Braz.). A plant whose 8. A
rod or post set up in the work-
juice is said to help catch fine gold. ing room of a mine to which a rope
is fastened for the purpose of mov-
Itatli (Mex.). An Aztec name for ob-
ing the cutting machine from place
sidian. (Halse)
to place. (Robinson v. Virginia-
Ivory porcelain. A ware having a sur- Pocahontas Coal Co., 88 S. E. Kept.,
face resembling ivory, produced by p. 623)
depolishing the vitreous glaze. 9- (No. of Eng.). A large fissure
Ixolyte. An amorphous, hyacinth-red, or crack in the mine roof. (Gres-
greasy hydrocarbon mineral which ley)
 GLOSSARY OF MINING AND MINERAL INDUSTRY. 367
Tackanapes (Eng.). The small guide condition. (Haggard v. MoGrew
pulleys of a whim. (Century) Coal Co. (Mo.), 200 S. W. Rept., p.
1072)
Jackass pick. A pick with a protect-
ing wing to support the helve so Jackshaft. 1. An intermediate shaft

that the implement may be used as See Jack pit. (Standard). A winze,
a lever. (Webster) 2. A column or bar held in place by
screw jacks to support or steady a
Jack engine (Eng.). A donkey en- rock drill.
gine; a small engine employed in
sinking a shallow shaft. (Century)
Jackshay; Jackshea (Aust.). A tin
pot holding a quart. (Webster)
Jacket. A covering to prevent radia- Jacky pit. See Jack pit.
tion of heat, as the jacket of a steam
Jacobsite. A deep black, magnetic min-
boiler also, a casing around a fur-
;

nace hearth in which water is al-

eral, ( Mn,Mg ) O. ( Fe,Mn ) zOs. Iso-
metric; in distorted octahedrons.
lowed to stand or circulate to keep
(Raymond) (Dana)
the walls cool.
Jacob's staff. A single straight rod,
Jackhammer. A nonreciprocating or pointed and iron shod at the bottom
hammer type of rock drill worked and having a socket at the top used ;

without a tripod and provided with instead of a tripod for supporting

an automatic rotating device. It a compass. (Webster)
uses hollow steel through which the
Jacupirangite. In petrology, a granu-
exhaust air passes and blows the
lar Plutonic igneous rock of indefi-
cuttings from the drill hole
nite composition, containing essen-
(Bowles). See Rock drill.
tial magnitite and pyroxene with
Jack-head pit. A small shaft sunk accessory nephelite, ilmenite, apatite,
within a mine (Raymond). A winze. olivine, etc.. In various proportions.

Jack-head pump. A subordinate pump

(La Forge)
in the bottom of a shaft, worked by Jacutinga: Jacutings (Brazil). The
an attachment to the main pump various colored iron ores associated
rod. (Raymond) with and often forming the matrix
of the gold in the Brazilian mines.
Jack-head set (Newc). The set of
So called from their resemblance to
pumps in the jack-head staple.
the colors of the plumage of the Bra-
(Min. Jour.) zilian bird pipile jacutinga. (Da-
Jack-head staple (Eng.). A small mine vies) Compare Itabirite.
for the supply of coal for the boilers. Jad (Som.). A
long and deep hol-
1.
(Bainbridge) ing, or jud, made for the
cutting,
Jack hole (Eng.). In coal mining, a purpose of detaching large blocks of
bolt hole (Standard). See also Cut- stone from their natural beds. (Gres-
through. ley)
Jack-knifing. A collapsing of square- 2. (Prov. Eng.) To undercut (coal
or rock). (Standard)
set timbers by wall pressure or
through imperfect erection. (Sand- Jadder. A stonecutter. (Webster)
ers, p. 68) Jadding. The operation of forming a
Jack lamp (Eng.). A Davy lamp, with jad (Gresley). /See Holing Jad, 1. ;

the addition of a glass cylinder out- Jadding pick. The tool employed to
side the gauze. (Century) cut a jad. (Gresley)
Jack pipe. A
hollow iron pipe large Jade; Jadite; Nephrite. A hard and
enough to over the end of the
slip extremely tough material of vary-
front jack of a cutting machine so ing composition, greenish white to
as to make it hold more firmly deep green in color, used in making
against the coal. (Morris v. O'Gara carved ornaments. Part of the so-
Coal Co., 181 Illinois App., p. 311) called jade is jadeite, a variety of
Jack pit (No. of Eng.). A shallow pyroxene, essentially a metasilicate
shaft in a mine communicating with of sodium and aluminum. Part is
an overcast. (Gresley) nephrite, a variety of amphibole, and
essentially a metasilicate of iron,
Jack roll. A windlass worked by calcium, and magnesium; and part
hand. (Gresley) is a variety of saussurite, which is
Jack setter. A miner who assists in commonly a complex alteration prod-
the operation of a coal-cutting ma- uct of plagioclase feldspar. Wll-
chine, one of whose duties is to see liamsite, a variety of serpentine, ia
that the roof of the mine at or near sometimes mistaken for jade. (U^
the machine is In a reasonably safe S. Geol. Surv.)
 ;

868 GLOSSARY OF MINING AND MINERAL INDUSTRY.

Jadeite. See JjKle. on a riffled surface. By means of

Jag bolt. A bolt with a nicked or
barbed shank which resists retrac-
tion, as when leaded into stone
(Webster). Also called Barb bolt.
Jaggers (Derb.). Both men and
horses employed to carry ore from
the mine to the smelter. Also
called Jagger lads and Jagger horses.
the joint, the slope of the sections
can be varied independently. (Lid-
dell)
Jamesonite; Feather ore. A sulphide of
lead and antimony, PbzSbaSs. (U.
S. Geol. Surv.)
Jam nut. An extra nut used to secure
a principal nut a lock nut. ( Stand-
;

(Hooson) ard)
Jagging. A mode of carrying ore to Jam out (So. Staff.). To cut or knock
the reduction-works in bags on away the coal between holes. (Gres-
horses, mules, etc. (Raymond) ley)
Jagging board. " An inclined board on Jamuracion (Colom.). Extracting wa-
which ore slimes are washed, as in ter from a pit. (Lucas)
a huddle. (Standard)
Jamurar (Sp.). To extract water
Jagua (Colom.). 1. A fine powder;
from a pit. (Lucas)
metalliferous sands in alluvial de-
posits. (Halse) Jam weld. A weld in which the heated
2. Jaguas; slimes; pulp; tailings; ends or edges of the parts are
pulverized ore. (Lucas) square-butted against each other and
welded. (Century)
Jagiiero (Colom.). A
vessel for de-
positing gold-bearing concentrate Jap. See Rock drill.
awaiting final separation. (Halse) Jar. 1. To drill by impact, as a rock
to use a drill jar upon. (Standard)
Jailer (Som.). A small tub or box in
2. See Jars.
which water is carried in a mine.
(Gresley) Jarcia (Mex.). Fabric or cordage of
Jales; Jalsontles (Mex.). Rich tailings
Ixtle fiber. (Dwight)
or middlings from concentration or Jargon. 1. A name given to the color-
amalgamation. (Dwight) less or smoky zircons of Ceylon.
(Standard)
Jal6n (Mex.). A tall survey-stake; 2. An inferior diamond having a
range pole (Dwight). J. de es-
yellowish color. (Century)
quina, a corner stake. (Halse)

Jalpaite. A
lead-gray, cupriferous, ar-
Jarosite. A
hydrous sulphate of iron
and potassium from Jaroso, Spain.
gentite, (AgCu)2S, that crystallizes
(Century)
in the isometric system. (Stand-
ard) Jars. In well drilling, a connection be-
tween the sinker bar and the poles
Jalsontles Portions of ore not
(Sp.).
or cables, made in the form of two
properly ground, and which have to
links, that slide on each other from
be reground. Also the slime or dust
from the washing vats in the amal- 6 to 36 inches. The jars permit
the tools to fall on the down stroke,
gamation works. (Rockwell)
but on the up stroke jar them,
Jam. See Jamb, 2. or give them a sharp pull, tending
to loosen them from any crevices
Jamb. 1. A
vein or bed of earth or
or cavings that may hold them; a
stone, which prevents the miners
from following a vein of ore ; a large
drill jar. (Nat Tube Co.)
block. 2. A projecting columnar Jaspachate; paspagate. Agate jasper.
part or mass as of masonry ; a pillar (Webster)
as of ©re. (Webster)
Jaspe (Mex.). Jasper; J, negro, Ly-
James concentrator. A concentration dian stone, touch stone. (Halse)
table, the deck of which is divided
into two sections, llexibly joined Jasper. Red, brown, green. Impure,
together on a line oblique to the slightly translucent cryptocrystal-
line of motion of the table. One line quartz with a dull fracture (U.
section contains riffles for the coarse S. Geol. Surv.). Red chalcedony,
material while the other section is abundant enough on Lake Superior
smooth, to allow the settling of the and elsewhere to be a rock (Kemp).
fine particles which will not settle Compare Taconyte.
 ;

GLOSSARY OF MINING AND MINERAL INDUSTRY. 369

Jasperated. Mixed with Jasper; made Jeffersite. A kind of vermiculite from

to resemble jasper as, jasperated
; West Chester, Pennsylvania. (Cen-
agate; jasperated glass. (Standard) tury)
Jasperite. Same as Jasper. (Stand- Jeffrey swing-hammer crusher. A
ard) crusher enclosed in an iron casing In
Jaspcrlze. To convert into a form of which a revolving shaft carries
silica like jasper; agatized. (Cen- swinging arms having a free arc
tury) movement of 120". The rotation of
the driving shaft causes the arms
Jasperoid. Resembling jasper. (Cen- to swing out and strike the coal, ore,
tury) or other material, which, when suffi-
Jasper opal. A yellow variety of opal ciently fine, passes through the
resembling jasper. (Webster) grated bottom. (Liddell)
Jasper ware. A white terra-cotta or Jellettite. A green variety of andra-
porcelain bisque invented by Joslah dite garnet. (Standard)
Wedgewood for use in his cameo-
ware: also used for jewelry setting Jenkin (No. of Eng.). A variation of
and statuettes. Also called Cameo- junking.
ware Wedgewood - ware. ( Stand-
;

ard)
Jerry (Aust). A carbonaceous shale
found in coal seams. (Power)
Jasper wash. A dip invented by Jo-
siah Wedgewood in 1777, and used Jerry faces (Aust.). A local name at
by him to produce the effect of jas- Lambton B. colliery for main cleats
per on pottery. (Standard) in coal. (Power)
Jaspidean. Consisting of or contain- Jerryman. An employee in a mine
ing jasper; like jasper. (Standard) whose duty it is to clean up falls
Jaspilite. A term used around Lake or refuse, or to make a miner's
Superior for the jasper associated working place safe. (Peabody-Al-
with the iron ores. It is made up werd Coal Co. v. Yandell, 179 Indi-
of bands of bright-red jasper alter- ana, p. 227 Hartig v. Vandalia Coal
;

nating with bands of black, com- Co., 98 N. E. Rept, p. 132)

monly specular hematite. (U. S. Jeso. Beds of decomposed gypsum,
Geol. Surv.) (Standard)
Jaspoid. Resembling jasper. (Stand- Jet. 1. A dense black lignite, taking a
ard) good polish. Sometimes used for
Jasponyx. An onyx part or all of jewelry. (U. S. Geol. Surv.)
whose layers consist of jasper. 2. A black marble. (Webster)
(Webster) Jet coal. Cannel coal.
Jaspopal. See Jasper opal. Jet glass.Crystal glass of pure black,
Jaspure. Marble veined, or colored used in cheap jewelry. (Century)
like jasper. (Webster) Jet pump. A pump which moves fluid
Jaula (Sp.). 1. Drum of a horse- by bringing contact with a rap-
it in
whim. J. de extraccidn, hoist, cage idly moving stream of a fluid, of
J. de seguridad, a safety cage. the same or different kind, the mo-
(Halse) tion being imparted through fric-
tion. Injectors and aspirators are
Jaulingite. A resin found in the Jaul- pumps of this type. (Meinzer)
ing, near St Viet, Lower Austria;
it resembles succinite. (Bacon) Jet rock. Rock or shale containing
jet. (Standard)
Jaum (Derb.). A
clay-filled joint ex-
tending diagonally across a vein. Jetstone (N. S. W.). Black tourma-
(Hooson) line. (Power)
Jaw crusher. A machine In which Jetters (Corn.). The horizontal rods
rock Is broken by the forcing to- or poles connecting the water wheel
gether of iron jaws. (Richards, p. and the pumps. (Davies)
1200)
Jewel. A
precious stone; a stone cut
Jay (Derb.). Roof coal. (Gresley) and polished for use as an orna-
Jedding ax. A kind of stone mason's ment; a gem; a bearing for a pivot
ax with a flat face and a pointed in a watch formed of a cry!?tal or
peen. (Webster) precious stone. (Webster)
75242"—19 ^24
870 GLOSSARY OF MINING AND MINERAL INDUSTRY.

Jeweler's shop (Aust). A very rich ter. The apparatus is called a Jig
patch of gold in either a reef or an or jigger (Raymond). See Jig, 1
alluvial formation. (Power) and 2.

Jews' houses. Remains of ancient tin Jigging machine. A machine with

smelting furnaces and miners' houses which to jig ore. See Jig, 1. (Web-
In Cornwall, England. (Webster) ster)

Jews' pitch. A name

given to a semi- Jig indicator. An apparatus resem-
solid form of bitumen formerly used bling a steam engine indicator, for
for medicinal purposes. (Mitzakis) drawing curved lines illustrating the
action of jigs in ore dressing.
Jews' tin. Slabs of tin found near the (Webster)
Jews' houses in Cornwall, England.
(Webster) Jig pin (Eng.). A pin to hold the
turn beams and prevent them from
Jewstone. 1. Marcasite. 2. (Eng.) A turning. (Webster)
hard rock of uneven fracture; ap-
plied locally to certain basalts, Jig runner. 1. (York.) The man who
limestone, etc. (Webster) works a jig, (a self-acting incline).
2. One who operates a jig for con-
Jhoras (India). A gold-washing caste.
(Lock) centrating ore.

Jig. 1. A machine or apparatus in Jim-around (West Virginia). A man

which ore is concentrated, or coal who does miscellaneous work at
is separated from slate, on a screen mines.
or sieve in water by a reciprocat- Jim crow. 1. A machine for bending
ing motion of the screen, or by the or straightening rails. (Webster)
pulsion of water through the screen. A
2. crowbar with one end clawed
2. To separate heavier from lighter
like a hammer. (Standard)
materials, as ore from gangue, coal
from slate, by agitation in water. Jinny. A stationary engine for haul-
(Webster) ing on a jinny road, when not oper-
3. (Eng.) A self-acting incline ated by gravity. A jinny road.
(Steel). A jinny road. (Webster)
4. In well boring, to drill with a Jinny road. A gravity plane under-
spring pole. (Century) ground. (Raymond)
Jig brow. See Jimmy road.
Jinny tenter. See Jig runner, 1;
Jig chain (So. chain
Staff.). A Jinny.
hooked to the back of a skip and Jito (Mex.). Gate in casting.
running round a post, to prevent its *
(D wight)
too rapid descent on an inclined
plane ( Raymond ) Compare Snub, 2.
. Jitty (Leic). A short heading along
which empties, horses, or workmen
Jigger. 1. A
workman who sorts or travel. (Gresley)
cleans ore by the process of jigging.
(Webster) Joachimstal process. The extraction
2. A
machine for dressing small ore of silver from sulphide ores by con-
in which a sieve is dipped or moved verting into chloride, leaching with
about under water (Skinner). See sodium hyposulphite, and precipitat-
also Jig, 1. ing the silver as sulphide with sodi-
3. (Scot.) An apparatus for at- um sulphide. (Raymond)
taching hutches to a haulage rope,
Jock (Scot). An iron rod, usually
which holds by twisting or biting
pronged, attached to the rear end
the rope. (Barrowman)
of a train of hutches or cars be-
4. (Aust.) A boy who attends to ing drawn up an incline, to stop
the brake of a jig, 3. (Power) descent in the event of the
their
6. A coupling hook used between
rope breaking. (Barrowman)
coal cars in Leicestershire coal
mines. (Standard) Jockey. 1. (Aust.). A Y-shaped grip
placed in sockets at the end of a
Jigger work ( Eng, ) Dressed, or partly
.
skip. It is on this that the endless
dressed, ore obtained from jigging.
rope rests when used above the skip.
(Hunt) 2. (Mid.). A self-acting apparatus
Tigging (Corn.). Separating ores ac- on the front of a car, for releasing
cording to specific gravity with a it from the hauling rope at a cer-
«ieve agitated up and down in wa- tain point (Gresley)
 )

GLOSSARY OF MINING A.ND MINERAL INDUSTRY. 371

Joey (Mid.). A man specially ap- Jornada (or Jornal) (Sp.). 1. Day's
pointed to set timber in a stall dur- work (Dwight). A shift
ing the shift. (Gresley) 2. Day's wages. 3. Daily mineral
production by each pc6n. (liaise)
Joggle. 1. A notch cut in a round
timber to prevent rolling when Jornaleros (Sp.). Day laborers. (Min.
placed on another round piece. Jour.
(Sanders, p. 115)
2. A joint of trusses or sets of tim- Jorongo (Sp.). 1. A small basket. 2.
ber for receiving pressure at right A blanket. (Halse)
angles or nearly so. (0. and M.
M. P.) Joseite. A bismuth-telluride mineral
found In Brazil. (Dana)
Joggling table. An Inclined board,
which moves with a sudden and Josephinite. A native alloy of iron
quick motion, used in washing ore. and nickel of the composition FesNi*.
(Whitney) (Dana)
John 'Odges. See Gun. Jougs; Juggs (Scot). An iron col-
Johnston vanner. A
vanner In which lar fastened by a short chain to a
the chief difference between it and a wall and said to have been put
Frue vanner is that the belt is given round the neck of disobedient min-
an undulating motion to prevent ers in old times as a punishment
sands from piling up against the (Barrowman)
edges of the belt. (Liddell) Joule. 1. A
unit of work or energy
Johnstrupite. A silicate of the cerium which equal to 10' ergs, and is
is
metals, calcium and sodium chiefly, practically equivalent to the energy
with titanium and fluorine. In pris- expended in one second by an elec-
matic crystals. (Dana) tric current of 1 ampere in a re-
sistance of 1 ohm. Approximately
Joint. 1. In geology, a plane, or gently
equal to 0.738 foot-pound. (Web-
curved crack or fissure, which is one ster)
of an approximately parallel set of The gram-degree centigrade
2. ther-
fissures ranging from a few inches
mal unit; the small calory. (Stand-
to many feet apart. Joints occur in
ard)
rocks of nearly all kinds and gener-
ally in two or more sets which divide Joule's law. 1. The law that the rate
the rocks into polyhedral blocks. at which heat is produced in any
(La Forge) part of an electric circuit is meas-
2. A line of cleavage in a coal seam. ured by the product of the square
(Barrowman) of the current into the resistance of
that part of the circuit. 2. The law
Joint veins. Small veins confined to
that there is no change of tempera-
one bed of rocks that give no signs
ture when a gas expands without
of displacement, or at least so slight
doing external work and without
that they can not be noticed.
receiving or rejecting heat (Web-
(Power)
ster)
Jointy. Full of joints; specifically, in
mining, full of minute cracks or Jonph holes (Derb.). Hollows in a
crevices, as rock. (Standard) vein. (Power)
Jbkull. 1. A glacier. 2. An Icelandic Journal (Scot). A record of strata
mountain, a large portion of which passed through in a bore hole (Bar-
is above the snow line. Also spelled rowman). A log book.
Jolsul; Yokul. (Standard)
Journey. 1. (So. Wales) A train w
Jolly balance. A
very delicate spring set of trams all coupled together
balance used especially for the de- running upon an engine plane. •

termination of densities by the (Gresley)

method of weighing In water and 2. The round of work done In con-
air. (Webster) verting a quantity of material Into
glass. (Webster)
Jordanite. A
sulpharsenite of lead,
4Pbs.As2S3. Monoclinic; often pseu- Jove. The metal tin. An obsolete
dohexagonal by twinning. A lead term used by alchemists. (Webster)
gray mineral. (Dana)
Jovite. A high explosive consisting
Joren. A
scoop-shaped bambo) basket of certain nitro compounds and so-
used in Japan for carrying aurifer- dium nitrate. Used in armor-pierc*
ous gravei. (Lock) ing shells. (Webster)
372 GLOSSARY OF MINING AND MINERAL INDUSTRY.

Jowl (Newc). A noise made as a Jumping a claim. 1. Taking posses-

by hammering at the faces
signal, sion of a mining claim which has
of two levels expected to meet. been abandoned. 2. Taking posses-
(Raymond) sion of a mining claim liable to
forfeiture owing t6 the requirements
Juagada (Colom.). Stony, barren de-
of the law being unfulfilled. 3. Tak-
posit. (Lucas)
ing possession a mine or claim by
Juanblanco (Colom.). 1. Platinum stealth, fraud or force. 4. The loca-
found in gold placers. 2. Mica. tion of a mining claim on supposed
(Halse) excess ground within staked bound-
Jud, Judd. 1. (No. of Eng.). A block aries of an existing claim on the
of coal 4 yards square
about theory that the law governing the
holed and cut ready for breaking manner of making the original loca-
down. 2. (Som.) fifee Jad, 1. (Gres- tion had not been complied with.
ley) Jumping switch (Scot). A self-act-
3. In whole working, a portion of ing switch, arranged that the
so
the coal laid out and ready for ex- hutches jump through a small verti-
traction in pillar- working (i. e., the
; cal distance. (Barrowman)
drawing or extraction of pillars),
the yet un removed portion of a pil- Jump joint. A butt joint, made by
lar. (Raymond) jump welding (Standard). See
4. The term jud is also applied to a Jump weld.
working place, usually 6 to 8 yards Jump-up; Jump-down. 1. An up-throw
wide, driven in a pillar of coal. or a down-throw fault. 2. To raise
When a jud has been driven the boring rods and allow them to fall
distance required, the timber and by their own weight (Gresley)
rails are removed, and this is termed 3. (Jump-up) A short rise dug in
•
drawing a jud.' (C. and M. M. P.) the roof of a drive. See Monkey
Judge (Derb. and Newc). 1. A meas- shaft (Duryee)
uring stick to measure coal work Jump weld. A weld of metal effected
underground. (Raymond) by hammering together the butt
2. (Eng.) Formerly a boy who ends of two pieces heated to the
proved the holing. (Gresley) welding point (Standard)
Judge rapper. The upper end of the Junkerite. Same as Siderite. (Cen-
vertical arm of a judge. See Judge, tury)
1. (Gresley)
Junket (Eng.). See Kibble.
Juego (Mex.). A set of anything, as
a set of repair parts for a machine. Junking (No. of Eng.) An opening
(D wight) cut into, or a narrow slice taken off,
Jugglers. Timbers set obliquely a pillar in the room-and-pillar sys-
tem of working coal (Gresley). A
against pillars of coal, to carry a
fast junJdng is a narrow place
plank partition, making a triangu-
driven lengthwise in a pillar of
lar air passage or manway. (Ray-
coal, but unholed into the room on
mond)
either side of the pillar. A loose
Julgars. An Indian caste whose em- junking is a similar place driven
ployment is gold washing. (Lock) along the side of the pillar and open
Jumble (Derb.). The place where to the room along that side. (G.
veins intersect (Mander) C. Greenwell)
Jumos (Colom.). Very fine particles Junta (Sp.). 1. A nearly vertical
of gold found in the batea after pan- joint in stratified rocks; J. de ter-
ning. (Halse) renos, a fault or break in coal beds.
Jump. 1. (Pac.) fifee Jumping a claim. 2. A board, congress, assembly, or
2. A dislocation of a vein. (Ray- council. Juntas (Mex.), concilia-
mond) tory meetings called by the mining
3. (Eng.) To drill a hole for blast- agents to settle disputes about min-
ing with a jumper. (G. C. Green- ing property. (Halse)
well) Jupiter process. A patented process
Jumper (Corn, and Newc). 1. A drill for making cast-steel by melting
or boring tool, consisting of a bar, wrought-steel scrap with about 2
which is '
jumped 'up and down in per cent ferrosilicon up to about 0,5
the bore hole (Raymond). See per cent ferromanganese and about
alsoChurn drill. 3 per cent aluminum and casting in
2.One who jumps a claim. See molds of a special composition,
•Jumping a claim.* (Webster)
 ) ;

GLOSSARY OF MINING AND MINERAL INDUSTRY. 37 i

Tnpiter steel. A steel produced by the Kamarezlte. A grass-green, hydra ted,

Jupiter process. It is about as basic copper sulphate, Cu*(OLl)»«
strong and as ductile as forged steel. SOa.6H40. (Standard)
(Webster)
Kame. 1. (Scot.). A rounded hill or
Jnquero (Peru). A thief who takes oblong ridge terminating abruptly in
ore from the vein. (D wight) a high mound. Composed of gravel
and sand, and having its major axis
Jnr&sico (Mex.). Jurassic. (Dwight) transverse to the drift movement.
Jurassic. In geology, the middle one (Thompson)
of the three periods comprised in the 2. One of the hills or ridges formed
Mesozoic era. Also the system of of detritus by glaciers in the line
strata deposited during that period. of their track, or even any small
(La Forge) conical hill: loosely used inter-
changeably with esker and eskar.
Justiceman (Scot). One who checlis. (Standard)
on behalf of the miners, the weight
of mineral sent by them out of Kamo plain. A broad, low, massive
the mine (Barrowman). See Checlj: kame, composed only of coarse sedi-
weighman. ment. ( Standard

Juvenile water. Water from the in- Kammerling furnace. modification A

terior of the earth which is new or of the Belgian zinc smelting furnace
has never been a part of the general wherein there are two combustion
system of groundwater circulation. chambers separated by a central
See Magonatic water. longitudinal wall. In principle the
Juzgado (Sp.). A court of justice. furnace is similar to the Hauzeur
(Halse) a compound. (Standard)
K. Kampong Malay ( ) . An inclosed space
furnace. (Ingalls, p. 444)
Kabaite. A hydrocarbon related to
ozocerite or scheererite, found in Kanchana (Malay). Gold. (C. G. W.
meteorites. (Bacon) Lock)
Kackle-meckle (Corn.). The poorest Sand; Cand (Corn). Fluorspar.
kind of lead ore (Raymond). A (Power)
variation of Keckle-meckle. Kank (Mid.). A twist in a rope
Kaln coal (Scot). Produce of the (Gresley). A variation of kink.
mine by way of whole or purt pay- Kankar (Hind.) A concretionary
ment of rent. (Barrowman) limestone found in India and used
Kainite. A
natural salt containing for making roads. It yields an ex-
when pure 35.1 per cent potassium cellent lime for mortar. (Stand-
sulphate, 24.2 per cent magnesium ard)
sulphate, 18.9 per cent magnesium
Kann. See Cand.
chloride, and 21.8 per cent water of
hydration. (Dana) Kaolin; China clay; Porcelain clay. A
mainly hydrous aluminum sili-
clay,
Kal (Eng.). A coarse kind of iron.
from which porcelain may be
cate,
(Anderson)
made (U. S. Geol. Surv.). See also
Kalamein. 1. An anticorrosive alloy Kaolinite.
of lead, tin, antimony, bismuth,
Kaolinic. Pertaining to, allied to, or
and nickel for coating iron. 2. To resembling kaolin. (Webster)
coat in a manner similar to galvaniz-
ing, but using kalamein. (Webster) Kaolinite. A
white soft earthy min-
eral consisting of a hydrous silicate
Kallborlte. See Heintzite.
of aluminum and one of the chief
Kalinite; Potash alum. Hydrous alu- constituents of clay. common A
minum-potassium sulphate, K2SO4.- product of rock decay and of oxida-
Al,(SO«)i+24H,0. (U. S. Geol. tion in veins (Ransome).
Surv.)
Kaolinization. The decomposition of
Kalium. the Latin form of
Potassium : certain rock-forming minerals to
the word kali, signifying potash kaolin or clay. (Farrell)
(Standard). Chemical symbol, K.
Kaple. See Capel.
Kallalt. Turquoise.
Karang (Malay). A layer of tin-bear
Kalian. See Caileo. ing gravel. Also spelled Karong.
 ) )

374 GLOSSARY OF MINING AND MINERAL INDUSTRY.

Karat. See Carat. in an opening near the centor; It Is

about 16 feet long and seldom car-
Karn; Cairn (Corn.). A pile or heap ries more than one person.
of rocks, as for a monument; some-
times the solid rock. Kazen (Corn.). A sieve. (Davies)
Kazer. See Kazen.
Karstenite. Anhydrite.
Kebble (Eng.). An opaque calcareous
Kast furnace. A small circular shaft spar. (Bainbridge)
furnace with three or four tuyeres,
for lead smelting. (Raymond) Keckle-meckle (Eng.). Lead minerals
of the poorest quality. See Kackle-
Katabothron (Mod. Greek). An un- meckle.
derground passage cut by water. Kedabekite. A name given by E. von
(Standard) Federow to a dike rock from the
Katalysis; Katalytic. See Catalysis.
Kedabek mines, province of Eliza-
bethpol, Transcaucasia. The rock is
Katamorphic zone. The zone of kata- finely granular, dark gray in color
morphism corresponds to the zone and consists of basic, plagioclase,
of rock fracture and is a zone of lime-iron garnet and a pleochroic py-
breaking down. It is especially roxene called violaite. (Kemp)
characterized by solution, decrease Keeker (No. of Eng.). An inspector
of volume and softening of the ma- of underground mining. (Century)
terials; the processes are destruc-
tive, resulting In degeneration. The Keel (Eng.). 1. A flat-bottomed ship
zone is divided into the belt of or barge used on the Tyne to carry
weathering and the belt of cementa- coal from Newcastle. 2. A barge

tion. See also Anamorphic zone. load of coal containing 8 Newcastle

(Watson) chaldrons or 21J tons avoirdupois.
3. A red iron ocher used for mark-
Katamorphism. See Metamorphism. ing lumber (Webster). (Eng.) The
Any change in the texture of rocks same as reddle or red clay. Also
produced by fracturing and granu- Keil.
lation, with recrystallization, where-
Keel wedge. A long iron wedge for
by rocks become finer-grained and
driving over the top of a pick hilt.
foliated, as the production of gneis-
ses and schists from granite. (Cen- (C. and M. M. P.)
tury) Keeper. 1. One
in charge of opening
and closing the tap* hole of a blast
Kati. A Chinese weight equal to IJ furnace, and who runs iron at cast.
pounds. ( Skinner
(Wilcox) 2. (Eng.). An engine
Kation; Kathion. See Cathion. keeper; a horse keeper, etc. Also a
brakeman. ( Gresley
Katouti. A gold-washing trough of the
northwest provinces, India. (Lock) Keeps; Keps. Wings, catches, or rests,
to hold the cage when it is brought
Kauri resin, or Gum; Copal.
resin- A to rest at the top, bottom or at
ous product of the Kauri, found in an intermediate landing (Chance).
yellow or brown lumps in the ground Also called Shuts, Fans. Chairs,
where the trees have grown. It is Dogs. See also Cage shuts.
used for making varnish and as a
substitute for amber (Webster). Keeve. 1. See Cauf. 2. A tub used
Found in New Zealand. in collecting grains of heavy ore or
metal a dolly tub ( Raymond )
; A .

Kavels (Eng.). Lots cast by miners
for the working places. (Bain-
bridge)
Kawishiwin (Lake Superior region).
The iron-bearing belt of the Kee-
watin. The greenstone, or dioritic,
(upper] part of the Keewatin.
(Winchell)
Kawk (Corn.). Fluorspar.
Kayak; Kayack; Kiak (Alaska). An
Eskimo canoe, usually of skin and
completely decked, the covering be-
ing laced about the person who sits
keeve of rich slime is stirred with
water, and then struck on the side,
which causes the heavy mineral to
settle on the bottom (Standard).
Also spelled Kieve.
Keeving. The preparation of fine ore,
or slime in a keeve. (Standard)
Keewatin. According to the U. S.
(Power)
Geological Survey, the overlying but
older of the two series of rockM com-
prised in the Archean system. Also
the corresponding geologic epoch.
(La Forge)
 GLOSSARY OF MINING AND MINERAL INDUSTRY.
Keg. A
cylindrical container made of
steel or some other substance, which
contains 25 pounds of blasting pow-
der or gunpowder (Du Pont). Any
small cask or barrel having a ca-
pacity of 5 to 10 gallons.
Keil furnace. A gas-fired furnace con-
taining one or more vertical retorts
for the distillation of zinc. (In-
galls, p. 395)
Keilhauite. Atitano-silicate of
cium, aluminum, ferric Iron,
the yttrium metals. (Dana)
Keith process. An electrolytic process
for refining lead. The electrolyte
is composed of a solution of lead
acetate or of lead chloride. Impure
lead forms the anode plates, which
are inclosed In bags of coarse mus-
lin. The cathodes arc made of thin
metal plates. The deposit obtained
Is In crystalline form and
the bottom of the vessel, which may
be made of plate iron or of wood.
(Goesel)
Keif (Derb., Leic). The vertical
height of the face of tlie undercut
at any time during the operation of
undercutting. (Gresley)
Kell (Eng.). A variation of Kiln.
Keller automatic roaster. A six-deck
horizontal furnace for calcining
sulphide ores. (Hofman, p. 191)
Keller furnace. A multiple-deck roast-
ing furnace for sulphide ore. It is
a modification of the Spence fur-
nace. (Ingalls, p. 98)
Kelly. 1. In brickmaking, to cover
with mold or soil. 2. Mold over-
lying clay; surface earth. (Stand-
ard)
Kelly filter. An intermittent, movable
pressure filter. The leaves are ver-
tical and are set parallel with the
axis of the tank. Pulp is introduced
into the tank (a boiler-like affair)
under pressure and the cake formed.
The head then is unlocked and the
leaves run out of the tank chamber,
by means of a small track, and the
cake is dropped. The carriage and
leaves are then run back into the
tank and the cycle begun again.
(Liddell)
Kelp. 1. Large seaweeds such as are
used in producing the manufactured
kelp. (Century)
2. The ashes of seaweeds, formerly
the source of soda as used in glass
and soap making, now a source
chiefly of iodine. (Standard)
Kelve (Corn.). Fluorspar.
375
Keljrphlte rim. A name applied by
Schrauf rims of pyroxene, horn-
to
blende and spinel that sometimes
surround the garnets of peridotites.
It is of microscopic application.
(Kemp)
Kennel. 1. (Mid.) A collier's term
for cannel coal. (Gresley)
2. Also a channel; little canal;
gutter.
cal- Kenner (No. of Eng.). An expression
and meaning time to leave off work.
(Gresley)
Kentallenite. A granular plutonic ig-
neous rock, between auglte syenite
and olivine gabbro, composed essen-
tially of augite, olivine, biotite, an-
desine, and orthoclase. (La Forge)
Kentish rag (Eng.). A provincial
term for the hard, gray, arenaceous
limestone of the green-sand forma-
falls to tion, much used for building in Kent
and Sussex. (Roberts)
Kentledge. 1. A nautical term for pig
iron used as ballast. 2. In British
military usage, unserviceable cast-
iron articles such as condemned
shot, and shell, etc. (Webster)
Kent roller mill. A
revolving steel
ring with three rolls pressing
against its inner face. The rolls are
supported on springs, and the rings
support the roll, so that there is
some freedom of motion. The ma-
terial to be crushed is held against
the ring by centrifugal force. (Lid-
dell)
Kenyte. A vitrophyric variety of
phonolite containing phenocrysts of
anorthoclase. (La Forge)
Keps (Scot.). Movable support for
the cage at a landing; shuts (Bar-
rowman). See Keeps.
Keramics. Same as Ceramics.
Kerargyrite. Same as Cerargyrite.
Keratophyre. A rock intermediate be-
tween porphyries and porphyrltes,
and differing from each in having
as the principal feldspar, anortho-
clase Instead of either orthoclase or
the soda-lime feldspar. Kerato-
phyre applies to pre-Terlary rocks,
whereas pantellerite Is used for the
same aggregate of more recent geo-
logical date. The name was given
In 1874 by Gtimbel to certain Bava-
rian felsitic and porphyritic rocks,
that resembled hornfels, hence the
name from the Greek for horn
(Kemp). Its significance has since
beeen restricted to any variety of
syenite porphyry, trachyte, or felsite
containing phenocrysts of anortbo-
(Power) clase.
 ) )

376 GLOSSARY OF MINING AND MINERAL INDUSTRT,

Kerf (Eng.). The undercut made to Kettle. 1. (Scot.) A cylindrical of

assist the breaking or mining of barrel-shaped Iron or wooden vessel
the coal (Steel). See also Kerve. used to raise men or materials in
shaft sinking. (Barrowmau)
Kermesite. A monocllnic, cherry-red 2. See Kettle hole.
mineral, Sb2S20. resulting from the
alteration of stlbnlte (Dana). Also Kettleback. The same as Horseback.
called Kermes mineral. (Davis V. Nuttallsburg Coal & Coke
Co., 34 West Virginia, p. 502)
Kermes mineral. A soft, reddish-brown
artificial powder consisting of SbzSs, Kettle bottom. A piece of slate that
but usually containing also an oxide drops out of a smooth cavity in
and alkali. Kermesite is a native the roof of a mine. It loosens and
form. (Webster) falls without giving any warning
(Harr). Same as Horseback.
Kerned (Corn.). Said of certain ore
hardened by exopsure to the sun. Kettle d. In geology, hollowed out like
(Davies) a kettle, as surface bowls by action
of a glacier. (Standard)
Kernel roasting. See Roasting.
Kern stone Eng.).
(Local, A sand- Kettle dross. Skimmings resulting
stone of a coarse granular composi- from the desllveratlon of lead bul-
tion. (Standard) lion. It consists principally of lead
oxides mixed with metallic lead.
Kernon. An old name for Cornwall. (Hofman, pp. 445 and 498, 6th ed.)
(Pryce)
Kettle hole. A steep-sided hollow, with-
Kerogen. A term applied to the bitu-
out surface drainage, especially in
minous material in Scottish oil-
a deposit of glacial drift. (Web-
shale. (Bacon)
ster)
Kerosene. A
mixture of hydrocarbons
Kettle moraine. A terminal moraine
whose average boiling point is about
450° P., freed on the one hand from the surface of which Is marked by
gasoline or naphtha and on the other
many kettle holes. (Webster)
hand from the heavy hydrocarbons Ketton stone. Areddish-brown oolitic
that belong to gas oil and lubricat- limestone from Ketton, England.
ing oil. (Bacon) (Webster)
Kerosene shale. Speaking broadly, Keuper. The upper division of the
any bituminous shale from which European Tr i a ss i c formation.
illuminating oil has been or may be (Standard)
obtained. (Bacon)
Kevel (Derb.). A variation of Kevil.
Kerrite. A pearly, yellowish-green va-
Kevil. 1. (Derb.). A
veinstone, con-
riety of mica that is closely related
sisting of a mixture of calcium car-
to jefferlsite. It occurs as fine
bonate and other minerals. (Ray-
scales. ( Standard
mond)
Kersantite. 1. A very old name of 2. (No. of Eng.) The amount of
somewhat varying but
application, coal sent out by the various miners
formerly used for rocks that are during a certain period. (Gresley)
intermediate between diorltes or
their corresponding porphyrites and
Keweenawan. According to the U. S.
Geological Survey, the uppermost or
gabbros or diabases. Mlca-dlabase
youngest of the series of rocks com-
was used as a synonym (Kemp).
prised In the Algonklan system; It
2. A finely granophyric or aphano-
Is regarded by some geologists as
phyrlc igneous rock composed of
plagloclase and biotite, with or with-
Lower Cambrian. Also the corre-
sponding geologic epoch. ( La Forge
out augite, hornblende, and olivine;
a porphyrltic diabase or augite
The system includes a body of
Igneous rocks of prodigious thick-
diorlte with phenocrysts of blotlte
ness, conglomerates, and sandstones.
(La Forge). Kersanton is practi-
cally a synonym. Both names are The copper-bearing rocks of the
derived from a town in Brltany.
Lake Superior region are part of the
system.
Kerve; Kirve (No. of Eng.). To un-
dercut, as In coal mining. (C. and
Key. 1. (Eng.) A kind of wrench
used for screwing and unscrewing
M. M. P.)
drill rods. Also used to support the
Ketches (So. Wales). Same as Back- rods by resting on top of the casing
stay. and allowing the rods to hang by
 ) )

GLOSSARY OF MINING AND MINERAL INDUSTRY. 377

the enlarged joint coming in contact Kick-up. 1. (Aust.). An end tippler.
with the liey. (Gresley) (Power)
2. A wedge driven between two 2. (No. of Eng.). See Tipper, 1
feathers to brealj a stone. (Web- and 2.
stei)
3. An iron bar of suitable size and Kidney ore. A variety of hematite,
taper for filling the key ways of occurring in compact kidney-shaped
shaft and pulleys so as to keep both masses. ( Webster

together. ( Steel Kidneys. 1. (Tenn.). Bowlders of

4. A
rectangular depression, In one phosphate rock. (Power)
or both flat sides of a brick, some- 2. A term applied by miners to a
times called Frog or Panel. (Ries) mineral zone which narrows down
5. A keystone.
until very thin and then suddenly
Key blocks. The first blocks which expands and again suddenly con-
are removed in opening up a new tracts. (Meydenbauer v. Stevens,
quarry floor. (Bowles) 78 Fed. Rept., p. 791; Rough Rider,
In re, 41, Land Decisions, p. 255)
Key seat. Sec Keyway.
Keystone. 1. The voussoir at the cen- Kidney stone. 1. A
nodule of iron-
ter of the crown of an arch, which, stone common the Oxford clay
in
being the last set in place, is re- (Middle Oolite) of England. 2. A
garded as binding the w^hole to- tough, compact, fine grained green-
gether. A
bond stone. 2. filling- A ish or bluish amphibole; nephrite.
In block of cast iron used in some (Standard)
lead smelting furnaces. (Webster) 3.A pebble or nodule roughly re-
sembling a kidney. (Webster)
Keyway; Key seat. groove or chan- A
nel in a shaft or pulley for receiv- Kiefekil; Kefferkil (Persian). 1. A
ing a key. (Webster) kind of clay. 2. meerschaum. A
(Century)
Kibble; Kibbal (Corn, and Wales). An
iron bucket for raising ore. (Ray- Kies. A general term for the sulphide
mond) ores, now adopted into English from
Kibble filler (Eng.). The man fills the the original German. (Kemp)
kibble with ore, coal, or waste rock. Kieselguhr. German name for diato-
(Bainbridge) maceous earth, and more or less cur-
Kibble rope; Kibble chain (Eng.). A rent in English (Kemp). Used as
rope or chain for hoisting a kibble or an absorbent for nitroglycerin in
bucket. (Standard) dynamite. It is an inert substance
or passive base, whose only value
Kick. 1. In brickmaking, a wooden lies in itscapacity to absorb about
block on the upper face of a stock
three times its weight in nitroglyc-
board to make a key or depression erin (Du Pont). -See also Infu-
in the bottom of a slop-molded brick.
sorial earth.
2. A die for molding brick. (Stand-
ard) Kieserite. A
hydrous magnesium sul-
Kick back. (Arkansas) To break
1.
phate, MgSOi+HaO. Usually mas-
the coal on both sides of the auger sive, granular to compact. Color
hole which contains the powder, white, grayish, yellowish. (Dana)
usually along a joint in the coal. Kieve ( Corn. ) . A varia tion of Kee ve, 2.
(Steel)
2. A track arrangement for revers- Kiles (Eng.). Leather strings.
ing the direction of travel of cars (Bainbridge)
moving by gravity. (C. and M. Kilkenny coal. Anthracite. (Gres-
M. P.) ley)
Kicker. 1. Ground left in first cutting Kill. To mix atmospheric air with
a vein, for support of Its sides. fire-damp or other gases so as to
(Raymond) make them harmless. (Gresley)
2. (Scot).The reversing gear of
some direct-acting steam and hy- Killas. Cornish miners' term for the
draulic pumps. (Barrowman) slates or schists that form the coun-
8. (Eng.). A liberating catch made try rock of the Cornish tin veins.
in the form of a bell-crank lever (Kemp)
rocking on a horizontal axis. Killman (Scot). A kilnman. (Stand-
(Gresley) ard)
 ; )

878 GLOSSARY OF MINING AND MINERAL INDUSTRY.

Killogle (Scot). The space before the Kimberly method. See Combined toi^
fire in a kiln. (Standard) slicing and shrinkage stoping.

Killow (Eng.). A deep blue or black- Kim-coal. See Kimmeridge shale.

ish earth. (Standard)
Kiln. 1. A
furnace for the calcina-
Kimmeridge clay. A
thick bed of clay,
constituting a member of the Oolite
tion of coarsely broken ore or stone
(Jurassic) group. So-called, because
also, an oven for drying, charring,
it is found well developed at Kim-
etc. (Raymond) meridge, in the isle of Purbeck, Dor-
2. A oven for baking bis-
potter's
setshire. (Comstock)
cuit or fictile ware. 3. furnace A
for vitrifying, as bricks or porce- Kimmeridge coal. A bituminous shale
lain. (Standard) or impure coal which occurs in the
Kiln-dry. To dry in a kiln. (Web- Kimmeridge clays. (Power)
ster)
Kimmeridge shale. Extensive deposits
Kiln eye (Scot). The opening at the of bluish-gray slaty clay, containing
bottom of a draw kiln. (Barrow- more or less volatile matter, and
man) interstratified with thin beds of
highly bituminous shale, occurring
Kilnhole. The mouth or opening of an in Dorsetshire. This clay, which is
oven or kiln. (Webster)
a member of the Upper Oolite, at-
Kilnman. A man who tends a kiln. tains in places a thickness of as
(Standard) much as 600 feet Locally, called
Kim-coal. (Bacon)
Kiln-run brick. See Stock brick.
Kiln white. A scum which originates Klmmeridgian. In geology, one of the
in the burning of brick. (Ries) stages of the Upper Oolite series of
the Jurassic system of strata in
Kilo. A short form of kilogram. Great Britain. (La Forge)
(Webster)
Kilocalorie. A great calorie. (Web-
Kin. A Japanese weight of 1.31
ster)
pounds avoirdupois. (Weed)
Kilogram. A unit of weight In the Kind (Eng.). Generally signifies ten-
der, soft, or easy to work. Said of
metric system and equal to one
thousand grams, or 2.2046 pounds certain ores. ( Gresley
avoirdupois. Kind-Chaudron process. A process for
Kilometer. A length of one thousand sinking shafts in which a small pit
is sunk in advance and subsequently
meters, equal to 3,280.8 feet, or 0.621
of a mile the chief unit for long
:
enlarged to the full size of the shaft
distances in the metric system. when the tubbing or water-tight lin-
(Standard) ing with its moss box at the bottom
is lowered or pressed down into po-
Kilowatt. A unit of power equal to sition, and the tubbing backed up
one thousand watts. (Webster) with an outside lining of concrete.
Kilowatt hour. A unit of work or (Webster)
energy equal to that done by one Kindly. A miner's term for a rock
kilowatt acting for one hour; ap- which is considered congenial or
proximately 1.34 horse-power hour. likely for carrying ore. (Roy.
(Webster) Com.)
Klmberley joint. Originally a pipe
Kindly ground (Eng.). Those rocks
joint of English manufacture for use
in which lodes become productive of
in South Africa. It consists of an
mineral of value. (Cox)
outer wrought sleeve or ring belled
out on the ends to form a suitable Kind's plug. A wooden plug attached
lead recess for calking, the pipes to an iron rod, used in connection
butting in the center of the sleeve. with sand for recovering tubing
(Nat Tube Co.) from bore holes. (Raymond)
Kimberlite. A name
given by H. Car- Kingbolt. A bolt supporting a cage in
ville Lewisthe peridotite that
to a shaft (Webster)
forms the diamantiferous dike at
the Kimberley mines, of South Af- Kingle. Barren blaes, or ribs of hard
rica. The rock is more porphyritic calcareous or quartzose material,
than typical peridotite (Kemp). destitute of bituminous matter, oc-
Also called Blue earth or Blue curring In the Scottish oil shales.
ground by miners. (Bacon)
 GLOSSARY OF MINING AND MINERAL INDUSTRY. 379

King-post (Eng.). An apparatus for Kirving (Newc). The cutting made

strengthening a beam. (Bainbridge) at the bottom of the coal by the
miner (Raymond). See Holing.
King-pot. The large central pot or
crucible in a brass-melting furnace. Kish. 1. The
blast - f urnacemen's
(Raymond) name for the graphite segregations
seen in pig iron and in the cinder
King screen. A drum-type screen in of a furnace making a very gray
which the pulp to be screened is de- Iron. (Raymond)
livered on the outside, the under-
2. The dross on the surface of
size passing through the screen and
molten lead. (Standard)
discharging through the open end.
(Liddell) Kiss process. About the same as the
King's silver. A
very pure but soft Patera process {which see) except:
silver used for plate in the begin- that calcium hyposulphite Is used
ning of the 18th century. (Stand- for leaching the ore, and calcium
ard) polysulphide for precipitating the
silver. (Liddell)
King's yellow. A bright yellow pig-
ment, AS2S3. Occurs native as orpi- Kist. The wooden box or chest in
ment, and is also made artificially. which the timberman keeps his tools.
(Webster) The chest Is always placed at the
flat or lamp station. This spot
Kink. 1. (Scot.) A twist In a rope;
is often referred to by the expres-
a doubling and Interlocking of sev-
sion "at the kist." (C. and M. M. P.)
eral links in a chain. (Barrowman)
2. A deflection in a vein or lode Kisye (Malay). Rattan sieves used
which does not interrupt the con- in gold washing. (Lock)
tinuity thereof. (Voght)
Kinkead mill. A pan mill with a con-
Kit. A wooden vessel. (Raymond)
vex conical bottom on which a mul- Kitchen. See Laboratory, 2.
ler, having two surfaces of different
inclinations, grind. The machine Kitchens (Eng.). Coal prepared and
acts on the gyratory principle as sold expressly for use in ranges,
regards crushing between the sur- stoves, etc. (Gresley)
faces. (Liddell)
Kitting (Eng.). Thieving in combina-
Kinoully (Corn.). See KlvuUy. tion. There are different modes of
Kinzigite. A metamorphlc rock con- cheating the adventurers (owners)
sisting of biotJte, garnet, and oligo- by miners mixing their ores, and
elase. It was named, in 1860, by sometimes by stealing from heaps
Fischer, from the Kinzig Valley, in not their own and carrying to their
the Black Forest. (Kemp) own heap. All these tliefts are
called "kitting." (Hunt)
Kip (No. of Eng.). A level or gently
sloping roadway, at the extremity Kittle (Scot). Dangerous; risky.
of an engine plane, upon which the (Barrowman)
full cars stand ready to be sent up
the shaft (Century). The tubs, or
Kitty (No. of Eng.). A length of
about four Inches of straw filled
cars, usually go to the shaft by
with gunpowder by which flame Is
gravity.
communicated to the blasting charge.
Kir. A Russian name given to petro- (Gresley)
leum on exposure, and hav-
solidified
ing the appearance of asphalt. (Mit-
Kive (Prov. Eng. and Scot). Same as
Keeve. (Standard)
zakis)
Kiver (Local Eng.). A shallow keeve,
Kirchhoff's law.The law that In any which see. (Standard)
branching network of electric wires
the algebraic sum of the currents in Kivnlly (Corn.). Loose ground.
all of the wires that meet In any (Pryce) Also spelled Kinoully.
point Is zero. (Webster)
Kleeman condenser. A rectangular
Kirn (Scot). To bore with a hand clay pipe In which distilled zinc is
Jumper or kirner. (Barrowman) condensed. (Ingalls, p. 550)
Kirner (Scot). A hand jumper Klelnite. A mineral consisting of mer-
(drill). (Barrowman) cury-ammonium chloride. Formula
uncertain. (U. S. Geol. Surv.)
Kirve (No. of Eng.). To undercut
(Gresley). See Kerve. Klink^tone. See Phonollta
 ;

880 GLOSSARY OF MINING AND MINERAL iNDtJStR'?.

Klip (So. Afr.). A rock or stone; cliff, Knock-back ore (Eng.). Ore mixed
mountain. (Standard) with barite or kevil. (Bninbridge)
Kloof (So. Afr.). A mountain pass or Knocker. A lever tliat strikes on a
cleft; a gorge or narrow valley. plate of iron at the mouth of the
(Standard) shaft, by means of which miners
Kluft. A fault* (Ure) below can signal to those on the
top. (C. and M. M. P.)
Knacker (Prov. Eng.). A collier's
horse. (Standard) Knocker line. The signal line ex-
tending down the shaft from the
Knapper. A stone breaker; specifi- knocker. (C. and M. M. P.)
cally one who breaks up flint flalves
into sizes used for gun flints. (Cen- Knocking. 1. (So. Wales) Signals
tury) made underground by knocking on
The the coal. (Gresley)
Knapping (Scot). act of break-
ing stone. (Standard) 2. (Eng.) Ore broken with a ham-
mer, especially the larue lumps
Knapping hammer. A long-handled which are picked out. (Webster)
steel hammer
for breaking stones,
such as is used for breaking flint Knocking-bucker (Eng.). A tool cut
flakes. (Standard) out of a strong flat bar of iron, used
for breaking or bucking ore. (Dur-
Knapping machine. A stone breaker.
yee)
(Standard)
Knee joint. A toggle Joint. (Stand- Knockings. Pieces of stone cut or
ard) taken off in blasting or in rough-
dressing. (Standard)
Kneeler (Eng,). A quadrant or tri-
angular lever which converts the Knocking-up (Eng.). The calling up
horizontal movement of a piston rod of miners by beating the landing
into the up and down movement of wagon. (Bainbridge)
pump rods. (Webster)
Knock-off. 1. The point upon an en-
Knee movement. The mechanism that
gine plane at which the trip is dis-
operates a toggle-joint. (Standard)
connected from the rope. 2. A Joint
Knee piece. 1. A bent piece of piping. for disconnecting the bucket from
(C. and M. M. P.) the pump rods. 3. To do away
2. An angular piece of timber used with. (Gresley)
in a roof (mine) to strengthen a 4. To stop (work) for the day or
joint where two timbers meet. part of a day. See Kenner.
Knee timber. Timber with natural Knock-off hook. 1. (Eng.) A hook
knees or angles in it. A piece of by which cars may be detached
timber with an angle or knee in it. from a rope by the withdrawal of a
(Webster) pin or knocking off a catch. 2. Also
Knits; Knots. Small particles of ore. a hook by means of which the rope
(Raymond) is detached from the cage when it
is drawn too high by the winding
Knob. 1. A round hill or mountain
engine. (G. C. Green well)
especially an isolated one (Web-
ster). See also Boss, 4. Knock-off joint. In well drilling, a
2. To remove knobs from, as in joint used in the rods of deep-well
rough-dressing stone in the quarry. pumps. The jointed ends of the rods
(Standard) are enlarged to a square section
3. A small support for the roof. and notched to fit against one an-
(Mln. Jour.) other, and are confined by a clasp
Knobbing. The act of rough-dressing or bridle embracing them. The
stone in the quarry by knocking off Joint is tapered lengthwise and the
the projections and points. (Cen- hole in the clasp is tapered to corre-
tury) spond, so that the tendency is al-
w^ays for the clasp to tighten around
Knobbing fire. A bloomery for refin-
the Joint. (Nat. Tube Co.)
ing cast-iron. (Raymond)
Knock. 1. To examine a mine
roof
Knockstone (Eng.). A stone or piece
of iron on which to break lead-ore.
for safety. See also Chap. (Ores-
(Bainbridge)
ley)
2. (Local, Eng.). A sand-bank; so- Knoll. A hillock of rounded form; a
called along the Lincolnshire coast. mound; the top of a hill or moun-
(Standard) tain. (Webster)
 GLOSSARY OF MlKlNG Al^D MIKEHAL INDUSTRY. 381

Knots, k term applied by qiiarrymen ing endless and passing over pulleys
to dark gray or black masses, more instead of around a drum. (C. and
or less oval or circular in cross sec- M. M. P.)
tion, which are segregations of black
Kokowal (New Zealand). Red ocher;
mica or hornblende formed in the
a common native pigment, mixed for
granite while in a molten state.
use with fish oil or vegetal oil.
English quarrymen call them
(Standard)
•heathen.' (Dale)
Knotty. So altered by contact meta-
Komspelter. A proposed trade name
from the Kansas, Okla-
for spelter
morphism as to have new minerals homa, and Missouri fields, Koni be-
developed, giving a spotted or
ing the initial letters of the three
knotty appearance (Kemp). Some-
states named. (Min. and Sci. Press,
times applied to concretions found
vol. 115, p. 672)
in sedimentary rock. (Ries)
Known mine. Lands can not be held
Konite. A magnesian dolomite.
(Standard)
to be " known mines " unless at
the time the rights of the purchaser Konlite. A reddish brown to yellow,
accrued there was upon the ground soft, amorphous hydrocarbon min-
an actual and open mine which eral*that has a specific gravity of
either had been worked or was capa- 0.88, a melting point of 114° C, and
ble of being worked. (Colorado distils at 200° C. (Bacon). Also
Coal, etc., Co. v. United States, 123, called Konleinite.
p. 327; U. S. Min. Stat, p. 746) Kopje (So. Afr.). A hillock; knob.
Known to exist. A
vein or lode is (Standard)
known to exist when it could be dis- Korb (Ger.). See Corf, 1.
covered by anyone making a reason-
able and fair inspection of the prem- Koreg (Malay). A
stratum of com-
ises for the purpose of a location. pact yellow clay underlying tin-bear-
(Iron Silver Mining Co. v. Mike & ing gravel.
Starr, etc., Co., 143 United States, Koswite. A name derived from Mt
p. 403; Min. Stat, pp. 558-562)
Koswirasky, in the Urals, and given
Knox and Osborne furnace. A continu- by Duparc and Pearce to a melano-
ously working shaft furnace for cratic, granular rock composed of
roasting quicksilver ores, having the varieties of pyroxene, olivine, horn-
fireplace built in the masonry at one blende, chromiferous spinels, and
side. The fuel is wood. (Ray- magnetite; the last named constitut-
mond) ing a matrix or cement for the
others. (Kemp)
Knox hole. A circular drill hole with
two opposite vertical grooves which Koth. A namegiven by the Spaniards
direct the explosive power of the to an earthy, slimy substance eject-
blast (Perkins) ed from volcanoes in South America.
The natives call it Moya. (Humble)
Knox system. A system of separating
masses of rock by blasting with Kraal (So. Afr.). An enclosure or
black blasting powder in reamed stockade or pen for cattle or sheep.
drill holes, a considerable air space A hut or group of huts for native
being left between the charge and miners.
the stemming. (Bowles) Krablite. Ejected blocks from the vol-
Knuckle. The place on an incline cano of Krafla, in Iceland, which
where there is a sudden change in were regarded many years ago by
grade. (Harr) The top of a grade Forchhammer, usr^er the name bau-
or hill on a track over which mine lite,as a feldspar, of percentage in
cars are hauled (Richards v. Sloss- silica farbeyond that of albite. It
Sheffield Steel & Iron Co., 146 Ala- was soon shown by the microscope
bama, p. 256 41 Southern, p. 288.
;
to be an aggregate. (Kemp)
Koehler furnace. A revolving, cylin- Krassyk. A local name for a decom-
drical, muffle furnace used in Upper posed ferruginous schist; in the
Silesia. (Ingalls, p. 161) Berseov gold-mining district of the
Urals. (Kemp)
Koehler lamp. A naphtha-burning Kremnitz white. A pure white lead
flame safety lamp for use in gase-
made by treating litharge and lead
ous mines.
acetate with carbon dioxide, and
Koepe system. A system of hoisting formed into tablets. It is used in
without using drums, the rope be- fine painting. (Webster)
S82 GLOSSARY 05* MINIKG AKD MlKERAL INDUSTRY.

Krems. Saine as Kremnitz white, and all of its forms, including gla-
which see. cier ice; as, krystic geology. (Stand-
ard)
Krennerite. Orthorhombic telluride of
gold and silver. Composition varia- Kua. Specially shaped hoes used for
ble, (Au,Ag) Tea. At Cripple Creek working gravel in the sluice in
analysis gives gold 43.86 per cent, Japan. (Lock)
silver 0.46 per cent, tellurium 55.68
Kugel, The German word for ball or
per cent. (U. S. Geol. Surv.)
sphere, often prefixed to those ig-
Krohnke process. The treatment of neous rocks that show a spheroidal
silver ores preparatory to amalga- development, such as corsite, orbicu-
mation, by humid chloridization lar granite, etc. (Kemp)
with copper dichloride. (Raymond)
Kulaite. A name derived from the
Krupp ball An ore pulverizer
mill. Kula basin in Lydia, Asia Minor,
in which the grinding is done by proposed by H. S. Washington, for
chilled-iron or steel balls of various those rare basalts (there abundant)
sizes moving against each other and in which hornblende surpasses au-
the die ring, composed of five per- gite in amount. (Kemp)
forated spiral plates, each of, which
overlaps the next. The plates form
Kuli (India). Wages; hire. Also
spelled Culy. (Century)
steps which give the balls a drop
from one plate to the next, and in Kullaite. A name derived from the
addition, give space through which Swedish locality Kullen, and applied
oversize is returned. Outside the by A. Hennig to a dike-rock which
die plate is a coarse perforated is regarded as an intermediate type
screen to take the chief wear, while between the diabases and the gran-
outside that is fine gauze screens. ites. In a feldspathic groundmass
The fines discharge through these of ophitic (diabasic?) texture, are
Into the housing inside which the red phenocrysts of plagioclase and
screens revolve and which has a microcline. The groundmass has
hopper bottom. (Liddell) rods of oligoclase-andesine with
augite, orthoclase and titaniferous
Kruppize. To apply the Krupp hard-
ening process to, as armor plate. magnetite. (Kemp)
(Standard) Kunkur (Hind.). A nodular or tufa-
Krupp process. 1. See Krupp wash- ceons concretionary limestone, gen-
ing process. Called also Bell-Krupp erally of an ash-gray or dove-gray
process. (Webster) color ; occurs both in layers or beds,
often of considerable thickness and
2. A cementation-process designed
extent, and in detached nodular con-
for the hardening of surface steel, as
cretions of various size, imbedded
for armor plates, where the object
is to strengthen the outer portion of
in stife clay. (Oldham)
the mass from the surface toward Kunzite. A lilac-colored or pink spod-
the interior. (Standard) umene. Used as a gem. (U. S.
Geol. Surv.)
Krupp washing process. The removal
of silicon and phosphorus from Kupf ernickle ( Ger. ). Niccolite.
molten pig iron by running it into (Standard)
a Pernot furnace, lined with iron Kupferschiefer (Ger.). A dark-col-
oxides. Iron ore may also be added, ored shale of the Permian, worked
and the bath is agitated by rotation for copper, in Germany. (Standard)
for five to eight minutes only. See
Bell's dephosphorizing process. Kuskite. A name derived from the
(Raymond) Kuskokwin river, Alaska, and ap-
plied by J. E. Spurr to certain por-
Kryokonite. Dust of volcanic or cos- phyritic dikes, which cut Cretaceous
mic origin found on the ice and shales, and which have phenocrysts
snow of the polar regions. (Web- of quartz, scapolite, and probably
ster) basic plagioclase (the last now rep-
Krypton. An inert gaseous element resented by alteration products), in
of the argon group, occurring in the a groundmass of quartz, orthoclase,
air to the extent of about one vol- and muscovite. Compare Yentnite.
ume in one million. Symbol, Kr; (Kemp)
atomic weight, 82.92. (Webster) Kutch. In gold beating, a package of
Krystic. In geology, pertaining to or vellum leaves between which sheets
treating of the subject of ice as a of gold are placed for the first beat-
surface feature of the earth, in any ing. (Standard)
 ) ) ) ) ) ;

GLOSSARY OF MINING AND MINERAL INDUSTRY. 883

K otter's formula. A formula for esti- a reverberatory furnace in which the

the flow of water in rivers
niatirif; work is performed; also called the
and canals, and sometimes modified kitchen and the hearth. (Raymond)
for estimating the flow through long
laboratory furnace. A small, compact
pipes with low velocity and entrance
furnace such as the Bunsen burner
head. (Webster)
furnace or the blast gas-furnace.
Kyack. 1. (West. U. S.) A pack sack (Century)
to be swung on either side of a pack Laboreo (Sp.). Mining, or the act of
saddle. (Webster) mining. (Halse)
2. (Alaska) See Kayak.
Laborer. 1. A man hired by the con-
Kyanite. The same as Cyanite. (A.
tract miner to assist him. 2. Mine
F. Rogers) laborer; a man working for day
Kyanize. To treat wood by the proc- wages in or about a mine; a com-
ess of kyanizing. (Century) pany m<in distinguished from digger
or contractor. (Steel)
Kyanizing. A process for preventing
the decay of wood, by filling the Labores (Sp.). A
working place in a
pores with a solution of corrosive mine; a stall. L. alias, high work-
sublimate. ( Century ings, placers above water level L. 6, ;

cielo, an open-cut mine or quarry

Kyschtymite. A name derived from L. bajas, low workings; L. de cati-
the Kyschtym mining district of the tera, open-cast workings L. de ores- ;

Urals, and given by J. Morozewicz tdn, surface works (Lucas). L. de

to a rock consisting chiefly of anor- hacienda, all workings in a mine
thosite and corundum, with which
not let to tributers (Min. Jour.). L.
are associated biotite, spinel, zircon, por cuadros, pannel work L. por ;

apatite, and, as secondary minerals,

gradines, stoping; L. preparatories^
muscovite, chlorite, kaolin, and dead works L. subterraneas, under-
;

chromite. ( Kemp
ground workings. (Lucas)
Labradophjnric. Containing distinct
Laberinto (Sp. Am.). 1. Series of crystals of labradorite. Also called
Labradoritic. ( Standard
sand receptacles. (Lucas)
2. Confused, irregular workings. Labrador feldspar-stone. Same as Lab-
(Halse) radorite. ( Sta ndard
Labor. 1. (Sp.). Labor; work; a Labrador hornblende. Same as Hy-
•
working. This term is applied in persthene. ( Standard

mining to the work which is actually

going on, and to the spaces which Labradorite. A lime-soda feldspar.
have been dug out. It includes gal- See Feldspar and Moonstone. (U.
S. Geol. Surv.)
leries, cavities, and shafts. (Ray-
mond) Labrar (Sp.). 1. To work a mine. 2.
2. A Mexican land measure. ( Stand- To work metals. 3. To dress stones.
ard) (Halse)
Labor and improvements. Labor per- Labyrinth. 1. A series of canals
formed or improvements made for through which a stream of water is
development in such manner as to directed for sorting crushed ore ac-
facilitate the extraction of the met- cording to its specific gravity.
als, though such labor and improve- (Webster)
ments may not be on the particular 2. A pipe or chamber of many turn-
location itself. (Smelting Co. v. ings, for condensing vapors or
Kemp, 104 United States, p. 651; fumes, as of mercury. (Standard)
Jackson v. Robey, 109 United States,
p. 444; Justice Mln. Co. v. Barclay,
Laccolite. A laccolith.
82 Fed. Rept., p. 560 Anvil Hydrau-
; Laccolith; Laccolite. In geology, a
lic & Drainage Co. v. Code, 182 mass of intrusive Igneous rock, of
Fed. Rept, p. 206) approximately circular outline and
lenticular cross-section with a flat-
Laborant. A worker in a laboratory,
base, which has been forced between
as a chemist. (Webster)
strata so as to raise the overlying
Laborar (Port.). To work mines. beds in the form of a dome. (La
(Halse) Forge)
Laboratory. 1. A
place fitted up for Laces; Stoops; Nicks (Eng.). Lines
-hemical analysis, etc. 2. The space cut, with the point of a pick, on
•etween the fire and flue bridges of slickensides. (Hunt)
 ) ;

384 GLOSSARY OF MINING AND MINERAL INDUSTRY.

Lacing. 1. (No. Staff.) Timbers Ladle chaser. A man who distributes

placed across the tops of bars or
caps to secure the roof between the
timbers. Also called Lagging. 2.
Strips or light bars of wrouglit iron
bent over at the ends and wedged
between the bars and the roof.
(Gresley)
Lacolita (Sp.). Laccolith. (Dwight)
J-acustrine deposits. Deposits formed
in the bottom of lakes. (Roy. Com.)
ladder. 1. The arm which carries the
tumblers and bucket line of a
dredge. ( Weatherbe
8. An appliance of wood, metal, or
rope, consisting of two long side
pieces, usually parallel, with cross
pieces on which a person may step
on ascending or descending. (Web-
ster)
3. ( Som. ) A wooden slide with cross
bars on which hutches (boxes) run
in steep seams. (Gresley)
Ladder dredge. A dredge having
buckets carried on a ladder chain.
(Century)
Ladder lode. Transverse fractures
formed by the cooling of an erup-
tive dike and which have later be-
come filed with ore. (Vogt, p. 65)
Ladder sollar. A platform at the bot-
tom of each ladder in a series.
(Standard)
Ladder vein. Deposits filling short
transverse fissures sometimes occur-
ring in dikes of intrusive rocks
(Llndgren, p. 146). See also Ladder
lode.
Ladderway; Ladder road. The particu-
lar shaft, or compartment of a shaft,
containing ladders.
Lade. 1. (Scot.) A
load. 2.
ter course, ditch, or drain. 3.
mouth of a river. (Century)
Laded metal. Molten glass dipped
from a melting pot to a casting ta-
ble. Also called Gathered metal.
(Standard)
Lade hole (Leic). A shallow hole cut
In the floor to receive the drainage.
(Gresley)
Ladera. 1. (Sp.) Declivity. 2.
Side track. (Halse)
Lading hole. In glass making, an ori-
fice through which melted glass is
ladled or taken out by a cuvette.
(Standard)
Ladle. 1. A vessel int« which molten
metal is conveyed from the furnace
or crucible, and from which it is
poured into the molds. (Raymond)
2. In glass making, a cuvette.
(Standard)
hot metal in ladies to different oper-
ations, keeps the hot-metal crew
busy to prevent skulling of ladles
and delay at the mill. (Willcox)
Ladle furnace. A small furnace for
calcining or melting substances in
a ladle. (Standard)
Ladle-house man. See Ladle liner.
Ladle liner. A man who lines, with
brick, loam, and clay, ladle thimbles
of hot-metal cars. (Willcox)
Ladle skuller. A laborer who removes
rim and bottom skulls from hot-
metal ladle cars. (Willcox)
Ladrillera (Sp.). An iron or stone
mold for melting silver, to form the
bar or ingot. (Crofut)
Ladrillo (Sp.). Brick; L. de arcilla,
clay brick; L. de fuego, fire brick.
(Halse)
Ladr6n (Mex.). A robber. (Dwight)
Lafayette formation. A fluvioglacial
deposit of reddish siliceous sand,
from 40 to 200 feet thick, made in
the Pleistocene during the first gla-
cial retreat, over the Mississippi
Valley to the Gulf, and along the
Atlantic coast from Maryland to
South Carolina. Formerly called
Orange sand and Appomattox for-
mation. (Standard)
Lag. 1. To provide or cover with lags
as, to lag a boiler with a noncon-
ductor; to lag timbers in a mine
(Standard). See Lags; also Lag-
ging.
2. The time between a condition and
the record of that condition made by
A wa- any automatic recording device. 3.
The The amount of retardation of any-
thing, as of a valve in opening or
closing, or a metal fh recovering its
microstructure during a change in
temperature.
Laga; Lages (Braz.). Loose masses of
thin, flaggy rocks, considered as
an indication of manganese ore near
the surface. (Halse)
(Mex.) Lag bolt. See Lag screw.
Lagging. 1. Planks, slabs, or small
timbers placed over the caps or be-
hind the posts of the timbering, not
to carry the main weight, but to
form a ceiling or a wall, preventing
fragments of rock from falling
through. (Raymond)
2. Heavy planks or timbers used to
support the roof of a mine, or for
floors of working places, and for the
accumulation of rock and earth in
 ) ) ;

GLOSSARY OF MINING AND MINERAL INDUSTRY. 385

a stope. (Northern v. Boston & formed from its overflow. (Stand-

Montana, etc., Min. Co., 190 Fed. ard)
Kept, p. 722) 2. A pigment formed by absorbing
3. Long pieces of timbers closely animal, vegetal, or coal-tar coloring
fitted together and fastened to the matter, from an aqueous solution by
drum rings to form a surface for means of metallic bases. (Century)
the rope to wind on. (Steel)
Lake-bed placers (Alaska). Placers
4. The narrow strips supporting an
arch of masonry while in construc- accumulated in the beds of present
or ancient lakes; generally formed
tion. (Standard)
by landslides or glacial damming.
Lag machine. A machine for fashion- (U. S. Geol. Surv., Bull. 259, p. 33)
ing wooden lags or lagging. (Stand- Lake ore. See Bog iron ore.
ard)
Lake pitch.Asphalt from the Pitch
Lago (Sp.). A lake; L. salado, a salt Lake, Trinidad. It Is richer than
lake or marsh. (Halse) the land pitch in bituminous matter
Lagoon. 1. A marsh, shallow pond, or soluble in petroleum spirit (Ba-
lake, especially one into which the
con )
sea flows. (Thompson) Lam; Lamb (War.). A kind of fire
2. Adepression in the high, grass- clay. (Gresley)
covered table-lands of the western
Cordilleras of the United States; Lama (Mex.). 1. Literally, slime.
typically without outlet but not like The argentiferous mud which is
* kettle
holes in glacial deposits.
'
treated by any amalgamation proc-
3. The basin of an Italian hot ess; sometimes applied to tailings.
spring. ( Standard Mud in vein. (D wight)
2. Moist clay used by miners for
Lagre (Fr.). In sheet-glass manufac- sticking candles to their hats. 3.
ture, a sheet of perfectly smooth (Bol.) Rough pebbles forming a
glass, interposed between the flat- false bedrock to gold-bearing allu-
tening stone and the cylinder that vial deposits, and known locally as
is to be flattened. (Standard) lama-benches. (Halse)
Lags (Eng.). Long pieces of timber Lamb. See Lam.
closely fitted together and fastened
to oak curbs or rings forming part Lamb and slack (Canada). Refuse
of a drum used in sinking through coal. (Morine)
quicksand or soft ground. (Gres- Lambskin (Wales). Anthracite coal
ley) culm. (Century)
of inferior quality ;

Lag screw. 1. A heavy round-shanked Lame. 1. The bar to which the cut-
wood screw having usually a square ting edge of a chisel is attached.
head. 2. A flat-headed machine (Gresley)
screw by which to fasten wood lag- 2. Earthenware ; a potsherd. Varia-
ging, as on a curved surface.
tion of loam. (Standard)
(Standard)
LaBiellar. Composed of thin layers,
Laguna (Sp.). A lake or pond.
plates, scales, or lamellae; disposed
(Halse)
in layers like the leaves of a book.
Lagunato; Lagune (Mex.). A small (Standard)
lake. (Halse)
Lamellar-stellate. In mineralogy, hav-
Laid out (Newc). When a car or tub ing or consisting of lamellae ar-
contains an excess of small coal or ranged in groups resembling stars.
stones, it Is forfeited, or laid out by (Standard)
the miner. (Min. Jour.)
Lamero (Mex.). A slime pit. (Halse)
Laigh (Scot). Low, as laigh doors;
laigh lift; laigh side; laigh level. Lame-skirting (Newc). Widening a
( Barro wman passage by cutting coal from the
side of it (Raymond). Also called
Laired (Eng.). Choked with mud. Skipping or Slicing.
(Bainbridge)
Lametta (It). Foil or wire of gold,
Lake. 1. An inland body of water or
natural inclosed basin serving to silver or brass. (Standard)
drain the surrounding country, gen- L&mina (Sp.). 1. Thin plate or sheet
erally of considerable size and con- of metal. 2. A screen used In gold
nected with the sea by a stream milling. 3. A scale of gold. (Halse)
76242*~19 ^25
386 GLOSSARY OF MINING AND MINERAL INDUSTRY.

Laminable. Capable of being rolled Lampazo (Mex.). A sort of broom

or hammered Into thin sheets; as,
gold is the most laminable metal.
(Standard)
laminador (Sp.). A rolling
(Lucas)
Laminae. The thinnest separable lay-
ers or
sheets in stratified roclis,
whether (1) original planes of de-
position, parallel or oblique, to the
general stratification, or in
(2)
rarer usage, planes of cleavage
transverse to stratification.
ard)
Laminate. To beat, roll, or press into
thin sheets, as a metal. (Standard)
Laminating machine. A set of rolls or
any apparatus for making thin
plates of metal, as for rolling gold,
preliminary to beating. (Standard)
formed of green branches on the
end of a long stick, to dampen the
flame in a reverberatory furnace.
(D wight)
mill.
Lampblack. A product obtained di-
rectly from natural gas by burning
the latter under plates or rolls.
(Bacon)
Lamp cabin (Eng.). A place above
ground, or underground near the pit
bottom, where the safety lamps are
(Stand- repaired, cleaned, examined, lighted,
and locked, before being handed to
the workmen in cases where naked
lights are not allowed to be taken
from the bottom of the shaft. (G-,
C. Green well)
Lamp men. Cleaners, repairers, and
those who have charge of the safety
lamps at a colliery. (Gresley)

Laminating roller. The adjustable Lamp room. Same as Lamp cabin.

roller iu a rolling mill whereby the Lamprophyre. A general term, now
thickness of rolled metal sheets are used in a somewhat wider sense than
regulated. (Standard) as originally proposed by Giimbel,
Lamination. Fine sedimentation planes
who suggested it. Rosenbusch, in
the Massigen Gesteine, gave it its
within strata. (Lowe) present significance. Lamprophyres
Laming process. A
process for remov- are dike rocks of porphyritic tex-
ing hydrogen sulphide and carbon ture, whose predominant phenocrysts
dioxide from coal gas by passing it are the dark silicates, augite, horn-
over a mixture of ferric hydroxide, blende, or blotite. They are prac-
lime, and cinders or sawdust. (Web- tically basic dikes. The word means
ster) a shining rock, and was first applied
in 1874 to small dikes In the Flchtel-
Lamings (No. of Eng.). A collier's gebirge that were rich In blotlte.
term for accidents of almost every In a somewhat modified sense it has
description to men and boys working recently been employed by L. V.
in and about the mines (Gresley). Pirsson, as a single term for the basic
A variation of Lame, to cripple or 'complementary rocks' (see Com-
disable. plementary rocks), and as the anti-
thesis of oxyphyre, which applies to
Lammie. A brick swelled out of shape
the acidic complementary rocks of
in the kiln. (Standard)
an eruptive area. (Kemp)
Lamp. Any
device employing a flame,
incandescent wire, or the like, for
Lamprophyric. In petrology, of fine-
grained granophyric texture and
furnishing an artificial light, or a
characterized by phenocrysts of a
similar device for heating, as in lab-
oratory use (Standard). See also
dark silicate, such as blotite, horn-
Safety lamp.
blende, or augite. (La Forge)

Lampa (Sp.). Shovel. (Lucas)

Lamp stations (Eng.). Certain fixed
places in a mine at which safety
Lampadite, or cuprous manganese. A lamps are allowed to be opened and
variety of wad containing 4 to 18 relighted (Gresley). A lamp room.
per cent of oxide of copper, and
Lancashire bord-and-pillar system. See
often oxide of cobalt also. (Dana)
Bord-and-pillar method.
Lampan (Malay). An open-cut hill-
Lance. In founding, particularly In
side mine in which running water
casting bomb-shells, an iron rod
Is used to remove the ore.
piercing through the mold and the
Lampara ( Sp. ) . A lamp L. ; del core, for holding the latter firmly In
tninero, a miner's lamp L. de seguri-
; place during the casting. (Stand-
dadt a safety lamp. (Halse) ard)
 )

GLOSSARY OF MINING AND MINERAL INDUSTRY. 387

Lanoera (Mex.). An inclinecl stuU. Landing shaft (So. Wales). A shaft

(Dwight) through which coal is raised. ( Gres-
ley)
Lanche (Peru). A kind of timber
used in mines. Will last about 15 Land pebbles. A
Florida term for cer-
years. (Halse) tain phosphatic pebbles, as distin-
guished from river-pebble phos-
Land. 1. The exposed part of the phates. (Power)
earth's surface, as distinguished
from the submerged The Land pitch. Asphalt from the deposit
part. 2.
rural regions. 3. The plane surface
inTrinidad lying between the Pitch
bet\>'een the furrows of a millstone.
Lake and the sea coast. (Bacon)
(Century) Land plaster. Any earthy or rock gyp-
4. u'uitjst of Dean) Rising in the sum ground fine and used as a fer-
direction of the surface or outcrop- tilizer. (Standard)
ping. Workings to the rise of a
drainage level. (Gresley)
Land rock. See Phosphate rock; also
called Land pebbles.
Land asphalt. An inferior asphalt Landry box (Newc). A box at the
containing various impurities and top of a set of pumps into which
lacking cementing qualities from ;
the water is delivered (Raymond).
places outside of the Trinidad as-
See Launder.
phalt lake. (Power)
Land-sale (Eng.). Coal loaded into
Land chain. A surveyor's chain of 100
carts or wagons at the mine for
links.
local consumption. Also called Cart
Land compass. A surveyor's circum- trade. (Gresley)
ferentor, or compass. Land-sale colliery (No. of Eng.). A
Land district. A division, of a State or colliery situated in a remote dis-
Territory, created by law in wliich is trict being unconnected with rail,
located the land office for the dispo- canal, or sea, and generally work-
sition of the public lands therein. ing thin or inferior seams. (Gres-
(United States v. Smith, 11 Fed. ley)
Kept, p. 491) Landscape marble. An argillaceous
Land drainage. The
act or process of limestone presenting when polished
freeing land from water. (Century) representations of trees, rivers, and
fortifications, caused by the infiltra-
Lander (Eng.). The man who receives tions of oxide of iron. Also known
the loaded bucket or tub at the as Forest, River, or Fortification
mouth of the shaft (Gresley). Also marble, according to its markings.
called Banksman. (Power)
Lander's crook. A hoolc or tongs for Land sculpture. The carving out of
upsetting the bucket of hoisted rock. the superficial features of the earth's
(C. and M. M. P.) surface by natural causes, as shore-
Land fall. A land slide or land slip. waves, glaciers, and wind, and
(Century) chiefly by rain and running water.
Called also Earth sculpture. (Stand-
Land floe. A field of land ice. (Stand- ard)
ard)
Landshut (Prov. Eng.). A landslide,
Land ice. 1. Ice formed on the land,
or a landflood. (Standard)
2.Ice along the shore or fast be-
tween headlands, as distinguished Landslip. A portion of a hillside or
from floe ice. (Standard) sloping mass which becomes loosened
or detached, and slips down. (Old-
Landing. 1. A level stage for loading
or unloading a cage or skip. 2. The
ham) A
landslide.

top or bottom of a slope, shaft, or Landslip terrace. A short, rough-sur-

Inclined plane. (Steel) faced terrace resulting from the slip
3. A
platform from which to charge of a segment of a hill. (Standard)
a furnace. (Standard) Land surveying. The locating of
Landing box (Scot.). The box Into the boundaries, area, characteristics,
which a pump delivers water. (Bar- etc., of tracts of land. (Standard)
rowman Land weight (Lane). The pressure
Landings (So. Wales). C3oal sent to exerted by the subsidence of the
the surface; the output. (Gresley) cov«r or overburden. (Gresley)
 )

388 GL(3SSARY OF MINING AND MINERAL INDUSTRY.

Lane mill. A low-speed edge-roller Lapis ollaris. Soapstone, or talc, a

mill for fine crushing and amalga- hydrated silicate of magnesium.
mating gold ore crushed by rolls ( Century

and stamps. Similar to the Chilean

mill.
L&piz (Sp.). 1. Blacik lead, plumbago.
2. Black chalk; L. encarnado, red
Lang lay rope. A rope in which the chalk, red ocher. 3. A black lead
wires in each strand are twisted in pencil. (Halse)
the same direction as the strands
in the rope. (C. M. P.) Lapizar (Sp.). A plumbago (graphite)
mine or quarry. (Halse)
Langra (Bol.). A bunch or shoot of
rich tin ore. (Halse) Lappior (Corn.). A miner who dresses
refuse ore. (Min. Jour.)
Languedoc marble. A brilliant red or
scarlet marble blotched with white; Lapweld. To weld by overlapping the
from the Montague Noire, in the joints (Standard), as to lapweld
French Pyrenees. (Merrill) iron pipe.
Laques (Peru). Water in a vein, as in
Lantern. In founding, a core-barrel,
vugs, or druses. (Halse)
comparatively short for its diameter.
(Standard) Laramie group. A formation of the
Cretaceous and Eocene Tertiary.
Lanthanite. A mineral, La2(C08)s+ (Standard)
9H2O, occurring in thin tabular crys-
tals; also granular, earthy. Color Lardite. Agalmatolite. (Webster)
grayish white, pink, yellowish.
(Dana)
Lard stone. A kind of soft stone found
in China. See Agalmatolite. (Cen-
Lanthanum. A rare element allied to tury)
aluminum. Lead-gray and easily
oxidizable. Symbol, La; atomic
Large (Eng.). The largest lumps ot
coal sent to the surface, or all coal
weight, 139.0; specific gravity, 6.15.
which is hand-picked or does not
(Webster)
pass over screens; also the largest
Lanyon shield. An iron curtain, stiff- coal which passes over screens.
ened by ribs of angle iron, sus- (Gresley)
pended from trolley wheels running
on a rail parallel with and in front
Larget. A piece of iron cut from a
bar and ready to be heated and
of a zinc furnace. Its main purpose
rolled into a sheet about 14 pounds.
:
is to protect the worker from the
(Standard)
furnace heat. (Ingalls, p. 497)

One coil of rope upon a drum Larguero (Mex.). Cap or side piece in
Lap.
shaft timbering. (D wight)
or pulley. (Gresley)
Lap a (Braz.). Foot wall (Halse).
Larry; Lorry. A car to which an
1.
endless rope attached, fixed at the
is
Also a cut driven into the footwall.
inside end of the road, forming part
Lapidarist. A connoisseur of gems and of the appliance for taking up slack
precious stone, and the art of cut- rope. See Barney. 2. A car with a
ting and mounting them, (Webster) hopper bottom and adjustable chutes
who for feeding coke ovens. (Steel)
Lapidary. An artificer cuts,
polishes, and
engraves precious Lashing. Any of a number of planks
stones and gems. (Webster) nailed Inside of several frames or
Lapilli.Volcanic dust and small eject- sets in a shaft to keep them to-
ments, the results of explosive erup- gether; also called Listing. (Web-
tions. (Kemp) ster)

lapillif orm. Having the form of small Lasionite. Same as Wavellite. ( Stand-
stones. (Standard) ard)
Lapis-lazTili. A
translucent, rich ber- Lask; Lasque. A thin, flat diamond
lin-blue, azure-blue, violet-blue, or with a simple facet at the side.
greenish-blue stone used for orna- Called also Portrait stone. (Stand-
ment. It is a mixture of lazurite, ard)
haiiynite, and other blue minerals. Lassenite. Wadsworth's name for un-
(U. S. Geol. Surv.) altered, glassy trachytes. The name
Lapis-lazuli ware. A variety of Wedg- is derived from Lassen's Peak, Cal.
wood ware. See also Pebble ware. (Kemp)
 GLOSSARY OF MINING AND MINERAL INDUSTRY. 389

last lift (No. of Eng.). The last rib They are especially characteristic of
or iiid to come off a pillar. (Gres- the tropics. Though first applied to
ley) altered, basaltic rocks in India,
laterite has had in later years a gen-
Last of the air. 1. (Ark.) That part
eral application without regard to
of the air current which has passed
the character of the original rock.
tlirough all the workings of the mine
or split; the outtake air. 2. (Ark.)
Compare Saprolite. (Kemp)
The working place of a mine or split Lath. A
board or plank sharpened at
nearest the outtake of the air, or one end, like sheet piling, used in
which receives the last of the air roofing levels or in protecting the
current. (Steel) sides of a shaft through a stratum of
unstable earth (Webster). See Spill.
Latch. (Eng.) To make an under-
1.
ground survey with a dial and Lath door-set. A weak lath frame sur-
chain or to mark out iipon the sur-
; rounding a main doorframe,, the
face with the same instruments, the space between being for the inser-
position of the workings underneath, tion of spills. (Raymond)
(Gresley) Lathe! or Laith! (Mid.). " Lower the
2. (Scot.) A miry place. (Cen- cage !" or, " Lower more rope I"
tury) (Gresley)
Latches. 1. A synonym for Switch. Lath frame, or crib. A weak lath
Applied to the split rail and hinged frame, surrounding a main crib, the
switches. (McNeil) space between being for the inser-
2. Hinged switch-points, or short tion of piles. (Raymond)
pieces of rail that form rail cross-
ings. (Junction Min. Co. v. Ench, Laths (Corn.). The boards or lagging
111 Illinois App., p. 348, 1903) put behind a frame of timber. (Ray-
mond)
Latchings (Eng.). Diallings or sur-
veys made at a mine (Gresley). Latite. A name suggested by F. L.
tiee also Latch, 1. Ransome, for the rocks that are be-
tween the trachytes and andesites.
Latent heat. The thermal equivalent Latite is meant to be a broad family
of the energy expended in melting name and to include the effusive
a unit mass of a solid or vaporizing representatives of the plutonic mon-
a unit mass of a liquid or con-
;
zonites. Plagioclase and orthoclase
versely, the thermal equivalent of are both present in about equal
energy set free in the process of amounts augite, hornblende, biotite,
;

solidification or liquefaction. (Web- and olivine vary in relative amounts.

ster)
Lateral. 1. Belonging to the sides, or
to one side. (Roy. Com.)
2. A horizontal mine working.
Lateral cleavage. Cleavage parallel to
the lateral planes. (Webster)
Lateral crater. See Adventive crater.
Lateral moraine. A ridge of superficial
d6bris collected from higher cliffs,
on a lateral margin of a valley
glacier (Standard). See also Mo-
raine.
Lateral secretion. The tlieory that the
contents of a vein or lode are de-
rived from the adjacent wall rock.
(Ore Dep., p. 40)
Lateral stress. A stress at right an-
gles to the strain which produces it.
(Century)
The textures may be glassy, felsitic,
or porphyritic. The name is derived
from the Italian province of Latium
but was suggested by studies on
Table INItn., Tuolumne Co., Cal. Com-
pare Trachy-dolerite. Ciminite, Vul-
sinite, Monzonite. (Kemp)
Latitnd (Sp.). 1. The distance from
the P:]quator. 2. Breadth, width, or
total extension. (Halse)
Latitude. 1. Distance on the earth's
surface from the equator, measured
In degrees of the meridian. 2. In
surveying, the distance between two
lines drawn east and west through
the extremities of a course; northing
or southing. (Standard)
Laton (Mex.). Brass; L. bianco, Ger-
man silver ; L. en hojas, sheet brass.
(Halse)

Laterite. A name derived from the Latrines. Water-closets either fixed

Latin word for brick earth, and ap- or of a portable nature. The latter
plied many years ago to the red, are often maintained underground
residual soils, or surface products, for use of miners.
that have originated in situ from Latrobite. A
pink anortiiiLe from Lab-
the atmospheric weathering of rocks. rador. (Standard)
 )

390 GLOSSARY OF MINING AND MINERAL INDUSTRY.

Latten. Metal in thin sheets, espe earth's surface; also the same ma-
cially (and originally) brass, whicli terial by cooling. It is
solidified
in this form is called also Latten- commonly regarded as a molten
brass. (Standard) rock, but more exactly it is min-
eral matter dissblved in mineral
Latten brass. A
metallic compound
matter, the solution taking place at
into which scrap-brass and other in-
high temperatures only. (Webster)
gredients enter, and which is rolled
in thin plates. (Century) Lava cone. A volcanic cone composed
Laubanite. A hydrous calcium alumi- wholly of lava. (Daly, p. 135)
num sihcate, CaaAlsSiBOio+eilsO.
Lavadero (Mex.). 1. Literally, a wash-
Resembles stilbite. A snow-white
ing place. A tank with stirring ar-
mineral. (Dana)
rangement, to loosen the argentif-
Laughing gas. Nitrous oxide, N2O so
: erous mud from the patio, and dilute
called as when inhaled it usually it with water, so that the silver
produces exhilaration, which is fol- amalgam may have a chance to
lowed by insensibility. (Century) settle. An agitator. 2. Placer de-
Laumontite; Leonhardite; Caporcianite. posit. (Dwight)
A hydrous calcium aluminum sili- 3. Theact of washiiiir or dressing
ores. L. de oro, a gold- washer; an
cate, 4H20.CaO.Al203.4Si02. (Dana)
alluvial gold-wasliing. (Halse)
Laun. In ceramics, a fine silken sieve
Lavador (Mex.). 1. A rod, used la
through which clay is passed.
(Standard) drilling,to keep a wet hole clean.
The rod is made by striking the end
Launder. A trough, channel, or gutter, of a long fibrous stick against a
by which water is conveyed spe- ;
harder substance until it is flat and
mining, a chute or trough
cifically in soft (D wight)
for conveying powdered ore, or for 2. A man employed in cleansing
carrying water to or from the crush- amalgam; an ore-washer. (Flalse)
ing apparatus. (Standard)
Lava flow; Lava stream. stream of A
Laundry box. The box at the surface lava, whether flowing or congealed.
receiving the water pumped up from (Webster)
below. (Ihlseng)
Lava millstone. A hard, coarse, ba-
Laurdalite. A coasely crystalline va- saltic millstone from the neighbor-
riety of nephelite- syenite, that is ab- hood of the Rhine. (Webster)
normal in having for its feldspar
natron-orthoclase, rarely natron-mi- Lava pit. A crater that
Is visibly
croline, instead of the normal potash floored with massive lava, either
orthoclase. The dark silicates are liquid or solid. (Daly, p. 141)
biotite, diallage and olivine. ( Kemp Lavar. 1. (Sp.) To wash ores, etc.
Laiirentian. According to the U. S. 2. (Colom.) To collect and work
Geological Survey, the younger of the whole product of an alluvial
the two series of rocks comprised in mine. (Halse)
the Archean system, consisting of Lava streak. A dike of lava intersect-
Igneous rocks which in general ing other rocks. (Standard)
underlie, but are intruded into and
therefore younger than the rocks of Lavatic. Consisting of or resembling
the Keewatin series. Also the cor- lava. (Standard)
responding geologic epoch. (La Lavatorio; Lave (Mex.). In the patio
Forge) process, washing the torta. (Halse)
Laurvikite. A variety of augite- Lavatory. A place where gold is ob-
syenite that contains natron-ortho- tained by washing. (Standard)
clase as its chief feldspar and most
abundant mineral. The other com- Lava ware. Various coarse articles
ponents are rare plagioclase, pyrox- and utensils made from iron slag,
ene, biotite, barkevikite or arfved- resembling lava in appearance.
sonite, olivine, and magnetite. Be- (Standard)
sides microscopic accessorie's, nephe- Lave (Scot.). To raise water out of a
lite isoccasionally present. Compare hole with a shovel or the bands.
Pulaskite. (Kemp) (Barrowman)
Lava. A
general name for the molten
Lavic. Same as lavatic.
outpourings of volcanoes. (Kemp)
Fluid rock as that which issues Lavour (Fr.). A vat for washing
from a volcano or a fissure in the ore (Davies). See Buddie.
 GLOSSAKY OF MINING AND MINERAL INDUSTRY. 391

lavra (Brazil). A small alluvial Lay operator (Alaska). A miner who

washing. (Lock) takes a lease or "lay" on an alluvial
claim.
Lavrovite. A pyroxene, colored green
by vanadium. (Standard) Lay out (No. of Eng.). To set out or
put on one side, trams of coal, etc.,
Lawn. Same as I^aun. that have been improperly filled.
law (Gresley)
gravitation.
of The law, dis-
covered by Sir Isaac Newton, that Lazada ( Sp. ) . A slip knot A running
every body attracts every other body noose. (Halse)
with a force that varies directly as
the product of the masses of the two
Lazadores; Enlazadores (Mex.). Men
bodies under consideration and in-
formerly employed in recruiting In-
versely as the square of the distance
dians for work in the mines, by the
process of lassoing them. (Dwight)
between them. (Standard)
Law of mass action. The law that the Lazo (Sp.). 1. A bow; a slip knot
chemical action of a reacting sub- 2. Lasso; a light cord of fiber.
stance is proportional at any mo- (Halse)
ment to its active mass. (Webster) Lazuli. Same as Lapis lazuli.
Law of superposition. The law that
underlying strata must be older than
Lazulite. A
hydrous, aluminum phos-
phate, with varying proportions of
overlying strata where there has
been neither inversion nor over-
iron and magnesium,
(FeMg)-
thrust. Upon this law all geological
O.AI2O3.P2O5.H2O. The mineral is
azure blue, usually in pyramidal
chronology is based. (Standard)
crystals also massive. Used as an
;

Laxlte. Wadsworth's name

for the ornamental stone. (U. S. Qeol.
fragmental or mechanical rocks, Surv.)
especially when unconsolidated.
Lazulitic. Of, pertaining to, or having
(Kemp)
the characteristics of lazulite; ap-
Lay. 1. The direction, or length, of plied to rocks. (Standard)
twist of the wires and strands in a
rope. (C. M. P.) Lazurfeldspar. A blue variety of or-
2. (Prov. Eng.) A standard of fine- thoclase, found in Siberia. (Ches-
ness for metals. 3. To close or with- ter)
draw from work: said of collieries. Lazurite. A sodium aluminum silicate
(Standard) mineral containing sulphur, Na4(Na-
4. A share of profit specifically, in
;
S3AI) Ala (8104)3, a constituent of
whaling and sealing, the proportion- lapis lazuli. (Webster)
ate share of the profits of a voyage
which each officer or member of the Lazyback (So. Staff. ), The place at
crew receives (Century). This term the surface where coal is stacked for
has been introduced Into Alaska sale. (Raymond)
placer mining where it means a Lazy balk (Eng.). A timber placed at
lease worked on shares or royalty. the top of a hopper, against which
As a lay on No. 5 Glacier creek. the top of the car strikes in dump-
Lay-by (Joplin, Mo.). An under- ing, to prevent the car from falling
ground siding at or near a shaft for Into the hopper. (G. C. Green well)
storing empty mine cars.
Lazy kiln (Scot). A limekiln in
Lay day (Scot.). See Lie time. which the whole contents are cal-
cined and afterwards removed be-
Layer. A bed or stratum of rock.
fore refilling. (Barrowman)
(Buckley)
Leach. To wash or drain by percola-
Layered (No. of Eng.). Choked up tion. To dissolve minerals or metals
with sediment or mud. (Gresley)
out of the ore, as by the use of cyan-
Layme (Scot). Earthenware; lame. ide or chlorine solutions, acids, or
(Standard) water.
Lay operations (Alaska). Mining on Leach hole. A crevice created In land
a lease or "lay" on an alluvial claim, or rock by the action of leaching or
for which the operator pays the constant filtration; a hole or outlet
owner a royalty up to .50 per cent formed in land by the process of
on the gross output Compare percolation (Standard). Also called
Lay, 4, Sink, or Sink hole.

I
 ) )

392 GLOSSARY OF MINING AND MINERAL INDUSTRY.

Leaching. The process of separating for sinking through quicksand

or
metal from salts by treatment with gnivel. 2. (Som.) The
of a slip
a solvent (Skinner). See Lixivia- fault. 3. Any particular or con-
tion. stant bed or band of coal, ironstone,
etc., in connection with certain work-
Lead (pronounced Zeed). 1. Commonly able beds, serving as a datum line
used as a synonym for ledge or lode. in a mine. 4. (No. of Eng.) A back
Many mining location notices de- or fissure in a coal seam. (Gresley)
scribe the locator's claim as extend- 5. (Scot.) One who conducts the
ing a certain number of feet along putting down of a borehole. (Bar-
and so many feet on eacli side of the rownian)
" lode, lend, Thus
vein or ledge." 6. (Corn.) A small vein leading
Lead, S. Dak.,was so named because to a larger one. (Raymond)
of the Homestake " lead." Blind
lead: A lead or vein that does not Leader of the lode (Eng.). See
outcrop or show at the surface. Leader, 6.
Used especially at Virginia City, Nev. Lead fume. The fume escaping from
Compare Lode. 2. Properly, placer lead furnaces, and containing both
gravels. Blue lead: A Tertiary river volatilized and mechanically sus-
channel at Placerville, Cal. So pended metalliferous compounds.
called because of the bluish-gray (Raymond)
color of the gravels. Deep lead:
Gold-bearing gravels deeply covered Lead glance. Same as Galenite; lead
with debris or lava; applied particu- sulphide.
larly to those of Victoria, Australia. Lead glaze. See Lead, 2.
(Frank S. Hess). «S'ee also Lode.
3. (Penn.) A portion of a haulage Leadhillite. A
monoclinic mineral of a
system covered by a mule or by a yellowish or greenish color consist-
locomotive of a maximum distance ing of a sulphate and carbonate of
of. say, three-quarters of a mile. 4. lead, perhaps 4PbO.SO3.2CO2.HaO.
(Eng.) To haul or draw coal, etc.. (Dana)
either by animal or engine power. Leading (Aust). The unprofitable
(Gresley) gravel above gold-bearing sand.
Lead. 1. A metallic element, heavy, (Skinner)
pliable, and inelastic, having a Leading band (York.). A heading
bright, bluish color, but easily tar- about 18 yards wide driven to the
nished to a dull gray. Symbol, Pb; rise and between a pair of bord-
atomic weight, 207.20; specific grav- gates. (Gresley)
ity. 11.4. (Webster)
2. In ceramics, to glaze with pow- Leading bank (York.). A breadth of
dered metallic lead ore. (Standard) about 18 yards of coal taken out to
3. The amount a steam valve is open the rise between pairs of bordgates
when a reciprocating engine is on Leading frames (Eng,). In tunnel
dead center. work, frames formed to the contour
Leadage. The distance coal must be of the invert and the walls, to guide
hauled from the mine to its place of the bricklayers. ( Simms
shipment ( Standard Leading lengths. See Lengths.
Lead ash. The slag of lead. (Stand-
Leading man. See First man.
ard)
Leading (Scot).
place A working
Lead bath. A furnace in which gold or place in advance of the others, such
silver ores are smelted with lead. as a heading or a level. (Barrow-
(Standard) man)
Lead colic. A
violent form of intes- Leadings (1) (Derb.). Small sparry
tinal colic, associated with obstinate veins in the rock (Min. Jour.).
constipation, produced by chronic Same as Leader, 3.
lead poisoning. Painter's colic.
Leading winning (Aust). A heading
(Webster)
in advance of the ordinary bords
Lead encephalopathy. The medical (Powder). A leading bank.
term for lead poisoning. Leading wire. A cotton-covered cop-
Leader. 1. A cast- or wrought-iron per wire, usually No. 14 gauge, used
ring or shoe, bolted to the bottom for connecting the two free ends of
(often around the outside) of a the circuit of the electric blasting
brick cylinder, a wooden drum, or caps, in the blast, to the blasting
a wrought-lron cylinder when used machine. (Du Pont)
 ) )

GLOSSARY OF MINING AND MINERAL INDUSTRY. 393

lead lap. 1. A
gem-cutter's lap of Lease. 1. A contract for the posses-
lead, copper, or Iron also, the entire
; sionand profits of lands for a deter-
machine. (Standard) minate period, in consideration of a
2. In mechanics, a lap of lead recompense of rent. 2. The instru-
charged with emery and oil. (Web- ment by which such grant is made.
ster) 3. A piece of land leased for min-
ing purposes.
Lead luster. Lead oxide, used as a
glaze for ceramic ware. (Standard) Leaser. A Western colloquialism mean-
lead marcasite. A variety of sphaler- ing lessee.
ite, called by miners Blende, Mock
Lea stone (Lane). Laminated sand-
lead, or Mock ore.
stone. (Gresley)
lead mill. A
leaden disk charged with
emery for grinding gems. (Stand- Leat (Corn.). A watercourse. (Ray-
ard) mond)
Lead ocher. Massicot or lead mon- Leath (Derb.). The soft part of a
oxide, PbO. Massive, scaly, or vein. (Raymond)
earthy. Color yellow, reddish.
Leather bed (Mid.). A tough leather-
(Dana) like clayey substance in a fault slip,
Lead palsy. Paralysis due to lead composed of the crushed and frac-
poisoning. (Webster) tured ends of the coal measures.
(Gresley)
Lead paralysis. Paralysis resulting
from lead poisoning. (Standard) Leather jacket (Aust). A Ballarat
Lead poisoning. A morbid condition
name for clay occurring In cross-
produced by the cumulative intro-
courses. ( Power
duction of lead into the system. Leather A disk covered with
lap.
(Standard) leather for polishing gems. (Stand-
ard)
Lead reeve (Eng.). An officer before
whom aggrieved miners lodge their Leatherstone. A synonym for Moun-
complaints (Standard). A mine tain leather. (Chester)
foreman.
Leaving (Corn.). The mineral left
Lead spar. 1. (Corn.) Angleslte. after the good ore has been removed
(Raymond) ( Raymond ) Tail ings.
.

2. Cerusite (Standard).The term

" spar " is common among miners,
Le Blanc process. A process in which,
in the manufacture of sodium car-
and applies to any of the metallic
bonate (soda-ash), the sodium sul-
minerals which are cleavable and
lustrous.
phate, called salt coke (made by
heating salt with sulphuric acid), ia
Lead tree. A crystalline deposit of reduced to sodium sulphide by heat-
metallic lead on zinc that has been ing with charcoal and limestone,
placeil in a solution of acetate of which then yields the impure sodium
lead. (Standard) carbonate called blackball or blaoh-
ash. (Standard)
Lead vitriol. Same as Anglesite.
(Standard) Lecho (Sp.). 1. A bed bed of a river.
;

Lead works. A place where lead is ex- 2. A thin layer or stratum. 3. A

smelting mixture as distinguished
tracted from the ore. (Century)
from fuel. (Halse)
Leaf. A
very thin sheet or plate of
Lechoso (Mex.). Milky; a variety of
metal, as gold. (Standard)
opal. (Dwight)
Lean. Applied to poor ores, or those
containing a lower proportion of
Leek. A thick, stony clay. Called
metal than is usually worked. (Roy. also Lack or Leek clay. (Standard)
Com.) Leckstone. A granular variety of trap
Leap (Eng.). A dislocation of strata found In Scotland used for the bot-
;

by faulting. See Down-leap and toms of ovens. (Standard)

Up-leap. ( Gresley
Led (No. of Eng.). A spare tub, or
Leap ore. Tin ore of the poorest qual- one that is being loaded while an-
ity. (Standard) other Is being emptied. (Gresley)
Learies (Eng.). Empty places; old Lederite. A brown variety of titanltei
workings, (Bainbridge) (Standard)

h
 .

394 GLOSSARY OF MINING AND MINERAL INDUSTRY.

Ledge. In mining, ledge is a com-

1. Legs. 1. (Aust.) The two sides or
mon name In the Cordilleran region wings of a saddle reef or anticline.
for the lode or for any outcrop sup- (Power)
posed to be that of a mineral de- 2. The wires attached to and form-
posit or vein. It is frequentl;^ used ing a part of an electric blasting
to designate a quartz vein (Cen- cap. (Du Pont)
tury). A lode; a limited mass 3. The uprights of a set of mine
of rock bearing valuable mineral timbers. See also Leg piece.
(Webster). See also Vein.
2. The term ledge is ordinarily ap- Legua (Mex.). League; equal to 2.604
plied to several beds of rock occur- English miles or 4.19 kilometers.
ring in a quarry. In some instances, One square league is called sitio de
however, the term is applied to a ganado nuayor, and is equal to
single bed. (Buckley) 4338.1123 acres. (Dwlght)
Ledger (Eng.). Applied to the lower Lehm. Same as Loess. (Standard)
side of a vein. (Bainb ridge)
Lelp (Scot). See Lipe.
Ledge rock. The true bedrock; dis-
tinguished from bowlders or rock
Leito (Port.), Lecho (Sp.). Bed of a
that has been moved. (Standard) river. (Halse)

Ledger wall. Same as Footwall.

L6ninian earth. A variety of clay or
aluminous earth, so called from thft
Leelite. A flesh-red variety of ortho- Island of Lemnos in the ^gean Sea.
clase. (Standard) (Page)

Lee process. A process for shaping Lemnian reddle (Eng.). An ocher of

any of the softer metals or alloys, a deep-red color, occurring in con-
junction with the Lemnian earth,
by simply squeezing it cold through
or into a suitably shaped hole. and used as a pigment. (Page)
Called also Extrusion or Squirting Leiia (Mex.). Fuel wood. (Dwight)
process. (Webster)
Leiiador; Lenero (Mex.). Cutter, car-
Leer. A small furnace for annealing rier, or supplier of fuel wood.
flint glass. (Ure) (Dwight)
Leering. In glass making, the process Lencheon (Eng.). A shelf of thin rock
of treating in the annealing oven or in a mine shaft. (Bainbridge)
leer. (Standard)
Lengthening rod. A screwed exten-
Lee In geology, that side of gla-
side. sion rod for prolonging a well-boring
ciated rocks that looks away from auger or bit. (Standard)
the quarter whence the ice moves,
or moved, as indicated by rough and Length of shot. The depth of the hole
weathered surfaces: opposed to in which the powder is placed, or
Shock side or Stoss side. (Stand- the size of the block of coal to be
ard) loosened by a single blast measured
parallel with the hole. (Steel)
Leet. A stack of peat, properly 24 feet Lengths (Eng.). In tunnel construc-
long bv 12 feet wide and 12 feet high.
tion the successive sections in which
(Standard)
a tunnel is executed. Shaft lengths
Leg. 1. A prop of timber supporting are directly under the working
the end of a stull, or cap of a set shaft Side lengths are on each side
;

of timber. (Raymond) of the shaft length Leading lengths

;

2. (Eng.) A stone that has to be are prolongations of the tunnel from

wedged out from beneath a larger the side lengths; Junction lengths,
one. (Gr©6ley) which complete the portion of the
tunnel extending between two shafts,
Legal geology See Geology. or between a shaft and an entrance.
(Simms)
Legon (Sp.). A
small scraping shovel
or scraper used underground. Lengua (Colom.). That portion of
(Halse) gold which forms in the shape of a
tongue when panning. (Halse)
Leg piece. The upright timber that
supports the cap piece in a mine. Lengiiebuey ( Sp. Am. ) A tongue-
(C. and M. M. P.) shaped rock. (Lucas)
 GLOSSARY OF MINING AND MINERAL INDUSTRY. 395
tens, A body of ore or rock thick in Leppey (Eng.). Work that is easy,
the middle and thin at the edges; " soft, kind, and winable, without
similar to a double convex lens. any hardship, as boring, cutting,
See Lenticular. blasting," etc. (Hunt)
Lente (Sp.)* 1. Lens. 2. A lenticular Leptinlte; Leptynite. The French syn-
mass of rock or ore. (Halse) onym for granulite. See Granulite
(Kemp). Compare Whitestone, 2.
lenticle. A stratum or bed,
rock Leptoclase. Daubr6e's term for minor
whether large or small, which, from
fractures. (Power)
being thin at the edges, is more or
less lens-shaped. (Standard) leptometer. A specially constructed
viscometer, invented by Lepenau.
lenticular. Shaped approximately (Mitzakis)
convex lens. When a
like a double
mass of rock thins out from the
Leptomorphic. A term suggested by
Giimbel for crystallized substances
center to a thin edge all around, it is
that lack definite crystalline bor-
said to be lenticular in form (Roy.
ders, as the nephelite in many
Com.). See also Lens.
groundmasses. (Kemp)
Lenticule. A small lens-shaped body lestiwarite.A name proposed by Ro-
in a rock-mass. (Standard) senbusch for the aplitic dike-rocks
Lentille. An isolated mass of rock con- that accompany nephelite-syenites in
taining fossils of a fauna older than Norway and Finland. They are
the strata in which it occurs, though chiefly or almost entirely alkali feld-
of contemporary age with those spar, with very subordinate pyrox-
strata. (Winchell) ene or amphibole. They had been
previously called syenite-aplites by
Lentil. In geology, a lenticular sub- W. C. Brogger. Lestiwarite is de-
division of a formation. (La rived from the Finnish locality Lestl-
Forge) ware. (Kemp)
lentils. A short name for lenticular Leuchtenbergite. A variety of cli-
beds in a stratified series. (Kemp) nochlore, white, pale green, or yel-
Leopardite. A siliceous rock from lowish in color, containing little or
North Carolina, spotted with stains no iron; often resembles talc.
of manganese oxide. It is usually (Dana)
considered to be a quartz-porphyry. Leucite. A silicate of potassium and
(Kemp) aluminum, KA1( 8103)2. The name
Leopard rock. A local name in Canada, of the mineral is prefixed to names
applied to pegmatitic rocks that of many rocks that contain it, as,
are associated with the apatite veins leucite - absarokite, leucite-syenite,
of Ontario and Quebec. (Kemp) etc. (Kemp)
Leopoldi furnace. A furnace for roast-
Leucite-basalt. Basaltic rocks with
ing quicksilver ores, differing from
olivine, in which leucite replaces
the Bustamente in having a series of
plagioclase. (Kemp)
brick condensing chambers. Both Leucite-basanite. Basaltic rocks that
are intermittent, i. e., have to be contain both leucite and plagioclase.
charged and fired anew after each As contrasted with leucite-tephrites,
operation. The Californian inter- they contain olivine. (Kemp)
mittent furnace is a modification of Leucite-tephrite. Basaltic rocks with-
the Leopoldi, having the fireplace on out olivine, that contain both plagio-
the side. (Raymond) clase and leucite. Compare Leucite-
tepanto marble. A trade name given basanite. (Kemp)
to a gray marble enlivened by pink Leucitlc. Of, or pertaining to leucite;
and white fossils; from the Lower containing or resembling leucite.
Silurian, near Plattsburg, New York. (Century)
(Merrill)
Leucltite. Basaltic rocks without oli-
Lepidolite. A
light-colored (pearly, vine in which leucite replaces plagio-
rose-red, violet-gray, lilac, yellowish) c1 a s e . Compare Leucite-basalt
lithium-bearing mica. Contains (Kemp)
from 3.9 to 5.9 per cent lithia, LiaO. Leucitophyre. A name formerly used
Lepldomelane. A mineral, near blo- for the leucite rocks, but now by
tite, but charvicterized by the pres- common consent restricted to those
ence of a large amount of ferric iron. phonolites that contain both leucite
(Dana) and nephelite, (Kemp)
 ) )

896 GLOSSARY OF MINING AND MINERAL INDUSTRY.

teucochalcite. A hydrous arsenate of something with reference to a hori-

copper, usually found in white, or zontal line. (Webster)
pjreenisli, silky, needle-like crystals. 3. (Newc.) A gutter for the water
to run in. (Min, Jour.)
teucocratic. In petrology, character-
ized by the dominance of light-col- Level course (Scot). In the direction
ored minerals, like quartz, the feld- of the strike of the strata, or at
spars, and muscovite: said of some right angles to the dip and rise.
Igneous rocks and contrasted with (Barrowman)
melanocratic. (La Forge). Leuco-
Level-free. 1. (War.) Old coal or
cratic is derived from two Greek
words meaning "white prevails." ironstone workings at the outcrop,
worked by means of an adit driven
Leucopetrite. A
substance, between a into the hillside. (Gresley)
resin and wax in character, found in 2. A mine that discharges water by
a brown coal at Gesterwitz, near gravitation. (Roy)
Weissenfels; it crystallizes in white
Leveling. In surveying, the operation
needles from ether and boiling abso-
lute alcohol, and melts above 100° C.
of ascertaining the comparative
levels of different points of land, for
( Bacon
the purpose of laying out a grade,
Leucophyre. In petrology, a light-col- etc., by sighting through a leveling
ored, igneous rock.
felsitic, (La instrument at one point to a leveling
Forge). Originally applied by staff at another point. (Standard)
Giimbel in 1874 to light-colored dia-
bases whose feldspar was altered to Leveling instrument. A surveyor's
saussurite and whose augite had level bearing a telescope. (Stand-
largely changed to chlorite. Rosen- ard). See Level, 2.
busch restricts it to diabases poor Leveling pole, rod, staff. See Level
in plagioclase. The name means a rod.
light-colored or white porphyritic
rock, and has little claim to consid- Level rod. A graduated rod used in
eration either in etymology or ap- measuring the distance between
plication. (Kemp) points on the ground and the line of
sight of a leveling instrument.
leucopyrite. See LolUngite. (Webster)
Levantamlento (Sp.). 1. Elevation.
Level stones (Scot.). Stones on the
2. Anupheaval. 3. In coal mining,
surface of the ground indicating the
creep. (Halse)
direction of old levels underground.
levantar pianos (Sp.). To survey. (Barrowman)
(Dwight) Level tons (Eng.). A weight of min-
Levante. 1. Breast of a
(Mex.). eral in even tons, any odd cwts. not
stope. Al levante, overhand stoping. being taken into account. ( Gresley
(Dwight) Leveret skin. A
Japanese glaze ap-
2. The operation of taking up the
plied to ceramic ware, supposed to
tubes and lines of aludcles in order resemble a leveret's fur. (Stand-
to clean them out and collect the
ard)
mercury. (Halse)
Leverman. One who operates brakes,
Levanto (Peru). The removal of the or levers, at the top of an incline
mud heap, after standing for a week, plane. A brakeman.
following the addition of the mer-
cury. (Halse) Levigation. A rubbing down to a pow-
der. Levigation is distinguished
Levee. An embankment beside a river
from trituration by being done with
or stream or an arm of the sea, to
water, wliile the latter is the dry
prevent overflow. (Standard)
method. (Oldham)
Level. 1. A
horizontal passage or
Levitation. The act of rendering light
drift Into or in a mine. It is cus-
or buoyant, Latin, levitas, lightness,
tomary to work mines by levels at from levis, light. (Rickard)
regular intervals in depth, numbered
In their order below the adit or Lewis. An iron device in the shape of
drainage level, if there be one (Ray- a dove-tailed tenon, made of several
mond). Rarely applied to coal min- parts, inserted inti) a dove-tail mor-
ing. tise in a large stone, for the pur-
2. An Instrument for finding a hori- pose of attaching a hoisting appara-
lontal line or plane, or adjusting tus. (Standard)
 )

GLOSSABY OF MINING AND MINERAL INDUSTJRir, iJ97

lewis bolt. A wedge-shaped bolt fas- Libethenlte. An olive-green to dark

tened in a socket by pouring in green hydrous basic phosphate of
melted lead, and used in raising a copper, Cu8(P04)».Cu (OH),. (Dana)
heavy blocli, as of stone. (Stand-
ard). Compare Lewis pin.
Libollite. A
kind of asphalt occurring
near Libollo, in western Africa; it
resembles albertite. (Bacon)
Lewis hole. 1. A series of two or more
holes drilled as closely together as Libramiento (Sp.). Warrant for pay-
possible, but then conected by knock- ment for bars of gold or silver de-
ing out the thin partition between livered at the mint, or order for
them, forming thus one wide hole, funds. (Min. Jour.)
having its greatest diameter In a
Libranza (Sp.). A bill of exchange;
plane with the desired rift. Blasts
from such holes are wedgelike in a draft or check. (Halse)
their action, and by means of them Libreta (Sp.). 1. A
surveyor's note-
larger and better-shaped blocks can book. 2. L. de mina, a mine note-
be taken out than would otherwise book. (Halse)
be possible. (Merrill)
2. A dove-tail mortise, as in a block
Libre (Sp.). A book; L. de agrimen-
of stone, for attaching a lewis for 8or, a surveyor's field book. (Halse)
hoisting. ( Standard Lick. A
swampy area surrounding a
salt spring, the soil of which is
Lewis pin. A pin used for attachment
licked up by animals frequenting it.
to a key block. It is placed in a
(Oldham)
shallow drill hole with a wedge at
either side, and as the pin is larger Licuacion (Mex.). Liquation.
at the bottom than near the top, (Dwight)
when it is pulled upward it tends Lid. 1. (Eng.) A flat piece of wood
to tighten on the wedges, which pre-
placed between the end of a prop
vents it from slipping out. (Bowles)
or stempel and the rock. (Ray-
Ley (Sp.). 1. Literally, law; L. de mond )

minas, law of mines. 2. In mining, 2. Forest of Dean )

( The roof of an
.

the proportion of precious and other ironstone working. (Gresley)

metals in any mineral compound. 3. (Scot.). The cover or flap of a
Grade of ore (Dwight). L. de oro, valve. (Barrowman)
quantity of gold contained in the 4. A
cross-beam on an upright prop.
silver. L. de plata, quantity of sil- (Standard)
ver contained in the ore (Min. Lidded (Eng.). Applied to the con-
Jour.). L. media, average grade. tracted top of a pipe vein. (Bain-
bridge)
Ley de oro (Mex.). Properly the fine-
ness of the gold, but apparently also Lidstone (Forest of Dean). The roof-
applied to the assay-value of an ore. stone of an iron mine. (Gresley)
(Lock) Lie. 1. (Scot.) To become quiet or
Ley pewter. A low-grade pewter hav- inactive (Century). Said of a mine
ing an excessive proportion of lead. that is idle.

(Standard) 2. (Scot.)The line, direction, or

bearing as of a vein, lode, or fault.
Leys; Blue leys (Lane). Same as Lie! or Lie up! (Scot). In mine haul-
Bind, 1.
age, a command to stop. (Barrow-
Lherzollte. A variety of peridotite, man)
containing olivine, diopside, and an Liebenerlte - porphyry. Nephelite por-
orthorhombic pyroxene. (Kemp) phyry whose nephelite phenocrysts
are altered to muscovite. Its origi-
Lias. 1. The oldest and lowest of the
nal locality is near Predazzo, in the
series comprised in the Jurassic sys-
Tyrol. Compare Gieseckite - por-
tem of strata in Europe. (La Forge) phyry. (Kemp)
2.A lithographic stone. (Ure)
Lie days (Scot). See Lie time, 1.
Liassic. Belonging to the geological
subdivision of the Jurassic called the Liege furnace. See Belgian zinc fur-
Lias (Century). See Lias, 1. nace; also Belgian process.
Liber. An iron shaft by which a horse Lie key (Scot). A tool on which bor-
draws a number of cars in a coal ing rods are hung when being raised
mine (Standard). An erroneous or lowered In a borohola (Barrow-
spelling of " Limber," which see. man)
 )

898 GLOSSARY OF MINING AND MINERAL. INDUSTRY.

tie time. 1. (Scot.) The time for or nearly so and usually at about
making up accounts preceding each the floor level. (Du Pont)
pay day in which work has been 3. A molder's tool for handling sand.
done, but payment for which has to (Standard)
remain or lie over till next pay day.
(Barrowman) Lift hammer. See Tilt hammer.
2. (Scot.) A
period of rest or ces-
Lifting (Scot). Drawing hutches
sation from work during a shift or
(cars) out of the working places
turn. (Gresley)
into the main roads. (Gresley)
Ilevrite. See Ilvalte.
Lifting dog. A claw hook for grasp-
Life. When in cutting or getting coal ing a column of bore-rods while rais-
It makes a crackling or bursting ing or lowering them. (Raymond)
noise and works easily, it is said to
have life in it, or to be alive. (Gres- Lifting guard. Fencing placed around
ley) the mouth of a shaft, and lifted
out of the way by the ascending
Lift. 1. The vertical height traveled
cage. ( Steel
by a cage in a shaft. 2. The lift of
a pump is the vertical distance from Lifting set. A series of pumps or sets
the level of the water in the sump of pumps by which water is lifted
to the point of discharge. 3. The from the mine in successive stages
distance between the first level and (Standard). See Lift 5.
the surface, or between any two
levels. 4. Any of the various gang- Lifting wicket (So. Wales). See Lift-
ways from which cojil is raised at a ing guard.
slope colliery. The term originally Lift pump. A pump for lifting to Its
referred to the number of pump own level, as distinguished from a
lifts, but In the anthracite regions
force pump (Standard). A suction
Its significance has become broader. pump.
(Chance)
6. (Scot.) A set of pumps from the Liga (Mex.). Alloy; lead flux for
suction to the delivery box; the up- smelting dry ores; galena rich in
permost set is called the lift, the silver. (Dwight)
lowest the bottom or laigh lift.
(Barrowman) Ligar (Sp.). To alloy gold or silver
for coinage. (Halse)
6. (Aust.) A
taken olf a pillar
slice
when winning it (Power) Light coal (Scot) Candle coal; gas
7. A
certain thickness of coal worked coal, which see. (Barrowman)
in one operation. 8. (No. of Eng.)
Lightening. A peculiar brightening of
To clear gas out of a working place.
9. To creep, as when the floor rises
molten silver, indicating that maxi-
or lifts. 10. A broken jud. 11.
mum purity has been attained
(Penn.) A block of coal measuring (Standard). Occurs in cupellation.
three-quarters of a mile on the strike See Blick.
by 1,000 yards to the rise. 12. (For- Lighting. In metallurgy, annealing.
est of Dean) A rise in the price of (Standard)
coal or in miners' wages. 13. To
Light metal. A metal or alloy having
break up, bench, or blast coal from
a density of less than five times that
the bottom of the seam upward. 14.
of water. (Standard)
A certain vertical thickness of coal
seams and measures, having consid- Lightning explosion (Eng.). An ex-
erable inclination, between or in plosion of fire damp caused by an
which the workings are being car- electric current, during a thunder-
ried on to the rise, all the coal be- storm, entering a mine and ignit-
ing raised from one shaft bottom. ing the gas. (Gresley)
(Gresley)
Light, polarized. Light in which the
15. The plane approximately paral-
vibrations are in one plane.
lel with the floor of the quarry,
along which the stone is usually Light red silver ore. See Proustite.
split in quarrying. (Buckley) Light ruby silver. See Proustite.
Lifter. 1. (Eng.). The stem of iron Lignite. A brownish - black coal In
or wood attached to the stamp-head. which the alteration of vegetal
(Hunt) material has proceeded further thnn
2. Any of the boreholes for blast- in peat but not so far as sub-bitu-
ing that are drilled horizontally minous coal. (U. S. G€ol. Surv.)
 ) ) )

GLOSSARY OF MINING AND MINERAL INDUSTRY. 399

Ilgnltlo. Containing lignite. Lime cartridge. A charge or measured
quantity of compressed dry caustic
Llgnitic group. A
lignitlferous series lime made up into a cartridge and
of sands and clays of tlie Cretaceous used instead of gunpowder for
and Tertiary of the United States; breaking down coal. Water is ap-
the Laramie group (Standard). The plied to the cartridge, and the ex-
term is now obsolete. pansion breaks down the coal with-
out producing a flame. (Steel)
Llgnitiferous. Lignite-bearing. (Stand-
ard) Lime catcher. A filtering apparatus
Lignitize.To convert into lignite. for extracting calcium salts from the
(Ontury) feed water of a steam boiler, thus
preventing the deposit of scale in
Lignlto (Sp.). Lignite or brown coal. the boiler. (Standard)
(Halse)
Lime coal (Scot).
Small coal used
Ligurite. An apple-green variety of for burning lime, being one of the
titanite. (Standard) grades of coal in the east of Scot-
land in former times. (Barrow-
Likely. A belt of country or a lode is
man)
said to be likely when there are in-
dications of valuable minerals; op- Lime craig (Scot). Limestone rock in
posed to hungry. (Power) situ; the face of a limestone quarry.
( Barrowman
Lilin Kalulut (Malay). A wax used
by gold assayers. (Lock) Lime feldspar. See Anorthite.
Lima (Mex.). File. (Dwlght) Lime kiln. A
kiln or furnace in which
limestone or shells are burned and
Limadura (Sp.). 1. Act of filing. 2.
reduced to lime. (Webster)
filings. 3. Refined silver from the
patio process. 4. Silver amalgam in Lime man. One who attends to slak-
a finely divided condition. Floured ing lime, running lime water to vats
mercury. (Halse) beneath pig-machine molds at blast
furnaces, and operates lime sprays
Limb. 1. One
of the two parts of an
when the machine is running. (Will-
anticline or syncline on either side
cox)
of the axis. See Legs, 1. 2. The
graduated margin of an arc or circle Lime pit. 1. A limestone quarry. 2. A
in an instrument for measuring an- pit where lime is made. 3. A pit
gles. 3. The graduated staff of a where lime Is used, as in liming
leveling rod. (Webster) hides. ( Webster

Limber; Limmer (Eng.). A light, Lime powder. Air-slaked lime. (Web-

wooden or iron shaft for attaching ster)
pit ponies to the trams. (Gresley)
Lime process. The method of mining
Limburgite. A vitrophyric igneous coal by the use of the lime cartridge.
rock, resembling basalt, containing (Gresley)
olivine and augite in a glassy
groundmass. The name is derived
Limerickite.A very dark, violet oolitic
rock found in the meteorite of
from Limburg, a locality on the
Oschausk. ( Standard
Kaisersiuhl, a basaltic mountain in
Baden. It was suggested by Rosen- Lime rock. Any rock or stratum in
busch in 1872, and at the same time which limestone is a prominent in-
Boricky described similar rocks gredient (Standard). Limestone.
from Bohemia as magmabasalt. Limeshells (Scot). Calcined lime-
(Kemp) stone. (Barrowman)
Lime. An alkaline earth consisting of
the oxide of calcium. Artificially
Limestone. The general name for
sedimentary rocks composed essen-
made by calcining or burning lime- tially of calcium carbonate. (Kemp)
stone or marble. Lime made from
dolomitic limestone contains a con- Limestone meter. An instrument for
siderable percentage of magnesia, determining the proportion of cal-
and is slower setting (Frank L. careous matter in soils. (Century)
Hess)
Limestone sink. A depression in the
Lime burner. One who burns lime- land surface in a limestone region,
stone, etc^ to make lime. (Web- ©ften communicating with a cavern
Ktei- j or subterranean passage so that wa-
 )

400 GLOSSARY OF MINING AND MINERAL INDUSTRY.

ter running into it is lost. Called Lind coal. Charcoal made of the wood
also, Sink hole, Swallow hole. (Web- of the linden tree. (Century)
ster) Caused by the falling in of Lindero (Sp.). Boundary or limit of
the roof of a caye, due to the solu-
a claim or mine. (Halse)
tion and removal of limestone that
,

supported the overburden. Lindoite. A

quartz-bearing aplitic va-
riety of syenite (La Forge). Brog-
Lime uranite. See Uranite. ger's name for certain dike rocks, in
Lime wash. To wash with a solution the region of Kristiana. They have
of lime; to whitewash. (Webster) trachytic texture; are seldom and
then but slightly porphyritic are
Lime wavellite. An impure variety of
medium to coarsely crystalline in the
;

wavellite that contains calcium.

larger dikes possess light colors and
;
(Standard)
often lack dark-colored minerals.
Limmers (Newc). The shafts by When such are recognizable they are
which the horses draw mine cars. pyrite and chlorite. Ferriferous
(Min. Jour.). See also Limber. carbonates are present. Traces of
aegirite and of a dark, alkaline horn-
Limnite. A yellow ocher or brown
blende may be occasionally detected.
iron ore, containing more water than
(Kemp)
limonite. (Century)
Line. 1. The limit of a surface; a
Limo (Sp.). Slime; mud. (Halse) length without breadth; outline;
Limonite. Brown, hydrous oxide of contour. 2. The course in which
iron containing, when pure, 85.6 per anything proceeds, or which any one
cent of iron and 14.4 per cent of takes direction given or assured.
;

water. The mineral is earthy or of 3. A unit of length, equal to one

irregular form, never in distinct twelfth of an inch (Century). 4.
crystals. It is the usual product See Plumb line.
left behind in the oxidation of py- Linea (Sp.). A line; L. de lyase, a
rite, chalcopyrite and other iron-
base line in surveying; L. de de-
bearing minerals. See Brown iron marcacidn, a boundary line. (Halse)
ore.
Lined gold. Gold foil backed with
Limonitic. Consisting of limonite, or other metal. (Standard)
resembling it in appearance. (Cen-
tury) Lineman. 1. In surveying, a man who
carries the tape line or chain (Stand-
Limonitization. The process of alter- ard). Also called Chainman.
ing to, or supplying with, limonite. 2. One in charge of maintenance of
(Standard) light and power electric circuits at
Limp. A sheet-iron or wooden scraper, blast furnaces. Sometimes including
for removing poor ore from the top switchboard; usually an "inspector"
of a sieve (Standard). Spelled takes charge at the switchboard.
Limpeth in Derbyshire. (Willcox)
Limpeth. See Limp. Line of bearing. The direction of the
strike, or outcrop. (Thompson)
Limpia (Sp.). 1. Deads or low-grade
ore. Clearing out rubbish or
2. Line of dip. The line of greatest in-
waste from mine workings. ( Halse clination of a stratum to the hori-
zon. (Thompson)
Limpiador (Sp.). 1. An ore-sorter. 2.
A tool for cleaning a borehole. Line of force. A straight line through
(Halse) the point of application of a force
and in the direction of its action.
Limpio (Sp.). 1. Clean; free. 2.
(Century)
Cobbed or picked ore. (Halse)
Line of tunnel. The width marked by
Llmurite. A name for a rock consist-
the exterior lines or sides of a tun-
ing of axinite, pyroxene, amphibole,
nel. (Corning Tunnel, etc., Co., v.
quartz, titanite, calcite, pyrite, and
Pell, 1 Colorado, p. 510)
pyrrhotite. It occurs on the contact
of granite and limestone, although Liner (Leic). A bar put up between
formerly thought to be a member of two other bars to assist in carrying
the crystalline schists. (Kemp) the roof. (Gresley)
Linarite. A natural, hydrous, basic Lines. Plumb lines, not less than two
sulphate of lead and copper, PbO.- in number, hung from hooks driven
CuO.SO.H,0. (U. S. Geol. Surv.) in wooden plugs. A line drawn
 )

GLOSSARY OF MINING AND MINERAL INDUSTRY. 40i

through the center of the two Linsey (Lane). Strong bind; also
strings or wires, as the case maybe, streaky sandstone (Gresley). A
represents the bearing or course to kind of clay rock.
be driven on. (Steel)
The
Linternilla (Mex.). drum of a
Lingot. 1. An iron ingot-mold. 2. An horse whim. (Dwight)
ingot, orsomething resembling one. Lip. 1. (Mid.). The lower part of the
(Standard) roof of a gate-road near the face,
taken down as the face advances.
Lingote (Sp.). An ingot; a mass of
2. The edge of a front slip. (Gres-
gold or silver; L. de plomo, a pig of
ley)
lead. (Halse)
3. The digging edge of a dredge
Lining. 1. (Derb.) Clay ironstone in bucket. (Weatherbe, p. 145)
beds or bands. (Gresley)
2. The plank arranged against
Liparite. A synonym for Rhyolite,
and largely used among Europeans,
framed sets. (C. and M. M. P.)
though rhyolite is chiefly current in
2. (Newc.) Same as Dialling. (Ray-
America and England. The name is
mond) derived from the Lipari Islands, off
4. A protectingcoating on the boshes
the coast of Italy, where this rock is
of puddling furnaces, or on the in-
abundant. It was proposed by Jus-
terior of blast furnaces. (Standard)
tus Roth in 1861. (Kemp)
Xialng mark (Eng.). A drill liole in
the mine roof with a wooden plug
Lipe; Lype; Leip (Scot). A small
hitch or irregularity in the joints of
driven into it from which to hang
a coal seam. (Barrowman)
a plumb line. (G. C. Greenwell)
Lipey blaes (Scot.). Lumpy bind or
Lining sight. An instrument consist-
shale. (Gresley)
ing essentially of a plate with a lon-
gitudinal slot in the middle, and the Lipis (Sp.). Blue vitriol; copper sul-
means of suspending it vertically. phate. (Halse)
It is used in conjunction w^ith a
Lip of shaft (Eng.). The bottom edge
plumb line for directing the courses of a shaft circle where open to the
of underground drifts, headings, etc.
seam workings. (G. G. Greenwell)
(Webster)
Lip screen. A small screen or screen
Lining up a mine. In surveying, plac-
bars, placed at the draw hole of a
ing the sights for driving entries,
coal pocket to take out the fine coal.
drifts, or rooms nearer the working
(Steel)
face. (Steel)
Lipta (Peru and Bol.). Ash-colored or
Link. One of the links of a surveyor's
gray silver ores, accompanying tin,
chain and equal to 7.92 inches.
lodes. (Dwight)
(Webster)
Liquation; Eliquation. 1. Separating
Linked vein. A steplike vein in which an alloy by heating so as to melt
it
the ore follows one fissure for a
the more fusible of its ingredients,
short distance, then passes by a cross
but not the less fusible. (Raymond)
fissure to another nearly parallel,
2. As applied to the sulphur indus-
and so on. (S. F. Emmons) try, a method of recovering sulphur
Linnaeite; Cobalt pyrite. sulphide A by liquefying under pressure and
of cobalt, C03S4. A
part of the cobalt heat and drawing off the molten sul-
is nearly always replaced by nickel phur and allowing it to solidify.
and to a less extent by iron and cop-
per. (U. S. Geol. Surv.)
Liquation furnace. A furnace specially
adapted to liquation. (Century)
Linn and wool (Lane). Streaky gray
sandstone. ( Gresley
Liquation hearth. A hearth specially
adapted to liquation. (Century)
Linnets (Derb.). Oxidized lead ores. Liquefaction. The act or process of
(Raymond) liquefying, or of rendering or be-
Linophyre. A rock in which the pheno- coming liquid; reduction to a liquid
crysts are arranged in lines or state. (Century)
streaks. (Iddings, Igneous Rocks,
Liquid fuels. The liquid fuels most
p. 224)
frequently used are: Petroleum and
Linseed earth (Shrop.). A dark gray refinery residues, shale oil, tar from
clay suitable for making lire brick. the dry distillation of coal and wood,
(Gresley) the tor oils obtained by the distilla-
752^*- -19 26

V
 ;

402 GLOSSARY OF MINING AND MINERAL INDUsSTRY.

tion of coal tar, benzine, and dena- Lithical. A term proposed by U

tured, methylated, or wood alcohol. Fletcher for the finer, textural char-
(Bacon) acters of rocks, i. e., those for which
texture, as distinguished from struc-
tiroconite. A natural hydrous arse- ture, is employed above. Lithical,
nate of aluminum and copper, oc- from the Greek for stone, is con-
curring in bluish-green crystals. trasted with petrical, from the
(Chester) Greek for rock. (Kemp)
lis (Mex.). The flouring of mercury. Lithionite. Same as Lepidolite. A
(Dwight) lithia mica.

Liso (Colom.). 1. A slickenside. 2. Lithiophilite Triphylite.

; A phos-
A fault. 3. A slide. 4. The flat phate of iron, manganese and lithi-
and extensive face of a rock. um, Li(Fe,Mn)P04, varying from
(Halse) the bluish-gray triphylite with little
manganese to the salmon-pink or
Lissen (Eng.). A cleft in a rock.
clove-brown lithiophilite with but
(Century) little iron. (Dana)
List (Eng.). A mine inspector's term
for the schedule of particulars of
Lithiaphorite. A manganese mineral
near psilomelane, containing some
accidents. (Gresley)
lithium. (Chester)
Lista (Mex.). In the patio process, a
tail of impure mercury. (Halse)
Lithium. A soft, silver-white metallic
element of the alkali group, the
Listing. See Lashing. lightest metal known. Symbol, Li
atomic weight, 6.94 specific gravity*
In gem cutting, a wheel
;
List mill.
0,59. (Webster)
covered with list or cloth, on which
the gems are polished. (Standard) Lithoclase. Daubr^'s term for divi-
List pan. A
perforated skimmer for sional planes due to rupture.
skimming molten tin. (Standard) (Power)
List pot. In tin-plate manufacturing, Lithoclast. One who breaks stones.
the last of a series of five pots used (Century)
in coating the plates. (Standard)
Lithofracteur. Nitro-glycerine mixed
Listvenite. A
local name for a rock with siliceous earth, charcoal, so-
in the gold-mining district of Bere- dium and sometimes barium, nitrate,
sov, in the Urals. It is regarded as and sulphur. (Raymond)
a contact zone produced from dolo-
mite, and is a coarsely crystalline Lithogensy. The science of the origin
aggregate of magnesite, talc, quartz, of minerals and of the causes of
and limonite, pseudomorphic after their modes of occurrence. (Stand-
pyrite. (Kemp) ard)
Litchfieldite. A variety of nephelite Lithoglyph. A carving or engraving
syenite,whose chief feldspar is al- on a stone or gem; also, a stone or
bite and which differs therein from gem so engraved. (Standard)
normal nephelite syenite. (Kemp)
Liter; Litre. A measure of capacity in Lithoglyptics. The art of gem-cut-
ting; the cutting or engraving of
the metric system, being a cubic
precious stones or gems. (Stand-
decimeter, equal to 61.022 cubic
ard)
inches, or 0.880 imperial quart, or
0.908 U. S. dry quart, or 1.0567 U. S. Lithographic slate. See Lithographic
liquid quarts. It is equal to one stone.
kilogram of water at maximum
density. (Webster)
Lithographic stone. A fine-grained
homogeneous limestone suitable for
Litharge. liCad monoxide, PbO, made etching. (U. S. Geol. Surv.)
by heating lead moderately In a
current of air. It is straw-yellow,
Litholdal. Adescriptive term applied
to those groundmasses, especially of
and is used as a pigment, in mak- rhyolites, that are excessively finely
ing flint glass, and for glazing pot-
crystalline, like porcelain, as distin-
tery. Callled also Massicot (Stand-
guished from glassy varieties. The
ard). Also used in assaying.
English equivalent * stony is also '

Uthia mica. See Lepidolite. used. (Kemp)

 )

GLOSSAKY OF MINING AND MINERAL INDUSTRY. 403

tithtiogic. Pertaining to lithology, or Little tops (Aust.). A local name
the study of rocks. Pertaining given to a thin band of coal occur-
to rock character. See Petrology. ring above the main seam. (Power)
(Ransome)
Little winds. 1. (Corn.) A sump.
Lithologist. A student of or specialist 2. An underground shaft, sunk from
in lithology. (Standard) a horizontal drift (Pryce). A winze.
Lithology; Petrology. The study of Littoral. Of or pertaining to a shore.
rocks as such; a branch of geology A coastal region. (Webster)
much developed in recent years. By
making thin sections and examining Littoral rocks. Rocks composed of
them under the microscope the coarse material deposited within the
narure of a rock may be determined limits of the littoral zone, and so
as well for most purposes as by subjected to the winds and tides.
chemical analysis. (Roy. Com.) (Standard)
Ilthomarge. A smooth, compact va- Live. 'Charged with electricity' to
riety of common kaolin. (Dana) such a potential as to be in a con-
Lithophosphor. A mineral, as barite, dition to give a dangerous electric
that becomes phosphorescent when shock. (H. H. Clark)
heated. (Standard) Live load. In mechanics, a load that
Lithophyl. A petrified leaf or its im- is variable, in distinction to a con-
pression, or a stone containing such stant load. (C. and M. M. P.)
petrifaction. (Standard)
Live lode. A lode containing valuable
Lithophysa. In petrology a variety of minerals.
spherulite consisting of concentric,
roughly spherical or hemispherical Lively coal (Ark.). Small, and gen-
shells with thin vacant spaces be- erally hard
coal that may be
tween them (La Forge). Literally chipped cfiP In good-sized pieces
a "stone bubble," a name applied to while being undermined or sheared
those cellular cavities in acidic with a pick. (Steel)
lavas, obsidian, rhyolite, etc., that Live quartz. A variety of quartz usu-
have concentric walls, and that are ally associated with a valuable min-
caused by a special development of eral. (Ihlseng^
mineralizers at that particular
point. Liver opal. A synonym for Menilite
(Chester). A dull-gray opaque con-
tithopone. A
mixture of zinc sulphide cretionary opal.
and barium sulphate, prepared by
precipitation, and used extensively Liver ore. A liver-brown variety of
as a pigment; also used in the man- cuprite; also applied to a variety of
ufacture of linoleum, rubber tires, cinnabar. (Power)
etc. Liver pyrites. A massive form of iron
sulphide (raarcasite and sometimes
Lithosphere. In geology, broadly, the
also pyrite and pyrrhotite) having
solid globe of the earth, as con-
a dull liver-brown color. (Century)
trasted with the enveloping hydro-
sphere and atmosphere. Especially Liver rock. A variety of sandstone
the earth's crust the outermost por-
; which breaks or cuts as readily in
tion or shell of the globe, of un- one direction as in another. In other
known thickness, which is believed words, the working of the stone is
from direct observation or reason- not affected by stratification. (Mer-
able deduction to consist of solid rill)
rock, as distinguished from the un-
Liverstone. A variety of barite that
known bary sphere or centrosphere. gives off a fetid odor when rubbed
(La Forge)
or heated. (Century)
Litmus paper. A paper dipped into a Live steam. Steamfrom the
direct
solution of litmus, and u.sed to test
boiler, having power of ex-
its full
solutions in order to determine
whether they are acid or alkaline.
—
pansion, distinguished from ex-
haust steam, which has been de-
(Standard)
prived of its available energy.
Little giant. Ajointed iron nozzle ( Webster
used in hydraulic mining. See
Living rock. Rock in its original or
Giant. (Hanks)
native state or location; rock not
Uttlc Jap. See Rock drill quarried, (Webster)
 ) ) )

404 GLOSSARY OF MINING AND MINERAL INDUSTRY.

Livlngstonite. A natural mercury-an- Llave (Sp.). 1. A* key, or wrench.

timony sulphide, HsS.2Sb2S3. Resem- 2. Any
piece of mine timber. 3. Any
bles stibnite in form. Color lead- barren piece of ground left as a sup-
gray; streak red. (Dana) port in mines. (Halse)

Lixiviar (Sp.). To leach; lixiviate. Lleira (Sp.). A

place full of pebbles
(Lucas) or coarse gravel. (Halse)

Lixiviation. The separation of a solu- Llenadores (Braz.). Bucket fillers.

ble from an insoluble material by (Halse)

means of washing with a solvent Llicteria (Peru). A
Bolivian ore con-
(Raymond). Used in certain metal- taining lead, tin, zinc, and silver.
lurgical processes. See Augustin, (Dwight)
Patera, Russell, and Ziervogel proc-
Llimpi (Peru). Ores of red color, gen-
erally cinnabar. (Dwight)
Lizard. A forked piece of timber Llinqui (Peru). Sterile strata in al-
used as a stone sled; a stone-boat.
(Standard) luvial deposits, composed of argilla-
ceous material of glacial origin.
Lizard stone. A
kind of serpentine (Halse)
from Lizard Point, Cornwall, Eng-
land. (Webster) Load. 1. (Scot.) An old measure of
weight for coal. (Barrowman)
Lizote (Mex.). Quartz containing 2. The resistance, to a motor or en-
blue specks, and often rich in sil- gine, of the machinery that it drives,
ver. (Halse) apart from its own friction. 3.
Llamar (Mex.). To signal for the Downward pressure on a structure
cage or bucket. (D wight) caused by gravity alone (dead load)
or by gravity increased by the stress
Llampera (Chile). A deposit contain- of transverse motion (live load), as
ing ore in a fine or friable condition. in the case of a train crossing a
(Halse) bridge. ( Standard

Llamperos (Chile). Many small fis- Load dropper; Car dropper (Ark.). A
sures filled with copper ore, travers- l)ers()ii who runs loj.ded cars down
ing igneous rocks. (Halse) a gently inclined track, one at a
Llampu. (Bol.)
1. A thin layer time. ( Steel
{guia) formed of Isolated crystals Loaded track. A track used for loaded
of cassiterite in decomposed feld- mine cars. (Steel)
spar. (Halse)
2. (Peru) Fine ore passing through Loader. The man who loads coal at
(Pfordte) the working face after the coal has
i to I inch screen.
been shot down. He also keeps the
Llanca (Chile). A copper silicate.
working place in order. (Steel)
(Halse)
Loader-off (Eng.). A man who regu-
Llano (Sp.). A plain; land more or lates the sending out of the full
less horizontal with but few eleva-
cars from a longwall stall, or gate.
tions. (Halse) Gresley
(

Llanta (Sp.). The tire of a wheel.

Loading pick ( Eng. ) A pick for clean-
.

(Halse) (Bainbridge)
ing coal.
Llanura (Mex.). An extensive plain.
Loadings (Eng.). Pillars of masonry
(D wight) carrying a winding drum or pulley.
Llapa (Peru). 1. An
additional quan- (Gresley)
tity of 2. A gra-
mercury added. Load of ore (Derb.). At mines where
tuity given to a buyer. (Halse)
ore not weighed, a measure of 9
is
Llapar (Peru). To add quicksilver to dishes. See Dish, 1. (Mander)
the pulp when the amount already Load-out. To load coal o- rock that
added is in the condition of amal- is to be taken out of the mine.
gam. (Dwight) (Steel)
Uauca (Peru). 1. Taking down the Loadstone; Lodestone. A piece of mag-
vein, when softer than the wall, by
netite possessing polarity like a
using rods 7 to 10 feet long. The magnetic needle (Webster). Also
wall is subsequently taken down un- called Loadstar, Lodestar.
til ample working width is obtained.
2. A
black clay found in veins. Load stress. The stress produced by
(Halse) a load. (C. M. P.)
 )

GLOSSARY OF MINING AND MINERAL INDUSTRY. 405

Loam. 1. A potter's clay, containing of the extent and boundaries. (Pea- \

mica or iron ocher. An impure clay. body Gold Mining Co. v. Gold Hill
(Raymond) Mining Co., 97 Fed. Rept, p. 661; ^
2.Earthy matter composed of clay Smelting Co. v. Kemp, 104 United ,

and sand, enough of the latter be- States, p. 661; Del Monte Mining, -

ing present to counteract the coher- etc., (iJo. Last Chance Mining,
V.
ing property of the clay, or of par- etc., Co., 171 United States, p. 74;
ticles intermediate in size between Collins V. Bubb, 73 Fed. Rept., p.
those of clay and sand, as loess. 739) (Also U. S. Min. Stat, p. 51)
(Webster) 4. A place of residence or settle
3. In founding, a mixture of sand ment; a subdivision of a county
and clay, to which straw, horse (Webster)
dung, or other binding material is 5. A townsite in a mining or lumber-
frequently added. Used to make ing district.
molds for iron or brass castings.
Location survey. 1. See Location, 1.
(Standard)
2. Laying out the line of railroad
Loam beater. A
rammer used in mak- or canal, or the like.
ing a loam mold. (Standard) Location work. Labor required by law
Loam board. A founder's tool and to be done on mining claims within
templet used in making cores of 60 days of location, in order to es-
loam. (Century) tablish ownership (Weed). Sy-
nonymous with Assessment work.
Loam box. A container in which loam
isboiled in water by leading a steam Loch; Loch holes (Derb. and Wales).
pipe into the mixture. The mixture Large cavities in veins in which
is used in blast-furnace runners. spar is found (Power). See Vug.
(Willcox) Lock band. A course of bond stones
Loam cake. A
disk of dried loam used in masonry construction. (Webster)
to cover a loam mold, having holes Locked-wire rope. A rope w^ith a
through which melted metal is smooth cylindrical surface, the outer
poured and air escapes. (Standard) wires of which are drawn to such
Loam casting. A casting made in a shape that each one interlocks with
loam mold. (Standard) the other and the wires are disposed
in concentric layers about a wire
Loam mold. A founder's mold made core instead of in strands. Particu-
of loam, and usually requiring no larly adapted for haulage and rope-
pattern. ( Standard
transmission purposes. (C. M. P.)
Loam molding. The act or operation Lockout. Refusal of an employer to
of sweeping up a mold
in loam, by furnish work to employees, used
templates; distinguished from dry- as a means of coercion. Compare
sand molding. (Standard) Strike, 4. (Webster)
Lobbs (Eng.). Underground stnirs; Lock piece (Eng.). A piece of timber
also, applied to a vein irregular in for supporting the mine workings
descent. (Bainbridge) (Bainbridge). See Lock timber.
Lob of gold. A small but rich deposit Lock timber. An old plan of put-
of gold. (Skinner) ting in stull pieces in Cornwall and
Local metamorphism. Contact meta- Devon. The pieces were called lock
morphism, as distinguished from re- pieces. (Raymond)
gional metamorphism. (Kemp) Lodar; Enlodar (Sp.). To line wet
Locate. To mark out the boundaries blasting holes with clay. (Halse)
of a mining claim and establish the Lode (Corn.). Strictly a fissure in the
right of possession. (Skinner) country-rock filled with mineral;
Location. 1. The act of fixing the usually applied to metalliferous
boundaries of a mining claim, ac- lodes. In general miners' usage, a
cording to law. 2. The claim itself. lode, vein, or ledge is a tabular de-
(Raymond) posit of valuable mineral between
3.The steps taken by the locator to definite boundaries. Whether it be
indicate the place and extent of the a fissure formation or not is not al-
surface which he desires to acquire, ways known, and does not affect the
including the placing of a notice on legal title under the United States
the ground in some conspicuous po- Federal and local statutes and cus-
sition giving the name of the loca- toms relative to lodes. But it must
tor, with the requisite description not be a placer, i. e., it must consist
 )

406 GLOSSARY OF MINING AND MINERAL INDUSTRY.

of quartz or other rock in place, Lodestone. 1. Magnetic iron ore See

and bearing valuable mineral. (Ray- Loadstone. 2. Stone found in veins
mond) or lodes. (C. and M. M. P.)
As used by miners, before being
defined by any authority, the term Lode stoovan (Eng.)'. An open cutting
"lode" simply meant that formation toward a vein in rising ground.
by which the miner could be led or (Bainbridge)
guided. It is an alteration of the
verb "lead ; " and whatever the miner Lodestuflf. All the material contained
in a vein or lode, including gangue
could follow, expecting to find ore,
was his lode. Some formation and ore. (Standard)
within which he could find ore, and Lodge. 1. (Eng.) A subterranean
out of which he could not expect to reservoir for the drainage of the
find ore, was his lode. (Eureka mine made at the shaft bottom, in
Cons. Min. Co. v. Richmond Min. Co., the interior of the workings, or at
4 Sawyer, p. 311 8 Federal Cas., p.
;
different levels in the shaft (Gres-
819; Ambergris Min. Co. v. Day, 12 ley). Asump.
Idaho, p. 115; 85 Pacific, p. 109;
Harrington v. Chambers, 3 Utah, p.
2. (Scot.) A
cabin, at the mine
shaft, for workmen. (Barrowman)
94; 1 Pacific, p. 362.) Lode, as used 3. (Wales) See Piatt. 4. The room
by miners, is nearly synonymous or flat at the shaft into which the
with the term vein, as employed by pushers or trammers empty their
geologists. The word should not be
loads. (Standard)
used for a flat or stratified mnss.
See Ledge, 1, Lead, 1, Fissure, Fis- Lodge moraine. A kind of terminal
sure vein. Vein. (Additional cases moraine consisting of material
are cited in U. S. Min. Stat, p. 44) pushed along by the glacier but fall-
Lode claim. See Vein claim. ing short of its front. (Standard)

Lode country. See Ore channel. Lodgment (Scot). See Sump, also
Lodge.
Loded. Magnetized by a lodestone.
(Standard) Lodgment level (Scot). A room
driven from a level a short distance
Lode mining-claim. A mining claim to the dip and used for storage of
including a lode, fissure, or fissure
water (Barrowman). A sump.
vein. In the United States the maxi-
mum length along the lode or vein Lodo (Sp.). Mud or slime. (Halse)
is 1,500 feet and the maximum width
Loess. In geology, a yellowish, fine-
Is 600 feet.
grained, slightly calcareous, loamy
A tract of land with defined sur-
clay, commonly unstratified but hav-
face boundaries, including all lodes,
ing some vertical jointing, believed
veins, and ledges throughout their to be a deposit of wind-blown dust
entire depth, the top or apex of
(La Forge). The name is a German
which lies inside of vertical planes word, akin to " loose," and appears
extended downward through the to have been first applied geologi-
surface boundary lines, although cally in the Rhine valley. (Kemp)
such veins in their downward qourse
may extend outside of the vertical Loess kindchen. A spheroidal or Irreg-
side planes of the surface location. ular nodule of calcium carbonate
(Paul Cragnaz, 25 Nevada, p.
V. found in loess. (Standard)
327.) The
extension of inclined
Lofthead (No. Staff.). A cavity, in
veins beyond the side lines has re-
a mine roof, produced by a fall.
sulted in much litigation. In Mex-
( Gresley
ico a claim is 100 meters square,
and is bounded by vertical planes Lofting. 1. (So. Wales) An old or
through the surface lines. See disused heading over the top of an-
Claim Mining claim.
; other one. 2. (No. of Eng.) See
In some mining districts, as Bis- Lacing, 1. (Gresley)
bee, Arizona, the operating com- 3. (Scot) Wood filling up vacant
panies have entered into mutual con- space on top of crowns or gears.
tracts, specifically eliminating extra- (Barrowman)
lateral rights, and defining under- 4. Timbers, usually old, laid across
ground property rights by downward the caps of steel frames or sets in
vertical planes through the surface a working to support the roof.
boundaries. (Webster)
Lode plot A horizontal lode. (Skin- Lofty tin (Corn.). Large and rougb
ner) tin ore. (Da vies)
 GLOSSARY OF MINTING AKD MINERAL INDUSTRlf. 407
tog. 1. (So. Staff.) A balance- London clay. A geological formation
weight near the end of the hoisting- near London, England. It has a
rope of a shaft to prevent Its run- maximum thickness of about 500
ning back over the pulley. (Ray- feet. (Century)
mond) London white. White
The lead. (Standi
2. (No. Staff.) See Dolly, 2. 3.
ard)
record of an engine, boiler, or other
trial, in which a series of observa- Long clay. Clay possessing a high
tions have been taken (Webster). degree of plasticity. (Century)
Also the record of a drillhole, as
Longitude. 1. Distance east or west
the log of an oil well.
on the earth's surface, measured
Loggan stone (Eng.). A weather-worn by the angle which the meridian
block so finely balanced on its pivot- through a place makes with some
like base that a very ordinary force standard meridian as that of Green-
suffices to make it log, or rock from wich or Paris. 2. In surveying, the
side to side. Properly Logging stone, distance between two lines drawn
and perhaps better known as Rock- north and south through the ex-
Ing-stone. (Page) tremities of a course; easting or
westing. (Standard)
Logged Supported by trees, props,
Tip.
or puncheons. (Gresley) Longitudinal fault. See Fault.
Logging. The business and of cutting Longmaid process. Sec Henderson
getting out logs or timber from a process.
forest (Century). Often closely as- Long pay (So. Wales). A system of
sociated with mining for the pur- paying wages. (Gresley)
pose of obtaining mine timbers.
Long-pillar work. A system of work-
Logging stone. See Loggan stone. ing coal seams in three separate op-
erations: (a) Large pillars are left.
Log washer. A slightly slanting trough
in which revolves a thick shaft or
(&) A number of parallel headings
carrying blades obliquely set to are driven through the block and ;
log,
(c) the ribs or narrow pillars are
the axis. Ore is fed in at the lower
end, water at the upper. The blades
worked away in both directions. (C.
slowly convey the lumps of ore up-
and M. M. P.)
ward against the current while any Long torn. An inclined trough in
adhering clay is gradually disinte- which gold-bearing earth or gravel
grated and floated out the lower end. is crudely washed. It is longer than
(Liddell) a rocker. (Webster)
Lohmannizing. A
process by which a Long ton. A ton of 2,240 avoirdupois
protective zinc coating is amalga- pounds. Equal to 1,016.06 kilograms.
mated to a base-metal sheet. (Lid- (Webster)
dell)
Longues tailles (Fr.). Same as Long-
Loisean furnace. A gas-fired furnace wall.
for the distillation of zinc ores. (In-
galls, p. 446)
Longwall. A system of working a
seam of coal in which the whole
Lokie (Penn.). A local term for loco- seam is taken out and no pillars
motive. left, excepting the shaft pillars, and

Lollingite. Essentially iron diarsen- sometimes the main-road pillars.

FeAs2, but passing into FesASi. Longwall advancing, mining the
ide,
coal outward from the shaft pillar
Closely related to arsenopyrite or
raispickel. (Dana) and maintaining roadways through
the worked-out portion of the mine.
Loma (Sp.).A long, comparatively Longwall retreating, lirst driving
narrow, somewhat flat-topped moun- haulage road and airways to the
tain ridge, or ridge of hills. (Stand- boundary of a tract of coal and then
ard) mining it in a single face without
Lombong (Malay). An open-pit mine pillars back toward the shaft
(Steel). Also known as Longwork,
in a valley.
Shropshire method, Combinatior.
lomerio (Sp.). A series of lomas. longwall and Nottingiam or Barry
(Dwight) See Loma. system.
Lomonite. Same as Laumontite. Longwall stope. See F»^it-b£ck stope.
(Standard) Longwall stoping. See Ov«rtiua<i
Lena (Mex.). Canvas, (Dwight) sloping.
408 GLOSSARY OF MINIITG AND MINERAL INDUSTR^f.
Long weight. See Long ton.
Longwork. See Long\^-all.
Loob; Loohs (Corn.). The clayey or
slimy portion washed out of tin ore
in dressing. (Raymond)
looking (No. Staff.). Examining the
unwalled sides of a shaft. (Gres-
ley)
Lool. A vessel to receive ore washings.
(Standard)
£oop. 1. See Loup, 1 and D-Link. 2.
A sling at the end of a hoisting rope.
Loop drag. An eye at the end of a
rod through which tow is passed for
cleaning boreholes. (Raymond)
looping. The fusing of ore into a
mass when the ore is only heated
for calcination (Standard). Com-
pare Loup, 1.
Loors
(Corn.). Refuse sludge from
washing tin ore. (Webster)
Loose (Eng.). 1. Applied to a work-
ing place to denote that it is open
—
at both sides that is, that the coal
has been previously removed at both
sides. "Loose at an end," or "loose
at one side," denotes that the coal
has been worked or mined at one
side. 2. The end of a shift or of
the day's work is spoken of as "Loos-
ing time," or "Loose," or "Kenner ;"
and when the workmen leave, the
pit is said to be "loosed out." (Red-
mayne)
Loose-end. 1. A gangway in longwall
working, driven so that one side is
solid ground while the other opens
upon old workings. See Fast-end.
(Raymond)
2. Coal prepared by cutting, or that
coal which is certain to be loosened
by a shot. (Steel)
3. The limit of a stall next to the
goaf, or where the adjoining stall is
In advance. (Gresley)
Loose needle. Same as Dial.
Loosening bar. An implement for loos-
ening a pattern from a sand mold.
(Standard)
Loose rails (Aust.). Rails that can
be lifted and placed across a perma-
nent line when desired to run skips
across it (Power)
Loosing ( So. Staff. ) . Lowering a cage,
etc.. into a shaft or pit. (Gresley)
Lord (Corn.;, Landlord; the owner
of the soil or mineral, to whom rent
JIT royalty is payable. (Da vies)
Lordship. 1. (Scot.) A mineral prop^
erty. (Barrowman)
2. (Scot.) Royalty or acreage rent.
(Gresley)
Lord's mear (Eng.). The portion of
ore that belongs to the owner of
the land. (Hunt)
Lorry. (York.)
1. A movable bridge
over a shaft top upon which the
bucket is placed after it is brought
up for emptying. (Gresley)
2- A car used on mine tramways, or
at coke ovens. See Larry.
3. A long wagon having a low plat-
form and four small wheels. (Stand-
ard)
Lorry track. In coke making, a car
track laid, in block ovens, between
the two parallel lines of ovens com-
posing a block; and in bank-ovens
just back of a single row of ovens
composing the bank. (Century)
Losa. 1.(Sp.) A flat stone; a flag-
stone. (Chile) 2.A mass of rock
about 20 feet thick formed of frag-
ments of recent shells and pebbles
firmly cemented together. (Halse)
Lose. 1. (Eng.) To work a seam of
coal, etc., up to where it dies out or
is faulted out of sight. This is
called " losing the coal." 2. To be un-
able to work out a pillar on account
of thrust, creep, gob fire, etc. 3. A
pit shaft is said to be " lost " when it
has run in or collapsed beyond re-
covery. (Gresley)
Losero. 1. (Sp.) A flagstone quarry.
2. (Mex.) At Guanajuato, sand-
stone quarries yielding a beautiful,
colored stone for building purposes.
(Halse)
Losing-iron. See Furnace losing-iron.
Lost level (Corn). A level or gallery
driven with an unnecessarily great
departure from the horizontal.
(Raymond)
Lost river. In geology, a river that,
by a secular increase in aridity, at
first periodically in the driest sea-
son, and at last permanently, has
lost its trunk, its remnental de-
tached tributaries losing themselves
in the arid ground. (Standard)
Lost-wax process. A process of exe-
cuting bronze casting by casing a
wax model with plaster and after-
ward melting out the wax. (Stand-
ard)
Lot (Eng.). The lord's (land owner)
dues; a royalty. (Bainbridge)
 )

GLOSSAKY OF MINING AND MINERAL INDUSTRY. 409

Lougrh. 1, (Lane.) An irregular cav- Low level; Laigh level (Scot), The
ity in an iron mine. (Gresley) drift or working which is furthest
2. A lake in Ireland. (Century) to the dip. (Barrowman)
Lonpk 1. The pasty mass of iron pro- Low lift; Laigh lift (Scot.). The low-
duced in a bloomery or puddling fur- est set in a system of pumps. (Bar-
nace. See Puddle-ball. (Raymond) rowman)
2. (Scot.) Slip or fault. (Barrow-
man) Low powders. Explosives containing
a small proportion of nitroglycerin
Low. (No. of Eng.)
1. A candle or and a base similar to blasting pow-
other naked light carried by a miner. der. Intermediate between blasting
Also spelled Lowe. powder and dynamite in action. (Du
2. (Forest of Dean) See Horse, 1 Pont). See Low-grade, 1.
and 2.
3.Not high in upward extent; hav- Lowse (Scot.). To cease working.
ing little vertical extension, as a "The lowsed,"
pit's i. work has
e.,

low roof in a mine. 4. Lying below ceased for the day (Barrowman).
the natural or general level, as a low Compare Loose, 2.
valley.
Low steel. Steel low in carbon, and
Low blast. A blast delivered to a hence comparatively tough and soft,
smelting furnace at low pressure. and usually not susceptible of hard-
(Standard) ening or tempering. (Standard)
Low coal. Coal occurring in a thin Low-terrace drift (Aust). Gravel and
seam or bed. (Steel) shingle in terraces. (Century)
Low doors (Scot.). The lowest of two Loxoclase. An orthoclase containing
or more landings in a shaft. (Bar- considerable sodium. (Webster)
rowman)
Lowe (Newc). A light. A "piece of Loza. L (Sp.) Pottery. 2. (Peru)

lowe" is part of a candle. (Ray- Bedrock in alluvial mines. (Halse)

mond). See also Low, 1. Liibricante ( Mex. ). Lubricant.
Lower leaf (Scot). The lower por- (D wight)
tion of a seam of coal that is worked
in two sections or leaves. (Bar- Lubricites. A word
used by M. E.
rowman Wads worth to include all mineral
lubricants or antifriction materials.
Lowe rope (No. of Eng.). A piece of (Power)
rope used as a torch. (Gresley)
Low explosives. A term sometimes Luce and Rozan process. A modifica-
used to designate explosives that tion of the Pattinson process where-
do not detonate, as blasting pow- by the molten lead is stirred by the
der, in distinction to high explosives, injection of steam. Used in desil-
such as dynamite. (Du Pont) verizing base bullion. (Hofman, p.
Low-freezing dynamite. A dynamite 418)
so made that its freezing point is
Liiciite. Chelius' name from the Luci-
below that of such dynamites as con-
berg in Hesse, for finely crystalline,
tain only nitroglycerin and an active
diorite dikes, whose minerals are
base and which have a normal
xenomorphic. (Kemp)
freezing point of about 45° F. Low-
freezing dynamites do not freeze Luckhart furnace. A continuously
until temperatures below 32° F, are working shaft furnace for roasting
reached, and even then only after quicksilver ores, having the fireplace
prolonged exposure. (Du Pont) in the shaft at the bottom, protected
Low-grade. An
arbitrary designa-
1. by a cast-iron roof. The fuel is

tion of dynamites of less strength wood. (Raymond)

than 40 per cent. It has no bearing Luckite. A vitreous green variety of
on the quality of the materials, as melanterite in which part of the iron
they are of as great purity and high
is replaced by manganese, (MnFe^
quality as the ingredients in a so-
SO*. 7HjO, that crystallizes in the
called high-grade explosive. (Du monoclinic system. (Standard)
Pont)
2. A term applied to ores relatively Lucullite. A
variety of marble, col-
poor in the metal for which they are ored black by carbon, anil obtained
mined; lean ore. from Egypt (Webster)
410 GLOSSARY OF MINING AND MINERAL INDUSTRY.

Lue (Prov. Eng.). To sift: a miner's Lurry. 1. (York.) A weighted tram

term. (Standard) to which an endless rope is attached,
fixed at the inbye end of the plane,
Lum. 1. A chimney over an upcast
forming part of an appliance for
shaft to increase the draft. (Ray-
taking up the slaqk rope. 2. A mov-
mond) able platform on wheels, the top of
2. (Derb.) A basin or natural
which is level with the bank or sur-
swamp a coal seam, often extend-
in
face. It is run over the mouth of
ing several hundred yards. (Gres-
a shaft to receive the bucket when
ley)
3. (Eng.) An area of softness in a
it reaches the top (Gresley). A
variation of Lorry, 3.
coal seam. (Webster)
4. (Scot.) A
fall of roof in which the Luster. 1. The character of the light
brealftige of the rock extends in a reflected by minerals; it constitutes
conical form to a considerable one of the means of distinguishing
height. (Barrowman) them. (Roy. Com.)
5. (Eng.) A hole at the foot of a There are several kinds of luster,
shaft for collecting water (Bain- as follows: Metallic, the luster of
bridge). Also spelled Lumb. A metals; adamantine, the luster of
sump. diamonds; vitreous, the luster of
broken glass; resinous, the luster of
Lumachelle. A dark brown shelly yellow resin, as that of eleolite;
marble, having brilliant fire or cha-
pearly, like pearl; silky, like silk.
toyant reflections from within. Also
These lusters have different degrees
called Fire marble. (Ure)
of intensity, being either splendent,
Lumb (Eng.). See Lum, 5. shining, glistening, or glimmering.

Lumberings (Derb.). Bumps over old

When there is a total absence of
luster, the mineral is characterized
workings. (Gresley)
as being dull. (Dana)
Lumbrera. 1. ( Sp. ) An air shaft an ; 2. In ceramics, a glaze, varnish, or
adit shaft. (Min. Jour.) enamel applied to porcelain in a thin
2. (Mex.) A porthole in a furnace. layer, and giving it a smooth, glis-
(D wight) tening surface. (Standard)
Lumhead (Scot). A chimney top. Lustered ware. In ceramics, glazed
See Lum, 1. (Century) ware painted with metallic pigments
Lump coal. Coal in large lumps; the and fired a second time in a kiln so
largest size brought from the mine constructed that the gases come into
(Webster). Also, the largest mar- contact with the surface, giving a
ketable size. prismatic effect. (Standard)
Lunar caustic. Silver nitrate cast into Luster ware. Pottery decorated with
sticks for use by surgeons. (Cen- metallic colors. (Standard)
tury) Luster wash. A metallic wash used
Luncart; Lunker (Scot.). A lentic- upon pottery. (Standard)
ular mass, nodule, or ball. (Bar- Luster mottlings. A name applied by
rowman) Pumpelly to certain augitic rocks,
Lungmotor. A trade name for a me- that have a shimmering luster be-
chanical device for inducing respira- cause the shining cleavage faces of
tion in cases of asphyxia, drowning, the augite crystals are mottled by
electric shock, etc. It consists of small inclusions. (Kemp)
two parallel cylinders with pistons Lute. Pasty matter as clay, used
1.
externally connected so that a stroke to close joints of chemical or metal-
in one direction exhausts the lungs
lurgical apparatus and to coat
through one cylinder while the surfaces so as to protect them from
other cylinder fills with air, oxy- the action of flame. (Skinner)
gen, or both, and a stroke in the 2. In bricklaying, a scraper having
opposite direction inflates the lungs a cutting edge. 3. To smooth the
with the air or oxygen and dis- surface of (a drying yard) before
cliarges the foul gases drawn from
placing new bricks upon it to dry.
the lungs. (Standard)
Lurmann front. An arrangement of
Lutecium. A metallic element sepa-
water-cooled castings through which
rated from Ytterbium in 1907.
Iron and cinder are tapped from the
Symbol, Lu; atomic weight 175.0.
blast furnace, thus avoiding the use
of a forehearth. See also Closed Lutose. Covered with clay; Miixy.
front (Raymond) (Webster)
 )

GLOSSARY OF MINING AND MINERAL INDUSTRY. 411

Luxulllwiite. A tourmaline
from Luxullian, in Cornwall, that is
a product of contact metamorphlsm.
(Kemp)
Luz (Sp.). 1. Light; L. discubierto,
a naked light used in coal mines;
L. de arco, an arc light L. incan-
;
?:ranite but not acid, solution of the sul-
phates, chlorides, or nitrates of cal«
cium, magnesium, sodium, potas-
sium, or mixtures of these sub-
stances. (T. J. Hoover, p. 180)
M.

descente, an incandescent light. 2. Maar. A relatively flat-floored vol-

A section of a shaft or wall. 3.
Span of a bridge or arch. (Halse)
luzonite. A mineral closely related to
enargite. found in the Island of Lu-
zon. (Century)
lyddite. A
high explosive, chiefly pic-
ric acid, used as a shell explosive
in the British service. (Webster)
Lydian-stone. 1. A compact or close-
grained, nearly black, variety of jas-
per. A smoothed surface of this
stone Is used for trying the streak
canic explosion crater at a vent
that is either coneless or else pro-
vided with an inconspicuous cone.
(Daly, p. 144)
MacArthur and Forest cyanide proc-
ess. A process for recovering gold
by leaching the pulped gold ore with
a solution of 0.2 to 0.8 per cent of
potassium cyanide, KCN, and then
with water. The gold is obtained
from this solution by precipitation
on zinc or aluminum, or by elec-
trolysis. ( Goesel

of gold, the color of which affords

an index to its purity (Iloy. Com.). Maccaluba. A mud volcano. (Stand
2. Touchstone. (Webster) ard)

Lydite. See Basanite. Maceo (Mex.). Stamping and crush-

ing as distinguished from pulveriz-
Lye (Scot). A siding or turnout in
ing. (Halse)
a mine. (Gresley)
Lying side (Derb.). The lower side Macerate. To reduce to a pulp by
of a vein (Mander). That portion long saturation in water, or by
next to the footwall. steeping. (Webster)
Lying time (Scot.). See Lie time. Macero (Mex.). A man in charge of
stamping and crushing. (Halse)
Lying wall. Same as Footwall.
Lyncurium. A stone used for intag- MacFarlanite. A silver ore found in
lios, not now identified with cer- the mines of Silver Islet, Lake Su-
tainty, but supposed to be the mod- perior. It contains arsenic, cobalt,
ern hyacinth. Pliny used the name nickel, etc., but is not a homogeneous
for amber, 77 A. D. (Chester) mineral. (Century)
Lynen furnace. A zinc-distillation Machacado (Peru). Native silver In
furnace with a common condensa- ore. (Dwlght)
tion chamber. (Ingalls, p. 486)
Machacadora (Sp.). A rockbreaker or
Lynx stone. An
early synonym for crusher. (Halse)
Pliny's lyncurium. (Chester) Machacar (Sp.). To crush or break
Lyonnaise marble. A trade name for a ore. (Dwight)
chocolate red and white variety of Machada (Sp. Am.). Hand-picking;
dolomitic marble used mainly for
spalling. (Lucas)
wainscoting and tiling; from Mal-
letts Bay, Lake Champlain. See Machadero (Colom.). A shed or place
also Winooski marble. (Merrill) where ore is spalled or cobbed.
(Halse)
Lype (Scot). An irregularity in the
mine roof (Gresley). A projecting Machado (Sp.). A hatchet (Halse)
rock in a mine roof that may fall
Machaqueo (Sp.). Bucking or cob-
at any time. Usually used in the
bing of ore. (Lucas).
plural, and sometimes spelled Lipe.
Machar (Sp.). To break up the ore.
tyster A flotation process
process.
(Lucas)
that separates galena and zinc
blende by treatment, ai a low tem- Machays (Ecuador and Peru). Cav-
perature, with eucalyptus oil or other erns, shallow depth and large
of
frothing agent, and with agitation openings, lined with sulphur.
or aeration in a neutral or alkaline, (Halse)
41^ GLOSSARY OF MINtl^rG A^D Mll^EllAL. iNDUSTRY.

Machete (Sp.). A
large knife heavy Macigno (Italy). A
term applied to a
enoiiffli for chopping. (Dwight) siliceous sandstone, sometimes con-
taining calcareous grains, mica, etc.
Machihembrar (Mex.). To dovetail
or join with tenon or tongue and
(Comstor-k). From the Upper Eo-
cene of the Italian^ Alps.
groove. (Dwight)
Machine. 1. (Eng.) A weighbridge Macizo (Sp.). 1. An unworked lode.
or weighing machine upon which
2. A block of ground ready for slop-
ing. 3. A pillar. (Halse)
wagons, trams, carts, etc., are
weighed, either with or without Mackintoshite. A massive black sili-
their load of coal. (Gresley) cate of uranium, thorium, cerium,
2. (Queensland) An ore crusher. etc. (Dana)
" Crushing machine " and " bat-
tery " are used synonymously with
Made. 1. A twin crystal., 2. Chias-
" mill " in other parts of Australia tolite. (Standard)
to designate the reduction plant as Macled. 1. Spotted or checkered, like
a whole. (Rickard) chiastolite. 2. Twinned, as a crys-
3. Any drill or coal-cutting device, tal. (Standard)
operated by air, steam, or elec-
.

tricity.
Maclureite. 1. A deep-green to black
pyroxene. 2. Same as Chondrodite.
Machine drill. Any mechanically (Standard)
driven drill. See Rock drill.
Macquisten tube process. metal- A
Machine helper. A man employed to lurgical process that makes use of
assist in the operation of a coal- surface tension for separating min-
cutting machine, and whose duty it erals, whereby some of them float
is to look after the jack and assist and some sink. The apparatus con-
in moving and adjusting the ma- sists of a long tube with helical
chine. (Robinson v. Virginia-Poca- grooves, which, upon rotation, screw
hontas Coal Co., 88 S. E. Rept., p. the pulp through the tube. The
623) tailings are removed from the bot-
tom of a box at the upper end of the
Machineman. 1. (Eng.) One who tube and the concentrates float off.
weighs coal, and keeps an ac-
etc.,
(Megraw, p. 70)
count of the number of cars sent to
the surface. (Gresley) Macroaxis. The &-axis (long) in or-
2. One who operates a machine as thorhombic and triclinic crystals.
a drill or coal-cutting machine. Macrodiagonal. The longer lateral
Machine wall. The face at which a axis in the orthorhombic and tri-
coal-cutting machine works. (Gres- clinic systems. (Standard)
ley) Macrodome. In crystallography, a
Machine whim, A winding drum op-
dome parallel to the macrodiagonaL
(Standard)
erated by a steam engine.
Macromeritic. Of or pertaining to a
Machinist (Aust). The man in charge granitoid structure of rocks that is
of a coal-cutter. (Power) discernible by the naked eye; op-
Macho. 1. (Sp.) A male mule. 2. posed to Micromeritic. (Standard)
(Colom.) An unproductive mineral Macropinacoid. In crystallography, a
vein. 3. (Mex.) A wall plate. 4. pinacoid parallel to the vertical and
A dike. 5. The block on which an macrodiagonal axes. (Standard)
anvil is mounted. (Halse)
Macroprism. A prism whose intercept
Machonga (Colom.). A hard, bronze- on the macrodiagonal is greater
colored iron pyrite. (Halse) than unity. (Standard)
Machorro (Sp. Am.). An unproductive Macropyramid. A pyramid whose In-
lode. (Lucas) tercept on the macrodiagonal Is
greater than unity. (Standard)
Machote (Mex.). A stake, or perma-
nent bench mark, fixed in an under- Macroscopic. In petrology, recogniza-
ground working, from which the ble by the unaided eye; said of char-
length and progress thereof is meas- acters of rocks. Now replaced by
ured. (Dwight) Megascopic (La Forge). It Is ety-
mologically less correct as an antith-
Machucador (Mex.). A cru.slier.
esis of microscopic than is mega-
(Dwight) macro is from the Greek
scopic, for
Machucadura (Sp.), Spalling or crush- for broad, whereas mega means
ing. (Halse) large.
 );

GLOSSARY OF MIKING AND MINERAL INDUSTRY. 413

Maerostructure. A structural feature differentiation product of a gabbro

of rocks that can be discerned by the magma. Maenite is a bostonite rela*
unassisted eye, or with the help of tively rich in lime and poor in pot*
a simple magnifier. (Standard) ash. (Kemp)
Made ground. A recent deposit, as of Maestro (Sp.). 1. Master, master
river silt. (Duryee) workman M. del bocarte, a mill
;

man; M. de obras, a contractor or

Madera (Sp.). Wood ; lumber.
(Halse)
Madre (Sp.). 1. Bed of a river. 2.
Mother liquor. 3. ( C o 1 o m
) .
Smooth surface-rocks. An ironstone
pebble; hematite. (Halse)
4. (Peru). A horizontal crossbeam
in a mill. (Lucas)
Madrepore. A branching coral also,
any perforated stone coral. (Stand-
ard)
Madrepore marble. A fossiliferous
limestone of Devonian age and of a
variety of colors. It admits of a
high polish and is used as a marble.
Takes its name from the most char-
acteristic fossil, a species of madre-
pore. (Merrill)
Madrier (Fr.). A flat, wooden beam
used in a mine (military) to sup-
port earth. (Standard)
Madrina (So. Am.). The leader of a
train of pack mules; usually a mare.
(Standard)
Madupite. A vitrophyric igneous rock
containing diopside, phlogopite, and
perovskite in a leucitic glassy base
(La Forge). The name was given by
Whitman Cross to a peculiar group
of rocks that are illustrated by one
forming Pilot Knob, a mesa about
6 miles northeast of Rock Springs,
Wyo. Cross defines Madupite " as
consisting essentially of
and a magnesia-potash mica with
leucite in decidedly
amount. Its magma is low in silica,
alumina, and iron, rich in potash,
and contains so much lime and mag-
nesia that silicates of these bases
are the principal constituents, yet
controlled in their development by
the strong potash element." The Pi-
lot Knob case is a vitrophyric repre-
sentative of the type so defined.
(Kemp)
Mad water (Corn.). Water
through neglect, rushes back
mine. (Davies)
Maenite. A name derived from I^ake
Maena, near Gran, Norway, and
given by W. C. Brogger to an in-
trusive trachytic rock, regarded as a
builder; M. fundidor, a practical
smelter.M. herrero, a master black-
smith M. mecdnico, a master me-
;
chanic; M. palero, head tiraberman.
(Peru) The principal trough in
2,
patio amalgamation, in which all
the amalgam is gathered. ( wi ght D
Mafic. In petrology, pertaining to or
composed dominantly of the ferro-
;
magnesian rock-forming silicates
said of some igneous rocks and their
constituent minerals. Contrasted
with Felsic. (La Forge)
Maggie An and
(Scot). inferior
sandy part of ironstone ; inferior or
stony coal. (Barrowman)
Maggie blaes (Scot). An inferior sul-
phurous ironstone. (Barrowman)
Magistral (Sp.). A powder of roasted
copper pyrites, used in the amalara-
mation of silver ores in the Mexican
patio process. (Raymond)
Magistraleros (Mex.). Men who burn
(roast) copper ore for magistral.
(Halse)
Magma. In petrology, liquid molten
rock ;the molten material from
which igneous rocks are formed by
solidification (La Forge). An origi-
nal, parent magma may break up
into several derived ones. The word
is also used in the sense of basis as
earlier defined, but this use is un-
diopside fortunate. (Kemp)
subordinate Magma-basalt. A synonym for Limbur-
gite, proposed by Boricky in 1872,
at about the same time that Rosen-
busch suggested limburgite. Some
authorities give the former the pref-
erence. (Kemp)
Magmatic. In petrology, of. pertaining
to, or derived from magma. (La
Forge)
Magmatic differentiation. In petrol-
ogy, the process by which different
that,
types of igneous rocks are derived
to the
from a single parent magma, or by
which different parts of a single
molten mass assume different com-
positions and textures as it solidifies
(La Forge). Also called Magmatic
segregation.
 ;

414 GLOSSARY OF MINING AND MINERAL INDUSTRY.

Magrmatie water. Water derived from Magnetic iron ore. Synonym for Mag-
cooling igneous magma. See also netite.
Juvelin«3 water. (Emmons) Magnetic meridian. In general, any
Magnesia. Magnesium oxide. MgO. A isogonic line. Specifically, the direc-
light, earthy, white substance, ob- tion assumed by the compass necjdle
tained by heating the hydroxide or at any place; a magnetic north-and-
carbonate, or by burning magnesium. south line.
(Webster) Magnetic ore. A black, hard ore that
Magnesia alba. A light, white, hy- is magnetic, as magnetite. (Stand-
ard)
drous magnesium carbonate pre-
pared by pulverizing the mineral Magnetic pole. Either of those points
magnesite, or by chemical means. on the earth's surface where the
(Standard) lines of magnetic force are vertical
Magnesian limestone. See Dolomite.
an end of the axis of the earth's
magnetic polarity, not coinciding
Magnesite. Magnesium carbonate, with a geographical pole, and chang-
MgCOs. Crystals rare, usually rhom- ing its position slowly. The north
bohedral, also prismatic. Commonly magnetic pole is in northern British
massive granular, cleavable to very
;
America at about lat. 70*° N., long.
compiict; earthy. Color white, yel- 97° W. (Standard)
lowish, or grayish-white, brown. Magnetic pyrite. Same as Pyrrho-
Transparent to opaque. (Standard) tite. (Standard)
Magnesium. A silver-white metallic Magnetic scale. A diagram of metals
element, malleable, ductile and light.
showing their comparative magnetic
Symbol, Mg; atomic weight, 24.32;
qualities. (Standard)
specific gravity, 1.74 (Webster).
Used chietly in the form of ribbon Magnetic separator. A device In
or powder to produce a brilliant which a powerful magnet separates
light by its combustion, as in sig- magnetic iron ore from sand or
naling, photography, or pyrotechny. gangue. (Standard)
(Standard)
Magnetism. That peculiar property
Magnes stone. A magnet. (Century) possessed by certain bodies (as iron
Magnet. 1. A loadstone; a variety of
and steel) whereby, under certain
circumstances, they naturally at-
magnetite or magnetic iron ore hav-
tract or repel one another according
ing naturally the property of at-
to determinate laws. (Century)
tracting iron (Webster). Aisd
called Natural magnet. Magnetite; Magnetic iron ore. The
2. A large horseshoe magnet em- magnetic iron oxide, FeO.PejO..
ployed to lock and unlock safety Contains 72.4 per cent iron (U. S.
lamps. The operation can be ac- Geol. Surv.). The name of the min-
complished only by direct contact eral is prefixed to the names of
with the magnet. . many rocks in which it is promi-
nent. It almost furnishes a rock it-
Magnetic. Of, or pertaining to, the
magnet possessing the properties of
self, in places. (Kemp)
;

the magnet, as a magnetic needle. Magnetite-olivinite. A name coined

(Webster)
Magnetic field. 1. The space through
which the force or influence of a
magnet is exerted. 2. The space
about a conductor carrying an elec-
tric current in which, as it may be
shown, magnei;ic force is also ex-
erted. (Century)
Magnetic force. The force, attractive
or repulsive, exerted between two
Magnetite-spinellite. An eruptive iron
magnetic poles; the force which
produces or changes magnetization.
(Webster)
Magnetic guard. A double mask of
magnetized steel-wire gauze, to pro-
tect a workman from the flying dust
of iron and steel. (Standard)
by A. Sjogren in 1876 for the ig-
neous iron ore at Taberg, in Swe-
den. The rock is an aggregate of
magnetite and olivine, with a few
shreds of biotite. The rock is prac-
tically a peridotite, greatly enriched
with titaniferous magnetite. On the
borders of the intrusion it shades
into gabbro. Compare Cumberland-
ite. (Kemp)
ore occurring at Routivara, Sweden,
and consisting of magnetite (in part
titaniferous), spinel, and smaller
amounts of olivine, pyroxene, apa-
tite, and pyrrhotite. The ore con-
tains about 14 per cent titanic oxide.
(Kemp)
 ) ) ;

GLOSSARY OF MINING AND MINERAL INDUSTRY. 416

Magnochromite. A variety of the about 6 feet high, and forming the
mineral chromite that contains mag- working place for one man. (Gres-
nesium. ( Standard ley)
Magnophyric. Coarsely porphyritic. Mainway. A gangway or principal
Containing phenocrysts that are passage. (Raymond)
greater than 5 nun. in longest di-
ameter. See Mediophyric and Mino-
Maja; Majadero (Sp.). A pestle.
(Halse)
phyric. ( Iddings, Igneous Rocks, p.

200) Majano (Sp.). A small heap of stones

used as a landmark. (Halse)
Maiden field (Scot). An unbroken or
un worked mineral property. (Bar- Ma jar (Sp.). To pound or beat in a
rowman mortar. (Halse)
Maidens (Scot.). Iron frames or Majolica; Maiolica. A variety of earth-
standards carrying pillow blocks of enware coated with an opaque white
shaft pulleys (Barrowman). See enamel and decorated in colors.
Mingles. (Standard)
Main-and-tail-rope haulage. A system Make. 1. A formation or accumula-
of haulage whereby a set of skips tion of profitable vein material ; as,
connect two ropes, one known as the a make (i. e., a body) of ore in a
main, the other as the tail rope. vein or in a series of lenticular de-
The main rope hauls the full skip posits (Webster). Also called:
out, while the tail rope draws the Make of stone ; Make of quartz
empties into the mine. (Power) Make of reef.
2. The amount produced yield as,
Main bord-gate (York.). The heading ; ;

which is driven slightly to the rise the make from a furnace. (Stand-
from the shaft. (Gresley) ard)
Make gas (Mid.). To yield or pro-
Main bottom. Hard rock below allu-
duce gas. A seam of coal that gives
vial deposits. (Duryee)
off fire damp is said to make gas.
Main engine (No. of Eng.). The sur- (Gresley)
face pumping engine, usually of the Make of quartz. See Make, 1.
Cornish type. (Gresley)
Make of reef. See Make, 1.
Main entry. 1. An entry driven at Make of stone (Aust.). A shoot of
right angles with the face slips of ore (Power). See Make, 1.
the coal (Roy). See also Entry.
2.A main haulage road. See also Makings (Newc).The small coal
main road. hewn out in undercutting or chan-
neling (Raymond). Also, in some
Main rake (Derb.). The main or localities, called Bug dust.
principal vein. (Mander)
Mala (Peru). A gorge. (Halse)
Main road. The principal under-
Malacacheta (Braz.). A yellowish
ground road in a district along
brown micaceous earth in which to-
which the coal or ore is conveyed to
paz is found. .(Halse)
the generally forming the
shafts,
main intake air course of each dis- Malacate (Mex.). Windlass; horse-
trict. (Gresley) whim. Any mining hoist; M. de
arana, an ordinary capstan.
Main rod (Corn.). See Pump rod. (D wight)
Main rone. In tall-rope haulage, the Malacatero (Sp.). A whim driver.
rope tnat draws the loaded cars out (Halse)
of the mine. (Steel)
Malachite. Green basic copper car-
Main-rope system. A system of un- b on ate, 2CuO.CO2.H2O.. Contains
derground haulage in which the 40.3 per cent copper. (U. S. Geol.
weight of the empty cars is suffi- Surv.)
cient to draw the rope inbye. Malachite green. 1. Malachite ground
(Gresley)
and used as a pigment. 2. A green,
Main suit (Brist). A heavy spring or basic dyestuff of bluish tinge, pre-
feeder of water. (Gresley) pared by condensation of benzalde-
Maintainei (Eng.). A shareholder. hyde with two molecules of dimethyl-
(Bainbrldge) aniline, with subsequent oxidation.
Maintenage (Fr.). The face of work- (Webster)
ings in inclined or vertical seams, Malacolite. A pale-colored, translu-
eocisisting of a series of steps each cent variety of diopside. (Dana)
 ;

416 GLOSSARY OF MINING AND MINERAL INDUSTRY,

Malacon. A brown, vitreous variety Malingering. A practice Indulged In

of zircon. (Standard) by an employee, injured by accident,
in order that he may collect acci-
Malaquita (Sp.). 1. Malachite. 2. M.
azul, azurite. (Halse) dent insurance or other compensa-
tion, and at the same time avoid
Malaspina glacier. See Piedmont gla- work.
cier.
Malinowskite. A variety of tetrahe-
Malchite. A variety of diorite dike drite that contains lead. (Stand-
that has, in a groundmass of quartz, ard)
feldspar, and hornblende, pheno-
crysts of plagioclase, hornblende, and
Malla (Sp.). Mesh if a screen.
biotite. The name was given by A. (D wight)
Osann, and is derived from Malchen, Malleable. Capable of being extended
another name for Mt. Melibocus, in or shaped by beating with a ham-
Hesse. (Kemp) mer, as gold, silver, etc. Compare
Brittle, Flexible, and Sectile, (Web-
Maldonite. A metallic, pinkish, silver-
ster)
white alloy of gold and bismuth
(AuzBi) that is found native. Malleable castings. Small iron cast-
(Standard) ings made malleable by annealing,
Malecon (Sp.). 1. A dike or embank-
or decarburizing by cementation in
ment. 2. An ore wharf. 3. A cof- powdered hematite or other oxide of
ferdam. (Halse) iron. (Raymond)
Maletra furnace. A hand reverbera- Malleable iron. Cast-iron made from
tory furnace for roasting finely di- pig-iron of the proper kind, so
vided 'ire entirely without the aid treated as to render it capable of
of extraneous heat. (Peters, p.
being bent or hammered to a limited
172) extent without breaking, that is, it
is malleable. Its strength is above
Malignite. A name proposed by Law- that of cast-iron. The treatment is
son for a group of rocks on liie known as annealing. (Nat. Tube
Maligue River, Hainy Lake district, Co.)
Province of Ontario. They are de-
scribed as *'basic, holocrystalline, Malleate. To shape into a plate or
leaf by beating, or hammering; said
Plutonic rocks, rich in alkalies and
lime." Iron is present in moderate of metal. (Standard)
amounts, almost entirely combined Mallet (Corn.). The sledge hammer
in the silicates. Iron and magnesia used for striking a drill. (Ray-
are more abundant than is usual in mond)
the alkali-rich plutonic rocks. The
Mallon; Mallion (Eng.). A soft kevii
chief minerals are orthoclase, often
(Bainbridge). See Kevil, 1.
microscopically intergrown with an
acid plagioclase; aegirite - augite, Malm. 1. (Eng.) A soft, grayish-
which may predominate with but a white, friable limestone. 2. A rich
moderate admixture of biotite, or clayey soil containing chalk; marl;
may be subordinate and intergrown also in brickmaking an artificial
with preponderant soda amphibole. mixture of clay and chalk. (Web-
biotite being present as before. ster)
There are two types of malignites, Maiming. The preparation of an arti-
one of which has much melanite and ficial malm by mixing
chalk and clay
another much nephalite. (Kemp) reduced to a pulp, and allowing the
Malingei 1. To feign illness; sham mixture to consolidate by evapora-
sickness in order to avoid duty; tion. (Century)
counterfeit disease. (Century) Malm rock (Eng.). A local name for
Malingerer. 1. A soldier or a sailor the sandstone of Surrey and Sussex
who feigns himself sick, or who in- called also firestone. (lire)
duces or protracts an illness, in or- Malmstone. Same as Malm rock.
der to avoid doing his duty; hence,
Ini general, one who shirks his duty
Malpais (Mex.). Ground covered
by pretending illness or inability. with a lava flow (Halse). Liter-
(Webster) ally, bad land.
2- In industrial-accident insurance, Maltha. The pitch or gum resulting
one who feigns disability or prolongs from the drying up and oxida-
his period of disability, in order to tion of petroleum, as when it has
collect accident insurance or com- reached the surface of the ground,
pensation. (Roy. Com.)
 GLOSSARY OF MINING AND MINERAL INDUSTRY. 417
Malthacite. A variety of fuller's Mandrel socket. A well tool for
earth. (Chester) straightening out the top of casing,
etc., within a well, consisting of a
Malting coal (Wales). Anthracite lemon-shaped swage within a cone
coal. (Webster) or bellmouth, by means of which
the casing is worked to a circular
Mama (Sp. Am.). Stake or pil*»
driver. (Lucas) shape. Also useful for straighten-
ing a lost sand pump, etc., so that
Mammillary; Mammilated. In miner- the dogs may enter. (Nat. Tube
alogy, forming smoothly rounded Co.)
masses resembling breasts or por-
tions of spheres said of the shape
:
Manebach twin. A monoclinic twin
crystal having the basal pinacoid as
of some mineral aggregates, as ma-
the twinning plane. (Dana)
lachite or limonite similar to but:

on a larger scale than botryoidal. Man engine. See Man machine.

(La Forge)
Manero (Mex.). A single-hand ham-
Mammona (Braz.). Castor oil used in mer used by miners. (Dwight)
a miner's lamp. (Bensussan)
Mamposteria (Sp.). 1. Masonry work Manga. 1. (Mex.) Conical canvas
in general. 2. Rubble work or bag to drain quicksilver out of
rough-stone work. (Halse)
amalgam. 2. Hose. 3. Tuyere sack.
(Dwight)
Mampostero (Sp.). A stone mason. 4. (Sp.) An Inclined chute. An
(Halse) ore pass. 5. (Colom.) A pasture
or meadowland. (Halse)
Mampuesto. 1. (Sp.) Ashlar, rubble,
rough stone, or material used in Manganapatite. A variety of apatite
walling. (Colora.)
2. A trestle in which manganese replaces cal-
aqueduct for flumes. (Halse) cium. (Standard)
Manager. An official who has control
Manganblende. See Alabandite.
and supervision of a mine, both un-
der and above ground, and generally Manganbrncite. A yellow, massive va-
also of the sale of the product riety of brucite containing manga-
(Steel). At some mines he is called nese. (Standard)
superintendent, general superintend-
ent, or agent. Manganese. A hard, brittle metallic
Manantial (Sp.). A spring of water; element having a grayish - white
color tinged with red and rusting
M. caliente, a hot spring. (Halse)
like iron. Not magnetic. Symbol,
Man cage. A special cage for raising Mn; atomic weight, 54.93; specific
and lowering men in a mine shaft. gravity, 8.0. (Webster). The black
See also Man car. oxid, pyrolusite, the gray oxide,
manganite, and the earthy oxide,
Man car. A kind of car for transport- wad, are used in the aits. Man-
ing miners up and down the steeply
ganese is used extensively in harden-
inclined shafts of some mines as at
ing steel. /S?ee Ferromanganese also ;
Lake Superior (Century). See
Manganese steel.
also Man cage.
Manchado (Sp.). Spotted ore. (Halse) Manganese bronze. Properly, bronze
containing manganese, a common
Mandadero (Mex.). Errand boy; a proportion being copper 88, tin 10,
daily messenger. (Halse) manganese 2; also, any of certain
Mandarin porcelain. A
Chinese porce- other copper-manganese alloys not,
lain brilliantly decorated with fig- necessarily containing tin. In gen-
ures of mandarins In their official eral. It is a reddish-white metal, re-
robes. (Standard) markable for its strength and tough-
ness. (Webster)
Mandelstone. Same as Amygdaloid.
Manganese copper. See Manganese
Mand6n (Mex.). An overseer or boss. bronze.
(Dwight)
Man door (Scot). A small trapdoor Manganese glaze. A dark- colored glaze
on a traveling road. (Barrowman) which receives its color from an
oxide of manganese. (Standard)
MandrtI; Mandril (Eng.). A miner's
pick (Webster). See also MaundrU. Manganese hydrate. See Psilomelane.
76242* -19 27
 )

418 GLOSSARY OF MINING AND MINERAL INDUSTRY.

Manganese spar. See Rhodonite. Manhes process. A purifying and oxi-

Manganese steel. Steel
about twelve per cent of manganese.
A non-fissile alloy that exceeds all
other known materials in its combi-
dizing process for removing sulphur
containing from copper matte, by subjecting the
molten matte to a blast of air;
named from the inventor (Stand-
ard). Compare Bessemer process. -

nation of hardness and ductility:

used chiefly where resistance to abra- Manhole. 1. A refuge hole constructed
sion is required, as in crushing and in the side of a gangway, tunnel or
dredging machinery, and in some slope. 2. A
small and generally very
car wheels. (Standard) short passage used only for the in-
gress and egress of the miners. 3.
Manganeso (Sp.). Manganese, man- A hole in cylindrical boilers through
ganese ore; M. negro, pyrolusite; which a man can get into the boiler
M. gris, manganite. (Halse) to examine and repair it. (Steel)
4. A small passage connecting a level
Mangdnin. An alloy in which man- with a stope, or with the level next
ganese and nickel are compounded above. (Webster)
in Momewhat small proportions with
copper, the ratio of manganese to Man hudge (Glouc). A kind of bar-
nickel being as 3 or 4 to 1. This
rel or box in which men ride in a
alloy is used almost exclusively in
shaft. (Gresley)
th« construction of a standard of
ele^ctrical resistance, the tempera-
ture coefficient being practically
Mani (Colom.). 1. Large fragments
zero. (Standard) of amphibolite, syenite or granite in
alluvial mines. 2. In lode mines, a
Manganite; Gray manganese ore. A granitic country rock. Sometimes
hydrated manganese oxide, Mn-Oa.- applied to porphyry. (Halse)
HaO. (U. S. Geol. Surv.)
Manifiesto (Sp.). A freight list; a
Manganocalcite. A variety of calcite mainfest. (Halse)
that contains manganese carbonate
and is closely related to rhodochro- Manipulator. A machine for moving
s'te. (Standard) and turning over hot billets or
blooms of iron or steel in the proc-
Majiganolite. Wadsworth's name for ess of rolling. (Standard)
rocks composed of manganese min-
erals, such as wad, psilomelane, etc.
Manizal (Sp. Am.). A place abound-
(Kemp) ing in mani. (Lucas)

Manganosiderite. A carbonate of man- Manjak. A natural bitumen found in

ganese and iron intermediate be- the Barbados. The term is some-
tween rhodochrosite and siderite. times used to include gilsonite and
(Century) its congeners and ozocerite (Mit-
ZMkis). ITsed in :he manufacture
Manganosite. Manganese protoxide, of varnish. Spelled also Manjack.
MnO. In isometric octahedrons.
Cleavage cubic. Color emerald- Man machine; Man engine (Corn, and
green, becoming black on exposure. Derb. ) A mechanical lift for lower-
.

(Dana) ing and raising miners in a shaft by

means of a reciprocating vertical
Ms»ngar (Colom.). To scrape the rod of heavy timber with platforms
ground sluice with a hoe in order to at intervals, or of two such rods,
'•ollect the gold. (Halse) moving in opposite directions. In
the former case, stationary plat-
M^ngo (Mex.). A handle for pick or forms are placed in the shaft, so
hammer. (Dwight) that the miner in descending, for
instance, can step from the moving
Mangnera (Sp.). Hose. (Dwight) platform at the end of the down-
stroke, and step back upon the next
Manguito (Sp.). A small sleeve; a platform below at the beginning of
clutch; a shaft coupling. (Halse) the next down-stroke. When two
rods are employed, the miner steps
Manheim gold. A brass alloy resem- from the platform on one rod to
bling gold. ( Century that on the other. (Raymond)
 ) )

GLOSSARY OF MINIl^G a:^D MINERAL Il^DtrSTRY. 419

Mano (Mex.). 1. The grinding stone Maquilar (Mex.). To work ore for
of an arrastre, etc. 2. A pestle. 3. its owner on shares, or for money.
M. de hierro, the muller of an amal- (Dwight)
gamating pan. 4. stamp head. A Maquilero. 1. (Peru) Ore buyer.
(Halse) (Dwight)
2. (Mex.) One who dresses ore on
Man-of-war (Staff.). A
small pillar
hire. (Halse)
of coal left in a critical spot; also,
thick coal Maquilla (Sp.). A mill where ore is
a principal support in
workings. (Raymond) ground on shares. (Raymond)
Maqnina (Sp. ). A machine or engine.
Manometer. An instrument for meas- M. de barrenar, a rock drill (Lucas).
uring the elastic pressure of gases; M. de vapor, a steam engine (Min.
an accurate pressure gage. (Stand- Jour.). M. de extraccidn, a hoisting
ard) engine M. exploradora, diamond-
;

Manoscope. A manometer. (Century) drill machine. (Halse)

Man rope. A
winding rope used ex-
Maquipuros (Peru). A class of work-
men who make only temporary visits
clusively fcr lowering and raising
to the mines when they are at-
men and animals, when tacklers and tracted by bonanzas. Most of them
swinging bonts w^ere used and cages
come from distant Provinces and re-
were unknown. (Gresley)
turn to their homes when the bo-
Manta (Sp.). A woolen blanket.
1. nanza is exhausted (Halse). A
2. A
blanket or horse cloth used for stampeder.
hoisting ore by the malacate. 3. A Marathon A form of tube mill
mill.
bedded vein or deposit. 4. (Nicara- used the cement industry, in
in
gua) A surface deposit of broken which the pulverizing is done by
quartz worked for gold. (Halse) long pieces of hardened steel shaft-
ing. (Liddell)
Mantear (Mex.). To hoist ore in
bags or manias. (Halse) Maray (Arg.). A kind of hand ar-
rastre used by the Indians for re-
Manteo (Mex.). 1. Hoisting. 2. An ducing quartz. (Lucas)
inclined hoist. (Dwight)
Marble. In lithologj', a metamorphosed
Mantero (Mex.). Man who loads ma- and recrystallized limestone. In the
terial to be hoisted in a shaft. trade, the name is applied to any
(Dwight) limestone that will take a polish.
( Kemp
Mantle. 1. The outer wall and casing The following are some of the
of an iron blast furnace, above the principal marbles: Bardiglio, bird's
hearth. ( Raymond
eye, black and gold, boagard, breccia,
2. A penstock for a water wheel. brocatelle. calico, campan, Cannes,
carrara, cipolino, eolian, lior di persi-
Manto (Sp.). In mining, a layer or
cor, fire, forest, formosa, giallo an-
stratum, especially a stratum that
tico, griotte, landscape, languedoc,
contains gold in profitable quantitv.
lepanto, lumachelle, lyonnaise, madre-
(Standard)
pore, mischio, nero antico de prato,
Manns tester. An Instrument for de- numidian, onyx, paonazza, parian,
termining the flash point of petro- parmazo, pavonazetta, pentellic, pe-
leum. (Mitzakis) titgranite, phrygian, porter, ricolite,
rosso antico, rosso levanto, rouare
Manway. 1. A small passage used as antique, ruin, saccharoidal, St. Anne,
a traveling way for the miner, and St. Baume, sarrancolin, serpentine,
also often used as an airway or sienna, stalactltic and stalagmitic,
chute, or both. (Steel) statuary, verdantique, and winooskl.
2. A short heading l3etween two (Ries)
chutes (Grosley). manhole. A Marble band (Scot.). Musselband
Map. A
horizontal projection, of sur- ironstone. (Barrowman)
face plants, mine workings or both Marble glaze. A glaze coating on pot-
drawn to a definte scale, upon which tery, having colored veins in imita-
is shown all the Important features tion of marble. (Standard)
of the mine; a plan; a plat. Marble handsaw. A toothless blade
Maqnila (Mex.). Smelting or treat- fitted at the back with a block han-
ment charge M. y ; flete, freight and dle, used with sand fcr cutting slabs
treatm-jut charge. (Dwight) of marble into pieces. (Century)
 ) )
420 GLOSSARY OF MINING AND MlNliRAL INDUSTRY,
Marble polisher. 1. A block of sand-
stone used to rub a marble slab In
the preliminary polishing. Also a
linen cushion with which the polish-
ing is completed by the agency of
emery dust, etc. 2. A machine for
polishing marble. 3. A marble rub-
ber. (Century)
Marbler. A quarrier or cutter of mar-
ble. (Century)
Marble rubber. A rubber for surfac-
ing, smoothing, and polishing marble
slabs. ( Century
Marble saw. A machine for cutting
marble. (Century)
Marca (Sp.). 1. A mark. The royal
arms, stamped on a piece of assayed
silver as a token of its having paid
the duties to the crown. (Rockwell)
2. A surveyor's mark. 3. A Province
or district. (Halse)
Marcasita (Sp.) Marcasite.
(D wight)
Marcasite. The orthorhombic iron py-
rite, FeS2. It has a slightly lower
specific gravity than pyrite and
somewhat paler in color. Often
called White Iron pyrites; Coxcomb
pyrites, and Spear pyrites. (Cen-
tury)
March (Scot). The boundary
roal or colliery. (Gresley)
Marching (Scot). A boundary work-
ing. (Gresley)
March place (Scot). A heading
driven up to or alongside the march,
or boundary of a mining property.
(Gresley)
March stones ( Scot. ) Stones set at in-
.
tervals on the surface to indicate the
boundary line. (Barrowman)
Marco (Mex.). 1. Set of shaft tim-
bers; square set. Timber frame of
any kind. 2. A weight of 8.1184 oz.
avoir., or 7.3995 oz. troy. 3. (Chile)
A pulley frame. (Halse)
Marcus. A patented shaker screen
with a non-harmonic or quick-return
motion. (C. and M. M. P.)
Marcy mill. Aball mill in which a
vertical diaphragm is placed about
1 foot from the discharge end. Be-
tween this perforated diaphragm
and the end of the tube there are
arranged screens for sizing the ma-
terial, oversize being returned for
further grinding while ilndersize Is
discharged. (Liddell)
Marekanite. A rhyolitlc perlite from
the banks of the Marekaka river,
near Okhotsk, Siberia. At times a
cletr glass; it is found
and cores of large perlitic massef
and may even be under stifiin like
Prince Rupert's drops. (Kemp)
Marga. (Sp.)
1. Marl. 2.(Colom.)
Spathic iron; siderite. (Halse)
Margarite. A
primary form of crys-
1.
tallization which globulites are
In
arranged lineally. (Webster)
2. Amonoclinic mineral, HaCaAl*-
SizOii. Luster of base is pearly, and
that of the lateral faces is vitreous.
Color grayish, reddish-white, pink,
yellowish. Translucent to subtrans-
lucent. ( Dana
Margarodite. A variety of Muscovite,
or common potash mica, affording
upon ignition, a small percentage of
water. (Century)
Margaryize. The impregnation of tim-
ber with a solution of copper sul-
phate. (Century)
Margin draft. In masonry, the plain-
dressed portion of the face of a
hewn block next its edge. (Stand-
ard)
Maria glass. An early name for both
mica and selenite. (Chester)
Marialite. A variety of scapolite.
(Century)
of the Marignac's salt. Potassium stannosul-
phate, K2Sn(S0«),. (Liddell)
Marine metal. A sheathing material
for ships, usually an alloy princi-
pally of copper. (Standard)
Mariposa (Sp.). A naked light (Lu-
cas)
Mariposite. A light-green variety of
muscovite that is found with pyrite.
(Standard)
Mariupolite. A name derived from
Mariupol, a locality on the sea of
Azov, and applied by J. Morozewicz
to a variety of nephelite-syenite, so
rich in soda and poor in potash that
orthoclase practically fails. An es-
timate of the percentage of the com-
ponent minerals gave, albite, 73;
nephelite, 14; aegirite, 7.6; lepl
domelane, 4; zircon, 1.6. The tex-
ture varies from coarsely crystalline
to porphyritic and to compact, ac-
cording to the occurrence of the rock
in large masses or in dikes. (Kemp)
Mark. 1. A band of hemp, etc.,
wrapped around a winding rope to
indicate to the engineer the position
of the cage in the shaft. (Gresley)
2. The chalk mark made at the
working faces, etc., by a tireboss as
an Indication that he has made au
in balls examlDatiou of that place.
 )

GLOSSARY OF MZNING AND MINERAL INDUSTRY. 421

Market house (Kn^.). A point nenv Marmaja (Mex.). 1. Iron pyrite. 2.

the mine entrance to whicli loaded In the patio process a pyritic resi-
mine cars are talcen for examina- due obtained in separating the silver
tion when it is snspected that the amalgam by washing. 3. (Colom.).
miner has loaded more than the al- Marcasite and pyrite frequently rich
lowable amount of rock with the in gold and silver (Halse). Mctr-
coal. majas (Mex.). Concentrated sul-
phides. (D wight)
Market lead. Lead ready for market.
(Standard) Marmarosis. The general name for
the process of crystallization of
Market In silver refining, the pot
pot. limestones to marble, whether by
at the end of the series of pots used contact or regional metamorphism.
in the Pattinson process, in the di- It was coined by Geikie from the
rection in which the amount of silver Latin for marble. (Kemp)
left in the lead is diminishing. It
contains the market lead. (Cen- Marmatite. A
ferriferous variety of
tury) sphalerite, containing 10 per cent or
more of iron. It is dark brown to
Markings (of mining claims). These black. (Dana)
may consist of stakes, posts, piles of
stone, bowlders, posting a notice on Marmol (Sp.). Marble. (Dwight)
the ground, placing a notice in a
tin can attached to a stake, fasten- Marmolite. A thin laminated serpen-
ing a notice to a tree, or placing it tine, usually pale greer. (Webster)
In a box or frame, blazing trees Marmoratum. A cement formed of
along the boundaries or at the cor- pounded marble and lime mortar
ners, cutting away undergrowth, well beaten together. Used by the
making a trail through the timber ancient Romans in building terrace
along the sides or ends of the claim, walls, etc. (Century)
or blazing stumps. (Meydenbauer
V. Stevens. 78 Fed. Rept., p. 791)
Marmoric. Of or oertaining to mar-
ble. (Webster)
Marl. A calcareous clay, or intimate Maroma (Sp.). A rope to pull or
mixture of clay and particles of cal- draw by, as a hawser. (Min. Jour.)
cite or dolomite, usually fragments
of shells. Marl in America is chiefly Marquesitas (Sp.). Mundic; iron py-
applied to incoherent sands, but rite. (Min. Jour.)
abroad compact, impure limestones Marqueta. 1. (Mex.) A
bar of lead
are also called marls. (Kemp) bullion. 2. (Peru)
Retort silver.
Marlaceous. Resembling, having the 3. A brick of amalgam. (Halse)
nature of, or containing marl. Marriner process. A modification of the
(Standard) cyanide process in which the ore is
dead - roasted, all of it ground to
Marl brick. A fine quality of brick slime, and the resulting product
used in the fronts of houses; a treated by agitation. (Liddell)
cutter. ( Standard

Marro (Mex.). A sledge hammer.

Marlinespike. A sharp pointed and (Dwight)
gradually tapered round iron, used
in splicing ropes. (G. and M. M. Marrow ( No. of Eng. ) A mate, butty,
.

P.) or partner. (Gresley)

Marlite.Marl that has become some-

Marsaut lamp. A type of safety lamp
characterized by multiple - gauze
what stony in character. (White) chimneys. (C. und M, M. P.)
Marl pit. A pit where marl is dug. Mars brown. A yellowish-brown pig-
(Webster) ment the color of which is due to
Marl slate. Calcareous shale; a va- iron oxide. (Webster)
riety of marl splitting into thin
plates. (Century)
Marsh. A tract of soft wet land,
commonly partly or wholly covered
Marlstone. A ferruginous limestone with water; a fen; swamp; morass.
belonging to the middle Lias of Eng- (Webster)
land. (Webster) Marsh gas. Methane, In the miner's
Marly. Resembling marl; abounding language, synonymous with tirt
with marl. (Webster) damp.
422 GLOSSARY OF MINING AND MINERAL INDUSTRY.

Marsh ore. A synonym for Bog iron Masonry. The art or work of con-
1.

ore. (Chester) as buildings, walls, etc.,

structing,
with regularly arranged stones or
Marsh test. A delicate test for arsenic.
bricks the occupation or skill of a
;

(Webster) mason. 2. That which is built by

Martar el (Peru). To add the
circo masons ; stonework brickwork.
;

last mercury In the patio process.

(Halse) Mason's hammer. A square-faced ham-
mer with a peen in line with handle.
Marsut. See Mazout. (Standard)
Martensite. A hard brittle substance, Masonwork. See Masonry, 2.
of the nature of a solid solution,
consisting of iron with 2 per cent
Mass action.Chemical action as af-
fected by the masses of the reacting
or less of carbon, and forming the
chief constituent of quenched steel.
substances. (Webster)
The variety that corresponds in com- Mass copper (Lake Sup.). Native
position to pearlite (containing 0.9 copper, occurring in large masses.
per cent carbon) is called Hardenite. (Raymond)
(Webster)
Massicot. Lead monoxide, PbO, occur-
Martillo (Sp.). A hammer or sledge ring as a mineral. Contains 92.8
used in mining or quarrying. per cent lead (U. S. Geol. Surv.).
(Halse) See Litharge.
Martin. A stone-faced, perforated plate Massif. 1. The dominant, central mass
or runner, used for grinding and of a mountain ridge more or less
polishing stone. (Standard) defined by longitudinal or transverse
Martin process. Called also the Sie- valleys. 2. A
diastrophic block, or
mens-Martin and ':he open -hearth any isolated central independent
process. Used in the manufacture mass. (Standard)
of steel. (Raymond) Massifs longs. (Fr.) Pillars in long-
Ferric oxide, Fe^Os, occur- wall workings. (Gresley)
Martite.
ring in iron-black crystals of iso- Massive. 1. In petrology, (a) of homo-
metric form, and probably a pseu- geneous structure, without stratifi-
domorph after magnetite. (Web- cation, flow-banding, foliation, schist-
ster) ocity, and the like; said of the
Marver. A
polished slab or table, structure of some rocks: often, but
Incorrectly used as synonymous with
originally marble, but now usually
iron, with rounded concavities, upon
igneous and eruptive. (&) Occur-
which a balloon of molten glass ring in thick beds, free from minor
gathered on the end of a blowpipe joints and lamination said of some :

stratified rocks. 2. In mineralogy,

Is rolled to make it cylindrical or
spheroidal. (Standard) without definite crystalline struc-
ture; amorphous: not a very good
Masa (Sp.). 1. Mortar. 2. mass of A usage. (La Forge)
gold, silver, or other metal. 3. An
irregular deposit. (Halse) Massive eruption. The pouring forth
4. M. derecha, vertical ore deposit;
of lava from a line or system of fis-
sures, so that vast areas have become
M. echaday horizontal ore deposit.
(D wight) covered by nearly horizontal sheets
5. (Peru) Pulp discharged from a of eruptive material. (Century)
Chilean mill. (Pfordte) Mast. The upright pole of a crane or
Mascagnite. A
native ammonium sul- derrick. (Standard)
phate, (NHO2SO4, that occurs about Master. A collier's term for the owner
volcanoes (Dana). Also called Mas- of the mine. (Gresley)
cagnine.
Master joint. A large and persistent
Mash (Scot.). A
double-hand ham- plane of division that passes with
mer for breaking coal, setting up regularity and parallelism through a
props, etc. (Barrowman) number of beds. (Power)
Mason. A
mechanic whose occupation Master lode. The most productive lode
Is the laying of brick and stone in a district (Standard). See
of
building; one who has charge of or also Champion lode.
contracts for mason work; also,
sometimes, one who works or dresses Master wasteman (Eng.). The person
stone for building; a stonecutter. who has charge of the wastemea
(Standard) (G. C. Green well)
 ) ) )

GLOSSARY OF MINING AND MINERAL INDUSTRY. 423

BCastic. 1. A mixture of bituminous tically the same style of a Joint as
materia] and other fine mineral mat- used for cast-iron pipe. (Nat. Tube
ter, for use in liigliway construction Co.)
and for application in a heated con-
dition. (Bacon)
Mathewson's device. An apparatus for
2. A kind of mortar or cement used separating matte and slag at lead-
silver blast furnaces where matte is
for plastering walls. It is composed
of finely ground oolitic limestone of secondary importance. (Peters,
mixed with sand, litharge and lin- p. 297)
seed oil. (Century) Matrass; Mattrass. A small, hard, glass
Mat. An accumulation tube closed at one end, used in blow-
1. of broken
mine tinibei'S, rock, earth, etc., coin-
pipe analysis. (Webster)
cident with the caving system of Matrice. See Matrix.
mining. As the ore is extracted the
mat gradually settles and forms the Matrlcula ( Sp. ) . A register for mines,
roof of the working levels, stopes, etc. (Crofutt)
etc. 2. A hempen blanket made of
Matrix. 1. The rock or earthy mate-
ropes to cover shallow excavations
rial containing a mineral or metallic
when blasting therein to prevent
ore; the gangue (Raymond). Some-
damage by flying rocks, etc.
times called Ground mass.
3. A lusterless or dull surface in a
2. The material which forms a
metal, produced by a method of
cushion, or binder, for use in the con-
finishing. 4. A tool for finishing a
struction of pavements. (Bacon)
metal surface so as to produce a
3. The impression or mold of the
neat appearance. (Standard)
exterior of a fossil, crystal, or other
Mata (Sp.). Matte; M. azul, blue mineral left in the containing rock
metal. (Halse) when a fossil is removed, or the
mass in which a fossil or mineral is
Metacho (Mex.). An unproductive embedded. ( Standard
lode. (Lucas)
Matas Matrix jewelry. Jewelry cut from
de oro (Sp.). Ore chimneys.
(Lucas) some stone, as opal or turquoise,
and its surrounding matrix. Such
Match. 1. A
charge of gunpowder put mixtures are called opal matrix,
into a paper several inches long, and turquoise matrix, etc. (Webster)
used for igniting explosives. 2. The
touch end of a squib. (Steel)
Matrix rock. Same as Land-pebble
3. In founding, a casing of hard
phosphate. (Power)
sand, block of plaster, or the like, Matriz (Sp.). Matrix, gangue, or
for guarding any deficiency in the veinstone. (Halse)
matching or joining of the parts of a
mold. ( Standard Matte. A product obtained in smelting
sulphide ores of certain metals, as
Match plate. In founding, a board or copper, lead, or nickel. It is crude
plate placed between the parts of metal combined with more or less
a two-part flask and on the opposite sulphur, and requires to be further
sides of which the halves of a pat- purified. (Webster). A heterogen-.

tern are placed and rammed up, the
plate being then removed to permit
the halves of the pattern to come
together. ( Standard
Matera (Colom.). A bunchy mine, or
eous mixture of metallic sulphides
produced in smelting sulphide ores.
Matte is brittle and the fracture
ranges from coarse grained through
fine grained to conchoidal its color
;

is bronze-like, often bluish, again

one in which the gold is found in
dark to a light gray; the luster is
pockets. (Halse)
bright. The leading components are
Material man (Corn.). One who has sulphur, copper, iron, lead, nickel of ;

the care of materials and issues sup-
plies to miners (Min. Jour.) A balt, manganese, bismuth, and pre-
warehouse man.
Matheson joint. A wrought-pipe joint
made by enlarging the one end of the
pipe to form a suitable lead recess,
similar to the bell end of a cast-iron
pipe, and receiving the male or
spigot end of the next length. Prac-
Secondary importance are zinc, co-
cious metals. As to the constitntion
of matte the freezing point curves
show that there are present chemical
compounds, eutectic mixtures and
solid solutions (Hofman, General
metallurgy, p. 884). Copper matte
usually contains 30 to 40 per cent
i sulphur.
424 GLOSSARY OF MINING AND MINERAL INDUSTRY.

Matt glaze. A dull glaze applied to Mayencian. A division of the Miocene

some burned clay products. (Ries) Tertiary, typically developed in the
Mainz (or Mayence) basin, Ger-
Matting. The process of smelting sul- many. (Standard)
phide ores into matte. (Weed)
Mayoral (Peru). A head overseer or
Matting tool. See Mat, 4. boss. (Halse)

Mattock. 1. A miner's pickaxe. (Skin- Mayordomo. 1. (Mex.) In the patio

ner) process, the chief of the muleteers.
2. An implement for digging and 2. (Peru) A foreman or boss.
grubbing. The head has two long (Halse)
steel blades, one like an adz and Maza (Sp.). A hammer; a stamp
the other like a narrow ax, or the head. (Lucas)
point of a pickax. (Webster)
Mazamorra (Colom.). 1. Imperfect or
Matura diamond. 1. An inferior dia- poor working of a placer mine. 2.
mond from Matura. Ceylon, India. An insignificant part of the ground
2. A name given in Ceylon to zir- sluice abandoned to poor people for
con from the district of Matura. the gold they can get out of it.
(Century) (Halse)

Maturation. In alchemy, the conver- Mazamorras (Bol.). Mud streams

sion of a base metal into gold. from the flanks of the Ulimani
(Webster) mountain. (Halse)
Mazamorrear (Colom,). To wash gold.
Mature. Having reached the maxi- To glean. (Halse)
mum vigor and efficiency of action
or the maximum development and Mazamorrero (Colom.). A gold washer
accentuation of form said of: who works on his own account.
streams, the sculpture of land by (Halse)
erosion, and the resultant topogra-
Mazapilite. An arsenate cf calcium
phy. Compare Young and Old. (La
and iron, closely related to arsenio-
Forge) siderite. Occurs in black prismatic
Mature river. A river in the third and crystals. (Century)
most perfect stage of development. Mazo (Mex.). 1. Striking hammer.
2. Stamp for crushing ore. (Dwight)
Maturity- That stage In the develop-
ment of streams or in land sculpture Mazout; Marsut. A Russian petroleum
at which the process is going on product remaining after the distilla-
with maximum vigor and efficiency tion of benzine and kerosene. It is
or the maximum development and a brownish black liquid, and used
accentuation has been reached. largely as a fuel oil. (Webster)
Compare Youth and Old age. (La
Meadow ore. Bog iron ore. (Power)
Forge)
Meander. One of a series of somewhat
Maul (Derb.). A large hammer or regular and looplike bends in the
mallet. (Raj^mond) course of a stream, developed, when
the stream is flowing at grade,
Maundril ( Derb. and Wales ) A prying . through lateral shifting of Its course
pick with two prongs (Raymond). toward the convex sides of the origi-
Also spelled Mandrel, Mandril. nal curves. (La Forge)

Maverick. Anything dishonestly ob-

Meander line. A surveyed line, usually
irregular, but not a boundary line
tained, as a saddle, mine, or piece of
land. (Century)
(Webster). A traverse line.

Mean refractive index. The mean of

Maxton screen. A
screening machine the values of the index of refraction
of the trommel class, rotating on for the extreme red and the extreme
rollers that support the tube. There violet rays. (Webster)
are radial elevating ribs, to prevent Mear; Meer. See Mere.
wear of screen cloth and to elevate
the oversize. Unscreened material Measures. In geology, a group or se-
Is delivered on the inside screen sur-
ries of strata having some character-
istic in common, as coal measures:
face, undersize passing through and
oversize being elevated and dis- almost obsolete. (La Forge)
charged Into a separate launder. Measures head. A heading or drift
(Liddell) made In various strata. (Gresle^)
 GLOSSATP.Y OF MINING AND MINERAL INDUSTRY. 425

MeastiTlrg: chain. A survs^or's chain, Media barreta (Peru). An inclined

contaiiiiiii; 100 links of 7.92 inches shaft. (Dwight)
eaoh. (Century)
Medial moraine. A moraine formed in-
Measuring day ( Scot. ) . The day when teriorly upon a
glacial stem, by the
the manager or other official meas- coalescence of two lateral moraine§
ures the amount of work done in the of the coalescing glaciers (Stand-
mine. (Barrowman) ard). See Moraine.
Meat earth. The vegetal mold. Medida ( Sp. ) . A measure a standard
;

gauge. (Halse)
Mecapal (Mex.). 1. Sheet - iron
scraper used by ore sorters. 2. Flat Mediophyric. Moderately porphyritic
strap or rope that goes over the head rocks with phenocrysts between 5
of an ore carrier to support the load. mm. and 1 mm. in longest diameter.
(D wight) See Magnophyric and Minophyric.
(Iddings, Igneous Rocks, p. 200)
Mecate (Mex.). Coarse twine. Twine
made of Maguey fiber, or Ixtle. Mediosilicic. In petrology, containing
(Dwight) between 50 and 60 per cent silica:
said of some igneous rocks; same as
Mecha (Mex.). 1. A fuse. 2. A wick Intermediate. (La Forge)
for a lamp or a candle. 3. A torch
(Dwight). M. de seguridad, safety Medir (Sp.). 1. To measure. 2. M.
fuse. (Lucas) unor mina, to survey a mine. (Halse)

Mechanical efficiency. Mechanical effi- Medium steel. Steel containing from

ciency of an air compressor is the 0.15 to 0.30 per cent of carbon. Used
ratio of the air-indicated horse- especially for structural purposes.
power to the steam-indicated horse- (Webster)
power in the case of a steam-driven,
and to the brake horsepower in the Medjidite. A hydrous sulphate of ura-
case of a power-driven machine. (A. nium and calcium, occurring with
I. M. E., Bull. 140, p. Ivii) uraninite. (Century)

Mechanical mixture. A composition of Meend; Meand (Forest of Dean). Old

two or more substances, each re-
maining distinct, and generally ca-
pable of separation by mechanical
means. (Standard)
Mechanical puddlers. A stirring device
by which a bath of molten metal
is agitated by mechanical rabbles,
to save hard labor. The term pud-
dling, now applied in metallurgy ex-
clusively to the above process, origi-
nally referred to the puddling of
clay, or clay and charcoal, upon the
masonry of a furnace hearth to form
a lining. (Winchell)
Mechanical rabble. A rabble worked
by machinery (Standard). 8ee
Rabble, 3.
Mechanics. The branch of physics
that treats of the phenomena caused
by the action of forces on material
bodies. It is subdivided into statics,
dynamics, or kinetics; or into the
mechanics of rigid bodies, and hy-
dromechanics (including hydrostat-
ics and hydrodynamics.) (Standard)
Mechazo. (Sp.). A misfire, due to
burning of fuse without exploding
the charge. (Halse)
Media (Sp.). A medium
(Halse)
ironstone workings at the outcrop,
some of which were worked by the
Romans. (Gresley)
Meerschaum; Sepiolite- A tough, com-
pact, hydrous magnesium silicate.
(U. S. Geol. Surv.)
Meet. 1. (Eng.) To keep pace with,
for example, to keep sufficient sup-
ply of coal at the pit bottom to sup-
ply the winding engine. (Gresley)
2. To come together exactly, as in
survey lines from opposite direc-
tions.
Meeting. 1. A siding or by-pass on
underground roads. (Gresley)
2. (Newc.) The place at middle-
depth of a shaft, slope, or plane,
where ascending and descending cars
pass each other. (Raymond)
Megabasite. A tungstate of iron and
manganese, probably a variety of
wolfram. (Century)
Megalith. One of the huge stones or
l)t»wlders used in various types of
prehistoric monuments, such as the
menhir, dolmen, etc. (Webster)
Megali':hic masonry. Masonry in very
sized drill. large stones, whether wholly ot
partly rougti. (Standard)
 ) ) :

426 GLOSSARY or MINING AND MINERAL INDUSTRY.

Megascopic. Ivarge enough to be dis- Melilite. An orthosilicate of sodium,

tinguished with the naked eye; the calcium, aluminum, and other met-
antithesis of microscopic. See Ma- als. It is a constituent of certain
croscopic. Used also to describe igneous rocks, replacing the feld-
methods of observation without the spar (Webster)'. The name of the
microscope or with the eye alone. mineral is sometimes prefixed to the
(Kemp) names of rocks containing it, as
melilite-monchiquite. (Kemp)
Meinonite. A vitreous, colorless to
white, transparent to translucent, Melilite-basalt. A rare basaltic rock
calcium - aluminum silicate, Ca^AU- whose feldspathoid is melilite. It
SiaOas. Tetragonal. (Dana) was first identified by Stelzner in
1882. The rock is excessively basic.
Meizoseismal. Of, or pertaining to, the Almoite is the same rock in dikes.
maximum destructive force of an (Kemp)
earthquake. ( Standard
Melinite. 1. A
high explosive simi-
Meizoseismal curve. A curved line con- lar to Lyddite, said to be chiefly
necting the points of the maximum picric acid. (Webster)
destructive energy of an earth- 2. A species of soft, unctuous clay,
quake shock around its epicentrum. common in Bavaria, and probably
(Standard) identical with bole. (Standard)
Mejora (Sp.). Improvement; M. de
boca, an improvement or alteration
Mell (Eng.). A large hammer. (Bain-
bridge)
made in the entrance to a mine.
(Halse) Mellan (Braz.) See Cascalho.
Melaconite. Black copper oxide, CuO.
Contains 79.8 per cent copper. The Mellite. A mineral of honey color,
name given to an earthy, black, mas- found in crystals and granular
sive variety of tenorite. (U. S. Geol.
masses in brown coal, partly as a
result of vegetal decomposition
Surv.)
honey stone. Alj.Ci2.0i2.18H,0.
Melanchyme. A bituminous substance (Webster)
found in masses in the brown coal
of Zweifelsruth, Bohemia. That Mellowing. A change of color in
part of this substance which is building stone, due to oxidation of
soluble in alcohol is termed roch- some ferruginous compound, or to
lederite, the residue melanellite. absorption of impurities. (Stand-
(Bacon) ard)
Melanellite. That portion of melan- Melonite; Tellurnickel. nickel tel- A
chyme which is Insoluble in alco- luride, Ni2Te8. In indistinct granu-
hol it
; is black and gelatinous. lar and foliated particles. Color
(Bacon) reddish-white, with metallic luster.
Melanite. A black variety of common (Dana)
garnet. ( Dana Melt. 1. To reduce from a solid to
Melanocratic. A name applied by W. a liquid state, usually by heat; to
C. Brogger to those eruptive rocks liquefy; to fuse. 2. A melted sub-
in which the dark or ferromagne- stance also the mass melted at a
;

sium minerals are in excess over the
light ones. The antithetical term is
leucocratic. Melanocratic
from two Greek words meaning the
*
black prevails.' (Kemp)
Melanterite. Copperas; hydrous fer-
rous sulphate, FeS04+7HaO. (Web-
ster)
Melaphyre. 1. Any dark-colored felsi-
tic igneous rock. 2. A basalt or fine-
grained diabase whose original min-
erals have been partly or wholly
altered to calcite, chlorite, epidote,
limonite, etc.; now little used. 3-
An olivine basalt of pre-Tertiary
age: obsolete in this sense. (La
Forge)
single operation, or the quantity
melted during a certain period,
is derived (Webster)
Melting furnace. A glass-makers' fur-
nace in which the frit for the glass
is melted before it goes to the blow-
ing furnace. (Century)
Melting point. The degree of tempera-
ture at which a solid substance
melts or fuses. (Webster)
Melting pot. A crucible. (Standard)
Member. In the usage of the U. S.
Geological Survey, a division of a
formation, generally of distinct litho-
logic character or of only local ex-
tent. (La Forge)
 )

GLOSSARY OF MINING AND MINERAL INDUSTRY. 427

Memoria (Hex.). 1. Pay roll. 2. A Mephitis. A noxious exhalation

weekly account of mine expenses. caused by the decomposition of or-
(Halse) ganic remains applied also to gases
:

emanating from deep sources, as in

Mena (Mex.). A mineral vein; ore. mines, caves, and volcanic regions.
M. crudo, raw or crude ore; M. (Standard)
grueso, ore in large lumps ; M. redo,
massive ore. (Halse) Mercantile system. A theory in po-
liticaleconomy that wealth consists
Menaccanite. A synonym for Ilmenite. not in labor and its products, but
Manage (Fr.). A club of working men in the quantity of silver and gold in
in Scotland and North England a country, and hence that mining,
(Century). Common in mining dis- the exportation of goods, and the
tricts.
importation of gold should be en-
couraged by the State: held gener-
Mend (Eng.). To load, or reload, ally up to the close of the 18th cen-
trams at the gate - ends out of tury. (Standard)
smaller trams used only in the
working faces of thin seams. (Gres- Merced (Sp.). A gift. This term is
ley) applied a grant that is made
to
without any valuable consideration.
Mendeleeff group. In chemistry, one (Raymond)
of the groups into which the ele-
ments are classified in the periodic Merchant bar. See Merchant iron.
system. (Webster)
Merchant iron. Iron in the common
Mendeleeff's law. See Periodic law. bar form, convenient for the market.
Mendits (Fr.). Same as Putters.
Called also Merchant bar. (Stand-
Trammers. ( Gresley ard)

Mendozite. A massive, fibrous, white, Merchant rolls. Finishing rolls in a

hydrous, sodium-aluminum sulphate, merchant-iron mill (Standard). See
NaAl(S04)2+12H,0. Called also
Merchant train.
Alunogen and Soda alum. (Dana) Merchant train. A train of rolls for
Meneghlnite. A lead - antimony sul- reducing iron piles, or steel ingots,
phide mineral, 4PbS.Sb2S3. blooms, or billets, to bars of any of
Ortho-
the various round, square, flat, or
rhombic. In slender prismatic crys-
tals; also massive. Color blackish
other shapes, known as merchant
lead-gray. (Dana) iron or steel. (Raymond)

Menilite. A concretionary, opaque,

Mercurial horn-ore. Same as Calomel.
(Standard)
dull, grayish variety of opal. (Dana)
Meniscus. A Mercurio (Sp.) 1. Mercury, or quick-
1. lens concave on one
side and convex on the other, espe-
silver. 2. Mercury ore. M. cdrneo,
cially when
calomel. (Halse)
of true crescent-shaped
section. 2. The surface of a liquid Mercury. Aheavy, silver-white, liquid,
column. Itscurvature is determined metallic element; also called popu-
by the surface tension, being con- larly quicksilver. Hydrargyrum.
cave when the walls are wetted by Symbol, Hg; atomic weight, 200.6;
the liquid and convex when not. specific gravity, 13.54. (Webster)
(Webster)
Mercury arc. An electric arc trans-
Men on! (Scot). A brief expression mitted by mercury vapor in a vac-
to indicate that men are on the cage uum tube. (Webster)
to be raised, or lowered, In the shaft.
(Barrowman) Mercury cup. 1. The cistern of a mer-
cury barometer. A cup containing
2.
Menucos (Arg.). Dangerous bogs mercury for making an electric con-
usually hidden by a luxuriant vege- nection, as by dipping the ends of
tation. (Halse) two wires in it. (Standard)
Mephitic. Foul; noxious; poisonous;
stifling. (Century)
Mercury furnace. A furnace in which
cinnabar Is roasted in order to cause
Mephitic air. An old name for car- the pure mercury to pass off in
bon dioxide (Webster). Black damp; fume, which is condensed in a series
cholre dampu of vessela (Century)
428 GLOSSARY OF MINING AND MINERAL INDUSTRY.

Mercury gatherer. A stirring appa- Mescal (Sp.). See Pulque.

ratus that causes quicksilver, that
has become floured or mixed with Mesh. 1. One of the openings oi
sulphur in amalgamating, to resume spaces in a screen. The value of
the fluid condition, through the the mesh is usually given as the
agency of mechanical agitation and number of openings per linear inch.
rubbing. (Century) This gives no recognition to the
diameter of the wire, so that the
Mercury ores. Native mercury ; cinna- mesh number does not always have
bar (sulphide). (Raymond) a definite relation to the size of the
Mercury trap. See Trap, 5.
hole. (Richards)
2. Engagement, or working contact,
Mere; Mear. 1. A boundary-line. 2. of the teeth of wheels or of a wheel
In Derbyshire, a measure of mining- and rack. (Webster)
claims of 29 or 31 yaFds (Standard).
The discoverer of the lode was al- Mesh structure. A structure resem-
lowed to claim two meres. bling network or latticework found
in certain alter.-ition products of
Mere stake; Meer stake; Mear stake. minerals. Called also Net structure,
A stake to mark the boundary of Lattice structure. (Standard)
mining property. (Mander)
Mesitine spar. Mesitite a carbonate
Merestone. A stone used as a bound- of magnesium and
;

iron, 2MgCOs.-
ary also, figuratively, a boundary.
;
FeCO«. (Dana)
(Standard)
Mergulhador (Braz.). In alluvial min-
Mesitite. See Mesitine spar.
ing, a diver. (Halse)
Mesole. Same as Thompsonite.
Mergulhar (Braz.). To work alluvial
sands by diving. (Halse)
Mesolite. A mineral intermediate be-
tween natrolite and scolecite. In
Mergulho (Braz.). A method
of div- acicular and capillary crystals; deli-
ing for auriferous river sand, era- cate divergent tufts, etc. White or
ployed by poor miners. (Halse) colorless. Occurs in amygdaloidal
basalt at numerous places. (Dana)
Meridian. A great circle on the sur-
face of the earth, passing through Mesolithic. Designating a stage of
the poles and any given place. culture intermediate between the
(Webster). A north-and-south line. Paleolithic and Neolithic. (Web-
Called also Terrestial meridian. ster)
(Standard)
Mesosiderite. A variety of meteorite.
Merma (Mex.). Ore lost by abrasion (Standard)
during treatment or transportation.
(D wight) Mesostasis. A synonym for Basis, sug-
gested by Giimbel. (Kemp)
Merohedral. In crystallography, hav-
ing only a part of the planes re- Mesothermal. Of, having, or pertain-
quired by the full symmetry of the ing to a medium temperature. (AVeb-
form. (Standard) ster)
Merrill filter-press. A
variation of tho Mesothorium. A radio-active element
plate-and-frame press. (Liddcll) found in monazite sand and other
Merrit plate. See Bloomery. thorium minerals. First identified
and described by Hahn in 1905. It
Mersey " yellow coal." A synonym for is a substitute for radium in the
Tasmanite. manufaclnre of certain luminous
Mesa (Sp.). 1. A high, broad, flat paints, and for medicinal purposes.
table-land, bounded, at least on one
side, by a steep cliff rising from Mesotype. A variety of natrolite.
lower land; a plateau; terrace; flat- (Dana)
topped hill. (Standard) Mesozoic. One of the grand divisions
2. Concentration table. 3. The or eras of geologic time, following
hearth of a furnace. (Dwight)
the Paleozoic and succeeded by the
Mesabite. A name suggested by H. V. Cenozoic era, comprising the Trias-
Winchell for the ocherous goethite sic, Jurassic, and Cretaceous periods.
found so abundantly on the Mesabi Also the group of strata formed dvir.i
range, Minnesota. (Chester) ing that era. (La Forge)
 GLOSSARY OP MINING AND MINERAL INDUSTRY.
Mesquite (Sp.-Mex.). A mimosaceous
tree or shrub of the southwestern
United States and Mexico, often
forming dense thickets and fre-
quently constituting the only arbor-
escent vegetation of a region. It
Vias pinnate leaves, small, fragrant
flowera In a dense raceme, and bean-
3ike pods that are rich in sugar
v.n<\ form an important food for
stock. (Webster)
Mq?s kit. The cooking and table
utensils for a mess, with the recep-
•"
tacle in which they are packed for
transportation. (Webster)
Meta. In petrology, when used as a
prefix to the name of a rock, signi-
fies that the rock has undergone
'
more or less change in mineral or
chemical composition through meta-
morphism. (La Forge)
Metabolite. Wadsworth's name for
altered, glassy trachytes, of which
lassenite is the unaltered form.
(Kemp)
Metachemical metamorphlsm. Dana's
term to describe that variety of
irietamorphism which involves a
i'hemical change in the rocks af-
fected. (Kemp)
2tfetacinnabarite.A mineral having
the same composition as cinnabar,
but black in color, and crystallizing
in isometric forms (tetrahedral).
See Cinnabar. (U. S. Geol. Surv.)
Metaclase. A rock possessing cleav-
age secondarily developed during
rock deformation. Compare Proto-
clase. (G. K. Loith, Bull. 239, U. S.
Geol. Surv., p 12)
Metacryst. A well-developed crystal
of a secondary mineral, like garnet,
staurolite. or andnlusite, resembling
a phenocryst, Imbedded in the ground-
mass of a comparatively fine-grained
metamorphic rock. (La Forge)
Metadiabase. A
shortened form of
metamorphic diabase, suggested by
Dana for certain rocks simulating
diabase, but supposed to have been
produced by the metamorphlsm of
sediments. Compare Pseudo-dia-
base. (Kemp)
JHetadiorite. Dioritic rocks produced
as described under metadiabase.
Compare Pseudo-diorite. (Kemp)
Hetal. 1. Any of a class of substances
that typically are fusible and opaque,
are good conductors of electric-
ity, and show a peculiar metallic
luster, ns gold, bronze, aluminum,
etc. Most metals are also malleablei
429
and comparatively heavy, and all
except mercury are solid at ordi-
nary temperatures. Metals consti-
tute over three-fourths of the recog-
nized elements. They form oxides
and hydroxides that are basic, and
they may exist In solution as posi*
tive Ions. 8. Ore from which a
metal derived.
Is (Webster)
3. (No. of Eng.) In coal mining,
indurated clay or shale. See Bind.
(Gresley)
4. Cast Iron, more particularly while
melted. 5. Broken stone for road-
surfaces or for railway ballast. 6.
molten glass. 7. Railway rails.
(Standard)
8. Copper regulus or matte obtained
In the English process. The follow-
ing varieties are distinguished by
appearance and by their percentage
of copper (here given in approxi-
mate figures): Coarse, 20 to 40;
red, 48 blue, 60 ; sparkle, 74 tvJiite,
; ;
77 pimple, 79. Fine metal includes
;
the latter four varieties. Hard
metal is Impure copper containing a
large amount of tin. 9. (Scot.) All
the rocks penetrated In mining ore.
10. Road metal, rock used in macad-
amizing roads. (Raymond)
Metal (Sp.). This term is applied
both to the ore and to the metal
extracted from it. It is sometimes
used for vein, and even for a mine
itself (Raymond). M. azul, lead
ore. M. crudo (Peru), oxidized ore,
M. de ayuda, fluxing ore of any kind,
M. de heneficio, second class ore
worked on the patio. M. de cebOf
rich ore, usually treated in small
reverberatory furnaces. M. de cor-
rer, pure tin ore. AI. de exporta-
cidn, first-class ore ready for sale.
M. de fuego, smelting ores. M. de
labor es, smalls from the workings
of the mine. M. de pie, ore amen-
able to the patio process. M. de
primera clase, first-class ore ready
for sale. M. de quema (Peru),
sulphide ore. M. en barras, bullion.
M. en piedra (Peru), crude ore. M.
gabarro, first and second-class ore,
from the size of an egg to that of
an orange. M. granza, fine ore,
smalls. M. hecho, hand-picked, rich
ore. M. jugoso, wet ore, i. e., lead
ore. M. negro, blende. M. ordinario,
common ore. M. de pepena, the best
class of selected ore. (Halye)
Metalada (Mex.). Discovery of ore in
a barren working. (D wight)
Metal bath. A bath, as of mercury, or
tin, employed for chemical processes
requiring great heat (Standard)
430 GLOSSARY OF MINING AND MINERAL INDUSTRY.
Metal drift (Lane). A heading driven
in stone. (Gresley)
Metaled. 1. Surfaced with stone; ma-
cadamized :said of an ordinal^ road.
2. Stone ballasted : said of a rail-
way. (Standard)
BCetales (Sp.)Ores extracted from
a mine. M. calidos, minerals capable
of amalgamation. (Lucas) M. de
fundicidn. Ores for smelting (Min.
Jour.) M. humildes (Peru) Silver
ores that amalgamate readily with-
out sickening or flouring the mer-
cury. (Dwight) M. frios,, minerals
unsuitable for amalgamation. M.
nobles, free milling ores noble ores.
; into, as the pores of wood.
(Lucas)
Metalifero (Sp.). Metalliferous.
cas)
Metaline. A trade name for a metal-
lic, dark-colored compound or alloy,
used in the form of plugs inserted
into holes drilled into machine bear-
ings, for obviating friction, and as a
substitute for ordinary lubricants.
(Webster)
Metalist. One who works or hasin,
special knowledge of, metals (Stand-
ard). A metallurgist.
Metallic. 1. Of or belonging to metals,
containing metals, more particularly
the valuable metals that are the ob-
ject of mining. (Rickard)
2. Applied to minerals having the
luster of a metal, as gold, copper,
etc. (Dana)
Metallic iron. Metal-iron, as distin-
guished from iron ore. (Standard)
Metallic luster. A luster characteristic
of metals in a compact state, and
shown also by some other substances,
as certain minerals and dyes. It is
due to more or less of selective ab-
sorption in the surface layer, com-
bined with a strong reflection. The
blackness of finely divided metals is
explained as due to repeated reflec-
tion and absorption of light among
the particles. (Webster)
Metallic oxides. Those oxides that
consist of a metallic element and
oxygen, and are for the most part
basic. (Standard)
Metallic sulphide. A
sulphide in which
the basic radical is a metal applied :
chiefly to certain minerals, as iron
sulphide (pyrite), zinc sulphide
(blende), etc. (Standard)
Metallic tremor. The trembling palsy
of metal workers, as of workers with
lead or quicksilver; the mercurial-
trade disease. (Standard)
Metalliferous. Producing or contain-
ing metal; yielding metal. (Web-
ster)
Metallify. To convert into metal.
(Webster)
Metalline. 1, Pertaining to or resem-
bling a metal. INIetallic. 2. Impreg-
nated with metallic salts, as metal-
line water. (Webster)
Metallites. A word used by M. E.
Wadsworth to embrace all ores or
metalliferous material, (Power)
Metallize. To turn
into a metal ; to in-
fuse mineral or metallic particles
(Stand-
ard)
(Lu- Metallography. 1. The science or art
of metals and metal working; also
a treatice on metals. 2. The micro-
scopic study of the structure of
metals and their alloys. It utilizes
the light reflected by polished sur-
faces.
Metallization. The process, or group
of processes, whereby valuable met-
als, or minerals containing such
metals, are introduced into the
rocks. The term mineralization is
often used in the above sense nnd
is really more comprehensive. The
formation of garnet in limestone,
for example, is a result of mineral-
ization but may have no economic
significance whatever. (Ranscme)
Metalloid. 1. An alkali metal, as so-
dium, or an alkaline-earth metal, as
calcium so called by Davy because
;
not supposed to be well-defined met-
als. 2. Certain elements, as arsenic,
antimony, that share the proper-
ties of metals and nonmetals. 3.
Having the appearance of a metal.
(Webster)
Metallurgical engineer. Any one versed
in the principles of metallurgy, in-
cluding inorganic chemistry and gen-
eral engineering, and who applies
them on a commercial scale in any of
the processes for the extraction of
metals from their ores, or from al-
loys.
Metallurgical fume. A mixture of fine
particles of elements and metallic
and nonmetallic compounds either
sublimed or condensed from the va-
por state. In practice, it usually
has mixed with it small propor-
tions of fine flue dust. Moreover,
fume may consist of very small, solid
particles and of very small liquid
particles, the latter like a mist or
fog. The composition of metallurgi-
cal fume varies witiiin wide limits,
 ) ) ;;

GLOSSARY OF MINING AND MINERAL INDUSTRY. 431

dependent upon the method of smelt- cies, especially by deformation and

ing employed. (Fulton, p. 32, Bull. by rise of temperature. The proc-
84. Bu. Mines). See also Fume. esses and results of cementation and
of weathering are not ordinarily in-
Metallnrgical smoke. A term applied cluded. (La Forge) The most im-
to the gases and vapors, and fine portant agents are heat, moisture
dust entrained by them, that issue and pressure.
from the throat of blast furnaces,
reverberatory smelting furnaces, or Metamorphosis. Change of form,
roasting furnaces. It consists of structure or substance ; transfora-
three distinct substances, gases, (in- tion of any kind. (Webster)
cluding air), the flue dust, and the MetamorphoTis. Same as Metamorphic.
fume. (Fulton, p. 8, Bull. 84, Bu.
Mines) Metapepsls. Regional metamorphism,
due to steam or boiling water under
Metallurgist. One who is skilled in, or great pressure; a term proposed by
who practices metallurgy. Compare G. H. Kinahan (Standard). Also
Metallurgical engineer. called Parotepsis.
Metallurgy. The science and art of pre- Metapil (Mex.). The grinding stone
paring metals for use from their ores (Dwight)
of an arrastre, etc.
by separating them from mechani-
cal mixture and chemical combina- Metasilicate. A
salt of metasilicic
tion. It includes various processes, acid; especially applied to certain
as smelting, amalgamation, electro- minerals more frequently called
lytic refining, etc. Metallurgy, as bisilicates. (Standard)
generally understood, is concerned
w^ith the production of raw metallic Metasomatic. In geology, characteris-
materials, the manufacture of which, tic of, pertaining to, produced by,
into finished articles, belongs to other or occurring during metasomatosis.
arts. (Webster) (La Forge.) The term is especially
used in connection with the origin
Metal man. 1. (Lane.) One who re- of ore deposits. The corresponding
pairs underground roads. (Gres- noun is metasomatosis, but replace-
'

ley) ment' is a good English equivalent.

2. One who works in metals. (Kemp)
(Standard)
Metasomatosis; Metasomatism. Chemi-
Metal-notch. See Tap hole, L cal alteration of a mineral or a rock
the replacement of a mineral by an-
Metal ridge (No. of Eng.). L A other through chemical action. (La
pillar or pillars that form a support
Forge)
for a mine roof. (Gresley)
2. (Eng.). The stvn ta forced up by Metasome. An individual mineral de-
a creep. (Bainbridge) veloped in another mineral. (Lind-
gren, p. 158)
Metals (Scot.). A general name for
the strata in which minerals occur. Metate (Mex.). An iron bucking board
(Barrowman) for grinding ore samples. (Dwight)
Metal stone (Newc). Argillaceous Metatropy. A change in the physical
stone. Shale and sandstone. (Min. character of a rock mass while there
Jour. is no essential change in its constitu-
ents, e. g., the vitrification and devit-
Metameric. Having the same elements
rification of rocks. (Power)
united in the same proportions by
weight, and with the same molecu- Metaxite. 1. Hauy's name for mica-
lar weights, but with different struc- ceous sandstone. (Kemp)
ture or arrangement of the ultimate 2. A fibrous serpentine. (Webster)
parts. (Power)
Meteoric iron. Iron found in meteors
Metamorfico (Sp.). Metamorphic. also, an iron meteorite. (Standard)
Metamorphic. Characteristic of, per- Meteoric stone. A meteorite, especially
taining produced by, or occurring
to, one of a stony composition or ap-
during metamorphism. (La Forge) pearance. ( Standard

Said of certain rocks.

Meteoric water. Water that previ-
Metamorphism. In geology, any change ously existed as atmospheric mois-
In the texture or composition of a ture, or sui'face water, and that en-
rock, after its induration or solidi- tered from the surface into the voida
fication, produced by exterior agen- of the llthosphere. (Meinzer)
432 GLOSSARY OF MINING AND MINERAL INDUSTRY,

Meteorite. A stony, or metallic, body Metric ton. One thousand kllograras,

that has fallen to the earth from equal to 2204.6 avoirdupois pounds.
outer space; an ASrolite. (Web- (Webster)
ster)
Mett (Scot). An old measure of ca-
Heter; Metre. 1. An Instrument, appa- pacity for coal. (Barrowman)
ratus, or machine for measuring
Mexican onyx. A variety of calcite,
fluids, gases, electric currents, grain,
chiefly from Tecali, Mexico, used for
etc., and recording the results ob-
Interior decorations (Standard).
tained; as, a gas meter; a water
See also Onyx marble.
meter; an air meter. 2. The funda-
mental unit of length In the metric Mexican tile. A
term sometimes ap-
system, originally defined as one ten- plied to roofing tile of semicircular
millionth of the distance on the cross section. (Ries)
earth's surface from the pole to the
equator, now as the distance between
Meymacite. A resinous, light-brown
hydrated tungstlc oxide. W08.HaO,
two lines on a certain metallic rod
preserved In the archives of the In-
that Is formed by the alteration of
ternational Metric Commission at
scheellte. (Dana)
Paris (Standard). It is equal to Mezcla (Mex.). 1. Furnace charge.
89.37079 inches. 2. Mortar. (Dwlght)
Meter oil. An oil of low cold-test, like Mezo; Meso. A term sometimes pre-
the light lubricating oils from Texas fixed to thenames of igneous rocks
crude oil. (Bacon) of Mesozoic age. (Kemp)
Methane. A gaseous hydrocarbon, Mezzamajolica (It). A decorated and
CH4, light odorless, Inflammable, oc- glazed earthenware made in Italy
curring naturally as a product of prior to the introduction of the
decomposition of organic matter in majolica ware. The figures on It
marches and mines, and produced are traced In blue or black, the
artificially by dry distillation of flesh is white, and the draperies are
many organic substances. (Web- blue. (Standard)
ster)
Methanephone. An instrument for de-
Miamla (Aust.). A screen of brush-
tecting methane In mine air. It
wood, supported on poles, and placed
contains an electric battery that near a shaft to protect the men from
sustains a small electric glow-light. the weather. (Davies)
As soon as a certain percentage of Miargyrite. A sulphide of antimony
methane enters the workings a tiny and silver, occurring in monoclinic
explosion occurs in the fuse head, crystals of an iron-black color with
where a fine wire filament is melted a dark, cherry-red streak. (Cen-
and starts a bell to ringlncr con- tury)
tinuously. (Coal Age, Mar. 30, 1918,
p. 579) Miarolitic. In petrology, containing
small interstitial cavities, formed
Methanometer. An Instrument, re- when the rock solidified, into which
sembling a eudiometer, to detect the small crystals may project: said of
presence and amount of methane, as some ignfons rocks. Also, charac-
in coal mines. (Webster) teristic of, pertaining to, or occur-
Metra. A pocket Implement combining ring In such cavities. (La Forge)
the uses of many instruments, as
thermometer, level, plummet, and Miascite. A name coined from Miask,
a locality in the Ural where a
lens. (Standard)
nephelite-syenlte occurs whose dark
Metric carat. A unit of weight, 200 Used also as a
silicate Is biotite.
mg., for weighing precious stones.
general name for biotitic nephelite-
See also Carat, 3. (Webster) syenites. (Kemp)
Metric system. A system of weights
and measures depending upon the Mica. A hydrous silicate having a
meter, In which the original factors very fine basal cleavage that ren-
are derived from the meter. The ders It capable of being split into
system Includes measures of length, thin, tough, transparent plates. Tho
of which the meter is the unit; most common varieties are musco-
measures of surface, of which the vite and biotite. Phlogopite and le-
are is the unit measures of capacity
; pidolite are prominent locally. (U.
of which the liter is the unit; and S. Geol. Surv.)
weights, of which the gram is the The name of the mineral is often
unit (Standard) prefixed to the name of the rock con-
 ) :

GLOSSARY OF MINING AND MINERAL INDUSTRY. 433

talnlng it, as, mica-basalt, mica-tin- Micro. Small. In lithology, Indicating
guaite. mica-trachyte, etc. (Kemp). that the structure designated is so
Called also Isinglass, Muscovy glass. minutely developed as not to be
recognized without the help of the
Micaceo-c.alcareous. Containing mica microscope. (Century)
and calcite. (Standard)
Microchemical tests. Chemical testa
Micaceous. Characteristic of, pertain- made on minute objects under a mi-
ing to, composed of, or containing croscope. The form, color, and opti-
mica. (La Forge) cal properties of the minute crystals
are also used.
Micaceous iron ore. A variety of
hematite. (Power) Microclastic. Clastic or fragmental, aa
rock composed of minute particles.
Mica diorite. A variety of dlorite in (Standard)
which mica replaces hornblende. Microcline. A mineral of the feldspar
(Standard) group, like orthoclase or common
feldspar in composition, but triclinic
Micanite. An easily molded, prepared in form. (Webster)
form of, mica used for insulating
(Webster). A trade term. Microcosmic salt. Sodium-ammonium-
hydrogen phosphate, HNaNH^POi-
Mica-peridotite. A variety of perido- 4HaO (Liddell). Also called Stereo-
tite, consisting chiefly of altered oli- rite.
vine and biotite. (Kemp) Microcrystalline. Minutely crystalline
Micaphyre. A porphyry containing said of crystalline rocks of which the
mica phenocrysts. (Webster) constituents are individually so mi-
nute that they cannot be distin-
Micapizarra (Sp.). A schist. (Halse) guished from each other by the
naked eye; cryptocrystalline. (Cen-
Mica powder. A dynamite in which tury)
the dope consists of fine scales of
mica. Microcrystallitic. Of, or pertaining to,
a metamorphic rock in which the
Mica schist. A foliated, crystalline devitrification has continued until
raetamorphic rock composed of alter- the original glassy material has
nate layers of quartz and mica in va- changed into little granules, needles,
rious proportions, the typical one and hairs. (Standard)
being about two-thirds quartz to one-
Microdiabase. A name given by Loosen
third mica although the proportion
;
to aphanitic diabases. (Kemp)
of the latter generally appears
greater than it Is, because the rock Microdiorite. A name originally given
splits along the mica folia, thus by Lepsius to a fine-grained diorite-
showing the mica along on the flat porphyry. (Kemp)
surfaces. The true composition may
be seen by looking at the squarely
Microfelsite. A
name used in micro-
scopic work for those varieties of
broken edges. (Roy. Com.) See groundmass that do not affect polar-
also Schist. ized light, but that are not true
glasses because they have a fibrous,
Mica slate. A slate composed chiefly
of fine mica. (La Forge) a granular or some such texture.
The textures are no doubt In many
Micatization. A metamorphic altera- cases the results of devitrification of
tion of other material into mica. a glassy base. (Kemp)
(Standard) Microfelsitic. The designation sug-
gested by Zirkel for a devitrified
Mica trap. An English field name for
glass when the devitrification haa
dark, dike rocks rich in mica.
(Kemp) been carried so far that the hyaline
character is lost, but not far enough
Mice-eaten quartz. Quartz full of to give rise to the development of
holes, once occupied by sulphides, distinctly individualized mineral
now decomposed and gone. (Da- forms. (Century)
vies) Microfiuidal. In petrology, having or
Mlchigamme jasper. highly altered A consisting of a microscopic flow-
ferruginous rock, usually carrying structure. ( Standard
apparently fragmental quartz grains, Microfoliation. Foliation distinctly
found at Mlchigarame Mountain, visible only under the microscope
Mich. (Ore Dep., p. 137) (Webster)
75242*—19 ^28
 )

434 GLOSSARY OF MINING AND MINERAL INDUSTRY.

Microgeology. That part of geology Mlcropegmatitic. In petrology, same

relating to features that require mi- as micrographic, which is much bet-
croscopic study. (Webster) ter and which is replacing it. (La
Forge)
Microg^ranite. A
name used in micro-
scopic worls for those groundmasses Micropegmatitic texture. A micro-
of porphyritic rocks that consist of scopic intergrowth of two minerals,
small quartz and feldspar crystals especially of quartz and feldspar in
with granitoid texture on a small which one mineral contains particles
scale,i. e., with components of about
of the other arranged in a more or
the same size and usually without less regular pattern which, from its
crystallographic boundaries. See fancied resemblance to certain an-
Granophyric. (Kemp) cient inscriptions has been called
also "graphic texture." (Ransome)
Microgranitoid. In petrology, having
Microperthite. A variety of rock-mak-
microscopic granitoid structure,
ing feldspar composed of orthoclase
(Standard)
thickly set with microscopic spindles
Microgranulite. The French equiva- or plates of albite (la Forge). It is
lent of granophyric. (Kemp) common in gneisses. Compare
Granophyric.
Micrographic. In petrology, having
the composition and structure of Microphylline. Composed of minute
graphic granite on a microscopic leaflets or scales. (Century)
scale. (Standard)
Microphysiography. Same as Petrog-
Microlite. 1. Essentially a calcium py- raphy. (Standard)
rotantalate. Contains also small
quantities of columbium, fluorine,,
Micropoikilitic. A textural term sug-
gested by G. H. Williams to describe
tungsten, and other bases. Used as
those minerals that are speckled
a gem. (U. S. Geol. Surv.)
with microscopic inclusions of other
2. A minute crystal, visible only
minerals, having no definite rela-
under the microscope (Webster). A tions to each other or to their host.
microlith. (Standard)
Poikilitic is often spelled poicilitic
Mlcrolith. One of the microscopic or pcecilitic. (Kemp)
isotropic needle- and rod - shaped
Microporphyritic. Microscopically por-
bodies found in vitrophyric rocks.
(Standard) phyritic. (Standard)
Microscope. An optical instrument,
Microlithic. Composed or constructed consisting of a lens, or combination
of small stones opposed to Mega-
:
of lenses, for making enlarged or
lithic. (Standard) magnified Images of minute objects.
Micromeritic. Of, or pertaining to, (W^ebster)
a crystalline structure so fine that Microscopic. Minute perceivable only
;
it can only be recognized by a mi-
by the aid of a microscope.
croscope. ( Standard

Micrometer. 1. An instrument for

Microsection. 1. A
transparent, thin
measuring very small angles or di- section of some substance mounted
mensions, generally used in con- for examination with the microscope
(Standard). 2. A thin section of
nection with a microscope or tele-
scope. There are a great variety rock so mounted for petrographic
of forms, but in nearly all the meas- examination.
urement is made by turning a very Microseism. A slight tremor or vibra-
fine screw, which gives motion to a tion of the earth's crust. (Stand-
scale, spider-line, lens, prism, or ard)
ruled glass plate. 2. A
micrometer-
caliper or gage. (Standard) Microseismometer; Microseismograph.
Micromineralogy. Mineralogy
An apparatus for indicating the di-
based
rection, duration, and intensity of
on the use of the microscope. microseisms. (Standard)
Micropegmatite. Microscopic pegma-
Microspherulitic. In petrology, hav-
tite. A term applied
to the ground-
ing a texture composed of minute
mass of porphyritic rocks whose mi- spherulites, closely packed. (Stand-
croscopic quartz and feldspar mu-
ard)
tually penetrate each other. The
several parts of the same crystal, Microstructures. The structural fea-
though isolate!, extinguish together. tures of rocks requiring microscopic
fSee also Granophyric. (Kemp) examination. (Standard)
 )

GLOSSARY OF MINING AND MINERAL INDUSTRY. 435

Middle band. A
stratum of rock, or
more usually soft dirt, near the
middle of a coal seam (Steel). See
Middle man.
Kiddle man. A stratum of rock di-
viding or separating two seams or
beds of coal. ( Sloss-Sheffield Steel
& Iron Co. V. Edwards, 70 South-
ern, p. 286). See Middle band.
Middles (Eng.) A variation of mid-
dling.
Middletonite. A
brown, resinous,
brittle mineralfound between layers
of coal at the Middleton collieries,
near Leeds, England, and also at
Newcastle; it has a specific gravity
1.6, does not alter at 210' C, and
is soluble in cold concentrated sul-
phuric acid. (Bacon)
Middling. The second quality of ore
obtained by washing. Usually used
in the plural form. See Head, 10;
also Slime and Tailings, (Webster)
;
Middling-pale solder. An alloy of tin,
lead, and bismuth ; used by pew-
terers. (Standard)
Mid-door (Scot). The middle one of
three landing places in a shaft.
(Barrowman)
Mid-feather. 1. (Derb.) Stringers of
ore connecting two larger bodies.
(Hooson)
2. A support to the center of a tun-
nel. (Standard)
Midges (No. of Eng.). Lamps (not
safety) carried by trammers, etc.
(Gresley)
Mid-wall (Scot.) A close wooden par-
tition dividing a shaft into
ments. ( Barrowman
Mid-workings. 1. (Scot.) Mine work-
ings above or below in the same
mine or colliery (Gresley). 2. See
Mid-door.
Mlersite. A bright-yellow silver iodide,
Agl, which crystallizes in the iso-
metric system. (Dana)
Miesite. A brown variety of pyromor-
phite that contains calcium. (Stand-
ard)
Mijakite. An andesite from the Japa-
nese island of Mijakeshima, from
which the name is derived. It Is
porphyritic with phenocrysts of by-
townite, augite, hypersthene, and
biotite. In the groundmass are
brown pyroxene, feldspar, and basis.
I^argely on the results of the chemi-
cal analysis, the brown pyroxene is
believed to be a manganese-bearing,
triclinic variety related to babing-
tonite, hence the new name for the
rock. (Kemp)
Mil. In electricity, a unit of length
in measuring the diameter of wire;
1/1000 inch (Standard). See Cir-
cular mil.
Milarite. A vitreous, colorless to
greenish, brittle, hydrous, potassium-
calcium-aluminum silicate, HKCajAli
( Si206) 6. In hexagonal prisms.
(Dana)
Mild, or Soft steel. Steel containing
less than 0.15 per cent of carbon.
Highly ductile Jind is used for boiler
plates, etc., (Webster). See also
Steel.
Mild and tough. Mellowed or ripened
by weathering; said of brick clay;
opposite of Short and rough.
(Standard)
Mildewbronze. Bronze made to look
as if mildewed by long burial un-
derground. (Standard)
Mile (Eng. and U. S.). A measure of
length equal to 5,280 feet, 1,760
yards, 880 fathoms, 80 chains, 1,609.3
meters.
Milkstone. 1. Any of various white
stones, as flint pebble. (Webster)
2. A flint whitened by fire, found
among prehistoric remains. (Stand-
ard)
Milky quartz. Vitreous quartz of a
milk-like color and of somewhat
greasy luster; also called Greasy
quartz. (Power)
Mill. 1. (Eng.) That part of an iron
compart-
works where puddle-bars are con-
verted into merchant-iron, i. e.,
rolled iron ready for sale in bars,
rods, or sheets. See Forge. 2. By
common usage, any establishment
for reducing ores by other means
than smelting. More strictly, a place
or a machine, in which ore or rock
is crushed. See Machine 4. 3. An
excavation made in the country rock,
by a cross-cut from the workings on
a vein, to obtain waste for filling.
It Is left without timber so that the
roof may fall in and furnish the re-
quired rock. (Raymond)
4. A passage connecting a stope or
upper level with a level below, in-
tended to be filled with broken ore
that can then be drawn out at the
bottom as desired for further trans-
portation. An opening in the floor or
bottom of a stope through which the
ore or mineral is passed or thrown
downward along the footwaJi to
 )

436 GLOSSAEY OF MINING AND MINERAL INDUSTRY-

the level. (Lesh v. Tamarack Min. Milling ore. 1. A dry ore that can
Co., 152 NW. Kept., p. 1022; 1916). be amalgamated or treated by leach-
5. To fill a winze, or Interior incline, ing and other processes; usually
with broken ore, to be drawn out at these ores are low-grade, free, or
the bottom, (Webster) nearly so, from base metals (Mor-
Mill bar. A rough bar rolled or drawn
rison). 2. Any ore that contains
sufficient valuable minerals to be
directly from a bloom or puddle-bar
treated by any milling process.
for conversion into merchant iron in
the mill. (Webster) Millman. One who is employed in a
Mill car. A flat car on which is mill, as in an ore-dressing plant.
mounted a heavy hoisting engine.
(Webster)
Millon (Mex.). An ore pile. (D wight)

Mill cinder. The slag from the pud- Mill pick. A tool for dressing mill
dling furnaces of a rolling mill. stones. (Century)
(Raymond) Mill race. The current of water that
Mill coal (Kansas). Same as Dead drives a mill wheel, or the channel
coal. in which it flows from the dam to
the mill. (Century)
Mill dirt (So. Afr.). Free milling ore.
(Skinner) Mill rolls. The rollsthrough which
puddled iron is run previous to be-
Miller indices. Mathematical symbols
ing marketed (Standard). See
for crystal faces. (A. F. Rogers)
Merchant-train.
Millerite. Nickel sulphide, NiS. Con- Mill ran (Pac). The work
1. of an
tains 64.1 per cent nickel. (U. S. amalgamating mill between two
Geol. Surv.) clean-ups. 2. A test of a given
Miller process. The separation
of gold quantity of ore by actual treatment
and silver by conducting chlorine gas in a mill. (Raymond)
into the molten metal. The silver Mill scale. The scale of ferric oxide
and other base metals are chlorid- that peels from iron during rolling.
ized and come to the top of the bath. Compare Forge scale. (Standard)
(Liddell)
Mill furnace. An iron furnace for re-
Mill site. A plot of ground suitable
for the erection of a mill, or reduc-
heating iron that is to be re-rolled,
tion works, to be used in connection
or welded, under the hammer.
(Standard) with mining operations. (U. S..
Min. Stat, pp. 595-607)
Mill hole. An auxiliary shaft connect-
ing a stope or other excavation with Millstone. A
hard tough stone used
the level below (Ihlseng). See for grinding cereals, cement rocks,
Mill, 4. and other materials. Usually a
coarse-grained sandstone or fine
Milligram. A unit ol weight in the quartz-conglomerate. (U. S. Geol.
metric system, equai to one thou- Surv.
sandth part of a gram, 0.05432 grain,
0.000643 pennyweight, 0.00003215 Millstone grit, an old English name
troy ounce, and has a gold value of for the conglomeratic sandstone at
0.06645 cent or 0.033 British penny. the base of the Carboniferous Coal
(Lindgren, p. 20) Measures. It was formerly more or
less current in this country as a syn-
Millimeter. A
metric measure of onym for Pottsville conglomerate.
length, equal to 0.0394 of an inch.
(Webster) Mill tail. The current of water leav-
Milling. (Lake Superior District)
1. ing a mill wheel after turning it,
A combination of open cut and un- or the channel through which it
derground mining, wherein the ore runs; a tailrace. (Century)
is mined in open cut and handled
Mill test. The determinationof the
underground. It is underhand stop- metallic contents and recoverable
Ing applied to large deposits, where- metal in any given ore by the mill-
in the ore is mined near the mouth
ing of a sufficient quantity to afford
of winzes or raises, and dropped by average milling conditions (Weed).
gravity to working levels below for
See Mill run.
transportation to the surface. Some-
times called Glory-hole-method (W. Millwright. One whose occupation is
R. Crane). See Mill, 4 and 5. to build mills, or to set up their ma-
2. Dressing ore in a mill. (Weed) chinery. (Webster)
 ) ;

GLOSSARY OF MINING AND MINERAL INDUSTRY. 437

MIroesite. An obsolete synonym for Minargent. An alloy of copi;)er, nickel,
Dolerite. (Kemp) and antimony, with a slight propor-
tion of aluminum. (Standard)
Mimetic. Imitative. Applied to crys-
tals which, by twinning, resemble Mine. 1. In general, any excavation
simple forms of a higher grade of for minerals. More strictly, subter-
symmetry. ( Webster ranean workings, as distinguished
from quarries, placers, and hydraulic
Mimetite. Lead chlorarsenate, SPbs-
mines, and surface or open works.
AsaOs. (U. S. Geol. Surv.)
The distinction between the French
Mimic. In mineralogy, the same as terms mine and minidre results en-
Mimetic. tirely from the law, and depends
upon the depth of the working. The
Mimophyre. A name suggested by former is the more general term,
Elie de Beaumont in 1814 for meta- and, ordinarily speaking, includes
morphosed, argillaceous rocks in the latter, which signifies shallow
\vhich feldspars had developed, so or surface workings (Raymond).
that they resembled porphyries. Vol- Compare Quarry. Note : The word
canic tuffs are a frequent original, "mine" in statutes prescribing safety
but graywackes and arkoses have appliances and protection for the
also yielded them.Compare Por- miner, has generally been held as
phyroid. (Kemp) including not only a place where
pay ore has been discovered, but one
Mina (Sp.). 1. A deposit of mineral.
where an excavation alone exists, as'
2. Mine. M. ahogada (Colom.) A a cross-measures heading, an incline
placer mine which has been covered
by a fall of ground or by gravel or communicating with two or more
tailing: from a mine situated above
seams or veins, or a trial heading,
drift, adit, or shaft, etc., to prove the
it (Halse). AI. alta, a high mine;
existence of minerals; in fact, any
M. capotera, a mine with ore at
a slight depth; M. cargada, mine
excavation for the development of a
abounding in stone; M. cogoUera, a mineral deposit, or for the extrac-
tion of the ore, rock or coal there-
mine rich at outcrop but poor below
M. de cacho, an alluvial mine with from. In a military sense, a mine
is a subterranean gallery run under
fine gravel M. de cerro, a mountain
;

mine; M. de cueva, mine with pay an enemy's works, to be subsequently

ore covered by large blocks of rock
M. de invierno (Colom.), a mine
workable only in the rainy season M.
de oro corrido, alluvial mine; M. de
sahana, a high-lying mine; M. de
saca, a mine in which pay gravel lies
below the level of the adjacent
water; M. de saco, ore deposits fill-
ing superficial cavities; M. de so-
bresabana, a mine lying higher than
sabana
a '
M. de tonga, a self-
' ;
exploded.
2. Any deposit of mineral or ore
suitable for extraction, as an ore de-
;
posit. The Federal and State courts
have held that the word " mine ", in
statutes reserving mineral lands, in-
cluded only those containing " valu-
able mineral deposits ". In England
the term mine is applied to any
seam of coal, as well as to a deposit
of ironstone either In thin bands, or

In one bed of considerable thickness.

draining mine; M. de tope, a mine in
3. The terms "mine" and "coal mine'*
which ore is abundant in small
places, the adjacent places being
are Intended to signify any and all
barren; M. de verano (Colom.) a parts of the property of a mining
plant, either on the surface or un-
mine workable only in the dry sea-
son M. de veta, a lode mine M. en ;
derground, that contribute directly
;

frufos, a productive mine; M. her-

or indirectly to the mining or han-
dling of coal. (Hakanson v. La Salle
ridn, an alluvial mine in which gold-
bearing gravel was deposited by a
County Carbon Coal Co., 100 N. E.
Kept, p. 618; Spring Valley Coal
whirl r)ool M. jomolera, a poorly-
;
Co. V. Grelg, 129 Illinois App., p.
pnying mine; M. matera, a mine in
391; 226 Illinois, p. 511; Moore v.
which ore Is abundant In small
Dering, 242 Illinois, p. 87)
places, the adjacent places being
4. The term "mine," as used by
barren (Lucas)
quarrymen, Is applied to under-
Minable. That can be mined. (Stand- ground workings having a roof of
ard) undistufbed rock. It is used in con-
trast with the "open-pit" quarry.
Minado (Sp.). Underground workings. (Bowles)
(Halse)
5. To dig a mine; to get ore, metaL
Minar (Sp.). To mine. (Halse) coai, or precious stones out of the
i3S GLOSSARY OF MINING AND MINERAL INDUSTRY.
earth to dig in tlie earth for min-
; Miner. 1. One who
erals to work in a mine. (Webster)
; gaged in the business of getting ore,
6. Discovery of a mine In statutes
: coal, or precious stones out of the
relating to mines the word "dis-
covery" is used, (1) in the sense of
uncovering or disclosing to view ore
or mineral; (2) of finding out or
bringing to the knowledge the exist-
ence of ore or mineral, or other use-
ful products which were unknown,
and (3) of exploration, that is, the
more exact blocking out or ascertain-
ment of a deposit that has already
been discovered. In this sense it is
practically synoymous with Develop-
ment, and has been so used in the
U. S. Revenue Act of February 9,
1919 (Sec. 214, subdivision A 10,
and Sec. 234 subdivision A 9) in
allowing depletion to mines, oil and
gas wells.
Article 219 of "Income and War
Excess Profit-: Tax Regulations" No.
45, construes "discovery of a mine"
as, (1), the bona fide discovery of a
commercially valuable deposit of ore
or mineral, of a value materially in
excess of the cost of discovery in
natural exposure or by drilling or
other exploration conducted above
or below the ground; (2) the de-
velopment and proving a mineral or
ore deposit which has been ap-
parently worked out * * * to be a
minable deposit of ore or mineral
having a value materially in excess
of the cost of improving or develop-
ment.
Mine captain. The director of work in
a mine, with or without superior of-
ficials, and with or without subordi-
nates. (Webster)
Mine dial. See Miner's dial.
Mine dust. (Scot.)
1. The riddlings
of calcined ironstone. (Barrowman)
2. See Coal dust. 3. Dust from rock
drills, blasting, or handling rock.
Mine earth (No. Staff.).
with Ironstone in beds.
Mine ground (Eng.). Strata contain-
ing ironstone in layers. (Gresley)
Mine locomotive. A low, heavy, haul-
age engine, designed for underground
operation usually propelled by elec-
;
tricity, gasoline, or compressed air.
Mine measures (Forest of Dean).
Mine ground.
Mine pig (Eng.). Pig-iron made
wholly from ore, in distinction from
cinder pig. (Webster)
mines one en-
;
earth broadly, any one working un-
;
derground in a mine more narrowly,
;
one who drills, blasts, stopes, drives
levels, etc., in a mine. (Webster)
2. A worker in a coal mine who is
paid a certain price for each ton of
coal he digs or blasts from the solid
seam, as distinguished from the la-
borer who loads the cars. etc. His
helpers load the coal they are also
;
called Laborers. (Steel)
3. Includes all classes and laborers
who work in a mine whether dig-
ging coal, timbering, or making
places safe. (Driza v. Jones & Ad-
ams Co. 171 Illinois App., p. 145)
Mineral. 1. A mineral is a body pro-
duced by the processes of inorganic
nature, having a definite chemical
composition and, if formed under
favorable conditions, a certain char-
acteristic molecular structure, is
exhibited in its crystalline form
and other physical properties. A
mineral must be a homogeneous sub-
stance, even when minutely ex-
amined by the microscope; further,
it must have a definite chemical com-
position, capable of being expressed
by a chemical formula. (Dana)
2. As used in flotation the terms
'
mineral or
'
*
metallic particles
*
hark back to the French (mineral,
ore) and Spanish {metal, ore) mean-
ings. Both terms refer to those val-
uable constituents in the ore that
it is the object of the process to sep-
arate from the non-valuable constit-
uents, or gangue. (Rickard)
3. (Lake Superior) Concentrates
containing about 65 per cent metallic
copper. The crude ore is called
rock.
4. In miner's parlance, ore (Hanks).
Compare Ore.
5. The term mineral, when employed
in a conveyance, is understood to in-
Synonymous clude every inorganic substance
(Gresley)
that can be extracted from the
earth for profit whether it be solid,
as rock, fire clay, the various metals
and coal, or fluid, as mineral waters,
petroleum, and gas. (Horace Creek
Land and Min. Co. v. MidkifC (W.
Va.), 95 S. E. Rept., p. 27)
Mineral (Sp.). 1. Mineral or ore;
M. de bolsadas, spotty or bunchy
See ore; M. de crestdn, outcrop ore-,
M. desmenuzahle, earthy ore, friable
ore; M. en roca, rocky ore; M.
pobre, low-grade ore, leavings; M.
rico, high-grade ore; If. tostado,
roasted ore. (Halse)
 GLOSSARY OF MINING AND MINERAL INDUSTRY. 439

2.(Mex.) A mining district; also Mineralized matter. Crushed and loose

a mine. (Lucas) rock material containing minerals
irregularly deposited, from solution.
Mineral adipocire. See Hatchettite.
It may be in or in fissuesj.
oeds,
Mineral belt. The strip, or zone, of (Eureka Consol. Mining Co. v. Rich-
mineralized territory in a given for- mond Mining Co., 4 Sawyer, 312;
mation or district. (Weed) Doe V. Waterloo Mining Co., 54 Fed.
Rept., p. 943)
Mineral blossom. Drusy quartz.
(Power) Mineralized zone. A mineral-bearing
belt or area extending across or
Mineral blue (Eng.). Azurite when re-
duced to an impalpable powder for through a district. It is usually

use as a pigment. distinguished from a vein or lode as

being wide, the mineralization ex-
Mineral borer (Scot.). A person tending in some cases hundreds
whose business it is to search for of feet from a fissure of contact
minerals by boring. (Barrowman) plane. Compare Contact deposit. See
Mineral caoutchouc. See Elaterite, Zone, 2.
Helenite, and Caoutchouc. Mineralizers. The dissolved vapors in
Mineral charcoal. A pulverulent, lus- an igneous magma, such as steam,
terless substance, showing distinct hydrofluoric acid, boracic acid, and
vegetal structure, and containing others, that exert a powerful influ-
a high percentage of carbon with ence in the development of some
little hydrogen and oxygen, occur-
minerals and textures. The word
ring in thin layers in bituminous is also technically used In some defi-

coal. (Raymond) Called by miners nitions of ore. Thus it is said that

Mother of coal. an ore is a compound of a metal and
a mineralizer, such as copper and
Mineral coal. A name for native coal, sulphur. Iron and oxygen, etc.
to distinguish it from charcoal. (Kemp)
(Chester)
Mineral cotton. See Mineral wool. Mineral jelly. Vaseline. (Webster)
Mineral deposit. Any valuable mass Mineral kingdom. One of the prime
of ore. Like ore deposit, it may be divisions of nature, embracing all
used with reference to any mode of minerals. (Standard)
occurrence of ore, whether having
the characters of a true, segregated, Mineral lake. Tln-chromate glass,
or gash vein, or any other form. forming a pink pigment. (Stand-
See Ore deposit. (Century) ard)
Mineral dresser. A machine for trim-
ming or dressing mineralogical spec- Mineral land. Land more valuable for
imens. (Standard) its deposits of stone, or whatever
Is recognized as mineral, than for
Mineral field (Scot). A tract of agriculture. (McGlenn v. Wien-
country in which workable minerals brocer, 15 Land Decisions, p. 375;
are found; a mineral leasehold. Berry v. Central Pacific R. R. Co.,
(Barrowman) 15 Land Decisions, p. 464; United
Mineralization. 1. The process of re- States V. Iron Sliver Mln. Co., 128
placing the organic constituents of United States, p. 673)
a body by inorganic fossilization. 2.
The addition of inorganic substances Mineral line. A railroad that carries
to a body. (Standard) only mineral. (Webster)
3. The act or process of mineral-
izing. See Mineralize (Webster). Mineral monument. A permanent
monument established in a mining
The process of converting or being
district to provide for an accurate
converted into a mineral, as a metal
into an oxide, sulphide, etc. description of mining claims and
their location. (U. S. Mln. Stat., pp.
Mineralize. 1. To change from a metal
227-231)
into a mineral, as, iron when ex-
poseil to the air is mineralized into Mineralogist. One who is versed In
rust. (Standard) the science of minerals, or one who
2. To 3. To impregnate or
petrify. treats or discourses of the properties
supply with minerals. 4. To pro- of mineral bodies. (Century)
mote the formation of minerals, as
heat is a mineralizing agent. 5. To Mlneralogize. To study and collect
go ©n an excursion for observing minerals, usually by outdoor prao
and collecting minerals. (Webster) tice. (Standard)

440 GLOSSARY OF MlNliTG AM) MIKEHAL INDtrSTHY.
Mlneralography. The study of the
structure of minerals by the appli-
cation of metallographlc methods to
polished sections of minerals. The
microscope and reflected light thus
bring out structures which could not
otherwise be determined. (Eng. and
Min. Jour., vol. 105, p. 934)
Mineralogy. science which
That
treats of thoseinorganic species
called which together in
minerals,
rock masses, or in isolated form,
make up the material of the crust
of the earth. (Dana)
Mineral oil; naphtha. A limpid or
yellowish liquid, lighter than water,
and consisting of hydrocarbons. Pe-
troleum is heavier than naphtha,
and dark greenish in color when
crude. Both exude from the rocks;
but naphtha can be distilled from
petroleum (Raymond). See also
Petroleum.
Mineral paint. Minerals used as pig-
ment, including the ochers, iron ox-
ides, barite, etc. See also Ocher;
Sienna; Umber. (U. S. Geol. Surv.)
Mineral pitch. Asphaltum.
Mineral purple. An iron-oxide red pig-
ment. (Standard)
Mineral resin. Any one of certain
mineral hydrocarbons, as asphalt
and bitumen. (Standard)
Mineral right. The ownership of the
minerals under a given surface, with
the risht to enter thereon, mine, and
remove them. It may be separated
from the surface ownership, but, if
not so separated by distinct convey-
ance, the latter includes it. (Ray-
mond)
Mineral seal oil. A trade term for
an oil of the gravity 38.5° to 39"
B4., adapted for lighthouse and lo-
comotive lights. It has a fire test
of 300° F., a flash point of 255°
F., and a viscosity of 45 to 50 at 100°
F. on the Saybolt universal Instru-
ment. (Bacon)
Mineral sperm oil. See Mineral seal
oil.
Minerals separation process. A flota-
tion process bused on surface-tension
phenomena, accelerated by means of
addition to the pulp of small quanti-
ties of o4!and air in minute sub-
division. There is only about 0.1 per
cent oil added, and the pulp violently
agitated for from 1 to 10 minutes.
Innumerable small bubbles of air are
thus mechanically introduced, which
Join the oil-coated particles. These
) ;
are then retnoved iti a spttzkasteli.
Exposure to the aif after this treat*
ment then aerates any mineral which
has not already taken up its oil film,
after which a second spltzkasten
treatment removes this. (Liddell)
Mineral surveyor. See Deputy sur-
veyor„
Mineral synthesis. The production of
artificial minerals by a laboratory
process.
Mineral tallow. Hatchettite. (Stand-
ard)
Mineral tar. 1. A viscid variety of
petroleum. ( Power
2. Tar derived from various bitumi-
nous minerals, as coal, shale, peat,
etc. Shale tar. (Standard)
Mineral time (Eng.). An eight-hour
period in Derbyshire and in some
other districts. (Hunt)
Mineral turpentine. See Turpentine
substitutes.
Mineral vein. A vein formed by aque-
ous deposition, or by sublimation. A
vein containing ore (Webster). See
also Fissure; Lode; Vein.
Mineral water. A natural water com-
ing from a spring and containing
some characteristic mineral ingredi-
ent, as carbon dioxide or a lithium
salt. (Standard)
Mineral wax. See Ozocerite.
Mineral way (Derb.). The roadway
over which the miner transports ore
to the highway, or supplies from the
highway to the mine. (Mander)
Mineral white. Permanent white.
Gypsum ground and used as a pig-
ment. (Webster)
Mineral wool. A substance outwardly
resembling wool, presenting a mass
of fine Interlaced filaments, made by
subjecting furnace slag (or certain
rocks) while molten to a strong
blast. Being both insect-proof and
fire-proof. It forms a desirable pack-
ing for walls, a covering for steam
boilers, etc. (Standard). Compare
Glass wool. Clalled also Mineral cot-
ton Silicate cotton; Slag wool.
;
Mineral yellow. A yellow pigment con-
sisting of an oxychlorlde of lead
patent yellow. (Webster)
Minerar (Port). To mine. (Halse)
Mine rent. The rent or royalty paid
to the owner of a mineral right by
the operator of the mine usually —
dependent, above a fixed minimum,
upon the quantity of product. (Ray-
mond)
 GLOSSARY OF MINING AND MINERAL INDUSTRY. 441

Mine rescue-apparatus. A
name ap- speaking, miners. This term Is some-
plied to certain types of apparatus times used in the old laws for mine.
worn by men, and permitting them (Raymond)
to do work in noxious or irrespirable
atmospheres such as obtain during
Mine road. Any mine track used for
general haulage. (Chance)
mine following mine explo-
fires,
sions, as a result of accidents in Mine rock. A more or less altered
ammonia plants, from smelter fumes, rock found in ore channels (Power).
etc. Oxygen compre.ssed in cylin- Gangue.
ders, a regenerating substance to
purify the breathed air, with a
Mine royal (Derb.). A gold or silver
mine that belongs to the king, by
closed circulation system constitute
his prerogative to make (coin)
the general principle of the appa-
money. (Mander)
ratus.
Miners' anemia. See Ankylostomiasis.
Mine rescue-car. One of a number of
railway cars specially equipped with Miners' Asthma. See Pneumonoconio-
mine rescue-apparatus, safety lamps, sis.
first-aid supplies, and other mate-
Miners' bar. An iron bar pointed at
rials, maintained by the U. S. Bu-
one end, chisel-edged at the other,
reau of Mines in various sections used in coal mining. (Standard)
of the United States. These cars
serve: as movable stations for the Miners' box. A wood or iron box lo-
training of miners in the use of mine cated in or near the working place
rescue-apparatus, and in first-aid of the miner in which he keeps his
to the injured; as centers for the tools, supplies, etc. Required by law
promotion of mine safety; as emer- in some States.
gency stations for assisting at mine Miners' coal-ton. In Wales, 21 cwts.
fires, explosions, or other disasters.
of 120 pounds each. (Gresley)
Similar cars are maintained by a
number of mining companies. Miners' dial. An instrument used In
surveying underground workings.
Mine rescue-crew. A crew consisting (C. and M. M. P.)
usually of five men who are thor-
oughly trained in the use of mine Miners' elbow. A swelling on the back
rescue-apparatus, and are capable of the elbow due to inflammation of
of w^earing it in rescue or recovery the bursa over the olecranon, so
work in a mine following an explo- called because often seen in miners.
sion, or to combat a mine fire.
(Webster)
Miners' friend. (Canterbury) The
Mine rescue-lamp. A namegiven to a Davy safety lamp. (Webster)
particular type of electric safety
hand-lamp used in rescue operations. Miners' hammer. A hammer for break-
It is equipped with a lens for con- ing ore. (Standard)
centrating or diffusing the light Miners' inch. The miner's inch of
beam as occasion may require. water does not represent a fixed
Mineria (Sp.). Mining. This term and definite quantity, being meas-
embraces the whole subject, includ- ured generally by the arbitrary
ing both mines and miners, and also standard of the various ditch com-
panies. Generally, however, it is
the operations of working mines and
of reducing their ores. It, however,
accepted to mean the quantity of
is oft»n used in a more restricted
water that will escape from an
aperture one inch square through a
sense. (Raymond)
two-inch plank, with a steady flow
Mineria, diputaci6n de (Sp.). A tri- of water standing six inches above
bunal cognizant of mining matters, the top of the escape aperture, the
elected In most cases by the mine quantity so discharged amounting
owners of the district. (Min. Jour.) to 2274 cubic feet in twenty-four
Minerio (Port).
hours (Hanks). Inasmuch as the
Ore. (Halse)
miner's inch is a local term "The
Minero (Sp.). Miner. This term is flow of the water shall be expressed
not limited to those who work mines, in cubic feet per second, and where
but Includes their owners, and all it is desirable, for local reasons, to
who have the qualifications pre- use the term miner's inch It
' shall
'

Bcrlbed in the ordinances, and are represent a flow of 1^ cubic feet

enrolled as members of the body or per minute." (W. H. Shockley, Bull.
craft Many of the laborers who 92, Min. and Met Soc. of Am., Jan.
work in mines are not^ technically 1916, p. 32). Compare Sluice head.
442 GLOSSARY or MINING AND MINERAL INDUSTRY.

Miners' lamp. Any one of a variety to produce one ton of prepared (!oal.
of lamps used by a miner to fur- (Drake v. Beiry, 102 Atlantic, p.
nish liglit; as, oil lamps, carbide 320)
lamps, flame safety lamps, electric
Miners' worm. The hookworm, agchy-
cap-lamps, etc.
lostoma duodenale,' which often in-
Miners' lung, Miners' asthma. See fests miners and tunnel workers
Pneumonoconiosis. (Webster). See Ankylostomiasis.
Miners' needle. A long, slender, taper- Mine run. The entire unscreened out-
ing, metal rod left in a hole when put of a mine (C. and M. M. P.).
tamping and afterwards withdrawn, Also called Run of mine.
to provide a passage, to the blasting
Minery. Mines collectively ; a mining
charge, for the squib.
district or its belongings ; a quarry.
Miners' nystagmus. Nystagmus occur- (Century)
ring among miners due to strain on
the eyes from working by insufR-
Mine safety-car. Same as Mine rescue-
car.
cient light. This subject is dis-
cussed in detail in Bull. 93, U. S. Mine salting. See Salt, 3.
Bur, Mines, by F. L. Hoffman.
Mineta. 1. (Peru) Small mine-cham-
Miners' oil. An oil, producing little
smoke, used in miner's wick-fed open ber or cavity. (Dwight)
2. Rock composed chiefly of feldspar
lamps.
and biotite mica, sometimes with
Miners' phthisis. See Anthracosis. chlorite, quartz, and hornblende. A
mica syenite. (Halse)
Miners' right. 1. An annual permit
from the Government to occupy and Mine tin. Tin obtained from veins or
work mineral land. C. and M. M. P) lodes, as distinguished from stream
2. In California, the right of a tin. (Ure)
miner to dig for precious metals
on public lands occupied by another Minette. A variety of mica-syenite,
for agricultural purposes; in Aus- usually dark and fine grained, oc-
tralia, a written or printed license curring in dikes. (Kemp)
to dig for gold. (Standard)
Mine work. (Eng.) An ironstone
Miners' rules. Rules and regulations mine or workings. (Gresley)
proclaimed by the miners of any dis-
trict relating to the location, re- Minge; Mingy coal. Coal of a tender
cording and the work necessary to or friable nature. (Gresley)
hold possession of a mining claim.
Mingles (Scot.). The vertical timbers
It was the miners' rules of the early
of the upper part of a pulley frame,
days of the mining industry that
on the top of which the pulleys are
were the basis of the present laws.
fixed (Gresley). See Maidens
(U. S. Min. Stat., pp. 192-19.1).
The local mining laws and regula- Mining. 1. Act or business of making
tions of 1849 and later are given in mines or working them (Webster).
Vol. 14, 10th Census of the United The processes by which useful min-
States, 1880, compiled by Clarence erals are obtained from the earth's
King. crust, including not only under-
Miners* sunshine. A soft grade of ground excavations but also open
paraffin wax used by miners for workings; it also includes both
burning in lamps. See Sunshine. underground and surface deposits.
(Burdick v. Dillon, 144 Fed. Rept.,
Miners' wax. A refined paraffin wax p. 739)
with a melting point of 118* to 120°
F. (Bacon). Compare Sunshine.
2. (Ark.) The excavation made in
undermining a coal face. 3. (Ark.)
Miners' wedge. A metallic wedge or A soft band of dirt in, or beneath, a
plug for splitting off masses of coal. coal seam in which a preliminary'
(Standard) excavation can be readily made.
(Steel). See also Mining ply.
Miners' weight (Penn.). A term used 4. Reduction of ore, whether mined
in an old coal mining lease as the or purchased, and refining the prod-
basis for a price per ton to be paid ucts thereof, is mining, within the
for mining. It is variable, but con- statute permitting the cutting of
sists of such quantity of mine-run timber for mining purposes. (United
material as operator and miner may States V. Richmond Mining Co., 40
agree upon as necessary or sufficient Fed. Rept, 415)
 .

GLOSSARY OF MINING ANt) MINERAL INDUSTRY. 44S

Mining advancing. A method of min- Mining engineer. One versed In, cl-
ing by which the ore or coal is mined one who follows, as a calling or pro-
as the excavation advances from the fession, the business of mining en-
shaft or main opening. Compare gineering. Graduates of technical
Mining retreating. mining schools are given the degree
of 'engineer of mines' and author-
Mining camp. 1. A colony of miners
ity to sign the letters E. M., after
settled temporarily near a mine.
(Standard)
their names. The letters ' M. E.'
stand for mechanical engineer, when
2. A term loosely applied to any
given by a school, but are often
mining town.
used by men engaged in mining, who
Mining case. A
frame of a shaft, or lack scholastic degrees, as an ab-
gallery, composed of four pieces of breviation for mining engineer, or
plank. (Standard) mining expert.
Mining claim. 1. That portion of the
Mining engineering.
public mineral lands which a miner,
That branch of
engineering dealing with the excava-
for mining purposes, takes and holds
tion and working of mines. (Web-
in accordance with mining laws.
ster) It includes much of civil, me-
(Escott V. Crescent Coal & Naviga-
chanical, electrical, and metallurgi-
tion Co., 56 Oregon, p. 192 106 Pa- ;
cal engineering.
cific, Mt. Diablo M. & M. Co. v.
452 ;

Callison, 4 Sawyer, p. 439 Morse v. ;

Mining geology. See Geology.
De Ardo, 106 California, p. 622;
Salisbury v. Lane, 7 Idaho, p. 370; Mining machine. A coal-cutting ma-
Bewick v. Muir, 83 California, p. chine. (Standard)
363 Berentz v. Beltmont Oil Co. 148
;

California, p. 577 Black v. Elkhorn

;
Mining ore from top down. See Top-
Mining Co., 49 Fed. Rept. 549, p. slicing and cover-caving.
553) Mining partnership. 1. A partnership
2. A mining claim is a parcel of land
in mining business in which one
containing precious metal in the soil partner may sell his partnership in-
or rock. A location is the act of terest, and bring his purchaser into
appropriating such parcel of land ac- the partnership without making a
cording to law or to certain estab- dissolution. (Standard)
lished rules (Smelting Co. v. Kemp
2. Under the CivilCode of Califor-
104, United States, p. 649; Peabody nia (Section 2511), a mining part-
Gold Mining Co. v. Gold Hill Mining nership exists when two or more
Co. 97 Fed. Rept. p. 661; McFeters persons acquire a mining claim and
V. Pierson, 15 Colorado, p. 203; 24 actually engage in working the same.
Pacific, 1076, 1890). See Claim; The actual working of the mine by
Lode mining claim; Placer claim; the joint owners is essential to a
Location, 3. (U. S. Min. Stat., p. mining partnership. (Peterson r.
51) Beggs, 148 Pacific, p. 542)
Mining debris. Thetailings from hy-
draulic mines. Also called D6bris. Mining ply. A soft, thin, interstrnti-
(Century) fied portion of a coal bed. In the
Pittsburgh seam of western Mary-
Mining district. A
settlement of min-
land it is 3 to 6 inches thick, and
ers organized after the plan that,
in the first years of mining in the
it is in this that the machine does
Western part of the United States, the undercutting. (Md. Geol. Surv.,
the miners, in the independence of
vol. 5, p. 540). <See Mining, 5.

all other authority, devised for their Mining retreating. A

process of min-
own self - government ( Century ) ing by which theore, or coal, is un-
A section of country usually desig- touched until after all the gang-
nated by name and described or ways, etc., are driven, when the
understood as being confined within work of extraction begins at the
certain natural boundaries, in which boundary and progresses toward the
gold or silver (or other minerals) shaft. (Steel)
rony be found In paying quantities.
(United States v. Smith 11 Fed. Mining under. The act of digging un-
Rept., p. 490) der coal or in a soft strata In coal
Mining easement. See Easement. seams. (Daddow)
Mining engine. 1. See Man machine. Mlnlo (Sp.). Red lead. (MIn, Jour,)
2. Any engine used in mining, as a
pump engine or mine locomotive. Minion. The slftings of Iron ore after
(Standard) calcination. (Standard)
 )

444 GLOSSARY OF MIKING AND MINERAL INDUSTRY.

Minlsterio (Sp.). Ministry; M. de failure of the fuse to ignite the

hacienda. Ministry of the Exchequer
or Treasury M. de fomenta, Ministry
; ing-cap to dotonate the dynamite,
of Public Works and Instruction. In
Spanish America, the Ministry of En-
couragement and Promotion. (Halse)
Minium. Red oxide of lead, 2PbO.PbOa
Contains 90.6 per cent lead. (U. S
Geol. Surv.)
Mliion (Sp.). 1. An Iron slag.
earthy iron ore. (Halse)
Minophyric. Minutely porphyritic
rocks with phenocrysts whose long-
est diameters are between 1 mm.
and 0.2 mm. See Magnophyric arid
Mediophyric. (Iddings, Igneous
Rocks, p. 200)
Minseed oil. A
bloomless petroleum
product, used in connection with lin-
seed oil for cheapening purposes.
See Paint oil. (Bacon)
Minus sight. See Foresight,
blasting-cap. Failure of the blast-
when it is fired, is usually due to
its having been affected by damp-
ness. (Du Pont)
Misfire hole; Missed hole.A drill hole
containing an explosive charge that
has failed to explode. (Peterson v.
2. An Otho Development & Power Go. 166
N. W. Rept., p. 147)
Mispickel. A sulpharsenide of iroa,
FeSaFeAsa (Dana). Arsenopyrite.
Mission tile. A name sometimes ap-
plied to roofing tile of semicircular
cross section. (Ries)
Mississippian. The first of the three
epochs into which the Carboniferous
period is ordinarily divided; re-
garded by many geologists as itself
a peroid. Also the series of strata
1.
during that epoch. (La Forge)

Miny. Pertaining to, or like a mine. Missourlte. A granular igneous rock

(Webster) consisting of leucite, biotite, auglte.
olivine, iron ores and apatite, and*
Miocene. The third of the four epochs corresponding to the effusive leucite-
into which the Tertiary period is di-
basalts. It was discovered in the
vided. Also the series of strata de-
Highwood Mountains, Mont., by
posited during t^at epoch. (La
Weed and Pirsson, and named by
Forge)
them from the Missouri River, the
Mirabilite; Glauber's salt. Hydrous most prominent and best known geo-
sodium sulphate. Na2So4-f lOHaO. graphical object in the region.
(U. S. Geol. Surv.) (Kemp)
Mirror black. Having a lustrous black Mistress. 1. (Scot.) A water-proof
gloss; said of pottery. (Standard) cover for miners when sinking in a
wet shaft. (Barrowman)
Mirror plate. Plate glass suitable for 2. (No. of Eng.) A wooden or tin
mirrors. (Standard) box, having the front open, in which
Mirror Stone. Muscovite. a candle is carried in a pit. (Gres-
ley)
Mischio marble. A violet-red breccia
from Serravezza, in Italy; also Mlsy (Egypt). A synonym for Copia-
known as African breccia (Breche pite.
africaine ) . ( Merrill Mita. 1. (South America) Under
Misenite. Probably acid-potassium sul- Spanish rule, 1548 to 1729, compul-
phate, HKSO4. In silky fibers of a sory mining work done by Indians.
white color. (Dana) The Indians were drawn by lot one
in seven being taken for work in the
Miser. A tubular well-boring bit hav- mines. 2. (Peru) Tribute paid by
ing a valve at the bottom, and a Indians. (Halse)
screw for forcing the earth upward
(Standard). Also spelled Mizer. Mitayo. 1. (Sp. Am.) Under the
Spanish rule, 1548 to 1729, an In-
Misfire. The failure of a blasting dian chosen by lot to serve his term
charge to explode when expected. In of compulsory labor in mines. 2.
electric firing, usually due to broken (Peru) An Indian who collects trib-
circuit or insufficient current. If ute. (Halse)
the electric blasting-cap fires with-
Mitchell slicing system. See Sublevel
out exploding the charge, it is usu-
stoping.
ally due to misplaced detonator or
the charge has been affected by stor- Miter cut. In glass making, an angu-
age in a wet place. Misfires with lar groove, as in plate glass, having
fuse and blasting-caps are generally a bottom angle of approximately
due to the fuse going out or to the 90'. (Standard)
 )

GLOSSARY OF MINING AND MINERAL INDUSTRY. 445

Mitered tile. Roofing tile cut off Mock silver. A white alloy of copper,
obliquely, so in upright
as to fit tin, nickel, zinc, etc., of the same
work, such as dormer corners. It class Britannia metal
as ; pewter.
also includes pieces flanged at right (Standard)
angles so as to cover such corners.
(Ries)
Mock vermilion. A basic chromate of
lead. (Webster)
Miter iron. A fagot of round Iron bars Moco. 1. (Sp.) Scoria of iron. 2. M.
arranged about a central circular de hierro (Venez.), brown iron ore;
bar, ready for forging. (Standad)
a highly ferruginous rock. (Halse)
Mltis casting. 1. The process of malt- Mode. The actual mineral composition
ing castings of wrought iron, the
of an unaltered igneous rock: con-
melting point of which has been low-
trasted with Norm, ichich see. (La
ered by a slight addition of alumi- Forge)
num. 2. A casting made by this
process. ( Standard Modeling clay. Fine, plastic clay, es-
pecially prepared for artists in mod-
Miugalheiros (Braz.). Trammers,
eling by kneading with glycerin, or
shovelers, and helpers. (Halse)
by other methods. (Century)
Mixta (Mex.). Alloy of gold and sil- Modified room-and-pillar working. See
ver. (Dwight) Bord-and-pillar method.
Mixture. A commingling in which the Modulus of elasticity. A number de-
ingredients retain their individual termining the extension or change
properties or separate chemical na- of form (strain) of a body under
ture: if chemically combined it is a the influence of a stretching or dis-
compound. See Mechanical mixture. torting force (stress), and. In the
(Standard) case of a body whose dimensions are
all unity, equal to the ratio of the
Mizer. The chief tool used In certain strain to the stress. (Standard)
systems of sinking the cylinders of
small shafts through water-bearing Modulus of rupture. The measure of
strata, to remove the ground from the force which must be applied lon-
beneath them (Gresley). See Miser. gitudinally in order to produce rup-
ture. (Webster)
Moat. 1. A ditch or deep trench. To
surround with a ditch. (Century) Moebius process. A method of electro-
2. (Scot.) To puddle; to cover up lytic refining cf silver. Silver plate
the mouth of a pit or other opening of 95 to 98 per cent pure forms the
so as to exclude air in the even,t of anodes, and thin silver plate forms
an underground fire. (Barrow^man) the cathodes. The electrolyte con-
sists of a weak acidulated solution
Moating. Clay backing for a masonry of silver nitrate. (Goesel)
shaft sunk through quicksand.
Mofeta (Sp.). Gas found in mines;
(Webster) afterdamp. (Halse)
Mobby (So. Staff.). A leathern gir- Mofette. An emanation from the earth
dle, with a small chain attached, of noxious gas, chiefly carbon diox-
used by the boys who draw bowks ide, marking the last stage of vol-
(buckets or tubs). (Raymond) canic activity also,; the opening
from which the gas issues. See also
Mocha pebble. Same as Moss agate. Fumarole, Solfatarra, and Soflloni.
Called also Mocha stone. (Stand- (Webster)
ard)
Mogrollo (Mex.). Silver ores, com-
Mocha stone. A
white variety of posed of sulphides. (Halse)
quartz banded with various colors,
and used as gem (Standard). See Mohr's salt. Ferrous-ammonium sul-

Moss agate.
phate, Fe(NH4)2(S04)2.6H20. A
light green crystalline salt. (Web-
Mock lead. A Cornish term for zinc ster)
blende; also called Wild lead Mohsite. Native titanic iron ; ilme-
VDa vies) nite. (Century)
Mock ore. Same as Sphalerite. Moil. 1. A short length of steel rod
(Standard) tapered to a point, used for cutting
Mock platinum. An alloy of 8 parts hitches, etc. (Ihlseng)
of common brass and 5 of zinc. 2. A long gad used for accurate cut-
(Standard) ting in a mine; a set. 3. In glass
 ) )

446 Gi/)SSARY OF MINING AND MINP:RAL liJt)USTR"Sr.

blowing, metallic oxide adhering to Molding crane. A crane adapted for

glass when it is detached from the use in a foundry in handling molds
fend of the blowpipe. (Standard) and flasks. (Century)
iloire metallique (Fr.). Tin-plate, or Molding frame. A template to shape
Iron plate that has been first a loam mold. (Standard)
coated with tin, so treated by acids
as to give it a clouded, variegated Molding hole. An excavation In a
or variously crystallized surface. foundry floor for large eastings.
(Century) (Standard)
Moissan process. A process for the re- Molding loam. A mixture of clay and
duction of chromic oxide with car- sand employed by founders in con-
bon in an electric furnace, the hearth structing molds. (Century)
of which is lined with a calcium
chromite prepared by heating to- Molding machine. A machine for
gether lime and chromic oxide. making (a) loam molds in flasks,
(Goesel) from small complete patterns, or h (

Mojon; Mojonera (Mex.). Stone pillar gear-wheels and other large sym-
to mark corner of a claim. Any metrical objects by a radial frame
boundary mark. (Dwight) bearing a template, or pattern of a
small section of the gear; a gear-
Mojona (Sp.). A
survey of land; the molding machine. (Standard)
placing of landmarks. (Halse)
Molding sand. A mixture of sand and
Mold; Mould. 1. An impression made
loam used by founders in making
in the earth by the outside of a
sand molds. (Standard)
fossil shell, or other organic form;
sometimes misused for cast. 2. The Molding table. Potter's table for
matrix or cavity in which anything shaping their ware. (Standard)
is shaped and from which it takes
Its form; also the body or mass con- Mole (Colcm.). 1. Galena. 2. Sul-
taining the cavity, as a sand mold phides or concentrates consisting
for casting metal. (Webster) principally of galena. (Halse)
3. The form into which fused metal
is run to obtain a cast. 4. The Molecule. The smallest part of a sub-
plaster forms used in making terra- stance that can exist separately and
cotta architectural ornaments. (Cen- still retain its compositicm and char-

tury) acteristic properties; the smallest

combination of atoms that will form
Moldavite; Moldauite. A transparent, a given chemical compound. (Rick-
green, vitreous stone or natural ard)
glass, regarded by some petrologists
as of meteoric origin and by others Moledor (Peru). A man in charge of
as a form of obsidian. (La Forge) grinding operations. (Halse)
See also Bouteillenstein.
Moledora (Peru). Upper millstone,
Mold board. A board on which to ram (Dwight)
a pattern ; a follow board. ( Stand-
ard) Moler (Sp.). To rrrind or crush ore;
Mold box. A box in which molten ste.el M. en seco (Peru), dry grinding;
is hydraulically compressed. (Stand-
M. por sutil (Peru), wet grinding.
(Dwight)
ard)
Molde (Mex.). Mold. (Dwight) Molienda. 1. (Mex.) Charge of ore
to be ground and amalgamated
Molded brick. A term sometimes used (Dwight). 2. Grinding or crush-
for soft-mud brick. (Ries) (Halse)
ing ores.
Molded coal. An artificial fuel made Molinete. 1. (Colom.) A kind of
of charcoal refuse and coal tar,
windlass; a winch. 2. The beater
molded into cylinders, dried, and used on a dolly tub. (Halse)
carbonized. ( Century
Molino. 1. (Mex.) An ore-grinding
Molder; Moulder. 1. One who makes mill; M. chileno, Chilian mill; M.
molds for castings. 2. One who de muestr a sample grinder.
,

molds tempered clay into unburned (Dwight)

bricks. (Standard) 2. Ore sent to the mill. 3. (Colom.)
Mold facing. A
powder or wash
fine A huddle. 4. Alluvial sands accu-
applied to the face of a mold to in- mulated In the ground sluices.
sure a smooth casting. (Standard) (Halse)
 ) )

GLOSSARY OF MINING AND MINERAL INDUSTRY. 447

Mollusklte. The dark-colored carbona- Monazite. Phosphate of the cerium

ceous matter sometimes found In metals (cerium, didymium, lantha-
shell marbles due to the petrifaction num) and other rare-earth metals,
of organic portions of mollusks. including thorium, which alone gives
(Standard) it commercial value. Some varie-
ties carry no thorium, but others
Molly Maguire. A member of a secret
carry as much as 18 per cent tho-
association of Irishmen organized
rium oxide. (U. S. Geol. Surv.)
in the Anthracite coal region of
Pennsylvania about 1854, for the Monchiquite. An aphanitic or felso-
purpose of intimidating employees phy r Igneous rock containing
i c
and officers of the law and for aveng- augite and barkevikite, with or with-
ing themselves, by murder, on per- out biotite, olivine, and analcite, in a
sons obnoxious to them. The so- groundmass of analcitic glass, (La
ciety was broken up after the execu- Forge) The name was suggested by
tion of a number of the members Rosenbusch from the Monchique
following serious and extensive riot- Mountains of Portugal for basaltic
ing, in 1877. (Webster) dikes corresponding in mineralogy
and texture to llmburgite. They
Molonque (Hex.). Rich specimen, of
often accompany nephelite-syenlte.
which one-half, or more, is silver.
In modification of the original view
(Dwight)
that the monchiquites have a glassy
Molten. Reduced to the fluid state by groundmass, L. V. Pirsson has urged
heat; melted; fused; as, molten v/Ith much reason, and with the ad-
metal. ( Standard
ditional evidence of chemical analy-
sis, that the supposed glass is anal-
Molybdenite. Sulphide of molybdenum, cite. The presence of so much glass
MoSj. Contains 60 per cent molyb- in so basic a rock is improbable.
denum. (U. S. Geol. Surv.) (Kemp)
Molybdenum. A
metallic element of Mondar (Sp.). To sort hand-picked
the chromium group, resembling Iron ore. (Halse)
in its white color, malleMbility, diffi-
cult fusibility and its capacity for
Mondeo (Braz.). 1. A
large masonry
reservoir for collecting gold-bearing
forming steel-like alloys with car-
sand. 2. A settling pit. (Halse)
bon. Symbol, Mo; atomic weight,
96.0; specific gravity, 9.01. (Web- Mond A variety of semiwater
gas.
ster) gas, having typically a calorific
value of about 145 B. t. u. per
Molybdic ocher. Same as Molybdite.
cubic foot. Ammonia is often col-
Molybdite. Molybdenum trioxide, lected as a by-product. (Webster)
MoO», in capillary tufted forms and
Mondhaldeite. A name derived from
earthy. Color straw-yellow. ( Dana
a locality on the Kaiser stuhl, Baden,
Molybdocolic. Lead colic. (Century) and applied by A. Osann to a group
of dike rocks having the mineral-
Molybdomancy. Divination by means
ogy of the hornblende-pyroxene an-
of molten lead, the diviner basing
desites. Chemically they are an-
his conclusions on the number,
desites of about 60 per cent In silica,
form, and motions of the drops that
and with almost as much potash as
float on the surface. (Standard)
soda. (Kemp)
Molybdonosus. Lead poisoning. Mond producer. A furnace used for
(Standard) the manufacture of producer gas.
Molybdoparesis. Lead palsey; paint- (Ingalls)
ers' paralysis. (Standard) Monel Metal. A whitish alloy of high
Molysite. Anincrustation, brownish- tensile strength and elastic limit,
red, light or dark, and yellow, ferric
consisting of nickel 75 per cent, cop-
chloride, FeCl», found usually in the per 23.5 per cent, and Iron 1.5 per
vicinity of volcanoes as a deposit on cent. (Webster)
lavas, etc. (Dana) Monheimite. A variety of smithsonite
Momme. A Japanese weight equal to containing iron carbonate. (Dana)
8.75 grams, or 2.4112 pennyweights.
Monitor. 1. In hydraulic mining, a
(Weed)
contrivance consisting of nozzle and
Monadnock. A residual rock, hill, or holder, whereby the direction of «
mountain standing above a peneplain. stream can be readily chfe.nged
(La Forge) (Standard)
 )

448 GLOSSARY OF MINING AND MINERAL. INDUSTRY.

2. A car used to lower (or raise) MonocUnal. 1. Dipping only in one

coal on an incline. See also Gun- direction, or composed of strata so
boat (Steel) dipping ; as, a nvonoclinal ridge ; a
monocUnal flexure. Sometimes im-
Monkey. 1. (Scot.) An
appliance for
properly called uniclinal. 2. An
mechanically gripping or letting go
abrupt dow^nward flexure of nearly
the rope in rope haulage. (Barrow- horizontal strata without any corre-
man) sponding bend to form an anticline
2. A
contrivance placed between the
or syncline. 3. Loosely, any series
rails at the head of an incline to
of strata dipping in one direction
prevent wagons or cars from run-
only, as an isocline. (Standard)
ning back. (Webster)
3. A small water-cooled bronze Monocline. A monocUnal fold (Web-
casting in the cinder-notch cooler ster). See MonocUnal.
through which cinder runs from Monoclinic system. That system of
cinder-notch w^hen the bot is with-
crystals whose forms are referred
drawn. (Willcox)
to three unequal axes, two inter-
4. A small glass-melting crucible.
secting obliquely and the third per-
(Standard)
pendicular to both the others. (La
Note The word "monkey" prefixed
:
Forge)
to a technical term means small,
thus, monkey chute, a small chute; Monoclinic block. A quarry term, ap-
monkey drift, a small drift usually — plied to a block of stone bounded by
driven in for prospecting purposes. three pairs of parallel faces, eight
(Chance) of the twelve interfacial angles
being right angles, two obtuse
Monkey boss. A man in charge of
angles, two acut angles. (Bowles)
flushing the furnace and of claying
up monkey and coolers. Helps on Monogenetic. One in genesis; result-
tapping hole also, and at cast. See ing from one process of formation;
also Monkey, 3. (Willcox) said of a mountain range. (Web-
ster)
Monkey chock (Aust). iSfce Bobbin, L
Monkey drift. A small drift driven in Monolith. 1. A single stone or block
for prospecting purposes, or a cross- of stone, especially one of large size,
cut driven to an airway above the shaped into a pillar, statue, or
gangway. (C. and M. M. P.) monument. 2. A building material
for floors, having a sawdust base
Monkey gangway (Penn.). An air and applied in a plastic condition.
course driven parallel with a gang- It is both fireproof and waterproof.
way and heading at a higher level (Webster)
(Gresley). Used where a seam has Monometallic. Consisting of but one
considerable pitch or dip.
metal; specifically, comprising coins
Monkey jar. An earthenware vessel that consist of but one metal (or
used in tropical countries for cooling alloy), as gold or silver. (Cen-
drinking water. Also called Water- tury)
monkey (Standard). In Mexico it Monsel's salt. A basic sulphate of
Is called an Olla. Iron. (Webster)
Monkey rolls. The smaller rolls in Montaiia. 1. (Sp.) Mountain. 2.
an anthracite breaker. (C. and M. (Mex.) Ores scattered through
M. P.) country rock and not found in de-
Monkey shaft. A small shaft raise ex-
posits of any appreciable size.

tending from a lower to a higher (Halse)

level. (C. and M. M. P.) Montanite. A rare tellurate of bis-
The treatment muth, Bi2Os.TeO3.2H2O, from Mon-
Mannier process. of
copper sulphide ores by roasting
tana. ( Dana
with sodium sulphate, and subse- Montar. 1. (Sp.) To erect machinery
quent lixiviation and precipitation. or a plant. 2. (Colora.) To con-
(Raymond) struct ditches for mining purposes.
Mono (Mex.). Vertical stuU. (Dwight) (Halse)
Monobasic. In chemistry, noting an Monte-acid (Fr.). An acid elevator,
acid which contains but one atom of as an apparatus by which acid is
hydrogen replaceable by a univalent forced by compressed air to the top
element or radical to form a neutral of one of the towers '^f a sulphuric
salt (Century) acid manufactory. (Webster)
 )

GLOSSARY OF MINING AND MINERAL. INDUSTRY. 449

Monteador (Colom.). A prospector Monumentos (Mex.). Land marks or

who searches for mines in forests monuments for mining claims, usu-
;

and mountains. (Halse) ally built of masonry, and placed at

each corner of a mining claim.
Montefiore furnace. A small furnace (Halse)
used for the recovery of zinc from
blue powder by liquation. (Ingalls, Monzonite. A granular igneous rock
p. 527) composed essentially of alkali-calcic
plagioclase and orthoclase In nearly
Monte jns (Fr.). An apparatus for equal amounts, and accessory horn-
raising a liquid by pressure of air, blende, biotlte, or augite; nearly the
or steam, in a reservoir containing same as Vogoite, which see (La
the liquid, utilizing the principle of Forge). Brogger recently used the
the wash bottle of the chemical lab- name for a transitional and Inter-
oratory. mediate group of granitoid rocks
between the granite-syenite series
Monticellite. A calcium - magnesium and the diorites. (Kemp)
silicate, CaMgSIO*. In colorless to
gray crystals, in masses (batra- Moonstone. A variety of
feldspar,
chite), or in crystals or grains in commonly transparent or translu-
limestone. (Dana) cent orthoclase, albite, or labrador-
ite, which exhibits a delicate pearly
Montlcle. A little hill, knob, or opalescent play of colors. (U. S.
mound; especially, a subordinate Geol. Surv.) Used as a gem.
volcanic cone. (Standard) Moor. 1. A more or less elevated tract

Monticulate. Characterized by or hav- of open, waste, or barren land, hav-

ing little knobs or hills. (Stand- ing, as a rule, a rather broad, flat,
ard) and poorly drained surface, com-
monly diversified by peat-bogs and
Montiform. Mountain-like having the ; patches of heath. (La Forge)
shape of a mountain. (Century) 2. (Corn.) An enrichment of ore in
a particular part of a lode (Davies).
Montmartrlte. A variety of gypsum, See also More.
containing calcium carbonate.
(Standard) Moorband. A synonym for Moorpan,
and Moorband pan.
Mont6n (Sp. ). 1. An ore heap. 2. Moorband pan; Moorpan (Eng). A
A quantity of ore undergoing amal-
hard ferruginous crust that forms at
gamation. 3. A Mexican unit of the bottom of boggy places above a
weight for ore, varying from 1,800
stiff and impervious subsoil. ( Power
to 3,200 Spanish pounds, according
to locality. (Standard) Moor coal. A friable variety of lig-
4. (Colom.) An irregular mass or nite. (Century)
deposit. 5. M. recto, a wide vein
between a stratified and nonstrati- Moore filter press. A
movable, inter-
fied formation (Halse). A contact mittent vacuum consisting of a
filter

vein. series, or basket, of leaves fastened

together in such a way that it may
Monton wax. A wax obtained from be dropped in a pulp tank and kept
bitumen extracted from Thuringian submerged until a cake is formed.
lignite by treatment with superheat- It is then transferred by crane to
ed steam, used principally as a car- an adjoining wash-solution tank and
nauba-wax (Brazilian palm wax) washed. The basket is then lifted
substitute In the manufacture of pol- out of the tank and the cake
ishes and as an insulating material dropped. (Liddell)
in place of ceresin. (Bacon)
Moorhouse (Com.). A hovel built of
Montre (Fr.). In ceramics, an open- turf for miners to change clothes in.
ing in a kiln-wall to permit inspec- See Changehouse.
tion of the contents. (Standard)
Moorpeat. Peat formed from moss,
and such as is found in certain
Montroydite. Oxide of mercury, HgO.
moors. (Standard)
(U. S. Geol. Surv.)
Moorstone (Corn.). Loose masses of
Monument. A
stone or other perma- granite found on Cornish moors.
nent object serving to indicate a (Raymond)
limit, or to mark a boundary, as of
a mining claim. Moor whin. Same as Whin.
75242-—19 29
450 GLOSSARY OF MINING AND MINERAL INDUSTRY.

Mop. A disk surrounding a drill to Mortar. 1. Aheavy iron vess<*l, in

prevent water from splashing up. which rock crushed by hand with
is
(O. and M. M. P.) Also, a piece of a pestle, for sampling or assaying.
burlap or coarse cloth used for the 2. The receptacle beneath the
same purpose. stamps in a stamp mill, in which the
dies are placed, and into which the
Morainal apron. Same as Apron, 8.
rock is fed to be crushed. (Ray-
Moraine. An accumulation of earth, mond)
stones, etc., carried and finally de- 3. A building material made by mix-
posited by a glacier. A
moraine ing lime, cement, or plaster of Paris,
formed at the extremity of a glacier with sand, water, and sometimes
Is called a terminal moraine; at the other material and used in masonry,
side, a lateral m/yraine; in the cen- plastering, etc. (Webster)
ter and parallel with its sides, a
Mortar box. The large, deep, cast-iron
medial moraine and beneath the ice box into which the stamps fall and
but back from its end or edge, a the ore is fed in a gold or silver
ground moraine. (Webster) stamp-mill; also called Stamper-
Moraine profonde. Same as Ground box (Roy. Com). See Mortar, 2.
moraine. See Moraine.
Mortar mill. A mixing and stirring
Morainic. Of, pertaining to, forming, machine for combining lime, sand
or formed by a moraine. (Stand- and other materials to make mortar.
ard) A form of pug mill. ((Century)
Morainic loops. Great loops, convex Mortar structure. A term suggested
southward, in the continental termi- by Tornebohm describe those
to
nal moraine of the North American granites, gneisses
or other rocks
glacial period; caused by ice- that have been dynamically crushed,
tongues filling valleys. The junc- so that large nuclei of their origi-
tion of contiguous loops form tho nal minerals are set in crushed and
interlobular moraines. (Standard) comminuted borders of the same,
Same as Bog iron like stones in a wall. (Kemp)
Morass ore. ore.
(Standard) Mortero (Sp.). 1. A stamp-mill. 2.

More (Com.). A
quantity of ore in
The mortar of a stnmp. 3. M. comun,
ordinary mortar. (Halse)
a particular part of a lode, as a
more of tin (Raymond. See also Mortification. Destruction of active
Moor, 2. qualities, as in mercury amalgama-
tion. (Standard)
Morenosite. A hydrated nickel sul-
Mortise. A hole cut In one piece of
phate, NiS04+7HiO. (Dana)
timber, etc. to receive the tenon that
Morgan (Aust). A band of carbona- projects from another piece. (C.
ceous shale occurring in the Bor- and M. M. P.)
hole seam. (Power) Morts terrains (Fr.). Barren or dead
ground. The water-bearing strata
Morgen (Dutch). A South African overlying the coal measures. (Gres-
land measure equal to 1.44 claims, ley)
or 2.1165 English acres. (Skinner)
Mosaic gold. Disulphide of tin. (Ray-
Morillos (Mex.). Round poles for mond)
Ught timbering. (Dwight) Mosaic silver. An amalgam of mer-
cury, tin, and bismuth, used for imi-
Morion. A nearly black variety of
tating silverwork. (Standard)
smoky quartz. (Dana)
Moscorroflo (Colom.). Grold in wire
Morlop (Aust). A mottled jasper- or filaments accompanying pebbles;
pebble found in New South Wales, angular, or but little rounded gold.
and much sought by miners, as (Halse)
it usually occurs with diamonds. Mosqueado (Mex.). Spotted. Dark
(Standard) ruby silver occurring in separate
grains or spots in quartz or other
Moromoro (Peru). An impervious, ar- matrix. (Halse)
gillaceous rock. (Halse)
Moss agate. A kind of agate contain-
Moroxite. A blue, or greenish-blue va- ing brown or black moss-like den-
(Dana) dritic forms, due to the oxides of
riety of apatite.
manganese or iron distributed
Morro (Mex.). Furnace- wall accre- through the mass. (Century.) Also
tions. (Dwight) called Mocha pebble; Mocha ston«.
 GLOSSARY OF MINING AND MINERAL INDUSTRY.
Mots box. A cast-iron, annular, open-
topped box or rins, placed in water-
hearinfjc ground for making a water-
tight seat, or bed, for the tubbing in
the Kind-Chaudron system of shaft
einking. (Gresley)
Moss fallows. Parts of a bog from
which the moss has been removed
for fuel. (Standard)
Moss gold. Gold in dendritic forms.
(Webster)
Moss hag (Scot). A place where peat
has been cut or washed away, leav-
ing a treacherous surface. (Web-
ster)
Moss land. Land abounding in peat
moss, but scarcely wet or marshy
enough to be called a bog or morass.
(Standard)
Moss silver. Silver in dendritic
tiliform shapes. (Webster)
Mossy. Like moss in form or appear-
ance. Said of certain minerals.
(Dana)
Mostrador (Mex.). Sampler. (D wight)
Mote; moat. A straw filled
powder for igniting a shot (Gres-
ley). A fuse.
Mothergate. 1. (No. of Eng.) A road
451
Motive column. The length of a col-
umn of air whose weight is equal to
the difference in weight of like col-
umns of air in downcast and upcast
shafts. The ventilation pressure, in
furnace ventilation, is measured by
the difference of the weights of the
air columns in two shafts. (Steel)
Motive power. Any power, as water,
steam, wind, electricity, used to im-
part motion to machinery. (W^eb-
ster)
Motor. 1. One who or that which pro-
duces or imparts motion or mechani-
cal power. Specifically, a machine
for producing or causing motion, es-
pecially one that acts by transmit-
ing some other kind of energy into
mechanical energj% or the energy of
position into that of motion; a
prime mover, as a steam engine,
or windmill, water wheel, or reversed
dynamo. (Standard)
2. Ahaulage engine used around
mines and operated by electricity or
compressed air.
Motor body. The box-like portion et
the lower end of a coal-cutting ma-
chine. (Morris v. O'Gara Coal Co.,
with gun- 181 Illinois App., p. 312)
Mottle. The spotted, blotched, or va-
riegated appearance of any surface,
as of wood or marble especially, in
;

in the workings to be eventually metallurgy, the appearance of pig

converted into a main road. (Gres- iron of a quality between white and
ley) gray. (Standard)
2. (Newc.) The main passage in a
district of mine workings. (Ray-
Motty (Eng.) A collier's mark on his
corf (Webster). See Tally.
mond)
Mother
Moulin (Fr.). A nearly vertical shaft
lode. 1. The principal lode or in a glacier into which a stream of
vein passing through a district water pours. (Webster)
or particular section of country.
(Hanks) Mountain. An eminence or ridge,
2. The 'Great quartz vein' in Cali- either isolated or part of a range or
fornia, tracedby its outcrop for 80 of a group, standing conspicuously
miles from
Mariposa to Amador above the surrounding or neighbor-
(Standard). See Champion lode; ing country and, as a rule, charac-
also Veta madre. terized by steeply sloping sides, a
relatively small summit area, and
Mother of coal. See Mineral charcoal. considerable bare rock surface. (La
Forge)
Motion. 1. (Ohio) A local term for
the area of a quarry covered by the Mountain blue. Blue copper ore; az-
swing of a derrick boom, and, in urite. (Skinner)
addition, the area from which the
blocks of stone may be economically Mountain brown ore. Limonite or
dragged. (Bowles) brown iron ore: A local name ap-
2. A term used in granite regions to plied in Virginia to the low-grade
designate small paving-block quar- siliceous variety, which commonly
ries. (Perkins) occurs in hard lumps and which la
3. A place in which a stonecutter found on the mountain slopes at or
quarries his own stone for subse- near the contact of the Cambrian
quent cutting and finishlHg. 4. The shale and sandstone with the Cam-
part of the pit in which work Is in bro-Ordovician limestone. See Val-
actual progress. (Webster) ley brown ore. (U. S. GeoL Surv.)
 ) )

452 GLOSSARY OF MINING AND MINERAL INDUSTRY.

Mountain butter. A synonym for Alu- Moflth. 1. An opening resembling or

nogen (Chester). A hydra ted alumi- likened to a mouth, as one afford-
num sulphate in delicate fibrous ing an entrance or exit. 2. The
masses or crusts. opening in a metallurgical furnace
through which 11; is charged; also
Mountain chain. A
moun- series of
the tap hole. 3. Any of several fur-
tains connected, and having some
naces, each connected by a flue to
common characteristics.
a central opening in the oven of a
Mountain cork. A
variety of asbestos pottery kiln. (Webster)
resembling cork. It Is light and 4. The end of a shaft, adit, drift,
floats on water (Dana). Also called entry, tunnel, etc., emerging at the
Mountain leather. surface. ( Raymond
Mountain crystal. Rock crystal. Mouthing (So. Staff.). A synonym for
(Webster) Inset.

Mountain flax. 1. Amianthus. A fine Mouth of pit (Aust). The top of a

silky variety of asbestos. (Power) shaft. (Power)
2. Asbestos or asbestos-cloth. ( Stand-

ard). Called also Earth flax.

Mouth 1. (Scot.)
plate. A ridged
cast-ironplate to direct hutch
Mountain green. Malachite. (Power) wheels from plates to rails. 2.

A
tough variety of
(Scot.) An iron plate over the
Mountain leather.
mouth of a bore hole. (Barrow-
asbestos in thin, flexible sheets
man)
(Dana). See also Mountain cork.
Mountain limestone. The English des-
Movable ladder. See Man machine.
ignation of a limestone of the lower Movable stock (Eng.). Such equip-
part of the Carboniferous age; ment as can be sold without preju-
called also Sub-Carboniferous lime- dice to the working of the colliery.
stone. (Raymond) It comprises, therefore, old pumps,
unnecessary engines, and useless m.a-
Mountain meal. Infusorial earth
terials of every description. (G. C.
(Power). See also Bergmehl. Greenwell)
Mountain-milk. A very soft, spongy
Move (No. Wales). A roof which is
variety of calcite. (Standard)
just about to fall, or is taking
Mountain paper. A thin, paper-like, va- weight. (Gresley)
riety of mountain cork. (Power)
Moya ( Am. ) Volcanic mud, some-
So. .

Mountain range. 1. Loosely, same as times carbonaceous. Called also

Mountain chain. 2. Strictly, one of Mud lava; applied chiefly to such
the component portions of a moun- exudations in South Amertca.
tain chain, formed by a single oro- (Standard)
genic movement (monogentic). Mozo (Mex.). Boy; man of all work;
(Standard) roustabout. (Dwight)
Mountain soap. An unctuous variety Muck. 1. Earth, including dirt, gravel
of halloysite containing some iron hardpan and rock, to be, or being ex,
oxide and about 24 per cent water. cavated; overburden. 2. To exca-
(Dana) vate or remove muck from. 3. To
work hard; to toil. (Webster)
Mountain tallow. A soft, waxlike, hy-
4. ( Scot. ) Rubbish soft useless ma-
;

drocarbon; also known as Hatchet- terial (Barrowman). See also Smut,

tite. (Dana) Dirt, Mullock.
Mountain wood. A variety of asbestos 5. A layer of earth, sand or sedi-
that compact, fibrous, and gray
is ment lying immediately above the
to brown in color, looking like wood. sand or gravel containing, or sup-
(Dana) posed to contain, gold in placer min-
ing districts, and may itself contain
Mounting pipe. See Column pipe. some traces of gold. (Cook v. John-
Mouse-eaten quartz. Quartz full of son, 3 Alaska, p. 516.)
noles once occupied by sulphides, Muck bar. Bar iron which has passed
now decomposed and gone. ( Power once through the rolls. (Raymond)
Mousseline (Fr.). A thin glass, blown Mucker. (U. S.)
1. One who loads
so as to imitate patterns in lace, as mine and, in most mines, is
cars,
for claret-glasses. Called also also a trammer pushing the cars to
Mousseline glass. Muslin glass. the shaft, tunnel or adit moutli
(Standard) (Weed)
 GLOSSARY OF MIISTll^G AKt) MINERAL IJfDtJSTRY. 453
2. One who excavates earth, or Mud drag. A dredge for clearing the
muck (Webster). This term applies bottoms of rivers or harbors ( Stand-
more especially to metal mines. ard). Compare Hedgehog, 2. Also
See also Mullocker. called Mud dredge.
Muck iron. Crude puddled iron ready Mud drum. A drum forming the low-
for squeezing or rolling. (Webster) est part of some steam boilers in
which the sediment settles for re-
Muckite. A resin from the coal beds
moval. (Webster)
at Neudorf, Moravia; it fuses be-
tween 290° and 310° C, has a spe- Mudds (Newc). Small nails. (Min.
cific gravity of 1.0025, and a compo- Jour.)
sition corresponding to CjoHasOi. Mud fat (Aust). Unctuous and plas-
(Bacon) tic, like mud. (Standard)
Muckle. 1. Soft clay overlying or
Mud flat. A muddy, low-lying strip of
underlying coal. (Hargis)
ground by the shore, or an island,
2. (Corn.) A large jumper or drill.
usually submerged more or less com-
(Green well, p. 217) pletely by the rise of the tide. (Cen-
Muckle hammer. A scaling or spalling tury)
hammer. (Standard) Mud geyser. See Mud pot
Muck rolls. The first pair of rolls in Mud gun. A steam cylinder operating
a rolling mill. (Standard)
a plunger inside a steel tube 6
Mucks (StafC.). Bad earthy coal. (C. inches in diameter. Clay is fed into
& M. M. P.) See also Smut. the hopper tube as the plunger Is
worked back and forth and is thus
Muck train. A set of muck rolls,
forced into the tap hole, at end of
(Standard) cast (Willcox)
Mucky hole. A tap hole from which Mud lava. See Moya.
the iron is so pasty that it does not
run freely. (Willcox) Mud lump. One of numerous mud-dis-
charging cones dotting the shallows
Mud. Moist and soft earth, or earthy at the mouth of the Mississippi up- ;
matter whether produced by rains heaval from lower clays by pressure
on the earthy surface, by ejections of surface deposits. (Standard)
from springs and volcanoes, or by
sediment from turbid waters; mire. Mud marks. The hardened flowings of
(Century) mud over a smooth surface, or the
same petrified, as fossil mud marks.
Mud bit. A chisel-like tool used in (Standard)
boring wells through clay. (Web-
ster) Mud pot (Western U. S.). A geyser
Mud bucket. A dredger bucket (Web- that throws up mud. Called also
ster) Mud geyser. (Standard)
Mud cap. A charge of dynamite, or Mud ring. The ring or frame form-
other high explosive, fired in contact ing the bottom of a water leg of a
with tlie surface of a rock after be- steam boiler. (Webster)
ing covered with a quantity of wet
mud, wet earth, or sand, no bore
Mud scow. A
flatboat or barge for the
transportation of mud, generally
hole being used. The slight confine-
ment given the dynamite by the used in connection with dredges.
mud or other material permits part (Century)
of the energy of the dynamite be- Mudsill. The lowest sill of a struc-
ing transmitted to the rock in the ture, usually embedded in the soil;
form of a blow. A mud cap may the lowest sill or timber of a house,
be placed on top or to one side, or bridge, or dam. (Webster)
even under a rock, if supported,
with equal effect (Du Pont). Also Mud socket. A
device used on drill-
called Adobe, 'Dobie, and Sandblast. ing tools to clean mud or sand out
of a well. (Webster)
Mud cone. A volcanic cone built up
of ejected mud (Webster). >Sfee also Mudstone. A fine, more or less sandy,
Mud volcano, 2. argillaceous rock, having no fissile
character, and somewhat harder
Mud cracks. Irregular cracks inter- than clay. (Power)
secting the surface of dried mud,
or the same more or less filled and Mud volcano. 1. A hollow cone In a
hardened into rock, as fossil mud volcanic region, from which mate-
cracks. (Standard) rial Is ejected, by and with various

k
 )

454 GLOSSARY OF MINING AND MINERAL INDUSTRY.

gases. The usual quiet emissions Mufla (Hex.). Muffle. A rude cupel
are interrupted at times by violent furnace for treating rich ore on a
discharges, sometimes with columns bath of lead. See also Vaso.
of flame. Called also Salse, Air vol- (Dwight)
cano, Maccaluba, and Mud cone.
Muigalheiro (Braiz.). A trammer,
(Standard) shoveler, or helper. (Bensusan)
Mnd-walled. Having a wall of mud, Mula (Mex.). Mule. (Dwight)
or materials laid in mud instead of
mortar. (Century) Mulata (Colom.). A compact quartz
which is often gold bearing. (Halse)
Mud wheel. In brickmaking, a wheel
Mulatto. A local name in Ireland for
by which clay is thoroughly worked (Kemp)
a Cretaceous green sand.
with water; a tempering wheel.
(Standard) Mule. 1. A small car, or truck, at-
tached to a rope and used to push
Muela (Sp.). 1. The upper millstone. cars up a slope or inclined plane.
2. The grinding stone of an arrastre. 2. (Joplin, Mo.) An extra man who-
3. M. vertical, the runner of a Chile- helps push the loaded cars out in
an mill. (Halse) case of up-grade, etc.
Muesca (Mex.). A notch in a stick; Mule skinner. A mule driver. (Cro-
mortise; notch cut in a round or futt)
square beam for the purpose of us-
Muley brick. An imperfectly pressed
ing it as a ladder (chicken ladder).
brick. (Standard)
Mueseler lamp. A type of safety lamp Muller. 1. The stone or iron in an ar-
invented and used in the collieries rastre, or grinding or amalgamating
of Belgium. Its chief characteristic pan, which is dragged around on the
is the inner sheet-iron chimney for bed to grind and mix the ore-bear-
Increasing the draft of the lamp. ing rock (Raymond)
(C. and M. M. P.) 2. A bucking iron.

Mnestra (Sp.). 1. Sample; specimen. Muller's glass. Hyalite, a variety of

2. Oflcina de muestras, sampling opal which is as clear as glass and
works. (Halse) colorless. (Dana)
Muestrario ( Sp. ) A collection of sam-
.
Mullicite. A variety of vivianite oc-
ples obtained by boring. (Halse) curring in cylindrical masses.
(Dana)
Muff. 1. A
cylinder of glass before it
Mulligan. 1. A heavy double-handed
is flattened out. (Standard)
sledge for breaking runner scrap
2. A joining tube, or coupler, for
at blast furnaces. (Willcox)
uniting two pipes end to end.
2. A miner's term for soup.
(Century)
Mullock (Eng.). A term sometimes
Muffle. A semi - cylindrical or long used for the accumulated waste or
arched-oven (usually small and made
refuse rock about a mine (Roy.
of fire clay), heated from outside, in
which substances may be exposed at Com.). See Muck, the term used in
the United States.
high temperature to an oxidizing
atmospheric current, and kept at Mullocker (Aust). One who excavates
the same time from contact with the and removes waste rock in distinc-
gases from the fuel. Cupellation and tion to one who removes ore (Web-
scorlfication assays are performed in ster.) See Mucker, which is Ameri-
muffles, and on a larger scale copper can usage.
ores were formerly roasted in muf-
fle furnaces (Raymond). Used also MuUocking (Aust.). Act or process of
in ceramics, for firing pottery spe- excavating and removing mullock
cially decorated, as by painting or (Webster). The American term is
printing. ( Standard mucking.
Muffle furnace. A
furnace devised so Mullock reefs (Aust). Reefs in which
as to shield its contents from direct the matrix of the ore consists of
contact with the flames. (Webster) country rock, frequently decomposed
eruptive dikes. (Power)
Muffle painting. Decoration, as on
china, which will not bear kiln heat, Mullock tip (Aust). Accumulations of
but is fired in a muffle. It is of two waste rock coming out of a mine; a
kinds, hard and soft (Standard) dump; also, spoil heap. (Raymond)
 GLOSSARY OF MINING AND MINERAL INDUSTRY. 455
Mullock vein (Aust). A decomposed with enough water to make a pulp,
eruptive dike in which the original are agitated from 5 to 20 minutes.
disseminated gold and silver have The paste preferentially adheres to
been deposited in joints and fissures the sulphides because of the oil.
of the dike rock. This term appears The ore is then fed over magnets
to be unnecessary. (Shamel, p. 165) and oxide of iron, with the mineral
adhering to it, pulled out. The oil
llulniello (Italy). A
quarry or place
and magnetite are then recovered.
in a coal mine where stone and de-
(Liddell)
bris are obtained for the purpose
of stowing or filling up goaves. Muriatic acid. The commercial name
(Gresley) for hydrochloric acid, HCl.
Malta (Hex.). Penalty or fine. Muro. (Sp.) 1. A wall. 2. The floor
(D wight) of a deposit, or footwall of a vein.
3. A mine dam. (Halse)
Multiphase. In electricity, having
components of various phase: said Murphy. See Rock drill.
of rotating currents or the system
Murra; Murrha (L.). A material first
employing them. (Standard)
brought to Rome by Pompey, and
Multiple-bench quarrying. The method used for costly vases and cups. It
of quarrying a rock ledge in a series has been variously supposed to be
of successive benches or steps. Chinese jade, porcelain, iridescent
(Bowles) glass, fluor, etc. (Standard)
Multiple proportions, law of. See Dal- Muschelkalk (Ger.). The middle divi-
ton's law. sion of the German Triassic (Web-
ster). The word means shell-lime-
Multiple series; Parallel series. A stone. Etym., muschel, shell, and
method of wiring a large group of Kalkstein, limestone.
blasting charges by connecting small
groups in series and connecting Muscovado. The Spanish word for
these series in parallel. (Bowles) brown sugar, used by Minnesota
geologists for a rusty, brown, out-
Multiple shot. See Battery of holes. cropping rock that resembles brown
Multure (Peru). The percentage of sugar. It has been applied to both
ore paid to the proprietor of a pul- gabbros and quartzites. (Kemp)
verizing mill as his recompense.
Muscovite. Potash-bearing, white
(Standard). Derived from grist- mica, H2KAl8(Si04)8. See also Mica.
mill practice in Scotland.
(U. S. Geol. Surv.)
Mun (Corn). Any fusible metal. (Ray- Muscovitization. The process of
mond) changing a mineral, or rock, more or
Mundio (com). Iron pyrite. White less into muscovite. (Standard)
mundic is mispickel. (Raymond) Muscovy Same
glass. as Muscovite.
Mungle shale. An oil shale, in the West (Century)
CaWer district, Scotland. (Bacon) Mush. 1. (Leic) Soft, sooty, dirty
Mun6ft (Sp.). 1- A trunnion of a Bes- earthy coal. (Gresley)
semer converter. 2. A gudgeon. 2. A greasy mud, sometimes found
(Halse) on bituminous coal. (Bacon)
Muntz metal. An alloy of copper, 60,
3. (Alaska) A march on foot, es-
pecially across the snow with dogs.
and zinc, 40 per cent (Ure) (Webster)
Murchlsonite. A variety of orthoclase
Mushroom hitch (Eng.). An Inequal-
of flesh-red color, resembling perth- ity in the floor of a mine due to a
Ite. (Chester) projecting stone. (Webster)
Murex process. A
flotation process
Mushroom stone. A fossil resembling
which Is not strictly of the same
class as the others, but it still makes a mushroom. (Standard)
use of the principle of selective oil- Mushy coal (Lelc). Soft, sooty or
ing of sulphide particles. The dirty coal, or coal that has been
crushed ore Is fed into an agitator crushed. Same as Mush, 1. (Gres-
and mixed with 4 to 5 per cent of ley)
Itsweight of a paste made of 1 part
of oil or thin tar with 3 or 4 parts Muskeg (Mich.). A swamp or bog
of magnetic oxide of Iron. This composed principally of roots, de-
oxide must be ground to an Impal- cayed vegetal matter and black
pable powder. These ingredients. soil It resembles peat, but it Is more
;
 )

456 GLOSSAKY OF MINING AND MINERAL INDUSTRY.

earthy and more spongy. In Can- Nagelfluh. A conglomerate rock be-

ada, any rocky basin filled by suc- longing to the Teritiary of Switzer-
cessive deposits of unstable mate- land (Emmons^. Also called Gom-
rial, as leaves, muck, and moss in- pholite.
capable of sustaining much weight;
hence a large mud-hole.
Nager (Brist.), A drill for boring
holes for blasting charges, (Gres-
Muslin glass. Same as Mousseline. ley)
Mussel bind. Same as Mussel band. Nagyagite, A sulpho-telluride of lead,
Mussel band. A bed of clay ironstone
gold, and antimony, possibly Aua-
containing fossil bivalve shells, an- PbuSbaTe^SiT. The gold content
thracosia, etc. (Gresley)
ranges from 5.8 to 12,8 per cent, the
silver from 8.1 to 10,8 per cent. (U.
Muthung (Pr.). A
concession of S. Geol. Surv.)
mines from the
generally State, Nahnsen process. An electrolytic proc-
about 612 acres, described in plan ess for the refining of impure zinc.
by straight lines and in depth by Used in Upper Silesia. (Ingalls, p.
vertical planes, (Gresley) 576)
Mutu (Malay). A
term denoting the Naif. Having a natural luster when
degrees of fineness of gold. (Lock)
uncut; as, a naif gem. (Standard)
Myelin. A soft, yellowish, or reddish-
white, clay-like substance, identical
Naife (Sp,). A diamond in the rough.
(Halse)
with kaolin. (Chester)
Nail-head spar. A composite variety
Mylonite. A name suggested by the of calcite having the form suggested
English geologist Lapworth for by the name. (Dana)
schists produced by dynamic meta-
morphism. (Kemp) Nail. A shooting-needle, which see.

Mynpacht ( So. Af r. ) 1. A mining con- Nail plate. A plate of metal rolled to

cession, especially one made by the the proper thickness for cutting into
government to the owner of the sur- nails, (Century)
face concerned, and expressed in a Naked light. A candle or any form
Mynpachtbrief, or oflEicial grant of of flame lamp that is not a safety
mining rights. 2. The land owner's lamp (Steel). An open light.
mining location, as distinguished
from other mining claims on his Namma-hole (Aust). A natural well.
tract, leased by the government. (Standard)
The land owner is entitled to de- Nankin porcelain. Blue china.
mand a concession covering one (Standard)
tenth of his surface ownership.
(Webster) Nannies (York,). Natural Joints,
cracks, or slips in the coal meas-
N. ures. See also Cleat, 1. (Gresley)
Kablock. A rounded mass, as of flint Nantokite. Cuprous chloride, CuaCla.
in chalk, or of ironstone in coal. Granular, massive. Cleavage cubic.
(Standard) Luster adamantine. Colorless to
white or grayish. (Dana)
Nacido (Colom.). In placer mining a
piece of granite lying on the bedrock Napal. (Malay) Indurated white clay
in lieu of pay dirt. (Halse) carrying auriferous quartz streaks.
Called also Steatite. (Lock)
Naciente (Chile). East, (Halse)
Nacre (Fr,). 1. Resembling pearl, as
Napalite. A peculiar waxy hydrocar-
bon C«H4, found in the Phoenix
in iridescence; nacreous; as, the
mine, near Midletown, Cal. It has ;
nacre enamel of Belleek porcelain.
a dark reddish-brown color, is brit-
2. Mother-of-pearl. Also spelled
tle, begins to fuse at 42° C, and
Nacker. (Standard)
boils above 300* C. (Bacon)
Nadel-diorlte. Needle-diorite ; a Ger-
man term for diorites with acicular Naphtha. 1. As used by ancient
hornblende. (Kemp) writers, a more fluid and volatile
variety of asphalt or bitumen. 2.
Nadorite. A mineral containing anti- In modern use, an artificial, volatile,
mony, lead, oxygen, and chlorine, colorless liquid obtained from pe-
PbClSb02, occurring in brownish or- troleum; a distillation product be-
thorhombic crystals, at Djebel-Nador, tween gasoline and refined oil,
Algeria. ( Centu ry (Century)
 ) )

GtossAsy or mining and mineral industry. 451

Naphtha-gas. Illuminating gas charged Natch. 1. (Scot.) A

small hitch or
with the decomposed vapor of dislocation. 2. (Scot.) The junction
naptha. ( Standard of two rails where through improper
laying the two are not on the same
Naphthalize. To impregnate or satu-
level or line. (Barrowman)
rate with naphtha; enrich (an in-
ferior gas) or carburet (air) by
3. To notch (Webster). A variation
of notch.
passing It through naphtha. (Cen-
tury) Native. Occurring in nature pure or
uncombined with other substances.
Napoleonite. 1. A synonym for Cor- Usually applied to the metals, as na-
site. (Kemp) tive mercury, native copper. Also
2. A variety of hornblende. (Stand- used to describe any mineral occur-
ard) ring in nature in distinction from the
Nappes (Belg.). Water-bearing strata. corresponding substance formed ar-
( Gresley tificially. (Century)

W. Native coke. See Carbonite, 1; also

Nariyas. Gold-washers of the N.
Natural coke.
provinces of India. (Locli)
Native elements. Elements that occur
Nariz (Sp.). 1. A nose. 2. The noz- in nature uncombined, as nugget
zle of a bellows. 3. In smelting tin
gold, metallic copper, etc. Compare
ore, the nose which forms in front Native.
of and attached to the tuyere.
(Halse) Native metal. Any metal found natu-
rally in that state, as copper, gold,
Harrow (No. of Eng.) A gallery, or iron, mercury, platinum, silver, etc.
roadway, driven at right angles to See also Native.
a drift, and not quite so large in
(Gresley)
Native paraffin. See Ozocerite.
area.
Native Prussian blue. Vivianite.
Narrow places (Aust.). Working places (Power)
that are less than six yards wide;
these are paid for by the yard in Native steel. A steel or steely iron
length. (Power) occurring in small masses and made
by the ignition of coal near an iron-
Narrow work. 1. All work for which ore deposit. (Standard)
a price per yard of length driven is
paid, and which, therefore, must be Nativo (Sp.). Native. (D wight)
measured. Any dead work (Steel) Natrium. See Sodium.
2. (Penn.) Headings, chutes, cross-
cuts, gangways, etc., or the work- Natrolite. A mineral of the zeolite
ings previous to the removal of the family. A silicateof sodium and
pillars. 3. A working place in coal aluminum, NaaO.Alj03.4SiO,.2HaO.
only a few yards in width. 4. A (Dana)
system of working coal in York-
shire. (Gresley) Natrometer. An instrument for meas-
uring the quantity of soda contained
Narrow working. Sec Bord-and-plUar in salts of potash and soda. (Cen-
method; also Narrow work. tury)

Nascent. Coming into existence, be- Natron. Hydrous sodium carbonate,

ginning to exist or to grow. From NaaCO,.+10HjO.. (U. S. Geol. Surv.)
L. nascens, being born (Webster).
A term used in the flotation process. Natron-Granites. Granites abnormally
high in soda, presumably from the
Nascent state. The condition of an presence of an orthoclase rich in
element at the moment of liberation soda, or of anorthoclase. They are
from a compound, marked, as in the also called soda-granites. Natron is
case of hydrogen or oxygen, by a likewise used as a prefix to minerals
chemical activity greater than the and rocks that are rich in soda, as
ordinary. (Webster) natron - orthoclase, natron - syenite,
etc. (Kemp)
Nasmyth hammer. A steam hammer,
having the head attached to the pis- Nattle (Eng.). To make a slight
ton rod, and operated by the direct broken noise as of rattling (Web-
force of the steam. (Raymond) sted). Said of a mine when move-
ment or settling Is taking place.
Nata (Mex.). Same as Escoria or
Qrasa. (Dwight) Natural asphalt. See Asphalt.

k

458 GLOSSARY OF MINING AND MINERAL INDUSTRY.
Natural coke (Aiist). Coal that has
been more or less coked by contact
with an igneous rock. (Power)
Natural gas. A mixture of gaseous
hydrocarbons found in nature; in
many places connected with deposits
of petroleum, to which the gaseous
compounds are closely related. (U.
S. Geol. Surv.)
Natural soft porcelain. A porcelain
having a body of kaolin and calcium
phosphate coated with a lead and
boric acid glaze, as Worcester por-
celain. (Standard)
Natural steel. Steel manufactured di-
rectly from the ore or by refining
cast iron. (Standard) Steel in the
condition left by a hot-working oper-
ation, and cooled in the open air.
(Hibbard)
Natural ventilation. Ventilation of a
mine without either furnace or other
artificial means, the heat being im-
parted to the air by the strata, men,
animals, and lights in the mine,
causing it to flow in one direction, or
to ascend. (Steel)
Kaumanite. Aselenide of silver and
lead, occurring in large cubical crys-
tals, also granular, and in thin
plates of iron-black color and bril-
liant metallic luster. (Century)
Equals 1.15136 statute
Nautical mile.
miles. See Mile.
Nayfe (Port). A diamond in
rough. (Halse)
Navite. Rosenbusch's name for Pre-
Tertiary, porphyritic rocks, consist-
ing of plagioclase, augite, and oli-
vine as phenocrysts, with a second
generation of the same forming the
holocrystalline groundmass.
name is from Nava, a locality in the
Nahe Valley. (Kemp)
Navvy. (Eng.) 1. The part of the
face of an ironstone mine between
two roads. (Bainbridge)
2. A machine for excavating earth;
more commonly called steam exca-
vator or steam navvy. (Webster)
(Eng.) A laborer employed In
8.
mining, excavation, railroad work,
etc.
Neanthropic. In geology, according to
Dawson, the more recent portion of
the anthropic, in which the area of
land had become, by subsidence,
smaller than in the Palanthropic.
(Standard)
Keat. Pure; unmixed; undiluted, as
a Q^at cement.
) )
Neck. 1. A lava-filled conduit of an
extinct volcano, exposed by en^slon
(Kemp). Called also Chimney.
2. The narrow entrance to a room
next to the entry, or a place where
the room has been narrowed on ac-
count of poor roof. (Steel)
3. A narrow stretch of land con-
necting two larger tracts, as an
isthmus. 4. A narrow body or chan-
nel between two larger bodies of
water; a strait. (Webster)
4. In metallurgy, that part of a fur-
nace where the flame is contracted
before reaching the stack. 5. In
brickmaking, one of a series of
walls of unburned bricks in a clamp.
(Standard)
Necklace. In ceramics, a necklace-
like molding encircling the upper
part of a vase or bottle. (Stand-
ard)
Neck leathers (Scot.). Washers fixed
on the top of a pump bucket or clack
lid. ( Barrowman
Needle. 1. A piece of copper or brass
about i-lnch in diameter and 3 or 4
feet long, pointed at one end, and
turned into a handle at the other,
tapering from the handle to the
point. It is thrust into a charge
of blasting powder in a bore hole,
and while in this position the bore
hole is tamped preferably
solid,
with moist clay. The needle
is then
withdrawn carefully, leaving a
the straight passageway through the
tamping for the miner's squib to
shoot or fire the charge. (Du Pont)
2. A hitch cut in the side rock to
receive the end of a timber. ( Steel
3. (Scot.) A beam across a shaft
at a landing to support the cage;
buntons. (Barrowman)
The 4. A needle-shaped or acicular cry^
tal. (Standard)
Needle ironstone. The capillary va-
riety of gothite. (Chester)
Needle ore. 1. Alkinite. A lead-oop-
per-bismuth sulphide. (Dana)
2. Iron ore of very high metallic
luster, found in small quantities
which may be separated in long
slender filaments resembling nee-
dles. (Standard)
Needle spar. An old synonym for Ara-
gonite. (Chester)
Needle stone. See Natrolite.
Needle timber (AusL). Long sticks
of timber, the lower end of which
rests against the foot of a prop in
a steep seam, so as to keep it in
position, while the upper end is let
into a hitch in the roof. (Power)
 GliOSSABY OF MINING AND MINERAL INDUSTRY. 459
Needle valve. A valve provided with Neocomian. Of or pertaining to the
a long tapering point in place of the lower part of the Cretaceous epoch.
ordinary valve disk. The tapering (Standard)
point permits fine graduation of the
opening. At times called a Needle- Neodymium. A rare metallic element
point valve. (Nat. Tube Co.) occurring In combination with ce-
rium, lanthanum, and other rare
Needle zeolite. Natrolite, scolecite, or
metals. Yellowish in color and tar-
any similar mineral having needle-
nishes slowly in the air. Symbol,
like crystals. (Standard)
Nd; atomic weight, 144.3; specific
Neft-gil; Neftdegil. A
mixture of gravity, 6.96. (Webster)
paraffins and a resin occurring on
Cheleken Island in the Caspian. It Neogen. An alloy resembling silver,
is related to zietrJ-'lkite. (Bacon) containing copper 58 parts, zinc 27,
tin 2, nickle 12, bismuth i part, and
Negative crystal. A birefringent crys-
tal in vt^hich the refractive index of
aluminum i. (Standard)
the extraordinary ray is less than
the refractive index of the ordinary
Neogene. The two periods
later of the
ray. (Dana)
into whichthe Cenozoic era is
divided in the classification adopted
Negociacion (Sp.). Business under- by the International Geological Con-
—
taking at a mine, or set of mines, gress and used by many European
etc. (Min. Jour.) geologists. Also the system of
strata deposited during that period.
Negocio (Sp.). Business; enterprise.
It comprises the Miocene, Pliocene,
(Dwight)
Pleistocene, and Holocene or Recent
Negrillo. (Sp. Am.). 1. A
dark-colored epochs. See Paleogene. (La Forge)
silver ore, as argentite, stephanite,
etc. 2. A very dark cupriferous sil-
Neo-Jurassic. Pertaining to, or occur-
ver ore. (Halse) ring in, certain Upper Jurassic beds
in Portugal, which are mainly cor-
Negro. 1. (Peru and Chile) dark A related with the Kimmeridge beds,
fine-textured caliche. 2. (Mex.) A and with some beds in the United
lead-gray cinnabar. 3. (Mex.) Tet- States. (Standard)
rahedrite. 4. Negro-negro (Colom.),
a black micaceous schist. 5. (Mex.) Neolite. A silky, fibrous, stellated,
Sulphide silver ores. 6. (Mex.). Iron green, hydrous, magnesium-alum-
pyrite containing native silver and inum silicate. (Standard)
argentite. 7. (Mex.) Antimonial
gray copper ore mixed with blende, Neolithic. Designating, pertaining to,
galena, copper, and arsenical iron or belonging to a stage of human
pyrite. (Halse) culture following the paleolithic and
Negrohead, or Niggerhead tuyere. A characterized by an advance in civ-
tuyere having on its end a cubical ilization denoted by more and better
block which is built into the fur- implements of stone, bone, and horn,
nace. (Standard) by the beginning of agriculture, and
the presence of domestic animals.
Nekoza (Japan). Straw mats spe-
(Webster)
cially woven and used for catching
gold in the sluices. (Lock) Neolote. A name used by Clarence
Nelsonite. A dike rock composed es- King for an order of volcanic rocks
sentially of ilmenite or rutile and embracing the rhyolites and basalts
apatite. (U. S. Geol. Surv.) with which, according to the suc-
Nemaline. In mineralogy, fibrous or cession formulated by von Richt-
threadlike; said of structure. hofen, eruptive activity terminates
(Standard) In any given area. (Kemp)
Nemalite. A fibrous variety of brucite.
Neon. An inert gaseous element found
(Standard)
in the atmosphere, of which it consti-
Neme (Colom.). An oxide of manga- tutes one or two thousandths of a
nese. (Halse) per cent by volume. Symbol, Ne;
Neocene. The later of the two epochs atomic weight, 20.2 specific gravity,
;

into which the Tertiary period was 0.69. (Webster)

formerly divided and at one time
used by many geologists. Also the
series of strata deposited during
that epoch. It is no longer used.
(La Forge)
Neo-Paleozoio. The later portion of
Paleozoic time, including the Upper
Siluric, Devonic, and Carboniferous.
(Standard)
 : )

460 GLOSSARY OF MINIKG AND MINERAL INDUSTRY.

Nevolcanlc. Of effusive character and Nereite. A fossil worm track. (Web-

erupted during the Cenozoic era ster)
formerly said of some igneous rocks, Nero-antico A black marble
(It).
but now virtually obsolete. Con- found in Roman
ruins probably the :
trasted with Paleovolcanic. (La ancient mannor taenarium, from
Forge) Cape Taenarus, Greece. (Standard)
Neozoic. Pertaining to or designating
the entire period from the end of
Nervio (Sp.). A parting in a seam
of coal. (Halse)
the Mesozoic to the present time.
Cenozoic. (Webster) Nesh (Eng.). Friable, soft, crumbly,
powdery, dusty. Said of coal.
Nepheline. Same as nephellte.
(Gresley)
Nephelinite. Agranular to aphano- Nesquehonite. A hydrous, magnesium
phyric igneous rock composed essen- carbonate, MgCOa+SHsO. In radiat-
tially of nephelite and pyroxene.
ing groups of prismatic crystals.
(La Forge) Colorless to white. From a coal
KTephelinitoid. Boricky's term, now mine at Nesquehoning, Pa. (Dana)
used in microscopic work for nephe- Ness; Naze. A headland,
cape, or
line-glass, or the glassy basis in
promontory most commonly used as
nepheline rocks, whose easy gelatini- a termination, as in Dungewess.
zatlon indicates its close relations
with this mineral; unindividualized Nessler's solution. An aqueous solu-
nephelite. (Kemp) tion of potassium and mercuric
iodide, made strongly alkaline with
Nephelite. An orthosllicate of sodium, potassium hydroxide. (Webster)
potassium, and aluminum, (Na, K)-
AUSi.Os* (Dana). Also called Nest. A small isolated mass of any
Nepheline. ore or mineral within a rock.
Kephelite-basalt. An old, general name (Webster)
for basaltic rocks with nephelite, Nested crater. A central volcanic vent
but now restricted to those that showing a crater within a crater.
practically lack plagioclase, and that (Daly, p. 144)
have nephelite, augite, olivine, and
(Kemp) Nest-weise (Forest of Dean). Iron ore
basis.
that occurs in pockets is said to lie
Nephelite - basanite. Basaltic rocks nest-weise. ( Gresley

with plagioclase, nephelite, augite,

olivine, and basis. Compare Nephe- Net (Scot.). Strapping used for low-
(Kemp) ering or raising horses in shafts.
lite-tephrite.
(Barrowman)
Nephelite-syenite. A
granular igneous
rock consisting of orthoclase, nephe- Nether coal (Mid.). The lower divi-
lite, and one or more of the follow- sion of a thick seam of coal. (Gres-
ing: hornblende, augite, and biotite. ley)
The rock results from magmas
especially rich in alkalies, and pos- Nether-formed. Formed or crystallized
sesses great scientific interest on below the earth's surface, as granite.
account of its richness in rare, asso- (Standard)
ciated minerals. (Kemp) Net masonry. Masonry formed of
Nephelite-tephrite. A
gray, volcanic small square bricks or stones placed
rock composed of pyroxene, plagio- diagonally in a lozenge pattern re- ;

clase, nephelite, and magnetite. ticulated masonry. (Standard)

(Standard)
Neudorfite. A resin, CwHjsOa, that oc-
Nephrite. See Jade.
curs in a coal bed at Neudorf,
Neptune powder. An explosive resem- Moravia. (Bacon)
bling dynamite No. 2, and consist-
ing of nitroglycerin with a more or Neutral. Of slags, neither acid nor
less explosive dope. (Raymond) basic; of wrought-iron, neither red-
short nor cold-short of iron ores,
Neptunian. An early term applied to ;

suitable for the production of neu-

water-formed strata as opposed to
Plutonic or igneous rocks. (Power)
Neptunist. One who held the theory
that the successive rocks of the
earth's crust were formed by the
agency of water (Webster). Usage
obsolete.
tral iron. (Raymond)
Neutral oil. 1. An oil of 32° to 36"
Be. gravity, 290" to 318° F. fiash
point, and 47 to 81 sec. Saybolt vis-
cosity at 70* F. It is sometimes
mixed with animal or vegetal oiis.
 ;

GLOSSARY OF MINING AND MINERAL INDUSTRY. 461

2. The paraffin oils that are obtained Nicholsonite. A variety of aragonite

by the steam-distillation of paraffin- (the orthorhombic carbonate of cal-
base petroleums after the second- cium, CaCOs, containing from less
grade illuminating oil has been run than 1 per cent up to 10 per cent
off. Neutral oil carrying paraffin is of zinc. (U. S. Geol. Surv.)
known as Wax distillate. (Bacon) Nick. To make a cut, with the pick,
Neutral salt. A which all of
salt in in the face of (coal) at the junc-
tiie hydrogen of the hydroxyl groups
tion of the face and rib, to weaken re-
of an acid is replaced by a metal sistance to the blast or wedge; to
(Standard). As, in sodium chlo- shear. (Standard). <Sfee Nicking.
ride, NaCl, the sodium has replaced Nickel. A
hard, malleable, ductile, me-
the hydrogen of hydrochloric acid, tallic element of the iron group,
HCl. nearly silver-white, capable of a
high polish and resistant to oxida-
Nevada system. See Square-set slop- tion. It is attracted by magnets.
ing.
Symbol, Ni atomic weight, 58.68
;

Nevadite. A rhyolite that approxi- specific gravity, 8.8. (Webster)

mates a granitoid texture, i. e., with Nickel bloom. See Annabergite.
little groundmass. (Kemp)
Nickel carbonyl. A colorless, poison-
Neve. The massof granular snow ous liquid, Ni(C0)4, obtained by
forming the upper part of a glacier. passing carbon monoxide over finely
Also called Firn. (Webster) divided nickel. (Webster)

Nevyanskite. A tin-white alloy of irid- Nickel glance. Same as Gersdorffite.

ium and osmium with other plati-
(Standard)
num metals occurring in flat scales Nickel gymnite. A gymnite in which
(Standard). Contains over 40 per part of the magnesium is replaced
cent iridium. (Dana) by nickel. A synonym for Genthite.
(Chester)
Newaygo screen. A slanting screen Nickeliferous. Containing nickel.
down which the material to be
Nickeline. 1. An alloy of nickel, a va-
screened passes. The screen is kept
riety of German silver. 2. An alloy
in vibration by the impact of a large
number of small hammers. (Lid-
of nickel, copper, zinc, iron, cobalt,
dell)
and manganese. (Webster)
Nickel ocher. An
early name for An-
Newkirkite. An early synonym for nabergite. (Chester)
Manganite. (Chester) Nickel silver. An alloy resembling
German silver but containing more
New red sandstone. The assemblage nickel; used by jewelers. (Stand-
of red sandstone, conglomerates, ard)
shales, occupying the interval
etc.,
Nickel skutterudite. A mineral of the
between the top of the Coal Meas-
ures and the base of the Jurassic skutterudite type, containing nickel.
system in western Europe. It is now An arsenide of nickel and cobalt, of
separated into Triassic and Permian
gray color and granular structure.
and the name has only a historic in- (Chester)
terest. (La Forge) Nickel steel. An alloy of iron and
about 3 per cent nickel, combining
New sand. Newly mixed, but not un- great strength with great ductility
used, molder's sand. (Standard) and nonfissility; used for the best
armor plates. (Standard)
Newton's alloy. An alloy containing
Nickel vitriol. Same as Morenosite.
20 per cent bismuth, 50 lead, and
(Standard)
30 tin. Melting point, 202.1" F.
(Webster) Nicking. 1. A vertical cutting or
shearing up one side of a face of
N-Frame brace. A diagonal brace in coal. Called Cut, and Cutting. 3.
a square set. (Sanders, p. 49) The chipping of the coal along the
rib of an entry, or room, which is
Niccoliferons. See Nickeliferous. usually the first indication of m
Niccolite; Arsenical nickel. Arsenide squeeze. (Steel)
of nickel, NiAs. Contains 43.9 per Nickings (Newc). The small coal
cent nickel (U. S. Geol. Surv.). produced in niakiim' ilie iiickin?;
Also called Copper nlckeL (Stand- (Duryee). See also Bug 4ust!
ard) Makings.
462 GLOSSARY OF MINING AND MINERAL. INDUSTRY.

Nicking trunk. A
tub in which metal- Nigrite. 1. A
name given to a variety
liferous slimes are washed. (Ray- of asphalt mined at Soldier summit,
mond) Utah, but whose composition is im-
perfectly understood. (U. S. Geol.
NicQl prism. An
instrument for ex-
Surv. ) 2. An insulating composition
periments polarized light, con-
In
consisting of the impure residuum
sisting of a rhomb of clear calcite
obtained in the distillation of paraf-
which has been bisected obliquely
fin. (Standard)
at a certain angle and had its two
parts again joined with transparent Nihil album; Nil album. See Zinc
cement, so that the ordinary ray oxide.
produced by double refraction is
Nil. Nothing; a thing of no account
totally reflected from the internal
(Webster). Often used in reporting
cemented surface, and the extraor-
gold and silver assays.
dinary, or polarized, ray is alone
transmitted. (Webster) Nill. 1. Scales of hot iron throwTi off
Nicopyrite. A variety of pyrite con- during forging. 2. More rarely,
taining nickel. An old synonym for sparks of brass during manufacture.
Pentlandite. (Chester) (Standard)
Nidge (Eng.). To dress, as stone, Niobio (Sp.). Niobium. (Dwight)
with a sharp-pointed hammer. Niobium. A later name for Columbium.
Same as Nig. (Standard) (Webster).
Nido (Sp.). Nodule. (Lucas) Nip. 1. (Newc.) A crush of pillnrs
Niello. 1. Any
of several metallic or woiliings. See Pinch, 1. (Ray-
alloys of sulphur, with silver, cop- mond)
per, lead, or the like, having a deep- 2. (So. Wales). A thinning of a
black color. 2. Art, process, or coal bed in which the roof and floor
method of decorating metal with the come nearly together. 3. To cut
black alloy. 3. A
piece of metal, or grooves at the ends of bars, to make
any other object so decorated. them fit more evenly. (Gresley)
(Webster) 4. See Angle of nip.
Niello silver. A bluish alloy of silver, Nip out. The disappearance of a coal
lead, copper, and bismuth, with ad- seam by the thickening of the adjoin-
mixture of sulphur. Called also ing strata, which takes its place.
Russian tula. (Standard) (C. and M. M. P.)
Nig (Eng.). To dress, as stone, with Nipped. Pinched: applied to veins
a sharp-pointed hammer. Same as when they become narrower or thin-
Nidge. (Standard) ner than usual. (Power)
Nigger ashlar (Corn.). A mode of Nipper. An errand boy, particularly
1.
dressing stone, in which the face is one who
carries steel, bits, etc., to be
left rough. (Crofutt) shai*pened. (C. and M. M. P.)
2. (Eng) A tool used by the lander
Niggerhead. 1. A bowlder or rounded for seizing the kibble, and upsetting
field stone. 2. A black nodule found it into the wheelbarrow. (Hunt)
in granite. 3. Slaty rock occurring
3. In coal mining, a trapper or dooi
with sandstone (Gillette, p. 6). See
boy.
also Hardhead, 2 and 3.
4. A hard, round piece of rock, some- Nipping fork. A tool for supporting a
times found in coal seams. (Roy) column of bore r©ds while raising or
5. A slip pulley on a winch. The lowering them. (Raymond)
rigger takes about six turns of rope
Nipple (Mid.). See Fissle. A word
about the pulley, and by varying
used to express the crepitant noises
tension on rope which he holds, can
vary speed of hoist on lowering ob-
made by the settling down or weight-
ing of the roof. (Gresley)
ject with engine running. (Will-
cox) 6. See Negrohead. Niquel (Sp.). Nickel; N. bronce,
1.
nickel-bronze. Nickel ore. N. ar-
2.
Right (Aust.). One who
fossicker
senical, niccolite. (Halse)
robs gold-diggings in the night
(Standard). See Fossick; Fassicker. Nissen stamp. A gravity stamp with
Night pair (Com.). Miners who work an individual circular mortar for
underground during the night. each stamp. (Liddell)
(Pryce). The night shift.
Niter; Saltpeter. Potassium nitrate,
ffiirrlne. A ferriferous rutile. (Dana) KNO^ (U. S. Geol. Surv.)
 GLOSSARY OF MINING AND MINERAL. INDUSTRY. 463
Niter cake. Crude sodium sulphate, a Nitroglycerin. The product of the
by-product in the manufacture of action of nitric acid and sulphuric
nitric acid from sodium nitrate. acid on glycerin. It is not properly
(Century) a nitro compound as the name im-
plies but is a nitric ester of glycerin.
Niton. A colorless gas resembling (Brunewig. p. 253).
argon; radium emanation. Symbol
It is an oily substance about one
Nt; atomic weight, 222.4. (Web-
and one-half times as heavy as wa-
ster)
ter (Sp. gr. 1.6), is almost insol-
Nltral (Sp.). A niter bed or deposit. ble in water, and is used as a prin-
(Halse) cipal or active ingredient in dyna-
mite, gelatin dynamite, etc. It is
Nitrate. 1. A salt of nitric acid, as
not used commercially in the form
silver nitrate; barium nitrate,
of a liquid, except for 'shooting*
(Standard)
2. To treat or prepare with nitric oil wells. (Du Pont)
acid; to convert a base into a salt Nitrohydrochloric acid. A yellow, fum-
by combination with nitric acid. ing, corrosive liquid, made by mix-
(Century) ing one part of pure nitric acid with
from three to four parts of pure
Nitratine. Same as soda-niter.
hydrochloric acid. It dissolves gold
(Standard)
and platinum, and hence is called
Nitrerla (Sp.). Niter or saltpeter Aqua regia, also Nitromuriatic acid.
works. (Halse) (Standard)
Nitric acid. A colorless highly corro- Nitromagnesite. A hydrous magne-
sive liquid, HNOs, found in nature sium nitrate, Mg(NOi)j+nHaO.
in small quantities, but usually (Dana)
made by decomposing sodium or po- Nitromuriatic acid. See Nitrohydro-
tassium nitrate with sulphuric acid.
chloric acid.
It is extensively used in the arts for
dissolving metals. Called also Aqua Nitro-substitution. The act or process
fortis. (Standard) of introducing by substitution the
radical nitryl (Nd) in place of one
Nitrite. A salt of nitrous acid. or more replaceable hydrogen atoms,
(Standard) as in an organic compound (Stand-
ard). Nitro-substitution compounds
Nitro. A corrupted abbreviation for are used in the manufacture of cer-
nitroglycerin or dynamite. (Ihl-
tain kinds of explosives.
seng)

Nitrobarite. Native barium

Nitrosnlphnric acid. An exceedingly
nitrate,
corrosive mixture of one part of
Ba(N08)a, (Standard) nitric acid mixed with two parts by
Nitrocalcite. Hydrous calcium ni- weight of sulphuric acid. It Is used
trate, Ca(N03)a4-nHO.
in the manufacture of nitroglycerin.
(Dana)
(Standard)
Nitrocellulose. A term used to Include Nitrosyl sulphuric acid. A colorless
the various nitrates of cellulose, white crystalline acid, H(NO)S04,
such as guncotton, nitrolignine, formed by the reaction of sulphuric
nitrocotton, nitrojute, etc. The most acid with oxides of nitrogen (not
common of these is nitrocotton. (Du NjO), by the reaction of sulphur
Pont) dioxide with nitric oxide, or nitro-
Nitrocotton. A chemical combination
gen peroxide, etc. (Webster)
of ordinary cotton fiber with nitric Nitting (Eng.). The refuse from
acid. It is explosive, highly inflam- workable ore. (Standard)
mable and in certain degrees of ni-
Nivation. In geology, the specific ef-
tration, soluble in nitroglycerin.
(Du Pont) fectsproduced by ndv4 in land sculp-
ture: distinguished from those of
Nitrogelatin. Same as Gelatin dyna- glacier ice, called glaciation. (Stand-
mite. (Standard) ard)
Nivel (Sp.). 1. A level, as a leveling
Nitrogen. A colorless, gajseous ele-
instrument. 2. Level. 3. A level or
ment, tasteless and odorless, consti-
gallery in a mine (Halse). N. de
tuting about four fifths of the at-
agua, water level. (Min. Jour.)
mosphere by volume. Symbol, N;
atomic weight. 14.01; specific grav- Nivelaci6n (Sp.). Leveling; grading:
ity, 0.967. (Webster) (Halse)
 ;

464 GLOSSARY OF MINING AND MINERAL INDUSTRY.

Nlvenite. A variety of uraninlte high Nolascite (Chile). A

variety of gai«»
in uranium and carrying 10 per cent nite containing arsenic. (Chester)
or more of the yttrium earths and
Nolichucky shale. A Cambrian forma-
6.7 to 7.6 per cent thoria. It Is
tion of the Southern Appalachians.
wholly soluble in dilute sulphuric
acid. See also Uraninite. (U. S.
From the Nolichhcky river in Ten-
Geol. Surv.)
nessee. (Webster)

Noble. A term used in mineralogy to Nominal horsepower. A term used by

express superiority or purity, e. g.,
some engine makers to express cer-
noble opal, noble tourmaline, noble
tain measurements of cylinder.
serpentine, etc. (Power) (Webster)
Nominal rate. In finance, the rate
Woble metals. The metals which have that would be realized if the Inter-
so little affinity for oxygen (i. e., are
est received at the end of each con-
so highly electronegative) that their version interval were not profitably
oxides are reduced by the mere ap- invested until the end of the year,
plication of heat without a reagent
while the effective rate is the total
in other words, the metals least lia-
return on the unit principal for one
ble to oxidation under ordinary con-
year. (E. B. Skinner, p. 59)
ditions. The list includes gold, sil-
ver, mercury, and the platinum Nominal selling price (Aust). See
group (including palladium, iridium, Declared selling price.
rhodium, ruthenium, and osmium).
Noncoking coal. A bituminous coal
The term is of alchemistlc origin. that burns freely without soften-
(Raymond) ing or any appearance of incipient
Nocking (Corn.). See Knocking, 2; fusion. The percentage of volatile
also Cob, 1. matter may be the same as for cok-
ing coal, but the residue is not a
Noddle; Nodule. A small rounded
true coke. (Bacon)
mass. (Raymond)
Nodular. Having the shape of
Nonconformable. See Unconformity.
or com-
posed of nodules. (La Forge.) Nonesite. Phorphyrites with ortho-
Said of certain ore. rhombic pyroxene. The name was
Nodule. A small roundish lump of given by Lepsius. (Kemp)
some mineral or earth, as a nodule Nonmetal. An element that is not a
of ironstone. (Webster) metal. Any of several elements, na
Nodulize. To convert into nodules, as boron, carbon, phosphorus, nitro-
finely divided ores.
gen, argon, oxygen, sulphur, etc.
(Webster)
(Webster)
Nodulo. 1. (Sp.) Nodule. 2. (Co-
Nonmetallic. Not metallic. Of, per-
lom.) A place in a lode where the taining to, or of the nature of, a
ore Is abundant. (Halse) nonmetal. (Webster)
Nog. 1. (Eng.) Logs of wood piled Nonseat (Mid.). See D-Llnk.
one on another to support the roof,
largely used in longwall mining Nonwetted. A
term used in the flota-
(Chance). See Chock, Crib and tion process, and applied to certain
Cog. metallic minerals that refuse t«
2. A square block of wood used in be wetted with water but are easily
the support of a mine roof. (Stand- wetted with oil.
ard) Nook. 1. The corner of a working
3. (Derb.) A piece of iron driven place at the junction of the face
into wood to prevent forks (props)
with one side. (C. and M. M. P.)
getting loose. (Mander) 2. (No. of Eng.) A corner of a pil-
Noger. A jumper drill, (Raymond) lar of coal (Gresley). Also spelled
Neuk.
Nogglng. 1. Rough
brick masonry
used to fill in the open spaces of a Nooper (Leic). A tool used by colliers
wooden frame. (Webster) for preparing coal. See also Dresser,
2. Pieces of wood inserted in a 1. (Gresley)
masonry wall, to stiffen it, or upon Noper (Derb.). See Loading pick.
which to nail finishing stufE.
Noque. 1. (Peru) See Cocha. 3.
(Standard)
(Chile) A large stone receptacle for
^Togging piece. A horizontal timber the calcination of ore in the open air.
set inbetween courses in a wall of A stone trough in which amfilgam is
masonry. (Standard) washed. (Halse)
 GLOSSARY OF MINING AND MINERAL INDUSTRY. 466
Nordhansen acid. Fuming sulphuric Normal As applied to metal
price.
acid. H2SO4SO,. prices, the average over a long
is

Nordmarkite. Brogger's name for a —

sodlc variety of syenite consisting
of ortlioclase, some oligoclase, more
or less microperthite, quartz and
somewhat subordinate biotite, py-
roxene, hornblende and segerite.
Nordmarkites are high in silica
the alkalies. (Kemp)
Noria (Sp.). An endless chain with
buckets attached, revolving around a
wheel about 20 feet in diameter for
raising water out of a shallow mine.
(Halse)
Norite. A variety of gabbro consist-
ing of plagioclase and orthorhomic
pyroxene, usually hypersthen« The
name has had a variable history and
was originally proposed in 1832 by
Esmark for aggregates of feldspar
and hornblende which were lacking
or notably poor in diallage and hy-
persthene. But as many localities
were cited which in later years on
microscopic examination were found
rich in these minerals, Rosenbusch
finally gave the name its above defi-
nition and this is its generally ac-
cepted signification. (Kemp)
Norm. A theoretical, and in part ar-
bitrary, mineral composition of a
rock, calculated, in accordance with
certain rules, from the chemical
analysis, for the purpose of assign-
ing the rock its place in the norm
system of rock classification. The
norm rarely coincides with the real
mineral composition, or mode, of a
rock (Ransome). Compare Mode.
Normal benzine. Benzine of the spe-
cific gravity 0.695-0.705 at 15°
and boiling from 6b'*-95° C. (Bacon)
Normal fault. An inclined fault of
which the down-thrown side Is the
hanging- wall side. (La Forge).
Also called Tension fault or Gravity
fault (Steel). See also Fault.
Normal fold. An anticline, or syncline,
with equal dips on each side in
contradistinction to an overthrow
fold. (Power)
Normalized steel. Steel that has been
given a normalizing heat treatment
Intended to bring all of a lot of
samples under consideration into
the same condition. (Hibbard)
Normal pressure. Standard pressure,
usually taken to be equal to that of
a column of mercury 760 mm. In
Height (Webster). Approximately
14-7 pounds per square inch.
75242—19 30
term sometimes a period greater
than the life of a mine. See also
Basic price. (H. G. Hoover, p. 36)
Normal-pyroxenlc. Bunsen's name for
his assumed, typical, basic, igneous
magma with 48 per cent SiO, as con-
and trasted with the corresponding nor-
ma 1-trachy tic one with 76 per cent
SiOj. He sought to explain all inter-
mediate rocks by the intermingling
of these two. Although apparently
applicable at times and serviceable
in their day, the conceptions have
long since exploded. (Kemp)
Normal salt. A salt in which all the
hydrogen of the acid has been re-
placed by metals. (A. F. Rogers)
Normal
shift. The horizontal compo-
nent of the shift at right angles to
the fault strike. (Lindgren, p. 122)
Normal solution. A solution contain-
ing onegram-equivalent of the
solute in one liter of solution.
Normal temperature. In laboratory in-
vestigations, 25° G. or 77° F. (Ba-
con)
Norman tile. Brick having the dimen-
sions 12 by 2i to 2i by 4 inches.
(Ries)
Normative. In petrology, characteris-
tic of, pertaining to, agreeing with,
or occurring in the norm: used in
the quantitative or norm system of
classification of igneous rocks, a
normative mode being one which is
essentially the same as the norm
(La Forge)
G.
Norm system. A system of classifica-
tion and nomenclature for igneous
rocks based on the norm {which
of each rock.
see) Only undecom-
posed rocks of which accurate
chemical analyses are available are
classifiable, in this system, which
consequently is more used in de-
; tailed petrologic studiesthan In or-
dinary geologic or mining work.
The system was devised by Messrs.
Cross, Iddings. Pirsson, and Wash-
ington, and by them originally des-
ignated "the Quantitative System,"
and later the " G. I. P. W. System.**
It hes also been referred to as the
"American System." (Ransome)
Norte (Sp.). North. (D wight)
North end (York.). The ri.se side of
the coal in North Yorkshire. (Gres-
ley)
 ;

466 GLOSSARY OF MINING AND MINERAL INDUSTRY.

Northing. In surveying, difference of Nouvelle Montagne furnace. A modifi-

measured toward the north,
latitude,
between any position and the last
one determined. (Standard)
North Staffordshire method.
and-pillar method.
Nose. 1. An accumulation of chilled
material around the inner end of a
tuyere in a smelting shaft furnace,
protecting and prolonging the tu-
yere. (Raymond)
2. (Scot.) A
point; a projecting
angle of coal or other mineral.
(Barrowman)
3. To dip or extend in noselike form
said of strata or veins.
Nosean. See Noselite. The name of
the mineral is often prefixed to the
names of rocks containing it.
(Kemp)
Eng.). See Frontal ham-
Nose helve
mer.
Nose hole. In glass making, a small
opening in a furnace, before which
the globe of crown glass is held and
kept soft at the beginning of the
flattening process. (Webster)
cation of the Li^ge furnace, in so far
as the arrangement of the fireplace
is concerned. It is a double furnace
served by one fireplace. (Ingalls,
See Bord-
p. 431)
Novaculite. An excessively fine-
grained, quartzose rock supposed to
be a consolidated, siliceous slime
and of sedimentary origin. It is espe-
cially developed in Arkansas, and
much used as a whetstone. (Kemp)
Nowel. 1. The inner part of a large
mold, corresponding to the core in
small work. 2. The bottom or drag
(Webster) of a molding flask, as distinguished
from the cope. (Standard)
Noxious. Causing or tending to cause
injury, especially to health or mor-
als; hurtful; pernicious; as, noxious
gases, etc. (Standard)
Nozzle. 1. A short tube, usually taper-
ing, forming the vent of a hose or
pipe. (Webster)
2. The front nose-piece of a bellows
or a blast pipe for a furnace. (C.
and M. M. P.)
3. A short piece of pipe with a flange

Nose-in (Eng.). A stratum is said to

on one end and a saddle flange on
" nose in " when it dips beneath the the other end. May be made of
cast-iron, cast-steel or wrought-
ground into a hillside in a V or
steel. 4. A side outlet attached to
nose form. (Gresley)
a pipe by such means as riveting,
Noselite. A mineral of the sodalite brazing, or welding. (Nat. Tube.
group, near hatiynite, but containing Co.)
little or no lime. (Dana) Nubber (Mid.) A block of wood about
Nose-out. (Eng.)
1. A nose-shaped twelve inches square, for throwing
stratum cropping out. (Gresley) mine cars off the road in case the
2. To diminish by losing stratum
couplings or ropes break. (Gresley)
after stratum and getting into the Nucleus. A kernel; a central mass or
lower part of the measure; said of point about which other matter is
a coal seam. (Standard) gathered, or to which an accretion
is made. (Webster)
Nose pipe. The inside nozzle of a
tuyere. (Standard) Nudo (Mex.) Knot or button on trac-
tion-rope of tramway; coupling.
Notching. A method of excavating in (Dwight)
a series of steps. (Standard)
Nug. 1. (Scot.) The dull sound
Notch stick (Forest of Dean). A caused by breaking strata. (Bar-
short stick notched or nicked, used rowman)
by miners as records of the num- 2. (Eng.). A knot; protuberance;
ber of cars of coal, etc., they send lump; block. (Webster)
out of the mine during the day.
(Gresley) Nugget. A water- worn piece of native
gold. The term is restricted to
Notice board (Scot.). A board on
pieces of some size, not mere 'colors'
which printed or written notices are or minute particles. Fragments and
posted (Barrowman). A bulletin lumps of vein-gold are not called
board. 'nuggets,' for the idea of alluvial ori-
Nottingham longwall, or Barry, sys- gin is implicit. (Min and Sci.
tem. See Longwall method. Press, Apr. 17, 1915.) A lump of
native gold, silver, platinum, copper,
Btoumelta. Same as Gamierite (Dana) etc. (Boy. Com.)
 )

GLOSSAEY OF MINING AND MINERAL INDUSTRY. 467

Nuggeting'. Searching for nuggets of prescribes as to the duties of In-

gold. (Webster) spectors, as related to fiery mines,
safety lamps, etc. (Gresley)
Nuggety. Like or resembling a nug-
get; occurring in nuggets; also Obersteiger (Pr.). An underground
abounding in nuggets. ( Webster overman, who acts under the guid-
ance of the manager. (Gresley)
Nullah (Hind.). A small stream or
brook. Generally a heavy torrent Oblicuo (Sp.). Oblique. (Halse)
during the rainy season, and a dry,
Oblique block. A quarry term applied
sandy channel at other times (Old-
to a block of stone bounded by three
ham). Often containing auriferous
pairs of parallel faces, four of the
sands.
twelve interfacial angles being right
Numidian marble. A general name angles, four obtuse, and four acute.
given to some celebrated marbles of (Bowles)
cream, yellow, pink, and red colors, Oblique fault. See Fault
found in northern Africa. Accord-
ing to the best authorities the name Oblique lamination. Same as Trans-
Numidian is incorrect, the true verse lamination.
source of the stone being not Nu-
midia, but the provinces of Africa Oblique slip fault. See Fault.
and Mauritania. The quarries were Obra (Sp.). 1. Work. 2. Mine work-
worked by the ancient Romans.
(Merrill)
ings. 3. The narrow prismatic part
of a blast-furnace immediately
Nummulite limestone. An Eocene for- above the crucible (Halse). 4.
mation made up chiefly of nummu- Obras de disfrute, workings from
lite shells. (Webster) which ore is being extracted. 5.
Obras muertas, literally, dead work;
Nunatak (Eskimo). An insular hill work done in the country rock.
or mountain surrounded by an ice (Dwight)
sheet. (Lahee, p. 322)
Obradora buena (Mex.). Rock that
Nusco (Peru). A mixture of iron and breaks well.
manganese oxides, with foliated talc
and quartz, containing gold. (Halse) Obradora mala (Mex.). Rock that
breaks badly.
Nut coal. An abbreviation for chest-
nut coal. Also called Nuts. O'Brien furnace. A roasting furnace
of the Herreshof type with central
Nuts. Small coal. (Raymond) vertical shaft carrying stirring arms.
^uzco (Peru). 1. Small coal. 2. Ore (Ingalls, p. 154)
broken to the size of a walnut. Obrizo (Sp.). High-grade gold.
(Halse) (Lucas)
Nystagmus. A rapid involuntary oscil- Obsequent. Flowing in a direction op-
lation of the eyeballs. It may be
posite to that of the dip of the
congenital, associated with ocular
strata or the tilt of the surface:
troubles or of nervous origin (Web- said of some streams and contrasted
ster). A
disease among miners due with Consequent. (La Forge)
to working in poor light. See Min-
Called also Reversed stream.
er's nystagmus.
Obsidian. 1. Extrusive igneous rocks
0. which have cooled either without
crystallization or with only partial
Oakum. 1. Hards or tow of flax or
crystallization. (U. S. Geol. Surv.)
hemp, used for calking
seams,
2. A general name for volcanic glass.
stopping leaks, etc. 2. The material
obtained by untwisting and picking
When used alone it implies a ^hyo-
lite-glass, but it is now much em-
Into loose fiber old hemp ropes.
ployed with a prefix as andeslte-
(Webster) obsidian, basalt-obsidian. (Kemp)
Oamam stone (Aust.). white, gran- A Obsldiana (Sp.). Obsidian; volcanic
ular limestone found In large quan-
glass. (Halse)
tities in Oamaru, New Zealand,
valued as a building stone. (Stand- Obtuse bisectrix. That axis which bi-
ard) sects the obtuse angle of the optic
axes of biaxial minerals. (Dana)
Oberbergamt (Pr.). board or coun-
cil consisting of six or seven mem- Occidental amethyst. See Oriental
bers, which sanctions colliery rules, amethyst

468 GLOSSARY OF MINING AND MINEBAL INDUSTRY.
Occidental diamond (Eng.). A lapi-
dary's term for limpid and colorless
varieties of rock crystal when cut
and polished. Used in contradistinc-
tion to the Oriental or true diamond.
(Page)
Occlude. To take in and retain In
pores or other openings; to absorb;
said especially with respect to the
absorbing of gases by certain sub-
stances which do not thereby lose
their characteristic properties; as
charcoal, iron, platinum and palla-
dium occlude large volumes of hy-
drogen, palladium nearly a thousand
times its own volume (Webster).
A term used in flotation processes.
Occlusion. The mechanical retention
of gases in the pores of solids ( Ray-
mond). See Occlude.
Occupation. The word used to de-
scribe the mode of acquiring rights
to mining claims. (Collins v. Bubb,
73 Fed. Kept, p. 739)
Occurrence. In geology, the existence
or presence of anything or phenome-
non in any special position, or in
any specified relations to other ob-
jects or phenomena, as the occur-
rence of gold in a vein. (Standard)
Ocean coal (Cumb.). Coal seams
ing beneath the sea. (Gresley)
Ocellar. Of, or pertaining to, or des-
ignating, a type of rock structure
characterized by radiated, eyelike
aggregates. (Webster)
Ocher. A pulverulent iron oxide
usually impure, used as a pigment:
brown and yellow ochers consist of
limonite, or goethite, and red ocher
of hematite. Similar pulverulent ox-
ides of several other metals, also
used as pigments, are sometimes
called ochers, generally with the
name of the metal prefixed, as anti-
mony ocher, cadmium ocher. (La
Forge). Also spelled Ochre.
Ocre (Sp.). Ocher. (Dwight)
Octad. An atom or radical that has
a valence of eight. (Webster)
Octahedral cleavage. In the isometric
system, cleavage parallel to the
faces of the octahedron. (La Forge)
Octahedraliron ore. Magnetite. (Web-
ster)
Octahedrite. A tetragonal form of ti-
tanium dioxide, TiOj, in brown, dark
blue, or black crystals. (Dana)
)
Octahedron. In the isometric syst*«n,
a closed form of eight faces each
having equal intercepts on all three
axes. (La Forge)
Octavalent. In chemistry, having a
valence or combining power of eiglit.
(Standard)
Octihbenite. In mineralogy, a metallic
alloy of iron and nickel, unusually
rich in the latter element. (Stand-
ard)
Odd-knobbing (So. Staff.). Breaking
off the coal from the sides in the
thick-coal workings. (Gresley)
Odd man (Eng.). One who works by
the day at sundry jobs in the mine.
( Gresley
Oddside. A permanent impression or
mold of part of a pattern, used by
molders in like manner to a false
part. See also False part. Stand-
ard)
Odd work. Work other than that done
by contract, such as repairing roads,
constructing stoppings, dams, etc.
( Gresley
Odinite. A
lamprophyric variety of
basalt occurring in dikes in Mt.
Melibocus. It has a groundmass of
plagioclase and hornblende rods,
ly-
with phenocrysts of plagioclase and
augite. (Kemp)
O'erlayer (Derb.). A piece of wood on
which the sieve is placed after wash-
ing the ore in a vat. (Min. Jour.)
Oeste (Sp.). West. (Dwight)
Off (No. of Eng.) Worked out; got-
ten; wrought (Gresley). As the
mine is off.
Off-bear. To carry (bricks) from the
molding table and deposit on the
drying floor, (Standard)
Off-bearer. A workman employed to
carry bricks from the molding table
and lay them on the ground to dry.
(Century)
Off gates (No. of Eng.). Goaf road-
ways longwall workings about
in
120 yards apart. (Gresley)
Off-putter (Eng.) A loader of coal into
a vessel at a staith or spout; a col-
liery agent at a quay. (Webster)
Offset. 1. In surveying, a short dis-
tance usually measured at right
angles from a line as to a boundary,
or to continue a line parallel to itself
•at some little da stance away to
avoid an obstruction or the like.
2. A short drift or crosscut driven
 GLOSSARY OF MINING AND MINERAL INDUSTRY. 469

from a main gangway or level. 3. Ohm's law. The law that the strength
The horizontal distance between or intensity of an unvarying elec-
the outcrops of a dislocated bed. trical current is directly propor-
(Lindgren. p. 120) tional to the electromotive force, and
4. A spur or minor branch from a inversely proportional to the resist-
principal range of hills or mountains. ance of the circuit. The law does
(Century) not hold for alternating currents un-
less modified so as to include the
Offset staff. In surveying, a rod, usually
effects of counter electromotive
ten links long, used in measuring
force. (Webster)
short offsets. (Webster)
Oido (Sp.). 1. Ear. 2. The orifice
Offtake. 1. (Eng.) The raised portion
of an upcast shaft above the surface, left in the tamping for the inser-
for carrying off smoke, steam, etc. tion of the fuse. (Halse)
2. The length of boring rods un- Oikocryst. The matrix or larger crys-
screwed and taken off at the top of tal of a poikilitic fabric. (Iddings,
the bore hole, depending upon the Igneous Rocks, p. 202)
height of the head-gear and depth of
the well. (Gresley) Oil. Any large class of unc-
of a
3. (Scot.) A deduction from work-
tuous combustible substances, which
men's wages for house rent, coal,
are liquid, or at least easily liquefi-
etc. (Barrowman) able on warming, and soluble in
4. A channel for taking away air or ether, but not in water. (Webster)
water also the point of beginning
;
This term includes: (a) fatty oils
of such a channel. (Webster) and acids; (b) essential oils, mostly
of vegetal origin, such as eucalyptus
Offtake drift; Offtake level. (Scot.) and turpentine, and (c) mineral oils,
A waterlevel driven from the sur- such as petroleum products, includ-
face to a point in a pumping shaft ing lubricating oils. term used A
where the water is delivered. (Bar- in the flotation process. (Min. and
rowman) Sci. Press)
Offtake joint (Eng.). The joint by Oil box. A box for oil, as for storage
which the bucket is fastened to the or lubrication. (Webster)
rods. (Bainbridge)
Oiler. 1. An oilwhich provides a film
Offtake rods
(Eng.). Auxiliary around a mineral particle (Me-
wooden rods at the top and bottom graw). A term used in flotation.
of a winding shaft, by means of 2. An oil well. 3. An oil can. 4. An
which the cages are guided and engine-room greaser. (Webster)
steadied during decking (Gresley).
See also Offtake, 2. Oil field.A district containing a sub-
terranean store of petroleum of eco-
Oficial de albaiiil (Sp.). A journey- nomic value. (Webster)
man bricklaj^er. (Min. Jour.)
Oil flotation. A
process in which oil
Oficial de earpintero (Sp.). A
journey- is used in ore concentration by flota-
man carpenter. (Min. Jour.) tion. See Flotation process.
Oficina. 1. (Sp.) An office. A work
Oil car. 1. A box car with open side
shop. 2. (Mex.) A furnace con- for carrying oil in barrels. 2. A
taining 12 or more clay retorts, six
on each side, for reducing quick- platform car with tanks for carry-
silver ores. 3. (Chile) Nitrate
ing oil in bulk. Commonly called
works. 4. O. de concentracidn, con-
Tank car. (Century)
centration works O. de fundicidn,
; Oildag. Deflocculated graphite sus-
smelting works; O. de muestras, pended in oil, used for lubricating.
sampling works. (Halse) (Bacon)
Ogie (Scot.). The space before the Oil derrick. A
towerlike frame used
fire in a kiln. Called also Killogie. in boring oil to support and
wells,
(Standard) operate the various tools. (Stand-
O'Hara furnace. A horizontal, double- ard)
hearth furnace for calcining sul- Oil fuel. Refined or crude petroleum,
phide ores. (Hofman, p. 186; Pe- shale oil, grease, residuum tar, or
ters, p. 200) similar substances, used as fuel.
Ohm. The
practical unit of electrical (Century)
resistance, being the resistance of a Oil gage. An Instrument of the hy-
circuit in which a potential differ- drometer type arranged for testing
en<'e of one volt produces a current the specific gravity of oils; an ole
of one ampere. (Webster) ometer. (Century)
 )
470 GLOSSARY OF MINING AND MINERAL INDUSTRY.
Oil gas. Illuminating gas, or heating
gas, made by distilling oil in closed
retorts. ( S tandard
Oil-gas tars* Tars produced by crack- *
ing' oil vapors in the manufacture
of oil gas. (Bacon)
Oil jack. A
pitcher-shaped metal ves-
sel for heating oil. (Standard)
Oil-line pump. A pump for forcing
crude petroleum along a pipe
(Standard)
Oil of paraflln. A
colorless to yellow-
ish, limpid oil, having a specific
gravity of about 0.880 and not boil-
ing below 360". It is composed
principally of high-boiling hydro-
carbons of the CnH2fH-2 series, and
is obtained from the petroleum frac-
tion boiling above 300°, the product
being refined and decolorized. It Is
used in pharmacy, in ointments, and
as the base for various coatings
insoluble in water. (Bacon)
Oil of talc. A nostrum of calcined
talc, famous in the 17th century as
a cosmetic. (Webster)
Oil of vitriol. Sulphuric acid.
Oil pits. See Hand-dug wells.
Oil pool. An accumulation of oil in
sedimentary rock that yields petro-
leum on drilling. The oil occurs in
the pores of the rock and is not a
pool or pond in the ordinary sense
of these words. (U. S. Geol. Surv.,
Bull. 613, p. 184)
Oil process. See Concentration,
Flotation process.
Oil pulp. An aluminumsoap, consist-
ing of aluminum salts of the fatty
acids, chiefly oleic, palmitic, and
stearic acids. It is dissolved In min-
eral oil to form an oil thickener.
(Bacon)
Oil sand. Porous sandstone from
which petroleum is obtained by
drilled wells. (Webster)
Oil saver. An
appliance affixed to the
mouth of an oil well when the latter
requires deepening, although still
flowing in small quantities. It con-
sists of a cap fitted to the top of the
well casing and having a lateral
pipe communicating with a reser-
voir for the oil. (Mitzakis)
Oil shale. Shale containing such a pro-
portion of hydrocarbons as to be
capable of yielding mineral oil on
slow distillation (Gresley). See
Shale, Shale oil, Pumpherston shale,
Broxburn oil shale, Kerogen and
Bituminous shalen. (Bacon)
Oil smellers. Men who profess to be
able to indicate where oil-bearing
strata are to be found, and locate
places for successful well boring,
by the sense of smfell.
Oil spring. A spring of petroleum,
maltha, or other hydrocarbon, with
or without admixture of water.
Oilstone. A fine-grained stone used
line. for sharpening edged tools or other
similar metal surfaces.
Oilstone powder. Pulverized oilstone
used with oil for grinding and
polishing metal surfaces. (Stand-
ard)
Oil-temper. To harden steel by chilling
in oil after heating. (Webster)
Oil well. A dug or bored well, from
which petroleum is obtained by
pumping or by natural flow. (Ray-
mond)
Oil-well packing. A packing inserted
between the pipe and the interior
surface of the boring in an oil well
to keep surface water or water from
the sides of the hole from running
into the well, and to prevent oil in
some wells from being forced out
around the pipe by a pressure of
gas. (Century)
Oily; greasy. These are substantially
equivalent terms. All oils are
greasy. Greaslness suggests more
viscidity than oiliness. A term used
in the flotation process. (MIn. and
Sci. Press)
also
Oil zone. A
formation that contains
capillary or supercaplllary voids, or
both, that are full of petroleum that
win move under ordinary hydro-
static pressure. (Meinzer)
Ojal (Sp.). A loop tied to the rope of
a hand winch, when used for rais-
ing and lowering men. (Halse)
OJo (Sp.). 1. Eye. 2. A bunch of ore
in a lode; a small irregular deposit
3. Mesh. 4. Peephole of a blast
furnace. 5. O. de agua, a spring that
spouts water (Halse). 0. de pol-
villo, a spot of rich ore. (Min.
Jour.)
Ojosa (Mex.). Honeycombed struc-
ture. (Dwight)
Okonite. A compact fibrous calcium
1.
H^CaSizOe+HaO. (Dana)
silicate,
2. A vulcanized mixture of ozocerite
and resin with caoutachouc and sul-
phur, used as an insulating mate-
rial for electric conductors. (Cen-
tury)
 )) )

GLOSSARY OF MINING AND MINERAL INDUSTRY. 471

Old. Having reached the stage of de- Oligocene. The second of the epochs
creasing vigor and efficiency of ac- into which the Tertiary period is at
tion or of increasing simplicity of present ordinarily divided. Also the
form and reduction of relief said of : series of strata deposited during
streams, and of land forms. (La that epoch. (La Forge)
Forge) Oligoclase. A variety of feldspar in-
Old age. That stage in the develop- termediate between aibite and an-
ment of streams, and land forms orthite, but more nearly the com-
when the processes of erosion are position of the former. (Dana)
decreasing in vigor and efficiency or
the forms are tending toward sim-
Oligonite. A variety of siderite
containing manganese carbonate.
and subdued relief. Compare
plicity
(Standard)
Youth and Maturity. (La Forge)
Old man. 1. Ancient workings, goaves. Oligon spar. Same as Oligonite.
(Raymond) Oligosiderite. A
meteorite which la
2. (Scot.) A rocking center to characterized by the presence of but
guide pump rods at an angle. (Bar- a small amount of metallic iron.
rowman) (Webster)
Old men. The persons who worked a
mine at any former period of which Olivenite. Abasic copper arsenate, 4-
no record remains. (Raymond) CuO.AsjO»HjO (Dana). Also called
Wood copper.
Old red sandstone. A thick group of
reddish sandstone, conglomerates Olive ore. See Olivenite.
and shales, of nonmarine origin,
which constitute the Devonian sys- Oliver continuous filter. A revolving
tem in parts of Great Britain and drum prepared as a leaf-filtering sur-
are regarded as equivalent in age to face and divided into compartments^
the normal marine Devonian strata. each of which is connected to a
In North America the name was vacuum pipe and to a pipe for ad-
formerly applied to rocks of the mitting compressed air. The drum
Catskill group, which display some is partly immersed in a tank or box

striking analogies to the Old Red of thick pulp and revolves at a slow
Sandstone of Europe. (La Forge) rate of speed. The vacuum causes
i to i In. slime cake to form after ;

Old sand. A
molding-sand rendered emerging, the solution is sucked out
friable and porous by frequent high of the adhering cake; a wash is
heating. ( Standard then given and displaced by air as
far as possible ; and finally the cake
Old silver. Silver made to appear old is dropped by compressed air. (Lid-
by the application of graphite and dell)
grease. ( Standard

Olivine; Chrysolite; Peridot. An ortho-

Old waste (Scot). Old or abandoned silicate of iron and magnesium,
workings. (Barrowman) 2(Mg.Fe)O.SiOj. Used as a gem.
Oleflant gas.Ethylene, a colorless In-
(U. S. Geol. Surv.) The name of
the mineral is prefixed to the names
flammable gaseous compound, C2H4,
of many rocks that contain it. Oli-
having a suffocating odor and con-
vine is of especial importance in this
tained in coal gas: bicarbureted hy-
respect, as its presence marks r more
drogen. ( Standard
basic development in the rocks,
Oleic acid. The fatty acid contained which have it as contrasted with
in olive-oil combined with creso- those which lack it, (Kemp)
llne. Although called *acid,' it is
an oily substance and functions as Olivine diabase. A diabase containing
olivine. (Standard)
oil In flotation operations; it is con-
tained in most mixed oils and fats, Olivine gabbro. A gabbro containing
from which It is obtained by saponi- olivine. (Standard)
fication with an alkali. From L.
oleum, olL (Rickard) Olivine norlte. A variety of norlte
containing olivine. (Standard)
Olho (Braz.). 1. A vug or druse. 2. A
bunch of ore. (Halse) Olivlnoid. An olivine-llke substance
fouiid in meteorites. (Standard)
Ollgist. A crystaiHz^d variety of
hematite. Called also Oligist iron. Olivlnophyre. Porphyry containing
(Webster) Olivine phenocrysts.
 ) ) )

472 GLOSSARY OF MINING AND MINERAL INDUSTRY.

011a. 1. (Sp.). A
porous, earthen jar Onsetter. The man who places cars on
in \^-liich drinking water is cooled by or takes them off the mine cage.
evaporation from the outer surface; See Bottomer also Cager. ( Gresley
;

used in tropical countries (Stand- Onsetting machine (Eng.). A me-

ard.) 2. (Hex.) A slag pot. chanical apparatus ifor loading cages
(Dwight) with the full tubs and discharging
OUero. 1. (Mex.) A slag-pot puller. the empties, or vice versa, at one
(Dwight). 2. A potter. (Halse) operation. (Gresley)
OUetas. (Sp. Am.) Hollows in river On shift (Scot). A
workman or work-
beds. (Lucas) ing place said to be on shift, or on
is
shift wages when the work is not
OUlte. Potstone; a variety of impure
let under contract, but paid for by
soapstone.
day's wages. (Barrowman)
Omnibus. In glass-making, a sheet- On sights. Following sights placed by
iron cover to protect from drafts the
a surveyor. (Steel)
glass articles in a leer. (Standard)
Omphacite. A vitreous va-
greenish,
On-the-run (Penn.). The ability to
work a seam of coal that has suf-
riety of a common
pyroxene that is
ficient inclination to cause the coal,
constituent of the garnet rock, eclo
as worked toward the rise, to fall
gite. (Dana) by gravity to the gangways for load-
On air (Scot). Said of a pump when ing into cars, is called working coal
air is drawn at each stroke. (Bar- on-the-run. (Gresley)
rowman On-the-solid. 1. Applied to a blast
hole extending into the coal farther
Oncosimeter. An
instrument for de- than the coal can be broken by the
termining the specific gravity of a blast 2. That part of a blast hole
molten metal by the immersion of which can not be broken by the
a ball made of another metal and of blast (Steel)
known weight. (Standard) 3. A practice of blasting coal with

Oncost. 1. (Scot.) All charges for la-

heavy charges of explosives, in lieu
bor in getting mineral other than of undercutting or channeling.
the miners' wages; payment to the Onychite. An alabaster, or calcite
collier in addition to the rate per (stalagmite), with yellow and brown
ton. (Barrowman) veins, carved by the ancients into
2. (Scot.) Dead- work expenses, be- vases, etc. (Standard)
ing costs incurred at a mine, wliether
minerals are raised or not. ( Gresley Onyx. Acryptocrystalline variety of
quartz, made up
of different colored
Oncost-men (Scot). All workmen, layers, chiefly white, yellow, black,
other than miners, paid by day's or red. Not found in commercial
wages. (Barrowman). A company quantity in United States. (U. S.
man. Geol. Surv.)

One way (So. Staff.). A particular Onyx marble (including Mexican onyx).
class of house coal. (Gresley) Calcite somewhat resembling true
onyx in appearance and used as an
One-track tipple. A tipple having but
ornamental stone. Is usually
one railroad track beneath it.
formed as stalactites, stalagmites,
(Steel)
vein filling, or spring deposits.
Onico; (or Onique (Sp.). Onyx. (Lu- (U. S. Geol. Surv.)
cas)
Onza de oro (Sp.). A large gold coin
Onicolo. A
variety of onyx used in struck during the nineteenth cen-
making cameos, being characterized tury by some of the South American
by a blish tinge, produced by a thin republics, and by Spain in the lat-
layer of white over the black. ter part of the eighteenth century.
(Standard) It was worth about sixteen dollars.
Also called Doblon; Doubloon.
Onofrite. Sulpho-selenide of mercury, (Century)
Hg(S,Se). Contains 81 to 82 per
cent of mercury. (U. S. Get Surv.) Oolite. 1. A
variety of limestone con-
sisting of round grains
like the roe
On plane (Scot). In a direction at of a fish. The naipe is derived from
right angles to, or facing, the plane two Greek words, which mean,
or main joints. (Barrowman) "Egg-stone." (Thompson)
 ) ) )

GLOSSARY OF MINING AND MINERAL INDUSTRY. 473

2. The upper part of the Jurassic Open-cut. 1. (Eng.) To drive head-

system In England and some other ings out, or commence working in
parts of Europe. (Webster) the coal, etc., after sinking the
shafts. (Gresley)
Oolitic.Characteristic of, pertaining
2. (Scot). To commence longwall
to,of the nature or texture of, or Barrowman
working. (
composed of oolite. (La Forge) To
3. increase the size of a shaft
OoUy (E. Ind.). A lump of steel, as when it intersects 'drift' so as to

Wootz steel when removed from the form a puddle wall behind the sets
crucible. (Standard) of timber. (Duryee)
4. A surface working, open to day-
Ooze; Oaze. 1. A soft slimy, sticky light (Raymond). Also called
mud. (Power) Opencast; Open-pit.
2. To exude or give out slowly.
(Webster) Open-cut system. See Overhand stop-
ing; Stripping.
Opacite. A
noncommittal terra, less
Open fault. See Fault.
current than formerly, for micro-
scopic, opaque grains observed in Open-front. The arrangement of a
thin sections of rocks. They are blast furnace with a fore-hearth.
generally regarded today as chiefly ( Raymond
magnetite dust. (Kemp)
Open-hearth. See Furnace. The form
Opal. Hydrous silica, SiOz+HaO. of regenerative furnace of the re-
When it shows a play of colors, or verberatory type used in making
opalescence, it becomes the gem steel by the Martin, Siemens, and
stone or precious opal of commerce, Siemens-Martin processes. (Cen-
known as 'fire opal.' (U. S. Geol. tury)
Surv.
Open-hearth A
process for
process.
Opalescence. A milky or pearly reflec- manufacturing steel, acid or
eJLther
tion from the interior of a mineral. basic, according to the lining of
(Dana) the reverberatory furnace, in which
selected pig iron and malleable scrap
Opalescent. Resembling opal. (Win- iron are melted, with the addition
chell) of pure iron ore. The latter, to-
gether with tlie air contributes to the
Opaline. In glass making, a translu-
oxidation of the silicon and carbon
cent, milky variety of glass; fusible
in the melted mass. The final deoxi-
porcelain; milky glass. Called also
dation is sometimes produced by the
Hot-cast procelain. (Standard)
addition of a small quantity of alum-
Opalized wood. Wood petrified by sili- inum or of ferromanganese, which
ceous earth, and acquring a struc- at the same time desulphurizes and
ture similar to the simple mineral recarburizes the metal to the re-
called opal ( Co s t o c k ) m
See .
qrjred extent. (Goesel)
Wood, 2.
Coal or other mine work-
Open hole.
Opal jasper. Common opal with the ings at the surface or outcrop (Gres-
color of yellow jasper. (Chester) ley). Also called Opencast; Open-
cut; Open-pit.
Opalo (Sp.). Opal; O. de fuego, fire
Opening. 1. A widening out of a crev-
opal O.; nobles, precious opals.
(Halse) ice,in consequence of a softening or
decomposition of the adjacent rock,
Opencast. 1. A working In which exca- so as to leave a vacant space of con-
vation is performed from the sur- siderable width. (Century)
face, as in quarrying. 2. Exposed 2. A short heading driven between
to the air like a quarry; as opeiv- two or more parallel headings or
cast working; a deposit worked levels for ventilation. (Gresley)
opencast (Webster). Commonly 3. An entrance to a mine.
called Open-cut; Open-pit.
Openings. The parts of coal mines be-
Open connected. Applied to dredges <^ween the pillars, or the pillars and
in which a link is interposed be- ribs. (Raymond)
tween the buckets. (Weatherbe)
Opening shot. In shooting off the
Open-crib timbering. Shaft timber- solid, the first shot fired in a
ing with cribs alone, placed at inter- straight face of coal. Called also
vals. (Raymond) Wedging shot or Gouging shot.
474 GLOSSARY OF MINING AND MINERAL INDUSTRY.

Open light A naked light (Giesley). Open-working. Surface mining; quar-

Not a safety light. rying; open-pit mining.
Open mold. A mold without cover, In Operario (Mex.). A working miner.
which objects like ingots are cast: (Dwight)
distinguished from Close mold. Operator. (Penn.) The person,
(Standard) whether proprietor or lessee, ac-
Open-off. 1. (Eng.) To begin the tually operating a mine. (Ray-
longwall system from the shaft pil- mond)
lar, or the far end of the royalty,
or from any headings previously
Ophlcalcite. A crystalline limestone,
spotted with serpentine. (Kemp)
driven out for the purpose of com-
mencing such system. (Gresley) Ophiolite. Brogniart's name for the
2. To start any new working, as a serpentines. It is also employed in
heading, entry, gangway, room, etc., America in the sense of ophicalcite
from another working, as a slope, as above given. (Kemp)
gangway, etc.
Ophite. 1. A name given in 1798 by
Open mine.
pit See Open-cut, also the Abb§ Palassou to a green rock
Opencast. of the Pyrenees. It was later recog-
Open-pit quarry. A quarry in which nized to be composed of feldspar
the opening is the full size of the and hornblende, and still later was
excavation. One open to daylight. determined by Zirkel to be a urali-
(Bowles) tized diabase. The name has chief
significance today because used to
Open rock. Any stratum capable of describe the textural peculiarity of
holding much water, or conveying some diabases. Strictly speaking an
it along its bed by virtue of its ophitic texture is one in which rod-
porous or open character. (Gres- like or lath-shaped, automorphic
ley) plagioclase feldspars are involved in
Opens. Large caverns. (Raymond) augite, as it were, in a paste, so as
to form a variety of poicilitic tex-
Open-sand castings. Castings made in ture. (Kemp)
molds simply excavated in sand, 2. A variety of marble colored green
without flasks. (Raymond) by serpentine. Called also Verd an-
Open sand-mold. A process of found- tique. See also Ophicalcite. (Stand-
ing without any cope or top to the ard)
mold: used for heavy objects. Ophitic. Having earlier-formed euhe-
(Standard) dral crystals of labradorite sur-
Openset (Scot). An unfilled space be- rounded by later-formed crystals of
tween pack walls. (Barrowman). augite: said of the texture of some
See also Cundy. diabases. (La Forge)

Open-shell auger (Eng.). A coal-bor- Optical character. The designation as

ing tool for extracting clay and to whether optically positive or opti-
other debris from the hole. (Gres- cally negative (A. F. Rogers). Said
ley) of minerals.

Open shop. A shop, or mine, where Optical constants. In optical mineral-

the union price is paid, but where ogy, the indices of refraction, axial
the workmen are not all union men. angle, extinction angle, etc. (A. F.
Rogers)
Open-stope and filling, See Overhand
stoping. Optic angle. In a biaxial crystal, the
angle between the optic axes.
Open-stope method, See Overhand (Standard)
stoping.
Optic axes. Those directions in aniso-
Open-top tubbing. A length of tub- tropic crystals along which there is
bing having no wedging crib on the no double refraction. (Dana)
top of it (Gresley)
Option. A privilege secured by the
Open-work. 1. A mine working that Is payment of a certain consideration
open to the sky; an opencast. for the purchase, or lease, of mining
(Webster) or other property, within a specified
2. (So. Staff.) A coal quarry (Min. time, or upon the fulfilment of cer-
Jouf.). Also Open; Open-pit; Open- tain conditions set forth in the con-
cut tract
 GLOSSARY OF MINING AND MINERAL INDUSTRY. 475

Opus Incertum. Masonry of small Ordovlcian. The second of the periods

stones set irregularly in mortar. comprised in the Paleozoic era, in
(Standard) the geologcal classification now gen-
erally used. Also the system of
Opus lateritium. Brickwork or tile-
strata deposited during that period.
work in horizontal courses with
(La Forge)
broken joints. (Standard)
Opus reticulatum. Recticulated ma-
Ore. 1. A natural mineral compound,
of the elements of which one at least
sonry. (Standard)
is a metal. The term is applied
Opus tessellatum. Mosaic composed of more loosely to all metalliferous
small cubes of marble, glass, or clay. rock, though it contain the metal in
(Standard) a free state, and occasionally to the
compounds of non-metallic sub-
Orange sand. A
deposit of sand,
stances, as sulphur ore (Raymond).
gravel, and pebbles, containing bowl-
Also, material mined and worked
ders of northern Paleozoic rocks, oc-
for nonmetals, as pyrite is an ore
curring in the Mississippi valley: a
of sulphur (Webster)
diluvial deposit of the Champlain
or quarternary epoch. (Standard) A
mineral of sufficient value as to
quality and quantity which m&y be
Orang guUa (Sumatra). Miners. mined with profit. (Ihlseng)
(Lock) A mineral, or mineral aggregate,
containing precious or useful metals
Orangite. A bright, orange-yellow va-
or metalloids, and which occurs in
riety of thorite (Chester). See
such quantity, grade, and chemical
Thorite, 1.
combination as to make extraction
Orbicular. Containing spheroidal ag- commercially profitable. (Robert
gregates of megascopic crystals, gen- Peele, Min. and Met. Soc. of Amer-
erally in concentric shells composed ica, Bull. 64, p. 257)
of two or more of the constituent A
metalliferous mineral, or an ag-
minerals: said of the structure of gregate of metalliferous minerals,
some granular igneous rocks, as more or less mixed with gangue,
corsite. (La Fcrge) See Kugel, which from the standpoint of the
also Spheroidal. (Kemp) miner, can be won at a profit, or
Orbicular granite. A granite contain-
from the standpoint of a metallur-
gist can be treated at a profit The
ing numerous rounded segregations
test of yielding a metal or metals
of minerals, chiefly dark silicates.
at a profit seems to me, in the last
(Ries)
analysis, to be the only feasible one
Orbite. A name proposed by Chelius to employ. (J. F. Kemp, Trans.,
for certain diorite dikes near Orbes- Canadian Min. Inst, 1909, p. 367)
hohe, Hesse, of porphyritic texture 2. (Corn.). Copper ore; tin ore be
and having large phenocrysts of ing spoken of in Cornwall as tin.
hornblende, biotite and plagioclase. (Joplin, Mo.) A
lead, zinc, oi
(Kemp) lead-zinc concentrate obtained from
Orchard-heating oil. A dark oil from milling. The crude ore is called
California petroleum, possessing a dirt.

gravity of 26*' to 28" B6. it is also

;
3. In metallurgy, a soft but compact
termed smudge oil, and is used in the variety of hematite used for the bot-
orange and lemon groves to prevent tom of puddling furnaces. (Web-
frost from injuring the trees. (Ba- ster)
con) Oreala (Sp.). A kind of clay used in
Ordenanzas de mineria (Mex.). The O. the manufacture of pottery in Brit-
de Mineria, or Mining Ordinances, ish Guiana. (Standard)
came into operation in Mexico in Ore bands. Zones of rock rich in ore,
1784, and were replaced by the occurring in belts of fahlbander.
(first) C6digo de Minas In 1884. (Power)
(Halse)
Ore beds. Metalliferous aggregations
Ordinaries (Mex.). Low-grade ores, occurring between (or In) rocks of
(D wight) sedimentary origin. (Power)
Ordinary ray. That ray of polarized
Ore bins. Receptacles for ore await-
light which, in a doubly refracting
ing treatment or shipment.
medium, follows the usual law as to
the constant ratio between the sines Ore blocked out. Ore exposed on three
of the angles of incidence and refrac- sides within a reasonable distance
tion. (Dana) of each other. (H. C. Hoover, p. 17)
 )

i76 GLOSSARY OF MINIKG AND MINERAL INDUSTRY.

Ore body. Generallj! a solid and fairly Ore-dressing. The cleaning of ore by
continuous mass of ore, which may the removal of certain valueless por-
include low-grade and waste as well tions as by jigging, cobbing, van-
as pay 'ore, but is individualized by ning, and the like. See Concentra-
form or character from adjoining tion.
country rock. Ore dump. A heap or pile of ore at
Ore-bridge. A
large electric gantry- the tunnel or adit mouth, the top of
type of crane which, by means of a shaft, or other place. (Weed)
clamshell bucket, stocks ore or car- Ore expectant. The whole or any part
ries it from the stock pile into bins of the ore below the lowest level
or larry car on trestle. (Willcox) or beyond the range of vision. See
Ore-bridge bucket. A clamshell grab Possible ore, also Prospective ore
bucket of 5 to 7i tons capacty. (H. C. Hoover, p. 17). The pros-
(Willcox) pective value of a mine beyond or
below the last visible ore, based on
Ore car. A mine car for carrying ore the fullest possible data from the
or waste rock. (Weed) mine being examined, and from the
Ore channel. The space between the characteristics of the mining dis-
walls or boundaries of a lode which trict. (Philip Argall, Min. and Met.
is occupied by ore and veinstone Soc. of Am., Bull. 64, p. 260)
(Power). Also called Lode country. Ore faces. Those ore bodies that are
Ore chute. An
opening in ore or rock exposed on one side, or show only
through which ore is dropped down- one face, and of which the values
ward, and frequently used for ore can be determined only in a pros-
bins and pockets, underground. A pective manner, as deduced from
trough or lip at the bottom of a the general condition of the mine
bin for conveying ore to a car, con- or prospect. (Min. and Met. Soc. of
veyor, etc. Am., Bull. 64, p. 259)
Ore crusher. A machine for breaking Oregon sledge. A broad-faced sledge
up masses of ore, usually previous hammer. ( Willcox.
to passing through stamps or rolls.
Ore-hearth. 1. A small, low fireplace

Ore currents. Aqueous solutions of surrounded by three walls, with a

metalliferous minerals, circulating tuyere at the back. Three import-
through the earth's crust. ant types are: (a) Scotch ore-
hearth, (b) American water-back
Ore delfe. Ore lying underground.
1.
ore-hearth, and (c) MofCet ore-
2. Right or claim to ore from own- hearth, used in smelting. (Hofman,
ership of land in which it 1 found. p. 117)
(Century) 2. (Eng. and Scot.) A small blast
Ore developed. Ore exposed on four furnace for smelting lead; a blast
sides in blocks variously prescribed. hearth. (Standard)
See Positive ore, also Proved ore. Ore-hearth process. A process for the
(H. C. Hoover, p. 17) extracton of lead in which lead ore,
Ore developing. Ore exposed on two mixed with fuel, is treated on a
sides. See Probable ore. (H. C. roasting hearth.
Hoover, p. 17) First class, blocks
with one side hidden; second class, Orel. A
quarry term applied to gran-
blocks with two sides hidden third
;
ite that has been rendered value-
class, blocks with three sides hidden. less by the alteration of its aegirite
(Philip Argall, Min. and Met. Soc. particles. (Perkins)
of Am., Bull. 64, p. 260)
Ore in sight. A term frequently used
Ore district. A combination of several to indicate two separate factors in
ore deposits into one common whole an estimate, namely: (a) Ore
or system. (Power) blocked out, that is, ore exposed on
Ore drag (Corn.). A drag made of at least three sides within reason-
green oxhides for bringing ore down able distance of each other; (&) Ore
the mountains on snow. The ore is which may be reasonably assumed
sewed up in sacks of 100 pounds to exist, though not actually
each, then placed on the hide, which blocked out; these two factors
has loops around the edge, and when should in all cases be kept distinct,
the desired number of sacks are in because (a) is governed by fixed
position a rope is run through the rules, while (&) is dependent upon
loops and drawn taut, witli the hair individual judgment and local ex-
of the skin outwards. (Crufutt) perience. The expression "ore in
 )

GLOSSARY OF MINING AND MINERAL INDUSTRY. 4.77

Bight" as commonly used in the past, Ore stamp. A machine for reducing
appears to possess so indefinite a ores by stamping. The most fa-
meaning as to discredit its use com- miliar form Is the stamp battery,
pletely. The terms Positive ore, and the latest the powerful steam
Probable ore, and Possible ore are stamp. (Standard)
suggested. (Min. and Met. Soc. of
Am., Bull. 64, pp. 258 and 261) Ore washer. A machine for washing
clay and earths out of earthy brown-
Ore leave. The value of the right to hematite ores (Raymond). The
dig and take ore; also, the value of log washer is a common type.
ore in place. (Coleman's Appeal, 62
Pennsylvania, State, p. 279)
Ore zone. A large deposit of ores or
minerals in place (Duryee). See
Zone, 2 Mineralized zone, and Vein.
Ore mill. A stamp mill; a concentra- ;

tor. Organale (Colom.). An alluvial de-

Orendlte. An aphanophyric igneous
rock containing small phenocrysts of
phlogopite in a groundmass com-
posed essentally of leucite, sanidine,
diopside, and (La
phlogopite.
Forge) The name was proposed by
Whitman Cross, for the peculiar leu-
citic rocks at Orenda Butte in the
Leucite Hills, Wyo. They contain
leucite and sanidine, in about equal
amounts, with phlogopite and diop-
side as essentials. A peculiar am-
phibole is also present. The rock is
a leucite-phonolite as the latter term
is used by older writers, but the ob-
jection to calling any rock a phono-
lite which lacks nephelite, led to
the name orendite. Compare Madu-
pite and Wyomingite. (Kemp)
Ore partly blocked. Those ore bodies
that are only partly developed, and
the values of which can be only ap-
proximately determined. (Min. and
Met. Soc. of Am., Bull. 64, p. 259)
See Probable ore.
Ore plot. A place where the dressed
ore is kept. (Davies)
Ore pocket. An isolated and limited
deposit of rich ore. (Standard)
Ore process. In steel making the Sie-
mens process. See Open-hearth.
Ore reserve. See Reserve.
Ore separator. A cradle, frame, jig-
ging-machine, washer, or other de-
vice or machine used in separating
the metal from broken ore, or ore
from worthless rock. (Standard)
Oreshoot. A large and usually rich
aggregation of mineral in a vein.
It is a more or less vertical zone or
chimney of rich vein matter extend-
ing from wall to wall, and has a
definite width laterally. Sometimes
called Pay streak, although the latter
applies more specifically to placers.
posit intercalatedbetween stones or
bowlders, rendering it difficult and
dangerous to work. (Halse)
Organic. 1. In chemistry, pertaining to
or designating a branch of chemistry
treating in general of the compounds
produced in plants and animals, and
of many carbon compounds of artifi-
cial origin; contrasted with inor-
ganic. (Webster)
2. Having organs for carrying on
vital processes. Animals and plants
are thus organized as distinguished
from minerals or inorganic sub-
stances. When these organs or or-
ganic structures become mineralized
they are fossils, or organic remains.
(Roy. Com.)
Organic deposits. Rocks and other de-
positsformed by organisms or their
remains. (A. F. Rogers)
Organpipe coral. A tubiporoid coral
consisting of cylindrical tubes placed
side by side and united by horizontal
floorlike expansions. (Standard)
Orichalc. Under the Roman empire,
an alloy of copper and zinc, resem-
bling gold in appearance; brass.
There was also a white orichalc.
(Standard)
Orichalceous. Having a color between
gold and brass ; of, or pertaining to,
orichalc. ( Standard
Oriental. 1. Frequently used in the
same sense as * precious* when ap-
plied to minerals, from an old idea
that gems came principally from the
East, e. g., Oriental amethyst, Ori-
ental chrysolite, Oriental emerald.
Oriental topaz, all of which are va-
rieties of sapphire. (Power)
2. Specially bright, clear, pure, and
precious; said of gems. (Standard)
Oriental agate. Understood to be all
the most beautiful and translucent
sorts of agate. (Power)
 : ;

478 GLOSSARY OF MINING AND MINERAL llSTDUSTRY.

Oriental amethyst. Strictly speaking, Ornamental brick. A somewhat broad

a variety of sapphire, but the term
is applied to any amethyst of excep-
tional beauty. (Power)
Oriental emerald. A green variety of
corundum. (A. F. Rogers)
Oriental garnet. Precious
(Webster)
Oriental powder. An explosive consist-
ing of a mixture of gamboge with
potassium nitrate and chlorate.
(Webster)
Oriental ruby. The true ruby, a va-
riety of corundum. (A. F. Rogers)
Oriental sapphire. The true sapphire,
a variety of corundum. (A. F.
Rogers)
Oriental topaz. A yellow variety of
term applied to front brick, that
are either of some form other than
that of a rectangular prism or, that
have the surface ornamented with
some form of design. (Ries)
Ornoite. Adioritic rock from the
garnet. Swedish locality of Orno. It con-
tains prevailing oligoclase, with some
hornblende and very subordinate
microcline and orthoclase. The ac-
cessories are apatite, magnetite, py-
rite, titanite, and a little prehnite.
The name was given by A. Ceder-
strom. (Kemp)
Oro (Sp.). Gold; 0. bajo, low-grade
ore; O. corrido, alluvial gold; O.
crespo, gold found at a distance from
the main deposit O. cristalisado,
;
crystallized gold; O. de aluvion,
placer gold (Lucas) 0. de copela^ ;

corundum, AI2O3. (Dana) fine gold (Min. Jour.) 0. de corte, ;

gold extracted from large placer

Orientation. 1. In surveying, the ro- workings (Lucas) 0. de escama,
;

tation of a map (or instrument) spangle gold; 0. de espuma, float

until the line of direction between gold; 0. de lavadero, wash gold; 0.
any two of its points is parallel to de ley, high-grade gold O. de molino, ;

the corresponding direction in na- gold obtained by milling; O. de

ture. (Webster). 2. The placing of monte, gold found at a distance from
a crystal in the conventional atti- the main deposit; 0. de recogida,
tude, so as to show its symmetry and gold from various mines 0. de veta, ;

the forms to which its faces belong. lode gold; O. empolvado, gold dust
(La Forge) (Min. Jour.) O. en hojas, leaf gold;
;

O. fino, fine gold 0. libre, free gold

;

Oriente (Sp.). East. (Dwight) O. molido d mano, gold obtained

by hand crushing; O. nino, float
Origin. The source or ground of the gold; O. verde, green gold. (Lucas)
existence of anything, either as cause
or as occasion that from which a
;
Oroche (Mex.). 1. Low-grade or yel-
thing is derived or by which it is lowish silver. 2. Bullion containing
caused; especially that which in- gold and silver. Dor§ (Dwight). 3.
itiates or lays the foundation 0. natural, native auriferous silver.
(Standard). As Origin of Ore de- (Halse)
posits.
Orogeny. The process of mountain
Original. Charistic of or existing in building. (Webster)
a rock at the time of its formation
said of minerals, textures, etc., of Orography; Orology. That branch of
rocks essentially the same as Pri-
;
physical geography which treats of
mary 1, and contrasted with De- mountains and mountain systems.
rived or Secondary 1. (La Forge) (Webster)

Orin (Sp.). Iron rust. (Lucas) Oroide. An alloy,

chiefly of copper
and resembling gold in
zinc, or tin,
Oriskany sandstone. A sandstone oc- color and brilliancy, and used in
curring in the Devonian age in the making cheap jewelry. (Webster)
United States.
Orology. See Orography.
Orito (Colom.). A trace of gold found
in the batea. (Halse) Orometer. A form of aneroid barom-
eter.
Ormolu. 1. An alloy of copper, zinc,
and tin used for cheap jewelry, chan-
Oronite. An enamel paint for protect-
deliers, etc. 2. Leaf gold ground and
ing metal surfaces from the action
used as a pigment for bronzes, of hot vapors.
brasses, or other objects to be gilded. Orpailleur (Fr.). A gold washer.
(Standard) Ij (Da vies)
 GLOSSARY OF MINING AND MINERAL INDUSTRY. 479
©rpiment. Arsenic trlsulphide, AsjSs, Oryctogeology. The classification and
containing 61 per cent arsenic arrangement of fossils. (Standard)
(Dana) Oryctognosy. The description and sys-
Orrillaje (Mex.). Sheet lagging. temmatic arrangement of minerals;
(D wight) mineralogy. (Century)
Orthite. See Allanite. Oryctology. The science of fossils or
whatever is dug from the earth;
Ortho axis; Orthodiagonal. In the
monoclinic system, the axis that is
now separated into paleontology,
geology, petrology, and mineralogy.
perpendicular to the other two axes.
(Standard)
(La Forge)
Orthoclase. The monoclinic potash Os. A
Swedish term, equivalent to
esker, for certain elongated ridges
feldspar, KjO.AlaOs.GSiOz. Contains
of detrital material, generally ex-
16.9 per cent potash, K2O. See Feld-
plained as having been deposited in
spar (U. S. Geol. Surv.).
subglacial tunnels. (Century)
Orthoclastic. Cleaving in directions at
right angles to each other. (Web- Oscillatory twinning. Repeated twin-
ster) ning in which the crystal is made
up of thin lamellae alternately in
Orthodome. In the monocline crystal- reversed position ; polysynthetlc
lographic system, a dome parallel to twinning: found in some feldspars.
the orthoaxis. (La Forge) (La Forge)
Orthofelsite. A name suggested by J.
Osmium. A hard, bluish or grayish-
J. H. Teall for porphyritic rocks
with felsitic groundmass, and pheno- white metallic element of the plati-
crysts of orthoclase. (Kemp) num group, the heaviest substance
known. Symbol, Os atomic weight,
;

Orthogneiss. 1. A
gneiss formed by
the metamorphism of an igneous
rock. 2. A gneissic igneous rock
whose structure is original and is
due to flowbanding or to segregation
while the rock was solidifying. (La
Forge)
Orthophyre. Orthoclase porphyry or
porphyry proper (Kemp). Syenite
porphyry. (Standard)
Orthopinacoid; Orthopinacoidal. The
pinacoid parallel to the orthodiago-
nal. (Standard)
Orthoprlsm. A monoclinic prism whose
orthodiagonal intercept is greater
than unity. (Standard)
Orthorhombic system. In crystallogra-
phy, that system of crystals whose
forms are referred to three unequal
mutually perpendicular axes; also
called Prismatic, Rhombic, and Tri-
metric.
190.9 ; specific gravity 22.48.
Osmond (Osmund) iron. A superior
kind of iron formerly Imported into
England from Sweden for making
arrow heads, fishhooks, clocks, etc.
Also iron made in the Osmund fur-
nace. (Webster)
Osmondite. A solid solution of iron
carbide in alpha iron. (Webster)
Osmose. The tendency of two liquids
or gases to mix by passing through
a membrane or porous wall separa-
ing them. From Gr. osmos, push-
ing. (Rickard)
Osmosis. A kind of diffusion which
takes place between two misclble
fluids separated by a permeable par-
tition, as an animal membrane and
which tends to equalization on the
two sides of the partition (Web-
ster)

Orthosilicate. A
salt of orthosilicic Osmotic. Of or pertaining to osmosis.
acid: applied to minerals. Called
also Unisilicate. (Standard) Osmotic equivalent. The ratio between
the amount of solvent water that
Orthosilicic acid. A
compound, H4- passes through the membrane or sep-
SiO«, known chiefly by its salts tum of an osmotic cell and the
found in minerals. (Standard) amount of solute which passes in the
Orthose. A name for the whole feld- opposite direction. (Webster)
spar family (1801), before it was
divided into separate species.
Osmotic pressure. The unbalanced
(Chester) pressure which gives rise to the
phenomena of diffusion and of os-
Orthotomous. Having the two cleav- mosis, as In a solution In which
ages at right angles to each other there are differences of concentra-
(Standard). Same as Orthoclastic. tion. (Webster)

480 GLOSSARY OF MINING AND MINERAL INDUSTRY.
Osmund furnace. A kind of high
forge, intermediate In the develop-
ment of the Catalan forge and the
blast furnace formerly used for mak-
ing wrought iron from which wire
was first made in England, in the
15th century. (Webster)
Osseous breccia. The cemented mass
of fragments of bones of extinct ani-
mals, found in caverns and fissures.
(Comstock)
Osslpyte. A name suggested by C. H.
Hitchcock for a rock from Water-
ville. N. H., which on examination
in 1871 by E. S. Dana (before the
use of thin sections in America)
was thought to consist of olivine
and labradorite, with a little magne-
tite. Ossipyte is derived from " Os-
sipees," the name of a tribe of Indi-
ans, who formerly lived in the re-
gion. By means of thin sections the
rock was later shown to contain
diallage, by G. W. Hawes, and to
be a gabbro. Ossipyte was a fore-
runner of troctolite over which it
has priority. (Kemp)
Ostatki. The residuum In the still
after the distillation of the kero-
sene from Russian petroleum. It is
a thin liquid of a specific gravity of
about 0.90.5 to 0.912; contains but
little paraffin, yields lubricating oils,
the remainder being utilized for
fuel. (Bacon)
(Dana)
Osteolite. Earthy apatite.
Ostler. per.son who feeds the mine
The
horses or mules and keeps the
stable in order (Roy). A contrac-
tion of hostler.
Ostwald's dilution law. The law, that
in a solution of an electrolyte, the
square of the number of moles ion-
ized, divided by the number of moles
not Ionized varies directly as the
dilution. (Webster)
Otavitc. (S. W. Afr.). A
white to
reddishi basic carbonate of cadmium
occurrLig in lustrous crystalline
crusts. (Webster)
Ottrelite. A gray to green, hard, brit-
tle micaceous silicate, resembling
chloritoid, of doubtful composition
and uncertain crystallization.
(Standard)
Schistose rocks with
Ottrelite schists.
the peculiar micaceous mineral ot-
trelite. They are best known from
the Ardennes, Belgium, but are
found in New England. (Kemp)
) ;
Ouachitite (pronounced waw-shee-
tite). A namecoined by Kemp from
the Ouachita River, Arkansas for
a basic rock containing, in a glassy
groundmass, prevailing and often
phenomientally large phenocrysts of
biotite, very subordinate augite, and
magnetite. They also occur at
Beemerville, N. J., associated with
nephelite-syenite. (Kemp)
Ouges (Eng.). The solid rock on the
side of the vein. (Bainbridge)
Oulopholite. A variety of gypsum
found in the form of rosettes, flow-
ers, vines, etc., in Mammoth cave,
Kentucky. ( Standard
Ounce. One-sixteenth part of an avoir-
dupois pound of 7,000 grains; that
is, 437.5 grains. It equals 18.23 pen-
nyweights, 0.911 troy ounce, 28.35
grams, and has a fine-gold value of
$18.84 or 77.474 shillings.
Outbond. Laid parallel to the face of
the wall; said of a brick, and op-
posed to Inboud. (Standard)
Outbreak coal (Eng.) An old term
for outcrop of a coal seam. (Gres-
ley)
Outburst. 1. A blower. A sudden
emission of large quantities of oc-
cluded gas. (Steel)
2. (Scot.) See Outcrop, 1 and 2.
Outby; Outbye; Outbyeside. (Newc),
Nearer to the shaft, and hence fur-
ther from the working face (Ray-
mond). Toward the mine entrance.
The opposite of Inby.
Outcrop. 1. The coming out of a stra-
tum to the surface of the ground.
That part of a stratum which ap-
pears at the surface basset. 2. To
;
crop out; to come out to the sur-
face of the ground, as strata (Web-
ster) A term used in connection with
a vein or lode as an essential part of
the definition of apex, which see. It
does not necessarily imply the visi-
ble presentation of the mineral on
the surface of the earth, but in-
cludes those deposits that are so
near to the surface as to be found
easily oy digging. (Stevens v. Wil-
liams. 1 McCrary, p. 480; 23 Fed-
eral Cas., p. 40 " Mo. Min., p. 566
;
Sloss-Sheffield Steel <^: Iron Co. v,
Payne, 64 Southern, 617)
Outdoor stroke. That stroke of *i Cor-
nish pumping engine by which the
water is forced upward by the
weight of the descending pump rods,
etc. (Gresley)
 ;

GLOSSAKY OF MINING AND MINERAL INDUSTRY. 481

Ontfall (Eng.). A seam cropping out Overall efficiency. Overall efficiency,
at a lower level. (Gresley) of an air compressor, is the product
of the compression efficiency and the
Outlay. 1. A
laying out or expending.
mechanical efficiency. (A, I. M. E.,
2. is expended
That which expendi- ;
BulL 140, p. 57)
ture (Webster). The cost of equip-
ping a mine and placing it on a pro- Overblown. Burnt by reason of an
ducing basis. excessive blast; said of steel made
by the Bessemer process. (Stand-
Outlet. The passage by which the ven-
ard)
tilating current goes out of a mine.
Same as Upcast, 1 (Raymond). Overburden. 1. (Corn.) See Burden,
An opening from a mine to the sur- 1. 2. To charge in a furnace too
face. much ore and flux in proportion to
the amount
of fuel. 3. The waste
Outlier. Anisolated mass or detached
which overlies the good stone in a
remnant of younger rocks, or of
quarry (Raymond). Worthless sur-
rocks overthrust upon others, sepa-
face material covering a body of
rated by erosion from the main mass
useful mineral. (Skinner)
to which they belong and now sur-
rounded, areally, by older, or at Overcast. A passage through which
least underlying, rocks. (La Forge) the ventilating current is conveyed
over an entry or air course. (Har-
Out of the house (Newc). The down-
gis)
stroke of a pumping engine. (Min.
Jour.) Overcrossing. See Air crossing; Over-
cast.
Out-over. Same as Outby.
Output. The amount of coal or ore
Overdraft. An arrangement of flues
to force through a brick-kiln
air
put out from one or more mines, or
the total product of one or more fur-
downward from its top; also the
naces or mills, during a given time. heated air and gas so forced through
(Webster). See also Production. the kiln. (Standard)
Overfired. In creamics, exposed to
Outset. 1. (No. of Eng.) The wall (Century)
too great heat in firing.
of a shaft built above the original
ground level. 2. A brick or stone Overfold. An anticlinal fold pushed
shaft - wall built within tubbing. over until its sides are brought to-
(Gresley) gether and one overlies the other;
an inverted or reflexed fold (Stand-
Outstroke (Eng.). The privilege of
ard). See Overthrow fold.
breaking a barrier, and working and
conveying underground the coal Overgate. See Air crossing; Over-
from an adjoining royalty, or mine. cast.
(Gresley)
Overgettings (Eng.). Minerals worked
Outstroke rent (Eng.). Payment and sold from a royalty in excess of
made for the privilege of working the certain quantity upon which a
through a barrier and mining the rent or royalty per acre is paid.
coal of an adjoining property. (Gresley)
(Gresley) Overglaze. An additional glaze on
porcelain when the first has been
Outtake. The passage by which the
painted upon with vitrifiable colors,
ventilating current is taken out of
or when by reason of defects a sec-
the mine; the upcast (Chance).
ond glaze is necessary. (Standard)
The return air course. An outlet.
Overhand stoping. The working of a
Outwan (Scot). Outwards. (Bar-
block of ore from a lower level to
rowman) a level above. In a restricted wav
Outwash. Drift carried by running overhand stoping can bo applied to
water from a glacier and deposited open or waste-filled stopes that are
beyond the marginal moraine. excavated in a series of horizontal
(Webster) slices either sequentially or simul-
taneously from the bottom of a
Ouvarovite. See Uvarovite.
block to its top. Stull timbering or
Oven. A chamber In which substances the use of pillars characterize the
are artificially heated for the pur- method. Filling is used in many in-
poses of baking, roasting, annealiriir. stances (Young). Modifications are
etc. Specifically : 1. A kiln ; as, a known as :Back-filling method
coke-oren. 2. In glass-making, a Bflfk stoping; Block system; Breast
leer. (Standard) stoping; Combined side and long-
75242'*—19 8X
 ) ;

482 GLOSSARY OF MINING AND MINERAL INDUSTRY.

wall stoping; Crosscut method of Overpoled. A

working; Cross stoping; Delprat
method; Drywall method; Pilling
system; Filling-up method; Flat-
back stoping; Horizontal slicing;
Longwell stoping; Open-cut system;
Open stope and filling; Open-stope
method; Open stope, timbering with
pigsties, and filling; Overhand stop-
ing on waste Resuing Rock filling
; ;
Room-and-pillar with waste filling;
Sawtooth back-stoping Side stop-
term used in copper re-
fining to designate copper which has
set from the molten condition with
a distinct convex crown. See Unde-
veloped; also Tough pitch (Eng. and
Min. Jour., vol. 102, p. 875). Over-
poled copper is copper from which
all the suboxide has been removed
by poling. (Raymond)
Overrope. A winding or hoisting rope.
(Gresley)
;

ing Slicing and filling system Stop-

; ; Overshot wheel. A vertical water
ing and filling; Stoping in horizon- wheel, the circumference of which is
tal layers; and Transverse with fill- covered with cavities or buckets, and
ing. is turned by water that shoots over

Overhand stoping and milling system. the top, filling the bucket on the
See Combined and underhand stop- farther side and acting chiefly by its
ing. weight. (Webster)

Overhand stoping in inclined floors.

Overside. Discharging over the side;
See Rill stoping. said of a dredge. (Standard)

Overhand stoping on waste. See Over- Oversize. That part of a crushed ma-
hand stoping. terial which remains on a screen.

Overhand stoping with shrinkage and Overstrom table. Similar to a Wilfley

simultaneous caving. See Combined table but of diamond shape (rhom-
shrinkage stoping and block caving. boid). (Liddell)

Overhead cableway. A type of equip- Over-throw. 1. (Penn.) Wooden air

ment for the removal of soil or rock. pipes for connecting headings for
It consists of a strong overhead ca- ventilation. 2. (York.) See Air
ble, usually attached to towers at crossing. (Gresley)
either end, and on which a car or Overthrow fold. See Overturned.
traveler may run back and forth.
From this car a pan or bucket may Overthrust. The lateral thrusting of a
be lowered to the surface and sub- mass of rock over or upon other
sequently raised and locked to the rocks, along a thrust fault. (La
car and transported to any position Forge)
on the cable where it is desired to Overthrust fault. A reverse fault
dump its contents. (Bowles) with low dip, or large hade. (Lind-
Overhead charges. Those general gren, p. 128)
charges or expenses which can not Overturned. Having been tilted past
be charged up as belonging exclu- the vertical and hence inverted in
sively toany particular part of the outcrop said of folded strata and of
:

work or product. (Webster) the folds themselves. (La Forge)

Overings (Newc). The top framing Over ventilation. Too much air in the
of a wagon to increase its capacity. mine workings. (Gresley)
(Min. Jour.)
Overwash drift. The material which
Overlap. The extension of younger is washed out from the front of a
strata beyond the limits of older ones glacier. (Century)
lying beneath. (Webster)
Overweight. 1. (Aust.) The set-
Overlap fault. See Fault. tling of the upper rocks when
down
Overlay (Scot). The material above working by the longwall system. It
the rock in a quarry (Barrowman). is regulated by the packwalls. If it
See Overburden, 3. settles too quickly, it binds the
Overlooker. 1. One who overlooks. 2. underweight, causing the latter to
An overseer, superintendent, or in- throw too much weight on the face.
spector. ( Standard
(Power)
2. (Scot.) Excess weight of dis-
Overman. (Eng.) The mining official posals (sales) over output. (Bar-
next in rank below the manager, rowman)
who is next below the agent (Ray-
mond). Also called Oversman. The Overwind. To hoist the cage into or
foreman of the underground work- over the top of the headfram*»
ings. (Steel)
 GLOSSARY OF MINING AND MINEBAL INDUSTRY. 483

Ovoca A classifier of the

classifier. Oxygen. A colorless, tasteless, odor-
free-settling type in wliich tlie less, chemically active, gaseous ele-
heavy material is removed by a ment occurring in a free state in
double-screw, continuous-flight con- the atmosphere of which it forms
veyor, working up an Inclined plane. about 23 per cent by weight and
(Liddell) about 21 per cent by volume. The
most abundant of all the elements.
Owen process. A flotation process in- Symbol, O; atomic weight, 16.0;
volving the violent agitation of the specific gravity, 1.105. (Webster)
pulp in cold water to which a small
percentage of eucalyptus oil, about Oxyhydrogen. Consisting of a mix-
2 ozs. per ton, is added. (T. J.
ture of oxygen and hydrogen. ( Web-
Hoover, p. 185) ster)
Owner's account (Corn.). Work-
men
men p;iid by the day. (Balnbridge) Oxyhydrogen blowpipe. A blowpipe
in which hydrogen is burned in oxy-
Oxbow. A crescent-shaped lake formed
gen. Streams of the two gases in
in an abandoned river bend which
the proportion to form water are
has become separated from the main
forced under pressure from sepa-
stream by a change in the course of
rate reservoirs, forming a Jet, and
the river.
Igniting just as they issue. The heat
Oxford clay. An English Mesozoic produced is sufficient to fuse very
formation characteristic of the refractory substances. Called also
middle Oolite. (Standard) Compound blowpipe ( Standard ) . The
Oxidation. A chemical union with temperature of the flame is esti-

oxygen. (Raymond) mated at 5,000" F.

Oxidf. A compound of the element Oxyphyre. Pirsson's general name

oxygen with another element or ele- for the acidic rocks. Oxyphyre is
ments, as FesOs. (Roy. Com.) contrasted with Lamprophyre, a cor-
Oxidize. To unite with oxygen. Many responding name for the basic rocks.
minerals and most metals oxidize The two are complementary. See
with greater or less rapidity when Lamprophyre, also Complementary
exposed to air or water. (Weed) rocks. (Kemp)
Oxidized zone. That portion of an ore Oye! (0-o-o-o-ye!) (Mex.) An excla-
deposit which has been subjected to mation used to call attention in a
the action of surface waters carry- hoisting shaft. (Halse)
ing oxygen, carbon dioxide, etc.
(Farrell). That zone in which sul- Oysanite. A name given by Lameth to
phides have been altered to oxides the titanium mineral anatase.
and carbonates. (Humble)
Oxidizing flame. The outer cone of the
blow-pipe flame, characterized by Ozarkite (Ark.). A white, massive
the excess of oxygen of the air over variety of thomsonite. (Chester)
the carbon of the gas. (Dana)
(5xido (Sp,). Oxide. (D wight) Ozocerite; Mineral wax; Fossil wax;
Native paraffin. Waxlike hydrocar-
Oxigeno (Sp.). Oxygen. (Dwight)
bon, yellow-brown to green in color;
Oxland-Hocking furnace. A revolving, translucent when pure feels greasy.
;

cylindrical furnace used in Sardinia Streak is light to brown, and spe-

for calcining sulpliide ore. (Ingalls, cific gravity is slightly less than 1.
p. 25) Soluble in carbon disulphide. (U. S.
Oxonite. An explosive prepared by Geol. Surv.)
dissolving picric acid in nitric acid.
(Webster) Ozokerine. See Yellow Ozokerine.
Oxter (Scot). The armpit. The apex
of a reentrant, or reentering angle Ozone. A faintly blue gaseous sub-
in a working face of coal. stance obtained by the silent dis-
charge of electricity in air or oxy-
Oxycoal gas. A mixture of oxygen gen, and by other methods. It is an
and coal gas. (Standard) allotropic form of oxygen, is a pow-
Oxydaceae. The oxides and their com- erful oxidizer, and comparatively
binations with each other; one of unstable. It is used commercially
the four classes f.n T. Sterry Hunt's for sterilizing water, bleaching oils,
classification of minerals. (Stand- etc. (Webster). Its density is one
ard; and one-half times that of oxyger».

k
 '

484 GLOSSARY OF MINING AND MINERAL INDUSTRY.

P. 3. Filling, as of mortar containing

small stones. 4. The filling of a
Pabllo (Mex.). A lamp or candle wick. coke tower or other condenser used
in the manufacture of hydrochloric
Pac; Pack. A
moccasin, with the sole
acid. (Webster)
turned up and sewed to the upper;
also heavy felt half-boot worn by Pack road. A road or trail suitable
loggers in winter (Webster). Also for pack animals, but not for ve-
used by miners in the far north. hicles. (Century)
Pachapampa (Peru). Ore about the Pack saddle.A saddle made for sup-
size ofa walnut picked out of waste. porting the load on a pack animal.
(Halse) (Webster)
Pachucha tank. See Brown tank. Packsand. A very fine-grained sand-
Arsenical sulphide of stone so loosely consolidated by a
Pacite (Bol.).
(Chester) slight calcareous cement as to be
iron, near arsenopyrite.
readily cut by a spade. (Standard)
Pack. 1. A wall or pillar built of gob
to support the roof; also used in
Pack trail (Western U. S.). A path
or narrow road for the passage of
the anthracite regions synonomously
pack trains only. (Standard)
with the English term 'chocks' or
*nogs.' (Chance) Pack train. A train of pack animals.
2. To occasion the speedy subsidence (Standard)
of the ore in the process of washing
Pacos (Peru). An earthy mass of
by beating the keeve or tub with a
reddish ore containing much iron
hammer. (Steel)
and particles of native silver, horn
3. To fill and old mine
in stopes
silver, etc. (Ure)
workings with waste rock to support
the roof. (Webster) Pack wall. A wall of stone or rub-
4. (Eng.) A measure of coal equal bish to carry the roof and keep the
to 3 bushels. 5. A bundle of iron sides up ( Gresley ) . See also Pack, 1.
plates ready to be heated or rolled.
Pacos (Peru). Ferruginous silver ore.
(Standard) Oxidized ores (Dwight).
(Mex.)
Pack builder. One who builds packs P. de estano, small veins of cassiter-
or pack walls (Gresley). See ite. (Halse)
also Pack, 1.
the
Pactolian. Of, or pertaining to,
Packer. 1. A
device lowered in the Lydian river Pactolus or its gold-
lining tubes, which swells automati- bearing sands. (Standard)
cally, or can be used to expand by
Paddle. 1. A straight iron tool for
manipulation from the surface at
stirring ore in a furnace. 2. A bat
the correct time, to produce a
or pallet, as used in tempering clay.
watertight joint against the sides
3. A scoop for stirring and mixing,
of the bore hole or the casing, (Stand-
as used in glass-making.
thus entirely excluding water from
higher horizons. (Mitzakis) ard)
2. (U. S. and Aust) A person who Paddle-wheel agitator. A simple stir
transports goods by pack animals; ring apparatus by which the solids
a carrier; a pack animal (Webster). are kept in suspension by paddles.
Common in mining districts. It is difficult to start if the sand
3. A man who builds or constructs packs around the blades, and it is
a pack (Gresley). See Pack, 1. expensive both in operating and in
repair costs. (Liddell)
Packfong (Chinese). A silver- white
alloy of copper, zinc, and nickel; 1. (Aust.) An inclosure for
Paddock.
Geman silver. (Ure)
exercising horses. The Australians
Packing. 1. A general term relating being keen horsemen, took to using
to a yielding material employed to the word in mining. Thus when ore
effect a tight joint. A common ex- is in "bins", or "stored", or "stacked
ample is the sheet rubber used for on the surface", is is said to be "in
gaskets. The term is also applied the paddock". (Rickard)
to the braided hemp or metallic 2. A way of working a claim, the
rings used in some joints, that al- whole mass being taken out in the
low considerable or incessant mo- form of a large square pit. (Skin-
tion. (Nat. Tube Co.) ner)
2. (Cornish) The final dressing of 3. A space or platform near the
tin or copper ore in a large vat or mouth of a shaft or excavation for
keeve filled with water. (Da vies) temporary storage of ore or wash
 )

GLOSSAEV Of MINING AND MINERAL INDUSTEY. 485

dirt An excavation for wasli

4. Paisanite. A variety of quartz-por-
dirt inshallow alluvium. 5. To phyry, containing phenocrysts of
store ore in a paddock. (Webster) microperthitic orthoclase and rarer
quartz, in a groundmass of quartz
Paddy. (York.) An open lamp used
1.
and feldspar. Compare Comendite.
by miners. (Gresley)
(Kemp)
2. A vrell drill having cutters that
expand on pressure. (Standard) Paja (Sp.). 1. Straw. 2. A blasting
match; P. quemada (Bol.), a variety
Paddy pan (Leic). A skip (box) for- of jamesonite resembling a straw.
merly used in a swinging bant for (Halse)
carrying miners. See Bant; Bont,
1, and Tackier, 2. Also Skep. Pajaro minero (Venez.). The miner
bird. Some of the natives have a
Page. In brickmaking, a track carry-
strong belief that the miner bird is
ing the pallets bearing newly molded
a sure indicator of alluvial gold.
bricks. (Standard) (Halse)
Pagoda stone. A Chinese limestone Paktong. See Packfong.
showing in section figures fancifully
likened to pagodas, due to fossil or- Pala (Sp.) Shovel; P. de cruzo, a
round-pointed shovel P. cuadrada^
( Standard
;
thoceratites.
a square-pointed shovel. (D wight)
Pagodite. A soft variety of pinite or (Halse)
agalmatolite out of which the Chi- Palacra (Sp.). 1. A piece of native
nese carve figures of pagodas, idols, gold. 2. An ingot of fine gold,
etc. (Standard) (Halse)
Paha. Alow ridge or hill of glacial Palaeophyre. Giimbel's name given In
deposits capped by loess, determined 1874 to certain porphyritic dike
by the configuration of the subter- rocks corresponding to quartz-mica-
rane, molded by and marking the dlorites in mineralogy. They cut the
direction of the ice flows of the gla- Silurian strata of the Fichtelgebirge.
cial epoch characteristic of north-
; (Kemp)
eastern Iowa. (Standard)
Palaeophyrlte. A name proposed by
Pahoehoe. The Hawaiian word for Stache and Von John (compare Ort-
lava, or a flow of the same, having a lerlte) for certain porphyrites in
smooth, ropy, fluted, or lobate sur- whose strongly prevailing ground-
face. It is contrasted with "Aa ", mass are phenocrysts of plagioclase,
which refers to jagged and cindery hornblende and augite. (Kemp)
crusts. See Aa. (Kemp) Palseo£icrite. A name proposed by
Painters' naphtha. See Turpentine Gtimbel in 1874, for picrites which
substitutes. Deodorized naphtha, of
were considered by him to be similar
58" 60** to the rocks from the Cretaceous
gravity to B6. Is sometimes
employed in paints. (Bacon) formation, originally named picrite
by Tschermak. Giimbel called his
Paint gold. A very thin coating of specimens palseopicrites because
gold on minerals. (Power) they occurred in Paleozoic strata.
They are chiefly olivine and augite.
Paint mill. A machine for grinding More or less brown hornblende and
mineral paints. biotite also occur. (Kemp)
Paint rock. See Ocher. Palagonite-tnff. An
altered basaltic
tuff containing inclusions of devi tri-
Paint thinner. See Turpetine substi- fled, basaltic glass. (Kemp)
tutes. Palanca (Sp.). 1. Lever. 2. P. de
campana, a knocker or signaling ap-
Pair (Corn.) A party of men working
paratus in shafts (Halse).
together; a gang (Webster). Also
spelled Pare.
3.The toggle of a rock crusher.
(Dwight)
Pair of gears (No. of Eng.). See Palanque (Mex.). Barring after shots
Gears. have been fired. (Dwight)
Palanthroplc. In geology, according to
Pair of timbers. (So. Wales). See Dawson, the earlier part of the an-
Gears.
thropic, the post-glacial Pleistocene,
Pairs (So. Staff.). Two shafts about during which man appeared and
100 yards apart, sunk to the Thick there was an extensive emergence of
coal seam. (Gresley) land. (Standard)
 )

486 GLOSSARY OF MINING AND MINERAL. INDUSTRY.

Palatinite. A name proposed by Las- formerly supposed to be marked by

peyres for certain rocks in the Ger- the appearance of life on the earth
man Province of Pfalz, supposed by and the lowest Paleozoic strata
him to be gabbros with diallage and were supposed to be the oldest fos-
to be of Carboniferous age ; but they siliferous rocks of the earth's crust,
have since been shown to be essen- but both suppositions are now
tially diabases. The word is de- known to be incorrect. (La Forge)
rived from the classic name of the Palero (Mex.). Shoveler mine car- ;

district (Kemp) penter, or timberman. (Dwight)

Pale brick. Brick which are under- Palisade. A line of bold cliffs, espe-
burned. (Ries) one showing basaltic columns.
cially
Paleocene. The earliest of the epochs (Webster)
comprised in the Paleogene period, Pallaco (Peru). A piece of ore of
In the classification adopted by some good quality found on waste heaps.
geologists. Also the series of strata (Halse)
deposited during that epoch: they
are regarded by some geologists as Palladium. A rare metallic element
Upper Cretaceous and by others as of the platinum group, found native
Eocene. (La Forge) and also alloyed with platinum and
gold. Silver-white, ductile, malle-
Paleogene. The earlier of the two per- able. Symbol, Pd; atomic weight,
iods comprised in the Cenozoic era, 106.7; specific gravity, 11.8. (Web-
in the classification adopted by the ster)
International Geologic Congress and
Palladium gold. Same as Porpezite,
used by many European geologists: or gold containing palladium up to
it includes the Paleocene (if that
10 per cent. (Dana)
be accepted), Eocene, and Oligocene
epochs. Also the system of strata Pallador (Peru). An ore sorter.
deposited during that epoch. Com- (Halse)
pare Neogene. (La Forge) Pallalla (BoL). A
sort of trowel for
Paleolithic. Of, or pertaining to, the agitating gravel in alluvial mining.
earliest known human culture, which (Halse)
is represented chiefly by unpolished Pallaquear (Sp. Am.). To pick ovei
stone implements. The paleolithic the dumps. (Lucas)
period was applied in Europe to the
earliest known culture period, which Pallas Iron. See Pallasite.
was apparently sharply separated Pallasite.Originally proposed by Gus-
from the succeeding and much tav Rose for a meteorite that fell
shorter period, called the Neolithic near Pallas, in Russia; has been
period, the two forming the Age used by Wadsworth in a wider
of stone. (Webster) sense for both meteoric and terres-
Paleontology. The science that deals which in the
trial, ultra-basic rocks,
with the life of past geological ages. former average about 60 per cent
It is based on the study of the fos- iron and in the latter have at least
sil remains of organisms. (Web- more iron oxides than silica. Cum-
ster) berlandite (which see) is the chief
example (Kemp). Also called
Paleoplain. In geology, an ancient Pallas iron.
plain of degradation, buried under
later deposits. (La Forge) Pallet. 1. A board for carrying newly
molded bricks. 2. A potters' wheel.
Palevolcanic. Of character
effusive 3. A
paddle for mixing and shaping
and having been erupted before the clay for crucibles, etc. (Standard)
Tertiary period: said of some vol-
Pallet boy. In brickmaking, a boy
canic igneous rocks and opposed to
who places pallets on the dump-
Neo volcanic. Now obsolescent. (La
table. (Standard)
Forge)
Palleting. A light platform in the bot-
Paleozoic. One of the grand divisions
tom of powder magazines to pre-
or eras of geologic time, preceding serve the powder from dampness.
the Mesozoic era. Also the group (Century)
of rocks formed during the Paleozoic
era, which comprises, in the gener- Pallet molding. A
method of forming
ally adopted classification, the Cam- bricks in sanded molds, from whicn
brian Ordovician, Silurian, Devon- they are dumped on a board called
Ian, and Carboniferous systems. The a pallet: distinguished from slop'
beginning of the Paleozoic was molding. ( Standard
 GLOSSARY OF MINING AND MINERAL INDUSTRY. 487
PaliL A
piece of stout leather fitting Pandermite. Firm, compact, porce-
the pahn
of the hand, and secured lain-like masses of colemanite.
by a loop to the thumb this has a ; (Moses)
flat indented plate for forcing the
needle. (C. and M. M. P.). Used
Pane. 1. (So. Staff.) A
quantity of
coal measuring 2 feet 6 inches high,
in sewing heavy canvas.
6 feet in width, and 6 feet under or
Palm needle. A straight triangular- forward. (Gresley)
sectioned needle used for sewing 2. See Peen.
canvas. (C. and M. M. P.)
Panel. 1. A heap of dressed ore. 2.
Palo (Mex.). Stick; piece of timber; A system of coal-extraction in which
P. labrados, hewn timber; P. redon- the ground is laid off in separate dis-
dos, round timber. (Dwight) tricts or panels, pillars of extra size
being left between. (Raymond)
Pampa (Peru). An elevated plane at
3. A large rectangular block or pil-
the base of mountains. (Halse) lar of coal measuring, say, 130 by
Pan. 1. See Panning. cylindri-
2. A 100 yds. 4. A group of breasts or
cal vat of iron, stone, or wood, or rooms separated from the other
these combined, in which ore is workings by large pillars. (Steel)
ground with muUers and amalga- 5. A small portion of coal left un-
mated. See Amalgamating pan. cut. (Webster)
(Raymond) Panella (Braz.). A miner's term for
3. A
copper or galvanized iron uten- druse. (Halse)
sil used for washing gold ore and
gravel so as to separate the heavy Panel slicing. See Top slicing and
gold by a shaking motion. It cor- cover caving.
responds to the Cornishman's van-
ning shovel (Rickard). Also
Panel working. A system of working
coal seams in which the colliery is
called Dish.
divided up into large squares or
4. To wash earth, gravel, etc., in panels, isolated or surrounded by
a pan in searching for gold. To solid ribs of coal of which a sepa-
yield gold in, or as in the process
rate set of breasts and pillars is
of panning. (Webster) worked, and the ventilation is kept
5. The
solid stratum of clay, pebbles,
distinct, that is, every panel has
etc.,underlying soil; hardpan; used its own circulation, the air of one
chiefly in Great Britain. (Stand- not passing into the adjoining one,
ard). Fireclay or underclay of coal but being carried direct to the main
Beams. return airway. (C. and M. M. P.)
6. (Mid.). Sheet-iron vessels hold-
ing, say i cwt, into which fillers
Panes (Mex.). Amalgamating pans.
rake the small coal. (Gresley) (Dwight)
Panice (Labrador). Ice formed along
Panabase. Same as Tetrahedrite, the shore and subsequently loosened
CusSbsSr. (Dana) and driven by winds and currents.
(Century)
Panal de Rosa (Peru). Fissured
quartz containing gold. (Halse) Panidiomorphic. Rosenbusch's term
for those rocks, all of whose com-
Pan amalgamation. Amalgamation of ponents possess their own crystal
silver or gold with mercury by boundaries. (Kemp)
grinding in a pan. (Duryee) Panlno (Mex.). Vein-formation; vein
material; the ground or country
Paiiar (Colom.). To collect gold-bear- through which the lode runs; also,
ing sand in spoons and scoops, and the matrix. (Min. Jour.). P. muy
deposit it iu the bateas. (Halse) macizo, the very hardest kind of
velB matter or rock P. macizo, rock
Pancake. Same as Ribbon, 1.
;

not quite so hard, but still not re-

Panclastite. An explosive composed of quiring to be timbered P. favorable,
;

liquid nitrogen tetroxide mixed with rock easily broken down by drilling,
carbon disulphide or other liquid but not needing timbering P. blando,
;

combustible, in the proportion of generally slate or schist which can be

three volumes of the former to two broken easily by pick, bar, or wedge,
of the combustible. (Century) and which must sooner or later be
timbered; P. muy blando, usually
Pan coal (Scot). Small coal suitable clay shale or argillaceous schist, and
for use at salt works, as tinder salt requiring constantly to be held up
pans. (Barrowman) by timbering. (Dwight)
 ;

488 GLOSSARY OF MINING AND MINERAL INDUSTRTt.

I^anizo (Peru). 1. A whitish feldspar, or price at which they are issuec

or kaolin; feldspathic gangue. 2. and their market value (called issue
Trachyte. 3. (Chile) Country par). Nominal value; face value.
rock. (Halse) (Webster)
Paneling. Division into panels or com- Para (Mex.). A leather apron worn
partments; panel working. See by miners. (Halse)
Panel, 2. (Webster)
Panning (Aust. and Pac). Washing Paracaida (Sp.). 1. A parachute. 2.
earth or crushed rock In a pan, by A safety appliance for bringing the
agitation with water, to obtain the cage quickly to rest in case the
hoisting cable breaks. (Halse)
particles of greatest specific gravity
which it contains (chiefly practiced Parachrosis. Discoloration in miner-
for gold, also for quicksilver, dia- als from exposure to the weather.
monds, and other gems). (Ray- (Standard)
mond)
Pan out. To give a result, especially Parachute. 1. A kind of safety-catch
for shaft cages. 2. In rod boring, a
as compared with expectations, as
In mining, the gravel pans out well. cage with a leather cover to prevent
See Pan, 4.
a too rapid fall of the rods in case
of accident. (Raymond)
Papa. 1. (Maori) A kind of bluish
indurated pipe clay, sometimes used Paraclase. A term used by Daubr6e
for whitening fireplaces. It is often for faults. (Power)
as hard as stone and is then called
papa rock. (Webster) Parada (Sp.). A relief, or change of
2. (Sp.). A nugget of gold or sil- men, horses, or mules; a shift.
ver. 3. A nodule of mineral (Halse). Paradas de busca (Mex.),
(Halse) miners working on a tribute; P. a
la carga, miners working for so
4. (Sp.) A potato. (Vel.)
much per ton or carga of ore
Pantellerite. A felsophyric or vitro- broken down or extracted; P. a
phyric igneous rock, virtually a destajo, miners on contract, at so
sodic-quartz trachyte, containing es- much per meter, etc. P. a partido,
;

sential anorthoclase, aegirite, and miners receiving as pay a share of

quartz, and perhaps diopside and the ore they mine; P. de hacienda,
and cossyrite. (La Forge). Ap- or P. de obra, miners working by the
plied to a group of rocks inter- day. (Dwi^ht)
mediate between the rhyolites and
trachytes on the one hand, and the Paraffin. Awhite, waxy, inodorous,
dacites on the other. They differ tasteless substance, harder than tal-
from all these in having anortho- low, softer than wax, with a specific
clase as the principal feldspar. Cos- gravity of 0.890. Its melting point
syrite, a rare and probably titan- is variable, depending somewhat
iferous amphibole, occurs at the upon its origin; it ranges between
original locality on the island of 43* and 65° C. (109° and 151° F.)
Pantelleria, in the Mediterranean. An ultimate analysis yields, on the
The name was given by Forstner. average, carbon 85 per cent, and hy-
(Kemp) drogen 15 per cent. It is insoluble
in water, is indifferent to the most
Pantile. A roofing tile ; a gutter tile powerful acids, alkalies, and chlor-
a flat paving tile (Webster). Also ine, and can be distilled unchanged
spelled Pontile. with strong sulphuric acid. Warm
Pantograph. An instrument for copy- alcohol, ether, oil of turpentine, olive
ing maps, plans, etc., on any pre- oil, benzol, chloroform, and carbon

determined scale. (Webster) disulphide dissolve it readily. It can

be mixed in all proportions with
Paper coal. A variety of brown coal wax, stearin, palmitin, and resin
deposited in thin layers like sheets (Bacon). Paraffin is found native,
of paper. (Power) as in ozocerite and hatchettite, also
Paper spar. A variety of calcite found in peat and bituminous coal, and is
in thin paper-like plates. (Stand- contained in numerous oils, as pe-
ard) troleum, from which it is separated
by distillation. (Standard)
Par; Par value. Equality of the nomi-
nal and market values of securities Paraffin-asphalt petroleum. A combi-
or certificates of value (often called nation of paraflin-base and asphalt-
nominal, or face par), or the value base petroleums. (Bacon)
 GLOSSARY OF MINING AND MINERAL INDUSTRY. 489
ParafBn-base petroleum. Crude oil an intermediary action of an igneoua
which carries solid paraffin hydro- magma to such an extent that a
carbons and practically no asphalt. virtually new rock is formed. (La
(Bacon) Forge)
Paraffin butter. A variety of native Paragonite. A kind of mica corre-
paraffin used in making candles. sponding to muscovite, but with so-
(Standard) dium instead of potassium. (Web-
ster)
Paraffin coal. A Ught-colored bi-
tuminous coal used for the produc- Paragonite schist. A variety of schist
tion of oil and paraffin. (Mitzaliis) in which paragonite replaces biotite.
(Standard)
Paraffin fluxes. The residuals obtained
from paraffin-base petroleums are
Parallel growth. Two or more crys-
tals with corresponding faces par-
characterized by containing 14^ to allel. (A. F. Rogers)
4 per cent, of hard paraffin scale,
consisting to a predominating de- Parallel roads. Ageological term
gree of saturated hydrocarbons (85.6 for a series of terraces at different
to 74.1 per cent.) and having a spe- levels, as those of Glen Roy, Scot-
cific gravity of 0.92 to 0.94. In gen- land. (Webster)
eral, it may be said that paraffin Paramagnetic. Opposed to diamag-
fluxes yield only a small percentage netic. Applied to substances such
of residual coke and contain but as iron, which, when freely sus-
little sulphur. (Bacon) pended between two magnetic poles,
arranges itself in the line between
Paraffinoil. 1. Lubricating oil made
by the dry distillation method. 2.
them (Power). Having a magnetic
permeability greater than unity.
A proprietary name for liquid pe-
(Webster)
trolatum. (Bacon)
Paramento (Sp.). Lining of a blast
Paraffin scale. Crude paraffin wax. furnace. (Halse)
(Bacon)
Parameter. In minerology that ra-
Paraffinum. A mixture of solid hydro- tional multiple of the unit-length of
carbons chiefly of the methane any semiaxis intercepted by a crys-
series; usually obtained by chilling tal plane which determines its po-
and pressing the distillates from pe- sition with reference to the funda-
troleum having high boiling point, mental form. (Standard)
and purifying the solid press-cake so
obtained. See Paraffin. (Bacon) Paramilla (Chile). A low range of
mountains. (Halse)
Paraffinum liquidum. The medicinal Paramorph. A crystal that has under-
petroleum of the British Pharma- gone a change in its physical prop-
copoeia. Sp. gr., 0.885-0.890. In
erties without a corresponding
the refining of Russian petroleum,
change in composition (Butler). A
the finest quality of perfumery oil result of paramorphism.
is termed paraffinum liquidum, and
for phamaceutical purpose is often Paramorphism. The alteration of one
subjected to a final distillation. mineral into another without change
See Petrolatum, liquid. (Bacon) of composition, as augite into horn-
blende in uralitization. It is also
Paraffinum molle. According to the used in connection with metamor-
British Pharmacopoeia, a petroleum phism to describe such thorough
product corresponding to the vase- changes in a rock that its old com-
line of the United States Pharm- ponents are destroyed and new ones
acpoeia. (Bacon) are built up. (Kemp)
Paragenesis. A general term for the Paranthine. Hafiy's name for scapo-
order of formation of associated lite. (Humble)
minerals in time succession, one
after another. To study the para- Parar (Sp.). To stop; P. la bateria,
genesis is to trace out in a rock or to stop the battery or mill. (Halse)
vein the succession in which the Parasitic crater. See Adventive cra-
minerals have developed. (Kemp) ter.

Paragneiss. 1. In petrology, a gneiss Paratomous. Having planes of cleav-

formed by the metamorphism of a age inclined to the axis; also,
sedimentary rock. 2. A gneiss abounding with facets of clearagb,
formed from a sedimentary rock by (Standard)
490 GLOSSABY OF MINING AND MINERAL INDUSTRY.

Parcel. 1. (So. Staff.) An old term Parmazo marble. A white marble trav-
for a ton; really 27 cwts. (Gres- ersed by a coarse network of dark
ley) lines; from northern Italy. (Mer-
2. (Corn.) A heap of dressed ore rill)
ready for sale. (Raymond) Parol. A
trade name for a fuel used
Parcionero (Hex.). Partner in a min- in internal combustion engines.
ing contract (D wight) Made from paraffin by a chemical
Pardo (Mex.). Oxidized or surface process without the use of heat.
ore. See Oolorados. (Dwight) (Bacon )

Pare (Corn.). Gang or party of men. Parophite. A name given by T. Sterry

(Min. Jour.). See Pair. Hunt to a rock or mineral similar
to dysyntribite. The name means
Pared (Hex.). Vein wall. (Dwight) 'like serpentine.* (Kemp)
Paret (Borneo). A mine. (Lock)
Paroxysm. In geology, any violent or
Pargasite. An amphibole
including sudden natural occurrence, as a vol-
green and kinds of
bluish -green canic eruption, a sudden flood, etc.
hornblende, occurring in stout lus- (Roy. Com.)
trous crystals, or granular. (Dana)
Parral agitator. An agitator using a
Parget. Gypsum, especially that from number of small air lifts disposed
Derbyshire or from Montmartre. about a circular, flat-bottomed tank
(Standard) in such a way as to impart a circu-
lar swirling motion to the pulp.
Parian. In ceramics, resembling the
(Liddell)
marble of Paros, as Parian biscuit.
(Standard) Parrilla (Sp.). Grate bar. (Dwight;
Parian biscuit. A hard, fine, half- Parrot coal. 1. (Scot, No. of Eng.)
vitreous, porcelain resembling Car- A variety of cannel coal, so-called,
rara marble used for objects of art
;
because when on the fire it splits and
and ornament. (Standard) cracks with a chattering noise, like
Parianite. Asphalt from the Pitch a parrot talking. (Gresley)
lake, Trinidad. (Bacon) 2. Sometimes applied to gas coal
Parian marble. One of the most fa- when of inferior quality. (Barrow-
mous of ancient statuary marbles; man)
from the island of Paros in the Gre- Part. 1. Same as Parting, 2. 2. In
cian archipelago. (Merrill) founding, a section of a mold or
Parian porcelain. A fine variety of flask, specifically distinguished (in
hard porcelain used for statuettes a three-part fiask) as top part, mid-
and bas-reliefs; so called from its dle part, and bottom part. (Stand-
resemblance to Parian marble. ard)
(Standard) Part candles (Eng.). The use of cau-
Parihuela ( Mex. ) . Handbarrow. dles as well as safety lamps in a
(Dwight) mine. (Gresley)

Parisite. A
fluocarbonate of the ce- Partido (Mex.). Division of ores be-
rium metals. In acute double hex- tween partners. Working a mine
agonal pyramids. Color brownish- by partido is when the miners agree
yellow. (Dana) with the owners to take a certain
part of the ores in place of wages.
Parka (Arctic). An outer garment Usually the mine owner provides
made of the skins of birds or mam- candles, powder, and steel, and keeps
mals, or of cloth, worn by the Eski- the drills sharpened, and receives, in
mos. Also worn by prospectors and payment of royalty and supplies,
travelers in Alaska in extreme cold two-thirds or more of the ore taken
weather. out. This contract is renewed
Parkes process. The refining of lead weekly or monthly, and the pro-
by the addition of zinc to molten portion of ore retained by the miners
argentiferous lead. The zinc and is greater or smaller according to
silver rise to the surface of the bath the richness of the stopes where they
as a scum, which is then taken off work. It is generally bought from
and afterwards distilled to drive off them by the mine owner himself, for
me zinc. (Liddell) various reasons. (Dwight)

Parliamentary pit (Scot.). A mine out- Partidor (Sp.). An ore sorter. (Halse)
let or shaft, required by an act of Patilla (Mex.). Platform left lo shaft
Parliament. (Barrowman) (Dwight)
 ) ;

GLOSSARY OF MINING AND MINERAL INDUSTRY. 491

Parting. 1. A small joint in coal or Paso (Sp.). 1. Any under4,T0und drift

rock, or a layer of rock in a coal or gallery. 2. An ore pass or chute.
seam. 2. The separation of two 3. A mountain pass. (Halse)
metals in an alloy, especially the
Pass. 1. (Corn.) An opening in a
separation of gold and silver by
mine through which ore is delivered
means of nitric or sulphuric acid. from a higher to a lower level. See
(Raymond) Chute. 2. In rolling mills the pas-
3. A
side track or turnout in a haul-
sage of the bar between the rolls.
age road. Entry parting, the part-
ing at the beginning of an entry in
When the bar passes *on the flat*
it is called a flatting-pass; if 'on
a slope mine. Inside or sioing part-
the edge,' an edging-pass. (Ray-
ing, a parting some distance from
mond)
the mouth of an entry, from which
the cars are hauled out by a special
3. A passage left in old workings
for men to travel in from one level
mule or team. Rope parting or mo-
to another. (C. and M. M. P.)
tor parting, a parting on which trips
of cars are collected for hauling out Passador (Braz.), A classifier or pulp
by a rope-hauling system, or electric thickener. Similar to an inverted
motor. (Steel) pyramid or cone. (Bensusan)
4. (Scot.) The manner in which a Passauite. A variety of wernerite,
seam parts from its roof or pave- also called porcelain-spar. (Ches-
ment it is a bad parting when they
;
ter)
do not separate readily, a good part-
ing when they do. (Barrowman) Pass-by; Pass-bye. 1. (Eng.) A pas-
5. The tendency of crystals to sepa- sage round the working part of a
rate along certain planes that are shaft. A by-pass. (Power)
not true cleavage planes, but which 2. A siding in which cars pass one
have become directions of minimum another underground; a turnout.
cohesion through gliding, secondary (C. and M. M. P.)
twinning, or some other external Passing water (Scot.). When a pump
cause. 6. The line or plane of sepa-
bucket is worn, or otherwise not
ration between the parts of a mold-
tight, it is said to be passing water.
er's flask. (Standard) (Barrowman)
Parting flask. In assaying, a flask Pass-into. A
transition of one mineral
used in parting (Webster). See into another without any sudden
also Parting, 2. change. (C. and M. M. P.)

Parting glass. Same as Parting flask. Passive iron. Iron rendered non-cor-
rodible by treatment with heat or
Parting sand. Fine, dry sand, which acids. (Standard)
is sifted over the partings in a mold
Pass-pipe. An iron pipe connecting
to facilitate their separation when the water at the back of one set of
the flask is opened. (Raymond) tubbing with that of another, or a
Parting slate. A term applied to a pipe only in communication with
thin layer of slate between two one tub (Tub, 5), and open to the
interior of the shaft. (Gresley)
seams of coal. (Thacker v. Shelby
Coal Min. Co. 197 S. W. Rept, p. Pasta (Mex.). 1. Amalgam of gold
633) and silver. 2. Gold and silver bul-
lion (Dwight).
Partiversal dip. A series of local dips 3. (Mex.). Argentiferous
ores, as
varying approximately 180" in com- blende, galena, etc. 4. (Chile) Gray
pass-direction, occurring at or near copper ore; tetrahedrite. (Halse)
the end of a plunging anticlinal axis.
Paste. 1. The mineral substance in
Pascal's law. The principle that the which other minerals are embedded
pressure in a fluid not acted upon groundmass, as of a porphyry.
by external forces is the same at (Webster)
or that a fluid transmits
all points, 2. A mixture of clay, variously pre-
pressures equally in all directions. pared for making stoneware or por-
(Webster) celain. (Standard)
Pasilla (Mex.). Dry silver amalgam. Pasting. The operation of mudcap-
(D wight) plng. (Du Pont)
Pasillo (Sp.).In coal mining, a cross Pat. In brickmaking, to remove the
cut; break through; thurl or thurl- rough edge of green bricks with a
Ing. (Halse) stamper. ( Standard
 ) )

492 GLOSSARY OF MINING AND MINERAL INDUSTRY-

Pataka (N. Z,). A storehouse raised sodium sulphide. The process was
above the ground. (Webster) A firstcarried out by von Patera at
cache. Joachimsthal (Liddell). See also
Patch. A small placer property.
Joachimsthal process.
(Milford) Paternoster pump. A chain-pump;
Patcher. 1. A driver's assitant or
named from a fancied resemblance
of the disks and the endless chain
helper; a brakeman or trip-rider.
to a rosary. (Standard)
(C. and M. M. P.)
2. One who repairs broken brat- Pate sur pate (Fr.). A
decoration for
tices, doors, stoppings, etc., in a pottery, made of white porcelain
mine. paste, on a dark ground, so ap-
Patching (So. Wales). Workings car- plied as to produce effects of light
ried on at the outcrop (Gresley). and shade by varying thicknesses.
Called Patchwork in Derbyshire. (Standard)
Patchy. Distributed in patches or in Pate tendre (Fr.). Soft paste for
an irregular manner as when ore porcelain. ( Standard
occurs in bunches or sporadically.
(Roy. Com.) Patio (Sp.). 1. The yard where
Pat coal (Scot.). The bottom, or low- ores are cleaned and assorted; also,
est, coal sunk through in a shaft. the amalgamation floor, or the Span-
(Barrowman) ish process itself of amalgamating
silver ores on an open floor (Ray-
Pate (Fr.). Paste; particularly, por- mond). P. de amalgamacidn, amal-
celain-paste. ( Standard gamation court or floor Beneficio de
;

Patent. 1. An
instrument making a p., the cold amalgamation process,
conveyance or grant of public lands. or American heap amalgamation. It
(Webster) was invented by Bartolemg de Me-
2. Title in fee, obtained by patent dina, Pachuca, Mex., in 1557; intro-
from the United States Government duced into Peru in 1574. In 1793
when there has been done an equiva- mules and horses were first used in
lent of $500 worth of work on or for the process. 2. Trabajor por p.
each mining claim. (U. S. Min. (Colom.) To quarry or make an
Stat., pp. 400-426; 493-494; 563; open cut. (Halse)
570-574)
Patio (Mex.). Cloth used by miners.
Patent axe. A type of surfacing ma-
(Dwight)
chine employed to remove irregu-
larities from the surface of blocks
of stone. (Bowles)
Patio process. A process for the re-
covery of silver by amalgamation
Patente (Chile). An annual tax on in low heaps with the aid of salt
mines, amounting to $10 per hectare. and copper sulphate (magistral).
(Halse) Thorough mixing is obtained in the
usual form by having horses or oxen
Patented claim. A claim to which n
tread the mass. (Liddell)
patent has been secured from the
Crovemment, by compliance with Patr6n (Sp.). An overman. (Halse)
the laws relntinjr to sueli claims (C
and M. M. P.). See also Patent, 2. Patr6n de oro (Sp.). Gold standard.
(Lucas)
Patent fuel (Eng.). The fuel pro-
duced by the agglomeration of coal-
Pattern. In founding, a model, usu-
slack into lumps (Raymond). See
ally of wood or iron, and often in
also Briquet.
several parts to facilitate removal,
Patent survey. An accurate survey of about which to form a sand mold, in
a mining claim by a U. S. deputy which a casting may be made.
surveyor as required by law in or- (Standard)
der to secure a patent (title) to the
claim. Pattern molder. One who makes sand
molds for castings; a molder.
Patera process. A metallurgical proc- (Standard)
ess consisting of a chloridizing-
roasting; leaching with water to re- Patterson agitator. An agitator of the
move base metals (some silver is Pachuca-tank type in which the air
dissolved and must be recovered) : is replaced by solution or water,
leaching with sodium hyposulphite under pressure from a centrifugal
lor silver; precipitation of silver by pump. (Liddell)
 )

GLOSSARY OF MINING AND MINERAL INDUSTRY. 493

Pattlnson process. A process in which Pay. 1. Profitable ore. See Pay dirt.
lead, containing silver, is passed 2. (Eng.) The day upon which, or
through a series of melting kettles, the place where, wages are made up
in each of which crystals of a poorer or paid. (Gresley)
alloy are deposited, while the fluid
Pay bill; Pay sheet (Scot). A state-
bath, ladled from one kettle to the
ment showing details of workmen's
next, is proportionately richer in
wages for a stated period, usually a
silver. In mechanical pattinsona-
fortnight. (Barrowman)
tion the operation is performed in a
cylindrical vessel, in which the bath Pay dirt; Pay rock. 1. (West. U .S.)
is stirred mechanically, and from Earth, rock, which yields a
etc.,
which, as the richer alloy crystal- profit to the miner. (Webster)
lizes, the poorer liquid is repeatedly 2. (So. Afr.) Auriferous gravel rich
drained out. Steam pattinsonation enough to pay for washing or work-
is a variety of the Pattinson process, ing. (Skinner)
in which steam is conducted through
Pay gravel. In placer mining, a rich
the lead bath to assist the refining.
strip or lead of auriferous gravel.
(Raymond)
(Hanks)
Pattinson's pots. A series of pots for
Payne's process. A process for pre-
separating silver and lead by mak-
serving timber and rendering it in-
ing use of the fact that the melting-
combustible by impregnating it suc-
point of the lead-silver alloys is
cessively with solutions of sulphate
higher in proportion as the percent-
of iron and calcium chloride in
age of silver is greater. ( Standard
vacuo. Paynize. (Webster)
Paulistas (Braz.). Natives of Sao
Pay ore. Those parts of an ore body
Paulo who firstdiscovered gold near
which are both rich enough and
that city. (Halse)
large enough to work with profit
Pavement. The floor of a mine. (Power). See Pay dirt; Pay
(Raymond) gravel ; Pay rock.
Paving brick. Vitrified brick used for Pay out. To slacken or to let out
paving purposes. (Ries) rope. (C. and M. M. P.)

Paving stone. Stone prepared, or suit- Pay shoot. A portion of a deposit

able, for paving stone used in pave-
; composed of pay ore. (Farrell)
ments (StJindard). Usually in large Pay streak. That portion of a vein
flat slabs, or square blocks, as Bel-
which carries the profitable or pay
gian block.
ore.
Paving tile. Tile used for floors. Peach (Corn.). Chlorite. (Raymond)
(Standard)
Peachblow. 1. A light-purple glaze in-
Pavonado. 1. (Peru) Tetrahedrite, clining to pink, seen on some Orien-
frequently argentiferous. 2. Pavo- tal porcelain. 2. A kind of ware
nados (Peru), a rich zone composed thus glazed or tinted. (Standard)
prinf'ipally of suli)hi(les jmuI sul-
phantimonates of silver. (Halse)
Peach stone (Corn.). A
greenish-col-
ored soft stone; chloritic schist.
Pavonazetta marble. See Pavonazza. (Davies)

Pavonazza; Pavonazetta marble. A si-

Peachy lode (Corn.). A lode filled
with a greenish chlorite, of peachy
liceous limestone of various shades
luster and loose cellular tex' jre.
of green, blue or gray, alternating
(Power)
with bands of white. Formerly
much used in southern Italy. So Peacock coal (Eng.). Iridescent coal.
called from its resemblance to the (Webster)
plumage of a peacock; also called Peacock copper. A synonym for Born-
Phrygian marble. (Merrill) ite. (A. F. Rogers)
Pawn (Derb.). A security put up by a Peacock ore. An Iridescent variety of
miner when he makes claim to a copper ore; bornite; also chalco-
vein discovered by or in the posses- pyrite when slightly oxidized on the
sion of another. The claim is set- surface.
tled by trial at a Barmote court.
(Mander) Pea coal. anthracite only,—coal
In
small enough
to pass through a
Paxillose. In geology, resembling a mesh three quarters to half an inch
little stake. square, but too large to pass through
494 GLOSSAKy OF MINING AND MINERAL INDUSTRY.

a three-eighth Inch mesh. When Pease's electric tester. An Instrument

Buckwheat coal Is made, the size in which the vapor of petroleum is
marketed as Pea is sometimes larger ignited by an electric spark passing
than the above; known also as No. above the oil cup, which rests in a
6 coal. (Chance) water bath. (Mitzakis)
Pea grit (Eng.). A grit composed of Peastone. Same as Pisolite.
rounded or oval concretionary
Peasy. 1. Applied to small pieces
masses like peas often like crushed
;
of ore, the weight of which may be
peas. (Oldham) estimated by the hand. (Morine)
Peak. A headland or promontory the ;
2. (No. of Eng.) Lead ore in grains
top or one of the tops of a hill, about the size of peas. (Standard)
mountain or range, ending in a Peat. A dark-brown or black re-
point. (Webster) siduum produced by the partial de-
composition and disintegration of
Pea ore (Eng.). Rounded grains of mosses, sedges, trees, and other
hydrated peroxide of iron, or sili-
plants that grow in marshes and
cate of iron, commonly found in
like wet places. It may be identi-
cavities of Jurassic limestone
fied as the dark-colored soil found
(Power). The mineral limonite, oc-
in bogs and swamps, commonly
curring in round grains about the
called muck, although technically
size of a pea (Webster). Also
the term *' muck " should be re-
called Bean ore.
stricted to such decayed vegetal
Pearce turret furnace. A furnace con- matter as is impure and contains
sisting of a narrower hearth, bent too much ash to burn readily.
around a circle, the circumference True peat consists principally of
of which is a little greater than the carbon, and oxygen,
hydrogen, in
length of the hearth, so that the two varying proportions, and because of
ends do not quite meet. Used for its high carbon content,it will ig-
calcining sulphide ores. (Peters, p. nite freely when
and burn dry.
205; Hofman, p. 175; Ingalls, p. (Mineral Resources of the United
101) States, 1917, Pt. 2, p. 261.)

Pearlash. Commercial potassium car- Peat bed. An accumulation of peat.

bonate. (Century)
Peat bog. A bog containing peat; an
Pearl diabase. See Variolite. accumulation of peat. (Webster)
Pearlite. 1. See Perlite, 1. Also Peat charcoal. Charcoal made from
called Pearlstone. eutectoid of
2. A peat. (Standard)
cementite and crystallized iron
formed by slow cooling of molten Peat coal. 1. A natural product in-
steel. Synonyms, Pearlyte, Perlite, termediate between peat and lignite.
Cryocarbide, and Pearly constitu- 2. An artificial fuel made by car-
ent. (Tieman) bonizing peat. (Webster)
Pearl mica. Same as Margarite, 2.
Peat coke. Same as Peat charcoal.
Pearl opal. Same an
as cacholong; (Standard)
opaque, bluish white, porcelain
white, pale yellowish or reddish va-
Peat cutter. A paring-plow for cut-
(Dana) ting peat. (Standard)
riety of opal.
Pearl sinter. A variety of opal. Peatery. A peat bog or bank (Web-
(Dana) ster). Also Petary.
Pearl spar. Dolomite occurring in Peat gas. Gas made by distilling peat.
rhombohedrons having a pearly (Webster)
luster. (Power)
Peat hag. A pit or quag formed by
Pearlstone. Same as Perlite, 1.
digging out peat. (Standard)
Pearly. Applied to minerals having Peat machine. A machine for grind-
a luster like a pearl, as talc, brucite, ing and briqueting peat. (Webster)
stilbite, etc. (Dana)
A
mixture of ferrite and Peat man. A digger or seller of peat.
Pearlyte.
cementite having a pearly appear-
(Webster)
ance when lamellar (Standard). Peat moor. Same as peat moss. In
See also Pearlite, 2. the United States such deposits are
?-as (Eng.). See Pea coal. called swamps or bogs, (Century)
 ) )

GLOSSARY OF MINING AND MINERAL INDUSTRY. 495

Peat moss. 1. Any moss from which Pechera (Mex.). Leather or cloth,
peat has b«en formed. 2. (Eng.) A worn by a laborer carrying ore, to
peat bog; also, peat itself. (Web- protect neck and back. (Dwight)
ster)
Pecho (Sp.). 1. The front wall of a
Peat press. A press machine for mak- shaft furnace. 2. Barreno de p., a
ing peat into blocks of artificial horizontal drill hole. (Halse)
fuel. (Standard)
Pecking np (So. Staff.). Elevating or
Peat reek. The smoke of peat. (Web- propping up with rough stones,
ster) bricks, rubbish, etc. (Gresley)
Peat soil. A rich dark soil contain-
ing peat, especially the soil of a re-
Pecos ore. 1. A gossan containing lead
claimed peat bog. (Standard)
and silver. 2. (Tasmania) A yel-
lowish, earthy mixture of oxides of
Peat spade. A spade with an L-shaped iron, lead, and antimony containing
blade for cutting out peat in blocks. silver; mostly massicot. (Power)
(Webster)
Pectinate, or Pectinated mineral. A
Peat tar. A
tar obtained from the dis- mineral that presents the appear-
tillntion of peat. The distillates ob- ance of close and nearly parallel
tained contain from 2 to 6 per cent filaments. ( Standard
of tar. (Bacon)
Peaty. Resembling or containing
Pectolite.An acid silicate of sodium
peat; having the nature of peat. and calcium, H2O.Na2O.4CaO.6SiO,.
(Standard) (Dana)
Peau d'orange. In ceramies, a decora- Pedernal. 1. (Mex.) A massive con^
tion or finish of a surface such that pact variety of quartz; flint; horn-
it resembles in roughness the skin stones. 2. Pedemales (Peru), sil
of an orange. (Standard) ver ores formed of siliceous sand im-
pregnated with oxide of iron.
Peavy. Astout lever like a cant hook, (Halse)
blit having the end armed with a
strong and sharp spike. (Webster) Pedial class. In crystallography, the
class without any symmetry. (A.
Pebble. 1. A small roundish stone, F. Rogers)
especially one worn round by the
action of water ; a pebblestone ; also Pedimento (Chile). A written peti-
a gem occurring in the form of peb- tion for a piece of mining ground
bles. 2. Transparent, colorless (Halse). A synonym of PetlciCn,
quartz ; rock crystal ; as Brazilian Sollcltud.
pebble. (Webster)
Pedis possessio. The actual possession
Pebble crystal. A crystal, as of quartz
of a piece of mineral land to the
in the rough state, worn into the
extent needed to give the locator
form of a pebble. (Standard)
room to work and to prevent prob-
Pebble jack. Zinc blende in small able breaches of the peace, but not
crystals or pebble-like forms not at- necessarily to the extent of a min-
tached to rock, but found in clay ing claim. (Hanson v. Craig, 170
openings in the rock. (C. and M. Fed. Rept., p. 65 Zollers v. Evans,
;

M. P.) 5 Fed. Rept., p. 172; Costigan on

Pebble powder. Gunpowder pressed Mining Law, p. 156)
into large cubical grains, to render
it slow burning.
Pednan. 1. (Corn.) The upper part
It is inferior to
of a huddle. 2. A deposit of ore
the perforated prismatic powder in
that the burning surface constantly detached from a lode. (Dalies)
decreases, and therefore the rate of
Ped'n cairn (Corn.). A bunch of ore
emission of gas is greater at the be-
at a distance from the lode. (Min.
ginning than at the end. (Webster)
Jour.
Pebblestone. A pebble; also pebbles
collectively. (Webster) Pedra (Port). 1. A stone; P. de
ferro, ironstone; P. de lages, flag-
Pebbleware. A variety of Wedgwood
stone. (Halse)
ware with a variegated body of dif-
ferent colored clays intermingled, Pedregal (Southwestern U. S.). A
called according to pattern, agate, stony tract; lava fielc. (Standard)
Egyptian pebble, granite, lapis-laz-
uli, poiphyry, serpentine, verd-an- Pedreiro (Braz.). A stone mason
tique, elc. (Standard) (Bensusan)
496 GLOSSARY OF MINING AND MINERAL INDUSTRY.

Pee. 1. Two veins crossing each other Pelagite. A name given to certain man-
obliquely. (Sliinner^ ganese nodules obtained in deep-sea
2. (Derb.) A
piece of lead ore. soundings. (Chester)
(Davies) A variation of pea.
Pelatan-Clerici process. A continuous
Peeler. An
iron implement with flat- process of dissolving silver or gold
tened end and ring handle, used by in cyanide solution and simultane-
a bailer in placing blooms, ingots, ously precipitating the precious met-
etc., in a reheating furnace. als with mercury in the same vessel,
(Standard) an electrical current assisting pre-
cipitation. (Liddell)
Peevy. Same as Peavy.
Peg. 1. To mark out a miner's
Pelatan furnace. A furnace for the
calcination of fine pyritic or other
claim by pegs at the four corners,
sulphide ores. (Peters, p. 173)
each bearing the claimant's name.
(Webster). Sometimes used as peg Peldon (So, Staff.). Hard and com-
out. 2. A surveyor's mark. 3. (For- pact siliceous rock found in coal
est of Dean). See Notchsticks. mines. (Gresley)
Pegado (Colom.). A local and small Pelionite. A name proposed by W. F.
deposit of pay dirt. (Halse) Petterd for a bituminous coal (Pel-
ion coal) resembling English cannel
Pegador ( Sp. ) . Foreman in charge of coal, from near Monte Pelion, Tas-
blasting. (D wight) mania. (Bacon)
Peganite. A hydrous phosphate of Pele's hair. A fibrous, basaltic glass
aluminium occurring in crystalline from the Hawaiian Islands, named
crusts of a green color. (Century) after a local goddess. (Kemp)
Pegar (Sp.). To fire the loaded drill Pelite. In general, any sedimentary
holes. (D wight) rock, indurated or not, formed of
clay. Especially, a thick-bedded
Pegging (Aust.). Act of marking argillaceous sedimentary rock lack-
by pegs. (Webster)
ing a shaly fracture; a mudrock.
Peggy (York.). Synonymous with (La Forge)
Pick. (Gresley) Pelitic. Pertaining to, characteristic
Pegmatite; Giant granite. An igneous of, or formed of pelite composed of ;

rock, generally coarse grained but fine argillaceous sediment or clay.

usually irregular in texture and com- (La Forge)
position, composed mainly of silicate Bella. 1. (Sp.) A mass of metal in its
minerals of large size, including crude state. 2. (Mex.) Amalgam
quartz, feldspar, muscovite, biotite, left after the mercury has been
tourmaline, beryl, lithia minerals, squeezed out. (Halse)
zircon, etc. Some pgmatites carry
minerals containing rare earth met- Pella; Plata Pella (Mex.). Silver
als, tin, tungsten, tantalum, uran-
amalgam. (C. and M. M. P.)
nium, and others. (U. S. Geol. Pelo (Peru). Stibnite- in very small
Surv.) needles. (Halse)
Pegmatitic; Pegmatoid. Characteris- Pelt (Scot). Carbonac<fcous stone asso-
tic of, pertaining to, formed of, ciated with a coal seam. See also
containing, or occurring in pegma- Bone (Barrowman). Waste; rub-
tite. (La Forge )
bish.
Pen. 1. (Scot). In longwall working,
Pegmatization. Metamorphic altera-
tion to pegmatite. (Standard) a narrow airway, more particularly
an airway formed along the solid
Peirce-Smith Process. A basic-convert- coal. (Barrowman)
ing process for copper matte in a 2. A
device to dam or pen the water
magnesite-lined converter. The iron in a stream; a dam. (Webster)
of the matte i* fluxed by silica added
before the process begins. (Liddell.) Pena (Sp.). 1. A large stone or rock
in its natural state. Rock; cliff; a
Pelagic; Pelagian. Formed in deep term used in southwestern United
water far from land; said of some States. 2. A
large sledge hammer.
marine deposits and contrasted with 3. (Colom.). Bed rock
or bottom;
Terrigenous. (La Forge) P. hervida, picadora 6 caladora,
2. Opposed to Littoral which belongs fissured and porous bed rock; P.
to the sea shore, and Estuarine to mara, carmine-colored and spotted
that formed la an estuary. bed rock; P. falsa, false bed rock.
(Pctver) 4. (Colom.) County rock. (Halse)
 GLOSSARY OF MINING AND MINERAL INDUSTRY.
Penarth beds (Eng.). The beds be-
tween the Trias and Lias; so called
from their occurrence at Penarth,
in Somersetshire. (Oldham)
Pcncatite. See Predazzite.
Pencil.(N. Y. and Pa.). A bluestone
quarryman's term for interbedded
shale in bluestone
(Bowles)
Pencil mark (Ballarat, Aust). A
thin bed of dark slate about the
thickness of the lead of a carpen-
ters pencil, which is parallel with
the Indicator (Power). See Indi-
cator, 4.
Pencil stone. A compact variety of
pyrophyllite used for making slate
pencils. (Webster)
Pendiente (Sp.). 1. Slope or declivity.
2. Gradient; grade. 3. Dip. 4.
Hanging wall or roof. (Halse)
Pendulum Large wooden
buffer (Vt.).
blocks covered with felt pads that
are propelled back and forth by
means of a crank and pitman
(Bowles). Used for polishing monu-
mental stone.
Peneplain. A surface of slight relief
formed by
and very gentle slopes,
the subaerial degradation of the
land almost to baselevel the penul-;
timate state of the old age of the
land produced by such degradation.
2. By extension, such a surface up-
lifted to form a plateau and sub-
jected to renewed degradation and
dissection. (La Forge)
Peneplanation. The subaerial degra-
dation of a region approximately to
base level, forming a peneplain.
(La Forge)
Penetrating pulley. A pulley around
which a wire cable runs in cutting
marble. Its thickness is less than
the diameter of the wire and, con-
sequently, it can follow the wire as
the latter cuts into the stone.
(Bowles)
Penetration. 1. In laboratory investi-
gations of parafRn, waxes, etc., the
distance, expressed in tenths of a
millimeter, penetrated by a No. 2
cambric needle operated in a ma-
chine for the purpose and under
known conditions of loading, time,
and temperature. The degree of
solidity of bituminous materials. 2.
In construction, the entrance of bi-
tuminous material into the inter-
stices of the metal of the roadway.
(Bacon)
75242'~19 32
L
497
Penetration method. The method of
constructing a bituminous macadam
pavement by pouring or grouting
the bituminous material into the
upper course of the road metal be-
fore the binding of the latter has
been completed. (Bacon)
Penetration twin. A twin crystal in
deposits. which the two parts interpenetrate
each other: contrasted with Con-
tact twin. (La Forge)
Penistone series(Eng.). The lower
division of the coal measures, con-
sisting of sandstone and shales with
coal and ironstone. (Century)
Penitent (Fr.). A fireman who, In
early coal mining days, was em-
ployed to explode (purposely, in or-
der to get rid of it) the fire damp.
So called on account of the resem-
blance of his dress to that of cer-
tain religious orders. (Gresley)
Pennine system (Eng.). The original
and typical series of carboniferous
rocks, comprising the Upper old red
sandstone, the Mountain limestone,
the Millstone grit, and the coal-
measures. The correlated strata in
the United States are the Catskill
red sandstone and carboniferous se-
ries, exclusive of the Permian.
(Standard)
Penning. See Cribbing, 2,
Penninite. A green crystallized
chlorite from the Penninie Alps,
Composition essentially the same
as clinochlore, H8(Mg.Fe)»Ai2Si30i8.
(Dana)
Pennsylvanian. The second of the
three epochs comprised in the Car-
boniferous period, in the classifica-
tion generally used by American
geologists. Also the series of strata,
formerly called the Coal Measures,
deposited during that epoch. It is
equivalent to the Dimetian epoch
and series of the classification
used by many European geologists.
(La Forge)
Pennystone. 1. A band of clay iron-
stone. (Gresley)
2. (Eng.) See Penistone series.
Pennyweight. A unit of weight equal
to 24 grains, 0.05 troy ounce, 0.0549
avoirdupois ounce, and 1.5552 grams.
A pennyweight of fine gold has a
value of $1.0335 or 4.25 shillings.
Pensky-Marten tester. An instrument
somewhat similar to the Abel appa-
ratus, largely employed for deter-
mining the flashing point of lubri-
cating oils by the close test. (Mit<
zakis)
498 GLOSSARY OF MINING AND MINERAL, INDUSTRY.

Penstock. A sluice or gate for re-

1. Peperita (Sp.). Volcanic sand.
straining, deviating or otherwise (Halse)
regulating the flow of water, sew- Pepita (Sp.). A nugget, usually of
age, etc. a floodgate. 2. A closed
; gold, but may be of silver or plati-
conduit, tube, or pipe for conducting num. (Halse)
water, as to a water wheel. 3. The
Pequenes (Chile). Heaps or piles for-
barrel of a wooden pump. (Web-
merly used for roasting copper ores,
ster)
with firewood as fuel. (Halse)
Pentagonal dodecahedron. In the isi-
Perch. 1. A measure of masonry con-
metric system, a form, of pyrito-
taining 24i cu. ft., 16i by li by 1.
hedral symmetry, enclosed by twelve
It is usually taken as 25 cubic feet.
faces, each parallel to one axis and
cutting the other two axes at un-
The term is falling into disuse and
varies locally. (Merrill)
equal distances; a pyritohedron.
2. A measure of length equal to 5^
(La Forge)
yards a rod or pole also a square
; ; ;

Pentavalent. Having a valence or rod. (Webster)

combining power of five. (Webster)
Perched blocks (blocs percMs). See
Pentelic marble. One of the most Perched rock.
famous of ancient statuary mar-
bles; from Mt. Pentellicus, near Perched rock. A large mass of rock
Athens, Greece. (Merrill) which, after glacial transportation,
has been lodged in some conspicuous
Penthouse; Penthus. A wooden hut isolated position. Called also
or covering for the protection of men Perched block. (Standard)
when shaft sinking (Gresley). Also
Percolate. To pass through fine inter-
called Pentice.
stices to filter as water percolates
; ;

Pentlce. See Penthouse. through porous stones. (Webster)

Pentlandite. A sulphide of iron and Percussion cap. See Detonator;
nickel, (Fe,Ni)S; 42 per cent iron; Primer.
22 per cent nickel. (Dana) Percussion figure. A figure consisting
of radiating lines formed in such
PentroTigh. The trough in which the minerals as mica and chlorite by a
penstock of a water wheel is placed. blow with the point of a somewhat
(Century) sharp instrument (Dana). Called
Pe6n. 1. (Mex.) Helper; a common also Strike figure.
laborer. P.roustabout.
suelto, 2. Percussion powder. Powder so com-
The movable vertical post of an posed as to ignite by a slight per-
arrastre. 3. A prop, post, or stall. cussion fulminating powder. (Web-
;

(Halse) ster)

Pepe (short of Joseph) (Sp.). A boy Percussion sieve. An apparatus in

who holds the light for the barre- which ore is sorted according to size.
tero, and assists him in other ways It consists essentially of superim-
at certain hours. (Rockwell) posed, oppositely inclined sieves,
both mechanically agitated by ver-
Pepena (Mex.). 1. Rich ore; smelt- tical lever and having water sluices.
ing ore. 2. Picked ore. 3. The act (Webster)
of picking, sorting, or cobbing.
Percussion system of drilling. See
(Halse)
Drilling; Freefall, and Churn drill,
Pepenado (Mex.). Dressed ore. 1.
(Dwight)
Percussion table. An inclined table,
Pepenador (Mex.). Ore sorter. agitated by a series of shocks, and
(Dwight) operating at the same time like a
huddle. It may be made self-dis-
Pepenadores (Sp.). Ore cleaners. charging and continuous by substi-
(Davies) tuting for the table an endles rubber
cloth, slowly moving against the cur-
^epenar 'Mex.). To sort ore. rent of water, as in the Frue van-
(Dwight) ner. (Raymond)
fepcrlno. A
kind of volcanic rock, Percussive. Of, or pcriaintag to, per-
formed by the cementing together of cussion; operative or operated by
volcanic sand, cinders, scoria, etc striking, as a percussive cUrilL
^Comstock) (Webster)
 ) ;

GLOSSARY OF MINING AND MINERAL INDUSTRY. 499

F6rdlda (Mex.). Loss In patio amal- Periodic system. A classificatioB ot

gamation. Loss in general. See the elements according to Mende-
also Oonsuniida. (Dwigtit) leeff's law. (Webster)
Perfll (Sp.). Profile; side elevation. Peripheral moraine. A minor terminal
(Halse) moraine, marking only a temporary
halt of the glacier during recession.
Perforadora (Sp.). A machine drill. Also called Moraine of recession.
(Dwight) (Standard)
Perforar (Sp.). To bore a deep bore Peristerite. A
whitish adularia-like
hole; P. un tunel, to tunnel. (Halse) albite, slightly iridescent. (Stand-
ard)
Perfnmery oil. A refined Russian pe-
troleum. The finest quality is used Perito (Mex.). An expert in any sci-
in pharmacy as paraffinum liquir ence or art (Dwight). An ap-
dunu (Bacon) praiser a skillful
; or k anw w m
(Halse)
Perlclase. Magnesia, MgO. In cubes
or octahedrons, and in grains.
Perjong (Malay). A crowbar. (LocL)
Cleavage cubic. (Dana) Perkins. An imperfectly burned brick
a place brick. (Standard)
Periclinal. Dipping in all directions
from an elevated center (Power). Perkins joint. A joint consisting of
See also Quaquaversal. threaded pipe and coupling, both
threaded straight (no taper). The
Pericline. A variety of albite. one end of the pipe is left square
(Dana) and the other is beveled to a knife
edge at midthickness. Used in Baku
Pericline twin. A twin crystal, in the oil field. (Nat. Tube Co.)
monoclinic system, whose twinning
axis is the orthoaxis of the crystal. Perknite. A name from the Greek
(La Forge) word for dark, and proposed by H.
W. Turner as a collective term for
Peridot. The gem variety of olivine. the rocks usually called pyroxenites
(A. F. Rogers) and hornblendites. Mineralogically
the perknites consist chiefly of mono-
Peridotite. A granular igneous rock
composed essentially of olivine, gen- clinic pyroxene and amphibole with
erally with some form of pyroxene,
subordinate orthorhombic pyrox-
ene, olivine, and feldspar. Chemi-
and with or without hornblende, bio-
cally they are lower in alumina and
tite, chromite, garnet, etc, (La
alkalies than the diorites and gab-
Forge)
bros, and lower in magnesia than
Perimorph. A mineral of one species the peridotites. (Kemp)
inclosing one of another species. Perla (Mex.). An assay bead.
See also Endomorph. (Webster) (Dwight)
Period. The
unit of geologic time of Perlite. Volcanic glass with con-
1.
the second rank a division of an
;
centric, texture and usually
shelly
era. The coordinate stratigraphic with a notable percentage of water.
unit is System. (La Forge) The ( Kemp
geological application of the word 2. See Pearlite, 2.
varies with different authors. In
the scheme of nomenclature pro-
Perlitic. Resembling perlite; concen-
tricallylamellar: applied to a mi-
posed by the International Geologi-
croscopic structure in glassy rocks
cal Congress period is the chrono-
resembling that of an onion. ( Stand-
logical term of the second order, to
ard)
which system is the corresponding
stratigraphic term; as Silurian Permanent monument. A monument
period or system. In the scheme of of a lasting character for marking
the United States Geological Survey a mining claim. It may be a moun-
period has the same rank, but its tain, hill, ridge, hogback, butte, can-
corresponding stratigraphic term is yon, gulch, river, stream, waterfall,
system. (Standard) cascade, lake, inlet, bay, arm of the
sea, stake, post, monument of stone
Periodic law. One of the fundamental or bowlders, shafts, drifts, tunnels,
chemical laws that the properties of open cuts, or well known adjoining
an element are periodic functions of patented claims. (Meydenbauer v.
the atomic weight (Liddell). It is Stevens, 78 Fed. Rept, p. 792.)
also called Mendeleeff's law. (Also U. S. Min. Stat, pp. 227-231.)
 ) ) ;

600 GLOSSARY or MINING AND MINERAL INDUSTRY.

Permian. The last of the three epochs
comprised in the Carboniferous pe-
riod, in the classification generally
used. Also the series of strata de-
posited during that epoch. By some
geologists the Permian is ranked as
a period and system. (La Forge)
Orders," issued by the Home Office,
London), which are supposed to be
safe (Power). The term Permissi-
ble is used in the United States.
Pernetti. 1. (It.) In ceramics, iron
or hard pottery pins or tripods to
support an article in a kiln stilts ;

Permissible. That may be permitted; spurs. 2. The marks left on a baked

allowable; admissible. (Webster) article of pottery by the supporting
pins pernetti marks. ( Standard
;

Permissible explosive. An explosive

similar in all respects to s'niT)les Pernot furnace; Post-Pernot furnace.
that passed certain tests by the Fed- A reverberatory puddling or smelt-
eral Bureau of Mines, and used in ing furnace, having a circular, in-
accordance with the following condi- clined revolving hearth (Raymond).
tions 1. That the explosive is in all
: Used in making steel.
respects similar to the sample sub-
mitted by the manufacturer for test. Perovskite; Perofskite. Calcium tita-

— —
2. That detonators preferably elec- nate, CaTiOs. Isometric, Luster
tric detonators are used of not less adamantine metallic-adamantine.
to
efficiency than those prescribed, Color honey-yellow,
pale-yellow,
namely, those consisting by weight orange-yellow, reddish-brown, gray-
of 90 parts of mercury fulminate ish-black. Transparent to opaque.
and 10 parts of potassium chlorate (Dana)
(or their equivalents). 3. That the
explosive, if frozen, shall be thor- Perol (Colom.). A small iron pan in
oughly thawed in a safe and suit- which a pestle w^orks for grinding
able manner before use, 4. That the and amalgamating gold-bearing py-
quantity used for a shot does not rite. (Halse)
exceed li pounds (680 grams), and
Perpend. 1, A header extending
that it is properly tamped with clay
or other noncombustible stemming. through a wall so that one end ap-
After an explosive has passed the pears on each side of it a perpend- ;

required tests and its brand name stone; border; bondstone; through-
stone or through-binder. Called
has been published in a list of per-
missible explosives, it is not a per- also, Parping; Perpender; Perpent.
2. A vertical joint, as in a brick wall.
missible explosive if one or more of
( Standard
any of the following conditions pre-
vail 1. If kept in a moist place un-
:
Perpendicular throw. The distance be-
til it undergoes a change in charac-
tween the tw^o parts of a disrupted
ter. 2. If used in a frozen or partly
bed, dike, vein, or of any recogniz-
frozen condition. 3. If used in ex-
able surface, measured perpendicu-
cess of li pounds (680 grams) per
larly to the bedding plane or to the
shot. 4. If the diameter of the car-
surface in question. It is measured,
tridge is less than that designated
therefore, in a vertical plane at
In the column "smallest permissible
right angles to the strike of the dis-
diameter." 5. If fired with a deto- (Lindgren, p. 123)
rupted surface.
nator or electric detonator of less
efficiency than that prescribed. 6. Perpeno (Sp. Am.). Cleaning up.
If fired without stemming. 7. If (Lucas)
fired with combustible stemming.
(Tech. Pnper 169, U. S. Bur. Mines.) Perpetuity. An annuity A^hose pay-
For use in gaseous and dusty coal ments are supposed to continue for-
mines. ever. (E, B, Skinner, p, 77)
Permissible motors. A motor the same Pershbecker furnace. A continuously-
in all respects as a sample motor working shaft-furnace for roasting
that has passed certain tests made quicksilver ores, having two fire
by the Federal Bureau of Mines <md places :.t opposite sides. The fuel
installed and used in accordance is wood. (Raymond)
with the conditions prescribed by
the bureau. See Explosion-proof Persian red. See Indian red.
motor.
Persilicic. Containing more than 60
Permitted explosives (Eng. and Aust.). per cent of silica: said of some
Certain explosives allowed to be igneous rocks same as and much to
;

used in fiery mines (mentioned peri- be perferred to Acid and Acidic,

odically in " Statutory Rules and which it is replacing (La Forge)
 ;

GLOSSARY OF MINING AND MINERAL. INDUSTRY. 501

Pertenencia (Mex.). Mining claim. Peter; Peter out. To

fail gradually
Under the modern Mexican mining in size, quantity, or quality (Ray-
law, a s^quare of land 100 meters mond), e. g. The mine has petered
on a side (i. e., 1 hectare=2.471 out.
acres) is the minimum unit. This
unit is called a pertenencia Petit granite marble. A bluish marble
(Dwight). In Peru, equals 2 hec- studded with innumerable fine white
tares, or 200 m. long by 100 m. wide points caused by fossil crinoids and
in Argentine, 300 m. by 200 m. to polyps; from Ecausines, Belgium.
300 m., according to dip; in Co- (Merrill)
lombia, 600 m. by 240 m., a lode Petlanque (Sp.). The same as pyrar-
mining claim equaling three of these. gyrite. In Chill it is called Rosic-
(Halse) ler oscnro. (Century). Also silver
Perthlte. A
variety of feldspar con- ores which are conspcuous in the
sisting of closely interlaminated matrix for example, petlanque Colo-
orthoclase or microcline and albite. rado is the red antlmonial silver
(La Forge) A name given by whether crystallized or otherwise.
Thomson to parallel intergrowths of (Min. Jour.)
orthoclase and albite, originally de- Petra dura (Italy). Hard and fine
scribed from Perth, Ontaria.
stones in general, as those used for
(Kemp) inlay and the like, in distinction
Pervious bed. A bed or stratum that from the softer stones used in build-
contains voids through which water ing. (Webster)
will move under ordinary hydro-
(Meinzer)
IPetralite. An explosive composed of
static pressure.
saltpeter, wood or charcoal, and anti-
P e sa d r ( Mex. ) . A weighmaster. mony. (Webster)
(Dwight) Petralogy. See Petrology.
Peso (Sp.). 1. A Spanish or Mexican Petre. Niter, saltpeter. (Webster)
dollar.
Petrean. Of, or pertaining to, rock,
2. A monetary unit and silver coin rocky. (Webster)
of the Philippines worth $0.50.
3. A variable silver coin of several Petrescence. The process of changing
Central and South American coun- into stone; petrifaction. (Standard)
tries. 4. Weight, gravity F. bruto,
Fletcher's name for the
;
Petrical.
gross weight; P. neto, net weight.
coarser structural features of rocks.
5. Balance scales P. de muelle,
; ;
See Lithical. (Kemp)
spring balance. (Halse)
Petrifaction. The process of petrify-
Pestle. 1. An implement for pound- ing, or changing into stone; conver-
ing and breaking or braying sub- sion of organic matter, including
stances in a mortar. 2. Any of va- shells,bones, etc., into stone or a
rious instruments for pounding or substance of stony hardness. (Web-
stamping, as a stamp in a stamp ster)
mill. 3. To pound, pulverize, bray,
or mix, as with a pestle. (Webster) Petrified wood. See Wood, 2.
Petrify. To become stone. Organic
Petalite. A lithium-aluminum silicate, substances, such as
bones, shells,
LiAl ( SUO, ) 2, or, Li^O. AUOs.SSiOj, wood, etc., embedded
sediments, in
usually massive, foliated and cleav- become converted into stone by the
able. (Dana) gradual replacement of their tis-
Petaloid. Having the form, sues, particleby particle, with cor-
texture, or
appearance of a petal (Webster). responding amounts of Infiltrated
Applied to the structure seen in mineral matter. Thus not only the
minerals that split up into pieces
outward forms but even the minutest
details of the organic tissues are
with a smooth polished concave-
preserved. (Roy. Com.)
convex surface which fit into one
another somewhat like the petals of Petro. 1. A stone or rock. 2. A pro-
an unopened flower bud. (Power) prietary name for liquid petrolatum.

Petanque; Petlanqne (Mex.). Ruby Petrocene. A

greenish-yellow hydro-
silver. Tetrahedrite, and other rich carbon with
a pearly luster and
silver minerals. (Dwight) needle-like crystals, obtained by the
distillation of petroleum residue at
Petary. See Peatery. a red beat (Bacon)
502 GLOSSARY OF MINING AND MINERAL, INDUSTRY.
Petrogeny. That branch of petrology
which treats of rocks as parts of the
earth's crust, and of their origin,
mode of formation, and geologic re-
lations, and which is studied mainly
by means of field investigations.
<La Forge) Compare Petrology and
Petrography.
Petrographer. One who is versed In
or engaged in petrography, or the
study of rocks. (Century)
Petrographic microscope. The same as
Polarizing microscope.
region or
province. A same may be said
Petrographic
district in which some or all of the
igneous rocks are regarded as con-
sanguineous, or as derived from a
common parent magma; a comag-
matic district. (La Forge)
Petrography. That branch of petrology
which treats of rocks as mineral ag-
gregrates, aside from their geologic
relations, and is studied mainly by
laboratory methods, largely chemical
and microscopical. Also, loosely,
petrology or lithology. (La Forge)
The description and systematic
classification of rocks. (Webster)
Petrol. A
variant for petroleum or its
derivatives, particularly gasoline or
and M. M.
motor spirit. (C.
Petrolatum. A neutral, tasteless, odor-
less substance derived from the dis-
tillation of petroleum. Three forms
are recognized: liquid, a colorless,
or yellow oil; soft, a white or yel-
lowish semisolid substance; hard, a
white or yellowish waxlike mass
(Webster). Called also in the trade,
by different makers, Cosmoline,
Saxoline, Vaseline, Petroline, etc.
(Standard)
retrolatum liquidum. The medicinal
high-boiling petroleum oil of the
United States Pharmacopoeia. See
Petrolatum. (Bacon)
Petrolatum oil. A colorless, straight-re-
duced, viscous, neutral oil, possessing
a gravity of 32i° to 34° B6., a flash-
point of 415" F., a fire test of 480°
F., a cold test of 20" F., and a vis-
cosity of 185 to 200. It is also
termed 'medicinal oil.*
Petrolene. A liquid hydrocarbon mix-
ture obtained from bitumen or as-
phalt. (Century)
Petroleo (Sp.). Petroleum.
Petroleum. An inflammable,
oily,
liquid mixture of numerous hydro-
carbons, chiefly of the paraffin
series, found in the earth. The pe-
troleums found in different areas
vary widely in composition and ap-
pearance (U. S. Geol. Surv.). The
best known of the bitumens, and,
next to coal, the most important of
all carbon compounds. It occurs na-
turally, oozing from crevices in
rocks, floating on the surface of wa-
ter, or in subterranean deposits in
rocks, from which it may be ob-
tained by boring. (Bacon). Also
known as Rock oil, Mineral oil, Na-
tural oil, Coal oil. Earth oil, Seneca
oil.
Petroleum is a mineral, and the
of salts and phos-
phates, and of clay containing alum-
ina and other substances in the
earth. (Union Oil Co., In re 23
Land Decisions, p. 229)
Lands chiefly valuable for the de-
posits of petroleum contained there-
in are mineral lands within the
meaning of the mining laws, and
subject to location and entry as
such. (Union Oil Co., In re, 25
Land Decisions, p. 357; Tulare Oil
and Min. Co., v. So. Pac. R. R. Co.,
29 Land Decisions, p. 271; Chris-
man V. Miller, 197 U. S. p. 320)
Deposits of petroleum oil come
within the definition of mineral
character of land, and is sufficient
to exclude such land from a rail-
P.)
road grant if discovered before pat-
ent issues. (So. Pac. R. R. Co.. In
re. Land Decisions, p. 265)
Oil or petroleum lands are min-
eral lands within the meaning of
that term in this grant. (Burke v.
So. Pac. R. R. Co., 234, U. S. p.
669)
Petroleum asphalt. The residues of
asphalt-base petroleum, known com-
mercially as petroleum asphalt.
(Bacon)
Petroleum benzine. The petroleum
benzine of the German Pharma-
copoeia consists of the colorless,
nonfluorescent portions of petrole-
um, possessing a specific gravity of
0.640 to 0.670, and distilling almost
entirely between 55° and 75° C. See
Benzine, Light petroleum, and Cana-
dol. (Bacon)
(Bacon)
Petroleum briquet. A briquet made of
petroleum, soft soap, resin, and
soda-lye wash. The mixture is
heated, allowed to solidify, run into
(Dwight) molds, and then heated in a fur-
nace for about 15 minutes. (Bacon)
Petroleum car. A railroad car carry-
ing a tank or tanks, designed for
the transportation of petroleum In
bulk (Century). A tank car.
 GLOSSARY OF MINING AND MINERAL. INDUSTRY. 503
Petrtleum coke. The residue obtained Petrolize. To treat or Impregnate
by the distillation of petroleum. It with petroleum, or a petroleum
usually shows the following composi- product. (Webster)
tion: Volatile and combustible mat-
Petrology. The science of rocks, treat-
ter, 5 to 10 per cent; fixed carbon,
ing of their origin, construction, etc.,
90 to 95 per cent ash, from a trace
;
from all aspects and In all rela-
to 0.3 per cent; sulphur, from 0.5
tions ; lithology. It includes petrog-
per cent to 1 per cent. On account
eny and petrography. (La Forge)
of Its purity it has found applica-
tion in metallurgical processes and Petrosilex. An old name for extremely
in making battery carbons and car- fine, crystalline porphyries and
bon pencils (electric carbons). (Ba- quartz-porphyries and for those
con) finely crystalline aggregates we now

Petroleum ether. A volatile inflam- know to be devitrified glasses; also

for the ground masses of the former,
mable liquid used as a solvent for
which though not glassy are yet not
caoutchouc, oils, etc. (Webster).
resolvable by the microscope into
Some refiners have applied this definite minerals.
designation to the products ranging See also Felsite,
Microfelsite. It was practically a
in specific gravity from 0.590 to
confession by the older petrograph-
0.666 (108* to SO** B6.) that is,
ers that they did not know of what
cymogene, rhigolene, and gasoline.
the rock consisted. (Kemp) Also
See Benzine, Canadol, Light pe-
called Hornstone.
troleu, Keroselene, and Sherwood
oil. Russian petroleum ether varies Petrous. Hard, like Stone ; as, petrout
in specific gravity from 0.650 to phosphates; petrous marl. (Stand-
0.660 at 15" C. (Bacon). Also ard)
frequently applied to naphtha.
Petuntze (China). A variety of feld-
Petroleum furnace. A furnace for spar that is mixed with kaolin, and
burning petroleum, as under a steam used by the Chinese in the manu-
boiler. (Century) facture of porcelain. (Standard)
Petzite. Telluride of silver and gold,
Petroleum naphtha. A term which is
(Ag,Au)2Te. The gold content
loosely employed ;often denotes
it
ranges from 18.2 to 25.6 per cent
the first fraction (b. p., up to 150°
and the silver from 40.7 to 46.8 per
G.) obtained on distillation of crude
cent. (U. S. Geol. Surv.)
oil, but is also applied to any low-
boiling petroleum product, as Pewter. 1. An alloy of tin and lead.
Naphtha, Benzine, etc. Other metals are often added, or the
lead is replaced entirely with cop-
Petroleum ointment. A variety of pe- per, zinc, antimony, etc. (Ray-
trolatum. mond)
Petroleum pitch. See Pitch, 6.
2. A
marble-worker's polishing ma-
terial, made by calcining tin.
Petroleum spirit. A volatile liquid (Standard)
obtained by the distillation of pe- Pewterer's solder. Hard pale solder,
troleum (Webster). A term vari- or middling pale solder. (Stand-
ously used, but is sometimes ap- ard)
plied to a petroleum distillate of a
density of 0.71 to 0.74 and a boil- Pewter mill. A lapidary's wheel used
ing point of 90" to 140° 0. It is for stones of the hardness of ame-
used as a solvent. (Bacon) thyst, agate, etc. (Webster)
Petroleum still. A still for separating Peya de cobre (Mex.). Copper amal-
the hydrocarbon products from gam. (D wight)
crude petroleum. (Standard)
Pez (Sp.). 1. Pitch; tar; P. mineral,
Petroleum tailings. See Residuum, 1. asphalt. 2. Feces, more or less Iso-
lated lenses of coal. (Halse)
Petroliferous. Containing or yielding
petroleum. (Standard) Phacolite. A colorless variety of
chabazite in twins of lenticular
Petroline. Asolid substance, analo- shape. (Webster)
gous to paraffin, obtained in the dis-
tillntion of Rangoon petroleum. Phacollth. A lenticular mass of Ig-
Also, a term applied to a Scottish neous rock intruded between adja-
oil having a flash point of 126° F. cent strata in the apex of a fold.
(Bueon) (La Forge) Literally, ' lens-rock.*
504 GLOSSAKY OF MINING AND MINERAL INDUSTRY.

Phanerlte. Any phanerocrystalline The degree of variableness (number

igneous rock. (Webster) of degrees of freedom) of a system
is equal to the number of components
Phanerocrystalline. Having all crys- minus the number of phases, plus
tals large enough to be seen with
two. Thus, if the components be
the unaided eye; that is, megascopi-
salt and water, and the phases, salt,
cally crystalline (Iddings, Igneous
ice, saturated solution, and vapor, the
Rocks, p. 191). Opposed to crypto-
system is invariant ; that is, there is
crystalline.
only one set of conditions under
Phantom crystal. A crystal in which which these four phases can exist
an earlier stage of crystallization is in equilibrium. If only three phases
marked in some way. (A. F. be considered, the system is univari-
Rogers) ant that is, fixing one condition, as
;

Pharmacites. A word used by M. E. temperature determines the others.

Wadsworth to include all minerals
(Webster)
employed in medicine. (Power) Phassachate. A lead-colored agate.
Pharmacolite. A hydrous arsenate of (Standard)
calcium. Probably HCaAs04+2H20. Phitang (No. Himalaya). A quantity
(Dana) of gold-dust melted into a lump,
Pharmacosiderite. A hydrous arse- having a value of about 8 rupees
nate of iron, perhaps 6FeAs042Fe- (16s.), and used as currency.
(OH)«+12H20, commonly occurring (Lock)
in green or yellowish-green cubic
crystals. (Webster) Phenacite. A beryllium ortho-silicate,
Be:iSi04. Sometimes used as a gem.
Phase. 1. A
variety differing in some
(Dana)
minor respect from the dominant or
normal type; a facies: ordinarily Phengite. 1. A kind of transparent or
used in the detailed description of translucent stone, used by the an-
Igneous rock masses. (La Forge) cients for windows. It was prob-
2. In physical chemistry, a homo- ably selenite or crystallized gypsum.
geneous, physically distinct portion 2. A variety of muscovite. (Web-
of matter in a non-homogeneous sys- ster)
tem, as the three phases ice, water,—
and aqueous vapor. 3. In physics, Phenix-stone. An artificial stone in
the point or stage in the period to which furnace-slag is used in place
which the rotation, oscillation, or of sand. (Century)
variation has advanced, considered
in its relation to a standard posi- Phenocryst. A porphyritic crystal;
tion or assumed instant of starting. one of the relatively large and ordi-
This relation is commonly expressed narily conspicuous crystals of the
in angular measure. (Webster) earliest generation in a porphyritic
igneous rock. (La Forge) A name
Phase angle. The angle expressing suggested by J. P. Iddings, for por-
phase, or phase difference. (Web- phyritic crystals in rocks. It has
ster) proved an extremely convenient one,
Phase converter. A machine for con- although its etymology has been
criticized. It may be best to change
verting an alternating current into
an alternating current of a different to phanerocryst, just as in botany,
number of phases and the same fre- phenogam has yielded to phanero-
quency. (Webster) gam ; but one form or the other is a
necessity. (Kemp)
Phase displacement. A change of
phase whereby an alternating cur- Phenocrystalline. Same as phanero-
rent attains its maximum earlier or crystalline.
later. An
inductance would cause
a lag,a capacity would cause an Phenocrystic. Containing, character-
advance, in phase. (Webster) ized by, or pertaining to phenocrysts.
(Standard)
Phase meter. A device for measuring
the difference in phase of two alter- Phenol. A colorless or pinkish crystal-
nating currents or electromotive line substance, CcHsOH, produced by
forces. (Webster) the destructive distillation of many
Phase rule. A generalization with re- organic bodies, as wood, coal, etc.,
gard to two systems of chemical and obtained from the heavy oil
equilibrium, discovered by Prof. J. from coal tar. Commonly known as
W. Gibb»s. It muy be stated thus: carbolic acid. (Webster)
 GLOSSARY OF MINING AND MINERAL INDUSTRY. 505

Phlladelphite. A pearly, brownish-red, Phosgene. A heavy gas made by com-

micaceous vermiculite that occurs bining carbon monoxide and chlo-
In contorted and wrinkled plates. rine. COClz, used for bleaching
(^Standard) glass; also used in warfare.

Philippium. A supposed metallic ele- Phosgenite. A chlorocarbonate of

ment discovered in the mineral sa-
marskite. It proved to be a mixture
of yttrium and terbium. (Webster)
Phillipite. A compact, blue, hydrated
conper and iron sulphate, FeaCu-
(S04)4.12H20, produced by decompo-
sition of chalcopyrite. (Standard)
Philosopher's stone. An imaginary
stone, or solid substance or prepara-
tion, believed to have the power of
transmuting the baser metals into
gold or silver, and hence much
sought for by the alchemists (Web-
ster)
lead, PbaClsCOs, occurring in tetrag-
onal crystals of a white, yellow, or
grayish color and adamantine luster
(Webster). Called also Corneous
lead, Horn lead.
Phosphate of lime. See Apatite.
Phosphate rock. A sedimentary rock
containing calcium phosphate. The
form in which the phosphate oc-
curs is obscure (U. S. Geol. Surv.).
The three main classes which have
been exploited in the United States
are land rock, occurring in clayey,
gravelly, or compacted beds below
the surface of the earth river rock,
;

a darker variety obtained from river

Philosopher's wool. See Zinc oxide.
and stream beds, and the oolitio
Phlegraean fields. The country around phosphates of Tennessee. (Web-
Naples, so named by the Greeks, ster)
from the traces of igneous action Phosphates. Salts formed by combin-
everywhere visible. Also called ing phosphoric acid with an alkali.
Campi Phlegraei or the Burnt Sodium, potassium, ammonium and
fields. (Comstock) calcium phosphates are used in ferti-
Phlogiston. A flame; a blaze. The lizers. None of these are used to a
large extent except the calcium
hypothetical principle of fire or in-
flammability formerly regarded as a phosphate. See Phosphate rock.
material substance. (Webster) Phosphatic slag. Same as Basic slag.
(Standard)
Phlogiston theory. The theory that
every combustible substance is a Phosphine. A hydride of phosphorus,
compound of phlogiston and the PHs, analogous to ammonia. (Web-
phenomena of combustion are due to ster)
phlogiston leaving the other consti- Phosphor bronze. A kind of bronze of
tuent behind. It has been replaced great hardness, elasticity, and tough-
by a modern theory which assigns ness, whose superiority is due to the
to oxygen the leading r61e in chemi- introduction of a small amount of
cal changes. (Webster) phosphorus, usually as a compound
of copper (phosphor copper) or with
Phlogopite. A magnesium mica, near
biotit^ in composition, but containing
tin (phosphor tin). (Webster)
little iron. (Dana) Phosphor copper. An alloy made by
fusing granulated copper with bone
Pholerite.A clay-like mineral closely ash and charcoal; used in making
related to or identical with kaolin-
phosphor bronze. (Standard)
tte. (Century)
Phosphorescence. The continued emis-
Pholidolite. A grayish-yellow, hydrous sion of light by a substance (not in-
silicate of potassium, magnesium, candescent) produced especially af-
iron and aluminum minute crys-
in ter heating, exposure to light, or to
talline scales. (Webster) an electrical discharge. (Dana)
Phonolite. An aphanitic or aphano- Phosphoric acid. Any of three oxy-
phyric igneous rock consisting of acids of phosphorus known respec-
essential orthoclase or anorthoclase tively as ordinary or orthophospho-
and nephelite, and accessory amphi- ric acid, HjPO* pyrophosphoric acid,
;

bole, pyroxene, or mica. (La Forge) H4P2OT, and metaphosphoric acid,

Leucite may replace the nephelite HPOa. (Webster)
and yield leucite-phonolites. The Phosphorite. Massive calcic phosphate,
name is Klaproth's rendering into of the composition of apatite, but
Greek of the old name Clinkstone. usually lacking crystal form,
(Kemp) (Kemp)
 ;

506 GLOSSARY OF MINING AND MINERAL INDUSTRY,

Phosphorize. To combine or Impreg- Phthisis. A wasting or consumption

nate with phosphorus. (Century) of the tissue. Formerly applied to
many wasting diseases, but now
Phosphor tin. An alloy made by heat- usually restricted to pulmonary
ing phospliorus (6 parts) with tin- consumption (Web-
phthisis, or
sponge (94 parts) used in malting
;
ster). See Anthracosis.
phosphor bronze. (Standard)
Phosphorolite. Wadsworth's name for Phrygian stone. A light pumice-like
phosphatic rocks, guano-phosphorite, stone, anciently used in dyeing.
apatite, etc. (Kemp) (Standard)

Phosphorus. A nonmetallic element Phyllite. A foliated metamorphic rock

of the nitrogen group, usually ob- of sedimentary origin and argilla-
tained as a white or yellowish, ceous composition, intermediate be-
translucent, waxy substance with a tween slate and mica schist. It is
disagreeable smell and a faint glow more micaceous than slate and
in moist air. Symbol, P.; atomic more finely crystalline than mica
weight, 31.04; specific gravity, 1.83. schist and its fracture is interme-
(Webster) diate between the smooth even clew-
A disease of age of slate and the rather splintery
Phosphorus disease.
fissility of schist. (La Forge)
workers in phosphorous, marked es-
pecially by necrosis of the jaw bone Phyllite slate. 1. Clay slate (called
(Webster). Called also Phosphor- also muscovite phyllade), or, re-
necrosis. strictedly, clay slate rendered sub-
crystalline by minute superinduced
Phosphorus steel. Steel in which
phosphorus is the principal hard- scales of mica (called phyllite
alone). 2. Clay slate containing
ening element. Good steel may con-
lamellae of the mineral phyllite, and
tain 0.3 per cent phosphorus, but
related to ottrelite. (Standard)
the carbon must be very low. (Web-
ster) Ph3rre. A suflSx used in naming rocks
Photoceramics. The art or practice that are porphyritic, as vitrophyre,
orthophyre, granophyre, etc. (Kemp)
of photographing on china or pot-
tery. (Standard) Physalite. A coarse, nearly opaque
A trade name
for a shale- variety of topaz. Same as Pyrophy-
Photogene.
oil distillate, of specific gravity salite. (Dana)
from 0.72-0.81 and boiling point Physic. To treat (molten iron) with
from 145''-150' C. It is used as an oxidizing compound capable of
an illuminating oil. (Bacon) combining with the sulphur and
Photomicrograph. An enlarged or phosphorus. (Standard)
macroscopic photograph of a micro-
Physical mineralogy. That branch of
scopic object, taken by attaching a
camera to a microscope. (Webster) mineralogy which treats of the phys-
ical properties of minerals. (La
Photoxylon. Guncotton in which the Forge)
cellulose of wood pulp is used in-
Physics. 1. That branch of science
stead of cotton. (Standard)
which treats of the laws and prop-
Phreatic. Of or pertaining to a well erties of matter, and the forces
applied to underground waters acting upon it; especially that de-
reachable, or probably reachable, by parment of natural science which
drilling wells. (Webster) treats of the causes that modify the
general properties of bodies, e. g.,
Phreatic explosion. An explosion oc- gravitation, heat, light, magnetism,
curring in the roof of an igneous electricity, etc. (Power)
body, due to the expansion of vola- 2. Also, a treatise on natural phi-
tile matter, and not extruding in- losophy or physics. (Webster)
candescent matter. (Daly, p. 282)
Physiography. Physical geography; a
Phrygian marble. See Pavonazette.
description of the natural features
Phthanite. Hauy's name for siliceous of the surface of the earth. (Power)
schists. Its use has recently been
revived in America by G. F. Becker, Phytocollite. A black gelatinous hy-
drocarbon, related to dopplerite;
who applies it to certain silicified
shalea in California (Kemp). found below a peat bed at Scranton,
Cbert Pa. (Bacon)
 )

GLOSSARY OF MINIKG AND MINERAL INDUSTRY. 507

Piauzlte; Piauzit. An asphaltoid sub- Picket. An iron rod, pointed at one

stance, melting at 315° C. it has a ; end, and usually painted alternately
brownish or greenish-black color red and white at one foot intervals,
and a specific gravity of 1,220. used by surveyors as a line of sight
After fusing, it burns with an aro- (B. F. Tibby) See Range pole.
matic odor and leaves about 6 per Pick hammer. A hammer with a
cent of ash. It is soluble in potas- (Raymond)
point, used in cobbing.
sium hydroxide and in ether.
(Bacon) Picking. 1. (Scot.) The falling of
particles from a mine roof about to
Picacho (Mex.). Summit of a moun- collapse. (Barrowman)
tain peak. (Halse)
2. Picking the eyes out of a mine
Picador. 1. (Mex.). One who taps a is to extract over a prolonged period
furnace (Dwight). an undue proportion of the richest
2. In coal mining, an undercutter. ore, thus lowering the average grade
(Halse) of the remaining ore reserves.
(Skinner)
Picar. 1. (Mex.). To tap a furnace Rough sorting of ore. 4. A soft
3.
for slag or bullion. (Dwight)
3. P. un
or not fully burned brick. (Web-
2. To hew or undercut.
ster)
hilo (Colom.), to discover or strike
a lode ; P. un agua, to determine the Picking belt. A
traveling belt made
level of a ditch. (Halse) of sheet iron placed horizontally or
at an angle, used for conveying coal
Pick. 1. A heavy iron or steel tool,
or ore to a bin or wagon, while boys
pointed at one or both ends, and
pick out rock or other waste mate-
often curved, wielded by means of
rial (Power). Rubber-covered can-
a wooden handle inserted in an
vas belts are also used for the same
eye between the ends; used in vari- purpose.
ous forms by quarrymen, roadmak-
ers, miners, and stone dressers; a Picking chute. A chute along which
pickax. (Webster) boys are stationed to pick the slate
2. To dress the sides of a shaft or from the coal. (Chance)
other excavation. 3. To remove
shale, dirt, etc., from coal. (Gres- Picking rod. A li-inch steel rod about
ley) 20 feet long used to ram into the
4. To select good ore out of a heap. tap hole, while casting, to dislodge
(Davies) obstructions preventing a good run.
Pick-dressing. In stone cutting, a tool- (Willcox)
ing of the face of a stone with a Picking table. A flat, or slightly in-
sharp pick or hammer. (Standard) clined, platform on which the coal
Picker. 1. A small tool used to pull or ore is run to be picked free from
up the wick of a miner's lamp. 2. slate or gangue.
A person who picks the slate from Pickle. 1. In metal working, a bath
the coal in an anthracite breaker.
3. A mechanical arrangement for of dilute sulphuric or nitric acid,
etc., to remove burnt sand, scale,
removing slate from coal. (Steel)
rust, etc., from the surface of cast-
4. A hand chisel for dzhuing, held
ings, or other metallic articles.
in one hand and struck with a ham-
2. To treat with, or steep in, pickle.
mer. (Raymond) See also Dzhu.
5. (Eng.) A sharp-pointed cutting (Webster)
tool used as an accessory to a raizer. Pickling. Cleaning sheet-iron or wire
(Gresley) by immersion in acid. (Raymond)
6. A sharp-pointed steel rod used in
lifting wooden patterns from the Pick machine. A machine used to un-
sand after they have been rammed dermine or shear coal by heavy
therein. 7. A tool for piercing a blows of short steel points attached
mold; a piercer. 8. A miner's nee- to a piston driven forward and back
dle, used for picking out the tamp- by compressed air. Commonly called
ing of a charge that has failed to a Puncher. (Steel) Compare Chain-
explode. 9. In brickmaking a spike- breast machine.
toothed shaft for breaking up clay
to be fed to the hopper. ( Standard
Pickman (Scot). A man who digs
coal with a pick; a hewer; a miner.
Pickeringite. Magnesia alum, Mg- (Barrowman)
S04Al,(S04)i+22H20. In long fi-
brous masses; and in efflorescences. Pick tongs. Tongs for handling hot
(Standard) metal. (Webster)
 ; )

508 GLOSSARY OF MINING AND MINERAL INDUSTRY.

Pick-up (Mid.)- To reduce the stock Piece (Scot). Food taken by a work-
of coal. (Gresley) man to his work (Barrowman). A
lunch. See also Bait.
Pick-ups (Alaska). Nugget gold
picked up during mining operations Piece time (Scot.). Meal time. (Bar-
prior to sluicing. rowman)
Pickwork. Cutting coal witb a pick, Piece wage. A wage p^iid to the
as in driving headings. (Gresley) worker at so much per piece, or unit
Pico (Sp.). 1. A pickaxe. 2. A min-
of product. (Webster)
er's pick. 3. A miner's striking Piece work. Work done by the piece
hammer. 4. A small hammer used or job; work paid for at a raie
in ore sorting. 5. A peak of a moun- based on the amount done, rather
tain. (Halse) than on the time employed. (Web-
ster)
Picota (Sp.). The top or peak of a
mountain. (Halse) Piedmont. Lying or formed at the
base of mountains as a piedmont
Picotah. A kind of sweep used In In- ;

dia for raising water from well.

glacier. A piedmont alluvial plain
is formed at the foot of a mountain
See also Shadoof. (Webster)
range by the merging of several
Picotite. A variety of spinel contain- alluvial fans. ( Webster

ing chromium and iron. (Dana)

Picric acid. A
yellow crystalline com-
pound, CbHsNsOt, obtained vari-
ously, as by the action of nitric acid
on phenol. It is used in dyeing and
is an ingredient in certain explo-
sives. Called also Carbazotic acid,
Chrysolepic acid, Trinitrophenic acid
(Standard). Sterilized gauze treat-
ed with a weak solution of the acid
Is used generally around mines in
the first-aid treatment of burns,
scalds, etc.
A variety of peridotite com-
Plcrite.
posed essentially of olivine and
augite. (La Forge)
Piedmont glacier. A type of glacier
formed at the base of one or more
glaciers by the expansion of the ice
over a lateral valley or a broad
plain; an ice lake. Called also
Malaspina glacier. The Malaspina
Piedmont glacier in Alaska, the only
one fully described, has an area of
1.500 square miles. (Standard)
Piedmontite. A variety of epidote con-
taining manganese. (Dana)
Piedra (Sp.). A stone, rock, or min-
eral; P. arenosa, freestone; P. de
azufre, sulphur rock; P. berro
queha, granite; P. hruta (Mex. ),
country rock barren rock P. caliza^
; ;

Picrolite. A columnar or fibrous va- limestone, P. cdrnea (Mex,), chert,

riety of serpentine. (Standard) flint; P. de campana, phonolite; P.
de candela, flint stone; P. de mano
Picromerite. A hydrous sulphate of
( Mex. ) a hand specimen
, P. de ;
magnesium and potassium from the molino, a millstone P. de mollejon,
;
salt mines of Stassfurt. (Century)
sandstone; P. dura, any hard flint-
Picture. A screen to keep off falling like stone; P. imdn (Sp.), load-
water from men at work. (C. and stone; P. inga, pyrite; P. mdrmol^
M. M. P.) marble; P. mineral, ore; P. negra
(Venez.), greenish-gray felstone; P.
Picul (Malay). A commercial weight pez, pitcli stone P. podrida, rotten
;

varying in different countries and stone ;P. pomez, pumice stone P. ;

for different commodities. In China, preciosa, a gem or precious stone.

Japan, and Sumatra it is 133^ (Halse)
pounds. In the Philippines it is usu-
ally 140 pounds (Webster). Also
Piel. An iron wedge for piercing
stone. (Standard)
spelled Pickul.
Piercer. 1. A blasting needle. (Ure)
Pie (Sp.). 1. Foot or base of a moun-
2. In founding, a wire for venting
tain. de amigo, buttress or
2. P.
a mold (Standard). See Picker, 7.
strut P. de gallo, a diagonal brace
;

P. derecho, a vertical brace; a post. Piercing shot (Scot.). A shot in the

3. (Sp.) A foot; a measure of roof, or brushing, designed to
length, or 27.85 cm. or 11 inches. bring down an increasing thickness
4. (Peru) Exposing a new face so of stone. (Barrowman)
as to increase the effect of a blast.
It is done by firing the lower holes Pierelle (Fr.). A
clay-covered irregu-
first and the upper ones aft<?rwards. lar mass of stone, filling a ditch,
(Halse) (Standard)
 GLOSSARY OF MINING AND MINERAL INDUSTRY, 509

Pierre-Perdu (Pr.) Blocks of stone, it enters the sows or lateral run-

or concrete, heaped loosely in the ners, flowing from these again into
water to make a foundation, as for the pig beds, the separate parallel
a sea wall. (Webster) molds of which form the pigs. In
each bed the ingots lie against the
Pier stone (Scot.). A hard variety of
sow like suckling pigs, whence the
freestone. (Gresley)
two names. Mine pig is pig iron
Pietra (It.). Stone: used in phrases, made from ores only; cinder pig
as pietra dura. (Standard) from ores with admixture of some
Pietra dura (It.). Inlaid work of
forge or mill cinder. (Raymond)
hard stones set in marble. (Stand- Pig lead. Commercial lead in large
ard) oblong masses, or pigs. (Standard)
Pietra serena (It). A gray sandstone Pigment. Any coloring material. Spe-
quarried near Fiesole, Italy, and cifically, any dry earthy substance
used for building in Florence and that, mixed with a liquid vehicle
other Italian cities. (Standard) forms paint: of mineral origin, as
Piezocrystallization. In
petrography, ocher; vegetal, as dogwood; or ani-
crystallization under pressure mal, as cochineal. (Standard)
caused by orogenic forces. (Web- Pig metal. Metal in pigs, as iron from
ster) a smelting furnace. (Standard)
Electricity produced
Piezoelectricity.
Pig sticker. A man delegated to the
or developed by pressure, as in
quartz. (Standard)
duty of punching or knocking pig
iron out of chills or molds at a blast
Pig. 1. An oblong mass of metal that furnace pig-casting machine. (Will-
has been run, while molten, into a cox).
mold excavated in sand specifically,
iron from the blast furnace run into
;

Pigsty (Aust). A timber crib or

molds excavated in sand (Century). chock used in timbering wide seama
An ingot or cast bar of metal. or lodes. (Halse)
2. Any of the molds or channels in Pigsty timbering. Hollow pillars built
the pig bed. 3. Collectively, pig up of logs laid crosswise for support-
iron, pig lead, etc. (Webster) ing heavy weights. (C. and M. M.
4. A 301-pound mass of lead. ( Stand- P.)
ard)
Pigtailer (Joplin, Mo.). One em-
Pig back. To add pig iron to a molten ployed by the mining company to
charge too much decarburized in the assist trammers in long-distance
acid open-hearth process. (Web- haulage, where tramming is done by
ster) men. An assistant trammer.
Pig bed. The sand bed in which are
made the excavations into which
Pig tin. Tin cast, or for casting into
iron is run in casting pigs (Stand- pigs. (Webster)
ard). See also Pig. 2. Pike. 1. A pick or pickax. 2. The
horn or back of an anvil. 3. A
Pig boiling. Wet puddling. (Stand-
ard) peaked mountain or hill top, or a
mountain or hill with such a top;
Pigeonhole. 1. A room driven di- a peak. 4. A turnpike road. 5. A
rectly into the coal seam from the sharp-pointed staff. (Webster)
edge of a strip pit. 2. Any small
poorly equipped coal mine. (Steel) Pikeman (So. Staff.) One who uses a
pick or pickax, as a miner; a pick-
Pig foot. 1. An iron clamp shaped
man. (Webster)
like a pig's foot used to attach the
jack to the feed chain of a con- Pike pole. A pole 12 to 20 feet long
tinuous electric coal cutter. 2. A with a long spike in one end, used
pipe jack with a pig foot at one end. in directing floating logs (Webster).
(Steel) Also frequently used in raising struc-
tural timbers, as in raising the frame
Pig hole. A hole in a steel furnace,
of a building.
through which to put, in a crucible,
an extra charge of pig iron. ( Stand- Piking. See Cobbing, 1.
ard) Pila (Mex.). 1. A
stone basin used for
Pig iron. Crude cast-iron from the storing amalgam from the patio
blast furnace. When the furnace is process. P. apuradora, a tank to re-
tapped the molten iron riows down ceive the residues from the washing
A runner Aiolded In sand, from whicli troughs. 3. A
large evaporating pan
 ; ;

510 GLOSSARY OF MINING AND MINERAL. INDUSTRY.

used In salt works. 3. (Colom.) A Pileta (Mex.). 1. Sump of a mine.

pit or reservoir dug out or made by 2. Basin, pot, or crucible of a smelt-
damming a creek and used in gravel ing furnace. (Dwight)
washing. 4. P. de mineral, a pile of Piling. See Pile, 3 and 4.
ore. (Halse)
Pilador(Colom.). A wooden instru- Pillar, 1. A solid block of coal, etc.,
varying in area from a few square
ment moved by the stamps to indi- yards to several acres. (Gresley)
cate that ore is short in the battery 2. A piece of ground or mass of ore
a tell-tale. (Halse)
left to support the roof or hanging
Pilandite. A porphyritic phase of wall in a mine. (Hanks)
hatherlite. (Kemp) Pillar-and-breast. A
system of coal
Pilar (Hex.). A pillar of rock or ore. mining in which the working places
(D wight) are rectangular rooms usually five
or ten times as long as they are
Pilar el molino (Colom.). Said of
broad, opened on the upper side of
noise produced by stamps when ore
the gangway. The breasts usually
is short in the mortar box. (Halse)
from five to twelve yards wide,
Pilarite. An aluminous variety of vary with the character of the roof.
chrysocolla. (Standard) The rooms or breasts are separated
by pillars of solid coal (broken by
Pilch. 1. (Corn.) A portion of the
small cross headings driven for
lode let to miners to work on trib- ventilation) from five to ten or
ute. (Davies)
twelve yards wide. The pillar Is
2. A thick apron worn by peat dig-
really a solid wall of coal sepa-
gers. (Standard)
rating the working places. When
Pile. 1. The fagot or bundle of flat the object is to obtain all the coal
pieces of iron prepared to be heated that can be recovered as quickly
to welding-heat and then rolled. 2. as possible, the pillars are left thin
To make up into piles or fagots. 3. but where this plan is likely to in-
Long thick laths, etc., answeringin duce a crush or squeeze that may
shafts, in loose or "quick" ground, seriously injure the mine, larger
the same purpose as spills in levels, pillars are left and after the mine
piles being driven vertically. (Ray- has been worked out, the pillarg
mond) are 'robbed' by mining from them
4. A large stake or pointed timber until the roof comes down and pre^
driven in the earth, as to support vents further working. In th«
foundations of buildings in wet or steeply inclined seams of the an-
yielding ground or, where the ground thracite regions the pillar-and-
is soft, to support a building, pier, breast system is employed by work*
or other superstructure or to form ing the bed in 'lifts' (Chance),
a cofferdam; also an iron post or Also called Pillar-and-stall, Post-
pillar, or a cylinder of concrete, and-stall, Bord-and-pillar.
used in place of the pile. (Web- Pillar-and-room. See Room-and-Pillar.
ster)
5. A fortune. A miner who has Pillar-and-stall. A
system of working
coal and other minerals where the
made money has made his pile.
first stage of excavation is accom-
Pile cap. In hydraulic engineering, a plished with the roof sustained by
beam connecting the heads of piles. coal or ore (Gresley). See Pillar-
(Century) and-Breast Post-and-Stall.
;

Pile dam. A
dam made by driving Pillar-and-stope. See Square-set stop-
piles and filling the interstices with ing.
stones. The surfaces are usually
protected with planking. (Century) Pillar coal. Coal secured In pillar-rob-
bing.
Pile driver.A machine for driving Pillar-drive. A
wide irregular drift or
piles, usually a high frame with
entry, in firm dry ground, in which
appliances for raising to a height a
heavy mass of iron (the monkey), the roof is supported by pillars of
which falls on the pile. (Webster) the natural earth, or by artificial pil-
lars of stone, no timber being used.
Pile hoop. An iron band put around (Duryee)
the head of a timber pile to prevent Pillaring (Aust). The process of ex- '

splitting. (Century) tracting pillars (Power). Also

File shoe. An iron point fitted on a called Robbing pillars; PulUng pil-
pila (Century) lar&
 ;

GLOSSARY OF MINING AND MINERAL INDUSTRY. 511

Pillaring back (No. Staff.). Robbing Pilquen (Peru). The tribute system.
pillars. See Drifting back. (Gres- (Halse)
ley)
Pilz furnace. A circular or octagonal
Pillarman. A man who builds stone shaft furnace, maintaining or in-
packs in mine workings. (Gresley) creasing its diameter toward the
top, and having several tuyeres;
Pillar roads. Working roads or in-
used in smelting lead ores. (Ray-
clines in pillars having a range of
on
mond)
longwall faces either side.
(Gresley) Pimelite. A
massive or earthy apple-
green, hydrous silicate, containing
Pillar-robbing. 1. The systematic re-
moval of the coal pillars between magnesium, nickel, aluminum, and
iron named from its unctious qual-
;
rooms or chambers so as to regulate
ity. (Standard)
the subsidence of the roof. Also
called pillar drawing. 2. The re- Pimple metal. A furnace product con-
moval of ore pillars in sublevel stop- taining about 78 per cent of copper,
ing, or slicing. formed in the smelting of copper
Pillar-robbing and hand-filling.
ores. (Standard)
See
Sublevel stoping. Pimple - stone. Pebblestone. (Web-
ster)
Pillar-working. Working coal in much
the same manner as with the Pillar- Pimpley (Shrop.). Bind containing
and-Stall system. (Gresley) ironstone nodules. (Gresley)

Pillion (Corn.). Tin that remains in
the slag after the first melting
(Webster). It is recovered by re-
peated stamping, screening and
washing.
Pilolite. A name
given to certain min-
erals previously called Mountain
cork and Mountain leather. (Ches-
ter)
Pil6n (Sp.). 1. A stone trough. 2. A
stamp or stamper. 3. Pestle of a
mortar. 4. A large wooden mortar
for grinding maize. (Halse)
Piloncillos (Mex.). A collection
cone-shaped rocks. (Lucas)
Pilotaxitic. Having holocrystalline
structure in which the groundmass
consists essentially of microliths of
feldspar; said of certain rocks, as
the porphyrites. (Standard)
Pilot bnmer. A small burner kept
lighted to rekindle the principal
burner when desired, as in a flash
boiler (Webster). The light so
maintained is called a Pilot-light or
Pilot-flame.
Pilot melihod. The method of excavat-
ing a tunnel by driving a small tun-
nel ahead, and then enlarging its
dimensions. (Webster)
Pilot tunneL A small tunnel driven
ahead of a main tunnel to de-
termine its grade and direction.
(Standard)
Pilot valve. A small hand-operatea
valve to admit li<|iiid to opernto a
valve difficult to turn by hand.
(Webster)
Pin. 1. (Scot.) A tally for counting
tubs or cars of ore or coal. Pina
were formerly made by the miners,
each miner's pins having a distin-
guishing device, initial, or number.
( Barrowman ) . See Wedge rock.
2. (Eng.). A thin bed of ironstone
in the coal measures. (Gresley)
Piiia (Mex.). 1. Silver amalgam
pressed in the form of a cone to be
retorted under a capellina. See
Pella. 2. The spongy or porous cone
of silver left after evaporation of
the mercury in the patio process
of amalgamation. (Standard)
of 3. Cone for sample grinder.
(D wight)
4. (Chile) Bullion. (Halse)
In all systems of crystal-
Pinacoid.
lography, but the isometric, an open
form of two parallel faces parallel
to two of the axes. (La Forge) If
the planes are parallel to both lat-
eral axes, it is called a basal pina-
coid; if to the longer lateral and
the vertical axis, a macropinacoid
if to the shorter lateral and vertical
axes, a hracliy pinacoid ; if to the
inclined axes and the vertical axis,
a clinopinacoid ; if to the ortho axis
and the vertical axis, an orthopina-
coid. (Webster)
Pinch. 1. A compression of the walls
of a vein, or the roof and floor of
a coal bed, which more or less com-
pletely displaces the ore or coal.
Called also Pinch-out (Standard).
The narrowing of a vein or de-
posit. A thin place in a mineral
zone or where the zone itself almost
or quite disappears and in other
places widens out into extensive
512 GLOSSARY OF MINING AND MINERAL INDUSTRY.

bodies of ore. (Meydenbauer v. Ste- Finite. A general term used to In-

vens. 78 Fed. Kept, p. 791)
2. A kind of crowbar for breaking
down coal. (Gresley)
3. A kind of crowbar with a short
projection and a heel or fulcrum at
the end used to pry forward heavy
;
clude a large number of alteration
products of iolite, spodumene, nephe-
lite, scapolite, feldspar, and other
minerals. A hydrous silicate of alu-
minum and potassium. (Dana)

objects; a pinch. (Standard)

Pink ash (Penn,). An anthracite
which, when burned, leaves a pink
4. To move (heavy machinery, etc.)
ash.
short distances at a time by means
of short holds with a crowbar or Pinning. 1. (No. Staff.) Bratticing
pinch bar. in headings. (Gresley)
2. Small stones for filling in ma-
Pinch bar. See Pinch. 3.
sonry interstices. (Webster)
Pinchbeck metal. An alloy of copper,
Pino (Sp.). Pine. (Halse)
80, and zinc, 20 per cent. (Ure)
Pinta (Mex.). 1. Indication (by color,
Pinchcock. A clamp on a flexible tube
weight, or structure, etc. ) of the me-
to regulate the flow of a fluid
tallic value of an ore P. de metal,
;
through the tube. (Webster)
indications of ore, spots of ore.
Pinched. Where a vein narrows, as if (Dwight)
the walls had been squeezed in. 2. P. azul, at Pachuca, Hex,, the
When the walls meet, the vein is lower zone of the silver veins in
said to be pinched out (Roy. Com.). which the matrix is either a gray or
See Pinching out; also Pinch, 1. bluish color, due to the presence of
silver sulphides. 3. (Venez.) A pay
Pincher. In glass-making, a nipping
tool for shaping at one operation the
streak in gold placers. 4. A color
in a batea. (Halse)
outside and inside of the neck of a
bottle. (Standard) Pintar (Sp.). To exhibit indications
of ore. (Halse)
Pinching out. See Pinch, 1.

Pinching tongs. In glass-making, a

Pinzas (Sp.) A tool for extracting
small objects that have fallen down
pair of tongs upon the extremities
a bore hole. Pincers. (Halse)
of w^hose jaws are two dies that,
when closed, form a mold for orna- Piojo (Sp. Am.). The last washing
mental pendants, which are thus trough. (Lucas)
made from molten glass. The eye
in the end of a pendant is made by Pioneer (Corn.). An able pickman ; a
a pin between the jaws of the tongs. tin miner. (Pryce)
(Standard) Pioneer bench. The
first bench in a

Pinch-out. See Pinch, 1. quarry which blasted out.

is It is
usually at the top of the rock to be
Pin cracks (Leic). Small fissures in quarried. (Bowles)
coal seams filled with water and gas.
(Gresley) Pipage. 1. The carriage of oil, gas,
water, through pipes.
etc., 2. The
Plnder concentrator. A revolving table charge for such carriage. (Stand-
on which are tapering spiral copper ard)
cleats on a linoleum cover. The
tailings are washed over the riffles Pipe. 1. An elongated body of min-
and off the edge while the concen- eral. A narrow portion of rich ore
trates are delivered at the end of extending down the lode. 2. Also
the riffles. (Liddell) the name given to the fossil trunks
of trees found in coal beds. (Ihl-
Plndy (Corn.). A carbonaceous shale. seng)
(Power)
3. One of the vertical cylindrical
Pinguite. A
soft oil-green variety of masses of volcanic agglomerate in
the hydrous silicate chloropal. (Cen- which diamonds occur in South Af-
tury) rica. 4. A tubular cavity, from a
few inches to many feet in depth,
Pln-ln. To fill the interstices of ma- occurring in calcareous rocks and
sonry with small pieces of stone.
often filled with gravel, sand, etc.
(Standard) 5. The eruptive channel opening
Pinion. Acog wheel with a small into the crater of a volcano. 6. A
number of teeth designed to gear tube for conveying water, oil, air,
with a larger wheel or rack. (Web- gas, etc. 7. A cavity in a casting,
ster) especially in an ingot of steel, due

GLOSSARY OF MINING AND MINERAL INDUSTRY.
to unequal contraction on solidify-
ing. 8. To throw water upon from
a hydraulic pipe. (Webster)
Pipeclay. 1. Masses of fine clay,
generally of lenticular form, found
embedded in the hydraulic gravel
banks. (Hanks)
2. A highly plastic and fairly pure
clay of a grayish-white color, used
In making pipes, in calico printing,
and for cleaning soldiers' accoutre-
ments,
etc. (Webster)
Piped air (Eng.). Ventilation carried
into the working places in pipes.
(Gresley)
Pipe dog. A hand tool that is used to
rotate a pipe whose end is accessible,
consisting of a small short steel bar
whose end is bent at right angles
to the handle, and then quickly re-
turned, leaving only enough space
between the jaws to slip over the
wall of pipe. (Nat. Tube Co.)
Pipe grab. A clutch for catching and
raising a well pipe. (Standard)
Pipe grip. In steam and pipe fitting
an implement consisting of an iron
bar with a curved end and pro-
vided with a chain of square links to
hook on to the jaws of the curved
end. See Chain tongs. (Nat. Tube
Co.)
Pipe jack. An iron pipe with a clamp
or pig foot upon one end and a
curved point upon the other. It
is wedged between the floor and roof
of a mine room to hold the feed
chain of a continuous electric coal-
mining machine. (Steel)
Pipe line. A line or conduit of pipe,
sometimes many hundred miles long,
through which petroleum is con-
veyed from an oil region to a mar-
ket or to reservoirs for refining
(Standard). A line of pipe with
pumping machinery and apparatus
for conveying a liquid, or gas. (U.
S. Min. Stat., pp. 1068-1073)
Plpeman. 1, A laborer or workman
engaged In laying or repairing pipe.
2. A workman in charge of a pipe,
especially in hydraulic mining.
(Webster)
Pipe metal. An alloy of tin and lead,
sometimes with zinc, for making
organ pipes. (Webster)
Pipe opal. 1. (White Cliffs, N. S. W.)
Opalized belemnites. 2. (Queens-
land) Long narrow cavities filled
with opal. (Power)
76242*
)
5id
Pipe ore. Iron ore (limonite) in ver-
tical sometimes of conical,
pillars,
sometimes of hour-glass, form, im-
bedded in clay. Probably formed by
the union of stalacites and stalag-
mites in caverns. (Raymond)
Pipe oven. A hot-blast oven in which
the air passes through pipes exposed
to the heat of burning gas in brick
conduits. ( Century
Pipe press. The name commonly
ap-
plied to the machine used for mold-
ing sewer pipe. (Ries)
Pipe-prover. An apparatus for test-
ing the tightness of a pipe line or
system, usually by hydraulic pres-
sure. (Standard)
Piper (Lane). A feeder of gas In a
coal mine. (Gresley)
Pipe sampler. A device for sampling a
pile of ore, consisting simply of a
small iron pipe which is driven into
the pile and which, when with-
drawn, brings a core of ore with it.
(Richards, p. 845)
Pipestone. A kind of argillaceous
stone, carved by the Indians into
tobacco pipes (Webster). Bee Cat-
Unite.
Pipe tongs. A hand tool for gripping
or rotating pipe. (Nat Tube Co.)
Pipette. 1. A small piece of apparatus
for transferring fluids as In chemical
operations. 2. To convey or draw
off with a pipette. (Webster)
3. In ceramics, a funnel-like can to
hold slip, and to permit it to escape
in a fine stream, as in slip-decora-
tion. (Standard)
Pipe vein (Derb.). An ore body of
elongated form (Raymond). Bee
Pipe, 1.
Pipe wrench. A wrench whose jaws
are usually serrated and arranged to
grip with increasing pressure as the
handle is pulled. There are many
forms such as Alligator, Stillson,
Trimo, etc. (Nat Tube Co.)
Piping (Cal.). 1. In hydraulic mining,
discharging water from the nozzles
on the auriferous gravel. (Hanks)
2. The tubular depression caused by
contraction during cooling, on the
top of iron or steel ingots (Ray-
mond). See also Pipe, 7.
Pipes (Sp.). Temporary blindness
due to bad ventilation of sulphur
mines. (Halse)
Pique (Sp. Am.). A prospecting shaft;
a winze. (Lucas)
 )

514 GLOSSARY OF MINING AND MINEKAL. INDUSTRY.

Piqueador (Sp.). The man who strikes Pistazite. A synonym for Epldote,
the drill. (Halse) mo»e current in Europe than Amer-
ica, and used in rock names for epl-
Piquera ( Sp. ) . The tap hole of a blast
dote. (Kemp)
furnace. See also Piqueta. (Halse)
Pistola (Mex.). Small drill hole.
Piqueta (Mex.). Tap hole; P. do (Dwight)
grasa, a slag tap P. de plorno, a lead
;

tap (Dwight). See also Piquera. Pistol pipe. In metal working, the
Piquete (Mex.). Surveyor's stake on tuydre of a hot-blast furnace. (Cen-
the surface; small prospect work of tury)
any kind. (Dwight) Pit. 1. (Eng.) A colliery; a mine
Piquetero (Sp.). A boy who carries shaft; a shallow hole. (Gresley)
picks to workmen in mines. (Halse) 2. The underground portion of a col-
liery, including all workings. Used
Piracy. The diversion of the upper in many combinations, as pit car,
part of a stream by the headward pit clothes, etc. (Steel)
growth of another stream: also 3. In hydraulic mining, the excava-
called Beheading, Stream capture,
tion in which piping is carried on.
and Stream robbery. (La Forge) (Hanks)
Pirargirita (Sp.). Pyrargyrite. 4. A stack of wood, prepared for the
(Dwight) manufacture of charcoal, (Ray-
mond)
Pirita (Sp.). Pyrite. See Bronce.
(Dwight)
5. A large hole from which some
mineral deposit is dug or quarried,
Pirn (Scot). A flat-rope winding or the mine itself, as a gravel pit,
drum. (Gresley) stone pit. 6. A hole in the ground
in which to bum something, as a
Pirolusita (Sp.). Pyrolusite. (Dwight)
lime pit, charcoal pit. (Webster)
Pirdmetro (Sp.). Pyrometer. (Dwight) 7. An excavation in the earthen
floor of a foundry to receive molten
Pirquin (Chile). Tribute. (Lucas) metal. Standard
(

Pirquinero (Chile). A tributor.

(Lucas) Pit bank. 1. The surface of
(Scot.)
mouth of a pit, or
the ground at the
Pisanite. An iron sulphate in which shaft. (Barrowman)
part of the iron replaced by cop- is 2. (Eng.) The raised ground or
per, (FeCu)SO«4-7HaO. (U. S. platforms upon which the coal Is
Geol. Surv.) sorted and screened at surface.
(Gresley)
Pisar (Sp.) 1. To dip. 2. To beat
down stones or earth with a mallet. Pit barring (Scot). Timbers support-
3. (Colom.) P. el molino, said of ing the sides of a shaft (Gresley)
stamps when they pulverize ore in
the battery. (Halse) Pit boss. One who has charge of the
surface work at the mine as well as
Piso (Sp.). 1. A floor or level. that in the mine. A mine foreman.
2. The bottom working of a mine. (Steel)
3. The footwall of a vein or deposit. Pit bottom. 1. (Scot) The bottom
(Halse)
or lowest landing in a shaft (Bar-
Pisolite. A limestone composed of rowman)
globular concretions, about the size 2. (Eng.) The entrance to a mine
of a pea. (Webster) and the underground roads, in the
Pisolitic. Consisting of rounded grains immediate vicinity, whether at the
like peas or beans. (George) bottom of the shaft or at any point
in it beneath the surface at which
Pis6n. 1. (Sp.) A rammer for driv- the cages are loaded. Also Pit eye.
ing earth, stone, or piles. 2. (Century)
(Colom.) A stamp. 3. (Chile) A Pit-bottom stoop (Scot). A large
wet-crushing mill. (Halse) solid block or pillar left around and
A soft to support the mine shaft (Gres-
Pissasphaltj Pissasphaltum.
ley)
bitumen of the consistency of tar,
black, and possessing a strong smell Pit-brow (Lane.). The pit bank
(MitzaMs). See also Maltha. (Gresley). At or near the top of
a shaft.
Pisselaeum. A variety of bitumen.
iMitzakJUi) . Pit-car oil. See Summer black oU.
 )

GLOSSARY 01" MINING AND MINERAL INDUSTRY. 515

Pitch. 1. The ground assigned to Pitching chisel. In stone cutting, a

tributers. 2. The dip or inclination steel chiselhaving the cutting face
of a vein or bed; more precisely, in rectangular in outline. (Webster)
modern usage, the inclination of an Pitching-stable. ACornish paving
ore body In the direction of its
granite. ( Standard
strike. (Webster)
8. See Pitch of fold. Pitch line. The line on which the
4. In dredging, the distance between pitch of teeth is measured an ideal ;

the center of any pin and that of
the pin in the next adjacent bucket.
(Weatherbe, p. 66) 5. One of the
residues formed in the distillation of
wood or coal tar. It is also obtained
from petroleum. The term 'pitch' is
sometimes employed indisciminately
to mean bitumen or asphalt. (Mit-
zakis)
6. The amount of advance of a
screw thread in a single turn, ex-
pressed in lineal distance along or
parallel to the axis, or In turns per
unit of length 7. The distance be-
tween tooth centers, measured on
the pitch line, or the number of
teeth per unit of diameter, as in a
gear-wheel. (Standard)
line, in a toothed gear or lack, bear-
ing such a relation to a correspond-
ing line In another gear with which
the former works, that the two lines
will have a common velocity as la
rolling contact. (Webster)
Pitch of fold. The angle between
the horizontal and an axial line
passing through all the highest or
lowest points of a given stratum of
a syncline or anticline. (Lindgren,
p. 112)
Pitch off. A quarryman's term for
trimming an edge of a block of stone
with a hammer and sett (Bowles).
See also Pitch-faced.

Pitch-bag (Corn.). A bag covered Pitch ore. See Pitchy copper ore.
with pitch, in which powder is in- Also a synonym for Pitchblende.
closed for charging damp holes. (Chester)
(Raymond)
Pitch mineral. Bitumen; asphalt
Pitchblende. See Uraninite. (Standard)
Pitch coal. 1. A brittle lustrous bi- Pitch opal. An Inferior quality of
tuminous coal or lignite. (Webster) common opal. (Standard)
2. A kind of jet. (Standard)
Pitch peat. A variety of peat resem-
Pitcher. 1. (No. of Eng.) A loader bling asphalt (Standard)
in the pit, and one who takes up
and relays the rails at the working Pitchstone. A variety of volcanic glass
faces. (Gresley) similar to obsidian but having a
2. One who picks over dumps for (La Forge)
more resinous luster.
pieces of ore. (Webster) It was formerly specially used for
Pitcher brasses (Shrop.). Indurated Pre-Tertiary glasses, t. e., the
schistose clay. (Gresley) glasses of quartz-porphyries and por-
phyries, but time distinctions are
Pitcher molding. In ceramics, a obsolete. Pitchstones have a marked
method of molding by pouring thin resinous luster as the name implies.
slip into a mold, which is then (Kemp)
emptied, leaving part of the mixture
adhering. As It dries more is Pitchy copper ore. An early name
poured, to adhere and dry until the (Pecherz) for a dark-colored oxide
required thickness is obtained. of copper which looks like pitch.
(Standard) (Chester)
Pitch-faced. In stone cutting, quarry-
faced, but having the arris defined
Pitchy iron ore. An old synonym for
Pitticite. (Chester)
by a line beyond which the rock is
cut away so as to give nearly true Pitchwork. In mining, work done on
edges. (Webster) condition that the miner shall re-
Pitching. 1. The act of facing a bank ceive a certain proportion of the out-
with stone; also, the stone facing. put (Standard). See Pitch, 1.
2. Rough paving of a street to a
grade with coarse stone, or cobbles; Pitch-workings. Mine workings in
a pavement so made. (Webster) steeply Inclined seams.

Pitching bar.A kind of pick used by Pit coal. Coal obtained by mining,
miners in beginning a drill hole. as distinguished from charcoal
(Webster) (Power)
516 GLOSSARY OP MINING AND MINERAL INDUSTRI.

Pit committee (Ark.). A committee sists essentially of two Pitot tubes,

of mine workers elected by the local one pointed upstream and one down-
union to confer with the pit boss or stream. (Webster)
superintendent in case of disputes Pitot's gauge. See pitot's tube.
between them and any miner.
(Steel) Pitot's tube. A
tube bent at right an-
gles, which inserted in a flowing
Pit crater. A
volcanic crater at the
stream receives the force of the cur-
bottom of a pit. (Standard) rent and measures its velocity by
Pit eye (Eng.). The bottom of the the rise of water in the vertical
shaft of a coal mine ; also the junc- branch. (Standard)
tion of a shaft and a leveL (Ray-
mond)
Pit prop. A piece of timber used as
a temporary support for the mine
Pit-eye pillar. A
barrier of coal left roof. (C. and M. M. P.)
around a shaft to protect it from
caving. (Raymond) Pitpumps (Scot). Pumps used in a
mine shaft. (Barrowman)
Pit frame. 1. The framework carry-
ing the pit-pulley (Raymonr*). See Pit rails (Eng.). Iron or steel rails
also Head frame. upon which trams or tubs run in a
2. The framework in a coal-mine mine. (Gresley)
shaft (Standard)
Pit room. The extent of the opening
Pit gate (York.). Any place in the im- in a mine; pit space. (Steel)
mediate vicinity of a colliery at
which miners hold meetings of their Pit rope (Eng.). Winding rope;
own in reference to wages, etc. a hoisting rope.
(Gresley) Pits (So. Wales). Long open-air fires
Pit guide. An iron column that guides for converting coal into coke for
the cage in a mine shaft. (Stand- blast-furnace purposes. (Gresley)
ard)
Pit shaft (Eng.). Same as Shaft
Pith (Eng.). The soft part of the
lode. (Hunt) Pitter (Eng.). A horse or pony suit-
able for underground work. (Gres-
Pit head (Scot). The landing at the
ley)
top of a shaft (Barrowman)
Pitticite. Hydrous sulpharsenate of
Pit head-frame (Scot). See Head
iron, found in yellowish, reddish,
frame; Pit frame, 1.
and brownish reniform masses
Pit-head man (Scot). The man in (Chester). Also spelled Pittizite.
charge of the unloading of the cages
and weighing of the mineral at a Pitting. 1. The
act of digging or sink-
pit head. (Barrowman) ing a as for sampling alluvial
pit,
deposits. 2. Corrosion of metal by
Pit heap (Eng.). See Heapstead. which small cavities are produced.
3. (Scot.). Mining on the outcrop
Pit hill (Eng.). See Pit bank, 2. by means of shallow pits.
Pit kiln. 1. A kiln sunk in the Pit tip (Eng.).A bank or heap upon
ground, as on a hillside. 2. An which mine waste is tipped or
oven in which coke is made. ( Stand- dumped. (Gresley)
ard)
Pit top. 1. (Eng.) The mouth of a
Pit lamp; Pit light. An open lamp
mine shaft. Gresley)
worn on a miner's cap as distin-
2. (Aust) The structure about the
guished from a safety lamp. (Steel)
mouth of a shaft. (Power)
Pitman. 1. (Corn.) A man employed Pittsburgh flux. A condensed or
to examine the lifts of pumps and
blown from Ohio petroleum; it
oil
the drainage. 2. (Newc.) A work- contains 97.6 per cent of bitumen
ing miner. (Raymond) soluble in carbon disulphide, 66.1
Pit mouth (Scot). The opening of a per cent of bitumen soluble in 88*
shaft at the surface of the ground. B6. naphtha, 55.5 per cent of pure
(Barrowman) bitumen as saturated hydrocarbons,
3.7 per cent of paraflin scale, 4.75
Pitometer. In hydraulics, an instru- per cent of sulphur, and 13.7 per
ment for autographically recording cent of ash-free residual coke. (Ba-
variations of flowing water. It con- con)
 )

GtOSSAR-X OF MINING ANd MINEEAI. INDUSTRY. 517

Wt water (Aust.). The moisture cludes valuable deposits not fixed

contained in freshly mined coal, in the rock. (United States v. Iron
which is lost by exposure to ordi- Silver Mining Co., 128 United States,
nary atmospheric conditions. p. 679.) (U. S. Min. Stat, p. SOT-
(Power) SIT.) See Claim; also Lode claim.
Pit wood (Eng.). The timber used Placer deposit. A mass of gravel, sand,
for propping the roof. (Gresley) or similar material resulting from
the crumbling and erosion of solid
Pltwork (Corn.). The pumps and
rocks and containing particles or
other apparatus of the engine shaft.
nuggets of gold, platinum, tin, or
(Raymond) See also Pit top. other valuable minerals, that have
Pit Wright (Scot.). An engineer who been derived from rock.s or veins.
attends to pit pumps, etc. (Barrow- (U. S. Geol. Surv., Bull. 613, p. 184)
man) Placer mining. That form of mining
Pivotal fault. See Fault. in which the surficial detritus is
washed for gold or other valuable
Pivote (Mex.). The chimney of a
minerals. When water under pres-
small copper-smelting furnace.
sure is employed to break down the
(Halse)
gravel, the term hydraulic mining
Pizarra (Sp.). Slate; P. arcillosa, a Is generally employed. There are
clay state; P. carhonifera, coal, deposits of detrital material contain-
slate or shale. (Halse) ing gold which lie too deep to be
profitably extracted by surface milk-
Pizarral (Sp.). Slate quarry. (Lu-
ing, and which must be worked by
cas)
drifting beneath the overlying bar-
Pizarreiia (Sp.). Slaty structure. ren material. To the operations
(I) wight) necessary to extract such auriferous
material the term drift mining is
Placas (Mex.). Jaw plates for a applied. (U. S. Geol. Surv., Bull.
crusher; P. de coWe, amalgamated 259 p. 32). See also Dredge, 1.
copper plate; P. de unidn, fish
plate. (Halse) Placing work (Eng.). The distribu-
tion of work among trammers
Place. 1. See In place Also In
; situ. 2.
(Bainb ridge)
The part of a mine in which a miner
works by contract is known as his Plagihedral. In crystallography, hav-
" " working " ing an oblique spiral arrangement of
place
•*
or place
(Steel). A point at which the cut- faces. (Webster)
ting of coal, is being carried on.
3. (Eng.) A kind of cabin in which Plagioclase. The triclinic feldspars
tools are kept in the mine, and in
are called collectively plagioclase.
which a deputy eats his lunch. The principal triclinic feldspars are
(Gresley) albite, anorthite, labradorite, and
oligoclase. As constituents of rocks
Placer (Sp.). A place where gold is they occur generally in small crys-
obtained by washing; an alluvial or talline grains, and without a micro-
glacial deposit, as of sand or gravel, scopic examination it is difficult to
containing particles of gold or other distinguish them in this form from
valuable mineral. In the United one another (Roy. Com.). con- A
States mining law, mineral deposits, venient designation for the feldspars
not veins in place, are treated as consisting chiefly of silicates of so-
placers, so far as locating, holding, dium, calcium, and aluminum as op-
and patenting are concerned. Vari- posed to those consisting chiefly of
ous minerals besides metallic ores potassium and aluminum silicates.
have been held to fall under this The name has reference to the
provision, but not coal, oil, or salt oblique character of the cleavage of
(Webster) these feldspars as compared \vith
orthoclase, the common potassium
Placer claim. A mining claim located
upon gravel or ground whose min- feldspar. ( Ransome
eral contents are extracted by the Plagioclastic. Having the cleavage of
use of water, by sluicing, hydraul- plagioclase ; breaking obliquely.
icking, etc. (Duryee). The unit (Standard)
claim is 1,320 feet square and co,\i-
tains 10 acres. See Placer. Plagionite. A sulphide of lead and
Ground with delined boundaries antimony, of a blackish lead-gray
which contains mineral in the earth, color and metallic luster. (Web-
sand* or gravel; ground that in- ster)
 ) )

51S GLOSSARY OF MINING AND MINERAL INDUSTRY.

Plain. An
extent of level, or nearly Planear (Mex.). To extract gold from
level, land; a region not noticeably fissures, cracks, etc., in soft uneven
diversified with mountains, hills, or bedrock. (Halse)
valleys. (Century)
Plane course, or on plane (Scot). In
Plain shale (Scot). Oil shale not the direction facing the joint planes.
foliated. ( Barrowman (Barrowman)
Plan. 1. The system on which a col- Plane of symmetry. A plane to which
liery is worked, as Longwall, Pillar- a crystal is symmetrical that is, for
;

and-breast, etc. 2. A map or plan each face or angle of the crystal

showing outside improvements and there is a similar face or angle in
underground workings. (0. and such position on the opposite side of
M. M. P.) the plane that the line joining the
two faces or angles is perpendicular
Plan (Sp,). 1. The lowest working in
to the plane. (La Forge)
a mine. 2. P. del tiro, the sump of
a shaft. 3. An inclined plane. 4. A Plane surveying. Surveying in which
survey plan. 5. (Colom.) An arti- the curvature of the earth is disre-
ficial surface, slightly inclined, con- garded, as in ordinary field and to-
structed on bedrock or sand for the pographic surveying. (Webster)
deposition of alluvium. 6. (Colom.) Plane table. 1. A simple surveying in-
A die or shoe of a stamp. 7. Tr aba- strument by means of which one can
jar de plan, to sink vertically or on
plot the lines of a survey directly
an incline (Halse). See also Piano. from the observations. It consists
Planation. 1. The widening of valleys of a drawing board on a tripod, with
through lateral corrasion by streams a ruler, the ruler being pointed at
after they reach grade and begin to the object observed. (Webster)
swing, and the concurrent formation 2. An inclined ore-dressing table.
of flood plains. Also, by the exten- (Standard)
sion of the above processes, the re-
duction of divides and the merging
Planetesimal. One of numerous small
solid planetary bodies which, ac-
of valley plains to form a pene-
cording to the planetesimal hypothe-
plain; peneplanation. 2. The grad-
sis, had individual orbits about the
ing of an area or district by any sun and of which the planets were
erosive process, either subaerial or
formed by aggregation. (La Forge)
marine. (La Forge)
Planetesimal hypothesis. The hypothe-
Planch. A slab of fire brick in an sis that the earth, and the other
enameling-furnace, to support the planets, were formed by the colli-
work while baking. (Standard) sion and coalescence of planetesi-
Plancha (Mex.). 1. Pig, ingot, bar, mals and have never been wholly
plate, thick sheet, or mass of any molten. (La Forge)
metal. 2. Bucking board. 3. Mud- Planilla (Mex.). 1. Inclined floor
sill. 4. Steel sheet. 5. Turnplate.
upon which tailings are washed. 2.
6. Amalgamating charge
plate. 7. A Stationary huddle. 3. Sorting table.
of roasted ore weighing about 70 4. Wooden skimmer for molten
pounds. (D wight) metal. (Dwight)
Planchera (Mex.). Ingot mold of 5. Packing or goaf. (Halse)
sand, earth, or iron. (Dwight) Planillero (Mex.). A workman
on the
Plancheta (Sp.). A plane table used planilla, always paid according to
in surveying. (Halse) amount of concentrates produced.
(Dwight)
Planchuelas (Mex.). Fishplates.
(Dwight) Planimeter. An instrument for meas-
uring the area of any plane figure
Plane. 1. Usually applied to self-act-
by passing a tracer around the
ing inclines, but any slope or incline bounding plane. (Webster)
on which coal is raised or lowered
may be called a plane. (Chance) Planish. To
condense, smooth, and
2. A flat or level surface. (Web- toughen, as metal, by hammer blows.
ster) (Standard)
3. (Scot) A working room driven Planisher. A
device by which to flat-
at right angles to or facing the ten thin sections cut for microscopic
joint planes. (Barrowman) examination. ( Standard
4. In brickmaking, a trowel-like tool
for striking off clay that projects Plank (So. Wales). Strata drained
tboTe the mold. (Standard) of gas. (Gresley)
 )

GLOSSARY OF MINING AND MINERAL INDUSTRY. 519

Plank dam (Eng.). A water-tight
stopping fixed in a heading, and con-
structed of plank placed across the
passage. (Gresley)
Plank hook. In mining, a form of cant
hook used for shifting planks.
(Standard)
Plank-timbering. The lining
shaft with rectangular
frames. (Raymond)
Plank-tubbing. The lining of a shaft
with planks, spiked on the inside of
curbs. ( Raymond
Piano (Sp.). 1. A plan.
of a mine working. 3. plane; P. A
inclinado, an inclined plane; P. de
crucero, in geology, a plane of cleav-
age P. de estratiflcacidn, a plane of
;
stratification; P. de fractura, plane
of fracture; P. de junta, a joint
plane. 4. P. de resbalamiento, a
slickensides. 5. P. de nivel, a
datum line (Halse). See also Plan.
Planophyre. A rock in which the
phenocrysts are arranged in layers.
Plastic. Capable of being molded or
modeled, as clay or plaster. (Web-
ster)
Plasticity. The property possessed by
clay of forming a plastic mass when
mixed with water. (Ries)
of a
Plat. 1. Afloor for loading, unload-
plank ing, etc., of ore, etc., at the junc-
tion of a shaft with a level (Web-
ster). A platform.
2. A swinging or revolving door
used intermittently to connect two
trackways. (Ihlseng)
3. The map of a survey in hori-
2. The floor
zontal projection, as of a mine,
townsite, etc.
Plata (Sp.). Silver; P. agria, silver
glance; P. hlanca^ native silver; P.
ceniza, chloride of silver; P. odrnea
amarilla, iodyrite; P. cdmea blanca,
cerargyrite; P. esponja, silver
sponge; P. maciza, (Peru), native
silver, generally in small sheets; P.
mixta, gold and silver alloy; P.
negra, argentite P. nina, silver bul-
;

(Iddings, Igneous Rocks, p. 224) lion obtained by retorting amalgam,

and not yet melted; P. pasta, silver
Plant. 1. The shaft or slope, tunnels, bullion; spongy silver bars after re-
engine houses, railways, machinery, torting; P. verde, bromyrite; embo-
workshops, etc., of a colliery or lite. (Dwight)
other mine. (Steel) P. de ley, standard silver. (Min.
2. To place gold or any valuable ore Jour.)
in the ground, in a mine, or the like
to give a false impression of the Plataforma (Sp.). 1. A platform, a
richness of the property. To "salt," scaffold. 2. A turn table. 3. A
as to plant gold with a shotgun. multiple-deck skip or " giraffe."
(Webster) See Salting a mine. (Halse)

Plant6 battery. A type of storage bat- Plate. 1. (Scot.) A flat cast-iron

tery with both electrodes of lead or malleable-iron sheet laid at the
and the electrolyte of sulphuric shaft bottom or at any landing to
acid. (Webster) enable the cars to be easily turned
and moved about. A cast-iron plate
Plasma. A variety of chalcedonic with a circular ridge on which cars
quartz. (Dana) are turned at junction of roads.
(Barrowman)
Plastering. Same as Mudcapping. 2. (Eng.) Black shale; a slaty
Plaster mill. 1. A machine consisting rock. (Hunt)
3. A sheet of rolled iron or steel a
of a roller or set of rollers for
grinding lime or gypsum to powder. quarter of an inch or more thick.
4. To cover over with gold, sil-
2. A mortar mill. (Century)
ver, or other metal, either mechani-
Plaster of Paris. A plaster made from cally or chemically. (Webster)
gypsum by grinding and calcining 5. Plate glass. 6. A horizontal tim-
it; so called from its manufacture ber laid on a wall to receive a frame-
near Paris in France. In Canada work. (Standard)
this term has been adopted for 7. A sheet of copper coated with
gypsum in any form (Roy. Com.). mercury for collecting gold. See
It forms with water a paste which also Amalgamation, 2.
noon sets, and Is used for casts,
moldings, etc. Plate amalgamation. Amalgamation
in which the crushed ore, suspended
Plaster pit (Derb.). A gypsum mine.
In water, Is brought In contact with
(Gresley)
surfaces coated with a layer of mer
Plaster stone. Gypsum. cury. (Clennell, p. 198)
 ) )

520 GLOSSARY OF MINING AND MINERAL INDUSTRY.

Plate-and-frame filter press. A filter Plate roll. A

smooth roll for making
press consisting of plates with a sheet iron or plate iron, as distin-
gridiron surface alternating with guished from one having grooves for
hollow frames, all of which are held rolling rails, beams, etc. (Stand-
by means of lugs, on the press ard)
framework. The corners of both
frames and plates are cored to make
Plate shale. A hard argillaceous shale.
continuous passages for pulp and so-
(Raymond)
lution. The filter cloth is placed Plate tongs. Tongs for grasping and
over the plates. The pulp passage- handling iron or steel plates. ( Stand-
way connects with the large square ard)
opening in the frame; the solution
Platform. 1. A wooden floor on the
passageways connect with the grid-
side of gangway at the bottom of an
iron surface of the plate. The
inclined seam, to which the coal runs
Dehne and the Merrill are well-
known types. (Liddell)
by gravity, and from which it is
shoveled into mine cars. 2. A scaf-
Plateau. An upland, tableland, or ele- fold. 3. A bench in a glass-furnace
vated plain having a fairly smooth for receiving pots. (Standard)
surface and bounded, on at least
Platillo (Sp.). 1. Scale pan. 2. A
one side, by an escarpment separat-
ing it from lower country. 2. A dis- small cog wheel. 3. The small disk
trict or region of considerable extent
on a chain pump. 4. (Mex.) A red
and somewhat diverse surface, not earthen plate for testing ore or
dominantly mountainous but com- slime. (Halse)
monly including some mountains, Platina. 1. Same as Platinum. 2.
which lies in general distinctly Twisted silver wire. (Standard)
higher than the surrounding or ad-
jacent country an extensive upland
;
Platina mohr. Same as Platinum
region. 3. A formerly smooth upland black, which see. (Standard)
or elevated plain now so much dis- Plating. Art, or process, of covering
sected that only traces of the former anything with plates, or with a coat-
surface remain on fiat-topped hills ing of metal. (Webster)
and ridges of nearly uniform alti-
tude: more properly called a Dis- Plating hammer. A trip hammer for
sected plateau. (La Forge) working on heavy metal plates for
armored vessels. (Standard)
Plate machine. An improved form of
potters' wheel for forming porce- Platinlc. Of, pertaining to, or con-
lain plates for table use. (Stand- taining platinum, especially in its
ard) higher valence as, platinic chloride.
;

Compare Platinous. (Standard)

Plate mark. A special mark put on ar-
ticlesmade of precious metal to show Platiniferous. Containing or yielding
the place of manufacture, fineness of platinum. ( Standard
the metal, etc. (Standard)
Platiniridium. An alloy of iridium
Plate metal.Refined iron run in molds
with platinum and other metals of
and broken up for remelting or for that group, found native. (Stand-
use in a mix. (Webster)
ard)
Plate nail (Eng.). A nail or spike to
fasten tram plates and rails to the Platinize; Platinate. To coat or com-
sleepers. (G. C. Green well) bine with platinum, especially bj
electroplating. ( Standard
Plater. One who plates articles with
a coating of precious or lustrous Platinocyanide. A cyanide of plati-
metals usually in composition, as, a
: num and some other element or radi-
silver-plater. (Standard) cal. (Standard)
Platero (Sp.). A silversmith. (D wight) Platinoid. 1. Resembling platinum. 2.
Plate oven. A double ovenjn one part An alloy of German silver and 1 or
of which the split cylinders of sheet 2 per cent of tungsten, used In the
or cylinder glass are heated before manufacture of resistance coils and
being flattened, the sheets then being other electrical appliances. 3. A
placed in the other chamber to be platinum metal. (Standard)
annealed. (Webster) Platinous. Of, pertaining to, or con-
Plate rail (Scot). A
flat cast-iron rail taining platinum, especially in its
with a flange on one side. (Barrow- lower valence (Standard). Com-
man) pare Platinic
 GLOSSARY OF MINING AND MINERAL INDUSTRY. 521

PlatlHum. A heavy, almost silver- Plattner's process. A process for ex-

white metallic element, ductile and
malleable, but very infusible and
resistant to most chemical reagents.
Melting point about 1,710" O. Sym-
bol, Pt; atomic weight, 195.2; spe-
cific gravity, 21.4 (Webster). Prac-
tically all platinum is found in the
metallic state, though small quanti-
ties are obtained from sperrylite
(which see) and in the electrolytic
refining of copper. (U. S. Geol.
Surv.)
Platinum black. A soft dull-black
powder of metallic platinum, ob-
tained by reduction and precipita-
tion from Its solutions. (Webster)
Platinum luster. A
silvery luster
given by a platinum glaze, more
commonly known as Silver luster.
(Standard)
Platinum metals. The group of me-
tallic elements which in their chemi-
cal and physical properties resemble
platinum. They are rhodium, ru-
thenium, and palladium whose spe-
cific gravities are about 12, and
osmium, irridium and platinum
whose specific gravities are over 21.
(Webster)
Platinum sponge. Metallic platinum
in gray, porous, spongy form, ob-
tained by reducing the double
chloride of platinum and ammo-
nium. It occludes oxygen, hydrogen
and other gases, to a high degree
and is employed as an agent in oxi-
dizing. (Webster)
Platinum yellow. A pigment consist-
ing of an alkaline chloroplatinate.
(Webster)
Platon (Sp.). A small pan used for
ore washing. (Halse)
Piatt An enlargment of a
(Corn.).
levelnear a shaft, where ore may
await hoisting, wagons pass each
other, etc. (Raymond). Same
Plat, 1.
Flatten. In glass-making, to flatten
out ; make
into sheets or plates spe-
cifically, to make (a blown cylinder)
into a sheet by cutting lengthwise
and softening so that it opens out.
(Standard)
Platting. Brick laid flatwise on top
of a kiln to keep in the heat. (Ries)
Plattnerite. Lead dioxide, PbOj.
Rarely in prismatic crystals, usu-
ally massive. Luster, submetallic.
Col»»r, Iron-black. (Dana)
tracting gold in which a charge of
gold-bearing pulp is placed in a re-
volving Iron drum lined with lead,
and a stream of chlorine gas is con-
ducted through the pulp, producing
chloride of gold, which is soluble in
water (Goesel). See Chlorination
process.
Play. 1. (No. of Eng.) To work a
steel mill. See Steel mill. 2. Idle,
said of a mine not at work. See
Play day (Gresley)
Playa (Sp.). 1. A shore, strand,
beach, or bank of a river. Gener-
ally sandy, and sometimes aurifer-
ous. (Halse)
2. The shallow central basin of a
desert plain, in which water gathers
after a rain and is evaporated.
(U. S. Geol. Surv., Bull. 613, p.
184)
Play day (Eng.). A day on which, on
account of accident, or other causes,
mines are not worked (Gresley).
See Play, 2.
Player (Eng.). A man who formerly
worked a steel mill (Gresley). See
Steel mill.
Playero (Peru). One employed in
gold washing. (Halse)
Play-in (Leic). To commence holing
or undercutting a face of coal at
the side of a heading. (Gresley)
Plaza (Sp.).1. Room or space. 2.
The bottom of a shaft furnace; the
floor or bed of a reverberatory fur-
nace. (Halse)
Plaza miner (Mex,). Any one who
spends much of his time at a plaza,
hotel lobby, etc., talking of pros-
pects, mines,and mining operations.
Plazo (Sp.). The term of a bond or
refusal of a mining property
(Halse). An option.
Plegar (Sp.). To fold, as of geologi-
as cal strata. (Halse)
Pleiocene. See Pliocene.
Pleistocene. The earlier of the twc
epochs comprised in the Quarter-
;
nary period, in the classification
generally used. Also called Glacial
epoch and formerly called Ice age,
Post-Pliocene, and Post-Tertiary.
Also the series of sediments de-
posited during that e-poch, including
both glacial deposits and ordinary
sediments. Some geologists for-
merly used Pleistocene as synony-
mous with Quarternary and in-
cluded in it all post-Tertif ry tim©
and deposits. (La Forge)
 ) ))

522 GLOSSARY OF MINING AND MINERAL. INDUSIHY.

Plelto ( Sp. ) . A lawsuit. ( Min. Jour. silver. 2. (Mex.) Lead ore, arener-
ally galena. 3. P. ronco (Pera),
Pleochroic. Exhibiting several differ-
ent colors or tints when looked
argentite. (Halse)
through in different directions. Plot. 1. A
surveyor's or engineer's
(Butler) map of a piece of ground a charts ;

plan, or geographical representation.

Plenum. A
system of ventilation in
2. To locate on a map or chart, as
which air is forced into an inclosed
a point, curve, diagram, or plan;
space, as a room or a caisson so that
represent graphically; make a map
the outward pressure of air in the
or chart of (Standard). See Plat
space is slightly greater than the in-
ward pressure from the outside, and 3. (Corn.) "To cut a plot" is to
leakage is outward instead of in-
make room, or square out a piece of
ward (Webster), A mode of venti- ground by the side of the lode or
shaft, for holding the broken ore or
lating a mine or a heading by forc-
ing fresh air into Si (Gresley)
waste for other convenient purposes.
(Pryce)
Pleochroisifc- The property of colored
Plotting scale. A scale used for set-
double-reft^cting minerals whereby
ting off the lengths of lines in sur-
light penetrating in different direc-
veying. (Century)
tions shows different colors.
(Power) Plow steel. A high-tensile steel first
used in rope for plowing fields. Now
Pleomorphism. The property of crys-
widely used in the manufacture of
tallizing under two or more distinct
hoisting ropes.
fundamental forms. (Webster)
Pluck. To tear away projecting pieces
Pleonaste. Same as Ceylonite.
of rock; said of the action of
Plesiomorphism. The property of cer- glaciers on contiguous rock. (Stand-
tain substances of crystallizing in ard)
similar forms while unlike in chemi-
Plucking. The disruption of blocks
cal composition. Called also Iso-
of rock by a glacier. (Standard)
gonism. ( Standard

Plicated. Folded together, as in highly Plucky. A term applied to stones that,

inclined and contorted strata. (Roy. under the chisel, break away In
Com.) irregular conchoidal chips, thus
making it difficult tosecure a smooth
Pliegue ( Sp. ) . A fol d or slip. ( Halse face. (Gillette, p. 6)

Plies (Scot). Successive thin layers Plug. A mass of igneous rock

1.
of coal or rock, ( Gresley) «Sfee also formed in the vent of a volcano.
Ply. Dome, spine, or aiguille. (Daly, p.
Pliocene. Theof the epochs
latest 130)
comprised in the Tertiary period, in 2. In surveying, a reference peg
the classification generally used. driven flush with the ground. ( Web-
Also the series of strata deposited ster)
during that epoch. (La Forge) 3. A hammer closely resembling the
bully. (Raymond)
Plodding (Scot). Uncertain; irregu- 4. See Plug-and-feather
lar, i. e., a plodding band or seam
of ironstone. (Barrowman) Plug-and-feather. The plug is a
wedge and the feathers are two short
Plomada (Hex.). Plumb line, or pieces of half-round iron whose
plumb bob. (D wight) curved sides fit the sides of a drill
hole while their flat sides receive the
Plomero (Mex.). 1. A lead tapper; a plug. By driving the plugs in a
furnace man. 2. Plumber. (Dwight) series of holes, a stone may be
Plomillos (Mex.). 1. Shots of lead broken. (Gillette, p. 541)
found in slag. (Dwight) Plug box (Eng.). A wooden water-
2. At San Luis Potosi, Hex., tin ore pipe used in coffering. (Gresley)
in which hematite predominates, or
Is present in equal proportions. Plug drill. A stone cutter's percussion
(Halse) drill. (Webster)
Plomo (Sp.). 1. Lead; P. afinado, re- Plugged crib (York). A walling crib
fined lead; P. agrio, slag lead, hard carried by iron plugs (two to each
lead ; P. de ohra, argentiferous lead, segment) fixed in the wall rock.
base bullion; P. pobre, lead poor tn (Gresley)
 GLOSSARY OF MINING AND MINERAL INDUSTRY. 523

Huggring. 1. The stopping of the flow mine verticality; a plummet; a

of water Into a shaft by plugs of sounding line. (Webster) Used In
clay. (C. and M. M. P.) mine-shaft plumbing. See Plumb, 3,
2. (Eng.). Supporting a crib upon
iron bars fixed in the wall of a
Plumbocalcite. A variety of calcite
containing a small amount of lead
shaft. (Gresley)
carbonate. (Century)
3. (Scot). Blasting by means of
plug shots. (Barrowman) Plumb ogummite. A hydrous phos-
phate of lead and aluminum. (Cen-
Ping hole. Same as Block hole. (Du tury)
Pont)
Plugman (Newc). The man in charge
Plumbojarosite. A hydrous sulphate
of lead and iron,PbFe«(OH)i2(S04)«.
of the pumping engine. (Min. Jour.)
(U. S. Geol. Surv.)
Plug shot (Scot.). A small charge ex-
ploded in a hole to break up a stone Plumbous. Of, pertaining to, or con-
of moderate size. (Barrowman) taining lead, especially in its lower
valence, as plumbous chloride.
Plum. An old form of plumb. (Standard)
Plumb. 1. Vertical. 2. A plumb bob;
Plum-bulking (Scot). The full dip
a plummet. (Webster)
of the coal seam. (Gresley)
3. To carry a survey into a mine
through a shaft by means of heavily Plumbum (L.). Lead; so called in
weighted fine wires hung vertically pharmacy and old chemistry.
in the shaft. The line of sight pass- (Standard)
ing through the wires at the surface
is thus transferred to the mine work- Plum-hatching (Scot). The full rise
ings. An important piece of work of a coal bed. (Gresley)
in mine shafts, and in transferring
courses or bearings from one level Plummet. See Plumb line.
to another.
Plumos antimony. An early name for
Plumbagina (Sp.). Graphite. (Halse) jamesonite, which is also called
Feather ore. (Chester)
Plumbing; Plumming. See Plumb, 3.

Plumbaginous. Containing plumbago, Plumose. Having a feathery appear-

as plumbaginous schists; some crys- ance (Thompson)
talline limestones are also plum-
Plumose mica. A variety of muscovite
baginous. (Roy. Com.)
mica. (Power)
Plumbago. The mineral graphite
chiefly used in the manufacture of Plumosite. A synonym for Jameson-
pencils, etc. ; more commonly known ite. (Chester)
as black lead, and very often Plump (Corn.). A corruption of the
wrongly thought to be lead by its
word pump. (Pryce)
resemblance to it (Skinner). Also
used as a lubricant. Plump hole (Scot). A hole at the
Plumbean. Consisting of or resembling surface caused by the extraction of
lead. (Standard) mineral from underneath. (Bar-
rowman)
Plumbeous ware. In ceramics, earthen-
ware with a lead glaze. (Standard) Plum-pitch (Brist.). The full rise or
full dip of the strata. (Gresley)
Plumbic. Of, pertaining to, or contain-
ing lead, especially in its higher val- Plum-pudding stone. Pudding stone;
ence; as plumbic chloride. (Stand- a conglomerate. (Webster)
ard)
Plunge. 1. In surveying, to set the
Plumbic ocher. Same as Massicot. horizontal cross wire of a theodolite
(Standard) in the direction of a grade. 2. To
turn over the telescope of a transit
Plnmbiferous. Producing, or contain- on its horizontal transverse axis.
ing lead. (Webster) (Webster)
Plumbism. 3. Called pitch or rake by many
Lead poisoning. (Stand-
authors. Applied to ore bodies, is
ard)
the vertical angle between a hori-
Plumb line. A line or cord having at zontal plane and the line of maxi-
one end a weight, usually conoidal mum elongation of the body, (Lind
and of brass or lead, used to deter- gren, p. 142)
 ;

524 GLOSSARY OF MINING AND MINERAL. INDUSTRY.

Plunge a grade. To establish a grade Pneumatic drill. A drill of either tlM

between two points of known level reciprocating or hammer type oper-
by sighting the target, set up at ated by compressed air.
either point, through a theodolite
fixed at the other point, clamping Pneumatic hoist. A device for hoist-
and setting the instrument, and then ing, operated by compressed air.
bringing the target into the fixed (Standard)
line of sight at any desired interme-
diate point on the grade. (Webster) Pneumatic jig. A jigging machine In
which an air blast performs the
Plunge pole; Plunger pole (Eng.). work of separation of minerals.
The piston- or pump-rod of a pump- (Standard)
ing-engine; a plunger. (Standard)
Pneumatics. The branch of pnysics
Plunger. The piston
1. of a force- that treats of the mechanical prop-
pump. (Raymond) erties of gases, such as their pres-
2. A tank in which the clay and sure, elasticity, density, and also of
other ingredients are worked with pneumatic mechanism. (Standard)
water to the proper consistency. 3.
A reckless gambler or speculator. Pneumatogenic. In geology, derived
(Webster) from or modified by substances in a
4. In blasting, a rod designed for gaseous condition; said of ores and
thrusting into a drill hole and ascer- other mineral deposits: contrasted
taining the position of the cartridge. with Hydatogenlc. (Standard)
(Standard) Pneumatolysis. The alteration of
Plunger bucket. A piston, without a rocks and the formation of minerals
valve, in a pump.
during or as a result of the emana-
(Webster)
tion of gases and vapors from solidl-
Plunger case. The pump barrel, or fjang igneous rocks. (La Forge)
cylinder, in which a solid piston or The chief gas concerned is water,
plunger works (Gresley). Also under such conditions both of high
called Pole case. temperature and high pressure that
it is a true gas. (Shamel, p. 136)
Plunger lift (Scot). A pump and
column of pipes attached, raising Pneumatolytic. (Characteristic of, per-
water by means of a ram or piston. taining to, or formed during pneu-
(Barrowman) matolysis. (La Forge) A general
Plunge A level rod
name applied to those minerals that
rod. used in sur-
have been produced in connection
veying. (Webster)
with igneous rocks through the
Plunger pump. A pump having a solid agency of the gases or vapors called
reciprocating piston instead of one mineralizers. They may be in the
with a valve, usually one in which Igneous mass itself or in cracks in
such solid piston is of considerable the wall rock. The term is much
length as compared with its diame- used in discussions of ore deposits.
ter. (Standard) (Kemp)
Plush copper; Plush copper ore. A Pneumonaconiosis. A disease of the
Cornish name for chalcotrichite, lungs due to habitually inhaling
probably alluding to its appearance. minute mineral or metallic particles,
A fibrous red oxide copper mineral. as of coal dust in Ajithracosis
(Dana) Miner's asthma, or Miner's lung.
(Webster)
Plus sight. See Back sight
Poblador (Mex.). 1. Shift boss. 2.
Plutonic. Of igneous origin. gen- A The miner who points the holes.
eral name for those rocks that have
crystallized In the depths of the
(D wight)
earth, and have therefore assumed,
Poblar (Mex.). To set men at work
as a rule, the granitoid texture.
in a mine. (Dwight)
(Kemp)
Pluvial. In geology, due to the action Pobre (Sp.). Barren, sterile; said of
of rain. (Webster) rocks, veins, etc. Low-grade ore or
metal. (Halse)
Ply (So. Staff,). A thin bed or band
of shale, etc., lying Immediately Pocao (Braz.). Pits In river beds In
over a coal seam (Gresley). See which diamond-bearing gravel la
mlso Mining ply. found. (Halse)
 GLOSSARY OF MINING AND MINERAL. INDUSTRY.
Pocket. 1. A small body of ore; an
enlargement of a lode or vein; an
irregular cavity containing ore. 2. A
natural underground reservoir of
water. 3. A receptacle, from which
coal, ore, or waste is loaded into
wagons or cars. (Raymond)
4. A ganister quarryman's local term
for masses of rock 30 to 50 feet in
width that are worked out and
loaded, buttresses of untouched rock
being left between them to support
the upper masses. (Bowles)
5. A hole or depression in the wear-
ing course of a roadway. (Bacon)
6. A glen or hollow among moun-
tains. (Century)
Pocket hunter. A term used in Cali-
fornia for a miner or prospector who
searches for small gold deposits
which occur on the surface in the
Mother Lode and other districts of
the State.
Pockety. Containing only occasional
bunches of good ore. (Weed)
PoQO (Braz.). 1. A well. 2. A shaft.
See also Pozo. (Halse)
Pocono sandstone. A sandstone of the
Mississippian system in the northern
Appalachians, especially in Pennsyl-
vania. It is oil-and-gas bearing in
West Virginia, and is called by the
drillers Big Injun sand. (Webster)
Poder (Corn.). Refuse copper ore
(Standard). Sometimes spelled Po-
dar.
Podrir jaguas (Colom.). To expose
concentrates to the air in order to
oxidize the sulphur, and thereby fa-
cilitate the extraction of the gold.
(Halse)
Poicilitic. See PoikiUtlc.
Poikilit; Poikilopyrite. Same as Born-
ite.
Poikilitic. Having small crystals
lying in all positions in larger
crystals of another mineral; said of
the fabric of some igneous rocks,
(La Forge) A term proposed
by G. H. Williams for those rocks
which have mottled luster, because
on the shining cleavage faces of
8ome of their minerals small inclu-
sions of others occur, producing the
effect. The same thing was earlier
called "luster mottling" by Pum-
pelly, but poikilitic has proved a
useful term both in megascopic and
microscopic work. It is also spellaJ
poicilitic and poecilitlc (Kemp)
525
Point. 1. The tapering end of any-
thing pointed, as of a needle, pencil,
etc. 2. The tapering end of a tract
of land; also a peak. 3. A stone-
cutter's tool with a pyramidal end
used to smooth down rough surfaces.
4. A tapering rail, as in a frog or
switch. 5. A pointed steam pipe
used in a system of thawing frozen
ground in sinking a shaft. 6. To
finish a wall by filling the joints
with cement or mortar. (Webster)
7. (Eng.) The bearing or direction,
in reference to the magnetic merid-
ian, in which an underground road
is driven. (Gresley)
8. In quarrying, a type of wedge
that tapers to a narrow, thin edge.
(Bowles)
9. The end or bottom of a bore hole,
as distinguished from the mouth or
collar. (Du Pont)
Pointed box. A box, in the form of
inverted pyramid or wedge, in which
minerals, after crushing and sizing,
are separated in a current of water
(Raymond). See Spitzkasten.
Pointer. In masonry, a tool for clear-
ing the mortar from old joints in
order to point them (Standard). See
Point, 6.
Point of the horse. The point where
a lode splits or divides into two
parts. (Whitney)
Point out. Said of a well in which
the bore of the hole becomes re-
duced to a size too small to permit
further work.
Poison tower. A chamber in which
the fumes of sulphur and arsenic
are condensed in the manufacture
of arsenic in Saxony and Silesia.
(Standard)
Poker. See Picker.
Pokkers and jettera (Eng.). Blocks
or pulleys, which carry or support
the connecting rods of pumps or
engines. (Pryce)
Polar glacier. A glacier formed in
the high latitudes. (Chamberlin,
vol. 1, p. 239)
Polariscope. An instrument for study-
ing the properties of, and examining
substances in polarized light (Web-
ster)
Polarization. The process by wWch
ordinary light is changed into polar-
ized light The plane at right
angles to the plane of transverse vi-
bration is called the plane of polari-
zation, (Pana)
526 GLOSSARY OF MINING AND MINERAL INDUSTRY.

Polarized. Changed from tlie ordinary by driving poles or planks

cut, etc.,
state, in which the transverse vibra- along the sides of the yet unbroken
tions oecur in all planes passing ground (Webster). Used especially
through the line of propagation, to for holding up soft ground. See
a state in which they are in a sin- also Forepoling.
gle plane: said of light under cer-
Polings. Poles used instead of planks
tain conditions, especially when for lagging. (Raymond) Also
passed through a doubly refracting spelled Pollings.
crystal. (La Forge)
Polarized light is used to distin- Polishing bed. An apparatus in which
guish minerals, particularly color- stone slabs, etc., are rubbed smotli,
less, transparent ones, under the usually with felt-covered blocks
microscope. charged with a powder. (Standard)
Polarizer. That one of the two Nicol Polishing cask. A barrel in which
prisms in a polarizing microscope grained gunpowder is tumbled with
through which the light passes be- graphite to glaze it. (Standard)
fore reaching the mineral section Polishing mill. A lap of metal, leather,
which is being examined. (La or wood used by lapidaries in polish-
Forge) ing gems. (Century)
Polders (Dutch). Low fertile lands, Polishing oil. A term applied to that
reclaimed by vast systems of dikes
fraction, having a boiling point of
and embankments from the sea. 130* to 160* C, obtained in refining
(Page) petroleum. (Bacon)
Pole. Either extremity of an axis
1.
Polishing slate. A gray or yellow
of a sphere. (Webster) slate, consisting of siliceous organ-
2. In glass-making, to work (as isms, used for polishing; found
molten glass) with a pole, to di- chiefly in the coal measures of Bo-
minish the lilac color due to the hemia and in Auvergne, France
presence of a low manganese oxide. (Standard)
3. To work, as molten copper, with
a pole to lessen the amount of Polishing snake. A serpentine found
copper oxide present See Poling, 2. near the Ayr, in Scotland, used for-
(Standard) merly in polishing lithographic
stones. (Standard)
Polea (Sp.). Pulley wheel, or sheave.
(Halse) Polishing stone. Polishing slate.
(Standard)
Pole case (Eng.). See Plunger case.
Polissoir. glass-making, a hard-
In
Pole chain. A surveyor's chain.
wood block with a long iron handle
(Standard) by which to flatten glass cylinders
Pole drill. In well boring, a system newly opened out; a flattener.
where a rigid connection is used be- (Standard)
tween the drilling tools and the
(Nat. Tube
Poll. 1. (Corn.) The head or strik-
reciprocating beam.
ing part of a miner's hammer. (Ray-
Co.)
mond)
Pole piece. A mass of iron forming 2. (So. Wales). To clean the shale
the end of an electromagnet, by off ironstone. (Gresley)
means of which the lines of mag- Polios (Peru). Small bags of rich ore
netic force are concentrated and di-
given by the miners, on Saturdays,
rected. (Century)
to the proprietors. (Halse)
Pole tools. The tools used in drilling
with rods. See Cable tools. (Ray- Poll pick. A
pick with a head for
mond) breaking away hard
partings in coal
seams or knocking down rock al-
Policeman (Scot). A movable guard (Ray-
ready seamed by blasting.
over or around a shaft mouth or at
(Bar-
mond)
mid- workings safety gates.
;

rowman) PoUucite. Hydrous csesium-sodium-

Poling. 1. Stirring a metallic bath aluminum silicate, H20.(Cs,Na)20.-
(of copper, tin, or lead) with a pole Al30s.5S10j. Found in pegmatite.
of green wood, to cause ebullition (U. S. Geol. Surv.)
and deoxidation in the refining PoUnx. Same as Pollucite (Stand-
process. (Raymond)
ard)
J. The act or process of temporarily
protecting the face ot a level, drift, Polrose. Same as Polroz.

GLOSSARY OF MINING AND MINERAL, INDUSTRY.
Polroz (pronounced polrose). (Corn.).
The pit underneath a water wheel.
(Raymond)
Polstean (Com.). A tin pit.
Polvillo (Sp. Am.). Rich, black sil-
1.
ver sulphide concentrates, obtained
in the patio process. 2. P. huenos,
good ore; the richest ore. (Halse)
Polvillos (Mex.). Rich concentrates,
or very high-grade ores. (Halse)
Polvo (Mex.). Dust; flue dust; P. de
car'bdn, coal-dust. (Halse)
P61vora (Sp.). Gunpowder. In Span-
ish America, a miner's term for any
blasting material; P. de algoddn,
guncotton (Halse). P. de mina, any
powder used in mining. (Lucas)
Polvorero (Sp.). Powder
der monkey. (Halse)
Polvorillas. 1. (Peru)
sulphide of silver (Dwight). 2.
(Mex.) Altered marcasite contain-
ing some gold. 3. Estano de p. (Du-
rango, Mex.), tin ore penetrating
the country rock. 4. (Chile) A
ferruginous pulverulent copper ore,
phillipite. (Halse)
Polvorin (Sp.). A powder magazine.
(Halse)
Polybasite. Sulphide of silver and
antimony, Ag»SbS«. If pure, it
would contain 75.6 per cent silver,
but copper replaces part of the sil-
ver; also arsenic replaces antimony.
(U. S. Geol. Surv.)
Polychromatic. Showing a variety, or
a change of colors. (Webster)
Polycrase. A
columbate and titanate
of yttrium, erbium, cerium, and
uranium, with some iron and water.
(U. S. Geol. Surv.)
Polydymite. A nickel sulphide,
haps Ni^S.. (Dana)
Polygenetic. Originating in various
ways or from various sources;
formed at different places or times
or from different parts said specifi-
; P6mez
cally, In geology, of mountain
ranges; opposed to Monogenetic.
(Standard)
Polygenons; Polygenic. Composed of
or containing several different kinds
of material; heterogeneous in com-
I)osition; as polygenous conglomer-
ate. (Standard)
Polygonal masonry. Masonry formed
of polygonal stones, or of stones
trictlj not coursed, whose joints
) :
527
exhibit any other than a right an-
gle, but which are carefully fitted
together. ( Standard
(Davies) Polylith. A megalithic structure of
several or many stones, as a dol-
men or stone circle, and dating
from Neolithic times. (Webster)
Polymeric. Having the same elements
united in the same proportions by
weight, but with different molecular
weights. (Webster)
Polymerize. To change into another
substance having the same elements
in the same proportions, but a
higher molecular weight. (Web-
ster)
Polymnite. A stone marked with
dendrites and black lines, that have
man; pow- a fancied resemblance to rivers,
marshes, and ponds. (Standard)
Decomposed Polymorph. A substance crystalliz-
able in several distinct forms; also
any one of these forms. (Webster)
Polymorphism. The property of hav-
ing or presenting many forms; es-
pecially in crystallography, the abil-
ity of certain substances to crystal-
lize with different axial ratios with-
out change of chemical composition
thus, carbon as diamond crystallizes
in the isometric system, and as
graphite in the hexagonal system.
(Standard)
Polyphase. In electricity, having or
producing two or more phases, as a
polyphase current (Webster). Same
as Multiphase.
Polysomatic. Having a texture con-
sisting of numerous small grains:
said of minerals. (Standard)
Polysynthetic twinning. See Oscilla-
tory twinning.
Polytelite. A silver-lead tetrahedrite
per- found in Germany. (Standard)
Polyxen. An old synonym for plati-
num because so many other metals
occur with It. (Chester)
(Sp.). Pumlcestone. (Halse)
Pompeiian brick. A loosely used term,
but it is probably most frequently
applied to bricks 12 by 1^ by 4
inches In size, of medium dark
shade, with a brownish body cov-
ered with iron spots. (Ries)
Poncelet wheel. A kind of undershot
water wheel suitable for falls of
less than six feet, having the buck-
ets curved so that the water presses
on them without impact. (Webster)
528 GLOSSARY OF MINING AND MINERAL INDUSTRY.

Ponding The natural formation of a Pop a bowlder. To place and explode

pond or lake in a watercourse; a stick of dynamite on a bowlder so
chiefly: (a) by a transverse moun- as to break it for easy removal
tain uplift whose rate of elevation from the mine. (Batesell v. Ameri-
exceeds that of the stream's ero- can Zinc, Lead, e!tc., Co., 190 Mis-
sion, or (6) by a dam caused by souri App., p. 235)
glaciers, volcanic ejecta, landslips,
or alluvial cones or stronger streams.
Pop hole. A secondary drill hole.
(Bowles). See Pop.
(Standard)
Pondlet A little pond; in geology Popo (Afr.). A green jasper highly
prized in Guinea, perforated beads
such a pond formed by ponding.
of it passing as money. (Standard)
(Standard)
Poppet; Puppet. 1. A pulley frame or
Poner (Sp.). To put, to place; P. en
the headgear over a shaft. A head-
marcha, to start to blow in a fur-
frame. 2. A valve that lifts bod-
nace; P. en ohra, to construct, to
ily from its seat instead of being
build; P. en principal, to compel a
hinged. (Ihlseng)
stream of water to flow as straight
as possible; P. puerta (Colom.), to Poppet head (Corn.). A timber frame
timber an adit. (Halse) over a shaft to carry the hoisting
pulley (Raymond). A head-frame.
Jongo (Ecuador). A narrow and
dangerous pass in a river; a ford. Poppet leg (Eng.). Any of the sup-
(Halse) porting legs of a poppet head. (Web-
ster)
Poniente (Hex.). West. See Oeste.
(Dwight) Pop shot. Same as a block-hole shot.
(Du Pont) See also Pop.
Ponsard furnace. A furnace in which
the escaping combustion gases, pass-
Porcelain. A translucent kind of pot-
tery, usually glazed, existing in
ing through tubular flues, heat the
many varieties, according to its com-
incoming air continuously through position and method of manufac-
the flue-walls. (Raymond)
ture, but generally characterized by
Pontil. An rod used in glass-
iron a glassy fracture, clear ring when
making and manipulate hot
to carry struck, homogeneity throughout its
bottles, etc., and having a projec- thickness, and resistance to fire,
tion at the end varying in shape ac- water, and acids but hydrofluoric.
cording to the character of the ware Porcelain includes chiefly three va-
carried. Called also Snap; Pontee; rieties: (a, Hard porcelain, (l)
Ponto; Ponty; Puntee; Puntil; natural soft porcelain, and (c) arti-
Punty. (Standard) ficial soft porcelain. (Standard)

Ponty sticker. A workman who fixes a Porcelain clay. See Kaolin.

quantity of blown glass to the ponty
or pontlL See also PontiL (Cen-
Porcelain color. A pigment such as is
used in decorating porcelain.
tury)
(Standard)
Pony putter (No. of Eng.). A boy who
drives a pony in the mine workings.
Porcelain gilding. A process of ap-
plying gold to china, usually with
Pood. A Russian weight of 36.113 turpentine, and firing it, resulting in
pounds avoirdupois. (Webster) the adherence of the metallic gold to
the china and the volatilization of
Pool. 1. To cut; to insert a wedge the less permanent ingredients. The
for splitting; to undercut or under- gold is then burnished. (Standard)
mine, as in excavating coal. 2. A
belt of oil-producing territory (Web- Porcelainite. A trade term for white
ster). An oil or gas deposit occur- stoneware, jasper, etc. (Standard)
ring under a dome. See Dome, 5.
Porcelainized. Resembling potter's
Poor rook (Mich.). The more or less clay that has been fired specifically.
;

barren part of the material taken In geology, applied to certain altered

down in mining. (Sanders, p. 89) clays, shales, etc., which by the in-
fluence of heat have come to re-
Pop. Ashort bore hole drilled In a semble clay ware or porcelain.
large rock with a view to reduc- (Standard)
ing the size of the rock by means of
a small explosive charge (Skinner). Porcelain jasper. Burnt clay (Power).
Also called Pop hole; Pop shot. See Porcellanite.
 ) )
GLOSSARY OF MINING AND MINERAL INDUSTRY.
Porcelain lace. A decorative material
formed by soaking lace in porcelain
slip and firing it. The threads of
the fabric are consumed, leaving the
pattern in a fine lace-like porcelain-
ware. ( Standard
Porcelain mill. A mill for grinding
materials for porcelain. (Stand-
ard)
Porcelain oven. The firing kiln
in baking porcelain. (Century)
Porcelain printing. The transfer of a
printed picture to an
article. ( Standard
Porcellanite. Fused shales and clay,
that occur in the roof and floor of
burned coal seams. The rock is
quite common in the lignite districts
of the West, where apparently spon-
taneous combustion has fired the
seams in the past (Kemp). Called
also Porcelain jasper, especially
when red. (Standard)
Porch (York.). The arching of the
station or landing at the bottom of
a shaft. (Gresley)
P6rfido; Porfiro. 1. (Sp.) Porphyry,
P. traquito, trachyte porphyry. 2.
(Venez.) A kind of hornstone
sometimes becoming j asper. ( Halse
Porodic. Of, or pertaining to, uncrys-
talline or amorphous substances: a
term proposed as a synonym for col-
loid by T. Sterry Hunt in "System-
atic Mineralogy." (Standard)
Porodine. Breithaupt's name for amor-
phous rocks, such as are derived
from gelatinous silica. (Kemp)
Porodite. Wadsworth's name proposed
in 1879 for all the altered, fragmen-
tal forms of eruptive rocks, com-
monly called diabase tuflC, schal-
stein, etc. (Kemp)
Porosity. The state or quality of be-
ing porous. The volume of pore
space expressed as a percentage of
the total volume of the rock mass.
Porronguito (Peru). A crude quick-
silver measure. (Dwight)
Por pie (Mex.). The vO'tio
(Dwight)
Porpezite. A native alloy of argen-
tiferous gold with palladium, the
palladium content varying up to 10
per cent fDana). Called also Pal-
ladium gold. From Porpez, Brazil.
Porphyrite. Any granophyric igneous
rock containing phenocrysts of al-
kali-calcic plagloclase; diorite por-
phyry. (La Forge) To distinguish
it from andesite, it is necessary to
75242*—19 34
) ) )
529
draw a contrast between surface
flows (andesites) and intruded
dikes or sheets (porphy rites) or ;
between Tertiary and later lavas
(andesitfcs) and Pre -Tertiary ones
(porphy rites) or between those
;
with glassy or very finely crystal-
line groundmasses (andesites) and
those with groundmasses of mod-
erate co a rseness (porphy rites).
used (Kemp)
Porphyritic. A textural term for those
rocks which have larger crystals
unglazed (phenocrysts) set in a finer ground-
mass, which may be crystalline or
glassy, or both. Rosenbusch has
sought to define it as the texture
due to the recurrence of the period
of crystallization of the same or
similar minerals. While, except for
porphyritic rocks with a glassy
gronndmass, this practically amounts
to the same thing as the textural
definition just given; it is idle for
any writer to try to change so old,
well-established and indispensable a
conception. ( Kemp
Porphyrization. The process of por-
phyrizing, or the state of being por-
phyrized. (Standard)
Porphjn-ogenetic. Producing porphyry.
(Standard)
Porphyroid. Metamorphic rocks with
porphyritic texture, i. e., with phen-
ocrysts of feldspar or other minerals
In a finer groundmass, yet shown by
geological relations to be altered
sediments, or tuffs. Fossil remains
have even been detected in some.
They are close relatives of halle-
flintas. (Kemp) It simulates a por-
phyritic volcanic rock (La Forge)
Porphyry. 1. Any igneous rock in
which relatively large conspicuous
crystals (phenocrysts) are set in a
finer-grained or glassy groundmass.
Porphyries are generally named in
accordance with their rock composi-
tion (e. g., granite porphyry, irachyte
porphyry) or with the character of
the phenocrysts, as quartz porphyry.
2. Colloquially, the word "por-
procesa phyry " is used to mean almost any
igneous rock, occurring in sheets or
dikes, particularly one that is spot-
ted, soft, or light colored. (U. S.
Geol. Surv.)
Porphyry ware. A variety of Wedg-
wood ware. See also Pebble ware.
Porporino (It). A glaze of mercury,
tin, and sulphur, imitating gold:
used by Italian and other aitists of
the middle ages for decorative pur-
poses. ( Standard
530 GLOSSARY OF MINING AND MINERAL INDUSTRY.
Portabandera (Sp.)- In surveying, a
flag bearer. (Halse)
Portable electric lamps. Electric
lamps that, while lighted, may be
carried about. This general term
includes lamps operated by batteries
and lamps connected to a source of
power by a flexible conductor whose
length limits the range over which
the lamp may be used. (H. H.
Clark)
Portable motors. Motors that are in-
tended for service here and there
as occasion requires and that are so
constructed or mounted as to facili-
tate moving them from place to
place. (H. H. Clark)
Portabandera (Sp.). In surveying, a
chainman. (Halse)
Portage (Fr.). Applied by voyageun
to the space or watershed that lies
between the navigable branches of
rivers belonging to the same or dif-
ferent hydrographic basins, and so
called from the circumstance that
boats and goods have to be carried
from the one branch to the other.
(Page)
Portal. 1. The surface entrance to a
drift, tunnel, adit, or entry.
2. The concrete or masonry arch,
retaining wall, etj., erected at the
opening of a drift, tunnel, or adit.
Portaviento( Sp.). A blast pipe for
conveying air to a furnace. (Halse)
Porter. A
long iron bar attached to
a forging, or a piece in process of
forging, by which to swing and
turn it. (Standard)
Portland beds. See Portland lime-
stone.
Portland cement. A hydraulic cement
consisting of compounds of silica,
lime, and alumina (Webster). It is
obtained by burning to semifusion
an intimate mixture of pulverized
materials containing lime, silica,
and alumina in varying proportions
within certain narrow limits, and by
pulverizing finely the clinker that
results.
Portland limestone; Portland beds. A
series of limestone strata, belonging
to the upper part of the Oolite
group, found chiefly in England, in
tiie island of Portland, on the coast
of Dorsetshire. The great supply of
the building stone used in London
is from these quarries. (Comstock)
Portland stone. 1. A yellowish white
oolitic building limestone from the
Isie of Portland, England. 2. A
purplish-brown sandstone from Port-
land, Conn. 3. Concrete made with
Portland cement, sand, and gravel.
(Webster)
Porto marble. A siliceous limestone
of a black color, traversed by gold-
colored veins called also black and
;
gold marble. The source is Porto
Venere and the Isle of Palmeria in
the Gulf of Spezia. (Merrill)
Portrait stone. A flat diamond, some-
times with several rows of facets
around its edge, for covering very
small portraits. (Standard)
Posepnyte. An oxygenated hydrocar-
bon from the Great Western mer-
cury mine, Lake County, Cal. It oc-
curs in plates and nodules, some-
times brittle, occasionally hard the ;
color is light green to reddish-
brown; and the specific gravity
ranges from 0.85 to 0.985. (Bacon)
Position blocks. Mining claims that
are in a position to contain a lode if
it continues in the direction in
which it has been proved in other
claims, but which themselves have
not been proved. (Duryee)
Positive crystal. A
crystal in which
the refractive index of the extraor-
dinary ray is greater than the re-
fractive index of the ordinary ray.
(Dana)
Positive ore. Ore exposed on four
sides in blocks of a size variously
prescribed. See Ore developed, also
Proved ore. (H. C. Hoover, p. 17)
Ore which is exposed and prop-
erly sampled on four sides, in blocks
of reasonable size, having in view
the nature of the deposit as regards
uniformity of value per ton and of
the third dimension, or thickness.
(Min. and Met. Soc. of Am., Bull.
64, p. 262)
Possession (Derb.). When a windlass
or frame, is placed on a vein it is
said to be in possession. (Min,
Jour.)
Possessio pedis. The actual possession
of a mining claim by the first ar-
rival. (U. S. Min. Stat., pp. 117,
118)
Possessory title. Title vested in the
locator of a mining claim by com-
pliance with the State and Federal
mining laws. (Duryee)
 GLOSSARY OF MINING AND MINERAL INDUSTRY, 631

Pt>sslble ore. Ore which may exist be- Poststone. A fine-grained sandstone.
low the lowest workings, or beyond (Power)
the range of actual vision. (Min.
Pot. 1. A rounded mass of roof slate
and Met. Soc. of Am., Bull. 64, p. resembling an Iron pot and easily
262)
detached. It is separated from the
Post. 1. A mine timber. Commonly other slate by old mud cracks
used in the metal mines instead of (Steel). Smaller than a bell-mold,
leg, which is the coal miner's term. or kettle bottom.
2. The support fastened between the 2. A metallic or earthen vessel of
roof and floor of a coal seam used any of many rounded forms. 3. In
with certain types of mining ma- ceramics, to make or shape and fire,
chines or augers. (Steel) as a piece of earthenware. (Web-
3. A pillar of coal or ore. (Ray- ster)
mond) 4. A crucible, usually of fire clay,
4. (Eng.). Limestone strata divided often of graphite. 5. The mass of
horizontally with very thin beds of consolidated material often filling a
slate. (Hunt) pothole. See Pothole, 1. (Stand-
5. (No. of Eng.). A fine-grained ard)
sandstone. (Gresley)
Potable. Drinkable (Webster). Said
6. A charge of ore for a smelting fur-
of water and beverages.
nace. 7. Any of the distance pieces
to keep apart the frames or sets in Potash. 1. The oxide of potassium^
a shaft; a studdle. (Webster) K2O. Not an independent compound,
8. To bring the survey and maps of but used as a basis of comparison
a mine up to date. for all potash minerals and artificial
Post-and-stall. A mode of working salts. The potash of commerce is
derived from the minerals carnal-
coal, in which a certain amount of
lite, kainite, sylvite (not found in
coal is left as pillar and the remain-
the United States), and niter, and
der is taken away, forming rooms or
also from certain sea-weeds and
other openings. The method is
called also Bord-and-pillar, Pillar-
wood ashes. See also Alunite ; Alun-
ogen; Kalinite; Niter. (U. S. Geol.
and-breast, etc.
Surv.)
Post brake. A hand- or power-actuated
brake of a hoisting engine, consisting Potash alum. See Kalinite.
of one or more posts fixed at one Potash feldspar. See Orthoclase.
end, the free end being operated so
as to bring the post into frictional Potash mica. See Muscovite.
contact with the surface of the Potassic. Of, pertaining to, or con-
hoisting drum. taining potassium. (Standard)
Post drill. An auger (or drill) sup- Potassium. A soft, light, silver-white
ported by a post. (Steel) metal of alkali group, occur-
the
Poste (Sp.). Post; stull; stake; pil- ring abundantly in nature, but al-
lar. Posies, masonry pillars against ways combined. Symbol, K; atomic
which the legs of a headframe weight, 39.10 ; specific gravity, 0.865.
abut. (Halse) (Webster)
Post furnace. See Pernot furnace. Potato stone. A potato-like geode of
Post glacial. Subsequent to a period of quartz, having a central cavity lined
glaciation subsequent to the Pleisto-
with crystals. (Power)
;

cene, or glacial, period. (Webster)

Pot bottom. A large bowlder In the
Posting (York) Extracting the post roof slate, having the appearance of
or pillars (Gresley). Pillar robbing. the rounded bottom of a pot, and
which easily becomes detached (C.
Posting hole (York). See Bolt, 3.
and M. M. P.). See Pot, 1; also,
Post jack. A
Jack for pulling posts Bell-mold.
(Standard). See Post puller.
Pot clay. A
highly refractory fire
Post puller. A lever-and-chain device clay used In the manufacture of pot-
for safely removing and recovering tery. (Standard)
posts from worked-out portions of a
mine. Pot earth. Potter's earth. (Webster)

Post puncher. A coal-mining machine Potencla (Sp.). 1. Power; P. calo-

of the puncher type supported by a power.
riflca, calorific 2. The widtk

post (Steel) or thickness of a vein. (Halse)

532 GLOSBABY OP MINING AND MINEKAL. INDUSTRY.

Potential. The words "potential" and Potomac formation; Potomac series.

"voltago" are synonymous and mean The lowest division of the Creta-
electrical pressure. The potential ceous period in the Atlantic and
or voltage of a circuit, machine, or Gulf area of the, United States.
any piece of electrical apparatus (Standard)
means the potential normally exist- Potsdam formation. A member of the
ing between the conductors of such
Upper Cambrian of the United
circuit or the terminals of such ma-
States and Canada, especially the
chine or apparatus. In Bureau of
original typical strata on the north
Mines practice: (a) Any potential and east sides of the Adirondak
less than 801 volts shall be deemed
mountains. New York (Standard)
a low potential, (b) Any potential
greater than 301 volts but less than Pot-setting. In glass-making, the
651 volts shall be deemed a medium placing of a pot in a furnace for
potential, (c) Any potential in ex- the purpose of melting metal.
cess of 651 volts shall be deemed a (Standard)
high potential. (H. H. Clark)
Potstone. A coarse or impure variety
Potelot. An old chemical and miner- of soapstone; so called from being
alogical term for molybdenum sul- easy to cut into pots owing to its
phide. (Standard) softness. (Roy. Com.)
Pot growan (Corn.). Soft decom- Potter.1. One whose occupation is to
posed granite. (Whitney) make earthen vessels. 2. A maker
of metal pots. (Webster)
Pothole. 1. A kettle or circular hole
generally deeper than wide, worn Potter-Delprat process. The original
Into the solid rock at falls and Potter process (1902) was one of
strong rapids by sand, gravel, and flotation in a 1 to 10 per cent acid
stones being spun around by the solution. The mixture was 1 1 of
:

force of the current (Roy. (3om.). ore and acid solution; this was agi-
Called also Kettle hole, Swallow tated freely and heat applied, with
hole. the generation of COa from the car-
2. A hole in the ground from which bonates in the ore. This caused
clay for pottery has been taken. the sulphides to rise to the surface
(Webster) where they were either allowed to
3. A hole extending below the wear- flow off continuously or were
ing course in a roadway. (Bacon) skimmed off. This was clearly a
4. (Lane). A small temporary ledge surface tension process. Delprat
in a sinking-pit. (Gresley) (1902) accomplished the same thing
5. A rounded cavity in the roof of a with acid salt-cake solution. Both
mine caused by a fall of rock, coal, processes were tried out at Broken
ore, etc. Hill, Australia. Later patents indi-
cate that oil has been found to as-
Potin (Fr.) A coin alloy of the an- sist in this process. These inventors
cient Gauls, consisting of copper,
zinc, lead, and tin. (Standard)
worked independently, became in-
volved in litigation and eventually
Pot kiln. A small lime kiln. (Web- pooled their interests. (Liddell)
ster)
Pottern ore. A term used in early
Pot lead. Graphite or black lead. metallurgical practice for an ore
(Century) that becomes vetrified by heat,
Potlid. A concretion found in sand- like the glazing of earthenware.
stone or shale of the Jurassic. (Standard)
(Standard) Pure plastic
Potters' clay; Pipe clay.
Pot metal. 1. Oast iron suitable for and conse-
clay, free from iron,
making pots. 2. A
copper-and-lead quently white after burning. (U. S.
alloy formerly used for large pots Geol. Surv.)
and for faucets, etc. 3. Glass col-
ored throughout while fused; pot- Potters' consumption. An acute bron-
metal glass. (Standard) chitis often occurring among per-
sons employed in potteries, eventu-
Pot mizer (Eng.). A boring tool oc- ally affecting the lungs. Called also
casionally used in clays mixed with
Potters* asthma, and Potters' bron-
pebbles. It is made in the form of
chitis. (Standard)
a spiral cone, that is open at the
top to receive the pebbles carried Potters' lead. See Alquifou.
np by the worm. (Gresley). Also
spelled Pot miser. Potters' ore. See Alquifou.
 )

GLOSSARY OF MINrCTG AlTD MINERAL INDUSTRY. 533

Potters* wheel. A horizontal disk, re- ral fissure or cavity in the strata.
volving on a vertical spindle, and (Gresley)
carrying the clay In the operation 4. The gold monetary unit of Great
of throwing, which see. (Webster) Britain equal to $4.8665.
Pottery. 1. A shop or factory where Poundage. 1. (Scot.) Interest some-
earthen vessels are made. 2. The times paid for money advanced be-
art of the potter ceramics. 3. Ware
;
fore pay day. (Barrowman)
made from certain earthy materials. 2. In salt making, the number of
Usually clay, molded while moist pounds of salt in a gallon or cubic
and soft and hardened by heat foot of brine. (Webster)
(Webster). The principal varieties
are: (1) Earthenware, character- Pounder. An ore-mill stamp. (Stand-
ized by comparative softness and ard)
fusibility in a porcelain furnace. It Poundstone. 1. (Shrop.) The stone or
includes: (a) Unglazed ware; (b) clay floor under the coal. (Gres-
Lustrous ware; (c) Glazed ware; ley)
and (d) Enameled toare. (2) 2. A stone, pebble, or large echinite,
Stoneware, characterized by hard- weighing a pound, used as a weight.
ness and owing to the
infusibility (Webster)
silica in the clay forming the body.
See Porcelain. Pounson (No. Wales). Dense soft
Pottery kiln. A kiln for firing pottery. clay underlying coal beds. (Gres-
ley)
(Standard)
Pottery tree. Any various one of Pour. A
term used in founding. 1.
South American trees of the rose The amount of material, as melted
family, the hard and brittle bark metal, poured at a time. 2. The act.
of which contains a great quantity process, or operation of pouring
of silex, that the Indians obtain melted metal; as, make a pour at
by burning and mingle with clay to noon. (Standard)
form pottery. (Standard)
Pourie (Scot.) (pronounced poorie).
Potting. The placing of pots, contain- A small oil can with a spout from
ing either potassium nitrate or so- which oil is poured to lubricate ma-
dium nitrate and sulphuric acid, in chinery. ( Barrowman
the kilns used in the manufacture
of sulphuric acid from sulphurous Pouring-gate. A channel in a mold,
acid obtained from the combustion through which to pour molten metal.
of sulphur in air. (Century) (Standard)
Pottsville conglomerate. A conglomer- Pout (No. of Eng.). A tool for knock-
ate formation the base of the
at ing out or drawing timbers in the
Pennsylvanian in the Northern Ap- mine workings. (Gresley)
palachian region; millstone grit.
(Webster) Powder. 1. Any of various solid explo-
sives, as gunpowder used in gunnery,
Potty. Contnining pots. See Pot, 1.
blasting, etc. 2. The fine particles
Also applied to any roof in a coal
to which any dry substance is re-
mine which falls down in thick
blocks. (Steel)
duced by pounding, grinding, etc.

Potwork. 1. (Prov.) Pottery or pot- Powder barrel. A barrel made for the
tery ware 2. (Eng.) A place conveyance of gunpowder, usually
where common pottery is made.
containing 100 pounds (Standard).
(Standard) Compare Powder keg.

Pound. 1. A unit of weight varying Powder house. A magazine for the tem-
from 300 to about 1,070 grams, and porary storage of explosives.
commonly divided into 12 or 16 Powder Jack. See Jack, 3.
ounces. Among English-speaking
peoples, the avoirdupois pound of Powder keg. A small metal keg for
7.(X)0 grains is the standard of black blasting-powder, usually hav-
weight for most purposes; but the ing a capacity sufficient for 25
troy pound of 5,760 grains is the pounds of powder.
standard for gold and silver and a
few other costly articles. (Web- Powder man. A man In charge of ex-
ster) plosives In an operation of any na-
2. An underground reservoir of wa- ture requiring their use. A powder
tar. See Lodse. 1. 3. A large natu- monkey.
 )

534 GLOSSARY OF MINING AND MINERAL INDUSTRY.

Powder monkey. 1. A person employed Pozo (Sp.). A

at the powder house of a coal mine
whose duty it is to deliver powder
to the miners.(Folsom-Morris Coal
Mining Co. v. DeVork, 160 Okla-
homa, p. 65.)
2. In some metal mines, the person
who distributes powder, dynamite
and fuse to the miners at the work-
ing faces. This is a nautical term,
but is frequently used In the mining
industry.
Powdered ore (Aust). Ore dissemi-
nated with vein stuff. (Power)
An excavation filled
Powder mine.
with powder for the purpose of
blasting rocks. (Century)
Powellite. A mineral composed of cal-
cium molybdate and calcium tung-
state. Ca,(Mo,W)04. Occurs in
minute yellow tetragmal pyramids.
(Dana)
Powelllzing process. A wood treatment
consisting of impregnating the wood
with a saccharin solution. It hnrd-
ens the wood, and renders it fire-
proof to some extent. (Liddell)
pit, shaft, or winze;
P. de arrastre, an inclined shaft or
winze; P. de bombas, a pumping or
drainage shaft ; P. de escalas, a lad-
der-way shaft; P. de extracddn, a
hoisting shaft; P. de ventiladdn, an
air shaft; P. maestro, the main
shaft. (Halse)
Pozzuolana. A leucitic tuff quarried
near Pozzuoli, in Italy, and used in
the manufacture of hydraulic ce-
ment. (La Forge) Artificial poz-
zuolana Is made from slag, ash, etc.
(Webster) Also spelled Pozzolana
and Pozzuolane.
Practical shot. In coal mining, a shot
for which the hole has been drilled
in a direction selected with reason-
able care, and that has been filled
with powder and tamped with the
same degree of care. (Bolen-Dar-
nell Coal Co. v. Hicks, 190 Fed.
Kept, p. 719)
Prase. A translucent and dull leek-
green variety of chalcedonic quartz.
(Dana)
Praseodymium. A rare metallic ele-
ment. Symbol, Pr atomic weight,
;

Power. Any form of energy available 140.90; specific gravity, 6.475.

for doing any kind of work; as (Webster)
steam-potoer; water-power; specifi-
cally, mechanical energy, as distin- Praseolite. A green alteration product
guished from work done by hand of iolite. (Dana)
(Standard). Often used to indicate Prasoid. Resembling prase. (Stand-
the electric current in a wire as, to ;
ard)
turn on the power.
Prata (Port). Silver; P. en barras,
Power distillate. The untreated kero- silver in bars. (Halse)
sene condensates and still heavier
distillates down to 28° B6. from Mid- Pre-Cambrian. Older than, or occur-
Continent petroleum, used as fuel in ring before, the beginning of the
internal combustion engines. (Ba- Cambrian; especially, all that part
con) of geologic time represented by
rocks older than Cambrian; also,
Power drill. A rock drill employing such pre -Cambrian rocks, collec-
steam, air, or electricity as a mo- tively. (La Forge)
tive agent. (Ihlseng)
Precious. A
term used by mineralo-
Power factor. The
ratio of the elec- gists to imply the finest variety of
tric power in watts to the apparent gems or minerals, c. g., jrecious gar-
power in volt-amperes, in an alter- net, precious beryl, etc. (Power)
nating-current circuit or apparatus.
(Webster) Precious garnet. A synonym for Py-
rope.
Power gas. Any gas made for pro-
ducing power, as for driving gas Precious metals. The uncommon and
engines. ( Webster highly valuable metals, especially
gold and silver (Webster). Also
Power house. The building in which platinum and associated metals.
the prime motor of a system of
works is installed, and from which Precious opal. Opal exhibiting a play
power is transmitted to the other of delicate colors. (Dana)
parts of the system. (Standard)
Precipice. A
very steep, perpendicu-
Pox stone. A hard stone of a gray lar or overhanging place, as the face
color found in some Staffordshire of a cliff; an abrupt declivity.
mines. (Century) (Webster)
 GLOSSARY OF MINING AND MINERAL INDUSTRY. 535

Precfpitador (Mex.)- A workman In a Prehnite. A hydrous silicate of cal-

leaching mill who adds the precipi- cium and aluminum, H2CaaAlr-
tant to the silver solutions. (SiO*).. (Dana)
(Dwight) Premeridian. In the terminology of
Precipitadora (Sp.). A precipitating Rogers, denoting the rocks of the
vat or tank. (Halse) Lower Helderberg period Immedi-
ately underlying the Meridian
Precipitant. Any agent, as a reagent, series characterizing the seventh of
;

that when added or applied to a so-
lution causes a precipitate of one or
more of Its constituents. (Stand-
ard)
Precipitate. A
substance (held in so-
lution in a liquid) thrown down in
a solid form by the addition of
some other substance in solution.
When a substance held only me-
chanically in suspension in a liquid
settles to the bottom it is called a
sediment. (Roy. Com.)
Precipitation process. The treatment
of lead ores by d rect fusion with
metallic iron or slag or ore rich
in iron; performed generally in a
the fifteen series of the Paleozoic
strata of the Appalachian region.
(Standard) Usage is obsolete.
Premium. 1. The consideration paid,
whether in money or otherwise, for
a contract of insurance. 2. The ex-
cess In purchasing power, or ex-
change value, of one form of money
over another of the same nominal
value, as of gold dollars over paper
ones, or of silver dollars over paper
ones; above par. (Webster)
Prensa (Mex.). A vise; a press.
(Dwight)
Preparaci6n (Sp.).1. Opening out or

shaft-furnace, rarely in a reverbera- development as distinguished from

tory. Often combined with the exploitation. 2. P. mecdnica, ore
roasting and reduction process. dressing. (Halse)
(Raymond) Preparar (Sp.). To prepare; P. min-
Predazzite. Acontact rock at Pre- erales. to dress ores. (Halse)
dazzo, in the Tyrol, produced by an Preparation. The treatment of ore or
intrusion of syenite in crystalline coal to reject waste. See Concen-
dolomite. It is partly calcite and tration also Ore dressing.
;

partly brucite or hydromagnesite.

Pencatite is the same aggregate, Prepare. 1. To shear or undermine
darkened by grains of pyrrhotite. the coal so that it can be readily
(Kemp) blasted loose. 2. (Ark.) To make
a cartridge for a blast. 3. (Ark.)
Preemption Act. An Act providing for To charge a blast hole. (Steel)
a patent to agricultural lands. The
Act does not Include mineral de- Prerelease. The act of discharging
posits, as they are expressly re- steam or air from an engine cylin-
served. (Gold Hill Quartz Mining der before the piston has reached
Co. 17. Ish, 5 Oregon, p. 108) the end of Its stroke. (Ihlseng)

Preferential flotation. A name applied

Presa (Sp.). A dam. (Min. Jour.)
to a special type of differential flo- Present worth. That principal which,
tation in which a mixture of two drawing interest at a given rate,
flotative sulphide minerals is given will amount to the eiven sum at the
a slight roast in order that one date on which this Is to be paid
may be oxidized, and therefore not (Webster). The value now of a
float, and the other remain un- sum due at some future date, with
changed. (O. C. Ralston) or without interest. (E. B. Skinner,
p. 68)
Preglacial. Of, pertaining to, or oc-
curring in geologic time before the
Press cake. The incorporated gun-
glacial epoch. (Standard)
powder or mill cake, pressed and
ready for granulation. (Century)
Preglacial drift. Loose sand and Pressed distillate. The oil coming
gravel lying beneath the till in Ice- from the presses when paraffin wax
land. (Century) Is recovered. (Bacon)
Preheat. To heat previously, as a Pressed fuel. An artificial fuel pre-
charge to be subsequently treated in pared from coal dust, waste coal,
an electric furnace, or compressed etc.. Incorporated with other in-
air before It Is allowed to expand gredients, as tar, and compressed in
in a compressed air engine. (Web- molds into blocks (Century). Bri*
ter) quets.
536 GLOSSARY OF MINING AND MINERAL INDUSTRY,

Presser. In ceramics, the workman of a safety lamp is regulated, with-

who molds handle, ears, and
the out removing the top of the lamp.
decorative reliefs to be applied to a It passes up into the lamp through
pottery vessel before firing. (Cen- the oil reservoir in a tube. (Gres-
tury) ley)
4. An iron rod for probing or sound-
Pressure anemometer. An anemome- ing a bog, quicksand, etc. (Web-
ter showing the wind's velocity by ster)
means of the pressure exerted
Pricking. 1. The act of lifting or
(Standard), as for measuring the
loosening with a lever or a pick.
velocity of ventilating air currents
(Gresley)
in mines.
2. (Scot.) A thin stratum suitable
Pressure blower. A machine or blower for holing. (Barrowman)
having either pistons, cams, or fans
Pricking bar. 1. A bar used in open-
for furnishing an air-blast above
(Standard) ing the tap hole of a furnace. 2. A
atmospheric pressure.
rod used for removing obstructions
Pressure box. A cistern at a consider- from tuyeres and blow pipes. (Will-
able elevation, fed by a flume, ditch cox)
or pipe, to supply water under a
Pride of the country (Corn.). Rich
head. (Webster)
bodies of ore near the surface. (Da-
Pressure fan. 1. A fan supplying air vies)
under pressure (Webster). 2. A
fan that forces fresh air into a mine
Prill. 1. (Corn.) The best ore after
cobbing. 2. iSfee Button. (Raymond)
as distinguished from one that ex-
hausts air from the mine.
3. (Eng.) A
nugget of virgin metal.
(Webster)
Pressure figure. A figure produced by
intersecting lines of parting, due to
Prillion. Tin extracted from slag.
Also spelled Prillon. (Standard)
gliding when certain minerals, like
mica, are compressed by a blunt Prima oil. The trade name for a shale
point. They are similar in charac- oil with a low density and low boil-
ter, but not In position, to the so- ing point. (Bacon)
called percussion-figures produced
(Standard) Primary. 1. Characteristic of or exist-
by a sharp point.
ing in a rock at the time of its for-
Pressure filter. A
filter in which the mation: said of minerals, textures
liquid to be filtered is forced etc., of rocks; essentially the same
through filtering material by a pres- as Original 1, and contrasted with
sure greater than its own weight in Derived, or Secondary, 1. 2. Formed
the filter, (Century) directly by solidification from fusion
Forging done by a or deposition from solution: said of
Pressure-forging.
igneous rocks and chemical sedi-
steady pressure, as in a hydraulic
(Standard) ments and contrasted with Deriva-
press.
tive (little used). 3. Originally the
Pressure wires. Wires leading from same as the present pre-Cambrian,
various points of an electric system then extended to include the present
to a central station, where a volt- Paleozoic, and later restricted to
meter in<ficates the potential of the Paleozoic; finally abandoned and
system at those points. (Webster) now obsolete. (La Forge)
Prian (Corn.). Soft white clay. (Ray- Primary blasting. A term applied to
mond) the blasts by means of which the
original rock ledge is broken Into
Priceite. A friable, chalky boron min-
fragments. (Bowles)
eral similar to colemanite. See also
Colemanite. (U. S. Geol. Surv.) Primary clay. Clay that is found in
its place of formation (Webster).
Bricked. In ceramics, ornamented
Residual clay.
with dotted depressions made with
a single point or with a comb. Primary coil. The coil through which
(Standard) the primary current passes in an
A
thin brass rod induction coil or transformer. ( Web-
Pricker. 1. (Eng.)
ster)
for making a hole In the stemming,
when blasting, for the insertion of Primary drilling. The process of drill-
a fuse. 2. (So. Staff.) A
long iron ing holes In a solid rock-ledge In
rod or poker used for loosening coal preparation for a blast by means of
from overhead. 3. A
piece of bent which the rock is thrown down.
wire by which the size of the flame (Bowles)

GLOSS AKY OF MINING AND MINERAL INDUSTR"X
Primary minerals. Those minerals
that retain their original form and
composition, as original sulphides.
Compare Secondary minerals. See
Primary, 1.
Prime. 1. To pour water into to dis-
place air and thus promote suction
as, to prime a pump (Standard).
2. To insert a detonator into a car-
tridge of explosive and attach it
thereto. (Du Pont)
Prime city naphtha. A petroleum
product with a gravity of from 73°
to 68* B6. See Benzoline, 1. (Ba-
con)
Prime mover. An engine, or machine,
the object of which is to receive and
modify force and motion as supplied
by some natural source, and apply
them to drive other machinery, as
a water wheel, a windmill, turbine,
steam engine, etc. (Webster)
Primer. A
dynamite cartridge, or
package of any explosive, which con-
tains the detonator, whether blast-
ing-cap or electric blasting-cap.
(Du Pont)
Prime white oil. A kerosene of prime
white color, that is intermediate
in color between water-white and
standard - white. See Standard -
white oil. (Bacon)
Priming horn. A miner's or quarry-
man's powder horn. (Century)
Priming powder. Detonating or
minating powder. (Standard)
Priming tube. A tube containing ful-
minating powder for firing a charge
(Standard). A detonator.
1. A safety valve on
Priming valve.
the working cylinder of a steam en-
gine to discharge the priming.
(Standard)
2. A valve connected with the dis-
charge pipe of a force pump through
which the pump may be primed.
Primitive. Same as Primary 3, which
see: obsolete. (La Forge)
Primitive circle. In crystallography,
the great circle in the plane of pro-
jection ( stereographic projection )
I A. F. Rogers)
Primitive form. A crystal form from
which other forms may be derived.
(A. F. Rogers)
Primitive rocks. Rocks supposed to be
first formed, and containing no or-
ganic remains, being irregularly
crystallized and aggregated without
;
. ) )
537
a cement, such as granite, gneiss,
and the like (Thompson). See Pri-
mary
Primordial. In geology, formerly used
for what is now called Cambrian,
which see: Obsolete. (La Forge)
The name was given by Barrande
to the oldest fossiliferous rocks as
developed in Bohemia. It corre-
sponds with the British Cambrian.
(Roy. Com.)
Primordial zone. The lowest geologi-
cal formation known to contain a
fossil fauna equivalent to tLe Cam-
;
brian. (Standard) Usage now ob-
solete.
Principal. 1. (Colom.) Artificial chan-
nel or drain used in alluvial mining.
2. (Sp.) Shaft of a water wheel.
(Halse)
Principal axis. In the tetragonal and
hexagonal systems, the vertical crya-
tallographic axis; hence, what is the
same thing, in uniaxial crystals, the
optic axis. (La Forge)
Principal meridian. A meridian line
accurately located and used as a
basis from which to construct inte-
rior lines of monuments, called guide
meridians, for the use of surveyors.
(Standard)
Principal section, in crystallography,
the plane passing through the opti-
cal axis of a crystal. (Standard)
ful-
Pringap. The distance between two
mining possessions in Derbyshire
(Raymond). An odd piece of min-
ing ground of less than half a mere.
(Mander)
Print. 1. A
projection on a core, by
which placed and held In proper
It Is
position In a mold; a core point 2.
An Impression of a pattern or of a
part thereof, as in molding sand.
(Standard)
Printed ware. Pottery decorated b;*
transfer-printing. ( Standard
Printing body. Pottery when in con-
dition to be printed; biscuit
(Standard)
Prism. 1. In crystallography, in the
tetragonal and hexagonal systems,
an open form of similar faces paral-
lel to the vertical axis. 2. In the
orthorhombic, monocllnlc, and trl-
cllnlc systems, an open form of
similar faces parallel to the vertical
axis and Intersecting both lateral
axes. (La Forge) 3. A solid whose
bases or ends are similar, equal, and
parallel polygons, the faces being
parallelograma ( S tandarif
 )

638 GLOSSARY OF MINUfTQ AISD MINERAL INDUSTRY.

Piism leveL A kind of dumpy level Producer gas. A combustible gas to be

with a mirror over the level tube,
and a pair of prisms so placed that
the position of the level bubble can
be determined at any time by the
levelman without the necessity of
moving his head from the eyepiece.
(Webster)
Prize (Leic). To lift or loosen with
a lever or a pick. (Gresley)
Probable ore. Any blocked ore not
certain enough to be "in sight" and
all ore that is exposed for samp-
ling, but of which the limits and
continuity have not been proved by
blocking. Also, it includes any un-
discovered ore of which there is a
strong probability of existence. Ore
that is exposed on either two or
, three sides. Whether two or three
sides be taken as a basis will de-
pend on the character of the deposit.
(Min. and Met. Soc. of Am., Bull.
64, pp. 258 and 262)
Probing (Derb.). Boring or drilling
for testing mineral ground. (Man-
der)
Procellas. In glass-making, a pair of
spring-tongs with flat jaws, used to
reduce the external diameter of a
glass object as it is rotated by the
pontil. Also spelled Pucellas.
(Sandard)
Processioner (Local U. S.) An
land-surveyor. (Standard)
Processioning (Prov. U. S.) The offi-
cial inspection of boundaries and
maintenance of surveyors' marks,
as in North Carolina and Tennessee
and possibly in some of the British
colonies. ( Standard
used for fuel, for driving gas en-
gines, for making illuminating gas,
etc., made by
forcing steam and air
through layer of incandescent
a
fuel, as coke, the resulting gas con-
sisting largely of carbon monoxide
and nitrogen. (Webster)
Production. That which is produced
©r made; any tangible result of in-
dustrial or other labor (Standard).
The yield or output of a mine, met-
allurgical plant, or quarry.
Productive. Yielding payable ore.
(Duryee)
Producto (Sp.). Product, return, or
yield. (Halse)
Profile. 1. An outline or contour; a
drawing in outline, as in vertical
section or the like. Specifically, tlie
outline of a vertical section through
a country or line of work, showing
actual or projected elevations and
hollows, generally with the vertical
scale much greater than the hori-
zontal. 2. In ceramics, a metal
plate giving in hollow section the
exterior outline of half of the ob-
ject to be made, so that when
placed against the clay on the ro-
tating throwing wheel it will shape
it to the desired form. (Standard)
Profile paper. Paper ruled horizon-
tally and vertically with equidistant
ofiicial
lines to scale, for convenience in
drawing engineering profiles in
either direction. (Standard)
Profit in sight.Probable gross profit
from a mine's ore reserves, as dis-
tinct from the ground still to be
blocked out. (Skinner)

Profundidad (Sp.). Depth, as of a

Proehlorite. One of the chlorite group. shaft or winze. (Halse)
Lower in than clinochlore,
silicon
and with ferrous iron usually, but Profundizacion (Sp.). Sinking or
not always, in large amount deepening. (Halse)
(Dana)
Progressive powder. A gunpowder
Produce. 1. The marketable ores or made so that it burns slowly at first,
minerals produced by mining and and then with increasing rapidity,
dressing. 2. (Corn.) The amount to avoid the extreme pressure caused
of fine copper in one hundred parts by the explosion of powders in which
of ore. (Raymond) the combustion is instantaneous.
(Webster) A slow-burning explo-
Producer. 1. One who grows agricul- sive. Compare I^ropellant explosives.
tural products, or manufactures
crude materials into articles of use Projection. 1. In alchemy, the casting
(Webster). Also one who extracts, of a substance, especially philoso-
ore or coal from mines; rock from pher's stone, into a molten metal
quarries metals from ore by metal-
; with the supposed result of trans-
lurgical processes, etc See Produc- muting the latter. (Standard)
tion. 2. Theact or result of constructing
2. See Gas producer. a figure upon a plane or other sur-

GLOSSABY OF MINING AND MINERAL INDUSTRY.
face which corresponds point for
point with a sphere, spheroid or
other figure. (Century)
Prolong. Generally a simple cone or
canister of sheet Iron for condensing
zinc. The chief requisites are the
provisions of ample cooling surface,
the insurance that the gas will come
in contact therewith in order to
assist in the condensation of zinc
which may be carried ofC by the es-
caping stream of gas. Prolongs are
of two types, vertical and horizontal.
(Ingalls, p. 554)
Promising. Looking as if likely to
turn out well; as in mining, a
promising prospect.
Promontorio. 1. (Sp.). A considerable
elevation of ground a promontory or
;
headland. 2. (Mex.). An irregular
deposit or mass. (Halse)
I^omoter. A person who alone or with
others sets on foot, and takes the
preliminary steps in, a scheme or
undertaking for the organization of
a company, the floating of bonds,
stocks, etc., or the carrying out of
any business project (Webster)
;
e. g., a mine promoter.
Prong (Eng.). The forked end of the
bucket-pump rods for attachment to
the traveling valve and seat. (0.
and M. M. P.)
Prony's dynamometer. A dynamometer
for obtaining data for computing
power delivered by turbines and
other water wheels, or from the fly
wheel of an engine, or transmitted
by shafting. (Century)
Prop. A
timber set upright or at right
angles to the dip, to support the roof
rock (Chance). A strut or post in
tunnel construction work, either
vertical or raking, usually of round
timber, used as a support, or stay.
A raking prop is sometimes called
a raker.
Propagate. To transmit or spread
from place to place; as coal-dust
propagates a mine explosion.
Propagated blast. A blast consisting
of a number of unprimed charges of
explosives and only one hole primed,
generally for the purpose of ditch-
ing, where each charge detonated
is
by the explosion of the adjacent one,
the shock being transmitted through
the wet soil. In this method, one de-
tonator firetl in the middle of a line
of holes is capable of bringing about
the explosion of several hundred
such charges. (Du Pout)
>
539
Propellant explosives. Those explo-
sives in which the velocities of com-
bustion are regulated, either by
chemical composition or by prepar-
ing the explosive in various shapes.
(Brunswig, p. 236)
Prop-crib timbering. Shaft timbering
with cribs kept at the proper dis-
tance apart by means of props.
(Raymond)
Prophylene-glycol dinitrate explosive-
A term used by Dr. Charles E. Mun-
roe to define an explosive contain-
ing the liquid ingredients named, in
contradistinction to dynamite, which
contains nitroglycerin. In commerce
the term dynamite is loosely used
to include any mixture containing a
liquid explosive.
Propiedad ( Sp. ) Property P. minera,
. ;
a mining property; P. mueble, per-
sonal property; P. raiz, real estate.
(Halse)
Propietario (Sp.). Proprietor; P. de
una mina, owner of a mine. (Halse)
Prop maul (Eng.). An iron maul, with
a wooden handle, used by the depu-
ties in drawing or setting props.
(G. C. Green well)
Proposition. A project, undertaking,
affair, or the like, involving some
action, as in carrying out, manag-
ing, operating, passing of judgment,
with reference to it; as in mining,
an alluvial proposition. ( Webster
Propping. The timbering of a mine.
(Gresley)
Prop slicing. See Top slicing and
cover caving.
Prop stay. A stay used to strengthen
tubes and water spaces, in steam
boilers, or large tubes and annular
spaces, in air tanks, and resist pres-
sure tending to collapse or rupture
(Century). The opposite of tie-rod»
which resists tension.
Propulsive. A
term applied to the kind
of force exerted by an explosive that
tends to push out masses of rock
rather than to break them up.
(Bowles) See also Progressive pow-
der.
Prop wood. (Eng.). Timber suitable
for cutting, or already cut into
props. See Prop. (Gresley)
Propylite. A name given by von Richt-
hofen in 1867 to certain andesites,
formed at the beginning of Tertiary
time, that were thought to resembl«
the old diorites and diorite-porphy-
rites. They had been previously
 540 GLOSSARY OF MINING AND MINERAL INDUSTRY.
called by him greenstone-trachytes
In Hungary, but were not named
propylite until he found them in Ne-
vada and California. The western
propyl ites have been since conclu-
sively shown by several American
petrographers to be only more or
less altered andesites. The litera-
ture of the name furnishes an inter-
esting and amusing exhibition of
the efforts of those petrographers,
who were influenced by the time-
myth in the classification of igneous
rocks, to draw distinctions, where
there were no differences. The
name means before the gates,' allud-
*
ing to their position at the begin-
ning or entrance to the Tertiary,
which was supposed to usher in the
true, volcanic eruptions of geologi-
cal time. (Kemp) Now obsolete.
Propylitic. A
term that may be ap-
plied toany kind of a vein, meaning
that the ore solution which has fur-
nished the vein filling has also ef-
fected a decomposition or alteration
of the wall rock as well, so that the
walls of the vein consist of clay,
talc, etc. (Shamel, p. 155)
Pr6rroga (Mex.). An extension
time. (Dwight)
/ Prospect. 1. The name given to any
mine workings the value of which
has not yet been made manifest. A
prospect is to a mine what mineral
(Ihlseng). A mineral
Is to ore
deposit, or excavation more or less
superficial, indicating a deposit.
(Webster)
2. To examine land for the possible
occurrence of coal or valuable min-
erals by drilling holes, ditching, or
other work. (Steel)
3. The gold or other mineral got by
working a sample of ore.
Prospectar; Explorar; Catear (Sp.)
To prospect (Halse)
Prospect hole Any shaft, pit, drift,
or drill hole made for the purpose
of prospecting the mineral-bearing
ground.
/ Prospecting. Searching for new de-
posits; also, preliminary explora-
tions to test the value of lodes or
placers already known to exist.
Prospecting claim (Aust). A larger
mining claim than is usually grant-
ed, and given to the first prospector
who discovers gold in a district.
(Webster)
Prospective ore. Ore that can not be
Included as proved or probable, nor
definitely known or stated in terms
of tonnage. See Possible ore, alatt
Ore expectant (H. C. Hoover, p.
19)
Prospector. Aperspn engaged in ex-
ploring for valuable minerals, or In
I, testing supposed discoveries of the
"same. (Roy. Com.)
Prospect tunnel, or entry. A tunnel
or entry driven through barren
measures, or a fault, to ascertain the
character of strata beyond. (CJ.
and M. M. P.)
Prospectus. A preliminary written or
printed statement of a plan or
scheme proposed affording a pros-
pect of its nature, as of a business
undertaking, the conditions of incor-
poration, and apparent future prom-
ise of a company, issued by its pro-
motors (Webster). Common in min-
ing.
Protaxis. In geology, the oldest of the
mountain ranges in a mountain
chain (Standard). (Now obsolete).
Protean stone. An alabaster-like ar-
tificial stone made from gypsum.
(Standard)
Protector lamp (Eng.). A safety lamp
of the flame of which it is impossible
to expose to the outside atmosphere,
as unlocking, or rather unscrewing
it, extinguishes the light.
Proteolite.
(Gresley)
An old name for certain
contact rocks produced by granite
intrusions from slates. Compare
Cornubianite. (Kemp)
Proterobase. Originally applied by
Gumbel, 1874, to Silurian or earlier
diabases with hornblende. The fre-
quency of the paramorphism of au-
gite to hornblende has led others to
apply it to diabases with uralitized
augite. Rosenbusch restricts i to
diabases with original hornblende.
(Kemp)
Proterozoic. In the usage of some
geologists, the era that comprises the
Algonkian period (La Forge). The
era that elapsed between the close of
the formation of the igneous com-
plex and the beginning of the lowest
system, which is now known to con-
tain abundant well-preserved fossils.
The time between the close of the
Archeozoic and the Paleozoic and in-
cluding the Huronian, Animikean,
and Keweenawan periods. (Cham-
berlin)
Protoclase. A
rock possessing cleav-
age originally developed during sedi-
mentation under watir or cooling
from magma, such as bedding, flow
structure, etc. Compare Metaclase.
(U. S. Geol. Surv., Bull. 239, p. 12 >
 GLOSSARY OP MINING AND MINERAL INDUSTRY. 541

Protoolastio structure. 1. An original Prove up. To show that the require-

magmatic flow structure. (Leith, p. ments for receiving a patent tot
87). 2. Having a structure derived government land have been fulfilled.
from the solidification of molten rock, (Webster)
in which the crystals are more or less Provider (Braz.). A collector of trib-
fractured or brecciated by the op- ute and other taxes. (Halse)
eration of forces during a late stage
Proving hole. 1. A borehole drilled
of the original consolidation.
for prospecting purposes. 2. A
(Standard)
small heading driven to find a bed
Protocolo (Sp.). Minutes; protocol; or vein lost by a dislocation of
registry; a judicial registry. the strata, or to prove the quality
(Halse) of the ore in advance of regular
Protogenic; Protogenetic. Of or per- workings. (Chance)
taining to a first origin or produc- Proximate analysis. The determina-
tion. Specifically: Of or pertaining tion of the compounds contained in
to those crystalline rocks supposed a mixture distinguished from
as
to be formed by igneous action. which is the deter-
ultimate, analysis,
(Standard) mination of the elements contained
in a compound (Standard). Used
Protogine. An old name for a granite
in the analysis of coal.
or gneiss in the Alps, consisting of
quartz, orthoclase, and chlorite or Prueba (Mex.). A test; P. de crudo,
sericite, the last-named of which a test made when the torta is sup-
was formerly erroneously taken for posed to be rendida, or worked, to
talc. The laminated structure from- ascertain whether there is sufficient
dynamic n^tamorphism is often pro- mercury present. (Dwight)
nounced (Kemp). A chloritic or Prussic acid. Same as Hydrocyanic
sericitic variety of granite gneiss: acid.
obsolescent. (La Forge) Pryan. 1. (Corn.) A
fine, white, some-
Protore. Low-gradematerial which what friable clay (Webster). Also
by natural processes of enrichment Prian. 2. Ore in small pebbles mixed
is convertible into ore; as, for ex- with clay. (U. S. Geol. Surv.)
ample, the so-called primary ore of Prypole. The pole which forms the
the disseminated copper deposits, prop of a hoisting and stands
gin,
containing generally less than .5 per facing the windlass. (Webster)
cent of copper. (Ransome) Psammite. Any sedimentary rock com-
Protoxide. The oxide metal of any posed of detrltal material of the size
containing the least proportion of and general character of sand, as
oxygen. (Weed) sandstone and arkose. (La Forge)
Psammitic. Made up of particles the
Protractor. An instrument for laying
down and measuring angles on pa- size of sand. (Power)
per: used in drawing and plotting. Psephite. Any sedimentary
rock com-
(Webster) posed of coarse detrltal material,
such as pebbles: said of such rocks
Proud coal (Scot). Coal that natu- as conglomerate. (La Forge) The
rally splitsoff in flakes or slabs name is derived from the Greek for
when worked in a particular man- pebble. (Kemp)
ner, producing waste, by deteriora-
tion. (Gresley)
Psephitic. Made up of small stones.
(Power)
Proustite. A light-ruby, silver-arsenic Pseudamygdule. A mineral nodule
sulphide mineral, 2Ag2S.As2S8. Con- that replaces a primary constituent
tains 65.4 per cent silver. (U. S. of a crystalline eruptive rock, so as
Geol. Surv.) to appear like a true vesicular fill-
Prove. 1. (Eng.) To ascertain by ing or amygdule. (Standard)
boring, driving, etc., the position Pseudo. As a prefix, implies something
and character of a coal seam, a false; but its meaning is modified by
fault, etc. 2. (Scot.) To examine the subject to which it applies. .

a mine in search of fire-damp, (Emmons)

known as 'proving the pit' (Gres- Pseudobrookite. A titanium-iron oxide
ley) resembling brookite, occurring in
Proved ore. Ore where there is prac- cavities of some volcanic rocks, as
tically no risk of failure of con- andesite. (Century)
tinuity (H. C. Hoover, p. 19). See Pseudochrysolite. A synonym for Mo5-
also Positive ore. dauite; Bouteillenstein. (Kemp)
642 GLOSSARY OF MINING AND MINERAL INDUSTRY.
Pseudoconglomerate. A rock so broken
up into displaced fragments and in-
terpenetrated by intrusive material
as to appear like a conglomerate.
Pseudocrystalline. Composed of detri-
tal crystalline grains little worn and
solidly compacted by siliceous or
other mineral accretion, so as
strongly to resemble true crystal-
line rock. (Standard)
Pseudodiabase. A name proposed by
G. F. Becker for certain metamor-
phic rocks in the Coast ranges of
California that are supposed to have
been derived from sediments, yet
that have the minerals and texture
of diabase. Compare Metadiabase,
which means the same thing and has
precedence. (Kemp)
Pseudodiorite. Diortic rocks pro-
duced as described under pseudo-
diabase. (Kemp)
Pseudogalena. Sphalerite. (Standard)
Pseudoisotope. An element behaving
as an isotope with respect to another
element, as far as chemical precipi-
tation Is concerned, but not truly
isotopic with it as evidenced by hav-
ing a different atomic number, atomic
weight, and being separable from it
by fractional crystallization. (S. G.
Lind)
Pseudoisotopy. Having the properties
of a pseudoisotope.
Pseudomalachite. A hydrous phos-
phate of copper occurring ordinarily
In massive forms of bright-green
color, much resembling malachite.
Pseudomorph. A crystal, or apparent
crystal, having the outward form
proper to another si)ecles of mineral,
which it has replaced by substitu-
tion or by chemical alteration. (La
Forge)
Pseudomorphous quartz. Quartz under
the forms of many of the mineral
species, which it has taken through
either the alteration or replacement
of crystals of those species. The
most common quartz pseudomorphs
are those of calcite, barite, fluorite,
and siderite. SiUcified wood is
quartz pseudomorph after wood.
Pseudoporphjrritic. Having a porphy-
ritic appearance or character, but no
true phenocrysts. (Standard)
Pseudospherulite. A spherulite in
which the rays are composed of two
different determinable substances,
usually quartz and feldspar.
Psendostromatism. A rock structure
approximately resembling false bed-
ding produced by numerous minor
thrust-fault planes. (Standard)
Pseudosymmetry. Apparent igymmetry,
of higher grade than that proper to
the mineral, generally due to twin-
ning (La Forge). Called also Mi-
metry.
Pseudovolcano. A false volcano; an
eruptive vent not emitting lava like
a true volcano, (Webster)
Psilomelane. A manganese hydrate
and a common ore of manganese.
Perhaps HiMnOe. (U. S. Geol.
Surv.)
Psychrometer. An instrument for de-
termining the tension of aqueous va-
por in the air or the relative hu-
midity (Century). See Sling psy-
chrometer.
Ptilolite.A zeolitic mineral occurring
in white tufts or spongy masses of
minute acicular crystals, formed in
cavities of augite-andesite. (Cen-
tury)
Public domain. All lands and waters
in the possession and ownership of
the United States, including lanc^g
owned by the several States, as dis-
tinguished from lands owned by in-
dividuals and corporations. (Kinney
on Irrigation, sec. 124; Winters v.
United States, 143 Fed. Kept., p.
748)
Public land. Land subject to sale or
other disposition by the United
States under general laws. Land
once reserved by the Government or
appropriated for any special pur-
pose ceases to be a part of the pub-
lic lands. (Winters v. United
States, 143 Fed. Kept., p. 748;
Kinney on Irrigation, sec. 124.)
Puchos (Bol.). Small heaps of roast-
ed ore. (Halse)
Puck. A wall or pillar built of waste
rock to support the roof. (Ray-
mond)
Pudding stone. A conglomerate In
which the pebbles are rounded. Com-
pare Breccia. (Raymond)
Puddle. 1. To subject iron to the
process of puddling so as to con-
vert it from cast-iron into wrought
iron. 2. Clay, or a mixture of clay
and sand, kneaded or worked when
wet, to render it impervious to
water. Also called Puddling. 3. A
small pool. (Webster)
Puddle -ball. The lump of pasty
wrought-iron taken from the pud-
dling furnace to be hammered or
rolled. (Webster)
 GLOSSARY OF MINING AND MINERAL INDUSTRY, 543

Puddle-bar. An iron bar made at a Pueble (Mex.). The actual working

singleheat from a puddle-ball by of a mine. The total working force
hammering and rolling. (Webster) employed in a mine. A shift.
(Dwight)
Puddler. 1. One who converts cast-iron
Into wrought-iron by puddling. 2. Puente (Sp.). 1. Any bridge of wood
A rabble used in puddling. 3. A or metal. 2. A suspended platform
puddling furnace. 4. A system of in stope or shaft. 3. A stulU
small pipes admitting compressed (Halse)
air to a tank of water and zinc Puerta. 1. (Sp.) A door, gate; P. de
chloride to effect a thorough solution grasa, a slag tap ; P. de plomo, lead
for use as a timber preservative. tap. 2. (Colom.) A timber frame
(Webser) or door set. (Halse)
3. Puertas, massive barren rocks or
Puddle rolls. The roughing-rolls
"horses", occurring in a vein, which
through which puddle-balls are
passed to be converted Into bars.
must be removed to regain the pay
Called also Puddle-train. (Stand- streak. (Dwight)
ard) Puerto (Sp.). Port or harbor. A
mountain pass. (Dwight)
Pnddle-steel, Steel made by the pud-
dling process. Puffer. Small stationary engine used
for hoisting material on construc-
Puddler's mine.A soft, compact hema- tion work, in operating a haulage-
tite,sometimes used for the bot- way, or for hoisting at shallow
toms of puddling furnaces. (Web- mines, especially in prospecting and
ster) development work.

Puddle train. A train of rolls for re-

Puffer boy. A person employed to op-
erate an engine used for hauling
ducing squeezed puddle-balls to
(Raymond) loaded mine cars through haulage-
puddle or muck-bars.
ways. (Lahti V. Tamarack Min. Co.,
Puddling. 1. The process of decar- 152 N. W. Rept., 907) Also the op-
burizing cast-iron by fusion on the erator of any small stationary
hearth of a reverberatory furnace hoisting engina
lined (fixed or fettled) with ore or
Pug. 1. (New Zealand) Selvage; clay
other material rich in oxide of iron.
The bath is stirred with a rabble to (Power). See also Pugs.
expose it to the action of the lining 2. A pug mill. 3. Tempered or
and of an air current. The es-
pugged clay. 4. To mix and stir
cape of carbonic oxide causes it to
when wet, as clay for bricks, pot-
boil,whence the early name of this tery, etc.
5. To fill or stop with
clay by tamping. (V'ebster)
method of puddling, viz., boiling.
The term puddling, now applied in Pug engine (Scot). A small locomo-
metallurgy exclusively to the above tive. (Barrowman)
process, originally referred to the
puddling of clay or clay and char- Pugging. The process of mixing and
coal upon the masonry of a furnace working clay for bricks, etc.(Cen*
hearth to form a lining. Ditches, tury). Same as Tempering.
reservoirs, etc., are puddled with
clay to make them water-tight. 2. Pug mill. A mill for kneading or mix-
See Dry puddling. (Raymond) ing clay. (Ingalls, p. 233)

Puddling furnace. A reverberatory Pugs (Scot). A stratum of hard coal

in a free coal seam, e. g., in the
furnace for puddling pig iron.
(Standard)
Main coal seam of Lanarkshire
(Barrowman). See also Pug, 1.
Puddling machine (U. S. and Aust.). Pug tub. See Settler.
A machine used for mixing aurifer-
ous clays with water to the proper Pulsard (Fr.). A sump. (Gresley)
consistency for the separation of the
ore. (Davies) Puit (Pr.). A shaft or pit (Gres-
ley)
Puddock (Scot). Cast-iron plate
forming the crossing of flanged mine- Pulaskite. A variety of syenite of
cat rails. (Barrowman) somewhat trachytic habit, comi>osed
of essential orthoclase and some ne-
Pudinga (Mex.). Pudding stone; con- phelite, or sodalite, diopside, and
jjlomerate. {Dwight) perhaps hornblende. (LaForge)
544 CtLOSSABT OF MINING AND MINERAL INDUSTRY.

Pulgada (Sp.). Inch; P. de minero, Pulp stone. A

very large grindstone
a miner's Inch equal to 74 or 75 cu- employed pulp mills for crushing
In
bic meters in 24 hours. (Halse) or grinding wood into fiber. (Pike)
Pull. 1. (Eng.) To subside or settle. Pulsator. 1. A machine that beats or
See also Creep, 1. 2. The drag throbs in working, as a pulsometer
in ventilation of mines. (Gresley) pump. 2. A jigger or shaking ma-
3. To draw or remove the coal pil- chine used in diamond mining. 3. A
lars, or pillars of ore. device that sends puffs of com-
pressed air into either end alter-
Puller-off(Mid.). A man who takes
nately of a kind of valveless rock
the loaded trams off the cages at
drill. (Webster)
the surface, or who withdraws the
empties from them at the bottom.
4. A motor-driven air compressor
that supplies compressed air to an
(Gresley)
electric channeler. It receives the
Pulley. A sheave or wheel with a exhaust from the channeling ma-
grooved rim, over which a winding chine cylinder and thus utilizes the
rope passes at the top of the head- pressure of the exhaust. (Bowles)
frame. (Gresley)
Pulsator jig. A jig employing a fixed
Pulley brae (Scot). A self-acting in- sieve and successive pulsions of ris-
cline. (Barrowman) ing water from a revolving plug
cock with scarcely any downward
Pulley frame. A gallows frame or return and suction. It has large ca-
head frame. (Raymond) pacity, occupies small space, and
Overwinding or
consumes a comparatively small
Pulleying (Eng.).
amount of power. (R. H. Richards)
drawing up a cage or bucket into
the pulley frame. (Gresley) Pulsometer. A kind of pump, with
valves, for raising water by steam,
Pulley stone. The common name
for partly by atmospheric pressure, and
a hollow cast, or mold, of the Joints partly by the direct action of the
and stems of encrlnites. (Oldham) steam on the water, without the in-
tervention of a piston. Also called
Pulling back (Eng.). See Posting.
a Vacuum pump. (Webster)
Pulling-over (Eng.).
ropeA short Pulverize. To reduce or be reduced to
light hemp rope for drawing the a fine powder or dust as by beating,
ends of winding ropes over the pul- grinding, or the like. (Webster)
leys. (Gresley)
Pulverulent. That which may easily
Pulling pillars. The common expres- be reduced to powder (Weed). Said
sion used for mining the coal in of certain ores.
the pillars of a mine; robbing pil-
lars (Steel). See also Pulling Pumice. An excessively cellular,
stumps. glassy lava, generally of the com-
position of rhyolite (Kemp). A
Pulling stumps. The process of taking sort of volcanic froth. Its color is
out the pillars of a coal mine (Ada generally whitish or light gray. It
Coal Co. V. Linville, 153 S. W. Rept, is very light and will fioat on water.
p. 21). See also Pulling pillars. Pumice stone.

Pull-up stakes (Cal.). To

strike camp. Pump. 1. Any of numerous devices
To remove from one place to an- or machines for raising, transfer-
other, as in search of new diggings, ring, or compressing liquids or gases
etc. (Hanks) by suction or pressure or both. 2.
To work or raise water, etc., with a
Pulmotor. A mechanical device de- pump. (Webster)
signed to perform artificial respira-
tion la cases of asphyxia, electric Pumpage. The amount raised by
shock, drowning, etc., by exhausting pumping ; as, thepumpage of an oil-
the lungs and filling them with oxy- well. (Standard)
gen-enriched air.
Pump bob. The balance weight used to
Pulp (Pac). Pulverized ore mixed bring up the plunger in a Cornish
with water; also applied to dry- pumping-engine. ( Standard)

crushed ore. (Raymond)

Pump bucket. A packed piston having
IPulp-assay (Pac). The assay of sam- an aperture, in its center, covered by
ples taken from the pulp after or a clack or valve opening upwards.
during crushing. (Raymond) (Duryee)
 ;

GLOSSAKY OF MINING AND MINERAL INDUSTRY. 545

Pump chamber. An underground Pump stock (Lane). See Pump tree.
pumping station. Pump tree (Eng.). cast-iron A
Pumper. 1. (Scot) A person who (wrought-iron was formerly used)
works a hand pump. (Barrowman) pipe, generally 9 feet in length, of
2. AnInstrument or machine used which the water column or set is
in pumping. 3. (U. S.) An oil well formed. (Gresley)
that has to be pumped. (Webster) Punch. 1. A tool (ram) for knocking
Pump fist (Eng.). The lower end of out timbers in coal workings. ( Stand-
a plunger case of a pump. (Gresley) ard)
2. Same as leg or prop. Called also
Pumpherston shale. A Scottish oil Puncheon. See Punch prop.
shale which yields 16 to 22 gallons
of crude oil per ton, together with Punch-and-thirl (So. Staff.). A kind
50 to 60 pounds of ammonium sul- of pillar-and-stall system of min-
phate. (Bacon) ing coal. (Gresley)
Pumping. 1. The operation of filling Puncheon. 1. (Mid.) A synonym for
a sludge pump by an up-and-down Prop. 2. A pointed steel tool used
motion of the rods or rope. Also in marble cutting. (Webster)
called Pumping the sludger. (Gres- Puncher. See Punching machine, 2.
ley) 2. The act of raising or trans-
ferring a liquid or gas by means of Punching machine. 1. A machine tool
a pump. used for punching holes in metals
or other material. (Webster)
Pumping engine. An
engine used for 2. A pick machine used to under-
pumping, especially a steam engine mine or shear coal by heavy blows
and pump combined for raising of sharp steel points attached to a
water. (Webster) piston driven by compressed air.
Pumping jack. A device over a deep (Steel)
well for operating the pump by belt Punch prop. A short timber prop for
power. (Webster) supporting coal in holing or under-
Pumping shaft. The shaft containing cutting; a sprag. (Standard)
the pumping machinery of a mine.
(Standard)
Pungernite. A variety of ozocerite,
found in North Russia. (Mitzakis)
Pump kettle. A convex perforated Puiio (Mex.). Handful. (D wight)
diaphragm fixed at the bottom of a
pump tube to prevent the entrance Punta. 1. (Mex.) Small cord for ty-
of foreign matter; a strainer. (Cen- ing ore sacks. (D wight)
2. A sharp end of an instrument, a»
tury)
the point of a pick. 3. Puntas
Pump ring. A flat-iron ring that, when (Peru), a crew of miners who work
lapped with tarred baize or coarse for 12 hours. 4. A headland or
cloth, secures the joints of water promontory. (Halse)
columns. (C. and M. M. P.)
Puntal (Mex.). 1. Prop or post. 2.
Pump rod. The rod
or system of rods The end piece of a shaft frame.
(usually heavy beams) connecting (Halse)
the steam engine at the surface, or Puntero (Sp.). 1. A chisel used by
at a higher level, with the pump
piston below.
stone cutters. 2. A gad. (Halse)
(See Balance-bob.
(Raymond) Punterola (Sp.). A short pick, chisel,
or wedge used with a handle.
P imp-rod plates ( Scot. ) . Spear plates (Halse)
strips or plates of iron bolted to
wooden pump-rods at the joints for Puntista (Mex.). The laborer who
the purpose of making the connec- knocks down loose rock in the
all
tion. (Barrowman) face or stope, leaving it ready for
the next shift. (Dwight)
Pump slope. A slope in which pumps
are operated. (Chance) Punto (Sp,). A point; P. de partida,
the point of discovery of a vein.
Pump sollar. A
platform to give ac- The point of commencement in meaS'
cess to the door-piece and working
uring a claim. (Halse)
parts of a pump. (Standard)
Punty. In glass - blowing, a pontil.
Pump Pump room. An en-
station; Called also Punty rod.
largement made in the shaft, slope,
or entry Puppet. See Poppet.
to receive the pump.
(Steel) I
Puppet head (Eng.). See Poppet head.
75242*—19 35
546 GLOSSARY OF MINING AND MINERAL INDUSTRY.

Puppet valve. A valve that, in open- Putting ponies (Eng.). Ponies 10 or

ing, is lifted bodily from by
its seat 11 hands high used in mines for
its spindle instead of being hinged hauling mine cars.
at one side. (Century) Put-to-stand (So. Staff.). Stoppage
Puppy. An underground set of pumps. of coal mining on account of fire-
(Da vies) stink. (Gresley)
Putty. 1. See Iron putty.
Purbeck beds (Eng.). A fresh- water
2. Tin oxide, sometimes mixed with
deposit consisting of various kinds
lead oxide, used for polishing g^ass,
of limestone and marls, immediately
metals, jewelry, etc. Called also
above the Portland beds. (Humble)
Jewelers' putty; Putty powder. 3.

Purgar (Mex.), To blow off a boiler. In ceramics, glazing-slip. (Stand-

(Dwlght) ard)
Putty powder. Crude oxide of tin,
Purple blende. An old synonym for
used for giving opaque whiteness to
Kermesite. (Chester)
enamels or for grinding glass.
Purple copper ore. Same as Bornite. (Raymond) See Putty, 2.
Purple of Cassius. A purple precipitate Putty stones. Soft pieces of decom-
formed by adding stannous chloride posed rock found in placer deposits.
to chloride of gold. Used in painting (Power)
and staining i)orcelain and glass.
Put work. See Tutwork.
Purser (Corn.). A paymaster and ac-
Putzen (Ger.). Small irregularly de-
countant at a mine. (Skinner)
posited spots or bunches of ore.
Puruna (Peru). A shallow, earthen (Davies)
plate about 7 inches in diameter,
Putz oil. A light distillate from Baku
used for panning small samples of
petroleum with a specific gravity
ore. (Pfordte)
of 0.750 to 0.770. It is used as a
Pusher. A person regularly employed cleansing oil. (Bacon)
to push mine cars from one place to
another. He usually assists the dig-
Puy. A conical hill of volcanic ori-
gin, especially in Auvergne, France,
gers to push cars up into steep
either (1) of volcanic ash or sco-
rooms (Steel). See also Trammer ria with or without intervening
and Putter. sedimentary strata, (2) sedimen-
Pushing jack. An implement for mov- tary or granitic with a cap of ba-
ing a large and heavy object, such as salt, or (3) sedimentary, with or
a railroad car, for a short distance. without volcanic ash, traversed by
(Century) See Pinch, 3. a dike of basalt or trachyte. ( Stand-
ard)
Push A hole through which glass
hole.
is introduced to a flattening fur- Puzzolana; Puzzolano; Puzzolite. Same
nace. (Standard) as Pozzuolana.
Push moraine; Shoved moraine. A Pychite. A columnar variety of to-
kind of terminal moraine consisting paz. (Standard)
of material pushed along and piled Pycnite. A variety of topaz, occur-
into a marginal ridge. (Standard) ring in columnar aggregations.
(Chester)
Put. 1. (Newc.) To convey coal from
the working face to the tramway. Pycnometer. A small bottle for de-
This is usually done by young men termining the specific gravity of
called putters. (Raymond) grains or small fragments. (Dana)
2. Som. ) A box having a capacity of
(
A compact mineral near
Pycnotrope.
from 3 to 6 cwt. of coal, used in serpentine; probably an alteration
thin seams. (Gresley)
product. (Chester)
Putter. 1. (Eng.) A man or boy who
Pyramid. 1. In crystallography, strictly,
conveys coal from the working place
(o) in the tetragonal, hexagonal, and
to the tramway (Raymond). Same and orthorhombic systems, an open
as Haulier, Trammer, and Drawer, 1.
form of three, four, six, eight, or
Putti. A gold-washing tray used in twelve faces which meet the vertical
Madras. (Lock) axis in a common point; (6) in the
monoclinic and triclinic systems, an
Putting (Eng.). Same as hauling. open form of one, two, or four faces
(Gresley) which cut all three axes. 2. As gen*
 GLOSSARY OF MtiTtl^G Al^D MmEHAL INDUSTRY. 547

#rally used, a form enclosed by all Pyrobitumen. A dark-colored, solid,

the faces answering the above de- infusible, natural-hydrocarbon com-
scription whose intercepts have the plex, often associated with a min-
same ratio ; lience, a double-ended py- eral matrix, insoluble in water, and
ramid having both ends alilse: better relatively insoluble in carbon di-
called a bipyramid. (La Forge) sulphide, benzol, etc. (Bacon)
Pyramdial garnet. Idocrase (Power). Pyi'obituminous. Yielding bituminous
A variety of Vesuvianite. products on heating, as coal. (Web-
Pyramidal stoping. See Rill stoping. ster)
Pyrargyrite. Dark, ruby Silver-
silver. Pyrochlore. Chiefly a niobate of the
antimony sulphide, SAgjS. Sb2Ss. Con- cerium metals, calcium and other
tains 59.9 per cent silver when pure, bases, with also titanium and thorium.
but analyses show from 57 to 60.9 Probably essentially a metaniobate
per cent. (U. S. Geol. Surv.) with a titanate, RNb206R(Ti,Th)0,;
Pyrene. A hydrocarbon, CieHio, ob- fluorine is also present. (Dana)
tained from coal tar. (Bacon)
Pyrochroite. Manganese hydrate, a
Pyrite. A
hard, heavy, shiny, yellow mineral occurring in foliated forms
mineral, FeS2, generally in cubic with pearly luster, resembling bru-
crystals. It may be distinguished cite. It is white when fresh, but
from chalcopyrite by being of a changes to bronze and black upon
paler yellow, harder and giving a exposure. (Century)
black powder, whereas chalcopyrite
gives a yellow powder. Marcasite Pyrocalstic. Of igneous origin and
has the same composition, but is fragmental texture: said of some
white and crystallizes differently. rocks, as tuff, agglomerate, volcanic
(Roy. Com.) Isometrically crystal- braccia, etc. (La Forge)
lized Iron disulphide, FeSa. Con-
tains 46.6 per cent Iron. (U. S. Pyrocrystalline. Crystallized from a
Geol. Surv.) Also called Iron py- molten magma. (Webster)
rites, Fool's gold, Iron sulphide. Pyrogen. An obsolete term for elec-
Pyrites. The term pyrites, as fre- tricity. (Webster)
quently used, literally means a min- Pyrogenous. Formed by fusion; Igne-
eral that strikes fire. It is applied to ous; as, pyrogenous rocks. (Stand-
any of a number of metallic-looking ard)
sulphides, of which iron pyrites (py- Pyrognostics. The characters of a
rite) is the commonest; as cop- mineral observed by the use of the
per pyrites (chalcopyrite), tin py-
blowpipe, as degrees of fusibility,
rites (stannite), etc. The term py- flame coloration, etc. (Webster)
rite applies only to the iron disul-
phide, FeSj. Pyrolite. An explosive resembling
Pyritic.Of, pertaining to, resembling, gunpowder in composition. (Web-
or having the properties of pyrite. ster)
(Standard) Pyrolites. A
term employed by M. E.
Pyritic smelting. The fusion of sul- Wadsworth to comprise all mineral
phide ores by the heat generated by refractory or fire-resisting mate-
their own oxidation, and without the rials. (Power)
aid of any extraneous heat, such as Pyrolusite.Black oxide of manganese.
carbonaceous fuel, the electric arc, Manganese dioxide, MnO. Contains
etc. (Peters', p. 372.) 68.2 per cent manganese. (U. S.
Pyritiferous.. Containing or producing Geol. Surv.)
pyrita (Webster) Pyromagnetic. Pertaining to, pro-
Pyritization. Conversion Into pyrite duced by, or acting by the combined
either by simple replacement or by agency of, heat and magnetism.
alteration, or both. (Standard) (Webster)
Pyritize. To convert into pyrite.
Pyromeride. A name given by the
Abbe Haiiy to the orbicular diorite
(Webster) The word
of Corsica.
or corsite
Pyritohedron. The pentagonal dodeca- means "partly and refers
fusible,"
hedron. (Webster) to the properties of the two constitu-
Pyrltology. 1. The science of blowpipe ent minerals, of which the one,
analysis. (Webster) quartz, was Infusible, and the other,
2. Facts or information relating to the feldspar, could be melted.
pyrite. (Century) (Kemp)

548 GLOSSARY 0F MINING AND MINERAL. INDUSTRY.
Pjrrometallnrgy. Metallurgy depend-
ing on the action of heat, as in smelt-
ing.
Pyrometamorphism. Metamorphism
produced by heat: contrasted with
Hydrometamorphism. (Standard)
Pyrometer. 1. An
instrument for
measuring the expansion of solid
bodies by heat. 2. Any instrument
for measuring degrees of heat, espe-
cially above those indicated by the
mercurial thermometer. (Webster)
Pyrometer cone. One of a series of
small cones of different substances
forming a scale of fusing points, and
used in finding approximately the
temperature of kilns, etc. (Web-
ster)
Pyrometry. The art of measuring de-
grees of heat; the art of using a
pyrometer. (Webster)
Pyromorphite; Green lead-ore. Chloro-
phosphate of lead, SPbsPzOs.PbCh.
(U. S. Geol. Surv.)
Pyromorphons. Crystallizing from
molten state. (Webster)
Pyronaphtha. A heavy illuminating
oil obtained from Russian petro-
leum. It has a light-yellow color
and a specific gravity of 0.840 to
0.860. (Bacon)
Pyronome. An explosive containing
the ingredients of gunpowder, and
also antimony, potassium chlorate
and chromate, and flour. (Webster)
Pyrope. Magnesium - aluminum
net, SMgO-AlzOs-SSiOz. Color deep
red to nearly black. Used as a gem
when transparent. (U. S. Geol.
Surv.)
Pyrophane. A variety of opal that by
the absorption of melted wax is
made translucent when hot, but be-
comes opaque again on cooling.
(Standard)
Pyrophyllite; Pencilstone. A
hydrous
aluminum silicate, H20.Al203.4Si02.
Resembles talc in color, feel, luster,
and structure. Used for slate pen-
cils and for the "talc" or "talcum"
of commerce. (U. S. Geol. Surv.)
Pyrophysalite. Same as Physalite. A
coarse, nearly opaque, variety of to-
paz. (Dana)
Pyropissite. An earthy, friable, coaly
substance, of a grayish-brown color
and having a specific gravity of
0.493 to 0.522; it melts easily to a
pitch-like mass and affords 62 per
cent of paraffin on dry distillation.
(Bacon)
) ;
Pyroretin. A resin that occurs In
brown coal, near Aussig in Bohemia
it is brittle, of a brownish-black color,
and has a specific gravity of 1.05 to
1.18. (Bacon)
Pyroschist. A schist or shale contain-
ing sufficient hydrocarbons to burn
with a bright flame, or one yielding
volatile hydrocarbon or inflammable
gas when heated. (Century)
Pyrosphere. See Barysphere.
Pyrostat. A
thermostat, especially one
for measuring high temperature.
(Webster)
Pyrostibite. An old synonym for Ker-
mesite. (Chester)
Pyrostilpnite. A
hyacinth-red variety
of pyrargyrite, AgjS.SbaSs. (Dana)
Pyroxene. A metasilicate, chiefly of
calcium and magnesium, also iron,
less often manganese and 55Jnc.
There are a number of varietlej*.
See Diopside, Hedenbergite, Augite,
( Dana ) The name of the mineral is
.
often prefixed to the name of the
a
rocks that contain it
Pyroxenite. A
granular, igneous rock,
consisting essentially of pyroxene,
with or without hornblende, spinel,
and iron oxides, and with little or no
feldspar or olivine. (La Forge)
Pyrrhotite; Magnetic pyrites. A vari-
able iron sulphide, Fe^Sn+j. Many
pyrrhotites contain nickel and are
mined as nickel ores (U. S. Geol.
Surv.). It has a reddish-brown
gar- color, and is magnetic, hence mag-
netic pyrites. (Dana)
Q.
Quadrant. 1. The quarter of a circle;
an arc of 90°. 2. Any of the four
parts into which a plane is divided
by rectangular coordinate axes ly-
ing in that plane. 3. An instrument
for measuring altitudes. 4. A device
resembling a bell crank for convert-
ing the horizontal reciprocating mo^
tion of an engine piston rod into the
vertical up-and-down movement of a
pump rod. 5. A
unit of length equal
to 10,000 kilometers. (Webster)
Quadrel. 1. A square brick, tile, or
stone; especially, a whitish air-dried
brick made of chalky earth. 2.
(Prov. Eng.) A square of peat or
turf. (Standard)
Quadrune. A gritstone with a calca-
reous cement. ( Standard
Quagmire. Soft, wet, miry land, that
shakes or yields under the foot.
(Webster)
 )

GLOSSABY OF MINING AND MINERAL INDUSTRY. 549

ftuaking bog. A
bog that shakes under Quarrying-machlne. Any machine by
growing peat sat-
foot, consisting of which to drill holes or cut channels
urated with water. (Standard) in native rock; a gang-drill, rock-
or tunneling machine, but most
drill,
Qualitative analysis. The process, In
chemistry, of finding how many and
commonly a small form of locomo-
tive, bearing rock-drilling mecha-
what elements are present. (Stand-
nism, and operating on a track laid
ard)
temporarily along or opposite the
Quantitative analysis. The process, In ledge to be cut. (Standard)
chemistry, of finding the bulk or
amount of each element present Quarry lode ( Corn. ) A lode or stratum
.

Called also Elementary analysis that breaks in large hard blocks,

(Standard). Both the volumetric by reason of joint planes. (Pryce)
and gravimetric methods are in- Quarry machine. See Quarrying ma-
cluded in this process. chine.
Quaquaversal. Dipping outward in all Quarryman. A man engaged in quar-
directions from a central point as a :
rying stones; a quarrier. (Webster)
dome in stratified rocks. (La Forge)
Quarrymaster (Scot). The owner of
Quar; Cliff quar (Forest of Dean). An
a quarry. (Barrowman)
indurated clay. See Bind, 1. (Gres-
ley) Quarry -stone bond. Rubble work
Quarey lode. See Quarry lode. (Webster)
Quarl; Quarle. A
large brick or tile; Quarry water. Water that fills the
especially a curved firebrick used to pore spaces of a rock as it lies in
support melting pots, retort covers, its original bed (Bowles). See
or the like. (Webster) .
Ground-water.

Quarman. An obsolete term for a Quartation. The separation of gold

quarryman. (Standard) from silver by dissolving out the lat-
ter with nitric acid. It requires
Quarpit. An obsolete term for a not less than i silver in the alloy,
quarry. (Standard) whence the name, which is also ap-
Quarrel. 1. A stone quarry. 2. Ma- plied to the alloying of gold with
terials from a quarry. An obsolete silver, if necessary, to prepare it for
term. (Standard) this method of parting. (Raymond)
Quarrier. A workman in a stone Quarter coal (York.). Same as Col-
quarry; a quarryman. (Standard) liers' coal.

Quarry. 1. An open or surface work- Quarter cord (Derb.). A cord or

ing, usually for the extraction of
building-stone, as slate, limestone,
etc. (Raymond)
2. (Eng.) An underground excava-
tion formed in the roof or fault, for
the purpose of obtaining material
for pack walls. (Gresley)
Note: In its widest sense the term
mines includes quarries, and has
been sometimes so construed by the
courts; but when the distinction is
drawn, mine denotes underground
workings and quarry denotes super-
ficial workings. Open workings for
iron ore, clay, coal, etc., are called
banks or pits rather than quarries
(Webster), the latter being defined
as in 1 above.
chain one-quarter of a mere in
length (about 7i yards), used in
measuring mineral ground. (Man-
der)
Quartering. A method of reducing an
ore sample by discarding alternate
quarters after the ore has been
spread on the floor. The operation
is repeated until a large sample has
been reduced to a few pounds. (Hof-
naan, p. 48)
Quartering-in (Lane). A pian of
building or putting together tubbing
plates from the top downward, the
rings and segments being bolted to-
gether as the work of excavation
proceeds. ( Gresley

Quarry bar. A horizontal bar sup-

ported at each end by legs and used Quarterlng-way (Corn.). A quarry
to carry machine drills. (Gillette, term to designate a direction in
p. 97)
which a rock cleaves with moderate
facility. (Green well, p. 80)
Quarry face. The freshly split face
of ashlar, squared off for the joints Quarternary. The later of the two
only, as it comes from the quarry, geologic periods comprised in the
and used especially for massive Cenozoic era, in the classification
work. (Webster) generally used. Also the deposit*
550 GLOSSARY OF MINING AND MINERAL. INDUSTRY.

formed during that period. (It com- Quartz claim. In the United States,
prises all geologic time and deposits a mining claim containing ore in
from the end of the Tertiary until veins or lodes, as contrasted with
and including the present. It has placer claims, carrying mineral, usu-
also been called Post-Tertiary and ally gold, in alluvium.
Pleistocene, but Pleistocene is now
generally restricted to the earlier
Quartz drift. Any loose rock material
containing quartz fragments as a
part of the Quartemary.) (La
prominent constituent. See Drift, 6.
Forge)
(Century). A mine opening in a
Quarternary steel. An alloy steel that quartz-bearing rock.
contains two alloying elements, such
as chromium- vanadium steel (Hib-
Quartzic. Same as Quartziferous.
bard). It contains two elements plus Quartziferous. Consisting chiefly of
the iron and carbon, hence quarter- quartz. (Milford)
nary.
Quartzite. A metamorphosed quartz
auarter line (Western U. S.). The sandstone, formed by the deposition
original survey-line by which a sec- of secondary silicia between the
tion of Government land is divided original grains, so that the rock is
Into four parts. (Standard) more firmly cemented and less por-
Quarter - point veins (No. of Eng.). ous than before and tends to break
across the grains (La Forge). Not
Small veins having an intermediate
to be used for vein quartz (Kemp).
bearing between strike and cross
Called also Quartz -rock, (Jranular
veins. (Power)
quartz.
Quarter post (Western U. S.). A half-
Quartzitic. Of, pertaining to, or con-
way post between two section-cor-
sisting of quartzite or quartz. (Cen-
ners on the same line of a surveyed
tury)
section of land. (Standard)
Quarter section. In the Government
Quartz liquefier. An apparatus in
which, by the action of an alkali and
system of land surveying in the
high-pressure steam, gold-bearing
United States and Canada, a tract
quartz is converted into a soluble
of land half a mile square ana con-
silicate from which the gold may be
taining 160 acres. (Webster)
separated by washing. (Standard)
Quartz. 1. Crystallized silicon diox-
ide, Si02. Amethyst is a variety Quartz mill. A
machine or establish-
of the well-known amethystine color.
ment for pulverizing quartz ore, in
order that the gold or silver it con-
Aventurine is a quartz spangled
tains may be separated by chemical
with scales of mica, hematite, or
other minerals. False topaz or cit-
means (Standard). A stamp mill.

rine is a yellow quartz. Rock
crystal is a watery clear variety.
Rose quartz a pink variety. Ru-
is
tilated quartz contains needles of ru-
tile. Smoky quartz is a brownish va-
riety, sometimes called caitugorm.
Tiger-eye is crocidolite (an asbestos-
like mineral) replaced by quartz and
iron oxide and having a chatoyant
effect. (U. S. Geol. Surv.)
The name of the mineral is pre-
Quartz mine. A mine in which the de-
posits of ore are found in veins or
fissures in the rocks forming the
earth's crust (Duryee). See Quartz
mining. Usually applied to lode gold
mines, but not to placers.
Quartz mining. Mining on veins or
ore bodies in place, as distinguished
from surface digging or washing
(alluvial or placer mining) under-
;

fixed to the names of many rocks ground mining in rock so called be-
;

that contain it, as quartz-porphyry, cause quartz is the chief mineral

quartz-diorite. (Kemp) associated with gold in such de-
2. (Pac.) Any hard, gold or silver posits. (Webster)
ore, as distinguished from gravel or
earth. Hence, quartz-mining, as dis- Quartz monzonite. An igneous rock of
tinguished from hydraulic mining, granular texture containing quartz
etc. (Raymond) with orthoclase and plagioclase in
about equal proportions. (Ries)
Quartz battery (Aust). A quartz-mill.
(Standard) Quartzoid. A
crystal having the form
of two six-sided pyramids base to
Quartz boil. An oetcrop of a quartz
base. (Standard}
reef. (Duryee)
Quartz bucket. A bucket for hoisting Quartzose. Containing quartz as a
fuartz. (C. and M. M. P.) principal ingredient. (Raymond)
 )

GLOSSABY OF MINING AND MINERAL INDUSTRY. 551

tliartz porphyry. Any porphyrltlc rock Queer creek. A fine-grained sand-

in which the quartz occurs as pheno- stone found in Ohio and used in the
crysts. manufacture of inexpensive sharpen-
ing stones. (Pike)
Quartz reef. A lode or vein of quartz
(Duryee). See also Reef. Queery (Corn.). When the lode or
rock on which the miner is driving
Quartz reefer (Aust.). One engaged partakes of the character of quarry
in mining for gold in a quartz reef
stone, viz.j in detached lumps by
or vein. (Webster)
natural divisions, it is called
Quartz rock. See Quartzite. queery ground, and is frequently
worked with crowbars and levers
Quartz sinter. Siliceous sinter. (Cen- instead of being blasted or gadded.
tury) A "queer of ground" is a detached
rock (Hunt). Also called Quarry
Quartz vein. A deposit of quartz in lode. See also Queer.
the form of a vein. Auriferous
veins are often called quartz veins, Quema; Queme (Mex.). 1. A roast of
and mining for gold in the rock is ore the process of roasting ore re-
; ;

called quartz mining. (Century) torting amalgam. (Dwight)

2. Calcining of mercury ores in clay
Quartz wedge. In mineralogy, a wedge- retorts. 3. Metal de quema (Peru),
shaped piece of quartz used in opti- a sulphide ore. (Halse)
cal work. (A. F. Rogers)
Quemadero (Mex.). A burning place;
Quebec City series. Same as Quebec a retorting furnace for silver or gold
group. (Standard) amalgam. (Dwight)
Quebec group. A series of strata near Quemado (Mex.). Literally, burnt
Quebec, Canada, formerly supposed stuff. Any dark, cindery looking
to be intermediate in age between mineral encountered in a vein or
the Calciferous and the Chazy, but mineral deposit (generally mangan-
now known to include beds from the iferous). (Dwight)
Pre-Cambrian to the lower Silurian.
(Standard) Quemar (Sp.). To calcine or roast
ore; Q. piedra, to heat a stone and
Quebrada ( Sp. ) 1.
. valleyA ; a ravine. then drop it in water in order to
2. A fissure or break in stratified break it. (Halse)
rocks. 3. Broken or uneven ground.
4. A stream. (Halse) Quemaz6n. 1. (Peru) Silver ore con-
taining black peroxide of manganese.
Quebrador (Mex.). 1. An ore breaker 2. (Mex.) An outcrop. (Dwight)
or cobber. 2. A sledge used in cob-
bing. (Halse) Quench. 1. To cool suddenly, as heat-
ed steel, In tempering. (Webster)
Quebrar (Sp.). To cob, break or crush 2. To produce a crust or succession
ore. (Halse) of crusts on (molten metal), each
crust being removed as it is formed.
Quebraz6n de veta (Mex.). A break in (Standard)
a vein. (Dwight)
Quenching. Specially, in copper-refin-
Quebrith. An obsolete term for sul- ing or the like, the act of cooling
phur. (Standard)
the surface of molten metal, and
Queen's metal (Corn.). An alloy con- causing the formation of rosettes in
sisting of nine parts of tin and one the crust, by pouring water into the
each of antimony, bismuth and lead. crucible. ( Standard
(Orofutt)
Quenching pit. A pit filled with water
Queen's ware. Glazed English earthen- in which graphite, residue of iron,
ware of a cream color; cream- and slag from hot-metal ladles is
colored wedgewood ware. (Web- granulated so that it will pass
ster) through bin doors when it is re-
charged into furnace. (Willcox)
Queen's yellow. The yellow subsul-
phate of mercury. (Century) Quenching tub. A tub of water in
which to cool, harden, or temper
Queei (Prov. Eng.). A fissure, joint, iron or steel. (Standard)
or small cavity, as in a rock or vein
of quartz (Standard). Also spelled Quergestein (Ger.). Strata crossed at
Quere, Queere and Qweear. right angles by a lode. (Davi€s)
 ;

552 GLOSSARY OF MINING AND MINERAL INDUSTRY.

dnesos. (Peru). Pressed amalgam

1.
cakes. (Pfordte)
2. (Hex.) In the patio process
small cakes of silver resulting from
smelting sulphides with litharge in
small clay furnaces. (Halse)
Quick. 1. Applied to a productive vein
as distinguished from dead or bar-
ren. An ore or pay streak is said
to be quickening when the associated
minerals indicate richer mineral
ahead. 2. (Pac.) A local term for
quicksilver. (Raymond)
3. Soft water-bearing strata, such as
running sand. 4. (So. Staff.) Solid
or ungotten coal forming the roof of
a roadway in a "thick coal" colliery.
6. Blasting powder is said to be
"quick" when it burns or goes off
very rapidly. (Gresley)
6. In electroplating, to wash with
quicksilver or other substance that
insures the adhesion of a coating of
silver. (Standard)
ftuickenlng liquid. A solution of a
salt of mercury, usually the nitrate
or cyanide, in which the articles to
be plated with silver are plunged
before being put into the silver bath.
A thin film of mercury is formed
which insures a perfect adhesion of
the silver coating (Webster). See
also Quick, 6.
Quick ground. Ground In a loose,
coherent state. (Raymond)
Quicklime. Calcined calcium carbo-
nate (limestone). By the addition
of water it slakes and forms hydrate
of calcium.
2. To overlay with quicksilver, or
with an amalgam of quicksilver and
tin. (Webster)
3. An amalgam of tin, used for the
reflecting surface of' mirror. (Stand-
ard)
Quicksilver cradle. A wooden box
placed in a sloping position, and
fixed upon rockers, in which gold-
bearing gravel is washed, the gold
being caught by mercury In the
lower part of the cradle. (Da vies)
Quicksilvering. The process of coat-
ing or treating with quicksilver.
(Standard). /See Quicksilver, 3.
Quicksilver rock (Calif.) A dark opal-
ine or chalcedonic rock, commonly
associated with cinnabar and often
indicative of the presence of this
quicksilver mineral. (Webster)
Quicksilver water. See Quickening liq-
uid.
Quick water. A
dilute solution of ni-
trate of mercury and gold, used In
the process of water-gilding. (Cen-
tury)
Quiebra (Sp.) 1. The breakihg or
crushing of ore by hand or ma-
chinery. 2. A fault, fracture or
break In rocks. (Halse)
Quijadas (Mex.). Rock breaker; jaw
in- plates. (Dwlght)
Qui jo (Sp.). Gangue, or vein rock.
(Halse)
Quilatar; Aquilatar (Sp.). To assay
gold or silver. (Halse)

Quickness. The property of an explo- Quilate (Sp.) 1. The degree of purity

of gold or precious stones. 2. A
sive by virtue of which it exerts a
sharp blow or shattering effect on carat. (Halse)
the material wijth which It Is in con-
tact. The quickest explosive
of the
Quill. A slow burning fuse made
formerly of the quill of a feather
dynamite class the 60 per cent,
is
(Standard)
filled with powder.
straight dynamite. Quick explosives
are the ones particularly desired for Quimbalete (Peru). See Bimbalete.
mudcapping. For maximum effect
for this purpose, they should be of Qulmlco (Mex.). Chemist or assayer.
high density and sensitiveness. (Du (Dwlght)
Pont) See also Quick, 5. Quintal. A denomination of weight;
Quicksand. Sand which Is (or becomes, a hundredweight. In the metric
upon the access of water) "quick," system, 100 kilograms In the United
;

i, «., shifting, easily movable or semi-

liquid. (Raymond)
Quicksandy. Containing or abounding
in quick sands. (Century)
Quicksilver. 1. A common name
mercury; one of the metallic ele-
ments, remarkable for its low melt-
ing point, being liquid down to
minus 40' F. (Roy. Com.)
States and Great Britain 100 (or
112) pounds avoirdupois; in Spain
100 llbras, or 46.09 kilograms; In
Colombia 100 libras or 50 kilograms
In Portugal and Brazil, 58.752 kilo-
grams (Webster). In Mexico, 46.-
for 0246 kilograms. (Dwlght)
Quintaleros (Bol.). Native lessees
who treat copper ore In quimbaletes.
(Halse)
 GLOSSARY OF MINING AND MINERAL INDUSTRY. 553

ftulnto(Sp.). Mining tribute from Rabbling tool. A

rabble of simple con-
American colonies to the King of struction for use by hand (Stand-
Spain (Dwight). As originally lev- ard). See Rabble, 1. Also called
ied by Ferdinand and Isabella it Rabble rake.
amounted to 20 per cent, but was Rabot. A hardwood block used In
later reduced.
polishing marble. (Standard)
Qjiitapepena (Mex.). A guard who Race. 1. (Scot.) See Journey, 1. 2.
searches the miners as they come out (Eng.) The space in which a wind-
of the mine to prevent stolen ore be- ing drum revolves. (Gresley)
ing taken from the mine. (Halse) 3. To scrape the face of a grind*
stone so as to make it cylindrical
auitclaim. A
release or relinquish-
and abrasive. 4. A watercourse
ment of a claim a deed of release.
;

In the United States it is more than

made and used for industrial pur-
poses, as for mining. (Webster)
a release and is used as a simple
5. A small thread of spar or ore.
conveyance for making a grant of
lands. (Webster)
(Raymond)
6. (Scot) A set or train of hutches
Quoiceneck (Shrop.). Grayish black coupled together. (Barrowman)
clay with streaked shining surfaces. Rack (Corn.). An inclined frame on
(Gresley) which ores are washed (Whitney).
Quoin. 1. The keystone or a voussoir A stationary huddle. Also spelled
Reck.
inan arch. 2. A wedge to support
and steady a stone. (Webster) Rackarock. An explosive consisting of
3. Alarge square ashlar or stone at about four parts of potassium chlo-
the angle of a wall to limit the rub- rate to one part of nitrobenzine.
ble and make the corner true and (Century)
strong. 4. One of the four facets
Racking. 1. The process of separating
on the crown, on the pavilion, or on
ores by washing on an inclined
the base of a gem (Standard)
plane. (Da vies)
Qweear; ftueere. (Corn.). A small 2. Act of leaving an uncompleted
cavity or fissure (Raymond). See part of a wall with bricks or stones
also Queer; Queery. stepped in and out, so that more
may be bonded to it. (Webster)
3. Same as Ragging. (Standard)
Racking table. A table on which to
Rabat. Imperfectly baked potters' wash ore slimes (Standard). See
clay: used as a polishing material. Rack, 1.
(Standard) Racklngs (Scot). See Corner rack-
ings.
Rabban (Corn.). A dry yellowish
gossan. (Power) Rack railroad. A cog railway, or cog
tramway.
Rabble. 1. An iron scraper serving
for a rake in removing scoriae from Raddle (York.). 1. Earthy hematite

the surface of melted metal in a re- occurring in the coal measures.

verberatory furnace. It has gener- (Gresley). fifee Reddle.
ally an iron handle ten or fifteen 2. A rabble. (Standard)
feet in length. The iron scraper is Radial dikes. A descriptive term spe-
about a foot long and from four to cially used by L. V. Pirsson for those
six inches wide (Jackson). See dikes that radiate outward from
Puddling. an- eruptive center. (Kemp)
2. A charcoal burner's shovel. 3. A
mechanical stirrer used to stir the Radian. An arc of a circle equal to
ore charge in roasting furnaces. the radius, or the angle at the cen-
(Webster) ter measured by it. Its value is
57.2958+ degrees. (Webster)
Eabbler. 1. A rabble (which see). 2.
One who uses a rabble, as in pud- Radiated. Applied to crystal aggre-
dling iron. 3. A scraper. (Stand- gates that radiate from a center
ard) without producing stellar forms.
(Dana)
Rabbling. Stirring a charge of ore
Radiated pyrite. Marcasite. (Power)
in a reverberatory furnace with a
specially designed iron rod. (G. and Radiation. Emission and diffusion of
M. M. P.) rays, as of light or heat (Webster)
554 GLOSSARY OF MINING AND MINERAL INDUSTRY.

Radical. An atom or element, or a Rag. 1. (Eng.) Any of various hard

group of atoms or elements, that is rocks used for whetstones; a hard
the chief constituent of the mole- limestone used in building; a basal-
cules of a given compound or that tic rock, shale, etc;. 2. A kind of
will not decompose in the ordinary roofing slate. 3. To break ore into
chemical reactions to which a com- lumps for sorting; to cut or dress
pound is liable; more a specifically, roughly, as a grindstone. (Web-
group of different atoms acting as a ster)
single element in a compound and
Rag-and-chain pump (Eng.). An early
incapable of independent existence,
type of chain pump in which rags
as NH4 (ammonium) in NH4CI (am- were tied on the chain in place of
monium chloride), or C2H8 (ethyl) rubber or metal buttons. Used in
in CJaHeHO (ethyl hydrate or alco-
draining coal pits. (Gresley)
hol). (Standard)
Rag-burn (Corn.). To subject the
Radioactive. Capable of emitting, product of the first dressing of tin
spontaneously, rays consisting (at
ores to a first or partial roasting.
least in part) of material particles
(Raymond)
traveling at high velocities. (Web-
ster) Ragging. A rough cobbing. (Ray-
mond)
Radiolite. A variety of natrolite, es-
pecially that from southern Norway. Raggling (Scot). A channel cut in
(Standard) the side of a mine and covered with
boarding to serve as an airway.
Radiometallography. The application
(Barrowman)
of X-rays to the study of the inter-
nal structure of various materials, Rag pump; Rag-wheel pump (Ck)rn.)
especially metals. For details See A chain pump. (Da vies)
The Engineer, London, July 25,
1919. Ragstone. 1. Any hard, coarse-tex-
tured rock. (Power)
Jtadium. Ametallic element, Ra, de-
2. Especially, a rough, sandy, fos-
rived, through a series of interme-
siliferous limestone of the Lower
diate elements, from uranium. It
(Bath) Oolite in England. 3. Stone
gives off helium (the o rays) and
quarried in thin slabs, as for pave-
charges of niton. Successive al-
ments. (Standard)
terations give other elements, part
of which radiate /9 and 7 rays. Rag wheel. 1. A sprocket wheel; a
Radium Is never found In sufficient chain wheel. 2. A polishing wheel
quantity to be visible, but occurs made of disks of cloth clamped to-
with and only with uranium min- gether. (Webster)
erals. From these separated
it is
to obtain the radium salts of com- Ragwork. Masonry built with un-
merce. See Uranium. (U. S. Geol. dressed flat stones of about the
Surv.) Atomic weight, 226.0. thickness of a brick and having a
rough exterior, hence the name.
Radium vermilion. A red lead coated (Century)
with an organic color. (Webster)
Raedera (Sp.). 1. A
semicircular rake Rail bender. A screw-press or hydrau-
2. A rake
lic-press for straightening rails, or
for collecting mineral.
used in metallurgical operations. for bending them in the construc-
(Halse) tion of railway curves and switches
(Century). Used also in under-
Raflf. The coarse ore after crushing ground tram roads.
by Cornish rolls. (O. and M. M. P.)
Railroad powder. An explosive con-
RaflPain (Corn.). Poor ore. (Power) sisting of assorted grains, similar
Raff wheel. A revolving wheel with to gunpowder, made in such a way
side buckets for elevating the raff. that the grains are not porous, hav-
(C. and M. M. P.) ing nitroglycerin on the surface not
absorbed by the grain (Du Pont).
Eaflfyard (No. of Eng.). A walled-in Abbreviated R. R. P.
yard on the surface, in which the
smiths, Wrights, carpenters, etc., Rail train. A train of rolls for reduc-
work. (Gresley) ing iron or steel ingots or blooms to
rails. (RaymoEd)
Rafter timberinir. A method of mine
timbering in which the timbers ap- Rain (Mid.). Water dropping freely
pear like roof-rafters. (Iblseng) from the mine root (Gresley)
 )

GLOSSAEY OF MINING AND MINEKAL. INDUSTRY. 555

Rainbow chalcedony (Eng.). A va- 5. The inclination of anytUng from

riety of chalcedony of thin concen-
tric layers, which when cut across
exhibit an iridescence resembling
the colors of the rainbow. (Page)
Rain chamber. A chamber in which
fumes, as from molten metal, may
be condensed by a water shower.
(Standard)
Rain channel. In geology, a minia-
ture furrow on a rock surface
carved by the rain. (Standard)
B,ain print. The impression
drop on recent mud, or fossil on the
surface of ancient strata. (Stand-
ard)
Rain-spot slate. A mottled Lower Si-
lurian slate of Wales. (Standard)
Eaise. 1. To cause to rise, or
upward. (Webster)
2. (Eng.) To wind coal, etc., to the
su rf ace. ( Gresley
3. To take up the floor or bottom
rock in a room, gangway, or entry
to increase the height for haulage.
4. A mine shaft driven from below
upward called also Upraise, Rise
;
and Riser Webster). An opening,
like a shaft, made in the back of a
level to reach a level above. ( Stand-
ard). The term is in general usage
at mines in Western States. See
Rise, 1.
Raised beach. A shelf or terrace of
shingle, gravel, and sand elevated
above the present level of the lake
or sea in which it was formed, and
indicating a change in the relative
level of land and water surface.
(Century)
the vertical. Said of mineral veins,
faults, etc.
6. See Race, 6.
(Aust). A number of
Rake of skips
skips connected that form a set or
train (Power). Atrip. See Race, 8.
Rakers. 1. Slanting props placed at
the end of a drift set to keep the
timbers steady when blasts go ofC.
(Sanders, p. Ill)
2. (Eng.) Shots placed round a
sumper shot. (Gresley)
of a rain-
Rake vein. 1. (Derb.) In lead-min-
ing, a vertical or highly inclined
vein, as distinguished from a flat
vein, or pipe vein (Century). See
Rake, 4 and 5.
2. Avein or lode cutting through
the strata. (Skinner)
expand
Raking coal (Eng.) A large lump of
hard coal placed upon a fire or venti-
lating furnace, for the purpose of
just keeping it burning, or rather
smoldering, when a larger fire is
not required. (Gresley)
Raking prop. An inclined prop (Ray-
mond). See Rakers, 1.
Rakuware. A Japanese earthenware
of the 15th or 16th century, rough
and with a dark glaze. (Webster)
Raky system. A percussion drilling
system designed by Engineer Raky,
a Russian. Although it is at present
considered a little old-fashioned, it
is still in use in some parts of the
Taman Peninsula and Crimea.
(Mitzakis)
Ram. 1. The plunger of a pump. 2.

Rait; Rate (Mid.). To split off the

A device for raising water. (C. and
w^alls or sides of underground work-
M. M. P.)
ings (Gresley). Called Rosh in Lei-
3. See Barney. 4. A mechanical de-
vice for pushing hot coke out of an
cestershire.
oven. (Power)
Rajas (Mex.). Lagging (half round).
(D wight) Rama (Sp.). A branch, as a branch
road ; a branch vein. (Halse)
Rajos (Chile). Open-cast workings.
(Halse)
Ramal (Sp.). 1. The principal passage
In a mine. 2. A branch vein. (Halse)
Rake. 1. (Mid.) To smother a venti-
lating furnace with fuel, so that it Ramalear (Sp.). To branch ofC into
smolders for many hours. 2. various divisions. (D wight)
(Mid.) An iron rake with a short Ramble (Newc). A shale bed on the
handle, with which fillers fill bas-
top of a coal seam, which falls as
kets or pans. 3. (Derb.) A series the coal is removed. (Raymond)
of beds of clay ironstone lying with-
in a few feet or yards of one an- Rammelly (Mid.). Mixed argillace-
other, making a workable ironstone. ous and sandy rocks. (Gresley)
(Gresley)
4. (Derb.) A
fissure vein crossing Rammelsbergite. Essentially nickel
the strata (Raymond). Also called dlarsenide, NiAsa, like chloanthite,
Rake vein. (Dana)
656 GLOSSARY OF MINING AND MINERAL INDUSTRY.

Rammer. A founder's implement for originated from the finding of ridges

compacting material in the mold, or ranges formed by the wearing of
etc. (Standard) the softer rocks while the hard rocks
in which the iron ore is found made
Ramming bar (No. of Eng.). A beater
ridges, or low ranges. Now the term
(Pryce). A tamping or stemming simply means deposits of iron ore,,
bar or rod. which are all known as "ranges,""
Rana ( Sp. ) A railway frog.
. See also even if the ground where they occur
Sapo. (Halse) be low swamps. (Min. and Sci.
Press, Aug. 28, 1915, p. 327)
Ranee. 1. (Scot.) A long narrow
4. In the public land system of the
pillar of coal. 2. A prop set against
United States, a row or line of town-
the coal face that is undermined.
ships lying between two successive
(Barrowman)
meridian lines six miles apart. The
3. (Pr.) A dull red marble with meridians which are included In
blue and white markings, from Bel-
each great survey are numbered in
gium, and sold in the United States
order east and west from the "prin-
as Belgian marble. (Webster)
cipal meridian" of that survey, and
Rand (Dutch). A range of hills. the townships in the range are num-
(Duryee). The Rand is a rocky bered north and south from the base
gold-bearing ridge in South Africa, line which runs east and west.
about 30 miles long, on which (Webster)
Johannesberg is situated; also the 5. (Scot.) A row, as of pillars.
gold-mining district including this (Barrowman)
ridge. (Webster)
Range coal (Iowa). Small lump coal.
Randanite. A synonym for Kiesel-
Range pole. A long wooden staff, usu-
guhr. The name is used in France.
alternately red and
ally painted
(Century)
white at one foot intervals and used
Randolph process. A modification of bv surveyors for long sights. See
the series process of copper refining Picket.
in which the electrodes lie horizon-
Range work. Ashlar masonry laid in
tally, the top surface of each one
horizontal courses of even height.
acting as anode, the lower as cath-
Theoretically It has the ad-
(Webster)
ode.
vantage of extremely low metal Ranging. 1. (Scot.) Searching for
losses and great purity of copper. minerals by means of shallow pits
Practically, it is difficult to right across the outcrops. (Barrowman)
matters in a tank after a short cir- 2. (Eng.) Laying out the line of
cuit. See Hayden process and Smith the tunnel (Simms). See also Align-
process. (Liddell) ment.
Random. The direction of a rake Ranging rod.See Range pole.
vein. (Raymond) Rangoon oil. The trade-name for a
semisolid or butter-like petroleum
Random courses. Courses of masonry
from Upper Burma, refined at one
in which the stones are of different
though dressed and time in England. (Bacon)
thicknesses,
fitted. (Standard) Rankine's cycle. A nonreversible heat-
engine cycle differing from Carnot's
Random rubble. Uncoursed rubble-
cycle In having no compression. The
work. (Standard) steam-engine cycle is approximately
Random stone. A
term applied by a Rankine cycle. (Webster)
quarrymen to quarried blocks of any Raoult's law. The principle that mo-
dimensions. (Perkins) lecular quantities of different sub-
stances dissolved in the same amount
Random work. Stonework laid in ran-
of solvent equally depress the freez-
dom courses. (Standard) ing point. It does not hold for
Rang (Ceylon). Gold; from rang- electrolytes owing to dissociation.
weUCy golden sand. (Lock) (Webster)
Range. A
chain of mountains or
1. Rap. 1. To warn men in an adjoining
hills. 2. A
belt or strip of country working place, of a blast when the
within which certain economic min- working places are separated by only
erals are supposed to occur or run. a small pillar, by knocking on the
(Roy. Com.) pillar with a tool or bar. 2. To sig-

8. In the Lake Superior region, a nal by knocking on a steam, water,

term applied to a deposit of iron or air pipe. 3. To test the roof by

ore and the associated rocks. It tapping it with a stick or bar.

 GLOSSARY OF MINING AND MINERAL INDUSTRY, 557

Rap -In (Som.). To wedge down Rastrillo (Mex.). Rake; stirrer for
blocks of stone in underground quar- moving ore in a furnace; a rabble.
ries. (Gresley) (Dwight)
Eappage. Excess in size of a casting Rastr6n (Mex.). A Chilean mllL
because the mold is larger than the (Dwight)
pattern when the latter is unduly- Rata (Mex.). A candle boy. (Dwight)
rapped, as with the hand, for draw-
ing. (Standard) Ratch (Prov. Eng.). A subsoil of
stone and gravel mixed with clay
Rapper. 1. A lever or hammer at the
(Standard). See Ratchel.
top of a shaft or inclined plane for
signals from the bottom. (Ray- Ratchel (Eng.). Stone in small frag-
mond) ments or gravel; also gravelly sub-
2. (Mid.) The upper end
of the ver- soil (Webster). Also spelled Ratch-
tical arm
of a staff used for gaging ell, Rachel, Rachen, Rachill.

the depth of holing. (Gresley) Ratches (Lane). Lifts of 5 yards in

Rarefaction. The process or act of length along a working face. (Gres-
making rare or less dense ; increase ley)
of volume, the mass remaining the Ratchet drill. A hand drill in which
same: now usually of gases; also, a lever carrying at one end a drill
the state of being rarified; as the holder is revolved by a ratchet
rarefaction of the atmosphere on a wheel and pawl (Webster). A drill
high mountain. (Standard) used for boring slate.
Rascar (Sp.). To
scratch (or search) Rate. See Rait.
for valuable mineral on the surface
of abandoned mines. (Halse) Ratholite. Same as Pectolite.

Raschette furnace. A shaft furnace Ratio of absorption. The percentage

used in lead, copper, and iron smelt- by weight that the absorbed water
ing and having an oblong rectangu- bears to the dry weight of the stone.
lar or oval horizontal section. (Ray- (Bowles)
mond) Rate (Mex.). An ancient method of
Rash. An impure and unmerchanta- mining or burrowing. (Halse)
ble coal ; coal mixed with clay, slate, Rattle (Leic). To work with great
or other foreign substance taken vigor and energy, especially in driv-
from the top or bottom of the seam. ing or shaft sinking. (Gresley)
(St. Louis Union Trust Co. v. Gal-
loway, 193 Fed. Rept, p. 106) Rattlehead (Scot.). A suction pipe.
(Barrowman)
Rashing. Soft scaly slate or earth
beneath a coal seam, often contain- Rattle jack (Mid.). Carbonaceous
ing much carbonaceous matter. shale; also Hoo canneL (Gresley)
(Steel). See Rash. Rattler. 1. (York.) Cannel coal.
Rashings. See Wild coal. (Gresley)
2. ( Scot. ) Inferior gas coal ; sandy
Rasp. 1. An instrument used at oil shale. (Barrowman)
wells for reducing size of box or 3. A device for shaking out the cores
collar on lost tools in preparation from small castings, as a tumbling
for the use of fishing tools. (Mit- barrel. (Webster)
zakis)
2. A kind of coarse file. (Webster) Rattles (Dev.). See Scree, 1.

Raspa (Mex.). That portion of the

1. Raveling. Pulling material out of the
precious metal obtained by scraping ladle furnace, or iron trough at the
the arrastre or the patio (Egleston). tap hole of a blast furnace. (WIU-
2. A coarse file or rasp. (Halse) cox)
Raspadura (Mex.). Raw. 1. Not prepared for use by heat.
Scrapings. See
(Webster)
Raspa, 1. (Egleston)
2. In ceramics, fresh from a plastic
Raspando. Scraping; removing the process; unbaked. (Standard)
amalgam from the arrastre by scrap-
ing. (Egleston)
Raw ore. Ore that is not roasted or
calcined. (C. and M. M. P.)
Raspar (Mex.). To clean up an arras-
Raw quartz. Quartz that has under-
tre. (D wight.)
gone no treatment, such as burning
Rasposo (Jalisco, Mex.). Ore con- or reduction, prior to being placed
taining native silver. (Halse) under the stamp heads. (Duryee)
558 GLOSSARY OF MINING AND MINERAL. INDUSTRY.

Raya (Mex.). 1. Day's pay. 2. The Reamer. 1. A tool for enlarging a bore-
time worked by miners. (Halse) hole. (Raymond)
2. A kind of chisel for cutting two
Rayado (Mex.). 1. A gold-bearing V-shaped grooves from a round blast-
greasy quartz with iron stains in hole in the line of the desired rift
the form of bands, veins, and zones. (Webster). See Reaming, 2.
2. A day laborer. (Halse)
Reaming. Enlarging the diameter
1.

Rayador (Mex.) Timekeeper. of a bore hole. (C. and M. M. P.)

(D wight) 2. A quarryman's term for the proc-
ess of cutting grooves on opposite
Rayar (Mex.). To pay off. (Dwight) sides of drill holes in order to pro-
mote straight splitting of a stone
Rayarse (Mex.). To register after (Bowles). See also Reamer, 2.
work (done) in the mine. (Dwight)
Rearer (No. Staff.). See Edge coal.
Raywork. Akind of rubble work; In
Rearer method of working inclined
the United States, any rubble work
seams. See Bord-and-pillar method.
of thin and small stones. (Webster)
Reata (Mex.). Light rope. (Dwight)
Razor back. A sharp narrow ridge.
(Webster) Reaumur. Designating the Reaumur
thermometer scale where 0** is the
Razor saw. A narrow saw used in ex- freezing point of water and 80* the
cavating limestone. (Webster) boiling point. To convert Reaumur
to Centigrade, multiply the former
Razor stone. See Novaculite. by 1.25. To convert Reaumur to
Fahrenheit, multiply the former by
Reacher. A
slim mine-prop reaching
2.25 and add 32°. (C. and M. M. P.)
from one wall to the other. (Ihl-
seng) R6aumur porcelain. A devitrified
glass, made in 1739 by Rgaumur in
Reaction. The action of one chemical
St. Cloud, of the nature of artificial
substance upon another accompanied
soft porcelain. (Standard)
by the formation of a new substance.
Reaction process. See Roasting and Rebajo ( Sp. ) . 1. Working out or min-
(Raymond) ing ore deposits; R. del cielo, over-
reaction process.
hand stoping. 2. Underhand stop-

Reaction-rims. A term mostly used in ing; R. lateral, stoping wide veins.

microscopic work, for the curious 3. Rebaje (Mex.) A winze or
rims of hypersthene, garnet, horn- staple. (Halse)
blende, biotite, magnetite, and per-
haps other minerals, that surround
Rebosadero (Sp.). 1. An outcrop; the
grains of magnetite or of ferromag-
crest of a lode. 2. An irregular de-
posit or pocket. 3. (Peru) A gold
nesian silicates, wherever, as in many
placer. (Halse)
gabbros, they come next to feldspar.
They are supposed to be produced Rebosador (Peru). River gold-placers.
by the reaction of these minerals on (Dwight)
each other, probably in the crystal-
lization of the rock. (Kemp) Rebotalleros (Sp.). Persons who
search for ore in waste heaps or
Reagent. Any substance which, by waste dumps. (Rockwell)
reason of its capacity for taking part
in certain reactions, is used in de-
Recalescence. A
glowing again; spe-
in physics, a phenomenon
cifically,
tecting, examining, or measuring
peculiar to heated iron or steel of
other substances, in preparing ma-
glowing more brightly when certain
terial, etc. (Webster)
temperatures are reached in the
Real (Sp.). 1. A Mexican mining process of gradual cooling from a
camp. 2. Royal. 3. A Spanish coin. state of high incandescence; sup-
4. R. hacienda, royal treasury. 5. R. posed to be due to a change of molec-
de minas, a town having mines in ular structure. At such tempera-
Its vicinity. (Dwight) tures magnetic and other properties
of the iron also suddenly change.
Realgar. Arsenic monosulphide, AsS. (Standard)
Contains 70.1 per cent elemental
arsenic. (U. S. Geol. Surv.) Recarburize. To carburize again;
specifically, restore toto (steel)
Eealito (Sp.). A small mining center. after decarburization. Called also
(Lucas) Recarbonize. (Standard)
 GLOSSARY OF MINING AND MINERAL INDUSTRY.
Recast. To form anew by running, as
molten metal, into a mold; cast
again as, to recast a cracked bell.
; (Halse)
(Standard)
Receiving clack (Scot.). The bottom
clack or valve in a pump set. (Bar-
rowman)
Receiving rods (Eng.). Auxiliary
cage guides at insets and at head
frames. (Gresley)
Recemented glacier. A glacier formed
by recompacted ice which has fallen
down a cliff from a higher glacier.
^Century)
Recent. The later of the two geologic
epochs comprised in the Quartemary
period, in the classification generally
used; same as Holocene. Also the
deposits formed during that epoch.
(The Holocene, or Recent, com-
prises all geologic time and deposits
from the close of the Pleistocene or
Glacial epoch until and including
the present.) (La Forge)
Recepcidn (Sp.). A plat.
Recession. Going back; leaving part
of the sea margin exposed as land
(Lowe)
Rechazo (Colom.). A deviation of a
lode due to a fault. (Halse)
Reck (Lane). Chips of wood and
other debris hoisted with coal.
(Gresley)
Reckoning day (Eng.). The day on
which the workmen receive a state-
ment of wages due, usually two days
before pay day. (G. G. Greenwell)
Reclamation. The recovery of coal or
ore from a mine, or part of a mine,
that has been abandoned because of
fire, water, or other cause.
Recodo (Sp.). Refuge hole.
Reeoger (Mex.). To collect
To pick ore. (Halse)
Reconcentrados (Mex.). Concentrates.
(Halse)
Reconnaissance. 1. A preliminary ex-
amination or survey of a region in
reference to its general geological
characters. 2. An examination of a
region as to its general natural fea-
tures, preparatory to triangulation,
etc. (Webster)
Keconnoiter. To examine by the eye;
survey; especially, to make a pre-
liminary examination of for military,
surveying, or geological purposes.
(Standard)
559
Reconocer (Sp.). To search for min-
erals; to prospect; to costean.
R,econocimiento (Sp.). 1. Exploring;
prospecting. 2. A survey an inspec- ;
tion. 3. (Mex.). Id the patio proc-
ess, verifying the results obtained.
(Halse)
Reconstructed turquoise. An imita-
tion turquoise made of finely pow-
dered ivory which is deposited in a
solution of copper. (Century)
Record. To enter In the book of the
proper officer (usually a district or
county officer) the name, position,
description, and date of a mining
claim or location. See District.
(Raymond)
Recorte. 1. (Sp.). Dressing the sides
of a shaft. 2. (Colom.). Blanket-
ings after being washed on an in-
clined table, before going to the
arrastre. (Halse)
Recover. 1. To restore a mine or a
(Lucas) part of a mine that has been dam-
aged by explosion, fire, water, or
other cause to a working condition.
2. 8ee Recovery, 1.
Recovery. 1. The proportion or per-
centage of coal or ore mined from
the original seam or deposit. 2. A
general term to designate the val-
uable constituents of an ore which
are obtained by metallurgical treat-
ment; as, the recovery was 90 per
cent. Recovery is better used in
connection with milling operations,
while extraction is especially ap-
plicable to smelting or wet chemi-
cal methods and applies to the bullion
actually obtained. " The copper, for
example, in a 2 per cent ore is re- '
covered' in a 35 per cent concen-
trate, but it is extracted in a 98
'
'
(Lucas) per cent blister because this last is
marketable as metal. The gold in a
(Dwight). mill is recovered in the cyanide so-
' '
lution, but it is not extracted until
'
'
precipitated in the zinc-box. Like
the amalgam in a stamp-mill, the
precipitate in a cyanide-plant is a
product so concentrated and so valu-
able as to be marketable." (Min.
and Sci. Press, July 19, 1919, p. 84.)
3. The work of reopening a mine
after a disastrous fire or explosic^n.
See Rescue, Recover and Reclama-
tion.
Recovery oven. A by-product coko
oven. (Webster)
Reotificaci6n (Sp.). The rectification
or correction of a mining claim,
(Halse)
560 GLOSSARY OF MINING AND MINERAL, INDUSTRY.

Rectorlte. A pearly-white hydrated Red hematite. A compact columnar

aluminum silicate, similar to kaolin- variety of hematite with a brownish-
ite. (Standard) red to iron-black color. So called
to contrast it with limonite and tur-
Recuesto (Sp.). 1. Slope; declivity.
2. Dip or inclination of a vein.
gite. (Dana)
(Halse) Redingtontie. A hydrous - chromium
sulphate, occurring in fibrous masses
Recuperative furnace. A furnace for
having a pale-purple color. (Cen-
the recuperation or recovery of heat
tury)
from the waste gases of combustion.
(Ingalls, p. 356) R6dito (Mex.). Interest (D wight)
Red. (Sp.)
1. A
net; R. de vetas, a Red iron froth. A variety of hematite.
network of veins; a stockwork. (Power)
(Halse)
2. (Prov. Eng.) The waste in coal
Red iron ore. See Hematite.
mining; attle (Standard). See Red iron vitriol. Same as Botryogen.
Redd, 3. (Standard)
Red antimony. See Kermesite. Red lead. Minium, PbsO^ (Dana).
Red arsenic. A synonym for Realgar. Red lead ore. Same as Crocolite.
(Chester) (Dana)
Red-ash coal. Coal that leaves a red- Red manganese; Red manganese ore.
dish ash. (Chance) A term applied to both rhodonite and
rhodochrosite, by reason of the red-
Red bole. Same as Red ocher. dish color of these two minerals.
(Standard)
Red marl. A term often applied to the
Red chalk. Red ocher mixed with New Red Sandstone. (Comstock)
more or less clay. (Dana) Red measures (Eng.). Generally re-
fers to the strata of Permian or
Red cobalt. An early name for eryth-
Triassic age.
rite. (Chester) (Gresley)
Red Metal. 1. A copper matte con-
Red copper ore. Cuprite. (Power) taining about 48 per cent copper.
Red A class of high
cross explosives.
(Webster)
explosives characterized by the low- 2. Any one of several alloys used In
freezing point. (Du Pont) the manufacture of silverware.
(Standard)
Redd (Scot). 1. To scour through,
Red ocher. A red, earthy, and often
take down, or to rip. 2. To clear impure, variety of hematite, used as
out pillars of coal. 3. Pit rubbish a pigment (Webster). See also
or debris. See Red, 2. (Gresley) Ocher.
Redd bing (Scot). A spoil heap on Red orplment. Same as Realgar.
the surface. (Gresley) (Standard)
Reddingite. A hydrous phosphate of Red oxide of zinc. See Zincite.
iron and manganese resembling sco- Red phosphorus. Same as Amorphous
rodite in form. From Redding, Con- phosphorus.
necticut (Century)
Red rab (Corn.). Red killas, or slaty
Reddle. A
variety of ocherous red rock. (Power)
iron ore used for marking, especially
sheep; red ocher. Called also Red Redruthite (Corn.). Copper glance;
chalk (Standard). Also spelled same as Chalcocite. (Century)
Ruddle; Raddle. Redsear. In iron-working, to break or
Reddleman. A dealer in reddle or red
crack when red-hot, as iron under
chalk. (Century) the hammer. (Standard)
Red schorl. An old synonym for Rutile
Reddsman (Scot). One who works at (Chester)
night cleaning up and repairing
roadways, etc. (Gresley) Red-short. Brittle at red heat Contr
pare Cold-short (Raymond)
Redevance (Fr.). A tax, duty, or
rent In mining law, a tax or duty Red-shortness. In metallurgy, the
payable to the Government or to the quality or state of being red-short
fiurface owner. (Raymond) (Century)
 GLOSSARY OF MINING AND MINERAL. INDUSTRY. 561

Ited silver ore. 1. Pyrargyrite: dark- Reed. 1. (Eng.) A grass or other

red silver ore. 2. Proustite: light- vegetal tube used for a train of gun-
red silver ore; ruby silver ore. powder (fuse) in blasting (Bain-
(Dana) bridge). See Spire, 1.
2. A weakness in a sedimentary
Redstone. A trade name for a red rock parallel with the bedding
sandstone. (Bowles)
(Bowles) See also Cleat, L
Reduce. 1. To deprive of oxygen. 2.
In general, to treat metallurgically
Reeder. A
frame of thatched reeds
used protect china clay from
to
for the production of metal. (Ray-
rain while drying. (Standard)
mond)
Reduced fuel
Reedy coal. Coal having alternate
oil. Fuel oil of heavy
gravity. One having a gravity of layers of splint and bright coal.
23* B6. (Power)
(7.62 lb. per gallon) has
been found to contain 19,800 B. t. u. Reef. 1. (Aust.). A
lode or vein. A
per pound. (Bacon) word into mining by
introduced
sailors who left their ships to par-
Reduced iron. Metallic iron in a fine
ticipate in the rush to Ballarat and
state of division obtained by reduc-
Bendigo, in 1851. To them a rock
ing ferric oxide by heating it in a
projecting above the water was a
current of hydrogen. Called also
reef, and the term was therefore
Iron by hydrogen, Iron-powder,
applied to quartz outcrops on land.
Spongy iron. (Standard)
2. (So. Afr.) In the diamond
Reduced oil. Crude petroleum from mines, the barren shales, etc., limit-
which the more volatile hydrocar- ing like an oval funnel, the soft
bons have been eliminated by par- diamantiferous breccia.
tial evaporation. (Bacon)
Reef drive (Aust.). A cutting through
Reducing flame. The inner cone of the bed rock in alluvial mining for
the blow-pipe flame, characterized the purpose of seeking other under-
by the excess of carbon or hydro- ground, gold-bearing gravel channels.
carbons of the gas, which at the (Da vies)
high temperature present tends to
combine with the oxygen of a (the) Reefer (Aust.). A miner who works
mineral brought into it (Dana) on a reef. (Webster)

Reducing furnace. A furnace in which Reefing. Working auriferous reefs or

ores reduced from oxides, or
are
metal is separated from other sub-
stances by a non-oxidizing heat or
flame; usually a shaft furnace.
(Century)
Reducing scale. A form of scale used
by surveyors to reduce chains and
links to acres and rods by inspec-
tion, and also in mapping and draw-
ing to different scales. (Century)
Reduction. 1. The act of removing
oxygen. (George)
2. The process of separating metals
from their ores. (Skinner)
veins. (Lock)
Reef wash (Aust). Gold-bearing drift
(Skinner)
Reel. 1. (Scot). A drum or frame on
which winding or haulage ropes are
coiled. (Barrowman)
2. In blasting, a device for winding
the leading wire for avoiding kink-
ing and breaking the wire, and keep-
ing it in good condition. (Du Pont)
Reenforcing; Reinforcing bars. Iron
or steel bars of various cross-sec-
tional shapes used to strengthen con-
crete.

Reduction furnace. A furnace for re- Reese River process. Pan amalgama-
ducing ores. See Reducing furnace. tion with previous roasting. (Lid'
dell)
Reduction works. Works for reducing
metals from their ores, as a Smelting Reeve (Can.). A foreman In a coal
works, Cyanide plant, etc. mine. (Standard)
Refaccl6n (Sp.). Repair of a mill or
Red vitrloL Bieberite, CoSO«+7H,0 building ; Pieza de R., a repair place.
(Power). See Rose vitriol.
(Halse)
Redwood-Baringer water finder. An Refaccionero (Mex.). The helper of a
instrument designed to ascertain rock drill operative. (D wight)
the presence and quantity of water Refikite. A white, very soft resin,
In a tank containing oil. (Mitzakis)
CjoHwOi, found in the lignite of
Red zinc ore. A synonym for Zincite. Montorlo, near Feramo, Abruzz«^
(Chester) Italy. (Bacon)
75242*—19 36
 ) ;

562 GLOSSARY OF MINING AND MINERAL INDUSTRY.

Refine. 1. To free from impurities to ; Refractory. 1. Resisting the action of

free from dross or alloy: to purify, heat and chemical reagents a qual- ;

as metals; to cleanse. 2. To treat ity undesirable In ores but desirable

cast-iron in the refinery furnace so in furnace linings, etc. (Raymond)
as to remove the silicon. (Webster) 2. A piece of pottery ware covered
with a vaporable flux and placed In
Refinery. A
building and apparatus
a kiln to form a glaze on other ar-
for refining, or purifying metals, oils,
ticles. (Webster)
etc. In Iron manufacturing, a form
of furnace with a shallow hearth for Refuge hole. A place formed in the
refining cast iron to wrought Iron or side of an underground haulage way
to iron suitable for puddling. (Web- In which a man can take refuge
ster). See also Run-out fire, and during the passing of a train, or
Electrolytic process. when shots are flred (Steel). Also
called Refuge stalls.
Kefinlng. 1. The purification of crude
metallic products, as the refining of Rega (Braz.). A water conduit or
base bullion (silver-lead) produces launder. (Halse)
nearly pure lead and silver. 2. The
conversion of gray into white cast- Regadura (Sp.). 1. In coal mining,
iron in a run-out fire. (Raymond) undercutting, undermining, holing.
2. Undercut (Halse)
Refining heat. A medium orange heat,
about 655° C which imparts fineness Regalo (Mex.). A bonus to miners.
of grain and toughness to steel that (Lucas)
is raised to it and afterwards
quenched. ( Webster Regenerative furnace. A furnace for
the recuperation or recovery of heat
Eefiection goniometer. In mineralogy, from the waste gases of combustion
an Instrument for measuring angles. (Ingalls, p. 356) See also Regen-
erator.
Reflet. (Fr.) Iridescent glaze; es-
1.
pecially the metallic glaze in pot- Regenerator. A chamber, filled with
tery. 2. Pottery having metallic or open-work of brick, to take up the
Iridescent luster especially a bril-
; heat of the gases of combustion from
liant tinted tile. (Standard) a furnace and subsequently impart
it to a current of air, the air and
Reflection wave; Reflexion wave. A gas being conducted alternately
wave that is propagated backward through the chamber. See Siemens
through the burned gas as the re- furnace. (Raymond)
sult of an explosion wave being com-
pletely or partly arrested against the Regime. In hydraulics, the condition
closed extremity, or in a constricted of a river with respect to the rate
portion of its path, as in a tube, gal- of Its flow as measured by the vol-
lery, etc. (Mellor, Chemical Statics ume of water passing different cross
and Dynamics, p. 490. 1909) sections at a given time. (Webster)

Reflux valve. In hydraulics, a flap Regional. Extending over large areas

valve used for the purpose of tak- In contradistinction to local or re-
ing off the pressure of a head of stricted areas. (Sloan)
water acting in a backward direc-
tion against a set of pump3 (Nat. Regional - metamorphism. Daubree's
Tube Co.). A check valve. name for that extended metamorph-
ism that, as contrasted with contact
Refogar (Peru). To retort amalgam
effects, is manifested over large
to distill sulphur from sulphides.
(Halse) areas. (Kemp)

Refraction. 1. A change of direction Registrar (Sp.). To register a title

to a mine. (Halse)
when a ray of light passes from one
medium to another of different den- Registro (Sp.). 1. A register; an offi-
sity. (Power) cial entry or registration of the pos-
2. ( Eng. ) The percentage of inpurity 2. A valve; a
session of a mine.
in a sample of mineral salt; used damper. (Halse)
principally in the saltpeter trade.
(Standard) Reglamento (Sp.). A regulatlofli; an
ordinance. (Halse)
Refractometer. An instrument for de-
termining the index of refraction of Regola (Sp.). In coal mining, an un-
a mineraL dercut (Halse)
 ) .

GLOSSARY OF MINING AND MINERAL INDUSTRY. 563

Regolith. The layer or mantle of Reheating furnace. A reverberatory

loose, incoherent rock material, of furnace in which the puddled bars,
whatever origin, that nearly every- piled in packets, are reheated pre-
where forms the surface of the land paratory to rolling. (Century)
and rests on the hard or "bed" Reinlte. Ferrous tungstate, FeWO«.
rocks. It comprises rock waste of
In blackish-brown tetragonal pyra-
all sorts, volcanic ash, glacial drift,
mids, perhaps pseudomorphous.
alluvium, wind-blown deposits, vege-
(Dana)
tal accumulations, and soils. (La
Forge) Reja (Sp.). 1. A grating. A stamp-
battery screen; a grizzly; R. mdvil,
Regradatlon. The process of forming
a shaking screen. 2. A grate in a
a new gradation level of equilibrium
furnaee. (Halse)
in a land surface by streams when
an old one has become deformed. Rejilla (Sp.). 1. A jig sieve. 2. A
(Standard) furnace grate. (Halse)
Regular (Mex.). Average ore; ore of Rejuvenation. 1. To render young
fair grade. (Halse) again. 2. To stimulate, as by up-
lift, to renew erosive activity; said
Regular-lay rope. A rope in which the
of streams. 3. To develop youthful
wires in each strand are twisted in
features of topography In an area
opposite direction to the strands in
previously worn down to a base leveL
the rope. (C. M. P.)
(Webster)
Regulator. 1. A door in the mine, the
Relajar (Mex.). To put new stones
opening or closing of which regu-
in the bed of an arrastre (Halse).
lates the supply of ventilation to a
See Arrastre, 1.
district (Gresley). Usually a slide
door. Relampago (Mex.). The brightening
2. The shutter of a fan. (Barrow- of the silver button during cupella-
man) tion. (Dwight)
Regule (Fr.). A copper regulus from Relative humidity. The amount of va-
which most of the impurities have por or water in the air, when ex-
been removed by liquation. (Ray- pressed, in the form of a percentage,
mond) as the ratio of the actual quantity
of moisture in the air to the quan-
Regulus. 1. The metallic mass that
tity that would saturate it under
sinks to the bottom of a furnace or
its actual conditions as to pressure
crucible, separating itself by gravity
and temperature. (Standard)
from the supernatant slag. 2. An
Intermediate product obtained in Relaves. 1. (Mex.) Residue left in a
smelting ores, especially those of hatea from a washing test ( Dwight )
copper, lead, silver, and nickel, and 2. (Chile) Residues left after the
consisting chiefly of metallic sul- Chilean process of amalgamation
phides. In this sense it is synony- (Halse). (Peru) Tailings from
mous with matte, or the German amalgamating plants. (Pfordte)
stein. Antimony regulus is metallic
antimony, f Raymond) Releces (Colom.). Mineral left be-
hind by former working as being
Regur (Hind.). A residual, dark-col- unprofitable. (Halse)
ored, loamy soil of the volcanic re-
gions of India, rich in organic mat- Releje (Peru). Supporting mine work-
ter, that is not derived from forest ings by timbers. (Halse)
growth; similar to the black earth
Relev6e (Fr.). A certain thickness of
of Russia. Spelled also Regar.
coal beds and Intervening measures
(Standard)
(varying between 88 and 160 yards)
In Inclined strata, that forms a lift
Reh (Hind). A sterilizing saltlne ef- or series of workings being pros-
florescence that forms on the surface
ecuted to the rise at one time.
of parts of the Valley of the Ganges
(Gresley)
from the evaporation of water rising
from beneath. (Standard) Relevo (Sp.). Shift; R. de la tarde,
afternoon shift back shift. ( Halse)
;

Reheater. An apparatus for reheating

a substance, as ingot steel, that has Reliction. The slow and gradual re-
cooled or partly cooled rturing some cession of the water by which the
process. ( Standard land is left dry. (Shamel, p. 507)
564 GLOSSARY OF MINING AND MINERAL INDUSTRY.

Relief. The character of the surface

1. Rendimento. 1. (Sp.) Yield or prod-
of mineral section as observed
a uct. (Halse)
under the microscope, depending 2. R. de metal, ore output. (Dwight)
upon its refractive power relative
Rendir. 1. (Mex.) To yield. The com-
to that of the medium in which it is plete amalgamation of the silver in
embedded. 2. The elevations or in- a patio charge. (Dwight)
equalities of a land surface con-
2. R. los humos (Peru), said of ores
sidered collectively. (Webster) completely oxidized by roasting.
Relief holes. Bore holes, that are (Halse)
loaded and fired for the purpose of
Rend-rock. A variety of dynamite
relieving or removing part of the
used in blasting, consisting of nitro-
burden of the charges to be fired in
glycerin, saltpeter, wood pulp, and
the main blast. (Du Pont)
paraffin or pitch. (Webster)
Relief map. A model of an area in
Reniform. Kidney-shaped; applied to
which its inequalities of surface are
shown in relief. (Webster) certain minerals. (Thompson)

Relieving timbers. Replacing broken

Rank. 1. An
average or standard dis-
tance for putting coal at a stated
timber sets with new ones.
price. (Webster)
Relighting station. (Aust.). place A 2. (Newc.) The average distance
underground where safety lamps coal is brought by the putters.
may be lighted in case they have (Raymond)
been extinguished. (Power)
Rensselaerite. 1. Wax-like masses of
Reliquiae (L.) In geology, fossil or- talc. Pseudomorphous after pyrox-
ganisms. (Standard) ene. (Moses)
Reliz (Mex.). Wall of vein; R. de 2. E. Emmons's name for a talcose
alto, haniring wall; R. del bajo, foot rock from St. Lawrence County,
wall. (Dwight) N. Y. (Kemp). Now obsolete.

Relleno (Sp.). 1. Stowing, filling,

Repairer. See Repair man.
packing. 2. Waste, gob, or goaf; R. Repair man. A workman whose duty
de un fildn, vein filling. (Halse) it is repair tracks, doors, brat-
to
Remanie. 1. (Fr.) Derived from, or tices, or to reset timber, etc., under

containing fossils of an older forma- the direction of a foreman (C. and

tion, as, remanie deposits. 2. Re- M. M. P.). A repairer.
cemented, as a glacier formed by the Repasador. 1. (Mex.) The man who
falling of fragments of ice (glacier turns over pulp in the patio.
remanie). (Standard) (Dwight)
Remblais. 1.(Fr.) A system of 2.Also one who mixes the ore by
working a very thick coal seam in treading in the mercury, or who
central France. A
horizontal slice is drives mules in that operation.
first taken out 6 feet 6 inches in (Halse)
height across the seam, and the Repasadora (Mex.). A kind of ma-
space filled up with stone, brought chine for kneading or treading the
from the surface. A second lift is torta. (Halse)
then extracted, and so on. 2. (IV.)
Synonymous with Longwall. 3. Repasar (Sp.). To stir the batches
(Fr.) Synonymous with Goaf. of ore, in which magistral and
(Gresley) quicksilver are mixed, as in the
patio process. (Halse)
Remingtonite. A hydrated carbonate
of cobalt found in Maryland. (Cen- Repaso (Mex.). The act of mixing the
tury) patio charge by treading it with
horses or mules, (Dwight)
Remision. 1. (Sp.) Act of sending
(Halse) Repeated twinning. In crystallog-
2. (Mex.) A shipment. (Dwight) raphy, three or more crystals united
Remolino (Sp.). A bunch or mass of according to the same law. (Stand-
ore. (Davies) ard)

Removido (Sp.). Stirring or rabbling. Replacement. The process by which

(Halse) one mineral or chemical substance
takes the place of some earlier dif-
Rendido (Mex.). A term applied to ferent substance, often preserving
the torta when the amalgamation is its structure or crystalline form.
concluded. (Egleston) (Farrell)
 ) )

GLOSSARY OF MINING AND MINERAL INDUSTRY. 565

Roplacement vein. A vein in which Reserve. 1. To keep back; to keep in

certain minerals have passed into store forfuture or other use. 2.
solution and have been carried away, That which is held back, or in stock.
while other minerals from the solu- Specifically, known ore bodies that
tion have been deposited in the may be worked at some future time,
place of those removed. The proc- as ore reserves.
ess is called Meta somatic replace-
Reserved coal (Scot). Coal not in-
ment. Also called Substitution vein. cluded in, but reserved from lease, as
(Shamel, p. 152) coal under buildings. ( Barrowman

Replacing-switch. A device consisting Resguardo (Mex.). A penthouse used

of a united pair of iron plates hinged
at the bottom of a shaft as a pro
to shoes fitting over the rails to re-
tection to men while shaft-sinking.
place, on the track, derailed railway
(Halse)
rolling stock (Century). Also used
for mine cars. Residual. 1. (a) Characteristic of, per-
taining to, or consisting of residuum.
Reposadero (Mex.). 1. The bottom (&) Remaining essentially in place
of a crucible or pot in an upright
after all but the least soluble con-
smelting furnace. (Dwight) stituents have been removed: said
2. A settling tank used in the patio
of the material eventually resulting
process. 3. A receptacle for molten
from the decomposition of rocks. 2.
lead in front of a furnace. 4. The
Standing, as a remnant of a for-
contents of a forehearth. (Halse)
merly greater mass of rock or area
Representation work. Same as assess- of land, above a surrounding area
ment work on a mining claim. (U. S. which has been generally planated:
Min. Stat., pp. 233-253) said of some rocks, hills, mountains,
mesas, plateaus, and groups of such
Repressed brick. Bricks that have
features. (La Forge)
been put through a second pressing
machine after molding to improve Residual clay. A clay deposit formed
their shape, etc. (Ries) by the decay of rock in place. This
type is abundant in the Southern
Repressing-machine. A machine for States. (Ries)
making pressed bricks or for giving
ordinary green bricks a second press- Residual deposits. See Residual, 1&, as
ing. (Standard) Residual gravel, sand, clay, etc.
Residuary. Resulting from local rock
Resacatin (Sp. Am.). One who buys decay: said of deposits of disinte-
small quantities of ore from Indians.
gration that have not been trans-
(Halse)
ported. See Residual, 1.
Resbalon (Sp.). A vertical lode. (Lu-
Residue. 1. The solid matter remaining
cas)
after a liquid has been filtered or
Rescatador (Mex.). An ore buyer. eva porated. ( Duryee
(Dwight) 2. The waste or final product from a
hydrometallurgical plant which, at
Rescate (Mex.). 1. The purchase of the time of operation, is valueless as
ores. 2. Purchasedores. (Dwight) far as metal content is concerned.
3. Public sale of ores. 4. An ore- (Eng. and Min. Jour., vol. 107, p.
buying agency. (Halse) 317)

Rescne. To move live men or dead Residue ( Sp. ) 1. Waste from picking
.

bodies from a mine after a mine ore; final sludge from tin dressing.
disaster. Sometimes called Recover. 2. Alluvial detritus. (Halse)
The latter applies especially to put-
ting the mine In shape for operation Residuum. 1. The residue obtained on

again. the distillation of crude petroleum

after the constituents boiling below
Rescue - apparatus. See Mine rescue- 620* F. have been removed. 2. The
apparatus. residue left in the still after the
distillation of crude oil has been
Rescno-car. See Mine rescue-car. completed, and not the residue from
redistilled condensates. Also known
Rescue-crew. See Mine rescue-crew.
as the cokings and tailings. (Ba-
Rcsecos (Mex.). Earthy carbonates of con)
lead (Halse). Dry ores. (Dwight) 3. The material eventually resulting
from the decomposition of rocks In
Rescrvaa (Sp.). Ore reserves. (Halse) place and consisting of the nearly
 ;

566 GLOSSARY OF MINING AND MINERAL INDUSTRY.

Insoluble material left after all the
more readily soluble constituents of
the rocks hare been removed.
Forge) See also Residual 1.
Resin. 1. A
term applied to secretions
of saps of certain plants or trees.
It is an oxidation or polymerization
product of the terpenes, and gener-
ally contains "resin" acids and es-
ters (Bacon). See Kauri gum.
Resuing. A method of stoping ^ herein
the wall rock on one side of the vein
(La is removed before the ore is broken.
Employed on narrow veins, (less
than 30 inches) and yields cleaner
ore than when wall and ore are
broken together (Crane).
Resuscitate. To restore to animation
or life; especially to restore from
apparent death revive revivify as,
; ; ;

2. A term applied to the solid bitu- to resuscitate a drowned person

mens. See Bitumen. (Bacon) (Standard). In cases of electric
shock, axphyxiation from mine gases,
Resin jack. See Rosin jack.
etc., to revive by means of artificial
Resinous. Resembling resin, as opal, respiration.
and some yellow varieties of sphal-
Retaining wall. A wall built to retain
erite. (Dana)
earth behind it. (Duryee)
Resin tiflf. A light colored zincblende.
Retaque (Mex.). Lagging and filling
(Power)
combined. (Halse)
Resistal. A trade name for a special
Retenida (Mex.). A pillar in a stope.
glass used in the manufacture of
(Dwight)
goggles.
Resorption. A partial refusing of Reticulate. To divide or mark so as to
resemble or form network. (Web-
phenocrysts in a porphyritic rock,
ster)
followed by recrystallization in mod-
ified forms. (Standard) Reticulated masonry. Masonry of
small square stones, bricks, or tiles
Resorption border. border of sec-A placed diagonally, or occasionally of
ondary minerals surrounding an
blocks of diamond shape. Called
original crystal constituent of a
also Reticulated work. (Standard)
rock, produced by partial resorp-
tion and recrystallization. (Stand- Reticulated veins. Veins that cross
ard) each other, forming a network.
(Power)
Resorte (Mex.). A spring; a spring
buffer for rolls. (D wight) Retinalite. A resinous, variety of mas-
A sive serpentine. (Dana)
Respaldeador (Sp.). cobbing ham-
mer. (Lucas) Retinelllte. A light brown, resinold
substance separated by alcohol from
Respaldo (Sp.). Wall of a vein; R.
retinasphalt; it begins to fuse at
alto, hanging wall R. bajo, footwall.
;

(Halse)
12rC. (Bacon)

Respiradero (Sp.). 1. An air shaft.

2. The snore hole of a pump. 3. A
blow hole of a volcano through which
gases are emitted. (Halse)
Respirator. A device, as a screen of
fine wire or gauze, worn over the
mouth or nose, by workmen who are
obliged to breathe air containing
dust or smoke. (Standard)
Resplendent. Shining with brilliant
luster; very bright (Century). Some-
times said of minerals.
Rests. The arrangement at the top
and bottom of a shaft, or interme-
Retinite. The current name, among
the French, for pitchstone. (Kemp)
Retirado (Sp.). Working homewards
retreating. (Halse)
Retonation wave. A wave propagated
backwards through the burned gases
from the starting point of an explo-
sion wave, as of an explosion of gas.
(Mellor, Chemical Statics and Dy-
namics, p. 490. 1900)
Retort. 1. A vessel with a long neck,
used for distilling the quicksilver
from amalgam. See Amalgam re-
tort. 2. The vessel used in distilling
zinc. (C. and M. M. P.) 3. To treat

diate levels, for supporting the shaft- by heating In a retort, as gold amal-
cage while changing the tubs or cars gam, to drive off the mercury and
(Raymond.) Also called Chairs, recover the gold. (Webster)
Keeps, Catches or Wings. Retorta (Mex.). Retort. (Dwight)
Besne. To open up a stope, not in the Retort-house. The building containing
vein but In the wall rock. See Re- the gas-retorts In which gas is manu-
suing. factured. (Standard)
 )

GLOSSARY OF MINING AND MINERAL INDUSTRY. 567

Retorting. 1. Removing the mercury Reverberatory furnace. A furnace in

from an amalgam by volatilizing it which ore is submitted to the ac-
in an iron retort, conducting it away, tion of flame without contact with
and condensing it. (Raymond) the fuel. The flame enters from the
2. In the sulphur industry, synony- side or end, passes upward over a
mous with sublimation, which see. low wall or bridge, strikes the roof
(arch) of the furnace, and is rever-
Retort oven. A coke oven that con-
berated downward upon the charge.
serves the gas evolved. (O. and
(Raymond)
M. M. P.)
Reverse bearing. In surveying, a sight
Retort scaler. An implement for taken backward for the purpose of
scraping clean the insides of gas re-
verifying the foresight (Standard).
torts. (Standard)
See Backsight, 2 and 3.
Retreat. To treat over again. Said
of tailings from ore-dressing plants.
Reversed stream. See Obsequent
stream.
Retreatal moraine. A moraine de- Reverse fault. See Fault.
posited during the retreat of the
last Pleistocene ice-sheet. (Stand- Reversing machine. A molding ma-
ard) chine having a flask or flasks that
Retreating system. 1. A system of
may be turned over for ramming the
sand. (Standard)
robbing pillars in which the line of
pillars being robbed retreats or Reversing rolls, See Three - high
moves from the boundary toward train.
the shaft or mouth of the mine.
2. In longwall mining the system in Revestimiento (Sp.). A casing, lining,
which all passages are driven to the or covering used in mines. (Halse)
boundaries and the working face re-
treats toward the shaft or mouth
Revet. To face, as with slabs of stone
or with any kind of masonry ; furnish
of the mine. See Longwall method.
with a revetment, as to revet an
Return. 1. The air course along which embankment, wall, or building.
the vitiated air of a mine is re- (Standard)
turned or conducted back to the up-
cast shaft. (Steel) Revet crag. In geology, one of a se-
2. The rate of yield of product in ries of narrow, pointed outliers of
any given process of the production eroded strata, inclining inwardly,
per unit of cost, especially in an like a revetment against a moun-
Industrial process. (Webster) tain. (Standard)
Rerturn air. The air or ventilation Revetment. A facing, sheathing, or
that has passed through the work- retaining wall, as of masonry or
ings. (Gresley) other materials, for protecting a
Return aircourse; Return airway. See mass or bank of earth, etc., as in
fortiflcations and river banks.
Return, 1.
(Standard)
Return tunnel (Aust.). A tunnel or
adit used as a return airway. Revierbeamt (Ger.). The chief in-
(Power) spector of a district, who gives ac-
tual decisions, subject to appeal, in
Reussin. An impure Glauber's salt reference to mining questions, rules,
(mirabilite), found native. (Stand- etc. (Gresley)
ard)
Reussinite. A resin-like, reddish-
Reviewing (Eng.). fifee Toller.
brown oxygenated hydrocarbon, Revived. Having had its ability to cut
soluble in boiling alcohol and in down Its bed renewed or augmented
ether (Bacon). Found in certain through increase of Its gradient by
coal deposits. deformation of the earth's crust by
Reventaz6n (Lower Oal., Mex.). Out- an uplift or tilt; said of certain
croppings. ( Lucas streams. (La Forge)

Re verb erar (Mex.). To roast. Revoltura (Mex.). 1. The mixing of

(D wight) ore with fluxes. 2. A furnace
charge. 3. The frequent stirring of
Reverberate. 1. To deflect flame or
minerals during calcination. (Halse)
heat, as in a reverberatory furnace.
2. To reduce by reverberated heat; Revolving screen. A trommel, f<Hr six-
to fuse. (Century) ing or classifying ora.

568 GLOSSARY OF MINING AND MINERAL INDUSTRY.
Reward claim (Aust). A prospecting
claim; often shortened to reward.
(Webster) A mining claim granted
to the discoverer of a mineral-bear-
ing district.
Rezagado (Hex.). Piled up. (D wight)
Rezago (Hex.). 1. Waste rock.
(D wight)
2. Ore left in a mine. (Halse)
Rezilite mastic. Apreparation of
elaterite containing asbestos fiber;
it is ssed for surfacing floors. (Ba-
con)
Rhabdomancy Alleged divination by
rod or wand when searching for min-
erals. (Power)
Rhaetic beds.Certain fossiliferous
shales and limestones of the Upper
Trias of Europe and elsewhere.
Called also Avicula-contorta zone.
(Standard)
Rhaetizite. A
white variety of cya-
nite found in Tyrol. (Dana)
Rhenania furnace. A combination of
the Hasenclever and O'Harra fur-
naces, with four hearths, and with
a combination flue under the lowest
hearth and one over the upper
hearth. Has mechanical rabbles.
(Ingalls, p. 156)
Rhenish furnace. A zinc distillation
furnace which is a modified type of
the Silesian furnace. (Ingalls,
413)
Rheostat. 1. An instrument for In-
serting varying resistance in an elec-
tric circuit for controlling the in-
tensity of an electric current. 2.
An instrument for testing blasting
machines by Inserting definite re-
sistance equal to a known number of
electric blasting caps of a standard
length wire, using one electric blast-
ing-cap as an indicator. (DuPont)
Rhigolene. The most volatile liquid
fraction obtained in the distillation
of petroleum. It has a boiling point
of 18* C. and consists largely of
pentane; its specific gravity is 0.60.
(Bacon)
Rhinestone. A colorless gem-stone
made of paste or strass, and cut,
usually as a brilliant, to imitate the
diamond. (Standard)
Rhodlte. Same as Rhodium gold.
(Standard)
Rhodium. A rare element of the light
platinum group found in platinum
ores and separated as a grayish
white met^l: insoluble in acids and
)
very difficult to fuse. Symbol, Rli;
atomic weight, 102.9; specific grav-
ity, 12.2. (Webster)
Rhodium gold. A native alloy con-
taining from 34 to 43 per cent of
rhodium and from 57 to 66 per cent
of gold. Called also Rhodite.
(Standard)
Rhodochrosite. Manganese carbonate,
MnCOa. (U. S. Geol. Surv.)
Rhodolite. A variety of garnet char-
acterized by its roselike color and
brilliant luster. Composition corre-
sponds to 2 molecules of pyrope and
1 of alraandite. (U. S. Geol. Surv.)
Rhodonite. Manganese silicate, Mn-
SiOa (U. S. Geol. Surv.). Also
called Manganese spar.
Rholltes. A word employed by M. B.
Wadsworth to designate smelting
materials or fiuxes. (Power)
Rhomben-porphyries. A name applied
to certain Norwegian porphyries,
whose phenocrysts of orthoclase re-
semble a rhombohedron. The ortho-
clase is rich in soda. (Kemp)
Rhombic dodecahedron. In the isomet-
ric system, the ordinary dodecahed-
ron, formed by twelve faces, each
parallel to one axis and having equal
intercepts on the other two. (La
Forge)
p.
Rhombic mica. A synonym for Phlogo-
pite. (Chester)
Rhombic quartz. An old name for
Feldspar. (Chester)
Rhombic system. In crystallography,
same as orthombic system. (A. F.
Rogers)
Rhombohedral. 1. Of, pertaining to,
forming, or crystallizing in rhombo-
hedrons. 2. Pertaining to, or belong-
ing in, that group of the hexagonal
system which is characterized by a
vertical axis of three-fold symmetry
and three horizontal axes of two-fold
symmetry. (La Forge)
Rhombohedral system. 1. The same as
the hexagonal system, except that
the forms are referred to three axes
parallel to the faces of the funda-
mental rhombohedron instead of to
the usual four axes. 2. The trigonal
division of the hexagonal system, the
forms being referred to the same
three axes as above. (Neither usage
has been generally accepted.) (La
Forge)
Rhombohedron. A crystal form bound-
ed by six faces of rhombic outline.
(Perkins)
 GLOSSARY OF MINING AND MINERAL INDUSTRY. 569
Khomb-spar. A synonym for Dolomite. monly riband (Standard). When
(Chester) the lines of contrast are on a larger
scale they are said to be banded.
Rhone. 1. (Scot.) A
wooden chan-
nel for conveying water. 2. (Scot.) Ribbon borer. A boring tool consist-
A line of wooden boxes for convey- ing of a twisted flat steel -blade.
ing air. (Barrowman) (Raymond)
Rhnms (Scot.). Bituminous shale. Ribbon brake. A friction-brake hav-
(Barrowman) ing a metal strap that encircles a
Rhyacolite. A variety of orthoclase oc- wheel or drum and may be drawn
curring in glassy crystals in lava tightly against it (Standard). A
band-brake.
( Webster) See Sanidine.
.

Rhyolite. A felsophyric to vitreous ig-

Ribbon jasper. See Ribbon, 2.

neous rock composed essentially of Ribbon rock. See Ribbon, 2.

quartz and alkalic feldspar, or of
rock glass having substantially the
Rib road (Scot). A road formed
same composition, with or without along the rib side. (Barrowman)
biotite, hornblende, or pyroxene; 11- Rib shot. A shot in the face next to
parite. (La Forge) Rhyolite is cur- a rib. (Steel)
rent in America, whereas liparite and
Rib side (Scot). The edge of solid
quartz - trachyte are more used mineral left by a longwall working.
abroad. The name was given in In longwall working, if one face or
1860 by V. Richthofen (Kemp). A
wall is considerably in advance of
lava, usually of light color, corre-
the next it is said to have a ribside.
sponding in chemical composition to
(Barrowman)
granite. The same molten liquid
that at great depth within the earth Rice coal. A fine size of anthracite.
solidifies as granite would, if it (Webster)
flowed out on the surface, cool more
quickly and crystallize less com- Rice stone. A kind of stone spotted as
pletely as rhyolite. (Ransome) with rice grains. (Standard)

Rib. 1. In coal mining, the solid coal Richards* pulsator classifier. A classi-
on the side of a gallery or long wall fier operating in such a manner that
face a pillar or barrier of coal left
;
the pulp grains fall through a sort-
for support. 2. The solid ore of a ing column against an upward pul-
vein an elongated pillar left to sup-
;
sating current of water. It has no
port the hanging-wall, in working screen. (Liddell)
oTita vein. (Raymond) Richards' pulsator jig. See Pulsator
3. (Scot.) thin A stratum, as of
Jig.
stone, in a seam of coal. (Barrow-
man) Also spelled Ribb. Richards' shallow-pocket
hindered-
4. A stringer of ore in a lode. settling classifier. ofA series
pockets through which successively
Rib-and-pillar (So. Staff.). A system weaker streams of water are di-
upon which the "Thick coal" seam rected upward. The material that
was formerly extensively mined, be- can settle does so and is drawn off
ing a kind of pillar-and-stall plan. through spigots. (Liddell)
(Gresley)
Riband stone Ricing (No. Staff.). Lagging. See
(Eng.). Sandstone in
thin layers alternating in color, gen-
Lacing, 1. (Gresley)
erally light and dark gray (Gres- Ricket; Ricketing. 1. (Mid.) A nar-
ley). A variation of Ribbon, 2. row brattice for ventilation. 2.
(Mid.) A channel formed along the
Ribbed. Containing bone (Raymond).
floor of a mine for drainage pur-
Said of coal.
poses. (Gresley)
Ribbing. 1. (Lane.) A strip of coal 3. An airway along the side of an

three yards in width. 2. Enlarging adit or shaft. (Morine)

a heading or drift. (Gresley) Rick (Penn.). An open heap or pile
Ribbon. 1. A mass of soft or sticky
in which coal is coked. (Raymond)
material adhering to a roll during Rickle (Scot). A heap or pile, as of
the process of crushing. (Richards, stones or peat, loosely thrown to-
p. 881)
gether (Century). Same as Rick,
2. Having parallel bands or streaks;
as, ribbon jasper in this sense com-
; Rico (Mex.). Rich. (Dwight)
670 GLOSSARY OF MINING AND MINEKAL. INDUSTRY,

Ricolite. A banded variety of verd- Ridge tile. A roofing tile having thi
antique from New Mexico. (Web- upper half flattened to a plane, and
ster) used at the roof ridge. It is cov-
ered by a finishing tile. (Ries)
Ridar (Corn.). A sieve; a riddle.
(Pryce) Ridgeway filter. A horizontal revolv-
Rlddam (Eng.). Water, reddish with ing, continuous vacuum filter. The
iron; also scum. (Webster) surface is an annular ring consisting
of separate trays with vacuum and
Ridding. 1. (No. of Eng.) Separat-
from coal shale.
compressed air attachments. The
ing ironstone
filtering surface is on the under
(Gresley)
side, the trays being dipped into the
2. Clearing away fallen stone and
tank of pulp to form the cake, and
debris. (C. and M. M. P.)
then lifted out of it (Liddell)
Ridding pucklng (So. Wales). Cut-
ting up or removing a crept floor. Ridging. See Cresting.
(Gresley)
Riding. Said of mine timbering when
Riddle (Com. and Scot). A sieve. the sets are thrust out of line, or
The large pieces of ore and rock lean. (Sanders, p. 156)
picked out by hand are called
knockings. The riddlings remain Rid up. To clean out rubbish or
on the riddle ; the fell goes through. waste from a mine, metallurgical
(Raymond) plant, etc.

Riddlings. See Riddle. Rid-up runners. To clean up after a

cast, as when the scrap, slag, and
Ride over (Ark.). A squeeze that
extends into the workings beyond iron is removed from runners,
troughs, and skimmers, and they are
the pillar. It is said to ride over
freshly clayed, loamed, or sanded.
the pillar. (Steel)
(Willcox)
Rider. 1. A
thin seam of coal overly-
ing a thicker one. (Steel) Riego (Sp.). 1. Irrigation. 2. Allay-

2. The rock lying between two lodes ing coal dust by means of a spray.
or beds. (Davies) 3. (Colom.) Float ore. (Halse)
3. A mass of country rock inclosed
A
in a lode. A horse. (Skinner) Riel (Sp.). 1. A railroad rail. 2.

4. A person who rides with the small bar or ingot of .crude gold,
trains of cars, to handle brakes, silver, or copper. (Halse)
couple cars, signal, etc., as rope
Riffle. 1. From the Danish riflef a
rider, trip rider. (Steel)
5. (Eng.) A guide-frame for groove or channel. In mining, the
steadying a bucket in a sinking pit. lining of the bottom of a sluice,
(Gresley) made of blocks or slats of wood, or
6. An ore-deposit overlying the stones, arranged in such a manner
principal vein. (Standard) that chinks are left between them.
7. (No. of Eng.) A ferruginous The whole arrangement at the bot-
veinstone, or a similar impregna- tom of the sluice is usually called
tion of the walls adjacent to the the riffles. In smaller gold-saving
vein. (Century) machines, as the cradle, the slats of
wood nailed across the bottom are
Itidered. Relating to the country-rock called rijljle-bars, or simply riffles
of a vein when impregnated by the (Century). A groove in the bottom
vein materials in strings (Stand- of an Inclined trough or sluice, for
ard). See Rider, 7. arresting gold contained in sands or
Ride-the-tow (Scot). To slip or slide gravels. (Standard)
(Barrowman) 2. A ripple in a stream or current
down the shaft rope.
See Run-the-tow, 2. of water also a place where the wa-
;

ter ripples or is set in violent com-

Ridge fillet. A runner or principal motion, as on rocks or shallow rap-
channel for molten metal. (Stand- ids. (Webster)
ard) 3. A modification of the split shovel,

Ridge roll. A curved piece for cover-
ing the ridge of a roof laid with
roofing tile. (Ries)
Rldge-T. Used in roof tiling to indi-
cate a trimming piece for use at the
intersection of two ridges. (Rles)
which see. (Richards, p. 844)
Riffle-bars. Slats of wood nailed
across the bottom of a cradle or
other gold-washing machine for the
purpose of detaining the gold. (Cten-
tury)
 )

GLOSSARY OP MINING AND MINERAt. INDUSTRY. 5ti

Riffle-blocks.Cross sections of timber Right-running lode. A lode parallel to

set on the floor of a sluice, witli
irregular spaces between, in which
the gold settles. Also called Riffle-
bars. See Riffle. (Miller)
Rifled. 1. A in rock, that
drill hole,
has become
three-cornered while
drilling. (Gillette, p. 24)
2. Said of a drill-core that has spiral
markings.
Rifled pipe. A
pipe used for convey-
ing heavy oils. The pipe is rifled
with helical grooves which make a
complete turn through 360 degrees
in about 10 feet of length. (Nat.
Tube Co.)
Rifles (Sp. Am.). Riffles.
Rifling (So. Staff.). 1. Working the
upper portion of a coal seam over
waste or goaf. (Gresley)
2. The spiral grooves appearing on
the surface of drill cores.
Rift. 1. An obscure foliation, either
vertical (or nearly so) or horizon-
tal, along which a rock splits more
readily than in any other direction.
See Grain, 1. (Watson, p. 462)
2.See Fault trace. 3. A shallow
rocky place in a stream. (Webster)
Rift valley. A relatively long and nar-
row trough-like valley formed by the
sinking of a strip of the earth's crust
between two approximately parallel
and opposed normal faults or zones
of faulting. (La Forge)
Rig. A
derrick, with its engine house,
etc., necessary to run it, used for
boring, and afterwards pumping, an
oil well; also, the derrick itself.
(Webster)
Rigger. A semi-skilled employee at
blast furnaces, whose duties are
largely with construction and repair
work, rather than maintenance.
Skilled in use of hoist tackle,
winches, etc., and usually able to do
riveting and to assemble material.
(Willcox)
Right-angled block. In quarrying a
block of stone bounded by 8 pairs of
parallel faces, all adjacent faces
meeting at right angles. (Bowles)
Right of way. A
grant by Act of
Congress, to convey water over or
across the public domain, for mining
purposes. (U. S. Min. Stat., p. 612)
the axis of elevation of the district
(Standard)
Rill. 1. The coarse ore at the periph-
ery of a pile. (C. and M. M. P.)
2. A very small brook; a streamlet
(Webster)
Rill-cut stoping. See Rill stoplng.
Rill-cut vertical stopes. See Rill stop-
ing.
Rill marks. Small depressions in sand-
stone, produced by the eddying of a
retreating wave on a sea beach under
the lee of some small obstruction,
such as a shell or pebble. (Kemp)
(Lucas) Rill stoping.Stoping in which the ore
iscut back from the winzes in such
a way that an inverted pyramid-
shaped room is created, with its apex
in a winze and its base at the level.
(H. C. Hoover, p. 98)
Sometimes called Pyramidal stop-
ing. Inclined cut and filling, RlJl-cut
vertical stopes. Overhand stoping in
Inclined floors, and Rill-cut stoping.
Rim rock. The bedrock rising to form
the boundary of a placer or gravel
deposit. (Raymond)
Rine pan. A pan in which salt water
is evaporated to obtain salt.
Ring. 1. A complete circle of tub-
bing plates around a circular shaft
2. Troughs placed in shafts to catch
the falling water, and so arranged as
to convey it to a certain point
(Steel)
3. (Newc). A gutter cut around a
shaft to catch and conduct away the
water. (Raymond)
4. (So. Staff.). A circular piece of
wrought-lron, about 8 inches deep,
placed on the top of a skip of coal
to increase Its capacity. (Mln.
Jour.
Ring crib (Eng.) A wedging crib upon
which tubbing placed, having a
Is
gutter or ring cast round the Inner
edge, to collect any water that may
run down the walls of the shaft.
(Gresley)
Ringer. 1. (Derb.) A hammer for
driving wedges. (Gresley)
2. A crowbar. (Webster)
Ringer-and-chain (Mid.). See Dog
and chain, 1.

Right running (No. of Eng.). 1. Ap- Ring kiln; Sod A lime kiln
kiln.
plied to a vein carrying ore In beds made by digging a conical pit, filling
often unproductive (Bainbridge). It with alternate layers of limestone
2. Rake veins extending approxi- and fuel, and covering the top witli
mately east and west (Power) «ods. (Standard)
672 GLOSSABY OF MINING AND MINERAL INDUSTRY.

Ring or«. Fragments of gangue cov- Ripple board. An inclined trough hav-
ered with regular deposits of other ing grooves or strips across its bot-
minerals. See Sphere ore. (Power) tom to catch fine gold (Duryee). A
riffle.
Eing pit. A
circular pit in which a
large wheel is revolved for temper- Ripple drift. A rofek-structure result-
ing clay. (Ries) ing from the constant deposition of
silt, where ripple-marked surfaces
Eing-small. Designating stones, as for
are successively formed, and thus
road-making, small enough to pass
covered and preserved (Standard).
through a ring of specified diameter.
See Ripple mark.
Ring-small stones. (Webster)
Ripple mark. The wavy surface of
Eing stone. A
voussoir showing on
some beds of sandstone and mud-
the face of the wall, so called as
stones, produced by gentle move-
helping to make up the arch ring.
ment in shallow water when these
(Webster)
rocks were in a soft condition.
Eing wall. The inner fire-brick wall (Roy. Com.)
of a blast furnace. (Standard)
Rippling. See Ripple mark.
Ein6n (Mex.). 1. A kidney - shaped
mass of ore. 2. Reniform tin ore. Riprap. A foundation or sustaining
3. (Colom.) A place in a mine wall of stones thrown together
. where ore is abundant. (Halse). without order. (Webster)

Eio (Sp.). River; stream. (Halse) Rlsco (Mex.). 1. Sharp, precipitous

rock. 2. Quartz found in veins or
Eiolita (Sp.). Rhyolite. (Halse)
outcrops. (Dwight)
Eip (Mid.). To cut or blast down the Rise. 1. To dig or work upward in
roof or top (Gresley). Also to take
mining, in opposition to sink. 2. A
up the floor or bottom. (Barrow- shaft excavated from below upward
man) (Webster and Standard). The com-
Eiparian rights. The rights of a per- pleted excavation is also called a
son owning land containing or bor- Raise, Upraise, or Riser. See Raise.
3. The inclination of the strata,,
dering on a watercourse or other
body of water in or to its banks, when looking up hill. To the rise
bed, or waters. At the common law is directly up hill in an inclined
a person owning land bordering a coal seam. (Steel)
non-navigable stream owns the bed doors (Scot). The entrance
Rise
of the stream and may make reason-
from a shaft into upper workings.
able use of its waters. (Webster;
(Barrowman)
also U. S. Min. Stat, p. 619)

Workmen em- Rise heading. A heading driven to

Elpiadores (Colom.).
the rise in long-way workings. See
ployed to lower ore through a winze. (Raymond)
Heading, 3.
(Halse)
Eipidolite. See Clinochlore and Pro- Rise level (Scot.). The upper of two
chlorite. parallel level roads. (Barrowman)

Eipio (Sp.). 1. Rubble. 2. Ballast Riser. 1. A shaft excavated from be-

material. 3. (Mex.) Fragments of low upward (Webster). See Raise,
stone placed between the stones also Rise, 2.
forming the bed of an arrastre. 4. 2. (No. of Eng.) An upthrow fault.

Waste; attle; deads. 5. (Colom.) (Gresley)

Spalled ore; small ore from the 3. A
passage or channel from the
mine. 6. (CJhile) Residue obtained interior of a mold, in which the
by evaporating caliche. (Halse) molten metal rises and by its pres-
sure keeps the mold full as the
Eipper. 1. (Mid.) A man who rips. metal in the latter contracts. 4. In
See Rip. (Gresley). 2. A slate- mining, a rising main; See Column
edging tool. (Standard) pipe. (Standard)

Eipping-bed. A machine for cutting Rise split (Eng.). The proportion of

stone into slabs; a gang stone-saw. the ventilating current sent into the
(Standard) rise workings of a mine. (Gresley)

Elpple. A
groove or bar across sluices Rise workings (Eng.). Underground
for washing gold (Roy. Com.). See workings carried on the rise or high
Riffle. side of the shafts. (Gresley)
 GLOSSARY OF MINING AND MINERAL INDUSTRY. 573

Rising.1. An excavation carried from Riving seams. Open fissures between

below upward; a rise or riser. 2. beds of rock In a quarry. (Hitch-
The boiling in the mold of molten cock)
steel after teeming. 3. The honey-
combing of a steel casting, caused
Roach (Eng.). 1. The upper and most
valuable bed of Portland stone
by such boiling. (Standard)
(Standard). 2. A rock; refuse
Rising column (Scot). Delivery gritty stone.
pipes of a ram or plunger pump.
Roadbed. The material part of a
(Barrowman)
road; primarily, the foundation of
Rising main. See Column pipe. gravel, road-metal, etc., constituting
the bed, but by extension, especially
Either (Eng.). The matrix in which
in railway use, the superstructure
an ore occurs. See Rider, 7. (Bain-
bridge)
also. (Standard)

Rittinger table. A side-bump table Road binders. A

with plane surface, actuated by a
cam, spring, and bumping post. (Lid-
dell)
Rivelaine. A pick with one or two
points,formed of flat iron, used to
undercut coal by scraping instead
of striking. (Raymond)
River-bar placers (Alaska). Placers
on gravel flats in or adjacent to
the beds of large streams. (U. S.
Geol. Surv. Bull. 259, p. 33)
River claim. A claim that includes
the bed of a river. (Duryee)
River drift. The gravel deposits ac-
cumulated by a river in its torren-
tial stages. (Century)
River marble. See Landscape marble.
River mining. Mining or excavating
beds of existing rivers after deflect-
ing their course, or by dredging
without changing the flow of water.
River pebble. A term applied in Flor-
ida to a certain class of phosphatic
pebbles, or concretions, found in riv-
ers as distinguished from land peb-
ble phosphates. (Power)
River right. Same as Creek
(Duryee)
River valley. The depression made by
the stream, and by its various proc-
esses which precede and accompany
the development of the stream.
(Webster)
Rives-in (Eng.). To crack
produce fissures. (Gresley)
Rivet catcher. An appliance attached
to the pump rods of oil wells to pre-
vent damage to the pump from the
dropping of rivets from the pump
rods. (Mitzakis)
Eivet steel. A soft kind of mild steel,
used especially for making rivets.
(Webster)
group of products
consisting of petroleum asphalt,
properly fluxed with heavy petro-
leum oils that will not evaporate and
of such qualities that they will bind
the road materials together both In
summer and winter. (Bacon)
Roadhead (Scot). In long- wall, the
end of a road at the working face
(Barrowman). See Gate end.
Reading (Eng.). Repairing and main-
taining roads. (Gresley)
Roadman. A person whose duty it is
tokeep the roads of a mine in order.
(Roy)
Road material. See Road metal.
Road metal. Rock suitable for sur-
facing macadamized roads and for
foundations for asphalt and concrete
roadways. (U. S. Geol. Surv.)
Roadstones. Stones used for road
metal. (Webster)
Roadway (Aust). An underground
passage, whether used for haulage
purposes or for men to travel to
and from their work. (Power)
right.
Roaring (Cal.). A disease among
horses in which there Is partial or
complete paralysis of certain mus-
cles of the neck and throat, often a
result of lead poisoning. (U. S. Bur.
Mines, Bull. 98, p. 54)
Roast. To heat to a point somewhat
short of fusing, with access of air,
open, or as to expel volatile matter or effect
oxidation; in copper metallurgy, ap-
plied specifically to the final heating
which causes self-reduction to occur
by the reaction between the sul-
phide and the oxide. (Webster)
Roaster. 1. A contrivance for roast-
ing, or a furnace for drying salt
cake. (Webster)
2. A reverberatory furnace or a muf-
fle used In roasting ore. (Standard)
 )

674 GLOSSARY Oi' MINING^ AND MINERAL liTDtJStRt.

Roastci slag. Slag resulting from the ore and mixed in a slowly revolvlug
calcination of the "white metal" in drum or tube. The process at one
the English process of copper-smelt- time had quite a large application.
ing. (Standard) The process used but little water, 25
per cent to 30 per, cent and no acid.
Roastingr. Calcination, usually with
(Megraw, p. 14; T. J. Hoover, p. 6)
oxidation. Good, dead, or sweet
roasting Is complete roasting, i. e., Roburite. An explosive containing,
carried on until sulphurous and ar- according to one formula, chlorinat-
senious fumes cease to be given off. ed dinitrobenzene and ammonium ni-
Kernel-roasting is a process of treat- trate. (Webster)
ing poor sulphide copper ores, by
Roca (Sp.). 1. Rock standing out
roasting in lumps, whereby copper
from the general surface. 2. Rock
(and nickel) are concentrated in
or stone, whether in the ordinary
the interior of the lumps. (Ray-
or geological sense. 3. A vein or bed
mond)
of hard rock and stone. (Halse)
Roasting and reaction process. The
Rocalla ( Sp. ) Drift of pebbles washed
.
treatment of galena in a reverber-
together by floods; talus. (Halse)
atory, by first partly roasting at
a low temperature, and then partly Roche. 1. ( Pro V. Eng.) Refuse gritty
fusing the charge at a higher stone. 2. A rock. Spelled also
temperature, which causes a reac- Roach. (Standard)
tion between the lead-oxide formed Roche lime (Eng.). Lime in the lump
by roasting and the remaining sul- after it is burned; quicklime. (Web-
phide, producing sulphurous acid ster)
and metallic lead. (Raymond) Rochelle salts. Potassium-sodium tar-
Roasting and reduction process. The trate, KNaC4H40fl.4H20.
treatment of lead ores by roasting Roches moTitonnees. Rounded hum-
to form lead-oxide, and subsequent mocks or bosses of rock like whales'
reducing fusion in a shaft furnace. backs, smoothed and striated by gla-
(Raymond) cial action ( Roy. Com. ) Called also, .

Roasting cylinder. A furnace with a Dressed rocks; Sheep-back rocks.

rotating cylinder for roasting ore. Rochlederite. A resinold, reddish-
(Standard). See Brtlckner furnace. brown oxygenated hydrocarbon,
found in brown coal In Bohemia; it
Roasting furnace. A furnace in which melts at 100' C. and Is soluble in
ore is roasted.
alcohol. (Bacon)
Roasting kiln. A kiln for roasting ore. Rock. 1. Strictly, any naturally
(o)
Roasting oven. An oven for roasting formed aggregate or mass of mineral
ores.
matter, whether or not coherent, con-
stituting an essential and appreci-
Roast stall. A form of roasting fur- able part of the earth's crust (b)
nace, built in compartments or stalls
Ordinarily, any consolidated or co-
open in front, with flues running up herent and relatively hard, naturally
the wall at the back for the purpose formed mass of mineral matter;
of creating a draft. (Century) (La Forge) In Instances
stone.
Rob. To extract pillars previously left a single mineral forms a rock, as
for support; or, in general, to take calcite, serpentine, kaolin, and a few
out ore or coal from a mine with a others, but the vast majority of
view to immediate product, and not rocks consist of two or more min-
to subsequent working. (Raymond) erals.
2. (Lake Superior) Crude copper
Robbed out (Cumb.). Work away. ore as It comes from the mines. The
See Hollows (Gresley). Said of a concentrate obtained Is called min-
mine or part of a mine from which eral, and contains about 65 per cent
the pillars have been removed.
metallic copper.
Robbing; Robbing pillars (Scot). Re- 3. (N. Y. and Pa.) A local term for
ducing the size of pillars; taking as the more massive beds of bluestone
much as possible off pillars, leaving that are not jointed and are, there-
only what is deemed sufficient to sup- fore, well suited for structural pur-
port the roof. (Barrowman) poses. (Bowles)
Robbie ( Eng. ) . A fault. ( Gresley
4. A peak, promontory, or the
cliff,
like, of rock,usually bare, and con-
Robson and Crowder process. An early sidered as one mass, as the Rock
oil flotation process. The oil was of Gibraltar. 5. (Corn.) A big lump
added to several times its weight of of ore. (Webster)
 )

GLOSSARY OF MINING AND MINBRAL INDUSTRY. 576

R*ck-amd-rig (So. Staff.). A sand- Rock crystal. Transparent quartz, es-

stone full of little patches and pecially when colorless. (Webster)
shreds of coal. (Gresley)
Rock drill. A
machine for boring in
Rock asphalt. Sandstone or limestone rock, either by percussion, effected
naturally impregnated with asphalt. by reciprocating motion, or abrasion,
( Bacon effected by rotary motion. Com-
pressed air is the usual motive
Rock-asphalt pavement. A wearing power, but steam, electricity and
course composed of broken or pul-
electricity In combination with com-
verized rock-asphalt, with or with-
pressed air are also used.
out the addition of other bituminous
The following are common types:
materials. (Bacon)
Burleigh. The first rock drill manu-
Rock basin.A depression or basin- factured in the United States. A
like excavation in the solid rock, term applied by miners to any heavy
sometimes of great extent. Nearly two-man drill. Chippy. A name op-
all lakes, even the largest of them, plied to small piston drills. Jack
are entirely surrounded by solid rock hammer. A name given by the man-
or lie in rock basins. (Roy. CJom.) ufacturer to the first self-rotating
drill made In the United States.
Rock bind (Eng.). Sandy shale.
Murphy. A hollow steel hand drill;
(Gresley)
also called Jap or Little Jap. Waugh.
Rock bottom. In well digging, a stra- A stoping drill; sometimes called a
tum of rock preventing further ex- stoper; also known in the Southern
cavation ; used generally in a figura- States as a warrior. Widow-male er.
tive sense, and often attributively; a name applied to stoping drills by
as, a rocfc-&o«om price. (Standard) reason of the unhealthy effect of the
dust on the miner's lungs. Wiggle
Rock bound (Aust.). A reef not ac- tail. Aname applied to a stoping
companied by gangue stuff. (C. G. drill, derived from its actions when
W. Lock) in operation. (Eng. & Min. Jour^
Rock breaker. Usually applied to a May 15, 1915, p. 861 ) Water Leyner.
.

class of machines, of which Blake's A type of drill using hollow steel

rock-breaker is a type, and in which through which water flows to remove
the rock is crushed between two and allay dust. Also called Leyner-
Jaws, both movable, or one fixed and Ingersoll drill.
one movable. It is common to use Rocker. A short trough in which au-
a rock-breaker instead of hand-spall- riferous sands are agitated by oscil-
ing to prepare ore for further crush- lation, in water, to collect their gold.
ing in the stamp-mill (Raymond). (Raymond). See Cradle, 3.
See Rock crusher.
Rock-face brick. Brick with surface
Rock butter. A variety of halotrichite. chiseled to imitate cut stone. (RIes)
Called also Stone butter. (Stand-
ard) Rock fault (Eng.). A replacement of
a coal seam over a greater or less
Rock channeler. A machine used In area, by some other rock, usually
quarrying for cutting an artificial sandstone. (Gresley)
seam in a mass of stone. It is
made In several forms, the principal Rock filling.Waste rock, used to
1.

types being the bar-channeler (in fillup worked-out stopes to support

which the cutters are mounted on the roof. (Weed)
2. See Overhand stoping.
a carriage that works along a heavy
bar or bars) and the track-channeler. Rock flour. Very finely powdered rock
(Standard) material, formed by the grinding up
Rock chute See Chute, 1. Also called of rocks beneath a glacier, deposited
Slate chute. as part of the till, and not washed or
blown away and deposited elsewhere
Rock-chute mining. See Bord-and- as stratified drift or as loess. (La
plllar method.
Forge) Called also Glacier meal,
Rock cork. A light-colored variety of and Rock meal.
asbestos (Standard). Also called
Rock leather. Rock froth. Fused lava so Inflated
with gas bubbles or steam bubbles
Rock crusher. A machine for reduc- as to be foamy. When hardened It
ing rock or ore to smaller sizes.
becomes vesicular or scoriaceou*
Three principal types are the jaw- lava. ( Standard)
crusher, the gyratory, and the ham-
mer crusher. See Rock breaker. Rock gas. Same as Natural gas.
 )

576 GLOSSARY OF MINING AND MINERAL INDUSTRY.

Rock ffypsum. Massive gypsum, some- is generally kept nearly full, and
tinjes crystalline, also microcrystal- th crock is trammed away as It is
line or fine grained, as in alabaster. wanted. ( Standard
(Webster)
Rock silk. A silky variety of asbestos.
Rockhead. (Scot)
1. In boring or
Pinking, the top of hard strata next Rock soap. A pitch-black or bluish-
the surface. (Barrowman) black aluminum silicate, greasy to
2. (Ches.) The uppermost stratum the touch, and which crumbles in
of the rocksalt beds. (Gresley) water used as a filler and for cray-
;

The ons. Called also Mountain soap.

Rock house (Lake Superior).
(Standard)
building (usually the one over the
shaft) where copper-bearing rock Rock tar. Crude petroleum. (Stand-
from the mine is dumped from the ard)
ore skip (or bucket) and is screened,
crushed, and stored in a bin, ready Rock tunnel. A tunnel, drift, or cross-
for shipment to the mill. (Weed) cut driven through rock, usually
connecting one coal bed with an-
Rocking. The process of separating
other; also through barren rock in
ores by washing on an incline
metal mines.
trough. (Lawver) See also Rocker.
Rocking bob. See Bob, 1. Rock turquoise. A matrix of turquoise
with small grains of turquoise em-
Rocking lever (Eng.). A brakestaff. bedded in it (Century)
(Gresley)
Rocking stone. A stone, often of great
Rockwood. A brown compact variety
size,so balanced on its foundation of asbestos, resembling fossil wood.
that It can be rocked, or slightly
(Standard)
moved with but force.
little In
Rod coupling. A clasp or other de-
some cases it is left in this position vice for uniting the rods that carry
by the weathering away of the softer the tools used in boring artesian
material (Webster). Called also
wells, oil wells, etc. (Century)
Loggan stone.

Rock in place. See In situ. Rodding (Eng.). The operation of fix-

ing or repairing wooden cage guides
Rock leather. A synonym for Moun- in shafts. (Gresley)
tain leather. (Chester)
Rod guide. An appliance attached to
Rock meal. 1. A fine flour-like earth the drilling rod in oil wells that
composed of shells of infusoria. 2. serves to prevent the rod from oscil-
A white powdery variety of calcite, lating or knocking against the sides
occurring as an efflorescence (Web-
of the bore hole. (Mitzakis)
ster). See Rock flour, 2. Also Rock
milk. Rodillo (Sp.). A wooden roller for
Rock milk. Soft pulverulent forms of moving heavy weights. (Halse)
calcite found in caves or as an efflor-
Rod iron. Iron made in the form of
escence. (Power)
round iron rods for commercial use.
Rock oil. A synonym for Petroleum. (Standard)
Rock pulverizer. A rock breaker; Rodman; Rodsman. One who uses or
stone crusher. (Standard) carries a surveyor's leveling rod.
Rock quartz. The ordinary crystal- (Standard)
lized varieties of quartz, as Brazilian
pebbles. Called also Rock crystal.
Rodney (Eng.). A rude platform
near the shaft's mouth for a night
(Standard)
fire. (Bainbridge)
Rock rubble. Same as Fault rock.
(Standard) Rods. 1. (Eng.) Vertical or inclined
timbers for actuating pumps. 2.
Rock ruby. A fine red variety of gar- Long bars of Swedish iron of the
net. (Webster) toughest quality, for boring through
Rock salt. Common salt occurring in rocks, etc. 3. See Cage guides, 1.

solid form as a mineral; halite. (Gresley)

(Webster)
Rod shaft. The mine shaft contain
Rockshaft. A
shaft made purposely ing the pump rods. (Da vies)
to send down rock for filling the
topes, rooms, or slices. The shaft Rod tools. See Pole tools.
 ;

GLOSSARY OF MINING AND MINERAL INDUSTRY. 577

Rod -wax. A light-yellow, pasty mass Roller. A small steel, iron, or wooden
consisting of an emulsion of high- wheel or cylinder upon which the
boiling oils with solid hydrocarbons hauling rope is carried just above
it collects in considerable quantities the floor. (Steel)
around the rods and casing in some Roller grip. A device for clutching a
of the Pennsylvania wells. (Bacon)
traction cable between grooved
Roesing lead-pump. An automatic ap- sheaves or rollers. (Standard)
paratus for discharging lead from RoUey (No. A
kind of truck
of Eng.).
the kettle. Used in Parkes' process. running upon wheels for carrying
(Hofman, p. 480) tubs or boxes, and drawn by horses
along underground roadways. (Gres-
Roesing wires.Wires suspended in a
ley)
dust chamber to assist in settling
and condensing dust and fumes Rolleyway (No. of Eng.). The under-
from furnace gases. (Hofman, p. ground road along which rolleys are
392) conveyed (Gresley). A gangway.
Roesler process. A process for sepa- RoUejnvay man (Eng.). A man who
rating copper, and in part silver, attends the rolleyway and keeps it
from gold by fusing with sulphur or in order. He also supervises the
with antimony sulphide, obtaining movement of cars at shaft landings.
copper or silver sulphide. (Goesel) (G. C. Green well)
Rolling. See Roll train.
Roe stone.Pine-grained oolite, that
resembles the roe of a fish. (Power) Rolling ground. A land surface much
varied by many small hills and val-
Rogenstein (Ger.). Oolite in which leys. (C. and M. M. P.)
the spherules are united by argil-
laceous cement. (Standard) Rolling mill. 1. An establishment in
which metal is made into sheets,
Roggan. A rocking stone. (Century) bars, rails, or rods, by working it
between pairs of rolls. 2. A pair
Roily oil. Crude oil that has formed or set of rolls between which metal
a more or less complete emulsion is reduced in thickness or formed
with water. (Redwood) into beams, rails, etc.; a roll train.
(Standard)
Rojo (Sp.). Red. (Halse)
Rolling plant. A rolling mill or es-
Roke (Prov. Eng.). A vein of ore. tablishment for rolling metal into
(Standard). A variation of Rake. forms. (Standard)
See Rake 3 and 4.
Roll-jaw crusher. A crusher of the
Roldana (Sp.). A pulley wheel or same general type as the Blake or
sheave. (Halse) Dodge (which see), but the moving
jaw has a rolling instead of an os-
Roll. 1. An inequality in the roof or cillating motion. (Liddell)
floor of a mine. 2. (So. Wales)
The drum of a winding engine. 3.
Roll latten. Sheet brass polislied on
See Bump. (Gresley) both sides. (Standard)
4. A cylindrical body set in bearings Rolls. Cast-iron cylinders, either plain
(usually fixed) and used singly or or fitted with steel teeth, used to
in pairs or sets for crushing or break coal and other materials int6
squeezing (Webster). See Rolls. various sizes (Steel). Applied to
5. One of two cylinders or grooved the type of crushing machinery in
rollers between which material is which the ore is broken bet-ween
drawn, as for reducing its thickness, cylindrical rolls which rotate in a
as the finishing rolls of a rolling vertical plane. See also Roll train.
mill. 6. A heavy metal cylinder for
Roll scale. The scale that falls from
flattening molten plate glass into a
iron during the process of rolling.
sheet. (Standard)
(Standard)
Rolled plate. A thin plate of gold Roll shell. The casing or tire of
spread upon a layer of base metal
specially hardened steel forming the
by soldering the metals in the bar,
wearing surface of a crusher roll.
and then rolling the whole out into
(Richards, p. 66)
plate, forming a thinner plate of
gold than that of the ware known Roll sulphur. A commercial name for
as gold-filled. Called also Rolled sulphur that has been purified and
gold. (Standard) cast into rolls or sticks. (Standard)
75242°—19 37
 ;;

578 GLOSSARY OF MINING AND MINERAL II^DUSTRY.

Roll train. The set of plain or grooved Roofing slate. A

finely fissile, compact,
rolls through which iron or steel homogeneous argilllte or clay slate,
piles, ingots, blooms, or billets are yielding thin slabs, used for roofing.
passed, to be rolled into various The prevailing colors are nearly
shapes. (Raymond) black, though sometimes greenish,
purple, or red. (Standard)
Rolo. (Sp.) 1. A roller or drum;
R. de porta cable (Mex.), the Roofing tile. Burned-clay tile used for
bearing drum of cable tramway. covering roofs. (Ries)
(D wight) Roof stone (Scot.). The stone imme-
2. A
smooth and round long stone diately above a coal seam (Barrow-
found in arroyos. 3. A coil of fuse. man) See also Roof, 1.
(Halse)
Romaneador (Mex.). A weigher. Roof work. A term applied to a vein
(Dwight)
worked overhead. (Moriue)
Romanium. An alloy consisting of al- Room. 1. A wide working place in a

luminum having an admixture of flatmine corresponding to stope in a

less than 10 per cent of tungsten steep vein. Compare Stope (Ihl-
together with a little copper and seng). A chamber.
nickel. (Webster) 2. heading or short stall. 3. A
A
weight of 7 tons of coal, or 5^ chal-
Roman ocher. A native ocher of a drons by measure. (Gresley)
deep orange-yellow color. (Stand-
ard) Room and pillar. A system of mining
Roman tile; Roman brick. Brick in which the distinguishing feature
is the winning of 50 per cent or
usually either dry-pressed or stiff-
mud repressed, and 12 by li by 4 more of the coal or ore in the first
inches in size. The term is not al-
working. The coal or ore is mined
In rooms separated by narrow ribs
ways very definitely used. (Ries)
or pillars. The coal or ore in the
Roman vitriol. Same as Blue vitriol. pillars is won by subsequent work-
ing, which may be likened to top
Romanzovite. A variety of garnet, of a slicing, in which the roof is caved
brown or brownish-yellow color. in successive blocks. The first work-
(Century) ing in rooms is an advancing and
the winning of the rib (pillar) a re-
Romper (Sp.). 1. To break or crush
treating method. The rooms are
ore. 2. To
pierce or penetrate; to driven parallel with one another, and
break through. (Halse) the room faces may be extended par-
allel, at right angles, or at an angle
Rondana (Mex.). Gasket; washer.
to the dip. This method is ap-
(Dwight)
plicable to flat deposits, such as coal.
Rondle; Rondelle. The crust or scale Iron ore, lead, and zinc, etc, that
that forms upon the surface of occur in bedded deposits. Modifi-
molten metal in cooling. (Raymond) cations of this method are: County
of Durham system; Double-entry
Rongueros (Peru). Men and boys who room and pillar mining; Double-
carry capachos. (Halse) room system Double stall working
;

Heading and stall ^illar and stall;

Roof. The rock lying above a coal

1.
Post and stall; Room and stoop;
bed or ore vein. The hanging wall. Single-entry room and pillar min-
(Chance) ing Single - stall working
;
Square ;

2. The top of any subterraneous pas- work; South Staffordshire thick-

sage or working. (Gresley) seam method Stall and breast and
; ;

3. (No. Wales). In slate quarrying, Triple-entry room and pillar mining.

a passage excavated from below up-
wards; a raise. (Webster) Room and pillar with waste filling.
See Overhand stoping.
Roof coal (Scot). That part of a seam
of coal left for a roof. (Barrow- Room and ranee (Scot.). A system of
man) working coal with long narrow pil-
lars less usually a system of work-
;

Roofing. 1. (Ches.) The upper 5 or 6 ing with extra large pillars and nar-
feet of the rock-salt beds. (Gres- row rooms (Barrowman). Similar
ley) to pillar and stall.
2. The wedging of a loaded wagon
or horse against the top of an under- Room and stoop (Scot.). See Room
ground passage. (Raymond) and pillar.
 )

GLOSSARY OF MlNlN^G AISTD MINERAL INDUSTRY. 579

Room neck. A short passageway, from Ropp furnace. A long reverberatory

the mine entry, to the room in which furnace over the hearth of which
the miner worlds. (Gambino v. Man- a series of plows or rakes is drawn
ufa(;turers' Coal «& Coke Co., 1G4 S. by a continuous cable, moving the
W. Kept, p. 265) ore steadily from the feed to the
discharge end. (Ingalls, p. 104)
Room system with caving. See Bord
and pillar. Ropy lava. Same as Pahoehoe.
Rooster coal. See Cube coal. Rosea (Sp.). Screw thread. 2. A
1.
ring or washer put around a drill
Root deposit (Malay). A lode or vein
when water is present. 3. In the
from which alluvial tin may have patio process, silver left after re-
been derived. The original source. torting. (Halse)
Roove ( Eng. ) . To rub or knock against Roscoelite. A
vanadium-bearing mus-
the roof. (Gresley) covite mica in which AhOs is partly
Rope crab. An appliance used in ca- replaced by VsO*. The content of
ble drilling for recovering ropes VaOs may reach an equivalent of
that may have been accidentally 28.85 per cent VjOb, though generally
dropped in the borehole. (Mitzakis) much less. (U. S. Geol. Surv.)
Rope drilling. 1. Drilling in the Rose. 1. (Scot.) The perforated noz-
ground with a bit attached to the zle of a water pipe. (Barrowman)
end of a rope to which a twisting 2. A diamond of such small size that
motion is given. Sometimes called it can be cut little if at all. (Web-
Jump drilling, as the rope with the ster)
bit is raised and dropped. Roseaker. An old name for Realgar.
Rope drive. A
replacement of belts (Century)
by ropes for driving machinery. Rose copper. Same as Rosette cop-
(Power) per.
Rope driver. A
person who looks Rose head. A perforated nozzle, as for
after the rope and the equipment of a sprinkler (Standard). See Rose, 1.
tlie train of cars drawing coal from
the and superintends the
mine, Rose porcelain. Chinese hard-porce-
movement of cars. (Stony Fork lain brilliantly decorated with a red
Coal Co., V. Lingar, 153 S. W. Kept, enamel. (Standard)
p. 6 Bell-Knox Coal Co. v. Gregory,
;
Rose quartz. Crystalline quartz with
153 S. W. Kept., p. 465) a rose-pink color. Used as gem or
Rope haulage. Any haulage system in as an ornamental stone. See quartz,
which the cars are attached to ropes. (U. S. Geol. Surv.)
Usually employed on level or nearly Rose steel. A
steel that shows a pe-
level roads or entries; sometimes culiar fracture and texture in the
with an endless rope. See Tail-rope interior different from that near the
haulage. surface. ( Standard

Rope house. In salt manufacturing, Rosette. A disk-like crust or plate of

an evaporating house. (Century) metal purposely formed on and re-
Rope rider (Okla.). An employee moved from the surface of molten
whose duty it is to see that cars are metal (Standard). /See Rosette cop-
coupled properly, and to inspect per.
ropes, chains, links, and all cou- Rosette copper. Disks of copper (red
pling equipment A trip rider. from the presence of suboxide)
Rope roll (Eng.). The drum of a formed by cooling the surface of
winding engine. (Gresley) molten copper through sprinkling
with water (Raymond). Called also
Rope trip. A trip of cars handled by Rose copper.
a rope. (Steel)
Rose Cobalt sulphate; bleber-
vitriol.
Ropeway. A line or double line of ite. Also called Cobalt vitriol; Red
suspended ropes, usually wire, along vitriol. (Standard)
which articles of moderate weight
may be transported on slings, either Rosh (Leic). See Rait.
by gravity or power; much used in Rosicler 1. Ruby
(Sp.). sliver; R,
mountainous mining districts for claro, proustite; R. negro, stephan-
transportation to watercourses or to ite ; R. oscuro, pyrargyrite. 2. R. de
steam-railway lines (Standard), An cobre (Chile and Peru), cuprita
aerfal tramway. (Halse)
 ;

580 GLOSSARY OF MINING AND MINERAL INDUSTRY.

Rosin Jack. A yellow variety of sphal- Rottenstone. 1. A soft, light, earthy

erite. (Power) substance, consisting of silica in fine
grains, resulting from the decompo-
Rosin tin. A reddish or yellowish va-
sition of siliceous limestone. (Roy.
riety of cassiterite. (Power)
Com.).
Ross and Welter furnace. A multiple-
Rouge antique marble. See Rosso an-
deck roasting furnace of the annu- tico marble.
lar type. Used in Germany. (In-
galls, p. 110) Roughcast. 1. A kind of plaster made
of lime, with a mixture of shells or
Rossie furnace. An American variety
pebbles, used for covering buildings.
of hearth for the treatment of ga-
differing from the Scotch (Webster)
lena,
hearth in using wood as fuel, work-
2. To roughen the surface of (pot-
tery) before firing. (Standard)
ing continuously, and having hollow
walls, to heat the blast. (Raymond) Rough coal (Scot). A name some-
Rosso antico marble. A red marble times given to free coal when associ-
ated with gas coal or splint coal.
used by the Etruscans and ancient
Romans said to have been obtained
;
(Barrowman)
from Cynopolis and Damaristica Rough diamond. An uncut diamond.
(Merrill). It has white markings
Rougher Flotation cells in which
cell.
and fine black veins.
the bulk of the gangue is removed
Rosso levanto marble. See Verdan- from the ore.
tique.
Roughing hole. A hole to receive slag
Rosterite. A
variety of pale ro^e-red from a blast-furnace,or molten iron
beryl found in the granite of the when it is undesirable to let it run
Island of Elba, Italy. (Century) into pigs. (Standard)
Rosthornite. A resin (C24H40O) pos- Roughing mill. 1. A metal disk
sessing a brown color and a specific charged with an abrasive, used for
gravity of 1.076, found at Sonnberge, the first work in grinding gems. 2.
Carinthia. (Bacon) A set of roughing rolls. (Standard)
Rotary fault. See Fault. Roughing rolls. The rolls of a train
which first receive the pile, ingot,
Rotary puddler. A
mechanical pud-
bloom, or billet, and partly form
dler in which the treatment of
it Into the final shape (Raymond).
molten metal is effected by the ro-
(Century) Called also Breaking- or Roughing-
tation of the furnace.
down rolls.
Rotary pump. A pump
in which the Roughs; Rows (Com.). Coarse, poor
moving part is a piston, follower, sands, resulting from tin dressing
or cam, rotating in a case, as dis- (Raymond)
tinguished from one that has a pis-
ton with to-and-fro motion (Stand- Roughsetter. A building mason em-
ard). A centrifugal pump. ployed on coarse work. (Standard)
Roughway (Corn.). A quariy term to
Rotary squeezer. A puddle-ball squeezer
designate a direction along which
having a rotating drum mounted out
there is no natural cleavage in a
of center in a cylindrical case.
rock. See Cleaving way, and Quar-
(Standard)
tering way. (Green well, p. 81)
Rotator. A revolving or rotary fur-
nace. (Century) Round coal (Eng.). Coal in large
lumps, either handpicked or after
Rotch. See Rotche. passing over screens. (Gresley)
Rotche; Roche (So. Staff.). A soft Round-edge slip. See Slip stone.
and moderately friable sandstone
(Gfresley). Called also Roach; Rounder. 1. See Reamer, 1.
Rotch. 2, An indented cylindrical tool for
rock-boring. (Standard)
Rothofllte. A yellowish-brown to liver-
brown, magnesian calcium-iron gar- Rounding-tool. A forming- or swaging-
net (Dana) tool having a semicylindrical groove
a blacksmith's swage or collar-tool.
Rotten reef. (So. Afr.). Decomposed, (Standard)
soft, country rock found in connec-
tion with auriferous conglomerates. Round ore. Same as Leap ore (Stand-
(Durjee) ard)
 ) ;

GLOSSARY OF MINING AND MINERAL INDUSTRY. 581

Eonnd ree (Scot). A space at the Rubbing bars (Aust). Bars placed
shaft bottom where coal is stored. on the side of a cage nearest to the
( Barrowman other cage when rope guides are
Eoundstone. Small, roundish stones
used. The buffer ropes are placed
outside for rubbing bars. (Power)
collectively, used for paving cobble-
;

stone. (Century) Rubbing bed. A circular disk of iron,

or occasionally carborundum, rotat-
Round-strand rope. A rope made of
ing in a horizontal plane, upon which
round twisted-strands. (C. M. P.)
blocks of stone are placed in order
Row (pronounced ro). (No. Staff.) to rub or grind away all irregular-
A seam or bed of coal. (Gresley) ities. (Bowles)
Row (pronounced ro7*) (Corn.). Large, Rubbing block. In marble working, a
rough stones. (Raymond) smoothing or polishing block.
(Standard)
Rowlandite. Yttrium silicate, 2Yt208.-
3Si02. (U. S. Geol. Surv.) Rubbing brick. A heavy, coarse-
grained stone generally artificial,
Rows. See Roughs.
used principally for rubbing down
Royal agate. A mottled variety of rough castings, smoothing concrete
obsidian. (Century) work and for dressing marble and
Royal green. Paris green. (Webster) granite, (Pike)

Royalty. 1. (Eng.). The mineral es- Rubbing stone. A gritstone for

tate or area of a colliery, or a por- smoothing tool marks, etc., out of
tion of such property. A field of building stone, bricks, etc. (Stand-
mining operations. (Gresley) ard)
2. A seigniorage on gold and silver
coined at the mint. 3. (Eng.). A Rubbing surface. The total area of a
percentage paid to the crown, of gold given length of airway; that is, the
or silver taken from mines, or a tax area of top, bottom, and sides added
In lieu of such share of the product together, or the perimeter multi-
or profit (Webster). See Acreage plied by the length. (Steel)
rent.
Rubbish (Eng.). Fallen stone from
4. The amount paid by the lessee, the roof; holing debris made in sink-
or operator, to the owner of the
ing, drifting, etc. (Gresley). Waste.
laud, mineral rights or mine equip-
ment, based on a certain amount per Rubble. 1. Water - worn or rough-
ton or a per cent of total mineral broken stones, broken bricks, etc.,
production. used in coarse masonry. 2. Rough
Rozan process. An improvement of stone as it comes from the quarry.
the Pattinson process 3. A quarryman's term for the
(Raymond).
Also called Luce-Rozen process. upper fragmentary and decomposed
portion of a mass of stone; brash.
Rubasse (Fr.). A
crystalline variety 4. (Eng.) A hard chalk used in
of quartz containing, distributed making paths. (Webster)
through it, spangles of hematite,
which reflect a ruby red. Called Rubble ashlar. Ashlar masonry with
also Ancona ruby Mont Blanc ruby
; rubble backing. (Webster)
Rubace. (Standard)
Rubble drift. A coarse agglomeration
Rubber. 1. A gold-quartz amalgama-
of angular debris and large blocks
tor, in which the slime is rubbed
set in an earthy matrix of glacial
against amalgamated copper sur-
origin. (Century)
faces. (Raymond)
2. ( Scot. ) Apiece of wood for pump Rubble ice. Ice in broken fragments,
rods to slide on, or for hutches to as in the Arctic seas. (Webster)
rub on going round sharp curves.
(Barrowman) Rubble masonry. Rough, unsquared
3. A bucking iron or bucking ham- stone laid in irregular courses.
mer. See Bucking. (Merrill)
Rubberide. A trade-name for an imi-
Rubbles (Eng.). Slack or small coal.
tation of vulcanized rubber. (Cen (Gresley)
tury)
Rubberstone. A sharp-gritted Ohio or Rubble stone. 1. (Eng.). A name
Indiana sandstone used for sharpen- given by Klrwan to graywacke
ing shoe knives; also called Shoe- (Humble).
stone (Merrill). 2.See Rubble.
682 GLOSSAEY OF MlNlHG AND MINERAL INDtJSTRY.

Rubble work. Masonry composed of Rudding (No. of Eng.). The act of

irregular or broken stone or frag- clearing away refuse rock.
ments of stone mingled with cement Ruddle (Eng.). A common term
or clay (Standard). Called also
meaning red, a red variety of
for,
Rubble masonry. iron ore. (Roberts)
Rubbly reef (Aust). A vein much Rueda (Sp.). 1. A wheel. 2. R. de
broken up. (Duryee) mecha, a coil of safety fuse. 3.
Rubellite. Dark-pink or red tourma- (Mex.) A rounded mass of silver
line. ore. (Halse)
Ruberite. Same as Cuprite. (Cen- Ruin (Eng.). A term occasionally
tury) employed In familiar description for
certain minerals whose sections or
Rnbl (Sp.). Ruby, a variety of spinel.
cut faces exhibit the appearance of
(Halse) ruined buildings, as Ruin agate,
Rubidium. A soft silvery metal which Ruin marble, etc. (Page)
decomposes water with violence and Ruin agate. See Ruin.
inflames spontaneously in air. An
alkali metal closely resembling po- Ruiniform. Having the form or ap-
tassium in general properties. Sym- pearance of ruins, as certain min-
bol, Rb; atomic weight, 85.45; spe- erals.
cific gravity, 1.52. (Webster) Ruin marble. See Ruin.
Rubio (Sp.). Limonite or brown hem- Rull (Eng.). To wheel or trundle, as
atite. (Halse) ore. (Webster)
Ruble. The monetary unit of Russia, Ruller (Corn.). A workman who
equivalent to 51.5 United States wheels ore In a wheelbarrow under-
cents. (Century) ground. (Raymond)
Rubstone. A whetstone; also stone
Rumanite. A yellow amber-like resin
suitable for making whetstones.
obtained from Rumania. (Bacon)
(Standard)
Rumbadero (Col cm.). An ore chute or
Ruby. Clear red corundum, AlaOs. A ore pass. (Halse)
well-known gem. (U. S. Geol. Surv.)
Ruby arsenic. An early name for re- Rumbo (Sp.). Direction; strike of a
algar (Chester). See Ruby sulphur. vein. (D wight)
Ruby blende. A red or brownish-red Rumb6n (Colom.). 1. An automatic
variety of transparent crystallized inclined plane. 2. An Inclined chute
sphalerite (Standard). See also for ore or timber. (Halse)
Ruby zinc. Run. 1. Direction, as of a vein. 2.
Ruby copper. An early name for cu- Caving In of a working, etc. 3. A
prite, from its color. (Chester) fall of the cage In a shaft due to a
failure in the hoisting apparatus.
Ruby luster. In ceramics, any red or
4. An Inclined passage between lev-
reddish metallic luster. (Standard)
els. 5. A
settling trough for slimes.
Ruby mica. An old sjmonym for Goth- 6. An irregular ore body. 7. Hori-
ite. (Chester) zontal distance to which a drift is or
Ruby silver. See Proustite and Py-
may be carried. 8. In quarrying,
a direction of secondary or minor
rargyrite.
cleavage grain. See Rift (Web-
Ruby sulphur. Same as Realgar ster)
(Standard). Called also Ruby ar- 9. The length of time reduction
senic; Ruby of arsenic; Ruby of works or a mine Is kept In operation
sulphur. without stopping to clean up, make
repairs, or for other purposes.
Ruby zinc. A popular name for trans- (Hanks)
parent sphalerite of a deep-red color,
and also for zincite with the same
10. By the run. A
method of paying
coal miners per linear yard of breast
characteristics. (Chester)
excavated instead of by the amount
Ruck. 1. (Lane.) The stock of coal of clear coal produced. (Raymond)
on the bank. (Gresley) 11. A journey. 12. A word com-
2. A streak of pyrite in roofing monly made use of to express the
slates. (Power) degree of leverage or breaking-down
Rud (Prov. Eng.). Red ocher. power of a shot. 13. (Eng.) To
(Standard) work a winding, or other, engina.
 ) ) .

GLOSSARY OF MINING AND MINERAL INDUSTRY. 583

14. Soft ground is said to "run" to the space left by the pattern. 13.
when it becomes mud and will not Any pouring-gate. 14. The metal
hold together or stand. (Gresley) left in such channel attached to the
15. To make by pouring melted metal casting and requiring removal.
into molds; mold; found. 16. An (Standard)
act of flowing, or that which flows. 15.(So. Staff.) A
runaway cage or
Especially: (a) The quantity that skip,due to failure of brakes or
flows at one time or during one oper- breaking of cable. (Min. Jour.)
ation or period; as, a run of iron in
Runner-on. See Bottomer.
a melting-furnace, (b) single op- A
eration of pouring or casting in a Runner stick. A slightly tapering
foundry. ( Standard round used as a pattern for
stick,
17. (Corn.) To quit a piece of work the opening through which molten
before it is quite finished. (Pryce) metal is to be poured into the mold.
Runaround. A passage driven in the (Standard)
shaft pillar to enable men and ani- Running amain (Scot.). The running
mals to pass safely from one side of a winding rope down into the
of the shaft to the other side. See shaft, due to failure of brake or
Bye-pass, 1. other appliances. (Gresley)
Runaway switch switch
(Aust.). A Running balk (Eng.). A set of tim-
by means of which a runaway car bers in the direction of a drift (at
can be sidetracked. (Power) its side instead of across it) to form

Run-back water (Scot.). Water from a support for the crosspieces. A

a set ofpumps that is run back running balk at each side, with
and pumped up again in order to balks or planks supported by them,
" is the common method of timbering
keep the pump from going " on air
while the other pumps are at work. through an old bord or place where
(Barrowman) the roof has fallen badly. (G. G.
Greenwell
Rung; Rundle; Round. A step or
A
crossbar of a ladder. (O. and M. Running bridge (Aust.). platform,
M. P.) on wheels, that serves as a cover for
a shaft in process of sinking, and
Runnel. A rivulet or small brook. on which buckets or skips are
(Duryee) landed. See 'Runner, 2. (Power)
Runner. 1. The
channel through Running ground. Superincumbent ma-
which metal is conducted
molten terial that breaks off readily and
from the blast rf"urnace or cupola to falls into the mine openings. ( Weed)
the pig bed, converter, or molds. Earth and rock that falls, runs, or
See Pig iron. (Raymond) caves in (Standard). Quicksand.
2. (Eng.) A movable bridge or A
platform over the mouth of a shaft. Running gug (Som.). self-acting
Also called .Jiddy. 3. A fault slip. incline. (Gresley)
4. A crowfoot. 5. (York.) A flat Running kiln. A lime kiln that is fed
piece of timber placed above bars, from above, and delivers continu-
and connecting them. (Leic.) 6. ally below. (Standard)
The piece of timber placed in a hori-
zontal position between the two in- Running lift (Eng.). A sinking set
clined sprags in cokermegs. (Gres- of pumps so constructed as to
ley) lengthen or shorten, at will, by
7. (Scot.) A
man or boy who goes means of a sliding or telescopic wa-
with a train of cars in mechanical ter column. (Gresley)
haulage. (P.arrowman)
Running measures (Eng.). Sand and
8. A steel-shod poling board, driven
gravel containing much water.
\nto unbroken but l'<ose ground as
(Gresley)
excavatioi: progresses. (Webster)
9. A man or boy who runs the Running-ofP. In founding, the open-
loaded oars by cavity from the face ing of the tap hole of a blast fur-
of a room or chamber to the haulage nace and allowing of the molten
roa(i cwitrolling the speed by means metal to flow out to the molds.
of a brake or sprags. 10. An en- (Standard)
gineman; a machine runner. 11.
A stone slab or rubber moved over Running roll. A cylinder used In plate-
a stone surface to polish it. 12. glass manufacturing for spreading
A horizontal channel In the sand of the soft glass on tlie casting tabla
^ mold from the bottom of the gate (Stapd^rd)
584 GLOSSARY OF MINING AND MINERAL, INDUSTRY.

Running rope. A
flexible rope that 5. (Aust.). An area containing
will pass through blocks, and used gold, and hence causing miners to
for lifting or for moving heavy ob- rush for it. (Standard)
jects.
Rusher. One who rushes into a region
Running sand. Quicksand. when opened to settlement
it is first
or, on a discovery of precious metal
Running the drum (Eng.). The low-
(Standard). A Stampeder.
ering or sinking of a cylinder or
drum through quick ground, to se- Rush gold. Gold coated with oxide of
cure the upper part of a mine shaft. iron or manganese (0. and M. M.
(Gresley) P.). Rusty gold.
Run-off. 1. That part of the natural Rusks (No. of Eng.). Small slack, or
precipitation that flows off the sur- that coal next larger than dust.
face of the land in the form of visi- (Gresley)
ble streams. (Watson, p. 244)
Russell process. A metallurgical proc-
2. To cause the contents of to flow
ess similar to the Patera process,
off or out; as, to run-off a millpond
which see, except that cuprous-
or a smelting furnace. (Standard)
sodium hyposulphite is used in ad-
3. The collapse of a coal pillar in
dition to the sodium hyposulphite.
a steeply pitching seam, caused (Liddell)
either naturally or by a small shot
placed in it. This occurs in connec- Russia iron. A high-grade, smooth,
tion with pillar robbing, and the pil- glossy sheet-iron, not liable to rust,
lar is said to have run-off. once made by a process that was
long a secret with Russian manu-
Run of lode (Corn.). Its direction or
facturers. The sheets were sub-
course. (Min. Jour.)
jected to severe hammering in piles
Run of mine. Coal as it is dug in the with powdered charcoal between
mines, including lump and fine coal them. (Standard)
together, without any preparation
or screening. (Nicolls)
Russol. A trade name for liquid petro-
latum. (Bacon)
Run of ore. See Shoot of ore.
Rust. 1. The reddish or yellowish coat-
Run of the rock. Same as Run, 8. ing caused on iron or steel by oxida-
A direction of easy splitting in a tion, as by the action of air and
rock, but subordinate in ease to the moisture, consisting of ferric hydrox-
rift direction. (Bowles) ide and ferric oxide, or red oxide
of iron in an extended sense, a film
Run-out fire. A forge in which cast-
;

or oxide formed on any metal by

iron is refined. (Raymond) corrosion. 2. A mixture of iron-
Run rider (Eng.). A lad who goes filings, ammonium chloride, and
with a train (trip) on an engine sometimes sulphur, moistened and
plane (Gresley). A trip rider. placed between iron surfaces, where
It hardens by oxidation, and forms
Runs (Eng.). Percentage of metal in a solid joint called a rwsf-joint
the ore (Skinner). The ore runs (Standard)
(contains) 10 per cent copper.
Rust ball. 1. A lump of yellow Iron
Run-steel. Malleable castings. (Ray- ore found in the chalk, in Cam-
mond) bridgeshire, England. 2. Such ma-
terial collectively. (Standard)
Run-the-tow. 1. (Scot.). To cause the
cages to traverse the shaft prepara- Rustic ware. Brown, glazed, buff, or
tory to allowing men to descend. light-brown terra-cotta, sometimes
(Barrowman) green mottled used for ornament in
:

2. (Scot.) Sliding down the shaft construction. (Standard)

on the winding rope. (Gresley)
Rustle (Local U. S.). In brickmaking,
Rush. 1. A moving forward with to increase the heat of (a kiln).
rapidity and force (Webster). As (Standard)
a rush of ore. Rusty. 1. Covered or affected with
2. (Scot.). The sudden weighting of rust. 2. Impaired by inaction, dis-
the roof when robbing the pillars be- use, or neglect. 3. Rust colored;
gins. (Gresley) dark. (Webster)
3. A sudden movement of a large 4. Applied to coal discolored by
number of miners to some new local- water or exposure, as well as to
ity. See Stampede. (Hanka) quartz, etc., discolored by Iron oxide.
i. See Spire, 1. (Raymond)
 )

GLOSSARY OF MINING AND MINERAL INDUSTRY. 585

Itusty gold (CaL). Free gold, that Saccharoidal marble. Any marble hav-
does not readily amalgamate, the ing a granular crystalline structure
particles being covered with a sili- like that of loaf sugat. (Merrill)
ceous film, thin coating of oxide of Saco (Sp.). 1. A sack or bag. 2.
iron, etc. (Hanks) Criaderos en saco, irregular deposits
Rute. 1. In mining, thread-like veins of ore filling superficial cavities or
of ore. (Standard) crevices. (Halse)
2. (Derb.) See Serin, 2.
Saddle. 1. (Aust.^ A formation of
RuthenlTim. A
rare element of the gold-bearing quartz occurring along
platinum group, associated with the crest of an anticlinU fold. 2.
platinum ores, and separated as a A ridge connecting two higher eleva-
hard, brittle, steel-gray metal, very tions a low point in the crest line.
;

Infusible and almost insoluble in (Webster) A ridge whose strata

acids. Symbol, Ru; atomic weight,
101.7; specific gravity 12.26. (Web-
ster)
Rutile. Tetragonally crystallized ti-
tanium dioxide, TiOa. Octahedrite is
another tetragonal form with differ-
ent facial angles. When crystallized
in orthorhombic form titanium di-
oxide is known as brookite. (Dana)
Rutllated qiiartz. Quartz penetrated
by needles of rutile. (A. P. Rogers)
Ruttles (York.).Shattered and faulty
ground running roughly parallel to
the plane of a fault. (Gresley)
dip away downward from the cen-
tral axis on each side; an elevated
anticlinal fold.
3. "A saddleis a peculiar forma-
tion found In shale or sand rock in
the roof of a mine. The under or
exposed side looks like natural rock,
but its upper side is smooth, having
no particular bond with the sand
rock with which it Is embedded, and
Is liable to fall out of Its place, a
fall, however, producing no other de-
rangement of the surrounding parts
of the room from which it falls"
(Lehigh Valley Coal Co. v. Washko,
231 Fed. Rept, 42, p. 48). See Kettle
bottom, which would seem to be a
better term.

Sabana (Colom.). An alluvial mine Saddle back. 1. A hill or ridge hav-

on a river bank above the level of ing a concave outline at the top.
the water. (Halse) (Webster)
2. (Eng. and Scot.) A roll or un-
Sable iron. A superior kind of Rus- dulation in the roof or pavement of
sian Iron originally stamped with a seam (Barrowman). See also
the figure of a sable. (Webster) Saddle, 3.
3. Twotimbers placed so as to form
Sabotage (Fr.). Malicious wast** or an inverted V and used as a sup-
destruction of an employer's prop- port for a load above. (Sanders,
erty by workmen during labor p. 45)
troubles. ( Webster
Saddler. A man employed to make
Saca (Sp.). Exportation.
1. 2. Ex- and repair
harness, etc., for the
traction of the gold from auriferous draft animals at a mine.
sands. 3. ( Mex. ) Ore raised from a
mine In a given time. 4. (Mex.) An
Saddle reef (Aust.). A bedded vein
that has the form of an anticline;
ore sack. 5. Mina de saca (Colom.),
an inverted saddle has the form of
an alluvial mine In which the pay
a syncline. See Saddle, 1. (Power)
gravel or sand is below water level.
(Halse) Saddle shaped. In the form of an anti-
clinal fold. (Webster)
Sacabuches (Sp.). Hand pumps.
(Mln. Jour.) Safeguards. The precautions taken
to prevent men from being injured;
Sacados (Oolom.). Filled-up stopes. guard rails, automatic signals, warn-
(Halse) ing signs, etc.

Bacar ( Sp. ) To draw or bale out S.

. ;
Safety cage. A cage, box, or plat-
con bomba, to pump; to extract ore form used for lowering and hoisting
from a mine. (Halse) miners, tools, etc., into and out of
mines, and which is provided with a
Baeeharoidal. Having a granular tex- "safety clutch," an automatic device
ture resembling that of loaf sugar; for preventing the fall of ihe cage
said of some sandstones and marbles. if the supporting cable breaka
<La Forge) (Hanks)
686 GLOSSARY OF MINING AND MINERAL. INDUSTRY.
Safety car. 1. Any mine car or hoist-
ing cage provided with safety stops,
catches or other precautionary de-
vices.
2. (Penn.) A barney; a small car
used on inclined planes and slopes
to push up a mine car. (Century)
Safety catch. An automatic device
for preventing the fall of a cage in
a shaft or a car in an incline if the
supporting cable breaks. (Ray-
mond)
Safety chain (Scot.). A chain con-
necting the first and last cars of a
trip to prevent separation, if a cou-
pling breaks. (Barrowman)
Safety detaching-hook. A self-acting
device that releases the cage from
its hoisting rope in case of an over-
wind. (Power)
Safety door. A strongly constructed
door hinged to the roof of the mine,
and always kept open and hung
near to a main door, for immediate
use in case of damage by explosion
or otherwise to the main door.
(Gresley)
Safety first. A term often applied to
accident prevention methods, and
first-aid and rescue work. As a slo-
gan, was first used nationally by Dr.
Joseph A. Holmes, the first director
of the U. S. Bureau of Mines, at the
national mine safety meet in Pitts-
burgh, Pa., in 1911. A Middle West
steel company claims to have origi-
nated the expression, but it did not
come into national use until taken
up by the Bureau of Mines. The
bureau, unconscious of its use in
any other place, made up the slogan
from a program of the H. C. Frick
Coal & Coke Co., for a safety meet
which stated "Safety ahead of out-
put," " Safety ahead of dividends,"
"Safety the first consideration." The
Bureau of Mines shortened these ex-
pressions into "Safety first."
Safety fuse. A fuse consisting of a
cotton or hemp tube holding a slow-
burning composition for exploding
charged blast holes. Commonly
called Fuse. (Webster)
Safety gate. An automatically-oper-
ated gate placed at the top of a mine
shaft, or at landings, to guard the
entrance, to prevent anyone from
falling into the shaft
Safety hook. 1. See Safety detaching-
hook. 2. A hook, shut by a spring
or other device, to prevent an article
from being accidentally or forcibly
detached from a chain. 3. A safety
catch in a mine hoist. (Standard)
Safety lamp. A lamp, the flame of
which so protected that it will
is
not immediately ignite fire damp.
There are several varieties, invented
by Davy, Stephenson, Clanny, and
others (Raymond). The flame is
generally surrounded by a cylindri-
cal covering of wire gauze, that
protects the surrounding atmosphere
from being fired, even though the
gases within the lamp have reached
the explosive proportions. When
fire damp enters the lamp it burns,
forming a bluish "cap" over the
lamp flame, whence safety lamps are
used in testing for this gas. The
foregoing is a flame safety lamp as
distinguished from the electric
safety lamp in which the gas can
not come in contact with the incan-
descent filament that produces the
light See Electric safety lamp.
For a history of the safety lamp
see Trans., Institution of Mining
Engineers (England), vol. 51, pp.
548-724.
Safety plug. In steam boilers, a bolt
having center filled with a fusi-
its
ble metal, screwed into the top of
the fire box so that when the water
becomes too low the increased tem-
perature melts out the metal, and
thus admits steam to the fire box
to put out the fire. (Century)
Safety powder. A term used for short
flame explosives before the introduc-
tion of permissible explosives.
Safety stop. 1. On a hoisting appa-
ratus, a check by which a cage or
lift may be prevented from falling.
(Standard)
2. An automatic device on a hoist-
ing engine designed to prevent over-
winding.
Safety tools.Consist of catching
hooks, grappling tongs, fish-heads,
bell-screws, and the like, for recover-
ing broken boring tools, picking up
material, etc., at the bottom of bore
holes. (Gresley)
Sag. 1. A depression in a coal seam.
(Steel)
2. To sink in the middle by weight,
below a horizonal line, as a cable
when supported at both ends. (Web-
ster)
Sagene; Sajene. A Russian measure
of length of 7 ft, or 2.134 meters.
(Webster)
Sagenitic quartz. Quartz containing
included acicular crystals of rutile
(then called Venus* s hairstone) or
sometimes similar crystals of black
 GLOSSARY OF MINING AND MINERAL INDUSTRY. 587

tonrmallne, goethite, stibnite, asbes- Salamanders* hair. Asbestos. (Stand-

tos,actlnolite, hornblende, and epl- ard)
dote. (Standard)
Sal ammoniac. Ammonium chloride,
Bagger. 1. In ceramics, a box made of NH4CI. (Dana)
tire clay in which delicate pieces
are placed while being baked.
Salamstone. A variety of sapphire,
usually In small, transparent, hex-
Spelled also Saggar; Saggard; Seg-
agonal prisms of pale-red or blue,
;gar; Sagre. 2. The clay of which
found chiefly In Ceylon. (Stand-
saggers are made. 3. A box in
ard)
which cast-iron articles are placed
In contact with hematite or smithy Salina; Salar (Chile). A saline de-
scales, to be rendered malleable by posit. (Halse)
decarbonizing in the annealing fur-
nace. (Webster)
Salband. A term current among min-
ers for the parts of a vein or dike
4. Alocal term for fire clay, often
next to the country rock. (Kemp)
forming the floor (or thill) of coal
seams. Salbanda. 1. (Mex.) Slickensldes.
Sagre; Seggar. See Sagger. (D wight)
2. (Sp.) Flucan; a thin layer of
Sagvandite. A
curious rock from near
clay between the vein and wall rock.
Lake Sagvand, Norway, that is
(Halse)
mainly bronzite and magnesite. A
little colorless mica, and more or Salic. Pertaining to, or belonging in,
less chromite and pyrite are also the first or sal group of standard
present. The name was given by minerals, in the quantitative or norm
Petterson. (Kemp) classification of igneous rocks often ;

incorrectly used to mean persilicic,

Sahiu (Port). A blown-out shot.
felslc, or leucocratlc. (La Forge)
(Halse)
Saliferoas. Containing a considerable
Sahlite. A variety of pyroxene. The
proportion of salt in beds, or as
term Is sometimes prefixed to rock
brine; said of strata. (Standard)
names. (Kemp)
Sailor. A term sometimes employed
SaliferoTissystem. An old name for
Triasslc; So called because of Its
for rigger, painter, or structural
rich salt deposits In Europe.
worker at blast furnaces. (Will-
(Standard))
cox)
Saint Anne marble. A deep blue-black Salimeter. An
instrument for meass-
white-veined marble from Blesme, in
urlng the amount of
salt in a solu-
tion. (Webster)
Belgium. (Merrill)
Saint Baume marble. A yellow stone Salina. 1. A salt marsh, or salt pond.
veined with brown or red from the ;
Inclosed from
the sea. 2. Salt
province of Var, France. (Merrill) works. 3. A
subdivision of the
American Silurian, Including the Im-
Saint Peter's sandstone. An early Or- portant salt beds In New York and
dovlclan formation In Wisconsin and adjoining beds; now obsolete. (Web-
Minnesota. (Webster) ster)
Saint Quirinus oil. Petroleum used Saline. 1. A salt spring or well; salt
medicinally In Germany as early as works. (Raymond)
1436, the supply coming from the 2. Applied to minerals having the
Tegernsee district of Bavaria. taste of common salt. (Dana)
(Bacon)
Saline dome. An up-swelling of the
Sal (Sp.). 1. Salt; 8. piedra, rock earth's surface on the coastal flats
salt; 8. de manantiales, brine salt; of Louisiana and Texas, one-fourth
5. de tierra, salt mixed with earthy to one mile in diameter, often show-
Impurities; 8. marina, sea salt; 8. ing a marshy depression at the sum-
mineral^ salt for amalgamation. mit with escaping oil or gas, or both,
(Halse) around the periphery of the dome.
Salamander. A mass of fused, l)ut solidi-
The center Is barren of vegetation,
consisting of a nucleus of salt. {See
fied, material In the hearth of a blast
Salt dome aUo Dome, 5.
;
furnace, usually largely metallic iron,
partly reduced ore, etc. Called also Salinero. (Sp.) Applied to ores re-
1.
Bear, Sow, or Shadrach. In copper quiring much salt in amalgamation.
smelting It contains metallic popper 2. A dealer In salt; an owner of a
and matte. salt mine or works, (Halse)

I
588 GLOSSARY OF MINING AND MINERAL. INDUSTRY.

Salines. As used by Congress, includes metal-like radical;

as ferrous sul-
not only salt springs but all salt phate (FeSO*)
is an iron salt of
lands of every character. (South- sulphuric acid, HzSO*. 3. To place
western Mining Co., In re, 14 Land gold, or any valuable ore in the
Decisions, p. 600) ground, a mine, or the like to give
a false impression of the richness
Saliniferous. Yielding salt, as a salt-
of the property. To "salt" a mine.
bed. (Standard)
(Webster)
Salinometer. A hydrometer graduated
to show the percentage of salt in n
Salt block. 1. An apparatus for pro-
ducing salt by evaporation. 2. A
solution used in one form to indi-
:

cate the proportion of salt in a

salt factory where the evaporating
process is used; saltern. (Stand-
marine boiler (Standard). See
ard)
Salimeter.
Saliter. Soda niter. (Standard)
Salt bottom. A flat piece of alkali
ground. (Webster)
Salites. A
term employed by M. E.
Salt cake. Sodium sulphate obtained
Wadsworth to include all salts and
as a white caked mass, usually by
saline materials. (Power)
heating common salt with sulphuric
Salitral. A swampy place where cer- acid, and used in the manufacture
tain salts, as saltpeter, become in- of soda by the Leblanc process, in
trusted in the dry season. (Stand- glass making, etc. (Webster)
ard)
Saltcat. A
lump of salt made at a
Salitre. 1. (Sp.) Saltpeter or nitrate salt works. (Webster)
of potassium. 2. (Chile) Sodium Salt cote. A salt pit. (Webster)
nitrate. (Halse)
Salt dome. See Saline dome. These
Sailer (Corn.). 1. A chamber In a
domes are formed by strata being
mine. 2. A stage to work on. 3. A
lifted or swollen upward by the in.
boarded channel for water to run in crease in volume of salt and sulphur
along the bottom of an adit. 4. The
during derx)sition. Compare Dome, 5.
floor or stage on which the ladders
rest In a shaft (Davies). Also Saltern. 1. A
building or place where
spelled Solar. Sellar, Sollar, and salt Is made by
boiling or by evapo-
Soller, Sollar being preferable. ration; salt works. (Webster)
2. A plot of clayey ground where
Salmon brick. A class of brick em-
salt is obtained by evaporating sea-
bracing those not hard enough for
water in the sun; salt garden.
outside walls, and Including soft,
(Standard)
salmon, hacking-up, pale, light, chim-
ney, filUng-in, inside wall, and foun- Salt flour. Potassium nitrate In the
dry brick. (Standard) form of fine crystals. (Webster)
Salmuera (Sp.). Brine. (Dwight) Salt furnace. A simple form of fur-
nace for heating the evaporating
Sal-natron. Crude soda ash so called :
pans and boilers In a salt factory.
by dyers, soap-makers, and others. (Century)
(Standard)
Salt garden. A saltern where sea
Sal6n (Mex.). 1. A cavern containing water or brine Isnaturally evapo-
ore; a chamber deposit. 2. A rated In large shallow basins
bunch of ore that has been worked (Webster). See Saltern, 2.
out. 3. (Colom.) Any enlarged
place in an adit, made in order to Salt glaze. A
glaze produced on pot-
facilitate and simplify the work. tery by volatilizing common salt In
(Halse) the kiln after partial firing. (Web-
ster)
Salse. Eruptions acidulated
of hot Salt horse. A quarryman's term for
mud from small
generally
orifices,
aplite (Perkins). See Salt vein.
in volcanic districts, and
often ac-
companied by steam and gases at Saltierra(Mex.). 1. One of the salt-
high temperature. (Power) basins formed by the drying up of
salt lakes. (Standard)
Salt. 1. Halite; common salt 2. Earthy, Impure salt. (Dwight)
Sodium chloride, NaCl. (Dana)
2. In chemistry, any class of com- Salting. (Eng.) Sprinkling salt upon
pounds formed when the acid hy- the floors of underground ways in
drogen of an acid is partly or very dry mines, In order to lay the
wholly replaced by a metal or a dust. (Gresley)
 ;

GLOSSARY OF MINING AND MINERAL INDUSTRY. 589

Salting a mine. Sprinkling particles Salvapoleas (Sp.). An apparatus to

of gold or rich ore upon or digging
them into the ground to make the
mine appear rich in mineral. It is
done with intent to defraud. (Cook
V. Johnson, 3 Alaska, p. 519; Healey
V. Rupp, 28 Colorado, p. 102 63 Pac.
protect hoisting pulleys against over-
winding. (Halse)
Samarium. A rare metallic trivalent
element found in association with
yttrium, cerium, etc. It has a whit-
:

ish-gray color. Symbol, Sa; atomic

319; Southern Development Co. v.
weight, 150.4; specific gravity, 7.7.
Silva, 125 United States, p. 253).
(Webster)
See Salt, 3.
Samarskite. A columbate and tanta-
Salt lick. A place where salt is found late of uranium, the cerium metals,
on the surface of the earth to which
the yttrium metals, and minor quan-
animals resort to lick it up. (Web-
tities of other metals. (U. S. Geol.
ster)
Surv.)
Salt mine. A mine in which rock-salt
deposits are worked. (Standard) Sample. 1. A portion of the ore (coal,
metal, etc.) systematically taken, by
Salto (Sp.). A fault, throw or slide. which its quality is to be judged.
(Halse) 2. To select or take at random a

Salt phosphorus. Sodium am- sample or specimen, as of ore, coal,

of
etc. 3. To try, or test.
monium phosphate; a reagent used
in blow-pipe analysis. (A. F. Rogers) Sample cutter (Scot). A steel tube
with teeth at the end for cutting
Salt of tin. A mordant made by dis-
cores of mineral in boring. (Bar-
solving tin in hydrochloric acid;
stannous chloride; tin salt. (Stand-
rowman)
ard) Sampler. 1. A
mechanical device for
Salt of vitriol. See White vitriol. selecting a certain fractional part of
ore to be used as an assay sample;
Salt pan. 1. A shallow lake of brack- as for example, split shovel ;riffle
ish water. (Power) sampler Brunton's mechanical sam-
;

2. A large pan for making salt by pler and Vezin sampler. (Hofman,
evaporation. 3. A salt works. p. 54)
(Webster) 2.One whose duty it is to select the
samples for an assay, or to prepare
Saltpeter. Potassium nitrate. One of
the mineral to be assayed, by
the principal ingredients of black
grinding and sampling. (C. and M.
blasting powder.
M. P.)
Salt pit. A
pit where salt is obtained
Sampling. 1. Cutting a representative
a salt pan. (Century)
part of an ore (or coal) deposit,
Salt prairie.A tract of level land cov- which should truly represent its
ered with a whitish efflorescence of average value. Most usually a
natron or soda and presenting an trench-like cut 4 inches wide and 2
aspect of utter desolation; common inches deep is cut into the clean
in New Mexico, Arizona, and Texas. face of ore (or coal) and across its
Called also Soda prairie. (Stand- course. Honest sampling requires
ard) good judgment and practical experi-
ence. (Weed)
Salt spring. A
spring of water con- 2. Selecting a certain fractional part
taining a large quantity of common of ore or coal from cars, stock piles,
salt (Comstock). (U. S. Min. stat, etc., for analysis.
1194-1214)
Sampling works. A plant and its
Salt vein. A
term applied by quarry- equipment for sampling and deter-
men to a coarse granite vein from 2 mining the value of ores that are
inches to 2 or more feet thick, inter- bought, sold, or treated metallurgl-
secting granite or any other crytal- cally.
line rock (Merrill). See Salt horse.
Sampson post; Samson. An upright
Salt well. A bored or driven well post which supports the walking
from which brine is obtained. beam, communicating motion from
(Standard) the engine to a deep-boring appara-
tus. (Raymond)
Salt works. A place where salt is
made on a commercial scale. (Web- Sana birro (W, Afr.). Gold uuggeta
ster) (Lock)
590 GLOSSARY OF MINING AND MINERAL INDUSTRY.
Sana kn (W. Afr.). Gold washing.
(Lock)
Sana manko (W. Afr.). Gold powder.
(Lock)
Band. 1. Separate grains or particles
of detrital rock material, easily dis-
tinguishable by the auaided eye, but
not large enough to be called peb-
bles; also, a loose mass of such
grains, forming an incoherent are-
naceous sediment. (La Forge)
Building sand, any hard, granular
rock material finer than gravel and
coarser than dust. The term indi-
cates material comminuted by natu-
ral means. Quartz grains generally
predominate in natural deposits, al-
though such deposits commonly con-
tain many other minerals. Glass
sand, a sand of medium grain con-
sisting of 98 to 100 per cent of silica
(SiOs), used in glass making. Iron
oxides should form less than 1 per
cent of the mass. Moldi/ng sand, a
sand used in making molds for cast-
ing metal. (U. S. Geol. Surv.)
2. In geology, any loose or moder-
ately consolidated bed consisting
chiefly of sand; often used in the
plural, even in the name of a single
deposit. 3. Specifically, sandstone; a
technical usage in petroleum regions.
(Standard)
Band bar. A bar of silt formed by
currents in rivers and at their
mouths, or of sand formed along
beaches by tidal action. (Stand-
ard)
Sand bath. A vessel of hot sand in a
chemical laboratory in which ves-
sels to be heated are immersed.
(Webster)
Sand bearings. The supports of a core
in the sand of a mold. (Standard)
Sand bed. 1. The bed into which
molten metal from a blast furnace
is run. 2. A floor of a foundry, in
which large Iron castings are made.
(Standard)
Band blast. 1. A mudcap in which
sand is used instead of mud. (Du
Pont)
2. A stream of sand forcibly pro-
jected by air or steam for removing
scale from metals. 3. The apparatus
used to apply it (Webster)
Band-burned. Said of a metal casting,
having a hard skin due to the silica
of the sand combining with the sur-
face of the metal when the latter
is poured Into the molds at high
tempeirature. (Webster)
Sand crusher. An arrastre-like Appa-
ratus for breaking up and washing
sand for glass making. (Standard)
Sand dike (Scot.). A wall of sand or
gravel. (Barrown^an)
Sand drift (Eng.).A general term for
all wind-blown sands, whether oc-
curring in inland deserts or along
the seashores. (Page)
Sand dune. A mound, ridge, or hill of
loose sand, heaped up by the wind.
Sanders process. A flotation process
which uses, instead of an acid bath
in deep pans, a dilute solution of
aluminum sulphate in shallow pans.
(Liddell)
Sand flag. Fine-grained sandstone,
cleavable into flagstones. (Standard)
Sand flaw. In brickmaking, a flaw
caused by imperfect mixture of the
clay with sand; sand crack. (Stand-
ard)
Sand flood. A vast body of sand mov-
ing or borne along a desert, as in
Arabia. (Century)
Sand gall. See Sand pipe.
Sand holder. A cavity in a pump-bar-
rel tocatch sand and keep it out of
the way of the plunger or buckets.
(Standard)
Sanding. In ceramics, the testing of
gilding with fine sfmd and water
after firing. (Webster)
Sandiver. A neutral salt skimmed off
the surface of melted crown glass.
Also called Gall of glass. (Ure)
Sandix. A kind of minium, or red
lead, made by calcining carbonate
of lead. (Webster)
Sand jack. A device consisting essen-
tially of asand box and a series of
plungers for gradually lowering into
position a heavy weight, supported
by the plungers, by running out the
sand below. (Webster)
Sand line. In well boring, a wire line
used to lower and raise the bailer
or sand pump, which frees the bore-
hole from drill cuttings. (Nat. Tube
Co.)
Sand pile. A filling of sand rammed
hard in a deep round hole made by
driving and withdrawing a wooden
pile. Used in preparing foundations
In soft soil. (Webster)
Sand pipe. A tubular cavity from a
few inches to many feet in depth
occurring In calcareous rocks, and
often filled with gravel, sand, etc»
Also called Sand gall. (Webster)
 )

GLOSSARY OF MINING AND MINERAL INDUSTRY. 591

Band pnmp. 1. A
cylinder with a valve Sand trap. A device for separating
at the bottom, lowered into a drill sand and other heavy particles from
hole from time to time to take out running water. (Century)
the accumulated slime resulting Sand washer. An apparatus for sepa-
from the action of the drill on the rating sand from earthy substances.
rock. Called also Shell pump and
(Century)
Sludger. ( Raymond

2. A pump for lifting tailings at Sand (or Tailings) wheel (Mich.). A

ore-dressing plants. (Clennell)
Sand reel. A windlass for working a
sand pump in well boring. (Stand-
ard)
Sandrock. Same as Sandstone.
Sand roll. A metal roll cast in a
mold of sand; distinguished from
a chilled roll, which is cast in an
iron mold or chill. (Standard)
Sands. 1. The coarser and heavier
portions of the crushed ore in a
mill. (Clennell, p. 34)
2. Tailings from the stamp mills of
Lake Superior copper mines.
(Weed)
8. See Sand, 2 and 3.
Sand scratches. Scratches or furrows
worn in a rock surface by wind-
blown sand. Such appearances are
apt to be mistaken for glacial marks
and require careful observation.
Compare Glacial strise.
Sand seam. A quarry term for a more
or less minute vein or dike of mus-
covite (white mica) with some
quartz, in cases also with feldspar.
(Perkins)
Sandstone. An indurated sedimentary
rock formed of coherent or cemented
sand. (La Forge)
The following are common varie-
ties: Asphaltic sandstone. A loose-
textured sandstone containing as-
phalt. Bluestone. A tough bluish
sandstone used for flagging. Brown-
stone. A sandstone of brown or red-
dish-brown color. Used for build-
ing. Building sandstone. Any sand-
stone suitable for building. Flag-
stone. A sandstone which cleaves
into flags suitable for sidewalks and
areaways. Includes most bluestone.
Freestone. A sandstone which cuts
with equal ease in any direction.
Used for building. (U. S. Geol.
Surv.)
Sandstone grit. 1. In geology, a coarse
angular-grained sandstone. 2. In
commercce, a sandstone well adapted
for abrasive purposes and not neces-
sarily having a coarse grain.
(Bowles)
Band streaks. Same as Sand seams.
(Perkins)
large wheel, having buckets on its
inner perimeter, for elevating water
and stamp-sand (Weed). Used as
part of a tailings-disposal plant
Sang de boenf (Fr.). Literally, bul-
lock's blood; a dark red of varying
shades characterizing a certain kind
of antique Chinese pottery and imi-
tated in modern ware. (Standard)
Sangrar (Sp.). 1. To tap a furnace.
2. To drain a canal, river, or flume.
(Halse)
Sangria (Sp.) 1. A crosscut from
shaft to vein. (Dwight)
2. The act of tapping a furnace. 3.
The stream of molten metal that
comes from a furnace. (Halse)
Sanguinaria (Sp.). 1. Bloodstone, of
a dark-green color, variegated by
red spots. 2. Hematite. (Halse)
Sanidine; Sanidin. A glassy variety
of orthoclase. (Dana)
Sanidinite. 1. A
variety of syenite con-
sisting predominantly of orthoclase;
orthosite. 2. A
variety of trachyte
found in volcanic bombs and con-
sisting almost wholly of sanidine
(orthoclase). (La Forge)
Santorinite. A name proposed by H.
S. Washington for those exceptional
andesitic or basaltic rocks, which,
with a high percentage of silica
(65-69), yet have basic plagloclases,
of the labradorite-anorthite series.
The name was suggested by the vol-
cano Santorini. The prevailing bi-
silicate at Santorini is pyroxene.
(Kemp)
Sanukite. Weinschenk's name for a
glassy phase of andesite that con-
tains bronzite, augite, magnetite,
and a few large plagloclases and
garnets. The rock is related to the
andesites as are the limburgites to
the basalts. (Kemp)
Sap. 1. The part
of the rock in a
quarry which next to the surface
is
or to Joints and crevices and has
been somewhat stained and softened
by weathering. (La Forge)
2. (Military) A deep, narrow ditch
dug from an advanced parallel in
the direction of a fortification, as
for the advancement of siege-works.
(Standard)
 )

593 GLOSSARY OF MINING AND MINERAL INDUSTRY.

Sapo <;Mex.). A railway frog. See Sarsen (Eng.). 1. One of the large
alsa Rana. (Dwight) sandstone blocks scattered over the
English chalk downs. Also called
Saponification. Conversion into soap;
Sarsen stone and Druid stone (Web-
the process in which fatty sub-
ster). Also spel][ed Saracen and
stances form soap, by combination
Sarcen. See Graywether.
with an alkali (Rickard). A term
2. One of the early inhabitants of
used in the flotation process.
southwestern England; especially, a
Saponifier. Any compound, as a caus- former worker of the tin mines of
tic alkali, used in soapmaking to Cornwall and Devon. (Standard)
convert the fatty acids into soap.
Sart6n (Hex.). A pan for drying mois-
(Standard) A
term used in the flo-
ture samples frying pan.
; ( Dwight
tation process.
Saponite. A soft, massive, hydrous Sassolite. Boric acid B( OH), (Dana).
silicate of magnesium and alumin- Also spelled Sassolin; Sassoline.
ium, having a white, yellowish, Satelite. The gem-trade name for a
grayish - green, bluish or reddish fibrous serpentine having a chatoy-
color, a greasy luster, and which oc- ant effect. (U. S. Geol. Surv.)
curs in cavities in basalt, diabase,
etc. (Dana) Satin spar. A fibrous silky variety of
aragonite or of gypsum. (Power)
Sapper; Sappare. Same as Cyanite,
which see.
Satin stone. Same as Satin spar.
(Standard)
Sapphire. Clear blue corundum, AUOs.
A well-known blue gem. There are Saturnine amaurosis. Impairment of
also white, pink, and yellow sap- vision from lead poisoning. (Stand-
phires. (U. S. Geol. Surv.) ard)

Sapphire quartz. A rare blue variety Saturnine breath. The peculiar odor
of quartz. (Webster) in the breath of one affected with
lead-poisoning. (Standard)
Saprolite. Disintegrated rock, from
which the most easily soluble con- Saturnine colic. Lead colic. (Stand-
stituents have been removed, but ard)
which remains in place and still dis- Saturnine palsy. Lead palsy. (Stand-
plays some of its texture and struc- ard)
ture the material formed during the
;

Intermediate stage of the decay of Saturnism. Lead poisoning. (Stand-

rocks. (La Forge) ard)

Sarcophagus. A kind of limestone, Saussurite. A

tough, compact, white,
used by the Greeks for cofflns. greenish, or grayish mineral, pro-
(Standard) duced in part at least, by ^^ic al-
teration of feldspar, and consisting
Sard. A
clear, red chalcedony, pale chiefly of zoisite or epidote. (Web-
to deep in shade; also brownish red ster)
to brown. (Dana)
Saussuritization. The process by
Sardachate. A variety of agate with which saussurite is formed. ( Stand-
reddish bands of carnelian; carne- ard)
lian agate. (Standard)
Savelsberg process. See Blast roast-
Sardar (India). A mine foreman; a ing.
variant of Sirdar.
Sardina (Mex.). A crosscut saw. Saw (Eng.). A tool for removing Ir-
(Dwight) regularities from the sides of bore-
holes. (Gresley)
Sardinianite. A
variety of anglestie,
Sawback. A mountain range having
PbSO*, that crystallizes in the mono-
clinic system. (Standard) sharp peaks of about equal height;
a sierra. (Webster)
Sardonyx. A variety of chalcedonic
quartz (Dana). See also Sard. Saw gang. A frame provided with a
number of parallel iron bars which
Barrancolin marble. One of the most are employed to saw stone (Bowles).
beautiful of foreign marbles. The See Stone-saw.
prevailing colors are red, white,
brown, green, and orange, in veins Sawney (Mid.). To lower full trams
and blotches; from the valley of down a road with a rope or chain
Aure, in the French Pyrenees. passing round a prop, etc (Gres-
CMerrUl) ley)
 GLOSSAKY OF MINING AND MINERAL INDUSTRY. 593

Sawtooth back stoping. See Overhand Scafflings (Derb.). Refuse from ore
stoping. dressing; chippings. (Hooson)
Saw-tooth floor channeling. A method Scaffold. An obstruction in a blast
of channeling inclined beds of mar- furnace above the tuyeres caused by
ble by removing right-angle blocks an accumulation or shelf of pasty,
. in succession from the various beds, unreduced materials adhering to the
thus giving the floor a zigzag or lining. (Raymond)
saw-tooth appearance. (Bowles) Scaffolding. Incrustations on the in-
Saw-tooth stoping. See Rill stoping. side of a blast furnace (C. and M.
M. P.). See Scaffold.
Sax. A slate-cutter's hammer, having
a pointed pick at the back to make Scaglia. An
Italian calcareous some-
nail-holes. Called also Slate-ax. what and fossiliferous Creta-
fissile
(Standard) ceous rock, corresponding to the
Chalk of England. (Standard)
Saxatile. Pertaining to rocks. (Saxi-
colene. (Webster) Scagliola (It). Hard, polished plas-
ter-work imitating marble, granite,
Saxonian chrysolite. A pale wine-yel-
or other veined, mottled, or colored
low topaz. (Power)
stone: made of powdered gypsum
Saxonlte. A
variety of peridotite con- and glue or isinglass, colored and
taining essential olivine and ortho- variegated in various ways. (Stand-
rhombic pyroxene, with or without ard)
biotite, hornblende, chromite, and
Seal (Corn.). See Scall.
picotite. (La Forge) It is a syno-
nym for Harzburgite, but saxonite Scale. 1. The
crust of metallic oxide
has priority. (Kemp) formed by cooling of hot metals in
air. Hammer-scale and roll-scale
Scab. 1. (Iowa). To with
dress,
are the flaky oxides which fall from
heavy picks or hammers,
rough the bloom ingot, or bar under ham-
quarry material to approximately
mering or rolling. 2. The incrusta-
rectangular blocks. See Scabble, 1.
tion caused in steam-boilers by the
2. In founding, a blister or swell on
evaporation of water containing
the surface of a casting. (Stand- mineral salts. 3. (Newc.) A small
ard)
portion of air abstracted from the
Scabbit parting (Scot). A rough part- main current. Also called Scale of
ing. (Barrowman) air, and sometimes spelled Skail.
(Raymond)
Scabble. 1. To work or shape roughly,
4. The rate of wages to be paid,
as a stone before leaving a quarry.
which varies under certain contin-
2. To dress in any way short of fine
gencies. (Steel)
tooling or rubbing, as stone (Web-
5.Crude paraflin obtained in petro-
ster). Compare Scab, L leum refining by filtering from the
Scabbier. In granite works, a work- heavier oils. (Webster)
man who scabbles. (Century) 6. Loose, thin fragments of rock,
threatening to break or fall from
Scabbling. 1. The process of removing
either roof or wall. (Morine)
all surface irregularities from 7. To get rid of the film of oxide
blocks of stone and thus reducing
formed on the surface of a metal, as
them to proper form. (Bowles) See to clean the surface.
Scab, 1.
2. A fragment or chip of stone. Scale copper. Copper in very thin
(Webster) fiakes. (Weed)
Scabbling hammer. A hammer with Scalent. In the Pennsylvania
two pointed ends for picking the (Roger's) system of stratigraphy, a
stone, after the spalling hammer. group considered equivalent to the
(Century) Lower Helderberg of the New York
Scabby. In founding, blistered or Survey. (Standard)
marred with scabs; said of a cast- Scale of air (Newc). See Scale, 3.
ing. (Standard)
Scale stone. Same as Wollastonite.
Scad. A
name occasionally applied to (Standard)
a nugget, as of gold. (Duryee)
Scaling bar.A bar-like implement for
Scaf (Prov.). The tapered edge of removing incrustations as from the
metal where two pieces are welded inside surfaces of boilers (Stand-
together. (Standard) ard)
75242'—19 38
 )

594 GLOSSABY OF MINING AND MINERAL INDUSTRY.

Scaling furnace. A furnace or oven in Scarf. 1. A

lapped joint made by bev-
which plates of iron are heated for eling, notching, or otherwise cut-
the purpose of scaling them, as in ting away the sides of two timbers
the preparation of plates for tin- at the ends, and bolting or strapping
ning. (Century) them together so as to form one
continuous piece, usually without in-
Scall. 1. (Eng.). Loose ground;
creased thickness. Called also Scarf
foliated ground Is frequently called
joint. 2. A piece of metal shaped
scally ground by miners (Hunt).
or beveled for a scarf weld. ( Stand-
Also spelled Seal. Probably a varia-
ard)
tion of scale.
2. Rock easily broken up because Scarfing. Splicing timbers, so cut that
of its scaly structure. (Standard) when joined the resulting piece is
not thicker at the joint than else^
Scallop (Eng.). To cut or break off where. (Raymond)
the sides of a heading without hol-
ing or using powder. (Gresley) Scarf joint. See Scarf, 1.

Scammed (No. of Eng.). Sooty. Scarf weld. A weld-joint between two

(Gresley) metal pieces that are notched or
beveled. ( Standard
Seamy (Eng.). Applied to freestone
in thin layers, mixed with mica. Scar limestone. The mountain lime-
(Bainbridge) stone of the English Lower Carbon-
iferous: so called becai^e it fre-
Seamy post (No. of Eng.). Soft, short,
quently forms scars or cliffs. Called
jointy freestone, thinly laminated
also Scaur limestone; Thick lime-
and much mixed with mica. (Gres- (Standard)
stone.
ley)
Scarp. 1. An escarpment, cliff, or steep
Scandium. A rare metallic trivalent slope along the margin of a plateau,
element found combined in company mesa, terrace, or bench. The term
with yttrium, cerium, etc. The ele- implies a certain amount of linearity
ment has not been isolated. Sym- and should not be used for a cliff or
bol, Sc; atomic weight, 44.1. (Web- slope of highly irregular outline.
ster) (La Forge) 2. To cut down verti-
Scantite. A
gauge by which slates are cally, or nearly so; as, to scarp a
assorted in sizes. (Standard) ditch. (Webster)
Scarring. 1. The formation of scars
Scantling. The dimensions of a stone
or scaurs in roasting pyrite for sul-
in length, breadth, and thickness.
phuric acid manufacture. (Web-
(Standard)
ster). See Scar, 2.
Scapolite. The group name for certain 2. A mark left by abrasion, or such
orthosilicates. For common scapo- marks collectively; said specifically
lite, see Wernerite. (Dana) of geological processes as, the scar-
;

rings of the glacier. (Standard)

ficapolite-gabbro. A
massive, horn-
blende scapolite rock formed by the Scatter (York.). A
rumbling or fall-
alteration of gabbro. Called also ing noise in a mine- shaft. (Gresley)
Spotted gabbro. (Standard) Scaur (Scot). See Scar.
S^ar. (Scot)
1. An
isolated or pro- Schalstein. An name for a more
old
truding rock; a steep, rocky emi- or less metamorphosed diabase tuff.
nence; a bare place on the side of (Kemp)
a mountain or steep bank of earth. Schapbachite. A lead-bismuth mineral.
2. (Eng.) In roasting pyrite for PbS.AgzS.BiaSs occurring in acicular
sulphuric acid manufacture, a lump crystals, granular and massive.
formed by fritting; a hard cinder; Color lead-gray (Dana). Called
furnace slag, f Webster) also Bismuth silver.
3. In founding, an imperfect spot in Schaum earth. Same as Aphrite.
a casting. (Standard)
Scheelite. Calcium tungstate, CaWO*.
Bcarcement. 1. A
projecting ledge of Contains 80.6 per cent tungsten tri-
rock, left in a shaft as footing for oxide, WOa.(U. S. Geol. Surv.)
a laddei, or to support pit- work, etc. Scheererite. A whitish, gray, yellow,
(Raymond) green, or pale reddish, brittle, taste-
2. An offset or retreat in the thick- less, inodorous hydrocarbon ; it melts
ness of a wall or band of earth, etc. at 44" C. and is soluble in alcohol
(Webster) and ether. It may be distiUed
Scares (No. of Eng.). Thin laminae of without decomposition, boiling at
pyfite in coal. (Gresley) 92° G. (Bacon)
 GLOSSARY OF MINING AND MINERAL INDUSTRY. 595

Schefferite. A brown
to black variety metallic salt, as copper or gold, and
of pyroxene, containing manganese used to flash white glass. (Stand-
and frequently much iron. (Web- ard)
ster)
Schneider furnace. A distillation fur-
Schiefer spar. A
varietj of calcite nace for the reduction of zinc ores
occurring in very thin plates or containing lead, with a recovery of
scales. (Power) the latter metal as well as the zinc.
(Ingalls, p. 491)
Schiller. A bronze-like luster or iri-
descenre due to internal reflection Schorl. An old name for tourmaline,
in minerals that have undergone still sometimes used in names of
schillerization. (Standard) rocks. (Kemp) Mainly restricted
to black tourmaline.
Schiller-fels. Enstatite, or bronzite-
peridotite with poicilitic pyroxenes. Schorlaceoas. Containing black tour-
Orthorhombic pyroxenes possess the maline; as schorlaceous granite.
poicilitic texture to a peculiar de- (Standard)
gree, and especially when more or
Schorlomite. A massive, black silicate
less altered to bastite, the term scbil-
of titanium, iron and calcium.
ler is especially applied to them.
(Century)
(Kemp)
Schraufite. A resin, CJiiHieOz, which
Schillerisation. The development of occurs in Carpathian sandstone near
poicilitictexture by the formation of Wamma, in Bukowina. It has a
inclusions and cavities along par- specific gravity of 1.0 to 1.12 and
ticular crystal planes, largely by so- fuses at 326" C. (Bacon)
lution, somewhat as are etch figures.
Schungite. An amorphous form of
Schiller spar. An altered enstatite or
carbon that is closely related to
bronzite, having approximately the graphite. (Standard)
composition of serpentine. Bastite.
(Dana) Schwefelkies; Eisenkies (Ger.). Py-
rite. (Dana)
Schist. A
crystalline rock that can be
readily split or cleaved because of Schwerspath (Ger.). Barite. (Dana)
having a foliated or parallel struc-
Scintillation. Burning with brilliant
ture, generally secondary and devel-
sparks; e. g., white-hot iron when
oped by shearing and recrystalliza-
exposed to a current of air. (Jack-
tion under pressure. (La Forge) son)
Schistose. Characteristic resem-
of,
bling, pertaining to, or
Scintle. To stack molded bricks with
having the places between to allow ventilation
nature of schist. (La Forge) for drying. (Webster)
Schistosity. The quality of being
schistose; schistose structure; sec- Scintling. A
scintled brick, or one
ondary foliation. (Standard) ready to be scintled. (Standard)

Schlich (Ger.). Finely pulverized Scissors fault. A

fault of dislocation,
ore; mud (Whitney). Called also in which two beds are thrown so as
Slick. to cross each other. (C. and M. M.
P.)
Schlicker (Ger.). The skimmings
from molten unrefined lead, contain- Sclaffery (Scot.). Liable to break oflf
ing chiefly copper, iron, and zinc, in thin fragments, as the roof of a
with a little antimony and arsenic. mine working. (Barrowman)
(Raymond)
Scleretinite. A
black, brilliant oxygen-
Schliere (Ger.). An irregular portion, ated hydrocarbon from the coal
ordinarily not everywhere sharply measure of Wigan, England; it has
bounded, of an igneous rock, that dif- a specific gravity of 1.136, and is
fers in texture or composition from Insoluble in alcohol, ether, alkalies
the rest of the mass but is an essen- and dilute acids. (Bacon)
tial part of it. Plural, Schlieren.
(La Forge) There are several dif- Sclerometer. An Instrument for deter-
ferent varieties, for discussion of mining the degree of hardness of a
which see Zirkel's Lehrbuch der mineral by ascertaining the pressure
Petrographie, I., 787, 1893. (Kemp) on a moving diamond point neces-
sary to effect a scratch. (Standard)
Bchmelze. Any one of various kinds
of decorative glass, especially the Sclit; Sclutt (Scot). Coaly blaes. or
variety that is colored red with a slaty coal. (Barrowman)
596 GLOSSAKY OF MINING AN!) MINBRAL INDUSTRY.

Eeobbed iScot.). Said of a car only gold or silver are burnt, preparatory
partly filled with coal. A hutch of to extracting the gold and silver.
mineral is scobbed when large pieces (Webster)
are laid over the corners to give the
appearance of the hutch being full,
Scoring. A deep groove or such
grooves collectively, as those made
when there is in reality little ma-
(Barrowman) by glacial action. (Standard)
terial in it.

Scobs. The dross of metals. (Stand-

Scorodite. Hydrous ferrous arsenate,
FeaO,.As,06.4H20. (U. S. Geol. Surv.)
ard)
Scolecite. A
vitreous or sliky, trans-
Scotch. 1. A wooden stop-block or iron
catch placed across or between the
parent subtranslucent, hydrous
to
rails of underground roadways, to
calcium-aluminum silicate, CaAljSia-
keep the tubs from running loose,
Oio4-3HaO. (Dana)
or to hold them when standing upon
Scomfish (No. of Eng., and Scot.). an Inclined plane. 2. (Lelc.) The
To as with foul gas or
suffocate, lower of coal which is wedged
lift
smoke; smother; stifle. (Standard) up in driving a heading. (Gresley)
Sconce. A protection, cover, shelter, or
3. Achock, wedge, prop, or other
support to prevent slipping or roll-
screen (Webster). A metal cover and
ing. (Webster)
holder combined for holding a
miner's candle, especially for hang-
4. Todress, as stone, with a pick
or picking tool. 6. A slotted bar
ing on wooden timbers.
used to hold up well-boring rods dur-
Scoop (York.) A barrel or box used ing adjustment. (Standard)
in a gin pit. (Gresley)
Scotch gauze-lamp (Scot). safety A
Score (No. of Eng.)
1. A standard lamp used in Scotland, the top of
number of tubs of coal upon which the lamp being wholly of wire gauze.
hewers' and putters' prices for work- (Barrowman)
ing are paid. 2. A bill run up by
a collier in "bad times" for the
Scotch hearth. A low forge or fur-
nace of cast-iron, with one tuyere.
necessaries of life. (Gresley)
In which rich galena is treated by a
3. To mark with scratches or fur-
sort of accelerated roasting and re-
rows, as rocks in certain localities
action process. (Raymond)
by glacial drift. 4. To burst or split
from unequal cooling : said of a cast- Scotching. A method of dressing
ing. (Standard) stones either with a pick or pick-
shaped chisels. (Century)
Scoria. 1. An
irregular, rough, clinker-
like, more or less vesicular frag- Scotch pebble. One of several varie-
ment of lava, thrown out in an ex- ties of quartz, chiefly cairngorm,
plosive eruption or formed by the used In Scotland as a semiprecious
breaking up of the first-cooled crust stone. (Standard)
of a lava flow. Plural, Scoriae. Scotch pig. A very pure grade of pig
(La Forge) iron. (Standard)
2. Refuse of fused metals; dross;
slag. (Standard) Scotch stone. See Ayr stone.
Scoriaceous. Characteristic of, pertain- Scour (Mid.). To excavate or brush
ing to, consisting of, or resembling a roadway through a goaf. (Gres-
scoriae; having a rough, irregular, ley)
clinkerlike, somewhat vesicular sur- Scouring. Having the quality of erod-
face said of some lava. (La Forge)
; ing the furnace-hearth, as some
Scorification.A process employed in kinds of slag or cinder (Standard).
assaying gold and silver ores, and See Scouring cinder.
performed in a shallow clay vessel Scouring bit (Eng.). A piece of iron
(scorifier), in which ore, lead, and at the end of the boring rod for ex-
borax-glass are exposed to heat and tracting drill cuttings. (Baln-
oxidation in a muffle^ The operation brldge)
Involves roasting, fusion, and scori-
fication proper, or the formation of Scouring cinder. A basic slag, whldi
a slag, which is not, like the litharge attacks the lining of a shaft fur-
produced in cupellation, absorbed by nace. (Raymond)
the vessel. (Raymond)
Scourway. A drainage furrow caused
icorifier. A
small bowl-shaped cup
1. by a strong current, as by a glacial
used in assaying. 2. A furnace in river flowing over a gravel plain.
which sweepings containing waste .
(Standard)
 )

GLOSSAKY OF MINING AND MINERAL INDUSTRY. 697

6cont. A term frequently used for an 4. An apparatus drawn by horses or

engineer who makes preliminary ex- oxen for scraping up earth in mak-
«minations of promising mining ing roads or canals, and for remov-
claims and prospects, as for mineral, ing overburden from shallow coal
coal, oil, etc. beds and mineral deposits.
Scouter (Pix)v.). In stone-working, a Scraper chaser (Oil regions, U. S.).
quarryman whose function is to split One of a number of men whose busi-
off large portions of rock by means ness it is to follow the scraper (go-
of a jump drill and wedges, ( Stand- devil) in the petroleum pipes and
ard) give instant notice if a clog occurs
Scovan (Corn.). A tin-bearing lode.
(Standard). He follows the pipe
line on the surface and detects the
Scovan lode (Corn.). A lode of tin, location of the go-devil by sound,
especially one showing no gossan. especially where pipes are shallow,
(Webster) See Go-devil, 1.

Scovany. Like a tin lode; hard to Scraper conveyer. A mechanical de-

work, by reason of the absence of vice for conveying coal, rock, ashes,
selvage or other soft material. culm, etc., in a metal trough by
(Standard) means of scrapers attached to a rope
or chain.
Scove. 1. (Corn.) Rich, clean tin ore.
(Webster) Scrap-forgings. Forgings formed from
2. To case up (bricks) in a kiln. wrought-iron scrap. (Standard)
(Standard)
Scrapman. See Scrapper. May also
Scove kiln. A temporary kiln, often refer to aman who breaks and re-
used for burning common brick. moves heavy scrap in cast houses at
(Ries) blast furnaces. (Willcox)
Scovens (So. Staff.). Forks for load- Scrapper. 1. One who removes scrap
ing coal into tubs, or cars, (Gres- from bin, cast house, or chute to
ley) skip pit, and charges the material
removed into a skip at regular in
Scovillite.A hydrous phosphate of tervals. (Willcox)
didymlum, yttrium, and other rare
earths. (Century)
2. Alocal name given to men whc
pick up the ore left on dumps. (C.
Scoving. The outer wall or casing of and M. ISI. P.)
a brickkiln. (Standard)
Scrap picker. A man employed on the
Scowl (Local Eng.). Old workings at slag dump to pick out pieces of iron
the outcrop of deposits of iron ore; carried to the dump in slag ladles.
a term peculiar to the Forest of (Willcox)
DeaiL (Standard)
Scrapping. The breaking up of metal
Scowl a brow (Forest of Dean). To castings, plate, etc., with explosives,
drive a heading or level by guess- generally by mudcapping. (Du
work. (Gresley) Pont)
Scram. 1. To search for and extract Scratch. A calcacerous, earthy, oi
ore In a mine that is apparently strong substance which separates
worked out. (Weed) from sea water in boiling it for
2. (Ala.) A small soft-coal mine salt. (Century)
complete In itself. (Republic Steel
Scratched. In ceramics, ornamented
& Iron Co. V. Luster, 68 Southern,
with rough scratches in the paste.
p. 359, -1915)
(Standard)
Scrammer. One who scrams (Stand- Scratch er (Eng.). A boring tool for
ard). See Scram, L loosening (or scratching) the cut-
tings at the bottom of a bore-hole,
Scram (Prov.).
pile The product of to be afterwards removed by a
the scramraers' labors, gathered for mizer. ( Gresley
shipment (Standard), See Scram, 1.
Scratch pan. A pan In salt works to
Scraper. 1. A
for cleaning the
tool receive the scratch. (Century;
dust out of the bore-hole. 2. A me- Scree. 1. A heap of rock waste at the
chanical contrivance used at col- base of a cliff, or a sheet of waste
lieries to scrape the culm or slack covering a slope below a cliff; same
along a trough to the place of de- as Talus, which sec. (La Forged
posit 3. One who separates the 2. Asieve, screen, or strainer (Web-
ores from the waste rock. (Steel) ster). Acoal screen.
698 GLOSSARY OF MINnTQ AND MINERAL INDUSTRY.

Beree bars (Scot). Bars of which a Serin. 1. (Derb.) Ironstone in Ir-

scree is constructed (Barrowman:. regular-shaped nodules. (Gresley)
See Scree, 2. 2. (Derb.) A small subordinate
vein (Raymond). Also spelled skrin.
Screen. 1. A sieve of wire cloth, grate-
bars, or perforated sheet-iron used Scrip. Credit slips or tickets issued by
to sort ore and coal according to a mining company to its employees
size. Stamp-mortars have screens before pay day in lieu of cash. The
on one or both sides, to determine scrip drawn is charged against the
the fineness of the escaping pulp. pay of the employee, and is ex-
(Raymond) changeable for commodities at the
2. A cloth brattice or curtain hung company store at its face value.
across a road in a mine to direct
the ventilation. (Gresley) Scroddle. To variegate, as pottery
3. (Joplin, Mo.) A grizzly near the ware, in different colors by the use
top of a head-frame. of various colored clays. (Stand-
ard)
Screen analysis. The determination of
weights of crushed material which Scroll drum (Eng.). A conical wind-
passes through or is held on a se- ing drum. (Gresley)
ries of screens of varying mesh.
(Clennell) Scronge (So. Wales). Overlying strata
loosened or broken by workings un-
Screen ape (Joplin, Mo.). One who derneath (Gresley). Probably a
attends the grizzly, or screen. He variation of scrunge, to squeeze.
brealis the large pieces of ore, and
picks out such waste rock as he can Scrowl. 1. (Corn.) A
thin, sometimes
as it passes over the screen. calcareous, sometimes siliceous, rock
attached to the wall of a lode.
Screen cloth (Scot). Tarred canvas;
(Power)
brattice cloth. (Barrowman) Loose ore at the point
2. (Corn.)
Screened coal. 1. Coal that has passed where a lode is disturbed by a cross
over any kind of a screen and there- vein. (Davies)
fore consists of the marketable sizes.
Scrubber. An apparatus for washing
2. Specifically, coal that is weighed
coal gas, or other gases. (Webster)
and credited to the miner after pass-
ing over a standard screen. (Steel) Scrubstone (Eng.). A provincial term
for a variety of calciferous sand-
Screening machine. An apparatus hav- stone. (Humble)
ing a shaking, oscillatory, or rotary
motion, used for screening or sifting Scrub water (Ark.). Water supplied
coal, stamped ores, and the like. to mining camps for bathing and
laundry purposes. (Steel)
Screener (Newc). A man who shovels
Scud. 1. (Leic.) Very thin layers of
the coal from the screens into the
soft matter, such as clay, sooty coal,
wagons. (Min. Jour.)
etc. 2. (Mid.) Pyrite embedded in
Screenings. Fine coal that passes coal seams. (Gresley)
through a screen when screening for Sculp. To break slate into slabs suit-
lump coal. able for splitting. (Webster)
Scree plate (Scot). An iron plate at Scum. Impure or extraneous matter
the foot of a screen on which that rises or collects at the surface
screened coal is discharged. (Bar- of liquids, as vegetation on stagnant
rowman ) water, or dross on a bath of molten
metal. Sometimes, but incorrectly,
Screw A recovering tool in deep
bell.
used for the word " froth " in flota-
boring, ending below in a hollow tion. (Rickard)
screw- threaded cone. (Raymond)
Scun (Devon.). A small vein.
Screw casing. A threaded lap-welded (Davies)
well casing. (Redwood, p. 206)
Scupper nails. Nails with broad heads,
Screw-down. A workman in a rolling for nailing down canvas, etc. (C.
mill whose duty it is to judge of and M. M. P.)
the distance to be given between
Scyelite. Judd's name for a rock, re-
rolls at each pass and to adjust them
correspondingly. (Standard) lated to the peridotites, that occurs
near Loch Skye, in Scotland. Its
Scribe. An instrument used by sur- principal mineral is green horn-
veyors for marking posts, trees, etc blende, presumably secondary after
 )

GLOSSARY OF MIITING AND MINERAL INDUSTRY. 599

anglte ; with it are bleached biotites Sea mud. A rich saline deposit from
and serpentine, supposed to be de- salt marshes and seashores. (Cen-
rived from olivine. (Kemp) tury)
Scythestone. A
whetstone suitable Seamy. Full of seams so as to be
for sharpening scythes. (U. S. Geol. difficult to blast. (Steel)
Surv.)
Sea ore (Eng.). Sea weed. (Web-
Sea-beach placers (Alaska). Placers ster)
adjacent to the seashore to which Seasale (Newc). Coal delivered by
the waves have access. or to ships, as for export. (Min.
Be abre (Sp.). A miner's phrase for Jour.)
the widening or opening of a vein. Sea salt. Salt made by the evapora-
(Halse) tion of sea water. (Standard)
Sea coal. 1. (Scot.) Coal, which in Seasoned. Applied to quarry stone
early times was worked on the sea after the moisture has dried out.
shore; coal carried by sea; coal (Gillette, p. 6)
seaward of low-water mark belong-
ing to the Crown (Barrowman). Seat. 1. (Derb.) The floor of a mine.
Formerly so called in distinction (Raymond)
2. The foundation or framework on
from charcoal, because originally
brought to London by sea. (Web- which a structure rests, e. g., en-
ster)
gine seat, cage seat. (Barrowman)
2. (Rare U. S.) Soft coal, as dis- Seat-clay. Fire clay. (Power)
tinguished from anthracite. (Stand-
Seat earth (York.). A bed of clay un-
ard)
3. A finely ground coal used as a derlying a coal-seam; sometimes
highly siliceous, and then known as
powder for facing molds; foundry
ganister. Called also Underclay.
facing.
(Standard)
Seafoam. An early synonym for Meer- Seat rock; Hard seat. The nearest
schaum. (Chester) bed of clunch, grit, or sandstone, un-
Seal. 1. (Corn.) A portion of earth der a coal seam (Power). Also
or rock which separates and falls called Seat stone.
from the main body. (Raymond) Seat stone. See Seat rock.
2. To secure against a flow or es-
cape of gas, air, or liquid; as to Sea wax. A
kind of ozocerite or min-
setcl a mine. eral wax; maltha.(Webster)
Sebka (No. Afr.). A dry area or bed
Seal coat. A final superficial applica-
of a lake incrusted with salt a salt ;
tion of bituminous material to a marsh. ( Standard
pavement upon completion of con-
struction. (Bacon) Secador (Mex.). An apparatus for
drying samples. (Halse)
Beam. 1. A stratum or bed of coal Secadora (Colom.). A copper vessel
or other mineral. 2. (Corn.) A horse- for drying gold before weighing.
load. 3. A joint, cleft, or fissure. (Halse)
(Raymond) Secas (Mex.). Refined silver. (Halse)
4. A plane in a coal bed at which
the different layers of coal are eas-
Seccion (Sp.). Section. (Dwight)
ily separated. (Steel) Se cierra (Sp.). A
miner's phrase for
5. A ridge in a casting, marking the the narrowing or closing of a vein.
place where the mold parted. ( Stand- (Halse)
ard) Seco. 1. (Sp.) Dry. In the patio
process, said of gangue which is dry.
Seam blast. A blast made by plac-
2. Veta seca (Colom.), a vein lack-
ing powder or other explosives along
and in a seam or crack between the
ing water for its exploitation.
(Halse)
solid wall and the stone or coal in-
tended to be removed. (Barclay v. Second, or Back
explosion (Aust).
Wetmore-Morse Granite Co. (Vt), Supposed be due to the ignition
to
102 Atlantic, 495) of gases developed from highly
heated coal dust, and gases sucked
Beam-out. A shot that merely blows out of the faces of coal by the par-
out a soft stratum in the coal or es- tial vacuum resulting from the pri-
capes through a seam without loos- mary explosion, or liberated by fall
ening the main mass of coal. In of roof (Power). Compare Betona-
Aikansas. called Squeal out. (Steel) tion wave.
 " )

600 GLOSSARY OF MINING AND MINERAL INDUSTRY.

Secondary. 1. (a) Having been acquired Section. 1. In geology, either a natth

or formed by alteration or metamor- ral or anartificial rock-cut, or the
phism since the formation of tlie representation of such on paper.
rock derived said of some textures
; ; (Roy. Com.)
and minerals of altered rocks and 2. A term usually applied to a ver-
contrasted with "original." (b) ticalexposure of strata. 3. A draw-
Formed of material derived from the ing or diagram of the strata sunk
erosion or disintegration of other through in a shaft or inclined plane,
rocks; derivative: said of clastic or proved by boring. (Gresley)
sedimentary rocks. 2. Same as Meso- 4. (Scot). A division of the mine
zoic, which has replaced it. Obso- workings. ( Barrowman

lescent in this sense. (La Forge) 5. One of the portions, of 1 mile

square, into which the public lands
Secondary blasting. A term applied to
of the United States are divided
the blasts employed in breaking up
and containing 640 acres. One
the larger masses of rock resulting
thirty-sixth of a township. (Web-
from the primary blasts. Also
ster)
termed Blistering or Bulldozing.
(Bowles)
6. A very thin slice of anything,
especially for microscopic examina-
Secondary clay. Clay found deposited tion. (Specifically, rocks, steels,
away from its place of formation. alloys, etc.) 7. The local series of
(Webster) beds constituting a group or forn»a-
tion, as, the Cambrian section of
Secondary drilling. The process of
Wales. (Standard)
drilling the so-called " pop holes
for the purpose of breaking the Sedentary. Formed in place, without
larger masses of rock thrown down transportation, by the disintegration
by the primary blast. (Bowles) of the underlying rock or by the ac-
cumulation of organic material said ;

Secondary enlargement. The addition of some soils, etc. (La Forge)

of silica to the original quartz grains
of a sandstone, the secondary or Sediment. 1. Unconsolidated, clastic,
added part having the same optical rock-forming material, deposited,
orientation as the original grain. It commonly In layers of strata, from
may result in the development of suspension in or transportation by
crystal faces. (Bowles) water or air. (La Forge)
2. In a steam-boiler, an internal
Secondary enrichment. An enrichment deposit of loose soft matter, as dis-
of a vein or an ore body by material
tinguished from scale, which is hard.
of later origin, often derived from (Standard)
the oxidation of decomposed over-
lying ore masses. Nature's process Sedimentary. Formed by deposition
of making high-grade out of low- or accretion of grains or fragments
grade ores. First discovered by of rock-making material, commonly
Weed and announced by publication from suspension in or transporta-
in Geol. Soc. of America program, tion by water or air, or by the pre-
Dec. 8, 1899. Confirmed by Emmons cipitation of such material from so-
and by Van Hise, Feb., 1900. lution, with or without the aid of
(Weed) living organisms: said of one of the
Secondary mineral. A mineral result- two great classes of rocks and con-
ing from the alteration of a primary trasted with Igneous. (La Forge)
mineral. Thus, original sulphides by Sedimentary rocks. Rocks formed by
oxidation change to sulphates, car- the accumulation of sediment in
bonates, and oxides, and these by water (aqueous deposits) or from
hydration become hydrous forms of air (eolian deposits). The sediment
the same. may consist of rock fragments or
Second outlet; Second opening. An particles of various sizes (conglom-
auxiliary passageway out of a mine, erate, sandstone, shale) ; of the re
for use in case of accident to the mains or products of animals or
main outlet. (C. and M. M. P.) plants (certain limestones and
coal) ; of the product of chemical
Seconds. The
second-class ore of a action or of evaporation (salt, gyp-
mine that requires dressing. (C. sum, etc.) ; or of mixtures of these
and M. M. P.) materials. Some sedimentary de-
Second working. The operation of get- posits (tuffs) are composed i)f frag-
ting or working out the coal pillars ments blown from volcanoes and de-
formed by the first working. (Gres- posited on land or In water. A
characteristic feature of sedimen-
 GLOSSARY OF MINING AND MINERAL INDUSTRY.
tary deposits is a layered structure
known as bedding or stratification.
Each layer is a bed or stratum.
Sedimentary beds as deposited lie
flat or nearly flat. (Ransome)
The accumulation of
Sedimentation.
earthy particles, usually under wa-
ter. A sedimentary rock is one con-
sisting of particles thus deposited.
(Perkins)
Sedimento (Sp.). Sediment;
scale. (Halse)
Sediment vein. A fissure filled from
above by sedimentary matter. A (Standard)
rare occurrence in nature. ( Shamel,
p. 165)
Seed-bag. A bag filled with flaxseed
and fastened around the tubing in
an artesian well, so as to form, by
the swelling of the flaxseed when
wet, a water-tight packing, prevent-
ing percolation down the sides of
the bore hole from upper to lower
strata. When the tubing is pulled
up the upper fastening of the bag
breaks, and it empties itself, thus
presenting no resistance to the ex-
traction of the tubing. (Raymond)
Seep. A spot where water or petro-
leum oozes out slowly; a small
spring. (Webster)
Seepage. A fluid, or the quantity of
it, that has oozed or seeped through
porous soil. (Webster)
Segger; Sagger. A cylindrical vessel of
fire-clay in which
fine stoneware is
encased while being baked in the
kiln. (Ure)
Segregate. 1. (Pac.) To separate the
undivided joint ownership of a min-
ing claim into smaller individual
"segregated" claims. (Raymond)
2. In geology, to separate from the
general mass, and collect or become
concentrated at a particular place
or in a certain region, as In the
process of crystallization and solidi-
fication (Webster). See Segregated
vein.
Segregated vein. A vein in which the
filling believed to have been de-
Is
rived from the adjacent country
rock by percolating water carrying
the dissolved mineral matter Into
the fissure. (Shamel, p. 149)
Segregation survey. The survey of a
mining claim located on lands classi-
fied as agricultural. (Creswell Min.
C5o. V. Johnson, 8 Land Decisions,
p. 442; Lannon v. Pinkston, 9 Laud
Pecisions, p. 143)
601
Segregation vein. Same as Segre-
gated vein.
Segnllo (Sp.).
Earth overlying aurif-
erous deposits. (Lucas)
Seismic. Pertaining to, characteristic
of, or produced by earthquakes or
earth- vibration as, seismic disturb-
ances.
;
(Standard)
Seismic area. The area affected by
any particular earthquake. (Stand-
boiler
ard)
Seismism. The processes or phenom-
ena involved in earth movements.
Seismology. The science of earth-
quakes. (Power)
Seismoscope; Seismometer. An instru-
ment by the aid of which the data
are obtained for the scientific study
of earthquake phenomena. (Cen-
tury)
Selagite. A name of Hauy's for a
rock consisting of mica, dissemi-
nated through an Intimate mixture
of amphibole and feldspar, but it
has been since applied to so many
different rocks as to be valueless.
(Kemp)
Selective flotation. Generally under-
stood to refer to the surface or froth
"selecting" the valuable minerals
rather than the gangue. Sometimes
used to mean Differential flotation,
which see. Also see Preferential flo-
tation. (O. C. Ralston, Bu. Mines)
Selective mining.A method of mining
whereby ore of unwarranted high
value is mined in such manner as
to make the low-grade ore left In
the mine Incapable of future profit-
able extraction. In other words, the
best ore is selected in order to make
good mill returns, leaving the low-
grade ore in the mine. Frequently
called Robbing a mine.
Selector. In copper smelting, a kind
of converter with horizontal tuyeres,
to produce bottoms and a purified
copper in one operation. (Webster)
Selenite. Gypsum in distinct crystals
or broad folia, CaS04.2H,0. See
Gypsum. (U. S. Geol. Surv.)
Selenite plate. In mineralogy, a plate
of selenite which gives a purplish-
red interference color of the first
order with crossed nicols. (A. F.
Rogers)
Selenium. An element, Se. Not
found native In visible quantity. Is
obtained as a by-product in the elec-
trolytic refining of copper. S€>e Ono-
602 GLOSSARY OF MINING AND MINERAL INDUSTRY,

friteand Tiemmanite (U. S. Geol. Semi-metal. In old chemistry, a metal

Surv.). Resembles sulphur and tel- that is not malleable, as bismuth,
lurium chemically. Atomic weight, arsenic, antimony, etc. (Century)
79.2 ; specific gravity, 4.26. Long obsolete.
Selenolite. Wadsworth's name for Semi-opal. Common opal as distin-
rocks composed of gypsum or anhy- guished from precious and fire opal.
drite. (Kemp) (A. F. Rogers)

Self-acting plane. An inclined plane Semi-porcelain. A kind of porcelain

upon which the weight or force of resembling earthenware in its lack
gravity acting on the full cars is of translucency or interior finish.
sufficient to overcome the resistance (Webster)
of the empties; in other words, the
Semi-precious. Precious in an Inferior
full running down, pulls the
car,
degree; applied especially to such
other car (empty) up. (Steel)
stones as amethyst, garnet, tourma-
Self-contained portable electric lamps. line. (Webster)
Electric lamps that are operated by A
Semi-steel. mixture consisting of
an electric battery that is designed f No. 1 charcoal iron and ^ of vary-
to be carried about by the user of ing proportions of good wrought-
the lamp. (H. H. Clark) iron scrap, soft-steel punchings,
Self - detaching hook. A self-acting shearings or rail butts. Used for
hook for setting free a hoisting rope making slag pots (Hoffman, p.
in case of overwinding. (C. and M. 259). Puddled steel.
M. P.) Semi-transparent. A term used to de-
Self-feeder. An
automatic appliance scribe minerals when objects may be
seen through them but without dis-
for feeding ore to stamps or crush-
ers without the employment of hand
tinct outlines. (Dana)
labor. (Min. Jour.) Semi-water-gas. A
fuel gas intermedi-
ate in composition between water-
Self-glazed. Having a glaze of but gas and producer-gas, made by al-
one tint : said of Oriental porcelain. lowing a mixture of steam and air
(Standard) to flow into a producer. (Webster)
Self-open (Derb.). A
natural fissure Semi-wet method. A method of mix-
in rock. Also called Shack. (Man- ing the raw materials for Portland
der) cement. The materials at first are
Self-shooter. See Booming; also Flop- dry; at some stage water is added,
gate. all subsequent steps being similar
to those employed in the wet
Selvage; Self edge. A
layer of clay method (Bowles). Also termed
or decomposed rock along a vein- Semi-dry method.
wall. See Gouge. (Raymond)
Sempatic. A descriptive term applied
Semialtos (Hex.). Furnaces of me- to porphyritic igneous rocks to in-
dium size for smelting copper ores. dicate that the total volumes of
(Halse) phenocrysts and groundmass are
nearly equal. (Ransome)
Semi-bituminous. Half or somewhat
bituminous; applied to a variety of Senalamlento (Sp.). Marking on tlie
coal intermediate between bitumin- surface the position of under-
ous coal and anthracite, averaging ground workings. (Halse)
15 to 20 per cent of volatile matter.
(Webster) Seiialar(Sp.). 1. To mark out (min-
ing) claims. 2. To signal. (Halse)
Semi-crystalline. Somewhat crystal-
line; said of rocks that are partly Senarmontite. Antimony trioxide,
crystalline or partly amorphous. Sb203, in pearl colored isometric
(Standard) octahedra. See Valentinite.
(Moses)
Semi-dry-press process. In brick mak-
ing, practically the same as dry Seneca oil (U. S.). Petroleum, early
press, but clay may be slightly used as a remedy among the Sene-
moister. (Ries) cas and other Indians. (Webster)
Bemi-faience. Pottery with a glaze Senile. Approaching the end of a 'rycle
veiT thin or transparent. (Web- of erosion, as a senile topography.
ster) (Webster) See OlO-
 )

GLOSSARY OF MINING AND MINERAL. INDUSTRY. 603

Senile river. In geology, a river in its Separator. 1. A machine for separat-

later stage, rarelj^ fully reached, ing, with the aid of water or air,
characterized by a sluggish current materials of different specific grav-
having a tendency to meander ity. Strictly, a separator parts two
through a pene-plane of slight re- or more ingredients, both valuable,
lief in faint grades above base level, while a concentrator saves but one
providing a slow discharge of rain- and rejects the rest; but the terms
falls. (Standard) are often used interchangeably. 2.
Senile stream. A stream whose cur-
Any machine for separating mate-
rials, as the magnetic separator for
rent has become enfeebled by rea-
separating magnetite from its
son of an approximation of its
gangue. ( Raymond
valley to base-level (Standard).
3. A screen, especially a revolving
Compare Senile river.
screen for separating things like
Senile topography. The physical as- stones or coal into sizes. (Stand-
pect or conformation of land which ard)
approximates to a base-level plain.
(Standard)
Sepe (Colom.). A layer of porphyritic
iron-stained clay above the pay dirt.
Senonian series. A division of the Up- (Halse)
per Cretaceous of France and Bel-
gium, used also somewhat in Eng-
Se pierde (Sp.). A miner's phrase,
land equivalent to the Upper Chalk
meaning the vein is lostor comes to
;

of England. (Standard) an end. (Halse)

Seiiorial (Peru). Royalty paid by Sepiolite. See Meerschaum.

busconeros to the owners of rever- Septarium. A roughly spheroidal con-
beratory furnaces. (Halse) cretion, generally of limestone or
clay-ironstone, cut into polyhedral
Sensitiveness. The property in a high
blocks by radiating and intersecting
explosive that permits it to be ex-
cracks which have been filled (and
ploded by a shock. The more in-
the blocks cemented together) by
sensitive an explosive is, the stronger
veins of some material, generally cal-
detonator it requires to develop the
full strength. (Du Pont) cite. Plural, Septaria. Also called
Septarian bowlder, Septarian nodule,
Sentazon (Arg.). A slide or fall of and Turtle stone. (La Forge)
rock. (Halse)
Sequence. Following ; succession ; com-
Separable tin (Eng.). An incorrect ing after; continuation. (Roy.
spelling of Sparable. See Spar- Com.)
able tin.
Serape (Mex.). A narrow blanket
Separar (Sp.)- To separate, classify, w^orn by miners, pe6nes, etc.
or sort. (Halse) (Halse)

Separation coal (Eng.). Coal that has Seriate. A

been prepared by screening or wash-
ing.
Separation doors (Eng.). Doors fixed
underground between the intake and
the return, near the shaft bottom.
(Gresley)
Separation valve (Eng.). A massive
cast-iron plate suspended from the
roof of a return airway, through
which all the return air of a sepa-
rate district flows, allowing the air
to always flow past or underneath
it; but in the event of an explosion
of gas the force of the blast closes
It against its frame or seating, and
prevents a communication with
other districts. The blast being
over, the weight of the valve causes
it to return to its normal position,
allowing the ventilation to continue.
(Gresley)
rock fabric in which the
sizes of the crystals vary gradually,
or in a continuous series. (Iddings,
Igneous Rocks, p. 196)
Sericite. A talc-like hydrous mica (a
variety of muscovite) occurring in
small scales and forming sericitic
schist. Often spoken of by prospec-
tors as talcose schist, but this latter
term properly applies to schists
composed largely of talc, which are
much rarer. (Roy. Com.)
Sericite - gneiss. Gneiss containing
sericite in the place of the ordinary
more coarsely crystalline muscovite.
(Century)
Sericite - schist. Mica - schist whose
mica is sericite. Sericite is also
used as a prefix to many names of
metamorphic rocks containing the
mineral. (Kemp)
604 GLOSSARY OF MINING AND MINERAL INDUSTRY.
Sericltization. The development of
sericite in schists and other rocks,
due to metamorphism.
Series. In geology, the stratigraphic
subdivision of the third rank, in the
classifications in general use a divi-
;
sion of a system. The chronologic
term of equivalent rank is Epoch.
(La Forge)
Series copper - refining process. See
Hayden, Smith, and Randolph proc-
Serpentine. 1. In mineralogy, a hydrous
magnesium silicate, H4Mg8Si20o, com-
monly green, greenish-yellow, or
greenish-gray, and massive, fibrous,
occurring as pseudo-
lamellar, or
morphs. an important constitu-
It Is
ent of some metamorphic rocks and
is everywhere secondary, after oliv-
ine, amphibole, pyroxene, etc. 2. In
petrology, a metamorphic rock com-
posed chiefly or wholly of the min-
eral serpentine. (La Forge)
Serpentine marble. See Verd antique.
Serpentine ware. A hard, green-spot-
ted or green-veined pottery suggest-
ive of serpentine (Webster). A va-
riety of Wedgwood ware. See Peb-
ble ware.
Serpentization. Alteration into serpen-
tine, a common result of the meta-
morphism of ferro-magnesian min-
erals, especially olivine.
Serpent kame; Serpentine kame.
Esker.
Serrate. Notched or toothed on the
edge like a saw (Webster).
Fre-
quently applied to mountain ranges,
as Saw-tooth mountains.
Serrucho (Sp.). A handsaw with a
small handle. (Halse)
Serve. To furnish ; supply ; as the gas
wells serve the town with light and
heat (Webster). Gas is said to
"serve" when it issues more or less
regularly from a fault-slip, a break,
etc. (Gresley)
Service rails (Scot.). Rails used for
a temporary purpose. (Barrowman)
Service road (Scot). A temporary
(Barrowman)
road.
Serving (Corn.). A supply of
ready for smelting. (Davies)
Bet. 1. Atimber frame for support-
ing the sides of a shaft or other
excavation. Sometimes written Sett.
2. A group of pumps for lifting
water from one level to another; a
lift. 3. A sroup of mines under
one lease. 4. A flat steel bar; a
kind of crowbar. 5. A piece placed
temporarily upon the head of a pile
when the latter can not be reached
directly by the weight or hammer.
(Webster)
6. A train ofmine cars a trip. 7.
;
To fix a prop or sprag in place.
(Steel)
8. To mine the sides
(So. Stafe.) off
and trim up a heading. 9. (No. of
Eng.) To load a tub unfairly by
placing the greater part of the coal
on the top of it and leaving the bot-
tom part comparatively empty. 10.
(No. of Eng.) The natural giving
way of the roof for want of sup-
port. 11. To make an agreement
miners to do certain work;
with
e. g., to set a stall. 12. (Mid.) A
measure of length along the face of
a stall, usually from, say, 6 to 10
feet, by which "holers" and "driv-
ers" work and are paid. (Gresley)
13. The failure of a rock subjected
to intensepressure below iha point
of rupture to recover its original
form when the pressure is relieved.
(Merrill)
14. The hardening of a plastic or
liquid substance, as by chemical ac-
tion (in case of mortar, cement,
etc.) or by cooling, as in case of
glue. (Webster)
Set coal (Leic). CJoal occurring near
hollows and having a hard dead
See nature. (Gresley)
Set copper. Molten copper which, in
the process of refining, has become
saturated with cuprous oxide.
(Eng. and Min. Jour. vol. 102, p.
875)
Set hammer. The flat-faced hammer
held on hot iron by a blacksmith
when shaping or smoothing a sur-
face by aid of his striker's sledge.
(0. and M. M. P.)
Set-off (Eng.). The part of a con-
necting-rod to which the bucket-rod
is attached. (Bainbridge)
Set of timber. The timbers which
compose any framing, whether used
in a shaft, slope, level, or gangway.
Thus, the four pieces forming a
tin single course in the curbing of a
shaft, or the three or four pieces
forming the legs and collar, and
sometimes the sill of an entry fram-
ing are together called a set, or tim-
ber set. (G. and M. M. P.)
Set-out (No. of Eng.). See Lay-out
 GLOSSARY OP MINING AND MINERAL INDUSTRY. 605

Set rider (Aust). The man who ac- Settlingite. See Settling stones resin.
companies a set of skips hauled by Settling stones resin. A resinoid, hard,
the main-and-tail-rope system, so
brittle substance, possessing a pale-
that he can attend to any points on
yellow to deep-red color and a spe-
the track, unfasten the rope, and
cific gravity of 1.16 to 1.54, and
signal to the engine-driver as re-
burning in a candle flame. It was
quired (Power). The corresponding
found in an old lead mine in North-
American term is trip rider.
umberland, England. (Bacon)
Sett. 1. A
quarryman's term for a
Settling-vat. A
vat in which particles
square-faced steel tool which is held
of ore are allowed to settle. (Rick-
in position and struck with a sledge
ard)
to cause a fracture in a rock mass.
(Bowles) Setts-off (Eng.). See Distance blocks.
2. -See Set, 1.
Set-up. In iron and steel manufac-
1.
3. (Corn.) A lease ; the boundaries
ture, a machine for upsetting a
and terms of the mining ground
taken by the adventurers. (Min. bloom that has been lengthened by
Jour.) 8ee Set, 3. a squeezer. 2. An iron bolt or rod
upset at one end. (Webster)
Setter. A sagger made to hold one 3. To place a drilling machine in
piece only of 'fine porcelain. ( Stand- position for drilling. 4. To orient
ard) a surveyor's transit over or under a
Setters (No. of Eng.). Large lumps point or station.
of coal placed round the sides of Seventy-two-hour coke. Owing to the
coal dealers' carts for the purpose
suspension of labor on Sunday, an
of piling up a good load in the oven charged on Friday must neces-
center. (Gresley) sarily go over to Monday, so that
Setting. 1. See Heading, 7. 2. See all charges made on Friday and
Square timbering. 3. (So. Staff.) drawn on Monday must be in the
iSfee Double timber. 4. A group of ovens 72 hours, and the coke result-
retorts used in the manufacture of ing is called 72-hour coke. The 72-
gas. (Webster) hour coke has higher ash, less vola-
5. (Eng.) The day and place of tile matter, less sulphur and is pre
contracting with the men of a mine. ferred for foundry purposes.
6. The act of contracting with
SSvres. Sevres porcelain. (Standard)
miners for work to be done. ( Stand-
ard) Sdvres blue (Fr.). 1. The lighter blue
of the Sevres porcelain, especially of
Settle. 1. A
term used to indicate the
pieces antedating the Revolution
amount of vertical fire-shrinkage
(1789) distinctively called Ueu ce-
that takes place in a kiln full of
leste. 2. The darker blue of S&vres
bricks. (Ries)
porcelain, distinctively called hleu-
2. To clear of dregs or impurities by
du-roi. (Webster)
causing them to sink, as of liquids.
3. To cause to sink; to depress; to Sevres ware. A costly porcelain manu-
render close or compact. (Webster) factured in SSvres, France, espe-
Settle boards. 1. (No. of Eng.) Iron cially in the National factory.
plates or sheets forming the floor
(Webster)
of a heapstead, to admit of the tubs Sewer brick. A
general term applied
being pushed and turned about with to those common
brick that are
facility (Gresley). Turn sheets. burned so hard as to have little or
2. (No. of Eng.) See Cage shuts. no absorption. They are, therefore,
Also spelled Settle bords. adapted for use as sewer linings.
(Ries)
Settled production. The production of
an oil well which, apart from the Shab (Som.). Friable, shaly rock.
normal progressive annual dimuni- (Gresley)
tion, will last a number of years. Shack (Derb.). An irregular ore de
(Redwood, 243) p. posit. See Self-open. (Mander)
Settler. A separator; a tub, pan, vat, Shackle. A U-shaped link in a chain
or tank in which a separation can be
closed by a pin; when the latter is
effected by settling (Century). A withdrawn the chain is severed at
tub or vat in which pulp from the
that point. (Steel)
amalgamating pan or battery-pulp
is allowed to settle, being stirred In Shadd (Corn.). Smooth, round stones
water, to remove the lighter por- on the surface, containing tin ore,
tions. (Raymond) and indicating a vein. (Raymond)
 )

606 GL0?5SA11Y 0"P MIKIKG AND MTKF.I^AL TNDXTSTKY,

Shadoof. A counterpoised sweep used Shake, 1. A cavern, usually in lime-

in Egypt and near-by countries for stone. ( Raymond
raising water, ore, etc. A tiand whip. 2. A close-joint st**ucture in rock,
due to natural causes, as pressure,
Shadrach. See Salamander. weathering, etc. Used in the plural.
Shaft. 1. An excavation of limited
area compared with its depth, made Shaking 1. The same as springing.
for finding or mining ore or coal, See Shaking a hole. (Du Pont)
raising water, ore, rock, or coal, 2. (Corn.) Washing ore (Min.
hoisting and lowering men and ma- Jour.). Ore dressing.
terial, or ventilating underground
Shaking a The enlargement of
hole.
workings. The term Is often spe- a blast by exploding a stick
hole,
cifically applied to approximately
of dynamite, so it will contain a
vertical shafts, as distinguished from
larger amount of explosives for a
an incline or inclined shaft. 2. The big blast (Stanich v. Pearson Min-
Interior of a shaft furnace above
ing Co., 141 NW. Rept., p. 1100.)
the boshes (Raymond). Compare Also called a Shake blast. See
Slop; Incline.
Springing.
3. A wooden handle of a pick, etc.
4. (So. Wales) To pull or draw at Shaking screen; Shaker. A flat screen,
a tub. (Gresley) often inclined, which is given an os-
Shaft foot (Scot). The bottom cillatory motion and is used for siz-
of a shaft. (Gresley) ing coal. (C. and M. M. P.)

Shaft furnace. A high furnace, Shaking table. A

slightly inclined
charged at the top and tapped at table to which a lateral shaking mo-
the bottom. (Raymond) tion is given by means of a small
Shaft house. A building at the mouth
crank or an eccentric. One form
is covered with copper plates coated
of a shaft, where ore or rock is re-
with mercury for the purpose of
ceived from the mine. (Weed) amalgamatig gold or silver. Othor
Shaft kip (Eng.). See Kip. forms are provided with ripples and
Shaft lamp (Eng.).
used in separating alluvial gold.
See Comet.
(Roy. Com.). Also used in ore
Shaft pillar. Solid material left dressing.
unworked beneath buildings and
around the shaft, to support them
Shakudo (Jap.). A dark-blue alloy of
against subsidence copper with gold, used in Jap-
(Steel). Also
called High pillar.
anese metal work (standard)

Shaft rent (Eng.). 1. Rent paid for Shale. A

fine-grained, fissile, argilla-
'

the use of a shaft for raising the ceous, sedimentary rock character-
minerals from another property. 2. ized by rather fragile and uneven
Interest on capital invested in sink- laminae and commonly a somewhat
ing a shaft. (Gresley) splintery fracture. Often, but incor-
SBiaft set. A
set of shaft timbers con-
rectly, called slate by miners, quarry-
sisting of two wall plates, two end
men, well-drillers, and others. (La
Forge)
plates, and dividers which separate
the shaft into two or more compart- Shale naphtha. Naphtha obtained
ments. from shale oil. (Bacon)
Shaft station. An enlargement of a Shale oil. A crude oil obtained !rom
level near a shaft from which ore,
bituminous shales, especially in
coal, or rock may be hoisted and sup-
Scotland, by submitting them to de-
plies unloaded.
structive distillation in special re-
Shaft tackle. A poppet-head (Stand- torts. (Bacon)
ard). A headframe. See Poppet,!.
Shale-oil shale (Scot.). Shale yield-
Shaft tunnel (No. Staff.). Headings ing on distillation. This term
oil
driven across the measures from was formerly used as signifying ar-
shafts to intersect inclined seams. gillaceous rock. (Barrowman)
(Greeley)
Shale spirit. The lower-boiling frac-
Shaft walls. 1. The sides of a shaft. tions obtained in the refining of
2. (Newc.) Pillars of coal left near crude shale-oil. (Bacon)
the bottom of a shaft. (Raymond)
Shallow ground (Aust). Land hav-
Shaggy metal (Ches.). See Horse ing gold near it's surface. (Stand-
beans. ard)
 ) "; ;

GLOSSARY OF MINING AND MINERAL INDUSTRY. 607

Shaly. 1. Characteristic of, pertaining Shatter. To breaK at once into pieces

to,composed of, or resembling shale to dash, burst, or part violently into
having the charncteristic structure fragments; to rend into splinters.
and flssility of shale, as a shaly (Webster)
sandstone or limestone. (La Forge)
2. Brittle ground. (Ihlseng) Shattered zone. Applied to a belt of
country in which the rock is cracked
Shambles. Shelves or benches, from in all directions, resulting in a net-
one to the other of which ore is work of small veins. (Power)
thrown successively in raising it to
the level above, or to the surface
Shanla (Braz.). A shovel. (Halse)
(Raymond). See Shammel. Shaven latten. Very thin sheet brass.
Sham door (Eng.). A check or regu- (Standard)
lator door. (Gresley) Sheaf. A bundle or pile containing 30
Shammel. A
stage for shoveling ore
1.
ingots of steel. (Standard)
upon, or for raising water (Davies). Shear. 1. To make into shear-steel
See Shambles. by condensing blister steel and mak-
2. To work a mine by throwing the ing it homogeneous. 2. To make
material excavated on to a stage or vertical cuts in a coal seam that
bench in the " cast after cast has been undercut. See Shearing,
method, which was the usual way 1. (Standard)
before the art of regular mining by
Shearing. 1. The vertical side-cutting
means of shafts had been introduced.
which, together with holing or hori-
(Century)
zontal undercutting, constitutes the
Shandy-gaff (Aust.). Shovel-filled attack upon a face of coal. 2. Cut-
coal (Power). Coal loaded by ting up steel for the crucible (Ray-
shovel without screening, hence con- mond). 3. The act of cutting a
taining an excess of fines. Run of vertical groove in a coal face or
mine coal. breast. Called in Arkansas a cut
or cutting. (Steel)
Shangie (Scot). A ring of straw or 4. The deformation of rocks by
hemp put round a jumper in boring cumulative small lateral movements
to prevent the water in the bore hole along innumerable parallel planes,
from splashing out. (Barrowman) generally resulting -from pressure,
and producing schistosity, cleavage,
Shank. 1. (Scot.) A shallow shaft
minute plication, and other meta-
underground (Gresley). A winze. morphic structures. (La Forge)
2. The body portion of any tool, up
from its cutting edge or bit. (O. Shear legs. 1. A high wooden frame

and M. M. P.) placed over an engine or pumping

3. A ladle for molten metal, with
long handles, for use by two or more
men. (Webster)
Shanker (Scot). A pit
(Barrowman)
Shanklin sand (Eng.). A marine de-
posit of siliceous sands and sand-
stone of various shades of green and
yellow-gray. Also called Lower
green-sand. (Humble)
Sharp gas (Eng.). Fire damp that ex-
plodes suddenly within a safety lamp
without showing any preceptible cap.
Gas is sharp when at its most ex-
plosive point ( Gresley
Shastalite- Wadsworth's name for tin-
altered, glassy forms of audesite.
(Kemp)
Shasta series. The Lower Cretaceous
of the Pacific coast, entirely marine,
the Knoxville beds below, and the
Horsetown above ( Standard)
]K>w obsolete.
shaft fitted with small pulleys and
rope for lifting heavy weights (C.
and M. M. P.). See also Shears, 1.
2. A tripod on which miners some-
or shaft times stand in drilling. (Standard)
Shears. 1. (Corn.) Two high timbers,
standing over a shaft and united at
the top to carry a pulley for lifting
or lowering timbers, pipes, etc., of
greater length than the ordinary
hoisting gear can accommodate.
(Raymond)
A haulage
2. (Scot) clip. (Gres-
ley). Called also Sheers.
Shear steel. A steel produced by heat-
ing blister steel (sheared to short
lengths) to a high heat, welding by
hammering or rolling, or both, and
finally finishing under the hammer
at the same or slightly greater beat
(Webster)
Shear structure. In geology, a struc-
ture resulting from the shearing of
. Usage rocks, as in crushing, crumpling, etc
(Webster)
608 GLOSSARY OF MINING AND MINERAL INDUSTRY.

Shear zone. In geology, a zone in Sheet ground (Mo.). A term in the

which shearing has occurred on a Joplin district applied to horizontal,
large scale, so that the rock is low-grade, disseminated zinc - lead
crushed and brecciated. (La Forge) deposits, covering an extensive area.
See Sheet deposit. >

Sheathing deals (Scot.)- Deals

(plank) nailed to cribs all round a Sheet ice. Ice formed on a body of
shaft to preserve the cribs from in- water by the cold air above it.
jury and make the sides of the shaft (Standard)
smooth. (Barrowman) Sheeting. The development, in rock
formations, of small closely spaced
Sheaths (Newc). The upright fram- parallel fractures. (Farrell)
ing of a coal wagon or car. (Min.
Jour.) Sheet iron. See Sheet, 1.

Sheave. A wheel with a grooved cir- Sheet-iron pitch. The inclination of a

cumference over which a rope is coal seam at which loose coal will
turned, either for the transmission not move on the natural bottom, but
of power or for hoisting or hauling at which it will slide or can be easily
(Chance). Any grooved wheel or pushed along on iron slides placed
pulley. (Webster) on the bottom in the chambers or
rooms.
Shed. 1. (Penn.) A kind of long car
or trolley. 2. (Eng.) A thin, smooth Sheet metal. See Sheet, 1.
parting In rocks, having both sides Sheet mineral. See Sheet, 4.
polished. 3. (Eng.) A very thin
layer of coal, ((jresley) Sheet pile. Any of a number of thick
boards or planks wedge-shaped at
Shed-line. The summit line of ele- the lower end and sometimes
vated ground; the line of a water- tongued on one edge and grooved
shed. ((Century) on the other, driven into the ground
close together between gauged piles
Sheepbacks. See Roches montonn^es. to form the walls of a cofferdam. A
Sheep silver (Scot.). Mica. (Stand- sheet-steel device is also used for
ard) the same purpose. (Webster)
Sheer legs. See Shear legs. Sheet quarry. A term often used in
granite quarrying, to designate a
Sheers. See Shears, 2. quarry having strong horizontal
Sheet. 1. In iron and steel manufac- joints and a few vertical ones.
ture, a portion of metal less than (Ries)
about i inch thick. That which is Sheets (Eng.). Coarse, cloth curtains
heavier Is designated as plate. or screens for directing the ventila-
2. In geology, an extensive bed of an tion underground. See Brattice
eruptive rock intruded between, or cloth. (Gresley)
overlying, other strata. (Webster)
Shelf (Corn.). 1. The solid rock or
3. (Aust.) A solid body of pure ore bed-rock, especially under alluvial
filling a crevice. (Power)
4. (Upper Mississippi lead region)
tin-deposits. (Raymond)
Galena in thin and continuous
2. A charging-bed in a furnace at a
higher level than the working-bed.
masses. The ore itself is called
(Standard)
sheet mineral. (Century)
3. A rock, ledge of rocks, reef or

Sheet-asphalt pavement. A pavement sandbank in the sea. 4. A project-

having a wearing course composed of ing layer or ledge of rock on land.
asphalt, cement and sand of prede- (Century)
termined grading, with or witbout Shell. A torpedo used in oil wells.
1.
the addition of fine material. (Ba- 2. Ametal or paper case which
con) holds a charge of powder.
3. A thin, hard band or layer of rock
Sheet deposit. A mineral deposit ex- encountered In well boring. (Red-
tended in length and breadth and •
having relatively small thickness,
"
wood)
thus including both lodes and beds Shell band. See Mussel band.
as distinguished from irregular
masses. The term has been some-
Shell door (Eng.). A temporary door.
(Gresley)
times applied in a more limited
sense to deposits (called also blan- Shell limestone. A
sedimentary rock
ket veins) occurring in an approxi- composed chiefly of fragments of fo»-
mately horizontal plane. (Webster) sil shells. (La Forge)
 GLOSSARY OF MINING AND MINERAL INDUSTRY. 609
Shell marble. An ornamental marble bords," or a " sheth of pillars." (C.
containing fossil shells. (Century) and M. M. P.)
Shell marl. A
light-colored calcareous
2. (No. of Eng.) To course the air
in the workings. See Coursing. 3.
deposit in the bottoms of small lakes,
composed largely of fresh-water
(No. of Eng.) The rib of a chal-
dron wagon. See Sheaths (Gres-
shells,but apparently also to some
ley)
extent of precipitated carbonate of
calcium and the hard parts of min- Sheth door (No. of Eng.). A tempo-
ute organisms. (Roy. Com.) rary door placed in a working head-
ing. (Gresley)
Shell pump. A
simple form of sand
pump or sludger consisting of a hol- Shething the air (No. of Eng.). Ven-
low cylinder with a ball or clack tilating the goaves in a systematic
valve at the botton, used with a way. (Gresley)
flush of water to remove detritus. Sheth of bords (Eng.). See Sheth, 1.
(Webster)
Sheugh. 1. (Scot.). To make ditches
Shell sand. Sand chiefly or largely or drains in; to dig, as peat, by
composed of fragments of shells. making ditches (Webster). Also
(Standard) Sheuch.
Shelly. A name applied to coal that
2. (Scot.) A shaft or coal pit.
(Gresley)
has been so crushed and fractured
that it easily breaks up into small Shicer (Aust.).An unproductive mine
pieces (Chance). Broken ground. (Webster). A mining claim without
gold. (Standard)
Shepherd (Aust). A miner who pre-
serves legal rights to a mining claim Shides (Brist, Scot). Pumps for
with the least amount of work on draining mines. (Gresley)
it. (Standard) Shield. In mining or tunneling, a
Shepherding (Aust). Keeping posses- framework or screen of wood or iron
protecting the workers, pushed for-
sion of a mining claim by doing the
least amount of work on it allowed
ward as the work advances. ( Stand-
ard)
by law. (Davies)
Shift. 1. The length of time a miner
Sherardize. To galvanize by inclosing works in one day. 2. The gang of
the articles to be treated, covered men working for the period; as the
with a commercial zinc dust, in a day shift, the night shift (Hanks)
tightly closed retort, heating and 3. A fault of dislocation. (Gresley)
allowing to cool. (Webster) 4. The maximum relative displace-
Sherd. A fragment of pottery. In ment of points on opposite sides of
the fault and far enough from it to
petrography applied particularly to
the characteristic crescentic or cus-
be outside the dislocated zone. Also
called Net shift See Strike shift
pate particles into which volcanic
glass is sometimes blown, while still
Dip shift, Normal shift, and Vertical
shift (Llndgren, p. 122)
hot, by the expansive force of in-
cluded gases. The glass particles Shift boss. The foreman in charge of
of tuff often show such cuspate out- a shift of men. (Raymond)
lines. (Ransome)
Shifter. 1. See Bottomer. 2. (No. of
Sherman settler. A
series of cylindri- Eng.) One who repairs roadways
cal tanks with conical bottoms hav- in a mine. (Gresley)
ing central feed and a peripheral 3. (Newc.) A man who prepares
overflow. The tanks continually de- the working places in a coal mine at
crease in depth and increase in di- night. (Min. Jour.)
ameter. (Liddell)
In masonry, a break-joint
Shift- joint.
She's fired (Eng.). An
expression used (Standard)
when an explosion of fire damp has
taken place in the pit. See Squat Shiftmen (Aust). Men engaged on
lads. (Gresley) a time-wage basis working at vari-
ous jobs (Power). Also called
Shet (So. Staff.). The broken-down Company men.
roof of a coal mine. (Raymond)
Shiftwork (Eng.). Work performed
Sheth. 1. (Eng.) An old term denot- underground for which wages are
ing a district of about eight or nine paid on a time basis; e. g.. timber-
adjacent bords. Thus a "sheth of ing, road cleaning, etc (Greslegr)
75242*—19 39
610 GLOSSARY OF MINING AND MINERAL INDUSTRY.

Shindle. A roofing slate. (Standard) Shiver spar. A variety of calcite. of

Shingle. Loosely and commonly, any
1.
slaty structure; slate spar. (Web-
ster)
beach gravel which is coarser than
ordinary gravel, especially if con- Shivery post (Eng.). See Seamy,
sisting of flat or flattish pebbles. 2.
Shoad. See Shode.
Strictly and properly, beach gravel
composed of smooth, well rounded Shock-proof. As applied to the cur-
pebbles of roughly the same size, the rent-carrying parts of an electric
Interstices between which are not system (excepting trolley wires) is
filled with finer material as in ordi- taken to mean that contact with
nary gravel, and which gives out a such parts is prevented by the use
musical note when trod upon. (La of grounded metallic coverings or
Forge) sheaths. (H. H. Clark)
3. In iron manufacture, to drive out
scoriae and other impurities from Shode. 1. (Corn.) A loose fragment
(puddled iron) by heavy blows or of vein stone. Ore washed or de-
pressure. (Standard) tached from the vein naturally. See
Float ore.
fihingler. A machine for squeezing 2. (Eng.) To search for ore by trac-
puddled iron; also, the workman ing the shode (Webster). Spelled
who attends such a machine. also Shoad.
(Standard)
Shingle tile. A flat form of roofing Shode-pit. An excavation made in
tile. (Ries) tracing shodes. (Standard)
Shingley coal (Newc). Small coal Shoder. The package of gold-beaters'
free from dust. (Min. Jour.) skin in which the thin metal sheets
Shingling. Hammering blooms, bil-
are hammered in the second stage
(Raymond). Called also of making gold-leaf. (Standard)
lets, etc.
Blooming. Shode stone. See Shode, 1.

Shingling hammer. A tilt-hammer for

making blooms. (Standard) Shoding; Shoading (Corn.). The
tracking of bowlders toward the vein
Shingling tongs. Large tongs for or rock from which they have come.
handling blooms in shingling. (Raymond)
(Standard)
Shingly. Composed of, or abounding Shoe. 1. A piece of iron or steel, at-
tached to the bottom of a stamp or
in, shingle or coarse detritus (Web-
muller, for grinding ore. The shoe
ster. See Shingle, 1.
can be replaced when worn out.
Shining. As applied to the degree of (Raymond)
luster of means
minerals, those 2. The bottom wedge-shaped piece
which produce an image by reflec- attached to tubbing when sinking
tion, but not one well defined, as ce- through quicksand. 3. Steel pieces
lestite. (Dana) fastened to the ends or sides of
An instrument cages, which slide on guides when
Shipper. 1. (Aust).
the cage is in motion. (Power)
used for placing an endless rope on
4. In glass-making, a small opening
its rollers in cases where it gets off
into which the blower passes his
them. (Power) (Webster)
rod to heat it.
2. (U. S.) See Snowbird mine.
5. A trough to convey ore to a
Shipping ore. Any ore of greater crusher. 6. A boat-shaped ingot of
value when broken than the cost of sycee silver weighing about 66^
freight and treatment. (Morrison) ounces. (Standard)
Ship plate. Low - grade iron plate. Shoe-nose shell. A cylindrical tool,
(Standard) cut obliquely at bottom, for boring
Ship-po. In ceramics, Japanese cloi- through hard clay. (Raymond)
sonne-enamel ware. (Standard)
Shoe shell (Eng.). A tool used in
Shirt. The inner lining of a blast fur- deep boring for cleaning out the
nace. (Standard) drill cuttings. It has a valve at the
Shist. See Schist. bottom, opening upward (Gresley).
A sand pump or bucket.
Shiver. 1. Shale; a hard argillace-
ous bed. See Sheave. (Raymond) Shoes of silver (E. Asia). Ingots of
2. A variety of blue slate. (Stand- precious metal popularly thought to
ard) resemble a shoe. (Standard)
 )

CLOSSAKY OF MINING AND MINERAL INDUSTRY. 611

Bhoe-string claim. A mining claim Shooting the gob (No. Staff.), Work-
in the form of a long narrow strip. ing the coal in the pillars of inclined
(Hanson v. Craig. 170 Fed. Rept., p. coal beds by blasting. (Gresley)
65; Snowflake Fraction Placer, 37
Shoot of ore. A body of ore with rela-
Land Decisions, p. 250). (U. S.
tively small horizontal dimensions
Min. Stat., p. 538)
and steep inclination in a lode; in
Shonkinlte. A name given by Weed contradistinction to a course of ore,
and Pirsson to a rock from the which is flatter (Power). See
Highwood Mountains, Mont, which Chute, 5.
they define as "a granular, plutonic
rock consisting of essential augite Shop. In glass-making, a team of
and orthoclase, and thereby related workmen. ( Standard
to the syenite family. It may be
with or without olivine, and acces-
Shore (Eng.). A studdle or thrusting
sory nepheline, sodalite, etc., may be
stay. (C. and M. M. P.)
present in small quantities." Shore terrace. A terrace made along
(Kemp) a coast by the action of waves and
Shoo-fly. Any crosscut between a haul- shore currents; it may become land
ageway and airway through which by the uplifting of the shore or the
cars are run. See also Slant, 1. lowering of the water. (Webster)
Shoot. 1. See Chute, 1. 2. See Blast. Shore up. To stay, prop up, or sup-
A shot is a single operation of port by braces. (Steel)
blasting. 3. An elongated body of
ore. See Chute, 2. (Raymond) 4, Shorn (Eng.). Cut with a pick,
To torpedo an oil or gas well. as in undercutting coal. (Gresley)
Shooter. 1. (Aust.) The man who Short. Brittle; friable; breaking or
firesa charged hole after satisfy- crumbling readily; inclined to flake
ing himself that the place is free off (Century). Said of coal.
from fire damp (Power). A shot
firer. Short and rough. Unmellowed, as by
2. Inthe petroleum industry, one weathering, said of brick clay, as
who shoots oil wells with nitro- distinguished from mild and tough.
glycerin to loosen or shatter the oil- (Standard)
bearing formation.
Short-fire. See Underfire, 1.
Shooting (Eng.). Blasting in a mine.
Short-fired. Not enough baked ; under-
(Gresley)
fired ; said of porcelain, etc. ( Stand-
Shooting a well. Exploding a charge ard)
of nitroglycerin in a drill hole, at
or near an oil-bearing stratum, for Short-flame explosive. See Permissible
the purpose of increasing the flow explosive.
of oil. Short fuse. Any
fuse that Is cut
1.

Shooting fast (Lane). Blasting with- too short. The

practice of firing
2.

out previously holing or shearing a blast, the fuse on the primer of

the coal (Gresley). See Shooting
ofe-the-solid.
Shooting-needle. A blasting needle; a
metallic rod used in the stemming
of a drill hole for the purpose of
leaving a cavity through which the
charge may be fired.
Shooting ©ff-the-solid. Mining the coal
by heavy blasting without under-
mining or shearing it (Steel). In
England called Shooting fast.
which is not sufficiently long to
reach from the top of the charge
to the collar of the bore-hole. The
primer, with fuse attached, is
dropped into the charge while burn-
ing, and tamping may, or may not,
be attempted. It is an exceedingly
(Century) dangerous practice. (Du Pont)
Short hole. A blast-furnace tap-hole
with a short stopping which may
break out unexpectedly when drilled
into. (Willcox)

Shooting on-the-free. The use of a Short leg. One of the wires on an

small charge of powder to blow
down the face of the coal after it
has been undercut as distinguished
from "shooting off-the-solid." (An-
drlcus V. Pineville Coal Co., 121 Ken-
tucky, p. 728)
which has been
electric blasting caj),
shortened so that when placed in
the bore-hole, the two splices or
connections will not come opposite
each other and make a short circuit
(Du Pont)
 61S GLOSSiLRY OF MUSTING AKD MINERAL INDUSTRY.
Shorts. 1. The pro<Suct remaining on shot which causes a concussion In
the screen when the material col- the air, usually by an excessive
lectedfrom the zi;ac boxes of a cya- amount of powder behind an easily
nide mill Is rubbed over a sieve. loosened mass of coal 2. The firing
See Fines. (Clenaell) of a blast. 3. Injured by a blast
2. (Eng.) The contents of cars (Steel)
filledwith coal, or coal and dirt 4. A small globular mass, or pellet,
mixed, otherwise than in accord- of metal, e. g., steel, and as such
ance with the colliery regulations. used in drilling operations. See
3. (Eng.) Deficiency of mineral Adamantine drill.
worked under a lease during any
year or other period agreed upon. Shot copper. Small rounded particles
of native copper, somewhat resem-
(Gresley)
bling small shot in size and shape.
Short stall (Mid.). A single-road stall. (Weed)
(Gresley)
Shot drill. An earth-boring drill using
Short ton. A ton of 2,000 pounds avoir- steel shot as an abrasive. See
dupois, a long ton being 2,240 pounds Adamantine drill.
avordupois. Also called Net ton.
Shot-fast. Oal mined by blasting.
Shortwall machine. A coal cutter for (Gresley) Shot-off-the-solid.
use in bords, which when once the Shot firer. A man whose special duty
cutting part has made the sumping Is to fireshots or blasts, especially
cut, is drawn acroso the face auto- in coal mines. Also Shot lighter
matically by ropes, undercutting as (Hargis). Called Shooter in Aus-
It proceeds. (Power) tralia.
Short workings (Eng.). See Shorts, 3. Shot hole. The borehole in which an
explosive Is placed for blasting.
Shoshonite. 1. An aphanorphyric ig-
(Gresley)
neous rock composed essentially of
, dominant andesine and oligcclase and Shot lighter. See Shot firer.
subordinate orthoclase, augite, and
olivine. (La Forge) 2. A general
Shot metal. An alloy of 98 per cent
lead and 2 per cent arsenic, for mak-
name proposed by Iddings for a ing small shot. (Webster)
group of igneous rocks In the eastern
portion of the Yellowstone Park. Shot samples. Samples taken for as-
They are porphyrltlc In texture, with say from molten metal by pouring
phenocrysts of labradorlte, augite, a portion Into water to granulate It.
and olivine. In a groundmass that is (Webster)
glassy or crystalline; in the latter
Shotty gold. Small granular pieces
case orthoclase and leuclte, alone or
of gold resembling shot. (C. and M.
together, are develoi)ed. The rocks M. P.)
are to be considered in connection
with absaroklte and banaklte. Shoulder cutting (So. Staff.). Cut-
(Kemp) ting the sides of the upper lift of
a working place in a thick-coal col-
Shot. 1. A
charge or blast. Balanced
liery next the rib, preparatory to
shot, a shot so placed that the hole
breaking the coal. (Gresley)
containing the powder is parallel to
-

one face of the coal to be broken. Shovel -filled (Aust.). Run-of-mlne

Blown^out shot, a shot which merely coal as broken at the face. (Power)
throws out the stemming without Show. 1. The pale -blue, lambent
loosening much coal. Cutting shot,
flame on the top of a common can-
a shot arranged to loosen the coal dle flame, indicating the presence of
prepared by the cutting and to scat- fire damp (Raymond). A "show of
ter the coal In advance to facilitate
gas" a phrase denoting a quan-
Is
the making of another cutting. Goug-
tity just sufficient to form a percep-
ing shot (Ark.), a gripping shot or
tible cap above the fiame of a lamp
opening shot in a straight face, as
or candle.
to start a break-through. Gripping
2. The first appearance of float, In-
shot, a shot which is farther from
dicating the approach to an outcrop-
the face of the coal at the point ping vein or seam. See Blossom.
than at the heel also called wedg-
;
and M. M. P.)
(C.
ing shot. Opening shot, the first
gripping shot fired, in a straight face Shrinkage-crack. One of a series of
of coal. Slitting shot, a shot put cracks, or of filled-up tracks, often
Into a large mass of coal detached seen on rock surfaces; supposed to
by a previous blast. Windy shot, a have resulted from the drying and
 GLOSSARY OF MINING AND MINERAL INDUSTRY. 613

shrinking of the layer while it was Shut up. 1. To weld together, as

plasticmud. Called also Sur-crack. pieces of metal. 2. To condense, as
(Standard) porous metal, by hammering or pres-
sure. (Standard)
Shrinkage sloping. Also known as
"back stoping," "shrinkage
with Siam ruby. A name sometimes er-
waste fill," "overhand stoping with roneously applied to the dark ruby
shrinkage and delayed filling," and spinel found with the rubies of
" overhand stoping with shrinkage Siam. (Century)
and no filling." The method is a Siberian aquamarine. A blue-green
modification of overhand stoping
beryl found in Siberia. (Century)
and its characteristic is the use of a
part of the ore for the purpose of Siberian ruby. Rubellite; a red va-
support and as a working platform. riety of tourmaline found in
As applied to small ore bodies two Siberia. (Power)
modifications are used: stoping
without ore passes (chutes) and
Siberite. A violet-red variety of
Rubellite (Dana) See Siberian
stoping with ore passes (surplus ore ruby.
is removed by means of the ore
passes). As applied to large ore Sickening. The flouring of mercury.
bodies the stopes are separated by See Floured.
pillars or ribs and the name used is
" shrinkage stoping with alternate Sicker. See Zighyr.
pillar and stope."' (Young) Sicilian oil. Petroleum. It was used,
Shrinkage with waste fill. See Shrink- under this name, for illuminating
age stoping. purposes at Agrigentum, Sicily, be-
fore the beginning of the Christian
Shropshire method. See Longwall era (Bacon)
method.
Shroud. A housing or jacket Siddle. The inclination of a seam ol
(Chance). Especially a housing coal. (Raymond)
around gear wheels.
Side. 1. The more or less vertical face
Shut; Shutt (So. Staff.). 1. The or wall of coal or goaf forming one
crushed and broken-down roof of a side of an underground working
seam of coal. 2. Old workings. See place. 2. (Lane.) A district
Goaf, 1. (Gresley) (Gresley)
Shutdown. A term denoting that 3. The wall of a vein. (Power)
work has been temporarily stopped,
as on an oil well. See Standing.
Side adits. A
side passage sometimes
(Redwood)
made when the main adit is choked
with waste rock. (Davies)
Shute. See Chute.
Side-basse. A transverse direction to
Shut-in. In geology, a narrow gorge the line of dip in strata. (Ray-
cut by a superposed stream across mond)
a ridge of hard rock between broad
valleys of softer rock on each side Side chain. A
chain hooked on to the
of the ridge. (Standard) sides of cars running on an incline
or along a gangway, to keep the cars
Shuts (Scot). Movable or hinged sup- together in case the coupling breaks.
ports for the cage at a shaft land- (Steel)
ing (Barrowman). Also called
Keps, Keeps, Chairs, Dogs, Seats. Side-dumper. An ore, rock or coal car
that can be tilted sidewise and thus
Shutter. 1. A movable sliding door,
emptied.
fitted within the outer casing of a
Guibal or other closed fan, for regu- Side guide. See Guard, 1.
lating the size of the opening from
the fan, to suit the ventilation and Side-laning (So. Staff.). The widen-
economical working of the machine. ing of an abandoned gate road, and
2. A slide covering the opening in making it part of the new side of
a door or brattice, and forming a work. (Min. Jour.)
regulator for the proportionate divi-
sion of the air current between two Side lengths. See Lengths.
or more districts of a mine. (Steel)
Side line. 1. A line attached to the
Shuttles (Lane). Natural cracks run- side of a dredge and used to hold
ning at right angles to the dip of the dreflge in place during opera-
the strata. (Gresley) tions. (Weatherbe)

I
614 GLOSSARY OF MINING AND MINERAL INDUSTRY.

2. A surface line on each side of Siderosa (Sp.). Spathic iron ore; si-
the middle of the vein which meas- derite. (Halse)
ures the length of the claim along Sideroscope. An instrument for de-
the vein. It bounds the side of the tecting small quantities of iron by
claim. (Argentine Mining Co. v.
the magnetic needle. (Webster)
Terrible Mining Co., 122 United
States, p. 485) Siderosis. A lung disease due to in-
haling particles of metallic iron.
Sidelong reef. An overhanging wall of
(Century)
rock in alluvial formations extending
parallel with the course of the gut- Siderotechny. The art of working
ter generallv only on one side of
;
iron. (Standard) Usage now ob-
it. (C. and M. M. P.) solete.

Side of work (So. Staff.). The series Sidemrgy. The metallurgj^ of iron
of breasts and pillars connected with and steel. (Webster) Usage now
a gate road in a colliery. (Ray- obsolete.
mond)
Sides (N. Y. and Pa.). A local term
Side-over (No. of Eng.). To cut or
applied by bluestone quarrymen to
drive in a line with the cleat
open joints that extend east and
through a pillar of coal when rob-
west. (Bowles)
bing pillars. (Gresley)
Side plate. In timbering, where both Side shear. See Grip, 3.

a cap and a sill are used, and the Side spit. The emission of sparks
posts act as spreaders, the cap and through the sides of a burning fuse.
the sill are spoken of as the side (Du Pont)
plates. See End plate, also Wall
plate, (Sanders, p. 10) Side stoping. See Overhand stoping.
Sldergla (Sp.). Metallurgy of iron. Side-wafer; Side-waver (No. of Eng.).
(Halse) 1. Overhanging stones or roof iu
Siderite. 1. Spathic iron ore. Iron underground roads liable to drop. 2.
carbonate, FeCOg. Contains 48.2 A fall of fire clay. (Gresley)
per cent iron (U. S. Geol. Surv.)
Siding over. A short road driven in
Also called Chalybite; Sparry iron
a pillar in a head wise direction. (0.
ore; Spathic iron.
and M. M. P.)
2. An indigo-blue variety of quartz.
3. An Iron meteorite. (Standard) Siding tile. Any
roofing tile employed
Sideroconite. A
variety of calcite col- for upright work. (Hies)
ored yellow or yellowish-brown by
hydra ted iron-oxide. (Century) Siegburgite. A
fossil resin from the
brown coal near Bonn, Germany; it
Siderodot. A calciferous variety of varies in color from golden yellow
siderite. (Chester) to brownish red, and is partly
soluble in alcohol and ether. (Ba-
Sideroferrite. A name given to native con)
iron found in petrified wood. (Ches-
ter) Siege. The floor of a glass furnace.
Siderography. Art of engraving on (Standard)
steel. (Webster)
Siemens and Halske process. A metal-
Siderolite. As used by Fletcher and lurgical process for the recovery of
generally in English, is a name for copper. Copper sulphides are dis-
meteorites that are partly metallic solved by solutions of ferric sulphate
iron and partly silicates. As used containing free sulphuric acid. The
by others, it is applied to more solution is then electrolyzed in a
purely metallic Ones. (Kemp) tank having a diaphragm. Copper is
deposited and ferric sulphate regen-
Sideromagnetic. Same as Paramag-
(Liddell)
erated.
netic.

Sideromelane. A basaltic glass from Siemens direct process. A process for

the palagonite tuffs of Sicily. making wrought iron directly from
(Kemp) iron ore, without the previous pro-
duction of pig iron. (Standard)
Blderophyllite. A
black variety of bi-
otite in which the magnesium is Siemens furnace. A reverberatory fur-
partly replaced by ferrous iron. nace, heated by gas, with the aid of
(Standard) regenerators. (Raymond)
 GLOSSARY OF MINING AND MINERAL INDUSTRY. 615
Siemens-Martin process. The produc- Sigillation. Decoration of pottery with
tion of steel in a reverberatory fur- stamped patterns. (Standard)
nace by oxidation of the impurities
Sigmoidal fold. A reversed or inverted
by oxides added (either the rust on
fold a mass of strata which as the
scrap, or mill scale, or pure ores). ;

result of crust movements have been

It may be conducted either on an
acid or a basic lining turned back on themselves into a
(Liddell).
See also Open-hearth process. form resembling the Greek letter
Sigma (Century). Usage obsolete.
Siemens-Martin steel. Steel in which
pig iron is decarburized by the Sie- Signal bell, or Hammer (Scot.). A bell
mens-Martin process (which see). or other appliance for signaling in
(Standard) mine shafts or on haulage roads.
(Barrowman)
Siemens producer. A furnace used for
the manufacture of producer gas. Signal wire (Scot.). Thin wire strand
(Ingalls, p. 311) used for operating signal hammers
and bells. (Barrowman)
Siemens-Silesian furnace. A Silesian
zinc-distillation furnace employing Sil (L.). Yellow ocher. (Standard)
the Siemen's system of heat recuper-
ation. (Ingalls, p. 409)
Silesian fnrnace. A
rectangular, com-
bustion chamber containing about 20
Sienita (Sp.). Syenite. (D wight) muffles for the distillation of zinc.
Sienna. A brownish orange - yellow The furnaces are commonly built in
clay colored by iron and manganese pairs with chambers between each
oxides. Used as a pigment. (U. S. for the calcination of the ore.
Geol. Surv.) (Ingalls, p. 396)

Sienna marble. One of the most highly Silesian method. A

metallurgical proc-
esteemed of marbles for interior dec- ess characterized by a large charge
oration. The prevailing color is yel- of lead ore, slow roasting, and a
, low, but often variegated with white low temperature. It is not aimed to
and violet or purple. From Monte extract all the lead in the reverbera-
Arenti, in Montagnola, Tuscany. tory, as this is supplemented by the
(Merrill) blast furnace. The hearth i.s in-
clined toward the flue, beneath
Sierra ( Sp. ) A saw.
. A
chain of hills
which the lead is collected and
or mountains; used as part of the
tapped at intervals into an outside
name of many mountain chains, as kettle. (Hofman, p. 105)
Sierra Nevada. (Century)
Silex. See Silica, 1.
Sieve. The screen or grating fixed in
Silica. 1. An oxide of silicon,
a stamp-box. Any screen. SiO».
Occurs in nature as a mineral of
Sieve mesh. The length of the side of economic importance in quartz, chal-
a hole In a sieve (Hunt). See cedony, chert, flint, opal, diatoma-
Mesh, 1. ceous earth and sandstone. The
most abundant constituent of the
Sieve raggings (Eng.). Pieces of ore earth's crust See also Agate,
deposited at the bottom of a sieve. Quartz, Glass sand (U. S. Geol.
(Hunt) Surv.). Also known as Silex, and
Sif6n (Sp.). 1. Downtake of blast used for lining tube mills.
furnace. 2. A siphon. (D wight) 2. (Local, U. S.) Very fine white
disintegrated chert, used in pottery
Sigger. See Zighyr. manufacture.
Sight. A bearing or angle taken
1. Silicalite. Wadsworth's name for
with a compass or transit when mak- rocks composed of silica, such as
ing a survey. 2. Any established diatomaceous earth, tripoll, quartz,
point of a survey (Steel). A bob lydite, jasper, etc. (Kemp)
or weighted string hung from an
established point in the roof of a Silicate. 1. A
salt or ester of any of
room or entry, to give direction to the silicicacids. In mineralogical
the men driving the entry or room. chemistry the silicates are of great
(C. and M. M. P.) Importance, forming by far the
largest group of minerals. (Web-
Sigillated ware. Pottery decorated ster)
with stamped patterns; stamped 2. Aterm used In the Joplin (Mo.)^
ware, (Standard) district for zinc carbonata
 )

616 GLOSSARY OF MINING AND MINERAL INDUSTRY.

Silicate cotton. Slag wool; mineral Silicon spiegel.A spiegeleisen contain-

wool. ing 15-20 per cent of manganese and
8-15 per cent of silicon used in mak-
Silicated marble. A marble that con- ing certain special steels.
tains silicates such as pyroxenes, (Web-
ster)
amphiboles, mica, or chlorite.
(Bowles) Silicon steel. A variety of steel con-
Silicatization. The process of chang- taining considerable silicon, usually
ing to a silicate. (Standard) 2 to 3 per cent. It is very hard, but
brittle, and difficult to work. (Web-
Siliceous. Of or pertaining to csillca; ster)
containing orsilica, partalsing of
its (Webster). Containing
nature Silicon ware. A slightly glazed stone-
abundant quartz. Also spelled Sili- ware made at Lambeth, England.
clous. (Standard)

Siliceous sinter. See Fiorite. Silicosis. An affection of the lungs

occurring In stonecutters, caused by
Silicic. 1. In containing
petrology, the inhalation of quartz dust (Web-
silica in dominant amount. 2. In ster). The term applies to miners
chemistry, containing silicon as the also.
acid-forming element (La Forge)
Silk. A
silky luster in some precious
Silicic acid. Same as silica. 2. An
1. stones, as the ruby; due to micro-
amorphous gelatinous compound scopic crystals. (Standard)
(HiSiO*), consisting of silica and
water, into which constituents it Silky. Having the luster of silk, like
readily decomposes. Called also fibrous calclte, fibrous gypsum.
Orthosilicic acid. (Standard) (Dana)
SilL 1. An intrusive sheet of igneous
Silicification. The entire or partial
rock, of approximately uniform
replacement of rocks and fossils with thickness, which Is slight compared
silica, either as quartz, chalcedony,
with the lateral extent, forced be-
or opal. (Kemp) tween level or gently Inclined beds.
Silicified. Made into silica. Organic (La Forge)
remains, both plant and animal, are 2. A
piece of wood laid across a
often thus converted. (Winchell) drift to constitute a frame with the
posts and to carry the track of tlie
Silicified wood. iSfee Wood, 2. tramway. ( Raymond
3. (CJumb., York.) Much the same
Silicious. See Siliceous. as ClJlunch, Spavin, Warrant. (Gres-
ley)
Silicon. A nonmetallic element occur- 4. The floor of a gallery or passage
ring abundantly in nature, being,
in a mine. (Standard)
next to oxygen, the chief elementary
constituent of the earth's crust. As Silla (Sp.). 1. A chair. 2.A saddle.
separated, it forms a grayish-white 3. A leather strap to protect the
metallic-looking mass. Symbol, Si; shoulders when carrying ore.
atomic weight, 28.3 specific gravity,
; (Halse)
2.34. (Webster)
Sillimanite Fibrolite.
; A basic ortho-
Silicon bronze. A
very strong, practi- slUcate of boron and calcium, HaO.
cally noncorrosive alloy of copper, 2CaO.B203.2Sl02. (Dana)
tin, and silicon. (Webster)
Sillite. Gtimbel's name for a rock
Silicon copper. An alloy of copper from Slllberg, in the Bavarian Alps,
(80-70 per cent) and silicon (20-30 variously referred by others to gab-
per cent) used as an ingredient to and mlca-
bro, diabase, mica-syenite,
free molten copper or brass from dlorlte. (Kemp)
oxygen. (Webster)
Silt. 1. A
general name for the
Silicon iron. Iron containing 2 to 15 muddy deposit of fine sediment in
per cent of silicon, for improving bays or harbors, and one much em-
cast Iron; ferrosilicon. (Standard) ployed In connection with engineer-
ing enterprises. (Kemp)
Siliconize. To unite or cause to unite 2. A name applied to the fine mate-
with silicon, as in the combination rials such as culm, ashes, etc., that
of iron with silicon in certain metal- are flushed into a min« in hydraulic
lurgical processes. (Standard) mine-filling.
 )

GLOSSARY OF MINING AND MINERAL INDUSTRY. 617

Silting. See Hydraulic mine-filling. Silver sand. A

sharp fine sand of a
silvery appearance used for grind-
Silundum. A
trade name for a form
ing lithographic stones, etc. (Cen-
of silicon carbide; produced in an
tury)
electric furnace, and possessing great
hardness, liigh electrical resistance, Silver- solder. A silver alloy of com-
and not subject to oxidation below paratively low fusibility, used by
2,912'* F. (Webster) silversmiths. ( Standard
Silurian. The
third in order of age of Silver State. Nevada. So called by
the geologic periods comprised in the reason of the large production of
Paleozoic era, in the nomenclature in silver from the Comstock lode.
general use. Also the system of
strata deposited during that period. Silver-steel. An alloy of steel with
(The above usage, in which the term a very small quantity of silver.
is restricted to the period following (Standard)
the Ordovician and preceding the
Devonian, is the one now prevalent. Silvery iron. A light -gray, fine-
Formerly Silurian included what is grained quality of cast iron. ( Stand-
now called Ordovician, and It has ard)
been used by some geologists to in-
clude the Cambrian also.) (La
Simetite. A resin near succinite from
near Mt. Etna, Sicily it is remark- ;
Forge)
able for its deep red color, contains
Silver. A white metallic element, so- but 0.4 per cent of succinic acid,
norous, ductile, very malleable, and and has a specific gravity of from
capable of a high degree of polish. 1.052 to 1.068. (Bacon)
Symbol, Ag; atomic weight, 107.88;
specific gravity, 10.5. (Webster) Simllor. A
golden-colored variety of
brass (Ure). Also called Mann-
Silver glance. The native silver sul- heim gold; Prince Rupert's metal.
phide, Argentite.
Silvering. 1. A
plating or covering of Simple alloy steel. An alloy steel con-
silver or an imitation of it, as ap- taining one alloying element, as for
plied to any surface; as, the silver- example, simple nickel steel (Hib-
ing on the back of a mirror. 2. The bard). See also Ternary steel.
art or process of coating surfaces
with, or as with, silver. (Stand- Simple mineral. A mineral found in
ard) nature, as distinguished from rocks,
which, in the scientific sense, are
Silver-king (CoUoq. U. S.). A wealthy mixtures of minerals (Standard).
silver-mine owner. (Standard) Calcite and hematite are simple
Silver lead. Lead containing silver. minerals, while granite is a mixture
(Standard) of three simple minerals quartz,
feldspar, and mica.
—
Silver mill. The
mill or metallurgical
plant used in treating silver ores Simple steel. A steel consisting chiefly
by either the wet or dry process. of ironnnd carbon. Other elements
(Century) are always present, but are not es-
sential to the formation of the steel.
Silver ores. Sometimes found native. The content of carbon may be very
See Acanthite, Amalgam, Argentite, small. Often called Carbon steel.
Brongniardite, Bromyrite, Calaver-
ite, Cerargyrite, Dyscrasite, Elec- Simple vein. A vein composed of
trum, Embolite, Freibergite, Freies- homogeneous, not banded, material
lebenite, Hessite, lodyrite, Krenner- (Standard). A vein composed of
ite, Nagyagite, Petzite, Polybasite, one mineral, as pyrite, fluorite,
Proustite, Stephanite, Stetefeldite, hematite, etc.
Stromeyerite, Sylvanite, Xantho-
conite. (U. S. Geol. Surv.) Sinaite. An alliterative substitute for
syenite proposed by Rozieres be-
Silver plate. Ware plated with sil- cause on Mt. Sinai, true quartzless
ver. (Standard) syenites occur, whereas at Syene the
rock is a hornblende-granite.
Silver powder. A
powder used in ja- (Kemp)
panning, composed largely of bis-
muth, tin, and mercury; also, finely Sing. A hissing noise often made by
precipitated silver for electroplat- gas and water when a seam of coal
ing. (Standard) is cut Into. (Gresley)

618 GLOSSAKY OF MINING AND MINERAL INDUSTRY.
Singing coal (Eng.). A bed of coal
from which gas escapes with a hiss-
ing sound, particularly if the sur-
face be wet. (Gresley)
Singing lamp (Eng.). A
form of
safety lamp which, when placed in
an atmosphere of explosive gas,
gives out a peculiar sound or note,
the strength of the note varying in
proportion to the percentage of fire
damp present. (Gresley)
Single-bench quarrying. Quarrying a
rock ledge as a single bench the full
height of the quarry face. (Bowles)
Single entry. Asystem of opening a
mine by driving a single entry only,
in place of a pair of entries. The
air current returns along the face
of the rooms, which must be kept
open. (Steel)
Single-entry room-and-pillar
See Room-and-pillar method.
Single-intake fan. A ventilating fan
that takes or receives its air upon
one side only. (C. and M. M. P.)
Single-jack. A light single-hand ham-
mer used in drilling, especially in
metal mines. The hammer
in one hand while the drill
by the other.
Single-road stall. (So. Wales). A sys-
tem of working coal by narrow
stalls. (Gresley)
Single-rope haulage. A system
underground haulage which a
in
single rope is used, the empty trip
running in by gravity. Engine-plane
M. P.)
haulage. (C. and M.
Single shot. A charge in one drill
hole only fired at one time as con-
trasted with a multiple shot where
charges in a number of holes are
fired at one time. (Bowles)
Single-stall working. See Room-and-
pillar method.
Single stamp-mill. A lonely mill, like
some to be seen in the deserts of
Nevada. (Rickard)
Single-stamp mill. A
mill possessing
batteries of one stamp each, like
the Nissen, instead of the usual five.
(Rickard)
Bingle-stamp-mill. A mill possessing
only one stamp, after the Lake Su-
perior fashion, where one big
stamp does the work of 150 ordi-
nary gravity stamps. (Rickard)
) .
Sink. 1. Any slight depression in the
land surface, especially one having
no outlet; one of the hollows in
limestone regions (limestone sink)
often communicating with a cavern
or subterranean passage so that wa-
ter running into it is lost. Also
called Sink hole, Swallow hole. 2.
(Corn.) A preliminary excavation
or pit to be enlarged in working till
it is a full-sized shaft; a sump.
(Webster)
3. To excavate strata downward in
a vertical line for the purpose of
winning and working minerals. 4.
To bore or put down a borehole.
(Gresley)
5. The depression in a shaft made
by a center-blast. (Standard)
Sinker. 1. (Eng.) A
man who works
at the bottom of a shaft when a
shaft is being sunk. 2. A special
mining.
movable pump used in shaft sink-
ing. (Gresley)
3. See Sinker bar.
Sinker bar. A bar added to the drill
tools simply to give the required
force to the upward jar. It is never
allowed to pound upon the drill.
is used (Chance)
is held
Sinker-bar guides. Bars of iron (usu-
ally 4) fitted to the drill tools in
order to increase their girth and ren-
der it impossible for the drill to de-
viate. (Mitzakis)
of
Sinkers' hat (Scot.). An oilskin or
leather hat used for working in fall-
ing water, as in wet shafts. (Bar-
rowman
Sink hole. A vertical hole worn by
by water into limestone rock along
a joint or fracture. Such a hole
usually is connected w^ith an under-
ground channel. The caving in of
the roof may cause more depression
and the formation of a pond. The
course of a joint is often marked
by a row of sink holes. Called also
Sink ; Swallow - hole ( Standard )
See Sink, 1.
Sinking bogie (Scot.). A wheeled
platform to cover a shaft while the
bucket is being emptied. (Barrow-
man)
Sinking fire. A forge in which
wrought-iron scrap or refined pig-
iron is partly melted or welded to-
gether by means of a charcoal fire
and a blast. (Raymond)
 GLOSSARY OF MINING AND MINERAL INDUSTRY. 619

Sinking fund. A fund created for the Sirdar (India). A native chief; a
purpose of paying a debt wlien tlie high military officer (Webster). As
debt falls due. (E. B. Skinner, p. used in Indian mining literature,
142) a foreman. Also Sardar.
Sinking head. Same as Deadhead, 1. Sit (Eng.). To settle or subside
without breaking, as a mass of coal
Sinking-lift. A
lift (pump) of small
after undercutting and removal of
size with especially heavy castings
the props. (Standard)
to resist the force of blasting: used
in shaft-sinking (Standard). A Size. 1. (Eng.) The extent of the
sinking pump, which is also some- displacement or the throw of a
times called Sinker. fault. (Gresley)
2. In brickmaking, plasticity, as of
Sinking pit (Eng.). A shaft in course
tempered clay. (Standard)
of being sunk. (Gresley)
3. To separate minerals according
Sinking pump. A movable pump, usu- to various screen meshes.
ally vertical, hung in a shaft, and
lowered, as the shaft is deepened
Skail (Scot). A quantity of air al-
lowed to take a short cut to rejoin
(Weed). Also called Sinker.
the main current; air finding its
Sinkman (Scot). Same as Sinker, 1. way into the return air course by
Sinks (Lane). Natural cavities
other than the designed way (Bar-
found
rowman). See Scale, 3.
in iron mines. See Sink.
(Gresley) Skailing the air. (Scot.) Brushing
out the foul air by means of divert-
Sinople. 1. A
ferruginous clay from
ing a current of fresh air into the
which the pigment sinopia is pre-
gaseous workings. (Ure)
pared. Called also Sinoper; Sino-
pite. 2. A ferruginous quartz from Skedophyre. A porphyritic rock in
Hungary. Also spelled Sinopal. which the phenocrysts are distrib-
(Standard) uted more or less uniformly through
the groundmass. (Iddings, Igneous
Sinter. 1. Achemical sediment depos-
Rocks, p. 224)
ited by a mineral spring, either hot
or cold. Siliceous sinter, consisting Skeel (Som.). A kind of bucket or
of silica, is also called Geyserite and tub in which coal is lowered down
Fiorite; calcareous sinter, consisting the cuts or staples. (Gresley)
of calcium carbonate, is also called
Skeleton crystals. Hollow or imper-
Tufa, Travertine, and Onyx marble. fectly developed crystals formed by
(La Forge)
rapid crystallization. (A. F. Rog-
2. Dross of iron; cinder. 3. To be-
ers)
come or cause to become a coherent
solid mass by heating without thor- Skep. 1. (Corn.) An iron box work-
oughly melting. (Webster) ing between guides, in which ore or
rock is hoisted. It is distinguished
Sintering man. One in charge of a from a kibble, which hangs free in
plant for sintering flue dust, or
the shaft (Raymond). A skip.
simply an employee at such places. 2. (Eng.), A
bucket or tub at a
(Willcox) mine out of which a horse drinks.
Siphon. A pipe bent in the form (Gresley)
of U or n acting on the principle
Skerries (War.). Greenish- white mi-
of the hydrostatic balance so that
caceous sandstone. (Gresley)
the pressure of water in one leg
always tends to equalize that in the Skerry (Prov. Eng.). A loose, irregu-
other. lar piece of rock; rubble. (Stand-
ard)
Siphonage. The action or operation
of a siphon. (Century) Skerrystone (Mid.). Hard, thin bed-
ded sandstone. (Gresley)
Siphon separator. An apparatus for
the sizing of pulverized ores in an Skew. An irregular discontinuous
upwtrd current of water. (Web- vein striking out from the principal
ster) vein in an uncertain dire«.*tion, ly-
Siphon-tap. See Arends' tap. ing in a slanting and irregular posi-
tion. (Power)
Sipylite. A
columbate of erbium
also of the cerium metals
chiefly, Skew arch. An arch whose jambs are
and other metals. (U. S. Geol. not at right angles with the faoA
Surv.) (Webster)
620 GLOSSAKY OF MINING AND MINERAL INDUSTRY.

Skewl^ack. The oeveled stone, iron Skip. 1. A large hoisting bucket, con-
plate, or course of masonry that structed of boiler plate, which slides
supports the spring or foot of a between guides in a shaft, the bail
segmented arch. (Standard) usually connecting at or near the
bottom of the bucket so that it may
Skew plate. See Bloomery.
be automatically dumped at the sur-
Skid. 1. A shoe or clog, as of iron, face. 2. An open iron vehicle or
attached to a chain, and placed un- car on four wheels, running on rails
der a wheel to prevent its turning and used specially on inclines or in
when descending a steep hill; a inclined shafts. Sometimes spelled
drag. 2. A brake for a crane. 3. Skep.
A timber, bar, or rail used in pairs 3. A thin slice taken off a breast,
or sets to form a slideway or roll- pillar or rib along its entire length
way, as for an incline from a truck or part of its length. Called Slab
to the ground. (Webster) in Arkansas. (Steel)
4. An arrangement upon which cer-
Skipping the To take a slice
pillar.
tain coal-cutting machines travel
offthe pillar before abandoning the
along the working faces. (Gresley)
workings; to rob (Chance). Also
Bkidoo bell (Mo.), A bell placed near widening the gangway or entry.
the bottom of a shaft to warn men
of any impending danger, as of fall- Skip pit. The depression into which
ing material, descending cage, fire, the skip descends when at the bot-
etc. tom of the skip incline to bring its
top below the discharge chute of the
Skiffle (Scot.). A sled or small scale car or bin. (Willcox)
hutch (Barrowman). See Slype.
Skip road, or way. A track of T-rails
Skiffling. The knockingor knob-
off spiked to wooden sleepers, on which
bing of the corners of building-stone a skip runs. (Weed)
in the first dressing. (Standard)
Skips (Wales). Skirtings for wideu
Skimmer. 1. A device on tap-hole ing out a coal road (Redmayne).
trough next to the furnace by which See Skip, 2; also Skirting.
slag is automatically removed or
skimmed from top of iron at cast, Skip-shaft. A (mine) shaft especially
and diverted to ladles or pit. (Will- prepared for hauling a skip.
cox) (Standard)
2. An iron bar for holding back the Skirting. A
road opened up or driven
slag in pouring molten metal. next to a fall of stone or an old
(Standard) fallen place. (Steel)
Skimming gate. A channel in a sand- Skit. A Cornish term for a pump
mold having over it a bridge that (Skinner)
removes the dross from molten
metal as it passes through (Stand- Skrin; Serin (Derb.). Cross fissures
ard). See Skimmer. in limestone, sometimes containing
small quantities of ore. (Power)
Skimming ladle. Any ladle used in
skimming; specifically, a ladle used Skull. 1. A crust of solidified steel
for pouring molten metal, having its lining a Bessemer ladle. (Ray-
lip covered with a guard to retain mond)
the dross. (Standard) 2. Solidified iron, graphite, and cin-
der in ladles at blast furnaces.
Skimmings; Skimpings (Corn.). The (Willcox)
poorest part skimmed off the ore in
a jig. (Raymond) Skull cracker. See Skull drop.

Skimping. Same as Jigging. See also Skull drop; Skull cracker. A place
Skimmings. where heavy ladle skulls are broken.
(Willcox)
Skin Friction between a
friction.
fluid and the surface of a solid mov- Skutterudite. An arsenide of cobalt,
ing through it. (Webster) of gray color and brilliant metallic
luster. (Chester)
Bkin to skin. As
close as practicable.
Timbers up
so close as to be
set Slab. 1. A
split piece of timber from
touching each other are said to be 2 to 3 inches thick, 4 to 6 feet long,
skin to skin; e. g., placing timbers and 7 to 14 inches wide, placed be-
on each other, as laying a wall with hind sets or frames of timber in
rock or brick. shafts or levels. 2. Pieces of wood
 ) )

GLOSSARY OF MINING AND MINERAL INDUSTRY. 621

sawed off the sides of a log. 3. Slag cement. A hydraulic cement

A skip or slice taken off the rib made by grinding (xranulated blast-
of an entry or room. (Steel) furnace slag with sip ked lime. ( Web*
4. Cleaved or finely parallel jointed ster)
rocks, which split into tabular plates
from 1 to 4 inches thick. Slabs are
Slag dump. A dumping place for
molten slag, or for shells, or cones
seldom so strong as flags. Also
that form in a slag pot. (Standard)
called Slabstone. (Power)
6. A mass of tin run into a stone Slag furnace. A furnrce designed for
mold. (Standard) extracting lead from slags.
Slabbing. 1. Close timbering between Slaggable. Capable of becoming, or
sets of timber. (Duryee) forming a slag.
Into,
2. Lagging placed over bars. Also
Slaggy. 1. Pertaining to, containing,
called Slabs. (Gresley)
or of the nature cf slag; as, a
3. Cutting a slice or slab from the
slaggy substance. 2, Of slaggy struc-
side of a pillar. See Slab, 3.
ture; said of rocks composed of in-
Slab entry. An entry which is widened termingled roughly cellular and com-
or slabbed to provide a working pact portions, like sla^ from an iron
place for a second miner. (Steel) furnace. ( Standard
Slabstone. A rock that readily splits Slag hearth. A hearth, on the principle
Into flags or slabs; flagstone. of the Scotch hearth, for the treat-
(Standard) ment of slags, etc., produced by lead
smelting in the reverberatory fur-
Slack. 1. Small coal; coal dirt. See
nace. The English slag hearth has
Culm, 2, (Raymond)
2. The process by which soft coal one tuyere the Castilian or Spanish
;

disintegrates when exposed to the

three. ( Raymond
air and weather (Steel). Also to Slag-lead. Lead obtained by a re-
slake, as lime. smelting of gray slag. (Raymond)
Slack box (Aust). A bin in which Slag notch. See Cinder tap.
fine coal (Slack, 1) is stored.
Slag pot. A vessel for the disposal of
(Power)
slag at furnaces. Small pots are
Slacken. In metal smelting, the scoria mounted on wheels and handled by
of previous operations, mixed with hand, while the larger ones are
the ores to retard or prevent fusion mounted on trucks for mechanical
of the nonmetallic portions. Also transportation. (Hofman, p. 258)
spelled Slakin. (Standard) See Slag buggy Slag car. ;

Slack wax. A name for a mixture of Slag shingle. Broken s'ag used In
paraffin wax and oil. (Bacon) road-building. (Standard)
Slade (Ir.). A long spade with an L- Slag wool. A finely fibrors mass pro-
shaped blade for digging peat. duced by blowing steam or air into
(Standard) molten slag (Raymond), Same as
Mineral wool.
Slag. 1. The vitreous mass separated
from the fused metals in smelting Slake. 1. To become slack
or loose.
ores. (Raymond) 2. To become mixed with
water, so
2. To form a slag, or to cohere when that a true chemical crjnbinatlon
heated so as to become a slag-like takes place, as In the awaking of
mass. (Century) lime. (Webster)
3. Volcanic scoria. (Standard) 3. (Scot.) A
glutinous sil* adher-
ing to the sides of deep boreholes
Slag brick. Brick made of furnace
especially In passing through fine
slag.
sandstone. (Barrowman)
Slag baggy (Local, U. S.). A very Slake trough. A blacksmith's »^ater
large pot for holding slag obtained
tank for cooling forgings or tools.
In the smelting of ores. It is
(Webster)
mounted on a railway truck or the
like so as to permit easy dumping, Slakin. See Slacken.
f Standard)
Slant. 1. Any short inclined crosscut
Blag car. A two- (or four-) wheeled connecting the entry with its air
Iron car used to carry slag from a course to facilitate the hauling of
furnace to a dumping place (Ce»- coal. Commonly called a Dip-switch
tury). A slag buggy. when the coal is not level. Also
 )

622 GLOSSAEY OF MINING AND MINEKAL INDUSTRY.

called Shoo-fly. (Steel) 2. A head- Slate picker. 1. A

man or boy who
ing driven diagonally between the picks the slate and bony coal from
dip and the strike of a coal seam; the coal. 2. Asegment of a cylin-
also called a Run. See Counter, 2. drical screen provided with narrow
(Raymond) slits, through whi<;h the flat pieces
of slate fall, but through which the
Slant chutes. Chutes driven di- coal (not being flat) can not pass.
agonally across to connect a breast
(Chance)
manway with a manway chute.
(Chance) See Slant, 2. Slate spar. A variety of crystallized
calcite. Called also Shiver spar.
Slap (Som.). Slack coal. (Gresley)
(Standard)
Slash (Eng.) A mass of coal crushed
and shattered by a movement of the
Slat gate. A gate, for controlling wa-
ter, composed of two upright grooved
earth's crust (Century)
posts with boards between, the
Slasher. In brickmaking, a wide boards or slats being removed or
sword-like implement for slicing added to regulate the height of wa-
masses of clay in search of stones ter. (Clennell, p. 177)
and roots. (Standard) Slaty. Characteristic of, pertaining to,
Slat. 1. A
thin piece of slate, as for resembling, or consisting of slate;
roofing. 2. A
flat piece of stone having the characteristic cleavage
used in veneering masonry. Also and texture of slate. (La Forge)
spelled Slatt. 3. (Prov. Eng.) Dark-
blue ooze, rather hard, left dry by
Slaty cleavage. A tendency to split
into thin, smooth, even plates, like
the ebb of the sea. (Standard)
slate, the more typical if the planes
Slate. A dense, fine-textured meta- of cleavage are transverse to the
morphic rock whose separate miner- bedding-planes. ( Standard

als are Indistinguishable to the un-

aided eye, and which has an excel-
Slawm (Derb.). A rock joint filled
with moist clay (Hooson). Also
lent parallel cleavage, so that it
Slaum, Sloam, Sloom.
breaks into thin plates or pencil-
like shapes (U. S. Geol. Surv.) Slazburg vitriol. A mixture of copper
Compare Shale. sulphate and ferrous sulphate crys-
A coal miner's term for any shale or tallized together about in the pro-
slate accompanying coal; also some- portion of 1:3. (Webster)
times applied to bony coal.
Sleek. 1. (Newc.) Mud deposited by
Slate cement. 1. A
cement made with water in a mine. (Raymond)
slate; a kind of hydraulic cement, 2. (Eng.) A kind of reddish sand-
2. A
mixture of broken slate and stone. (Webster)
tar or asphalt, used as a roofing ma-
terial. (Webster)
Sled. A drag used to convey coal
along the road to where it is loaded
Slate chute. 1. A chute for the pas- into cars, or to the chute (C. and M.
sage of slateand bony coal to the M. P.). Also called Sledge; Slype.
pocket from which it Is loaded into
A chute Sleek. 1. Having an even, smooth sur-
dump cars. 2. driven
face; slick. (Webster)
through slate. (Chance)
2. (Brist.) Soft and troublesome,
Slate clay.Shale. 2. A fire clay
1. as applied to the condition of the
occurring among coal beds. (Stand- floor in steep seams. (Gresley)
ard)
Sleeping rent. A fixed rent stated in
Slate coal.(Eng.)
1. A hard, dull leases of coal mines, as distin-
variety of coal. (Gresley) guished from royalty or share of
2. Coal that has pieces of slate of profits. (Standard)
greater or less size attached to it, Sleeping- table (Corn.). A stationary
which can be separated by breaking biiddle. For the strict distinction
the coal into smaller pieces and sub- sometimes made between huddle
jecting the coal to a washing proc- and table, see Buddie. (Raymond)
ess. (Power)
Sleeve. A piece of pipe or thimble for
Slate fault. A
local replacement of a covering a joint, or for coupling two
coal seam by slate; a simple thick- lengths of piping. (Webster)
ening of a regular slate parting is
also often designated by the same Slew (Derb.). A basin or swamp; a
term, or is called a "horse." wet marshy place. See Lum, 2.
(Chance) (Gresley)
 GI.OSSARY OF MIlsrilTG AND MINERAL. iNDtJSTRY. 623

Slice. 1. A thin, broad piece cut off, from the mountains. (Colo. Cen-
as a portion of ore cut from a pil- tral, etc.. Mining Co. v, Turck, 50
lar or face. 2. To remove ore by Fed. Rept., p. 890)
successive slices. 3. A
gem-slitting 6. A small dislocation in a rock
mill. (Standard) mass. (Standard)
Slice bar. A thin, wide iron tool for Slide joint. A connection acting in
cleaning clinkers from the grate- rod-boring like the jars in rope-bor-
bars of a furnace. (Standard) ing. (Raymond)
Slicer. A lapidary's slitting mill. Slide rule. An instrument, consisting
(Standard) in its simple form of a ruler with
a medial slide, ruler and slide being
Slicker. A small implement used in a graduated with logarithmic scales
foundry for smoothing the surface which are labeled with the cor-
of a mold. (Standard) responding antilogarithms. The
Slicing and filling system. See Over- graphic addition upon the slide and
hand stoping. rule of two divisions of the scale,
gives the product their antiloga-
Slicing machine. An upright pug mill, rithms. (Webster)
with radial blades, for slicing clay
in the manufacture of pottery. Sliding scale. 1.A mode of regulat-
(Standard) ing the wages paid working men by
taking, as a basis for calculation,
Slicing under mats of timber in
the market price of coal (or other
panels. See Top slicing and cover
product). The wages rise and fall
caving.
with the condition of trade, or mar-
Slicing under ore with back caving in kets. 2. (Ark.) A
method of pay-
rooms. See Top slicing combined ing for the coal In proportion to
with ore caving. the amount of lump coal it contains.
(Steel)
Slick. Ore in a state of fine subdi-
vision; synonymous with Slimes Sliding suction (Scot.). A
suction
(Duryee). Also called Slickens. pipe capable of being lengthened by
Slickens (Cal.). A word sometimes telescopic arrangement. (Barrow-
used to designate the d6bris, or tail- man)
ings, discharged from the hydraulic
Sliding the rail. Said of a driver
mines or from stamp mills.
(Hanks)
when he places one foot on the rail
in front of the car, and the other
Slickenside. A
polished and sometimes foot on the bumper, and with his
striated surface on the walls of a right hand holds on to the car and
vein, or on interior joints of the allows his foot to slide on the rail.
vein material or of rock masses. (Marquette Third Vein Coal Co. i?.
(Raymond) Produced by rubbing Allison, 132 Illinois App., p. 232)
during faulting, on the sides of fis-
sures or on bedding-planes. (La Sliding windbore (Eng.). The bottom
Forge) Also called Slicks. pipe or suction-piece of pumps used
in shaft sinking, having a lining
Slicking. A narrow vein of ore. made to slide or telescope within it.
(Standard) to give length without altering th(*
Slicks (Eng.). Smooth partings or adjustment of the whole column of
mere planes of division in strata pumps (Gresley). Also called Slid
( Gresley ) . Slickensides. ing suction.

Slide. (Corn.)
1. A vein of clay in- Slig; Sliggeen (Ir.). Shale. (Power)
tersecting and dislocating a vein
vertically; or the vertical disloca-
Slime. A
product of wet crushing con
taining valuable ore in particles s.»
tion Itself. 2. An upright rail fixed
fine as to be carried in suspension
In a shaft with corresponding
grooves for steadying the cages. See
by water; chiefly used in the plum I

(Webster) In metallurgy, ore re-

Guide. (Raymond)
3. The descent of a mass of earth
duced to a very fine powder and
held in suspension in water so as t<i
or rock down a hill or mountain
4. The track of bare
form a kind of thin ore-mud; gen-
side. rock
erally used in the plural. (Oei
left by a landslide. (Webster)
tury)
6. An accumulation of loose gravel
and detached bowlders washed down Slime-box. See Slime-pit
 ;

624 GLOSSARY OF MINING AND MINERAL INDUSTRY.

Slime-pit. A tank or large reservoir may have been no preceptible move-

of any kind into which the slimes ment. (Steel)
are conducted in order that they 4. The relative displacement of for-
may have time to settle, or in which merly adjacent points on opposite
they may be reserved for subse- sides of the fault, measured in the
quent treatment. See Slime. (Cen- fault surface. See Dip slip and
tury) Strike slip. (Lindgren, p. 119)
Slimer. A
machine that makes slime; 5. A
sudden descent of a hanging
for example, a tube mill. or sticking charge in a blast fur-
(Rickard)
nace. (Willcox)
Slime sludge. 1. The pulp or fine mud 6. Potter's clay in a very liquid
from a drill hole. 2. See Slime. state used for the decoration of
Slime table. A table for the treatment ceramic ware, or as a cement for
of slime. A buddle. handles or other applied parts. To
convert into slip. (Webster)
Slime washer. A vanner, concentra- 7. Same as a horseback, kettleback,
tor, or similar machine, used in the or kettlebottom. (Davis v. Nuttalls-
separation of ores. (Standard) burg Coal & Coke Co., 34 West Vir-
Slime water. Water defiled in wash- ginia, p. 502; Cons. Coal Co. v.
ing ore. (Standard) Scheller, 42 Illinois App., p. 621)

Sline. 1. Natural transverse cleavage

Slip clay. An easily fusible clay,
sometimes used to make a natural
of rock (Raymond). joint. A glaze on the surface of clay wares.
2. (Mid.). Pot holes in a mine roof.
(Ries)
(Gresley)
Slip cleavage. 1. Microscopic folding
Sline back. A
joint or crevice that and fracture accompanied by slip-
bounds a block of rock in the roof, page quarrymen's " false cleav-
;
as the upper surface of a pot hole age." (Ries)
or kettle bottom. 2. (So. Wales). The cleat of the
Sling. 1. In ceramics, a piece of wire coal in planes parallel with slips or
with a handle at each end for cut- faults. (Gresley)
ting clay. 2. To cut clay with a Slip-decoration. Decoration on cera-
sling. (Webster) mic ware made by applying slip or
3. A rope or chain put around stones barbotine with a small pipe.
or heavy weights for raising them. (Standard)
C. and M. M. P.) Slip-dike (Scot). A whin dike accom-
Sling cart. A kind of cart to trans- panied by a dislocation of the strata
port large stones, machines, etc., the a fault (Barrowman)
load being suspended by chains at- Slipes (So. Staff.). Sledge-runners,
tached to the axle. (Webster) upon which a skip is dragged from
the working breast to the tramway.
Sling chain (Scot). A chain by (Raymond)
which pump pipes are suspended.
(Barrowman) Slip-glaze. 1. A pottery glaze com-
posed of a fine clay or similar min-
Sling psychrometer. An instrument eral powder: applied mixed with
consisting of a pair of thermome- water. (Standard)
ters, provided with a handle, which 2. A glaze produced with slip-clay,
permits the thermometers to be which see. (Ries)
whirled rapidly, the bulbs being Slip-hook. A
hook, generally on a
thereby strongly affected by the tem- hinge, which can be readily discon-
perature of and moisture in the air. nected by withdrawing a cotter bolt
The bulb of the lower of the two that holds it in position. (Power)
thermometers is covered with thin Slip-kiln. A kiln consisting of a series
muslin, which is wet at the time of pans for drying potters' slip.
an observation is made. Used for (Standard)
determining humidity of the air.
(Liddell) Slippy (Eng.). Abounding in cracks
or joints; said of rocks in the Mid-
Slink Scot. ) .
( A
wide clayey joint ; a land coal field. (Standard)
stage. (Barrowman) Slippy backs (No. of Eng.). Vertical
Blip. 1. A 2. A smooth joint
fault. planes of cleavage occurring every
or crackwhere the strata have four or five inches in the seam of
moved upon each other. 3. (Ark.) coal. Also called Slip things. (Gres-
Joint in the eoaJ upon which there ley)
 —
GLOSSARY OF MINING AND MINERAL INDUSTRY. 625
Sllp-spear. A tool for extracting tub- Slope dook (Scot). An incline driven
ing from a bore-hole. (Gresley) not direct to the dip, i. e., intermedi-
Slip-strainer. A ate between the dip and strike.
strainer through which
potter's slip is passed. (Century) (Barrowman). Compare Slant, 2.
Slip-things (So. Staff.). The more or Slope heading (Scot.). A heading
less vertical planes of cleavage in driven not direct to the rise (Bar-
coal. See Slippy backs. (Gresley) rowman). The opposite of Slope
dook.
Slip-trouble (Scot.). Difficulties en-
countered in mining due to slips.
Slope mine. A
mine opened by a
See Slip, 1. slope or incline.

Slip-vein. A mineral vein accompanied Slope road (Scot). A road driven nt

by faulting or dislocation. an angle less than a right angle
(Skin-
ner) with level course. See Slope dook.
(Barrowman)
Slit. A communication between two
Sloping pump (Scot), A hand pump
levels. (Raymond)
laid on the slope of the strata to
Slitter (Eng.). A pick. (Gresley) drain dip workings. (Barrowman)
Slitting-disc. A gem-cutter's slitting- Slop-molding. A method of molding
mill. bricks in open-topped boxes or
molds previously dipped in water to
Slitting-mill. A rotating disc used by keep the clay from sticking to
gem-cutters in slitting; a slicer. them; distinguished from Pallet-
(Standard) molding. (Standard)
Sliver (Eng.). A thin wooden strip, Slop oil. Any
liquid product of pe-
inserted into grooves in the adjacent troleum which is not up to qua'ity.
edges of two boards of a brattice, Slop oils are usually put aside for
to make it air-tight. (Raymond) redistillation. (Bacon)
Sloam. A layer of clay between seams Slopping. In ceramics, a process of
of coal (Standard). Also Sloom. kneading clay to render it homo-
geneous. (Standard)
Slob (Eng.). Mud; a marsh or mire.
(Century) Slot (York.). To hole (Gresley). To
undercut or channel.
Slocking stone (Eng.). A piece of rich
ore used to tempt persons into a Slottere (Corn.). Dirty; muddy;
mining enterprise (Webster). See slovenly. (Pryce)
Salting a mine.
Slotting (York.). Coal cut away in
Sloom (Mid.). A soft, earthy, clay or the process of holing. Often used
shale often underlying a bed of coal in the plural (Gresley). Sometimes
(Gresley). Also Sloam; Slawn. called Bug-dust in the United
States.
Slop. In ceramics, to blend thor-
oughly, as clay, by kneading, or cut- Slovan (Corn.). 1. The outcrop or back
ting and piling. (Standard) of a lode. This generally applies
to the appearance of a lode in a
Slop brick. A name sometimes ap- marshy place. N. B. cropping out
plied to soft-mud brick. (Ries) is a Welsh, also East and North of
England, term but is never used in
;

Slope. An inclined passage driven Cornwall. (Hunt)

from the dip of a coal vein. 2. A gallery in a mine; day level:
Compare Slant, 2. When not open especially applied to damp places.
at one end to the surface, it is (Standard)
known as an inside slope. See also
Incline; Plane. Rock slope: A slope Sludge. 1. A term applied to the tar
driven through rock strata. Slope from the agitators in the chemical
air-course: A passageway parallel to treatment of distillates. 2. Soft
the haulage slope used for the pas- mud; muddy sediment steam in
sage of the air current. (Steel) boilers; slime resulting from ore
dressing. (Webster)
Slope cage; Slope carriage. truck on A 3. The fine mixture of water and
which the cars are raised at slopes bore meal produced by the action of
or steep dips. (Chance) a drill in a rock. 4. Refuse from a
75242'—19 40
626 GLOSSARY OF MINING AND MINERAL INDUSTRY.

coal-washing plant. 5. A device for paved with etc., to hold the

riffles,
pumping sludge from a bore hole; a quicksilver catching the gold.
for
sand pump or shell pump. (Stand- 2. To wash with or in a stream of

ard) water running through a sluice.

6. Sometimes synonymous with 3. To scour out, as a channel, by

Slime. means of a flood of water. (Web-

ster)
Sludge acid. Impure and dark-colored
sulphuric acid that has been used Sluice box. A wooden trough in which
in refining petroleum. (Webster) alluvial beds are washed for the
recovery of gold or tinstone. (Cox)
Sludge channel. A tail race for con-
veying the tailings away after the Sluice fork. A
form of fork having
gold has been extracted from allu- many used to remove obstruc-
tines,
vial beds. (Duryee) tions from a sluiceway. (Century)
Sludge door. An opening through Sluice gate. The sliding gate of a
which sediment may be moved. sluice. (W^ebster)
(Century) Sluice head (Aust.). A supply of 1
Sludge mill. A machine in which the cubic foot of water per second, re-
sludge (slime) from another mill is gardless of the head, pressure, or
washed (Duryee). As, for example, size of orifice (C. and M. M. P.).
a Slime table. Compare Miner's inch.
Sludge pump. A short iron pipe or Sluice valve. A sluice gate. (Web-
tube fitted with a valve at the lower ster)
end, with which the sludge is ex- Sluiceway. An artificial channel into
tracted from a bore-hole. (Gresley) which water is let by a sluice.
Sludger. A cylinder having an up- (Webster)
ward-opening valve at the bottom, Sluicing. Washing auriferous earth
to pump out the sludge or fine rock through long races or boxes, pro-
resulting from drilling (Ihlseng). vided with rifles and other gold sav-
A Sand pump; a Sludge pump. ing appliances, and so-called sluices,
Slue. To turn or twist about. To (Hanks)
slip or slide out of course (Web- Sluicing table (New Zealand). A ta-
ster). In cutting the coal the ma- ble, on wheels, used for washing
chine moves from right to left, the black sand for its gold content.
back part moving faster Mian the (Duryee)
front. It is necessary at intervals
to stop the machine and straighten Slum; Slums. 1. (No. Staff.) A black
it,or "slue" it, as called by miners. slippery, indurated clay. 2. A soft
(Consolidation Coal Co. v. Bailey, clayey or shaley bed of coal (Gres-
198 S. W. Kept., p. 562) ley). Also spelled Slumb.
3. Used in the plural for the dis-
Slug. 1. A lump of metal or valuable
charge or waste from hydraulic
mineral, e. g., Cassiterite or Cerar-
mines. See Tailing, and Slime.
gyrite. (Power) (Hanks)
2. A mass of half-roasted ore.
(Webster) Slumgullion. A muddy, usually red,
3. (Eng.) A loop formed at the deposit in the sluices. (Webster)
end of a rope through which a miner Slurry. 1. A thin watery mud, or any
passes his leg previously to descend- substance resembling it. 2. A thin
ing an old shaft or working. (Hunt) cement or mortar used to repair fur-
nace linings. 3. A watery mixture
Slugga. (Irish) A hole in the surface
of the powdered raw materials of
rock of some limestone formations,
hydraulic cement. 4. A wash used
caused by the falling in of parts of
by molders. (Webster)
the crust over subterranean streams
(Standard). Compare Sink; Sink-
5. (Eng.) A mixture of sulphides
and arsenides of copper, lead, and
hole.
silver, etc., resulting from silver-
Slugger. A
projection on the face of smelting. (Standard)
a crushing roll. (Richards, p. 105) Slush. 1. To fill in with mortar, ce-
Sluice. A
long, inclined trough,
1. ment, or the like, as the joints of
launder, or flume, usually on the a wall. (Webster)
ground, for washing auriferous 2. To fill mine workings with sand,
earth, floating down logs, etc. In culm, etc., by hydraulic methods.
gold mining such a contrivance is See Hydraulic mine-filling.
 GLOSSARY OF MINING AND MINERAL INDUSTRY. 627
Slushing, A synonym for Hydraulic Smart fire (No. of Eng.). A severe,
mine-lilllng. (U. S. Bu. Mines, bull. though small, mine explosion.
60) (Gresley)
Slyne. See Sline. Smart money (No. of Eng.). A weekly
Slype (Scot). A sled for drawing allowance of money given by em-
coal along the wall face, or in steep ployers to workmen who are injured
workings (Barrowman). Also called while at work (Gresley). Accident
Sawney. compensation.
Small (Eng.). A term frequently used Smear. 1. A
volatile flux for glazing
for slack or fine coal. (Gresley) ware. 2. To
give a luster to (ar-
Small bottom. A local term used at ticles of pottery) without glazing, as
Jenny Lind, Arkansas, for the by putting a volatile flux in the
smaller part of the bottom bench of kiln with the ware (Standard).
the coal seam. This is below the Also spelled Smeir.
top bottom and separated from it
by a smooth seam. (Steel) Smectite. 1. A green clay. (Standard)
2. Agreenish variety of halloyalte.
Small butty (Staff.). A contractor In certain states of humidity ap-
who engages to work a certain part pears transparent and almost gelati-
—
of a seam usually reckoned as a nous. (Dana)
—
certain width of face at a tonnage
price, the contractor finding and Smeddum. 1. (Scot). The smaller
paying the labor necessary to mine particles of ore which pass through
and deliver the coal to the haulage the sieve of the hutch. (Raymond)
road. (Redmayne) 2. (Eng.). Clay or shale separating
coal seams. (Webster)
Small coal. Coal broken into small
1.
3. Fine coal-slack. (Standard)
pieces, usually that smaller than
(Standard)
Also spelled, Smiddam, Smiddum,
stove size; slack.
Smitham, Smithem, Smitten and
2. Thin seams of coal ; also called
Low coal.
Smytham.

Small ore (Eng.). Copper, lead and Smeir, A semiglaze used on pottery;
zinc ore dressed to a small size a mixture of common salt and slip
(Hunt). Also called Smalls. glaze. See also Smear.

Smalls. 1. Small coal slack. 2, Small

;
Smelt. 1. To reduce metals from their
particles of mixed ore and gangue
ores by a process that includes fu-
(Standard). See Small ore.
sion. In its restricted sense smelt-
Small tin (Eng.). Tin recovered from ing is confined to a single opera-
slimes. (Hunt) tion, as the fusion of an iron
ore in a shaft furnace, the reduc-
Smalt. A blue pigment or glass, con-
tion of a copper matte in a rever-
sisting of silica, potash, and cob.ilt.
beratory furnace, and the extraction
(Raymond) of a metal from sweepings in a cru-
Smaltine. An arsenide of cobalt, often cible; but in its general sense it
containing nickel and iron. Also includes the entire treatment of the
called Smaltlte, Gray cobalt, Tin- material from the crude ore to the
white cobalt. (Century) finished metal, and embraces: (a)
the calcination or roasting, by
Smaltite. Cobalt
diarsenide, CoAsj.
means of which the sulphur and
Contains, when
pure, 28.2 per cent
other volatile constituents are ex-
cobalt. Through replacement of pelled; (b) The reduction of the re-
the cobalt by nickel it grades into
sulting furnace products, or the
chloanthite, the nickel arsenide,
smelting proper, and (c) the refin-
NIAs,. (U. S. Geol. Surv.)
ing of the product from the second
Smaragd. A precious stone of light operation. 2. To melt or fuse as a
green color; a variety of beryl. metal. (Standard)
(Dana)
Smelter. 1. One who is engaged In
Smaragdite. A thin-foliated variety smelting or who works in an estab-
of amphibole, near actinolite in com- lishment where ores are smelted.
position but carrying some alumina. 2. In the United States, smelting
It has a light green color, resembling works; an establishment where ores
much commoD green diallage. are smelted (Century). Also, more
(Dana) correctly called Smeltery.
628 GLOSSARY OF MINING AND MINERAL INDUSTRY.

Smeltered (Calif.). A term applied Smithsonite. Carbonate of zinc,

to animals that have been Injured ZnCOs. (Contains 52 per cent zinc.
by smelter fumes, either by inhala- (U. S. Geol. Surv.)
tion or by eating vegetation upon
which smelter fumes have settled. Smithy coal (Eng.). A grade of small
.

(U. S. Bu. Mines, bull. 98, p. 54) coal habitually used by blacksmiths.
(Century)
Smelters' ton. A long ton plus an
allowance for sandage, etc. (Stand- Smithy ore (No. of Eng.). A soft va-
ard) riety of hematite, much used for
forming bottoms of puddling fur-
Smeltery. A smelting establishment
naces. (Power)
(Webster). Better usage than
smelter, 2. Smitten. Fine gravel-like ore. occur-
Smelting furnace. A blast furnace, ring free in mud openings, or de-
reverberatory furnace, or other fur- rived from the breaking of the ore
nace in which ore is smelted for in blasting (C. and M. M. P.). A
the separation of a metal. (Stand- variation of Smeddum, 1.
ard)
Smoke. The exhalation, visible vapor,
Smelting house. A structure built or material that escapes or is ex-
over a smel ting-furnace; a smelt- pelled from a burning substance
ing works (Standard). A smeltery. during combustion; applied espe-
Smelting works. An establishment in cially to the volatile matter ex-
which metals are extracted from pelled from wood, coal, peat, etc.,
ores by furnaces. (Standard) A together with the solid matter
smeltery. which is carried off in suspension
with it. That which is expelled from
Smiddam; Smitham (Derb.). Lead-ore metallic substances is generally
dust (Raymond). A variation of called Fume or Fumes (Century).
Smeddum, 1. See Fume, 2; also Metallurgical
smoke.
Smiddum (Eng.). A variation of
Smeddum. (Webster) Smokeless gunpowder. A gunpowder
making very little smoke when ex-
Smiddum tails (No. Eng. and Scot.). ploded (Standard). See Smokeless
Ore sludge; ore slime (Standard). powder.
A variation of Smeddum.
Smokeless powder. An
explosive con-
Smlddy coal (Scot). Smithy coal.
sisting mainly of nitrocellulosein a
(Barrowman) more or less completely gelatinized
Smift (Eng.). A fuse or slow match. condition. Sporting powders usu-
(Raymond) ally contain besides nitrocellulose,
considerable foreign substances, as
Smitham; Smithem; Smytham. 1. barium nitrate, ammonium bichro-
(Mid.) Fine slack. 2. Clay or mate, etc., which facilitates the com-
shale between two beds of coal bustion without increasing too much
(Gresley) A variation of Smed- the gas pressure in the firearm.
dum, 2 and 3. (Brunswig, p. 242)

Smithery. 1. The art of shaping or Smoke room. 1. (Ark.) An entry air-

fashioning, as iron or steel, with course driven room width. (Steel)
a hammer and other tools; smith- 2, A room specially constructed in
ing. 2. A smith's shop; smithy. which noxious gases may be gener-
(Standard) ated and confined for the purpose
of testing breathing apparatus.
Smith process. A
variation of the
series system of copper refining in Smoke-shade. A scale of tints, ranging
which the plates are placed hori- from to 10, used for comparison
zontally, the top surface of each one of the smoke of different varieties
acting as cathode, the lower as of coal, which are graded according
anode. Linen diaphragms must be to the amount of unconsumed car-
placed between the plates to catch bon contained in their smoke, the
the slime. When these diaphragms lightest color indicating the most
break and allow the slime to drop complete combustion. (Standard)
on the cathode, it is difficult to
remedy any short circuits without Smokestone. Smoky quartz. (Web-
dismantling the tank. (Liddell) ster)
 ) )

GLOSSARY OF MINING AND MINERAL INDUSTRY. 629

Bmoke washer. A device in which Snap. 1. (Mid.) Lunch. See Bait

smoke is exhausted upwards against 2. (Mid.) A haulage clip. (Gre.s-
a downward spray of water to re- ley) Used in plural form.
move the solid particles in the 3. (Eng.) A small, flat pointed
smoke. (Webster) pick for chipping off brasses, stone
or slate from lump coal. (G. C.
Smoke zone. The area surrounding a Green well
smelting plant in which the smoke
or fumes damage vegetation, or in Snapper. A car coupler; trip rider.
which it may be classed as a public
menace or nuisance. (Bu. Mines, Snapping time (Mid.). A short pe-
Bull. 98, p. 28) riod of rest during a shift in which
a miner takes his lunch. (Gresley)
Smoky pit (Mid.). An upcast shaft
with a furnace at the bottom of it. Snatch (Eng.). A small chimney used
(Gresley) for ventilation. (Bainbridge)

Smoky quartz. A smoky, brown-col- Sneck. 1. (Scot) An appliance for

ored crystalline variety of quartz. diverting wagons, or cars, from the
Cairngorm. (Power) main line into a siding. (Gresley)
2. A latch or catch of a door. 3. To
Smoky topaz. A smoky quartz used lay rubble masonry with spalls and
for jewelry. (Webster) fragments to fill the Interstices.
(Webster)
Smooth (Wales). 1. The line of face,
as of a stall or room. 2. A plane Snecked rubble. Bonded rubble ma-
of cleavage more or less vertical. sonry. (Standard)
(Gresley)
Snecking. In masonry, rubble-work.
Smooth-head (York.). A smooth plane (Standard)
of cleavage. See Bright - head.
(Gresley) Snecky (Eng.). A wedge-shaped ver-
Smoothing mill. A lapidary's polish- ticalcut at the end of a stall or
ing wheel. (Standard) room. (Gresley)

Smored (Scot). Obstructed with rub- Snibble (Scot). A sprag or drag for
bish, mud, or silt, as the suction pipe hutches, wagons, or cars. (Bar-
of a pump. (Barrowman) rowman)
Smother kiln. A kiln in which the Snoff (Corn.). A short candle end,
smoke smothered
is to blacken the put under a fuse to light it (Ray-
pottery within. (Standard) mond). A variation of Snuff.
Smudge Coal partly deprived
coal.
Snore hole. The hole in the lower part
of its bitumen, and converted into or windbore of a mining pump, to
a sort of natural coke. (Power) admit the water. (Raymond)
Smut (So. Staff.). Bad, soft coal, con- Snore piece. The lowest end of a pump
taining much earthy matter. See set through which the water passes
Blossom. (Raymond) An Intake; a Suction
(Gresley).
Smuth, or Mucks (Eng.). Very in- pipe.
ferior coal (Gresley). A variation
Snort valve. A butterfly valve opening
of smut.
from the cold-blast main of a blast
Smythe producer. A furnace used for furnace to the atmosphere. Allows
the manufacture of producer gas. casting at the furnace without shut-
(Ingalls, p. 313) ting down the blowing engines.
Operated by large wheel or lever in
Snab (Scot.). The brow of a steep
cast house. (Willcox)
road; a short and steep part of an
Incline. ( Barrowman Snowbird mine (or Shipper). A mine
thnt produces or ships only small
Snake hole. A
bore-hole driven hori-
quantities of coal, and operates only
zontally or nearly so and approxi-
when coal is high by reason of a
mately on a level with the quarry
scarcity or a shortage of cars for
floor; also a bore-hole driven under
shipment. The coal is loaded from
a bowlder for containing a charge
wagons or trucks into cars on sid-
of explosives. In quarry work it is
ings. No tipple Is used. (Baltimore
called a "lifter." (Du Pont) & Ohio R. R. Co. V. Public Service
Snakestone. A spotted whetstone from Commission (W. Va.), 94 B. E. Kept,
Ayr. See Ayr stone. (Power) p. 547)
630 GLOSSARY OF MINTNG AND MINERAL INDUSTRY.

Snowshed (Mo.) A shed or structure Socab6n (Sp.). An adit. See Socav<Jii.

of heavy timber for the purpose of (Halse)
protecting the tub hookers and other
Socavado (Sp.). An undercut, as in
workmen on the station floor (in a coal mining. (Halse)
mine) from stone and debris falling
from the cans while being hoisted. Socavadora (Sp.). A coal cutter; a
(Reidnour v. Wilcox Mines Co., 147, coal-cutting machine. (Halse)
S. W. Kept, p. 852)
Socavadura (Sp.). Undercutting, as
Snub. 1. To increase the height of an in coal mining. (Halse)
undercut by means of explosives or
Socavon (Mex.). 1. A mining tunnel.
otherwise. 2. To check the descent
of a car, by a turn of a rope around
An adit level ; S. d hilo de veta, a
drift; (S. crucero, a cross cut.
a post. (C. and M. M. P.)
(Dwight)
Snubbing. 1. (N. Y. and Pa.) A term 2. In Mexico, any
gallery, the
applied by bluestone quarrymen to mouth of which at the surface.
is
the process of forcing a cross break 3. Socavones, large holes, pits, or
in the absence of an open seam. shafts. (Halse)
(Bowles)
Soeiedad (Sp.). Society, corporation,
2. Increasing the height of an under-
company, partnership; S. andnima,
cut by picking or blasting down the company a limited lia-
a joint stock ;
coal, just above the undercut.
bility company S. ineorporada^ a
;

Soak (Aust.). A natural receptacle chartered company. (Halse)

for conserving water drained off
rocky mounds. (Power)
Socket. 1. A
device fastened to the
end of a rope by means of which
Soaking pit. A chamber lined with re- the rope may be attached to its
fractory nonconducting material, in load; the socket may be opened and
which white-hot steel ingots are closed. (C. M. P.)
placed and kept until the proper tem- 2. (Eng.) The innermost end of a
perature for rolling is reached. shot hole not blown away after fir-
(Standard) ing. (Gresley)
3. A hollow tool for grasping and
Soak pit. A pit in which wet clay is lifting tools that have been dropped
allowed to soak preparatory to mold- in a well-boring. (Standard)
ing. (Ries)
Socketing. Same as Springing, 2,
Soams (No. of Eng.). A pair of cords which see. Du Pont)
about 3 feet in length, by which boys
pull tubs along the roads (Gresley). Soda. The normal carbonate of so-
A draft rope or chain. dium, NazCOs; soda ash: the latter
being the common name of the com-
Soapy heads (Eng.). The joints of mercial article used in chemical In-
stones, which are filled with a sapo- dustries.
naceous or talc-like mineral. ( Pryce)
Soda-alum. An alum of aluminum ana
Soap-rock. A synonym for Soapstone. sodium, sometimes found native as
(Chester) mendozite. (Standard)
Soapstone. 1. A metamorphic rock of Soda-ash. Commercial anhydrous so-
massive, schistose, or interlocking dium carbonate. Used extensively
fibrous texture and soft unctuous in manufacturing trades; also as a
feel, composed essentially of steatite flux, etc.
or talc, which is regarded as second- Soda-ball. Same as Black ash.
ary after some ferro-magnesian min- (Standard)
eral. 2. As used loosely by miners,
well drillers, and others, any soft Soda feldspar. See Albite.
unctuous rock, such as micaceous Soda granite. See Natron-granite.
shale or sericitic schist. (La Forge)
Sodalite. A silicate of sodium and
Sobarbo (Sp.). 1. A cam. 2. A tap- aluminum vrith some chlorine. Na4-
pet of a stamp mill. (Halse) (AlCl)Al2(Si04)8. (Dana)
Bobrante (Sp.). Residue, overplus, NaNOg.
Soda nitre. Sodium nitrate,
surplus, profit. (Hanks) (Dana)
Sobresabana (Colom.). Ore lying Soda-orthoclase. A variety of ortho-
higher than the sabana. (Hal^e) clase containing more or less so-
Bobrestante (Mex.). Overseer, fore- dium; also called Natron-orthoclase.
man, or shift bos& (Halse) (La Forge)
 GLOSSARY OF MINING AND MINERAL INDUSTRY. 631

Sodium. A soft, waxy, silver-white Soga (Mex.). A rope or thick cord;

metallic element of the alkali group. a cable for hoisting. (Dwight)
Symbol, Na; atomic weight 23.00;
specific gravity, 0.97. (Webster)
Soggendalite. A name proposed by G.
F. Kolderup for a variety of dia-
Sods ( Leic. ) . Clay beneath coal seams. base that is especially rich in py-
(Gresley) roxene and that is intermediate be-
tween true diabases and pyroxenites.
Soffioni. An
emanation, from the earth,
The type rock forms a dike near
of vapors which are principally bo- Soggendal, Norway. (Kemp)
ric acid; also, the opening from
which the vapors issue. See Solfa- Soguilla (Sp.). small A rope for
tara, Fumarole, and Mofette. hoisting ore, water, etc.
Sofocado (Mex.). Said of a mine Soil. Broadly and loosely, the rego-
1.
which has been abandoned on ac- lith, or blanket of unconsolidated
count of being drowned out, or from rock material that lies on the bed-
other causes. (Halse) rock. 2. More precisely, the earthy
or sandy layer, ranging in thickness
Soft. 1. Tender; friable; or full of
from a few inches to several feet,
slips and joints. (Gresley)
composed of finely divided rock
2. Bituminous as opposed to anthra- debris, of whatever origin, mixed
citic; said of coal. (Century)
with decomposing vegetal and ani-
Soft air (Scot). A stagnant state of mal matter, which nearly everywhere
the ventilation. (Barrowman) forms the surface of the ground and
in which plants grow or may grow.
Soften. To heat ore so that the min-
(La Forge)
erals are cracked and fissured, per-
mitting of easier crushing. (Rich- Soil cap. The earthy material that
ards, p. 9) often covers naturally the rock.
(Standard)
Softening. Of lead, the removal of
antimony and other Impurities. Sol (Colom.). A vein showing frag-
(Raymond) ments of ore at the surface of the
ground. (Halse)
Soft ground. Heavy ground. l^ock
about underground openings that Solapa (Colom.). A bituminous schist.
does not stand well and requires (Halse)
heavy timbering. (Weed)
Solar. A colloquialism among sur-
Soft-mud process. A method of mold- veyors to mean an observation on
ing brick, by forcing clay into the sun.
wooden molds. (Ries) Solar compass. A surveyor's compass
Soft ore (Lake Superior). A soft or having a solar attachment. (Web-
incoherent hematite, as opposed to ster)
the hard specular variety. Solar oil. 1. A name given to gas oil

Soft phosphate. A term used in Flor-

from petroleum of the Gulf or Mid-
Continent field. 2. A Russian pe-
ida which is applied arbitrarily to
anything phosphatic that is not dis-
troleum product possessing a spe-
cific gravity above 0.850, but not
tinctly hard rock. (Power)
exceeding 0.880, and a flash-point
Soft pitch. Pitch showing a penetra- not below 80* C. It is usually of a
tion of more than 10. (Bacon) very pale yellowish color. 3. Illumi-
nating oil derived from shale. (Ba-
Soft pottery. Pottery, the surface of con)
which unglazed and easily
is
scratched by a sharp-pointed piece Solar salt. A coarse salt obtained
of iron. (Standard) from brines by solar evaporation.
(Standard)
Softs (Mid.). Coal which breaks eas- Solayo (Mex.). A cuttlng-in hola
ily. (Gresley) (Dwight)
Soft seat (Eng.). Fire clay found un- Solder. A metal or alloy used to unite
der coal seams. (Power) adjacent surfaces of less fusible
metals or alloys. Soft solder is a
Soft solder. Solder melting below a
compound of tin and lead; hard
red heat used in tinning, plumbing,
;
solder, of copper and zinc, or tin
etc. (Standard). Usually a tin-lead and antimony; gold solder, of gold,
alloy, which melts at a lower tem-
silver, and copper; silver solder, of
perature than either the tin or lead.
silver and copper, or silver and
Soft steel. See Mild steel. brass; and so on. (Raymond)
 )

632 GLOSSARY OF MINING AND MINERAL INDUSTRY.

Boldier sprag (N. S. W.) A long Solid-drawn. Drawn from holfow In-
sprag used to support the coal seam gots, or otherwise, on mandrels of
by placing the upper end of the successively decreasing diameters;
sprag in the face of the coal between said bf certain seamless metal tubes.
the top of the holing and the roof. (Standard)
(Webster) Solid water (Scot). Water sufficient
Sole. 1. The bottom of a level. 2. to fill the pump barrel at each stroke.
The bottom of a reverberatory fur- (Barrowman)
nace. (Raymond) Solidworkings (Scot). In stoop and
3. (Eng.) A piece of timber set room workings, the first working or
underneath a prop. (Gresley) room driven into the solid coal (Bar-
4. The major fault plane over which
rowman). Distinguished from Pil-
other beds ride forward as a group lar-work or Pillar-drawing.
during distributive faulting. (Leith,
p. 49) Sollamadizo (Peru). Rock liable to
Solene. Synonymous with Gasoline run or cave. (Halse)
and Petroleum ether, which see. Sollame (Peru). A cave or run. See
(Bacon) Derrumbe. (Halse)
Solenhofen stone. A limestone found Sollar; SoUer. 1. The plank flooring
at Solenhofen, Bavaria, valued for of a gallery covering a gutter-way
lithographic purposes. (Webster) beneath. 2. The platform in a shaft
Sole piece. See Sole, 3.
between two ladders. (Ihlseng)
3. A longitudinal partition forming
Sole plate (Scot). The plate on an air passage between itself and the
which a machine rests. (Barrow- roof in a working. (Webster)
man) 4. (Mich.). A platform from which

Solera (Sp.). 1. A stone or cast-iron

trammers shovel or throw the ore or
bottom of a Chilian mill; a hearth rock into a car. (Le^ v. Tamarack
stone; well or bottom of a furnace.
Min. Co., 152 N. W. Rept, p. 1022)
2. The lower mill stone. 3. A See also Sailer.
ground sill. 4. A railroad tie. 5. Soluble glass. A simple silicate of
A rest for grate bars. 6. The shoe potash or soda, or both. (Ure)
of a stamp. (Halse)
Solute. The substance dissolved in a
Soleta (Spain). A clay band occur- solution. (Rickard)
ring above a coal seam. (Halse)
Solution. 1. The change of matter
Solevantamiento (Sp.). Elevation of from the solid or gaseous into the
strata; an uplift. (Lucas) liquid state by its combination with
Solfanaria (It.). A sulphur mine. a liquid; when unaccompanied by
(Standard) chemical change, called physical so-
lution; otherwise, chemical solu-
Solfatara. An dormant
expiring or tion. 2. The result of such change;
volcanic vent from which steam and a liquid combination of a liquid and
vapors are emitted; also a district a nonliquid substance. (Standard)
or area in which volcanic emana-
tions are given off from fissures and Solution plane. A
direction In a crys-
small vents. Compare Fumarole, tal of relatively easy solubility, as
Mofette, and Soffioni. ( La Forge
•
when the substance is under great
pressure. Chemical action along so-
Solicitud (Hex.). The application for
lution planes in minerals in rocks
a mining claim. Petition. (Dwight)
has often resulted in Schilleriza-
Solid. 1. CJoal that has not been un- tion. (Webster)
dermined, sheared, cut, or other-
wise prepared for blasting. Used in Solution pressure. Pressure due to the
the expression, " Shooting off the tendency of atoms or molecules to
solid." 2. That part of the coal pass into solution; specifically, that
which can not be thrown out by a tending to drive metals into solu-
single shot, or the coal beyond the tion, which is the cause of the elec-
loose end. Used in expressions de- tric current from a primary bat-
scribing holes drilled for blasting tery. (Webster)
as "3 feet into the solid," or "on
the solid." (Steel)
Solvay process. A soda-making proc-
ess by which a concentrated solu-
Bolid crib-timbering. Shaft-timbering tion ofcommon salt is treated with
with cribs laid solidly upon one an- ammonia and carbon dioxide, yield-
other. (Raymond) ing sodium bicarbonate, tbe ammo*
 )

GLOSSARY OF MINING AND MINERAL INDUSTRY. 633

Dia being recovered by lime or mag- become relatively concentrated in
nesia; the ammonia-soda process. those portions in which the tem-
(Standard) perature is lowest. (Ore Dep., p.
64)
Solvsbergite. An aphanitic or slightly
porphyritic igneous rock, intermedi- Soroche. 1. (Peru) A
disease caused
ate between grorudite and tinguaite, by rarefaction of air at great alti-
having the composition and texture tudes. 2. S. plomoso (Mex.) Lead
of trachyte. (La Forge) In the carbonate; S. relucientv, argen-
most basic variety quartz entirely tiferous galena. (Dwight)
fails and nephelite appears. (Kemp)
Sorter. One who sorts or classifies ore
Sombra (Sp.). Shade; gray tinge of by hand.
certain ores or matrices of ores.
(Min. Jour.)
Sorting hammer. A hammer for
breaking up ores in sorting. (Stand-
Sombrero (Sp.). 1. A hat 2. S. de ard)
hierro, gossan. See Colorados. 3.
Sory. A black earth impregnated
(Peru) A cap-piece used in tim- with vitriol; vitriols in general.
bering. 4. A cowl, bonnet, hood, or
(Webster)
dome. (Halse)
Somero deposits.
Sos (So. To sink into the
Staff.).
(Sp.). Superficial floor under
great pressure from
(Halse) overlying strata (Gresley). Said of
Sonda (Sp.). A boring tool. (Halse) mine timbers and pillars.
Sondear (Sp.). To sink a prospect Sosa (Sp.). 1. Soda ash. 2. Native
bore-hole. (D wight) carbonate of soda. (Halse)
Sondeo (Sp.). A prospect bore-hole. Soterramiento (Sp.). The caving-in
(D wight) of mine workings. (Halse)
Sooty coal (Eng.). Dull, soft coal. Sotlanque (Mex.). Chalcopyrite.
(G. C. Green well) Sotominero (Sp.). A deputy mine
Soplado (Oolom.). Alluvium deposited captain. (Lucas)
by a cataract or a strong current of Souffle. Spotted or mottled by blow-
water. (Halse) ing liquid color upon it, as through
Soplador (Sp.). A blower of gas. lace or network; said of pottery-
(Halse) decoration. ( Standard

Soplante (Sp.). A blowing engine. Sough (Eng.). An adit for draining

(Halse) a mine; a ditch; a drain. (Web-
ster)
Soplar (Sp.). To furnish blast for a
furnace. (D wight) Sounding. Knocking on a roof to
1.
see whether it is sound or safe to
Soplete (Sp.). Blowpipe; tuyere; En- work under. 2. Rapping on a pillar
saye al soplete^ a blowpipe assay.
to signal a person on the other side
(D wight) of it, or to enable him to estimate
Soplo (Sp.). Blast, as for a furnace. its width. (Steel)
(Dwight) Sour. Having an acid or
1. tart taste.
Soquete (Mex.). 1. Clay for stopping Applied to minerals having the taste
furnace tap. 2. Clay In vein. of sulphuric acid. (Dana)
(Dwight) 2. To macerate and render fit for
plaster or mortar; said of lime.
Soquetero (Mex.). One who wets and
(Webster)
kneads clay to be used at the fur-
nace. (Dwight) Sout6nement ( Fr. ) The propping and
.

packing to support the roof. (Gres-

Sordavalite. An old name for the ley)
glassy salbands of small diabase
South Staffordshire or Thick-seam
dikes formerly regarded as a min-
eral. It is derived from Sordavala,
method. See Room - and - pillar
method.
a locality in Finland. Coinpare
Sow. 1. A tool used in sharpening
Wichtisite. (Kemp)
machine-drill bits. (Gillette, p. 54)
Soret's principle. That principle by 2. A channel or runner which con-
which, if differences of temperature ducts the molten metal to the rows
are induced in a solution of com- of molds in the pig bed. 3. A mass
mon salt or other substance in of metal solidified in such a channel
water, the dissolved material will or mold. (Webster)
634 GLOSSARY OF MINING AND MINERAL INDUSTRY.

4. An accretion that frequently Spanish furnace. A form of reverber-

forms in the hearth or crucible of a atory furnace used in the lead dis-
furnace. It consists mainly of iron. tricts of Spain. (Century)
Also called Salamander, Bear, or
Shadrach. 5. (Western U. S.) A Spanish ocher. A variety of red ocher.
(Standard)
movable shed used as a protection
by miners. (Standard) Spanish tile. Roofing tile having an
S-shaped cross section. (Ries)
Sowback. Same as hogback or horse-
back; a kame or drumlin. Spanish topaz. See False topaz.

(D wight)
Spar. 1. As
used, loosely, almost any
Soyote (Hex.). Vug. transparent or translucent, readily
Spaad. A fibrous talc. From the Ger- cleavable, crystalline mineral having
man spath. (Webster) a vitreous luster (La Forge), as
calcspar, fluorspar, feldspar, heavy-
Space of discission, ^ee Discission. spar, etc.
2. A Cornish name for quartz.
Space of dissolution. See Dissolution.
Sparable tin (Corn.). Tin ore in
Spacing. In quarrying, the distance grains like sparables or small nails.
between drill holes in a row. (Webster)
(Bowles) Spare (No. of Eng.). A wedge from 6
to 8 inches long, for driving behind
Spad. See Spud. plates when adjusting them to the
Spade. A cameo - cutter's tool,used circle of the shaft (Gresley). Also
with diamond powder. (Webster) called Spear wedge.

Spadiard (Corn.). A worker in the Sparkle metal. A copper matte con-

(Standard) Also Spal- taining about 74 per cent copper.
tin mines.
liard.
(Webster)

Spal (Corn.). See Spall. Sparry. Resembling, consisting of, or

abounding with spar spathic. (Web-
;

Spale. 1. (Corn.) In mining, to fine ster)

for disobedience of orders. (Ray-
Sparry coal (Scot). Coal, the backs
mond)
or joints of which are filled with
2. A variation of Spall. 1.
calcite. (Barrowman)
Spall; Spawl. 1. To brenk ore. Rag-
Sparry iron. Siderite. (Webster)
ging and cobbing are, respectively,
coarser and finer breaking than Sparry lode. A lode filled with spar,
spalling, but the terms are often e. g., fiuorspar, calcspar, or heavy-
used interchangeably. Pieces of ore spar. (Power)
thus broken are called spalls.
(Raymond)
Spartaite. A variety of calcite con-
taining some manganese. (Cen-
2. In masonry, to reduce irregular
tury)
blocks of stone, approximately to
size bv chipping with the hammer. Spathic. Of, pertaining to, or resem-
(Webster) bling spar, especially, having cleav-
age. (Standard)
Spaniard; Spallier. (Eng.). A pick-
man; a working miner. A laborer Spathic iron ore. See Siderite.
In tin works. (Pryce)
Spathose. Same as Spathic.
Spalling-floor. A place for spalling.
Spatter cone. A secondary or "para-
(Standard) sitic" lava cone. (Chamberlin, vol.
Spalt. A scaly whitish mineral, used 1, p. 580)
as a flux for metals. (Standard)
Spattle. 1. To sprinkle, as earthen-
Span-beam (Eng.). A
long wooden ware, with glaze or colored slip; to
beam supporting the head pivot of make pasty-colored ware. 2. A tool
the drum axle of a gin, and resting for mottling a molded article.
at the extremities upon inclined (Standard)
legs. (Gresley)
Spattling - machine. A machine for
Spangle gold
(Aust.). Smooth, flat spattling earthenware. (Standard)
scales of gold. (Da vies) Spatula. An implement shaped like a
Spanish chalk. A variety of talc knife, flat, thin, and somewhat flexi-
or soapstone from Aragon, Spain. ble. Used especially in chemical
(Century) laboratories and assay ofiices.
 ; )

GLOSSARY OF MINlisTG Ai^D MINERAL INDUSTRY. 635

Spavin; Spavan (York.). Clunch, or Spectacle furnace. A form of shaft-

ordinary bottom or underclay. furnace, used in Germany, with two
(Gresley) tap holes, having an inclined bottom
from which the melted metal flows
Spawl. See Spall. into an outside receptacle. (Stand-
Speak (Aust.). To give signs of ard)
weight by cracking. Said of mine
props. (Power)
Spectacle stone. An early popular
name for selenite, alluding to its
Speaking flame-lamp (Eng.). An early transparency. ( Chester
type of safety lamp. See Singing
lamp.
Spectroscope. An
instrument used to
produce spectrum of the light
a
Spear (Eng.). A wooden pump rod from any source by the passage of
cut into lengths of about 40 feet, the rays through a prism or their
and, for heavy work, often measur- reflection from a gi'ating, and for
ing 16 inches square. Wr ought- the study of the spectrum so formed.
iron spears are also used. (Gres- (Century)
ley)
Spectrum. The continuous band of
Spear plates (Eng.). Wrought-iron light showing the successive pris-
plates bolted to the sides of spears matic colors or the insolated lines
where joined together. (Gresley) or bands of color. (Century)
Spear pyrite. A variety of marcasite, Specular. Mirror-like, as specular iron
in twin crystals resembling the ore, which is a hard variety of hema-
head of a spear. (Webster) tite. See Specularite.
Spear-wedge (Aust). A long wooden Specular coal. Same as Pitch coal.
wedge used for centering iron tub- Specular iron. See Specularite.
bing and which helps to pack up
the space between the tubbing and Specularite; Specular hematite; Specu-
the rock (Power). Also called lar iron; Gray hematite. An iron
Spare. oxide, FejOs, occurring in tabular or
Special place (Aust). A
place where disklike crystals of gray color and
coal cannot be won so easily as in splendent metallic luster. Also called
" micaceous hematite " if occurring
ordinary working places; e. g., de-
velopment work, headings, etc. in foliated or micaceous masses.
(Power) Contains 70 per cent iron. See
Hematite. (U. S. Geol. Surv.)
Special steel.Steel in which another
element than carbon gives the char- Specular schist. See Itabirite.
acteristic hardness, as chrome or
nickel steel. (Standard)
Specular A laminated ore
slate-ore.
with smooth face and brilliant reflec-
Specific gravity. The ratio of the tion (Standard). Compare Itabirite.
weight of a body to that of an
Specular stone. Mica. (Standard)
equal volume of some standard sub-
stance, water in the case of solids Speculum metal. An alloy of copper,
and liquids, air in the case of gases 66, and tin, 33 parts (Ure). Used
numerically equal to the density. in making the mirrors of reflecting
(Standard) telescopes.
Specific heat. The number of units of Speed (Corn.). A quick, but wasteful
heat required to raise a unit of way of dressing, or rather coarse
mass of any substance one degree cleaning of copper ore, by an iron
in temperature. (Standard) grate in a swift current of water.
Specimen. Properly speaking, a sam- (Pryce)
ple of anything; but among miners
it Is often restricted to selected or
Speiss; Speise (Ger.). A
basic ar-
handsome minerals, as fine pieces of senide, or antimonide of iron, often
ore, crystals, or pieces of quartz con- with nickel, cobalt, lead, bismuth,
taining visible gold. (Roy. Com.) copper, etc., having a metallic luster,
high specific gravity, and strong
Speckstone. Adapted from Speckstein, tendency toward crystallization. It
" bacon-stone " an early name for
; takes up gold with avidity, but has
talc, because it feels greasy. (Ches- a less aflSnlty for silver than copper
ter) matte. The speiss obtained in lead-
Spectacle. A two-handled frame for smelting is an arsenical speiss. Anti-
carrying well-boring tools. (Stand- monial speiss is occasionally made
ard) in smelting skimmings. (Peters, p.
636 GLOSSARY OF MINING AND MINERAL INDUSTRY.
231; Hofman, p. 354). Impure me-
tallic arsenides (principally of iron),
produced in copper and lead smelt-
ing. Cobalt and nickel are found
concentrated in the speiss obtained
from ores containing these metals.
(Raymond)
Spell.A rest period for crews at fur-
nace, stock house, etc., or a period
of work in drilling the tap hole
(Willcox). A change or turn.
Spellerizing. Subjecting the heated
bloom to the action of rolls having
regularly shaped projections on their
working surface, then subjecting the
bloom while still hot to the action
of smooth-faced rolls. The surface
working is said to give a dense tex-
ture to pipe made from the bloom,
adapting it to resist corrosion. (Lid-
dell)
Spelter. The zinc of commerce, more
or less impure, in slabs, plates or in-
gots cast from molten metal. It does
not include zinc dust.
Spelter solder. Hard solder contain-
ing zinc. (Standard)
Spence automatic desulphurizer. An
improved Maletra furnace provided
with automatic rakes. (Peters, p.
220)
Spence furnace. A furnace of the
muffle or reverberatory type, the
ore being supported On shelves and
stirred mechanically. (Ingalls, p.
156; Peters, p. 214)
Spend. 1. To break ground; to con-
tinue working. (Raymond)
2. To exhaust by mining; dig out;
used :n the phrase to spend ground.
(Standard)
Spent shot. A blast hole that has been
fired, but has not done its work.
(C. and M. M. P.)
Sperrylite. Platinum arsenide, PtAs2.
The theoretically pure mineral
would contain 56.5 per cent plati-
num, but antimony and rhodium
are also present in small quantities.
(U. S. Geol. Surv.)
Spessartite. 1. A variety of garnet.
See Garnet. (U. S. Geol. Surv.)
2. A dike rock which, whether
porphyritic or granitoid in texture,
consists of prevailing plagioclase,
hornblende, and diopside. Ortho-
clase and olivine occasionally ap-
pear The name is derived from
Spessart, a group ot mountains in
the extreme northwest of Bavaria,
but as it has already been used for
a variety of garnet, it is a very un-
fortunate selection. (Kemp)
Spew. The cauliflower-like blowout or
outcrop of a lode that extends be-
yond the limits of the defined vein
deeper down. (Power)
Spewing. An exudation of soft ma-
terial through gravelly or broken
stuff bedded on mud, soft wet clay,
or the like. (Webster)
Sphasrite. A hydrous phosphate of
aluminum, allied to Wavellite.
(Century)
Sphalerite; Blende; Blackjack; Jack;
Hoslnjack; Zinc blende. A sulphide
of zinc, ZnS, crystallizing in iso-
metric forms. Contains 67 per cent
zinc. See Wurtzite (U. S. Geol.
Surv.). Called .-^Iso Mock-lead; False
galena.
Sphene. Calcium silicotitanlte, CaTi-
SiO, (Dana). Called also Titanite.
Sphenoid. In crystallography, a hemi-
hedral form (1) of the orthorhom-
bic system included under four
equal scalene triangular faces, or
(2) of the tetragonal system in-
cluded under four equal isosceles
triangular faces. (Standard)
Sphenolith. A term Invented to dis-
tinguish the special form and rela-
tions of intrusion at Las Parro-
quias, Mexico. A
rock mass of the
injected class, partly concordant
like a thick sill, and partly discord-
ant. The country rocks have been
displaced and even overturned.
(Daly, p. 88)
Sphere ore. Fragments of rock en-
crusted with metallic minerals. Co-
carde ore. (Power)
Spherocobaltite. Cobalt carbonate In
spherical masses and having a
peach-blossom red color. (Century)
Sphero-crystal. A
homogeneous spher-
ulite formed of minute crystals
branching outward from the center
(Standard). See Spherulite.
Spheroidal. 1. A descriptive term ap-
plied to igneous rocks that break up
on cooling into spheroidal masses
analogous to basaltic columns; also
used as a synonym of orbicular as
applied to certain granites. (Kemp)
2. In crystallography, enclosed by
convex surfaces. (Standard)
Spherosiderite. A variety of iron car-
bonate occurring in globular con-
cretionary forms. (Century)
Spherulite. A rounded or spheroidal
aggregate, not uncommonly, concen-
trically zoned, more rarely holloVr, of
radiating, prismatic or latJi-like cry»

GLOSSARY OF MINING AND MINERAL INDUSTRY.
more minerals, formed
tals of one or
in some igneous rocks under certnin
conditions of crystallization. (La
Forge)
Spherulitic ore. A globule of ore hav-
ing a radiated structure. Sphere
ore. (Power)
Spider. Askeleton or frame having
radiating arms or members, as a
casting forming the hub and spokes
to which the rim of a wheel is se-
cured (Webster). See Drum horns.
Spider-v^eb rock (Ohio). A local term
for sandstone beds that show cross
bedding on a small scale, which is
complicated l).v intricate interlacing
of fine bedding planes (Bowles).
Frequently seen in sawed stones, es-
pecially where the lamination is
slightly oblique or irregular. It is
very like the grain of wood that
shows in a planed board. (Merrill)
Spiegeleisen. Manganiferous white
cast iron (Raymond). Used in the
manufacture of steel by the Bes-
semer process. Called Spiegel
Spiegel-iron.
Spigot. 1. The end of a pipe, fitting
or valve that is inserted into the
bell end. 2. The tapered male part
of an inserted joint, as in plumber's
wiped joint. 3. A cock, tap, or fau-
cet used to draw water, etc. (Nat.
Tube Co.)
Spigot joint. A pipe joint made by
tapering down the end of one piece
and inserting it into a correspond-
ingly widened opening In the end of
another piece. Sometimes called
Faucet joint. (Nat. Tube Co.)
Spike amygdnle. A cylindrical amyg-
dule whose longer axis Is at right
angles to the bedding. (Standard)
Spike team. 1. A team consisting of
three draft animals, two of wliich
are at the pole while the third -ads
(Century). Three mules, two
abreast and one in the lead, used
in a mine to haul coal cars. (Him-
rod Coal Co. v. Cllngan, 114, Illi-
nois A pp., p. 570)
2. (Ark.) A tandem team of nules
for hauling coal. (Steel)
Spiking cnrb (Eng.). A curb to the
inside of which plank tubing Is
spiked [Raymond)
Spilching (Eng.). A soft, friable
chine-made brick. (Standard)
Spile. 1. A temporary lagging driven
ahead on levels in loose ground.
See Spill. 2. A short piece of plank
haip»aied flatways and used for
;
637
driving into watery strata as sheet
piling to assist in checking the flow.
(Steel)
3. A large timber for forcing into
the ground to serve as a founda-
tion a pile.
; (Standard)
Spilite. An early French name for
dense, amygdaloidal varieties of dia-
base. (Kemp)
Spill. Any of the thick laths or poles
driven ahead of the main timbering
to support the roof or sides in ad-
vancing a level in loose ground, or
to support the sides of a shaft when
sinking through a tlratum of loose
ground (Webster). Same as Spile,
1 and 2.
Spilling (Corn.). A process of driv-
ing or sinking through very loose
ground (Raymond). Also the flat
timbers used in the process. See
Spile; also Spill.
Spill-trough. A trough to receive
melted brass that may be spilled in
pouring from a crucible into a flask.
(Standard)
Spillway. 1. A passage for superflu-
ous water in a reservoir, to prevent
too great pressure on the dam. 2.
A paved apron or a dam over which
the water flows. (W^ebster)
Spilosite. A contact metamorphic rock
composed chiefly of chloritic and
feldspathic material and formed
from shale or argil lite by the heat of
diabasic intrusions (La Forge). It
corresponds to the hornfels of
granite contacts. (Kemp)
Spindle. 1. In founding, a rod or pipe
used in forming a core. (Stand-
ard)
2. (Derb.) A small piece of wood
set in the ground to mark the
boundary of a mine. (Mander)
Spindle breaker. A gyratory rock
breaker or crusher. (Richards, p.
1206)
Spindle oil. The lighter portion of
the petroleum distillates suitable for
lubrication of light-running machin-
ery. (Bacon)
Spine. A
mass of igneous rock solidi-
fied in the vent of a volcano a plug. ;
(Dally, p. 130)
Spinel. An isometric mineral, typi-
cally magnesium alluminate, MgO.-
Al20». The magnesium may be In
ma- part replaced by ferrous iron, or
manganese, and the aluminum by
ferric Iron and chromium. Spinel
Is red, yellow, green, bla^k, and
other colors, and Is used as a gem.
(U. S. Geol. SuFY.)
638 GLOSSARY OF MINING AND MINERAL INDUSTRY.

Spiracl<»-.One of the minute cones width of each box is double that of

formed on the surface of a liquid its predecessor, while the lengths in-
lava stream by steam or gases crease by arithmetical progression
escaping from the mass. Called also (Richards). See Funnel box.
Bocca. (Standard)
Spitzlutte. A
device, for classifying
Spiral. A
spiral coal chute that me- ore slimes, consisting of a V-shaped
chanically separates the slate from box, as distinguished from the py-
the coal. The coal being irregular ramidal boxes of the spitzkasten.
in- shape and light falls over the Classification is dependent on the
edge of the spiral due to centrifugal downward movement of ore particles
force, while the flatter and heavier in a rising stream of water admitted
slate adheres somewhat to the chute at the bottom. (Liddell)
surface and is carried down to a
special pocket.
Splasher. A plate lined with fire brick
and placed over the Iron trough
Spiral drum. A kind of conical wind- next to the tap hole to keep down
ing drum. (Gresley) flame that blows from the tap hole
during a cast. (Willcox)
Spiral worm (Eng.). A tool for ex-
tricating broken boring rods. (Gres- Splendent. Applied to the degree of
ley) luster of a mineral, reflecting with
Spire. 1. The tube carrying the train brilliancy and giving well-defined
to the charge in a blast hole. Also images, as hematite, cassiterite.
called Reed or Rush, because (Dana)
these, as well as spires of grass, are Splent (Aust). See Splint.
used for the purpose. (Raymond)
A kind of fuse. Spliced. Applied to veins when they
2. (Leic.) Coal of a hard, dull, pinch out and are overlapped at
slaty, nature, and difficult to break. that point by another parallel one.
(Gresley) (Power)
Spirit of alum. An aqueous solution Splint; Splint coal. A hard variety of
of sulphur dioxide. (Webster) bituminous coal that ignites with
difficulty, owing to its slaty struc-
Spirit of copper. Acetic acid obtained ture, but makes a clear, hot fire.
by distilling copper acetate. Called also Splent; Splent-coal.
Spirit of salt. Hydrochloric acid ; for- (Standard)
merly so called. (Standard) Split. 1. To divide an air current
Spirit of tin. Stannic chloride. (Web- into two or .e separate currents.
ster) 2. Any division or branch of the
ventilating current. 3. The work-
Spirit of vitriol. Sulphuric acid; oil
ings ventilated by that branch. 4.
of vitriol. (Webster)
Any member of a coal bed split by
Spit. 1. A small point of land extend- thick partings into two or more
ing into a body of water, or a long, seams. 5. A bench separated by a
narrow shoal extending from the considerable interval from the other
shore. (Webster) benches of a coal bed. (Steel)
2. To light a fuse. (Duryee) 6. To divide a pillar or post by driv-
3. (Pro v. Eng.) A
spade's depth in ing through it one or more roads.
digging. 4. (Virginia, U. S.) In (Gresley)
brickmnking, a certain amount of
brick clay. (Standard) Split brilliant.A brilliant split apart
at the base of its pyramidal forms,
Spitting. 1. An action of or appear- so as to make two gems. (Stand-
ance on the surface of slowly cooled ard)
large masses of melted silver or
platinum, in which the crust is Split rock. A rock possessing tabular
forcibly perforated by jets of oxy- structure, or which cleaves easily In
gen, often carrying with them drops the lines of lamination, and conse-
of molten motal. Called also Sprout-
quently suitable for fiagging and
(Standard) curbstones. (Merrill)
ing.
2. Lighting the fuse for a blast
Split shovel. A
device for sampling
(Du Pont) ore, consisting of a fork in which
Bpitzkasten. A series of hopper- the prongs are separate scoops, each
shaped or pointed boxes for sepa- scoop being the same width as the
rating mineral-bearing slimes, ac- open spaces between. (Richards, p.
cording to fineness, In which the 844)
 —
GLOSSARY OF MINING AND MINERAL, INDUSTRY. 639

Same as Split, 1.
Spilt the air (Scot). Spotted. An irregularity of the ore
content of any vein ; pockety.
Splitter. One employed in the mica
industry whose duty it is to sepa- Spout. 1. (So. Staff.) A short under-
rate mica into thin sheets. ground passage connecting a main
road with an air heading. (Gres-
Splitting knife. A knife used for
ley)
diamond cleaving. (Standard)
2. (Newc.) A box or trough down
Splittings (Lane). Two horizontal which coal is run from the wagons
level headings driven through a or cars into ships. (Min. Jour.)
pillar, in pillar workings, in order
to mine the pillar coal. (Gresley)
Sp outer. Anwell the flow of
oil
which has not been controlled by the
Splitting shot (Ark.). A shot put engineers. (Webster)
into a large mass of coal detached
A
Spout hole (So. Wales). short sid-
by a previous blast (Steel). See
ing upon which trams are loaded in
Block hole.
the mine. (Gresley)
Spodumene. Lithium-aluminum sili-
cate, Li20.Al203.4Si02. Used as a
Spout mouth (Scot.). A place on a
level road where the material from
source of lithia, of which it contains
a spout (or chute) is filled into the
as a maximum 8.4 per cent. The
cars. (Barrowman)
clear green variety, hiddenite, and
the clear pink or lilac, kunzite, are Spout road (Scot). A chute so steep
used as gems. (U. S. Geol. Surv.) that the mineral slides down to the
haulage level. (Barrowman)
Spoil. 1. D6bris or waste material
from a coal mine. (C. and M. M. P.) Sprag. 1. A short wooden prop set

2. (Eng.) A stratum of coal and in a slanting position for keeping

dirt mixed. (Gresley)
Spoil bank; Spoil heap
(Eng.). The
place on the surface where spoil is
deposited. (Gresley)
Sponge. Metal in a porous form, usu-
ally obtained by reduction without
fusion. See Chenot process. (Ray-
mond) A porous, sponge-like form
assumed by finely divided metals, as
iron and platinum, in which condi-
tion they are serviceable as oxidiz-
ing agents. (Standard)
Spongy iron. See Reduced
Sponge.
Combustion
Spontaneous combustion.
produced in a substance by the evo-
up the coal during the operation of
holing. 2. A short round piece of
hardwood, pointed at both ends, to
act as a brake when placed between
the spokes of a mine-car wheel.
3. (Arkansas). Heavy slanting
props wedged against the coal to
prevent it from flying when blasted.
(Steel)
Spragger. One who travels with the
trip of cars to attend to sprags and
switches (Hargis). See Sprag, 2.
Sprag road. A mine road having such
a sharp grade that sprags are needed
iron, also
to control the descent of the car,
hence, Two, Three, or Four-Sprag-
road. (Chance). See Sprag, 2.
Spreader. 1. A horizontal timber be-

lution of heat through the chemical low the cap of a set, to stiffen the
action of its own constituents. legs, and to support the brattice
(Webster) when there are two air courses In
the same gangway. 2. A piece of
Spoon. 1. An Instrument made of an timber stretched across a shaft as a
ox or buffalo horn, in which earth temporary support of the walls.
or pulp may be delicately tested by (Raymond)
washing to detect gold, amalgam, 3. A tool used in sharpening ma-
etc. 2. See Spoon end. (Raymond) chine-drill bits. (Gillette, p. 53)
3. A slender iron rod with a cup- 4. A bar used as a distance piece,
shaped projection at right angles as any of a series of cross bearers
to the rod, used for scraping drill- to support a line of rails in an adit.
ings out of a bore hole. (Steel) (Webster)
Spring. 1. A general name for any
Spoon end. The edge of a coal basin
when the coal seam spoons, i. e., discharge of deep-seated hot or cold,
rises to the surface after growing
pure or mineralized water. (Power)
2. To enlarge the bottom of a drill
thinner as it approaches its termi-
nation. Also called Spoon. (Power) hole by small charges of a high ex-
plosives in order to make room for
Spore coal. Coal formed out of the the full charge; to chamber a drill
spores of lycopods. (Power) hole.
 ; )

640 GLOSSARY OF MINING AND MINERAL INDUSTRY.

Spring beams (Eng.). Two stout 4. A long steel or wooden pole used
for anchoring a dredge. (Weather-
j

parallel timbers built into a Cornish

pumping-engine house, nearly on a be)
level with the engine beam, for 5. A tool having a long curved blade

catching the beam, etc., and pre- used to work around and recover
venting a smash in case of accident. tools from a bored well. (Stand-
(Gresley) ard)
Spring dart (Eng.). An arrow or fish- Spudding bit. A broad dull drilling
headed boring tool for extricating tool for working in earth down to
a lost implement, or for withdrawing the rock. (Standard)
lining tubes. (Gresley) Spud setter. A mine surveyor. Com-
Spring dog (Scot.). Same as Spring pare Spud, 1.
hook. Spunney (Lane). A self acting plane,
Spring hook (Eng.). An iron hook or incline. (Gresley)
attached to the end of a winding, Spur. 1. (Scot.) A
portion of the
capstan, or crab rope, fitted with a
coal left unholed to support the coal
spring for closing the opening, and
seam till the rest of the holing is
thus preventing the kibble or tub completed. Frequently called Spur-
from falling off. (Gresley) ring; also Spurn. (Barrowman)
Springing. See Spring, 2. Also called 2. A ridge or small elevation that
Bullying; Chambering; Shaking a extends from a mountain, or range
hole. of mountains, projecting to some dis-
tance in a lateral direction, or at
Springing line. The line from which right angles. 3. (Eng.) To prop or
an arch springs or rises. (Century) brace. (Webster)
Spring latch. The latch or tongue of 4. A branch leaving a vein, but not
an automatic switch, operated by a returning to it. (Raymond)
spring at the side of the mine track. 5. Aprism or tripod of refractory
(Steel) clay, to support an article while be-
ing baked; a stilt. (Standard)
Spring pole. An elastic wooden pole
from which boring rods are sus- Spurns (So. Staff.). Small connect-
pended (Steel). Also sometimes ing masses of coal, left for safety
employed for shallow pumping, when during the operation of cutting, be-
It is actuated by cams or cranks tween the hanging coal and the
from an engine. (Gresley) main body. See Spur, 1. (Ray-
mond)
Spring steel. A variety of rolled steel,
elastic, strong, and tough, used for Spur road (Scot.). A branch road
springs, etc. (Webster) leading from a main level. (Gres-
ley)
Sprocket wheel (Eng.). Rag wheel.
A wheel with teeth or pins which Spurt (Forest of Dean). A disinte-
catch in the links of a chain. (C. grated stone. (Gresley)
and M. M. P.) Spur track. In railroading, a short
Spruce ocher. Brown or yellow ocher. branch line of track; a stub track.
(Century) (Webster)
Sprue. 1. A piece of metal attached Squad. 1. (Prov. Eng.) Mire; slime;
to a casting, occupying the gate or mud. 2. A small bunch of loose tin
passage through which the metal ore mixed with earth. Also called
was poured. (Raymond) Squat. (Standard)
2. A molder's rod for making sprue
holes. (Standard) Squander (York.). To extinguish an
underground fire. (Gresley)
Sprue hole. A pouring hole in a mold
a gate. (Standard) Squareman (Eng.). A stone-cutter or
stone-dresser. ( Standard
Spud. 1. A nail, resembling a horse-
shoe nail, with a hole In the head, Square-set. A set of timbers composed
driven into mine timbering, or into of a cap, girt and post. These mem-
a wooden plug inserted in the rock, bers meet so as to form a solid 90°-
to mark a surveying station (Ray- angle. They are so framed at the
mond). Also Spad. intersection as to form a compres-
2. To work the boring tool by means sion joint, and join with three other
of the bull wheel alone in starting similar sets. The posts are 6 or 7
an oil well. 3. A potato. (Web- feet high while the caps and girts
ster) are 4 to 6 feet long.

GLOSSARY OF MINING AND MINERAL. INDUSTRY.
Square-set and fill. See
stoping.
Square-set slicing. See Top
and cover caving.
Square-set stoping. The use of square-
set timbering as an essential feature
of overhand stoping. The stope may
be worked in horizontal slices, as a
stepped face, or in vertical slices.
The modifications are Open stope,
Partly filled stope, Filled stope, Ver-
tical slice ( underhand ) Vertical slice
, floor of a mine, due to the weight
(overhand), Alternate pillar and
stope, cover the more important
variations (Young). Also known as
Nevada system, Square-set under-
hand, Pillar and stope, Back filling
method, and Square-set and fill.
Square-set system. A method of
mine timbering in which heavy tim-
bers are framed together in rec-
tangular sets, 6 or 7 feet high, and
4 to 6 feet square, so as to fill in
as the ore body is removed by
overhand stoping. (Webster)
Square-set underhand. See Square-set
stoping.
Square timbering (Eng.). The forma-
tion of a shaft through an excava-
tion. It consists of square settings
or frames at intervals, close-poled
behind. (Simms)
Square work. 1. (So. Staff.) An old
system of working the thick coal by
mining the upper beds first and
then the lower ones. 2. A system
of working a seam of coal by cut-
ting it up into square blocks or
pillars. See Stoop-and-room. (Gres-
ley)
Square work and caving.
level stoping.
Squat. 1. (Corn.) Tin
with spar (Raymond).
Squad
2. A small ore body
(Standard)
Squat lads! Fall flat down on the
floor In the early days of coal min-
! purpose of dislodging some foreign
ing, igniting the gas was a very
common thing; so, whenever an ex-
plosion took place, the colliers
shouted to one another, "Squat,
lads!" See She's fired! (Gresley)
Squat of ore (Eng.). A bunch of ore.
(Min. Jour.) See Squat.
Squealer. A shot that breaks the
coal only enough to allow the gases
of detonation to escape with a
whistling sound; also called a
whistler. (C. and M. M. P.)
75242*'--ll
;
641
Square-set Squeal-out (Ark.). See Seam-out
Squealer.
slicing Squealy coal (Ark.). Seamy coal
from which the powder gases escape
with a squealing sound. (Steel)
Squeeze. 1. The settling, without
breaking, of the roof over a con-
siderable area of working (Ray-
mond). Also called Creep, Crush,
Pinch, and Nip.
2. The gradual upheaval of the
of the overlying strata. (Wood-
son)
Squeezer. A
machine for reducing the
puddle-ball to a compact mass,
ready for the hammer or rolls.
(Raymond). Also called Alligator.
Squeezing-box. A metal cylinder hav-
ing at its bottom an orifice through
which a mass of plastic clay is
forced In the shape of a long roll,
from which handles may be cut, as
for jugs. (Standard)
Squib. 1. A tapered paper tube, about
7 inches long, filled with fine gun-
powder, one end of the tube being
treated with chemicals so as to form
a slow burning match, which, when
ignited, burns so slowly as to give
the miner time to reach a place of
safety before the explosion. When
used, the squib is placed in the nee-
dle hole, or blasting barrel, through
the tamping, with the match end
of the squib outward. (U. S. Bu.
Mines, Bull. 17, p. 33)
2. Small charge of powder exploded
in the bottom of a drill hole, to
spring the rock, after which a heavy
shot is fired (Steel). A springing
See Sub- shot.
3. In well boring, a vessel, contain-
ing the explosive and fitted with a
ore mixed time fuse, that is lowered into a
Also called well to detonate the nitroglycerin
charge. (Nat. Tube Co.)
in a vein.
Squib shot. A blast with a small
quantity of high explosives fired at
some point in the bore hole for the
material which has fallen into it.
(Du Pont)
Squirting. Forcing lead by hydraulic
pressure into the form of rods or
pipes. (Raymond)
Stable-boss. A
man placed in charge
of the stables and of the animals
employed at a mine.
Stack. 1. A chimney. 2. A shaft fur-
nace. (Raymond)
3. To build up coal,
ironstone, etc.,
into heaps on the surface for win-
ter or other use. (Gresley)
642 GLOSSARY OF MINING AND MINERAL INDUSTRY.

4.In gas works, a row of benches 3. (Scot.) A

narrow whin dike, es-
containing retorts. 5. One of the pecially onewhere the material of
piles or layers of dung or tan, pots which the dike is composed is soft.
containing acid, and sheets or wick- (Barrowman)
ets of lead, in the old processes for 4. In the nomenclature adopted by
making white lead. (Webster) the International Geological Con-
6. (Eng.) A measure of fuel con- gress, the stratigraphic subdivision
sisting of 108 cubic feet (Stand- of the fourth rank; a division of a
ard) series. The chronologic term of
equivalent rank is age. (These
Itacker. 1. One who stacks coal, etc.
2. (Leic.) A
miner who looked terms have not been adopted by the
U. S. Geological Survey and they
after the unloading of the coal on
the bank, on behalf of the miners,
have no exact equivalents in the
in the earlier days of mining.
nomenclature used by that Survey.)
(Gresley) (La Forge)
3. A device fixed at the rear of a 5. A platform on which mine cars
dredge and carrying a conveyer belt stand. (C. and M. M. P.)
to stack the waste material behind Stage crushing. A method of ore or
the boat so that it will not inter- stone crushing in which there is a
fere with navigation. (Weatherbe, series of crushers, each one crush-
p. 71) ing finer than the one preceding.
Stack out (Mid.). To dam off or shut Stage pumping. Draining a mine by
up the entrance to a goaf by build- means of two or more pumps placed
ing a wall of stone, coal, and clay at different levels, each of which
in front of it. (Gresley) raises the water to the next pump
Staddle (Mid.). The foundation of a above or to the surface.
pack in ironstone workings. (Gres- Stage working. A system of working
ley) minerals by removing the strata
Stadia. In surveying 1. : A
temporary above the beds, after which the va-
station. 2. A
stadia rod. (Webster) rious beds are removed in steps or
3. An instrument for measuring dis-
stages. (C. and M. M. P.)
tances, consisting of a telescope Staging. A temporary flooring or
with special horizontal parallel lines scaffold, or platform. (C. and M.
or wires, used in connection with a M. P.)
vertical graduated rod; also, the
rod alone, or the method of using Stahlstein (Steelstone). The German
it. (Standard) name for some pure crystalline car-
bonate of iron, because a kind of
Stadia rod. A graduated rod used steel is readily made from such ores
with an instrument of the stadia without passing through the proc-
class tomeasure the distance from ess of cementation. (Page)
the observation point to the place See Chromium
Stainless steel. steel.
where the rod is positioned. (Web-
ster) Stair pit (Scot). A
rhallow shaft or
staple in a mine fitted with a ladder
Stadia tables. Mathematical tables or steps. (Gresley)
from which may be found, without
computation, the horizontal and ver- Staithe (No. of Eng.). A depot in
tical components of a reading made which coal is placed when it comes
with a transit and stadia rod. from collieries by wagons, to be
ready to be loaded into keels
Staflf. 1. A body of assistants serv- (boats). (Gresley)
ing to carry into effect the plans
of a superintendent or manager. Staithman (Eng.). A man employed
(Webster) at a staithe in weighing and ship-
2. A surveyor's leveling rod. 3. An ping coal. (Standard)
iron puddler's rabble or rabbler. Stake. 1. (Leic). To fasten back
(Standard) or prop open with a piece of chain
or otherwise the valves or clacks
Staff A small hole in a pud-
hole.
of a water barrel, in order that the
dling furnace through which the
water may run back into the sump
puddler heats his staff. See Staff, 3. when necessary. (Gresley)
(Century) 2. Short for grubstake. 3. A prop-
Stage (Eng.). 1. The pit bank. 2. A erty or interest involved. (Webster)
certain length of underground road- 4. A pointed piece of wood driven
way w<?rked by one horse. (Gres- into the ground to mark a boundary,
ley) survey station, elevation, etc.
 GLOSSAKY OF MINING AND MINERAL INDUSTRY.
Stalactite. Depending, columnar de-
posits, ^nerally of calcite, formed
on the roof of a cavern by the drip
of mineral solutions. Compare Sta-
lagmite. (Kemp)
Stalactitic marble; Stalagmitic marble.
Marble obtained from the calcareous
deposits on the roofs and floors of
caves. Such are often beautifully
banded and are known commercially
as onyx marbles. (Merrill)
Stalagmite. Uprising, columnar de-
posits, generally of calcite, formed
on the floor of a cavern by the
drip of mineral solutions from the
roof. Compare Stalactite.
Stalch (Eng.). A mass of ore left
in a mine. (Hunt)
Stall. 1. (So. Stafe.). A working
place in a mine, varying in length
from a few feet to 80 yards or more,
according to the thickness of the
seam and system of working adopted
(Gresley). A room.
2. A small compartment in a furnace
or kiln where ore is roasted. See
Stall roasting.
Stall-and-breast. See Room-and-pillar
method.
Stall-and-room work (Eng.). Working
the coal in compartments, or In
isolated chambers, leaving pillars to
support the roof. (Gresley)
Stall gate; Stall road (Eng.). A road
along which the mineral worked in
a stall is conveyed to the main road.
(Gresley)
Stalling (Eng.). Working in a stall,
in the capacity of a butty or con-
tractor. (Gresley)
Stall roasting. The roasting of ore in
small enclosures of earth or masonry
walls. The enclosures are called
stalls and may be open or closed.
(Peters, p. 140; Hofman, p. 361)
Stamp. 1. To break up the ore and
gangue by machinery, for washing
out the heavier metallic particles.
(Whitney)
2. A heavy pestle raised by steam or
other power for crushing ore. Those
stamps in which the blow of the
pestle is caused by its mere weight
are called gravity stamps. See
Stamp head. See Steam stamp.
3. (Eng.) A section of a bloom
nicked or partially cut through, or
broken off to show the grain. (Web-
ster)
4. (Scot.). A hole or mark in the
roof of a mine working from which
measurements may be taken. (Bar-
rowmau)
643
5. (Eng.) A hole made in coal, with
the pick, in which the wedge is fixed
before driving. (G. O. Greenwell)
6. In brickmaking, to remove from
an undried brick the rough edge
caused by a mold-vent. (Standard)
Stamp battery. A heavy iron pestle
working mechanically in a huge
iron mortar. Generally grouped in
units of five per mortar. Stamps
vary up to 2,000 pounds in weight,
dropping 6 to 8 inches and 100 or
more times per minute. (Liddell)
Stamp copper. Copper produced from
copper-bearing rock by stamping and
washing before smelting.
Stamp duty. The amount of ore
(tons) that one stamp will crush in
24 hours.
Stampede. Any sudden or impulsive
movement on the part of a crowd
or large company (Standard), as a
stampede to a new gold field.
Stampeder. One who rushes into a
new district when a discovery of
gold or other precious metal is re-
ported. See Rusher.
Stamper. A mill for powdering cal-
cined flints for use in making porce-
lain. (Standard)
Stamper box. A stamp-mill mortar
box. (Roy. Com.)
Stamp hammer. A power hammer
that rises and falls vertically, like
an ore stamp. (Webster)
Stamp head. A heavy and nearly
cylindrical cast-iron head flxed on
the lower end of the stamp rod,
shank or lifter to give weight in
stamping the ore. The lower sur-
face of the stamp head is generally
protected by a cheese-shaped "shoe"
of harder iron or steel which may
be removed when worn out. These
shoes work upon " dies " of the same
form laid in the bottom of the mor-
tar or stamper box (Roy. Com.).
See Stamp, 2.
Stamping. Reducing to the desired
fineness in a stamp mill. The grain
is usually not so fine as that pro-
duced by grinding in pans. (Ray-
mond)
Stamping maundril (Leic). A heavy
pick. (Gresley)
Stamp mill. An apparatus (also the
building containing the apparatus)
in which rock is crushed by descend-
ing pestles (stamps), operated by
water or steam-power. Amalgama-
tion is usually combined with th(
 ;

644 GLOSSARY OF MINING AND MINERAL INDUSTRY.

crushing when gold or silver is the Standard height (Aust). A given

metal sought, but copper and tin- height of seam, say 5 feet, below
ores, etc., are stamped to prepare which the miner is paid so much
them for dressing. (Raymond) extra for every inch short of the
standard height. '
(Power)
Stamp rock (Mich.). Rock containing
fine copper that must be crushed Standard selling price (Aust). An
and jigged to recover the metal. assumed price, not necessarily the
(Weed) actual selling price, adopted so as
to afford a basis for a uniform min-
Stamps (So. Wales). The pieces into ing rate. (Power)
which the rough bars shingled from
the finery ball are broken, to be Standard-white oil. A Russian kero-
piled for subsequent rolling into sene which has a specific gravity of
sheet-iron. (Raymond) 0.808 to 0.812 and is standard white
in color. (Bacon)
Stamps captain (Corn.). The superin-
tendent or foreman of a stamp mill. Stander (Eng.). A coal pillar left to
(Pryce) support the roof. (Webster)
Stamp shoe. The heavy chilled iron Standing. A term used by well
1.

casting attached to the lower end drillers to denote that work has
of a stamp piston, that does the been stopped for a considerable time.
actual crushing of rock in a stamp See Shut down. (Redwood, p. 245).
mill. It drops on a round steel block Also applicable to mines and other
called a die. (Weed) industrial plants.
2. An iron floor covering the sunken
Stampsman. One who attends or oper- part of a rolling mill, (Standard)
ates a stamp or stamp battery.
Standing bobby (No. of Eng.). An ex-
Stamp -work (Lake Sup.). Rock con- ploded shot that does not blow the
taining disseminated native copper stemming out, but expends itself in
(Raymond). Stamp rock. crevices or cleavage planes, without
doing its work. (Gresley)
Stanch air (Som.). Choke damp.
(Gresley) Standing fire. A fire in a mine con-
tinuing to smoulder for a long time
Stanchion. A vertical prop or strut. often many years. (Gresley)
(C. and M. M. P.)
Standing gas. A body of fire damp
Stand. In well drilling, three lengths known to exist in a mine, but not
of pipe ready for lowering into a in circulation sometimes fenced off.
;

well. (Steel)
Standage (Eng.). A large sump, or Standing ground (Eng.). Ground that
more than one, acting as a reser- will stand firm without timbering.
voir. (Raymond) (Pryce)
Standard. 1. That which is* set up Standing set (Eng.). A fixed lift of
and established by authority as a pumps in a sinking shaft. (Gresley)
rule for the measure of quantity,
weight, extent, value, etc. 2. The Standing shot. The result of a small
legal weight and fineness of metal or undercharged shot wherein the
used in coins. (Webster) coal is slightly loosened so that it
3. (Eng.) The by which
fixed rate is easily mined by pick (Hougland
colliers' wages are from time to time V. Avery Coal Mining Co., 246 Illi-
regulated. See Sliding scale, 1. nois, p. 616). The term is a mis-
(Gresley) nomer, as it applies to the result
and not the "shot" or "charge."
Standard-air course (No. of Eng.).
The quantity or supply of fresh air Standpipe. A high vertical pipe or
allowed to pass through each district reservoir for water used to secure
or split. (Gresley) uniform pressure in a supply sys-
tem. (Webster)
Standard copper. Practically any
brand of 96 per cent, or higher, Stane (Scot). An obsolete form for
fineness. (Skinner) stone. (Century)

Standard gold (Eng.). Twenty-two Stanekite. A

resinlike hydrocarbon
parts of pure gold alloyed with two derivative (C20H22O8) found chiefly
parts of copper or other metal. in coal deposits in Bohemia.
(Skinner) (Standard)
 GLOSSARY OF MINING AND MINERAL INDUSTRY. 645

Btank. (Mid.) A water-tight stop- Star antimony. Metallic anttmony,

ping; generally a brick wall. the purity of which is evidenced on
(Gresley) its surface by crystalline patterns
resembling stars or fern leaves.
Stanley header. See Header, 4.
(Webster)
Stannary. 1. A tin mine or tin works.
Starling. 1. A structure of piles
(Raymond)
2. A region containing tin works. driven round the piers of a bridge
(Webster) for protection and support. Also
Sterling (Webster). A sort of cof-
Stannary courts (Eng.). Courts in ferdam.
Cornwall and Devonshire for the 2. One of the piles of such an in-
purpose of regulating the affairs of closure. (Standard)
tin mines and tin miners. (Cen-
tury) Star metal. Synonymous with Star
antimony.
Stannary laws (Corn.). Regulations
for the management, etc., of tin Star quartz. See Asteriated quartz.
miners, administered by equity
judges resident in Cornwall and Star reamer. A star-shaped tool for
Devon. (Min. Jour.) regulating the diameter of, or
straightening a bore hole. (Gres-
Stannatores. An early name applied ley)
to Cornish tin miners. (Century)
Star ruby. An asteriated variety of
Stanner. A small stone in or by a ruby. (Webster)
stream; a ridge of stones on the
seashore; gravel. (Webster) Star sapphire. An asteriated sapphire.
(Standard)
Stannic. Of, pertaining to, or con-
taining tin;specifically designating Star stone. 1. A variety of ruby that
compounds in which tin has a val- exhibits a bright opalescent star of
ence of four, as contrasted with six rays in the direction of the prin-
stannous. (Webster) cipal axis. (Power)
Stanniferous. Yielding or containing
2. An asteriated sapphire. 3. A
cross-section of a petrified tree-fern
tin, as stanniferous ores. (Stand-
ard)
when cut and polished. (Standard)
Stanniferous ware. Pottery with a Start (No. of Eng.). A lever for
tin glaze. (Standard) working a gin to which the horse
is attached. (Gresley)
Stannite. A sulpho-stannate of cop-
per, iron, and sometimes zinc. Starter. 1. A drill used for making

Cu2S.FeS.SnS2; 29.5 per cent cop- the upper part of a hole, the re-
per, 27.5 per cent tin (Dana). Also mainder of the hole being made with
called Tin pyrites. a drill of smaller gage known as a
follower. (Bowles)
Stannous. Pertaining to or contain- 2. (Penn.) The miner who ascends
ing tin; specifically, designating to the battery to start the coal to
compounds in which tin has a val- run. (Chance)
ence of two, as contrasted with
stannic. (Webster)
Stassfurtite. A massive
variety of
boracite foundPrussia.
in It re-
Stannum. Tin. sembles a fine-grained white marble.
(Eng.) A shaft, smaller (Century)
Staple. 1.
and shorter than the principal one, Static metamorphism. In geology,
joining different levels. small 2. A inetamon)hism produced by the in-
pit. (Webster). Used in coal min- ternal heat of the earth and the
ing. The American equivalent in weight of the superincumbent rocks
metal mines is winze. and not accompanied by appreciable
3. In founding, a piece of nail-iron deformation. (La Forge) A term
pointed at one end and having a used In contradistinction to dynamic
disk of sheet iron riveted to the metamorphism which involves stress-
other, used to steady a core and es principally due to thrust. (Sloan)
gage the thickness of the metal.
(Standard) Statics. That branch of mechanics
which treats of the equilibrium of
Btapping (Scot.). A method of wedg- forces, or relates to bodies as held
ing down coal across the working at rest by the forces acting ob them.
face. (Barrowman) (Webster)
646 GLOSSARY OF MllTIl^G AND MtNEtlAt, li^DUSTRY.

Static zone. A term suggested for the Steam. Water in the form of vapor;
zone wliich extends below the level aqueous vapor; especially the gas
of the lowest point of discharge, and into which water is changed by
in which the water is stagnant or boiling; transparent until it begins
moves with infinitesimal velocity. to condense. (Standard)
(Lindgren, p. 31.)
Steamboat coal. In anthracite only,
Station. 1. An
enlargement of a shaft coal small enough to pass through
or gallery on any level, thus afford- bars set 6 to 8 inches apart, but
ing room for landing at any desired too large to pass through bars from
place, and at the same time provides 3^ to 5 inches. Steamboat coal pre-
space for receiving loaded mine cars pared at different colleries varies
that are to be sent to the surface. considerably in size. Comparatively
Empty cars and material to be used few colleries prepare steamboat coal
in the mine are taken from the cage except to fill special contracts or
at this place. Also, a similar en- orders. (Chance)
largement of shaft or level to re-
Steamboat Those rolls in an an-
rolls.
ceive a balance-bob (bob-station),
thracite breaker which are set far-
pump (pump-station), or tank (tank-
thest apart to break the coal into
station) (Raymond). steamboat coal. (Standard)
2. In surveying, the point at which
the instrument is planted or observa- Steam Coal suitable for use un-
coal.
tions are made. (Webster) der steam boilers. (Webster)
3. Any fixed point underground be-
Steam dredger. A dredging machine
yond which naked lights may not be
operated by steam. (Century)
carried. 4. Any fixed point in a
mine deputies or foremen
where Steam gas. Highly superheated steam,
meet upon the condition of
to report (Webster)
their respective districts. 5. An Steam jet. 1. A blast of steam issu-
opening into a level heading out of ing from a nozzle. (Century)
the side of an inclined plane.
2. A system of ventilating a mine
(Gresley)
by means of a number of jets of
Stationary motors. Motors installed in steam at high pressure kept con-
a permanent manner. (Clark) stantly blowing off from a series of
Station pump. A mine pump perma- pipes in the bottom of the upcast
nently placed, as distinguished from shaft. (Gresley)
a movable sinking-pump. (Weed) Steam metal. Any copper alloy spe-
Station tender. A cage tender. cially designed to endure exposure
to steam. (Webster)
Statuary marble. A pure white sac-
charoidal marble used for sculpture. Steam navvy (Eng.). A steam shoveL
The finest varieties are now brought (Webster)
from the Apuan Alps. (Merrill)
Steam point. See Point, 5.
Staurolite. Iron-aluminum silicate,
Fe(A10)4(Al,OH(SiO*)2. Sometimes Steam shovel. An
excavating ma-
used as a gem (U. S. Geol. Surv.) chine in which a large scoop is oper-
Called also Granatite; Grenatite; ated by steam power (Standard).
Staurotide Xantholite.
; Used for stripping purposes and in
open pit mining, especially for iron
Stauroscope. A modified polariscope and coal. A similar shovel Is now
used to find the position of planes operated by electricity.
of light vibration in sections of
crystals. (Webster) Steam stamp. A crushing machine
consisting of a vertical stamp-shaft
Stanrotypous. In mineralogy, having which is forced down to strike its
cross-like markings. (Standard)
blow, and lifted up preparatory to
Stave. A wedge-shaped section placed striking the next, by a steam pis-
around the die of a stamp to take up ton. (Richards, p. 113)
the side wear. (Richards, p. 120)
Steatite; Soapstone. A
massive va-
Stay (Eng.). A
prop, strut or tie for riety of talc; a very soft rock hav-
keeping anything in its place. (C. ing a soapy or greasy feel; it is a
and M. M. P.) hydrous magnesium silicate.

Steady. A support for blocking up a Steatitic.Of or pertaining to steatite

stone that is to be worked. (Stand- or soapstone; made of steatite.
ard) (Century)
 ; )

GLOSSARY OF MINING AND MINERAL INDUSTRY. 647

Bteel. Formerly, a variety of iron in- Steel press. A hydraulic press for
termediate between cast-iron and compressing or condensing molten
wrouglit-iron, very tough, and, when steel in molds and thus producing
tempered, hard and elastic; now dense ingots or castings. (Stand-
applied also to ingot iron, or nearly ard)
pure iron made by fusion processes. Steelworks. A plant where steel is
Steel is conveniently classified into
made. (Standard)
three grades of hardness for com-
mercial purposes mild, or soft steel,
: Steening; Steining. The brick, or
containing less than 0.15 per cent of stone lining of a shaft. (Gresley)
carbon; medium steel, containing
Steep. See Brasque.
from 0.15 to 0.30 per cent of carbon
hard steel, containing more than Steep seams. See Edge coal; also
0.30 per cent of carbon. Soft steel Rearers. (Gresley)
is highly ductile and is used for
Steer (Leic). Steep; highly inclined;
boiler plates, etc. Medium steel is
dips fast. (Gresley)
used especially for constructional
purposes. Hard steel is employed Steg the cleek (Scot.). To retard or
for rubbing surface and where great stop the winding; to stop the work.
ultimate strength is required, as for (Barrowman)
axles, shafts, tools, springs, etc. A
very soft kind of mild steel, used Steigher (Pr.). See Fireman. One
especially for making rivets is who has the supervision of only a
called Rivet steel (Webster). See fixed part or district of a mine.
also Ferroalloy. (Gresley)
Steel band (111.). A thin band or Steining. The brick or stone lining
layer of pyrite in a coal seam. Also of a shaft to prevent the loose strata
called Sulphur; Brasses. of the sides from falling. (Gresley)
Steel boy. A boy who carries drills to Steinmannite. A variety of galena
the miners, and collects dull drills
and sees that they are returned to that has part of the lead replaced
the blacksmith shop. with antimony and arsenic. (Stand-
ard)
Steel bronze. Same as Bronze steel.
(Standard) Stellar coal. See Stellarite.

Steele; Steele dry table. See Sutton. Stellarite. A

variety of asphaltum,
called also Stellar coal, because stars
Steel iron. Amixture of iron and of fire drop from it when burning.
steel ; imperfectly made steel.
(Chester)
(Standard)
Stellated.Resembling a star; pointed
Steel jack. Sphalerite. (Power) or radiated like a star (Webster).
Steelmaster. A steel manufacturer. Frequently applied to minerals.
(Standard)
Stellite. An
alloy of cobalt and chro-
Steel mill. 1. A mill where steel is mium which the constituents may
in
manufactured. (Webster) vary from 10 to 50 per cent chro-
2. (Eng.) An early type apparatus mium with a corresponding varia-
for obtaining light in a fiery mine. tion in cobalt. (Min. and Sci. Press,
It consisted of a revolving steel vol. 115, p. 651)
wheel, to which a piece of flint was
Stem. 1. The vertical rod or shaft
held, to produce sparks. See Flint of wrought iron which carries the
mill. (Gresley)
stamp at its lower end. Also called
Steel needle. An instrument used In Shank. 2. The handle of the ham-
preparing blasting holes, before the mer. (Raymond)
3. The heavy iron rod to which the
safety fuse was invented. (C. and
M. M. P.) bit is attached in deep drilling by
the rope method. (Steel)
Steel nipper. See Nipper, 1. 4. Frequently used as a synonym
for Tamp. See Stemming.
Steel ore. A name given to various 5. (Com.) A day's work. (Min.
iron ores and especially to siderite, Jour.) Also Stemmyn.
because it was supposed to be espe-
cially adapted for making steel by Stemmer. I. (Nevvc.) A tamping bar.
the earlier and direct process. ( Raymond
(Century). See also Stahlsteln 2. A blasting needle. (SUudard)
 )

648 GLOSSARY OF MINING AND MINERAL. INDUSTRY.

Stemming. A
term applied in mining Stephanite; Brittle silver ore. Silrer-
literature to the inert material used antimony sulphide, SAgaS.SbsSi.
on top of a charge of powder or Contains 68.5 per cent silver. (U.
dynamite, while tamping is reserved S, Geol. Surv.)
to indicate only the process of com-
Stepping (No. of Ehg.). The system
pressing the stemming in place. See
of working a face of coal in ad-
Tamping. (U. S. Bu. Mines, Bull. vance of the one next to it. (Gres-
17, p. 45)
ley)
Stemmyn (Corn.). See Stem, 5.
Step reef. See Step vein.
Stempel; Stemple. 1. (Derb.). One Step socket. A special form of socket
of the cross-bars of wood placed in
for use on locked- wire rope.
a mine-shaft to serve as steps. 2.
(C. M. P.)
A stuU-piece. 3. A cap, both sides
of which are hitched instead of be- Steptoe. An island of bedrock in a
ing supported upon legs. See Stull. lava flow. (Lahee, p. 322)
( Raymond ) Also spelled Stimple.
.

Step-up. 1. See Transformer. 2. Des-

Stemple. See Stempel. ignating a gear or gearing that in-
creases a velocity ratio. (Webster)
Stence (Eng,). Timber for support-
ing a roof. (Bainbridge) Step vein. A vein alternately cutting
through the strata of country-rock,
Stencil. A substance laid on parts of and running parallel with them
the surface of a piece of pottery (Raymond). Called Step reef in
which is to be decorated by the Australia.
transfer process, to keep the oil
used from adhering to those parts; Stercorite.Microcosmlc salt, HNa-
hence, the pattern made by such (NH4)P04-f4H20. Native salt of
material. (Standard) phosphorous. ( Dand
Stent. 1. (Eng.) Rubble, waste. Stereogram. A stereographic projec-
(Power) tion of a crystal. (A. F. Rogers)
2. Extent or limit, as of a pitch or
Stereographic projection. In mineral-
bargain (Standard). See Pitch, 1.
ogy, a projection made on a plane
Stenting (No. of Eng.). See Stenton. through the center of a sphere by
projectors from the south pole.
Stenton (Newc). A passage between (A. F. Rogers)
two winning headways. A stenton
wall is the pillar of coal between Stereotype metal. An alloy resem-
them (Raymond). Also called bling type metal, but containing
Stenting. more lead, suitable for stereotype
plates. (Standard)
Stenton wall (Newc). The pillar of
coal between two working headings. Sterile (Eng.).
coal Black shale or
(Min. Jour.) clay on top of a coal seam. (Gres-
ley)
Step. 1. (Eng.) The cavity in a piece
for receiving the pivot of an upright Sterile (Scot.). A drum or wheel on
shaft or the end of an upright piece. a self-acting incline. (Barrowman)
2. The shearing in a coal face. (C.
Sterling. Having a standard of value
and M. M. P.)
3. (Scot.) A
hitch or dislocation or fineness established by the British
of the strata. (Barrowman) government; said of British money
of account and of gold and silver;
Step banks (So. Wales). Working as, pounds sterling; sterling plate.
places at regular distances along the (Standard)
face of the long- wall system. (Gres-
ley) Sternbergite. A
silver-iron sulphide,
Ag2S.Fe4S5. Sulphur 30.4, silver
Step-cut. A
mode of cutting gems in 34.2, iron 35.4. (Dana)
step-like facets. (Standard)
Sterny ( Scot. ) Rough coarse grained
. ;

Step fault. A series of parallel faults or crystalline, e. g., sterny limestone.

forming steps (Power). See Fault (Bari'owman)
Step grate. A
grate made in steps or Sterro metal. An alloy of copper 3
stairs, to promote completeness of parts, zinc 2, and a small proportion
the combustion of the coal burned of Iron and tin; stronger than gun
upon it (Raymond) metaL ( Standard)
 GLOSSAKY OF MINING AND MINERAL. INDUSTRY. 649
Stetefeldlte. A somewhat uncertain Still. 1. An apparatus
in which a sub-
compound containing silver, copper, stance is changed by heat, with or
iron, antimony, sulphur, and water. without chemical decomposition, into
(U. S. Geol. Surv.) vapor, which vapor Is then lique-
fied in a condenser and collected in
Stetefeldt furnace. A
furnace for the
another part of the apparatus.
chloridizing-roasting of silver ores
(Standapd) A retort.
and also for roasting fine copper
2. A house where liquids are dis-
ores low in sulphur. Provision is
made for an auxiliary fireplace. tilled. 3. A vessel in which manga-
nese dioxide is treated with hydro-
(Peters, p. 173)
chloric acid to form a bleaching
Steward (York.). An underground liquor. (Webster)
foreman. (Gresley) Still coke. The residue left in the still
on distilling crude shale-oil to dry-
Stey (Scot.). Steep; highly Inclined.
(Barrowman) ness. (Bacon)
Still grease. The amorphous distillate
Stibiconite. Antimony ocher. Hy- from the end of the crude-oil and
drous oxide of antimony, Sba04.H20. heavy-oil distillation In the shale-
Contains 74.5 per cent antimony oil industry. (Bacon)
(U. S. Geol. Surv.). Called also
Stiblite. Stillen (Corn.). See Astyllen.
Stilling. (No. of Eng.) The wall-
1.
Stibium.Antimony so called in phar-
:
ing of a shaft within the tubbing
macy and old chemistry. (Stand-
ard)
above the first hard stratum under-
lying quicksand. (Gresley)
Stibnite. Axitimony glance; gray an- 2. A stand, as for holding vats or

timony; antimony sulphide, SbaSs. casks, or for unburned pottery while

Contains 71.4 per cent antimony. it is drying. (Standard)
(U. S. Geol. Surv.)
Stilpnosiderite. Same as Limonite.
Stick (Eng.). To cease work in order (Standard)
to obtain an increase, or prevent a
reduction of wages Stilt. 1. In ceramics, a piece of hard,
(G. C. Green-
fired clay, or of iron, used to keep
well). To strike.
articles apart In a kiln; also called
Stickings (Eng.). Thin veins of ore, Spur. 2. Any of the piles form-
or thin seams of clay in ore veins. ing the back of the sheet piling for
(Bainbridge) a starling. (Webster)

Sticking serins (Eng.). Small veins Stimples (So. Wales). Small timbers.
that do not afford shoulder room. See Lacing; also Stempel.
(Hunt)
Stink coal. A hydrocarbon mineral
Sticky coal (Ark.). Coal strongly ad- found in lignite. See Dysodile.
hering to a hard stratum of rock
above or below it also called Frozen
;
Stink damp. Sulphuretted hydrogen,
coal. (Steel) HaS.

Stiflfener (So. Wales). A door for Stinkquartz. A variety of quartz,

regulating the ventilation. (Gres- which emits a fetid odor when
ley) struck. (Chester)

Stiff-mud process. A plastic method Stinkstone. 1. A fetid limestone. 2.

of molding brick by forcing the clay (Tenn.) Bowlders of phosphate
through a die. (Ries) rock. (Power)
3. Any stone which emits a fetid
Stifle. (Scot.)
1. Noxious gas re- smell on being struck or rubbed,
sulting from an underground fire. owing to the decomposition of or-
(Barrowman) ganic matter; specifically, anthra-
2. To suffer difficulty in breathing, conite (Webster). Called also
or to be oppressed, as by reason of Swinestone. See Bituminous lime-
air charged with smoke or other stone.
Impurities. (Webster)
Stint. 1. (Mid.) Ameasure of iength
Btilbite;Desmine. A common mineral by which colliers mine coal. 2.
of the zeolite group a hydrous sili- ; (Glouc.) A certain number of trams
cate of aluminum, calcium, and filled per man per day. 3. (So.
sodium. (Dana) Staff.) A collier's day or shift
650 GLOSSARY OF MINING AND MINERAL INDUSTRY.

4. (Brist.)To fix upon, or agree hard, hard washed, kiln-run hard,

to, a certain number of trams being and common hard brick. (Stand-
filled per stall per day. (Gresley) ard)
5. (Aust.) The amount of work to
Stock dumper. See Trestle man.
be done by a man in a given time.
(Power) Stock-house man. A general term for
anyone working in stock house.
Stirian. early name for nickel-
An (Willcox) See Stock, 4.
bearing marcasite. (Chester)
Stocking end. 1. (Lane.) The inner
Stirrup (Eng.). A screw joint sus- end of a heading at a short distance
pended from the brakestaff or from which there is a depression in
spring-pole, by which the boring rods the seam, which has become more or
are adjusted to the depth of the less filled with water, causing the
borehole (Gresley). Also called
ventilation to be cut off. 2. (Leic.)
Temper screw. A Geordie. (Gresley)
Stitch. To fasten a timber by toe Stock-pile. The ore accumulated at
nailing. (C. and M. M. P.) the surface when shipping is sus-
Choke damp; after pended (Standard), as on the Iron
Stithe (Eng.).
ranges of Michigan and Minnesota
damp; black damp. Also Stythe. during the winter months.
(Century)
Stob (Eng.). A long steel wedge used
Stock unloader. A laborer who un-
loads ore, coke, or stone from cars
in bringing down coal after it has
on trestle. (Willcox)
been holed. (Gresley)

Stob-and-feather (Eng.). See Fox Stockwork (Germ., Stockwerk). An

wedge.
Stock. 1. (Eng.) Coal (or ore) stored
at surface during slack trade, or in
reserve for an extra demand at any
time. 2. The average tonnage sent
out of a working place in one day.
(Gresley)
3. In quarrying, the useful rock as
distinguished from the waste. (Gil-
lette, p. 7)
4. The ifaixture of ore, coke,
limestone charged into the furnace,
or stored in bins at the stock house.
(Willcox)
5. An irregular, metalliferous mass
In a rock formation; as a stock of
6. A body
lead ore in limestone.
of Igneous rock intruded upward
into older formations. In ground
plan a stock is circular or ellipti-
cal, but in cross section it may in-
crease downward. 7. A core of small
wet coal, with a hole through for the
air blast, made between the tuySre
and the front of a forge. 8. A
holder for a threaded die. 9. The
capital of a company or corporation
in the form of transferable shares,
each of a certain amount. (Web-
ster)
10. A grade of bricks; in England,
a gray or red brick for an exterior
wall. (Standard)
ore deposit of such a form that it
is worked in floors or stories. It
may be a solid mass of ore, or a
rock mass so interpenetrated by
small veins of ore that the whole
must be mined together. Stock-
works are distinguished from tabu-
lar or sheet-deposit (veins, beds),
which have a small thickness in com-
parison with their extension in the
main plane of the deposit (that is,
and in strike and dip) (Raymond). See
Stock, 5 and 6.
Stoke hole. A hole, as in a reverbera-
tory furnace, for introducing a rab-
ble or other tool for stirring.
(Standard)
Stolzite. A native lead tungstate, Pb-
W0«, near scheelite in form. (Web-
ster)
Stomp. 1. (Mid.) To set a prop or
sprag with one end in a slight hole
cut out of the floor or roof to re-
ceive it. 2. A short wooden plug
fixed in the roof, to which lines are
hung, or to serve as a bench mark
for surveys. (Gresley)
Stone. 1. Concreted earthy or mineral
matter. A
small piece of rock.
Rock or rocklike material for build-
ing. Large natural masses of stone
are generally called rocks small or
;

Stock brick; Kiln-run brick. A class quarried masses are called stones;
of bricks embracing all hard enough and the finer kinds, gravel or sand.
for the outside of buildings, divided 2. A precious stone ; a gem. (Web-
into hard, common huilding, paving, ster)
hard building, outside, hard red, 3. (Eng.). Ironstone, ichich see
itrictly hard, select hard, rough (Gresley)
 )

QLOSSAKY OF MINING AND MINERAL INDUSTRY. 651

i. (Aust) Ore sent to mill. (The Stone land. Land chiefly valuable for
Englishman uses the term "mill- stone, as sandstone, limestone, gran-
stuff" and the Colorado - Cornish- ite, etc (U. S. Min. Stat, pp. 130&-
man " m i 1 1 - d 1 r t ." ) In south- 1333)
west Missouri lead and zinc mines Eng.) One
Stoneman. 1. (No. of
the term "dirt" is used, while in
Michigan copper mines "rock" is
who employed in driving a stone-
is
head, or who rips, timbers, and re-
the common expression. (Rickard)
pairs roads. See Brusher. (Gresley)
Btone ax. A stone-cutter's ax. (Stand- 2. (Aust). A man who works in
ard) rock, in contradistinction to one
Stone bind. A variety of sandstone.
who works in coal. (Power)
(Power) Stone mill. 1. A stone crusher. 2. A
Stone boat. 1. A flat runnerless sledge
machine for dressing and finishing
marble, slate, etc.; a stone dresser.
or drag for transporting stone or
other heavy material. (Webster) (Standard)
a, A wheeled vehicle having slung Stone mine. 1. (Scot) An ironstone
below the axles a platform for haul- mine or working. (Gresley)
ing stones. (Standard) 2. ( Scot. ) A mine driven in barren
.

Stone brash. Land

abounding in strata. (Barrowman)
stones, especially a subsoil of small Stone ocher. Ocher found in hard,
stones or finely broken rock. (Web- globular masses. (Webster)
ster)
Stone of ore. A piece of ore. (Roy.
Stone breaker. A stone crusher. Com.)
Stone brick. A hard brick or fire brick Stone oil. Rock oil ;
petroleum. (Web-
made in Wales. (Webster) ster)
Stone butter. 1. A
variety of halotri- Stone pit. A quarry where stones are
chite. Called also Rock butter. dug. (Webster)
(Standard) A
sort of alum.
Pitch that hard like
2. A
kind of clay said to have been Stone pitch. is

used instead of butter. (Chester) stone. (Webster)

Stone coal (Wales). 1. Anthracite, in Stone quarry. A place where stone is

lumps. Also certain other very hard quarried. (Standard)

varieties of coal. (Gresley) Stone saw. A stone-cutting apparatus
2. Mineral coal, as distinguished having no teeth, being a simple iron
from charcoal. (Standard) band fed with sand and water, cut-
Stone crusher. A machine for break- ting by attrition. (Standard)
ing stones, as for road building. Stone squarer. A workman who
When used for breaking ore, called squares or shapes stones, as for
Ore crusher. (Standard) building. (Standard)
Stone cutter. 1. One whose occupation Stone tubbing. Water-tight stone wall-
is cutting stone, as for building. ing of a shaft cemented at the back.
2. A
gem cutter. 3. machine for A (C. and M. M. P.)
facing stone. (Standard)
Stone dresser. 1. One who smooths
Stoneware. A variety of pottery.
(Standard)
and shapes stone. 2. A machine for
dressing and finishing building Stonework. 1. Any work directly con-
stones, etc. (Standard) cerned with the shaping, prepara-
Stone drift (Aust). A
passage driven tion, setting, or the like, of a stone
in rock instead of coal. (Power) or stones. (Webster)
Stone An early name for as-
flax. 2. (Scot) Driving of drifts or gal-
bestos. (Chester) leries in stone or rock. See Stone-
head, 1. (Gresley)
StonegalL A clay concretion found
in certain sandstones. (Standard) Stone works. 1. An establishment for
cutting stone, as marble. 2. A pot-
Stone hammer. A hammer for break- ( Stand-
tery for making stoneware.
ing or for dressing stone. (Stand-
ard)
ard)
Stone yard. A yard in which stones
Btonehead (Eng.). 1. A heading
are cut, sliaped, broken or the like.
driven in stone or bind. A stone (Webster)
drift. 2. (No. of Eng.) The first
hard stratum underlying quicksand. Stone yellow. Yellow ocher. (Web-
(Gresley) ster)
652 GLOSSAKY OF MINING AND MINERAL INDUSTRY.

Stook (No. of Eng.). A pillar of coal workings, one immediately over the
about four yards square, being the other, or vice versa. Each horizon-
last portion of a full-sized pillar tal working is called a stope (prob-
to be worked away in bord-and-pil- ably a corruption of step), because
lar workings. (Gresley) when a number of them are in prog-
ress, each working face being a lit-
Stook-and-feather (Eng.). A wedge tle in advance of the next above or
for breaking down coal, worked by
below, the whole face under attack
hydraulic power, the pressure being
assumes the shape of a flight of
applied at the extreme inner end of
the drilled hole. (Gresley)
stairs. When the first stope is be-
gun at a lower corner of the body of
Stooled (Eng.). Applied to a vein cut ore to be removed, and, after it has
vertically for some distance. (Bain- advanced a convenient distance, the
bridge) next is commenced above it, and so
on the process is called overhand
Stool end. A supporting pillar of rock.
stoping. When the first stope be-
(Webster)
gins at an upper corner, and the
Stool pipe; Stool piece (Scot). The succeeding ones are below it, it is
pipe on which a column of pipes underhand stoping. The term stop-
rests. (Barrowman) ing is loosely applied to any subter-
ranean extraction of ore except that
Stoop (Scot). A post or pillar; a which is incidentally performed in
boundry post; a support or prop, as sinking shafts, driving levels, etc.,
a pillar of coal left to support the for the purpose of opening the mine.
roof. (Webster) (Raymond)
Stoop and room; Pillar and stall; or
Post and stall (Scot). A system of
Stoper. A stoping drill.

working by which mineral Is ex- Stoping. 1. In geology, the enlarge-

tracted from its bed in a series of ment of a magmatic chamber through
galleries or rooms leaving pillars or the breaking off of blocks of rock
stoops to support the roof. (Bar- from the walls and roof one of the :

rowman) processes by which large bodies of

intrusive igneous rock are supposed
Stoop and thirl (Scot). An old name to acquire the space which they oc-
for Stoop and room. (Barrowman) cupy upon solidification. (La Forge)
Stooped (Scot). Said of a mine when 2. See Stope, 2.
the pillars or stoops have been ex-
tracted. (Barrowman) Stoping and filling. See Overhand
stoping.
Stooped waste (Scot). Stoop-and-
room workings where the pillars Stoping drill. A small air or electric
have been worked out. (Barrow- drill, usually mounted on an exten-
man) sible column, for working stopes,
raises, and narrow workings.
Stooping (Scot). The process of ex-
tracting stoops or pillars. (Bar- Stoping ground. Part of an orebody
rowman ) opened by drifts and raises and
ready for breaking down. (Weed)
Stoop road (Scot). A road driven in
the solid coal in connection with Stoping in horizontal layers. See
the stoop-and-room system of min- Overhand stoping.
ing. (Gresley)
Stoping underhand. Mining a stope
Stop. 1. Any
cleat or beam to check downward in such a series that
the descent of a cage, car, pump presents the appearance of a flight
rods, etc. (Chance) of steps. (Ihlseng)
2. In mining, a variation of stope.
Stop-off. 1. To close off a part of a
Stope. 1. An
excavation from which mine by means of a brattice, wall,
the ore has been extracted, either stopping, etc.
above or below a level, in a series 2. In founding, to fill part of a mold
of steps. A variation of step ( Stand- with sand or earth, to prevent ac-
ard). Usually applied to highly in- cess of molten metal to that part
clined or vertical veins. Frequently (Standard)
used incorrectly as a synonym of
room, which is a wide working place Stoppages (Eng.). Deductions from
in a flat mine. miners' wages, such as rent, candles,
2. To excavate ore in a vein by driv- blacksmith's work, field club, etc
ing hurizontally upoQ it a series of (Gresley)
 ;

GLOSSABY OF MINING AND MINERAL INDUSTRY. 653

Stopper hole. In a puddling furnace, stow. 1. To pack away rubbish into

the hole through which the rabble is goaves or old workings. (Steel)
introduced. (Webster) 2. (Prov. Eng.) The structure con-
taining the furnace and series of
Stopping. A brattice, or more com- pots used in tin plating. (Stand-
monly, a masonry or brick wall built ard)
across old headings, chutes, airways,
etc.,to confine the ventilating cur- Stower (Aust.). One who stows away
rent to certain passages, and also to waste in old workings. (Power)
lock up the gas in old workings, and Stowage (Scot.). In longwall mining
in some cases to smother a mine the space from which the mineral
fire. (Chance) has been extracted and which has
A
combination of
been filled with waste. (Barrow-
Storage battery.
secondary cells accumulators
or
man)
which when once charged may be Stowbord (Newc). A place into
used for a considerable time after as which rubbish is put (Raymond).
a source of electric current. (Cen- Also Stowboard.
tury) There are a number of types Stowce. 1. A windlass. 2. (Derb.) A
and makes. Large ones find use in wooden landmark, placed to indi-
operating mine-haulage motors, while cate possession of mining ground
a portable type is used in the elec- (Raymond). Also Stowse.
tric safety lamp.
Stowing. A method of mining in
Storage battery locomotive (or motor). which all the material of the vein
A mine haulage-motor operated by is removed and the waste is packed
self-contained storage batteries. into the space left by the working.
(Raymond)
Stoss. In geology, facing the direction
whence a glacier moves, as a rock Stow road (Scot). An abandoned
or hill in its track; as, the stoss road in which waste is stowed.
side of a crag; contrasted with lee. (Barrowman)
(Standard) Stowse (No. of Eng.). A windlass
Stove. 1. The oven in which the blast (Gresley). Also Stowce.
of a furnace is heated. (Raymond) Straddle. A
vertical mine-timber,
2. A kiln, as for firing pottery or especially one supporting a set in a
drying minerals. (Webster) shaft.

Stove coal. In anthracite only; two Straddle pipe. In gas manufacture, a

sizes of stove coal are made Large — bridge pipe connecting the retort
and Small. Large Stove, known as with the hydraulic main. (Cen-
No. 3, passes through a 2^ inch mesh tury)
and over a 1| inch to 1^ inch mesh Strahlite. Same as Actinolite. Also
Small Stove, known as No. 4, passes spelled Stralite. (Standard)
through a IJ inch to If inch mesh
and over a li inch to 1 inch mesh. Straight bit (Eng.). A flat or ordi-
(Chance) nary chisel for boring. (Gresley)

Stove distillate. A stove gasoline be-
fore receiving a finishing treatment.
(Bacon)
Stove gasoline. Gasoline used for gaso-
line stoves and for making illumi-
nating gas. (Bacon)
Stove glass. Mica for use in stoves.
(Standard)
Stove pipe. Riveted well casing.
wood)
Stove tender; Hot-blast man. One who
puts stoves on gas or on blast, reg-
ulates temperatures of blast; han-
dles gas at shutdowns; usually
watches water from tuyeres, plates,
etc., at iron blast-furnaces. (Will-
ooxX
Straight coal (So. Staff.). An exca-
vation made in thick coal, having the
solid coal left on three sides of it
(Gresley). Also called Straight
stall.
Straight-cut gang frame. In quarry-
ing,a saw gang which slides back
and forth on a bed, as contrasted
with the ordinary saw gang which
swings back and forth when sus-
(Red- pended from above. (Bowles)
Straight dynamite. A high explosive
consisting essentially of 20 to 60 per
cent nitroglycerin and an active base
or absorbent (Du Pont)
Straight-ends-and-walls (No. Wales).
A system of working coal somewhat
similar to bord-and-pillar« (Greft*
ley)
 . ) ;

654 GLOSSARY OF MINING AND MINERAL INDUSTRY.

Straightening press. A power-press to Strap rope (Aust). An endless rope

straighten iron and steel bars, such that transmits power from the sur-
as rails, shafting, etc. (Raymond) face into the clutch room under-
ground, where the various district
Straight point (Aust). That straight
ropes are thrown into gear. (Power)
portion of the inner main rail be-
tween the rails of a turn-out. Strata. Plural of stratum.
(Power)
Strath. 1. A broad valley, as distin-
Straight stall. A excavation
lateral guished from a glen or gorge it may;

into a thick seam, having coal on the not be the valley of a single stream.
face and both sides (Standard), 2. A broad valley with a planated
Also called Straight coal. floor which is a local or incipient
peneplain. (La Forge)
Straight-work Strait-work
; ( En g. )

The system of mining coal by head-
ings or narrow work. (Gresley)
Strain. A
change of shape produced
in a body. (Stress and strain are
often used incorrectly as synony-
mous terms). (C. M. P.)
Strain breaks. Fractures occurring in
rock quarries where the rock is un-
der compressive stress. This stress
Is relieved locally in the process of
quarrying, resulting in the rending
or fracturing of the rock mass.
(Bowles)
Strain sheet. 1. A skeleton drawing
of a structure, as a roof truss or a
bridge, showing the stress to which
each member will be subjected.
(Webster)
2. A quarryman's term for granite
Strath stage. That stage in the pene-
planation of a region when the main
streams have carved broad valleys
with planated floors graded to the
same regional base level. (La
Forge)
Stratic. Of, pertaining to, or designat-
ing the order or sequence of strata
strategraphic. (Webster)
StraticTilate. Having numerous thin
layers, either (1) of sedimentary
deposition, as by oscillation or wave-
motion, often somewhat oblique to
the main layers of stratification, or
(2) of deposition from solution, the
layers being often those of color or
structure and not of fissility, as in
banded agate. (Standard)
The deposition of sedi-
Stratification.
ment beds, layers, or strata hence,;

sheets produced by compressive the arrangement of rocks in such

strain. (Perkins) beds, layers, or strata; hence, fur-
ther, the stratified structure result-
Strait (Scot).Narrow; in the solid ing from such deposition and ar-
(Barrowman). See Straight- work.
rangement. (La Forge)
Straits Tin from the Strait of
tin. Stratification-foliation. The segrega-
Malacca and the islands of Banka tion of certain minerals in thin, ir-
and Billiton, Dutch East Indies. regular, discontinuous laminae, in
planes parallel to the bedding or
Strake. 1. (Corn.) A trough for wash-
stratification. ( Standard
ing broken ore, gravel, or sand. A
launder. (Webster) Stratification planes. Continuous divi-
2. The place where ore is assorted sional planes of great extent, mark-
on the floor of a mine a dressing
; ing changes in the character of ma-
floor. (Standard) terial or the mode of deposition, and
the presence of fossils generally ar-
Strand. Avarying number of wires ranged in planes parallel to the
or fibers twisted together; the plane of deposition and with their
strands in turn are twisted together, broader surfaces lying in the same
forming a rope. (C. M. P.) planes, (Standard)
Strap. 1. (Scot). A plank supported Stratified. Formed or lying in beds,
at each end to make the roof strata layers, or strata. (La Forge)
secure. (Barrowman) Stratigrapher. One who studies, or
2. (Mid.) An old iron rail put up who has expert knowledge of, stratig-
between the coal face and the front raphy. (Webster)
row of props, in longwall stalls, for
Stratigraphic geology. See Geology.
supporting a weak roof. (Gresley)
Stratigraphic throw. The distance l>e-
Strapping plate (Corn.). One of the tween the two parts of a disrupted
wrought-iron plates by which the stratum measured at right angles to
spears of a pump rod are bolted to- the plane of the stratum. (Lind-
gether; a spear plate. (Century) gren, p. 129)
 ;

GLOSSARY OF MINING AND MINERAL INDtTSTRY. 655

Btratigraphy.1. That branch of geol- Stream tin Tin ore (cassiterite) oc-
ogy which treats of the formation, curring in stream beds; distin-
composition, sequence, and correla- guished from Lode tin. (Skinner)
tion of the stratified rocks as parts
Stream wheel. A wheel used to meas-
of the earth's crust. 2. That part
ure the velocity of flowing water in
of the descriptive geology of an area
which it dips. (Webster)
or district which pertains to the dis-
crimination, character, thickness, se- Stream works. 1. (Corn.). A name
quence, age, and correlation of the given by miners to alluvial tin de-
rocks of the district. (La Forge) posits usually worked in the open
air. (Ure)
Stratum. A bed or layer of rock; 2. A place where ore, generally tin
strata, more than one layer. (Roy. ore, is washed from alluvial de-
Com.) posits. (Standard)
Stratum plain. A plain that has been Strebbau (Ger.). The longwall sys-
reduced approximately to the surface tem of coal mining. (Gresley)
of a level or nearly level resistant
Streck (Eng.). A signal word for the
stratum which has served as a local
base level. (La Forge)
whim or tackle to be lowered.
(Hunt) Compare Strick.
Straw (Eng.). A straw or reed filled
with gunpowder, and used as a fuse.
Strek (Corn.). A trough for wash-
ing tin ore (Davies). A variation
(Gresley)
of strake.
Streak. The color of the powder of a Stress. A force or combination of
mineral as obtained by scratching
forces tending to change the shape
the surface of the mineral with a
of a body. (C. M. P.)
knife or If not too hard, by
file or,
rubbing on an unpolished porce-
it Stret. 1. (Mid.) Solid, close, com-
lain surface. (Dana) pact; as gobbed stret, packed stret,
etc. (Gresley)
Streaked. Having some of the min-
2. The system of mining coal by
eral constituents so arranged as to
headings or narrow work. See Bord-
give the rock a striped or streaked
and-pillar (C. and M. M. P.). Also
appearance. In the eruptive rock
spelled Strett.
this structure is often produced by
the flowing of the mass in a par- Stretch. A particular direction or
tially cooled condition. It is best course; as, the stretch of a coal
seen in obsidian, rhyolite, and seam. (Standard)
quartz porphyries. (Merrill)
Stretcher. 1. A brick or stone laid
Streak plate. A piece of unglazed por- with length parallel to the face
its
celain for testing the streak of of the wall. (Ries)
minerals. 2. (York.) A prop or sprag.
Stream (Corn.). To separate or clean Stretcher bar. A single- screw column
ore by washing. capable of holding one machine drill
is used in small drifts. (Gillette,
Stream-down sluice. A sluice box
p. 96)
placed to receive the material re-
jected from the tables of a dredge. Stretcher bond. A form of bond in
(Weatherbe) which the bricks or ashlar are laid
lengthwise in successive courses, so
Streamer. 1. (Corn.) A searcher for that the joints of one course are at
stream tin. (Raymond) the middle of those of the adjacent
2. One who washes out stream tin.
courses. (Standard)
(Webster)
Stream gold
Stria. A
minute groove or channel. A
Gold in alluvial de- threadlike line or narrow band
posits; placer gold. (Webster) (Webster). See Glacial stria.
Streaming. i. Separating ore from Striated. Marked with parallel grooves
gravel by the aid of running water. or striae. (Raymond)
(Skinner)
2. The working of alluvial deposits 1. Very fine parallel lines
Striations.
for the tin found in them. 3. The marking the surfaces or cleavage
washing of tin ore from the detrital faces of minerals. (George)
materials. 4. The reduction of 2. Channels or scratches made in
•tream tiL, (Standard) rock-scoring. (Standard)
656 GLOSSAKY OF MIHTING AND MINERAL INDUSTRY.
Btrlck (Com.). To let a man down a
shaft by a windlass. (Davies) Com-
pare Streck.
Striding level. A spirit-level,
frame of which carries at its
extremities inverted Y's below, so
that it may be placed upon two con-
centric cylinders and straddle any
small intervening obstacles. (Cen-
tury)
Strike. 1. The course or bearing of
the outcrop of an inclined bed or
structure on a level surface; the di-
rection or bearing of a horizontal
line in the plane of an inclined
stratum. Joint, fault, cleavage plane,
or other structural plane: it is per-
pendicular to the direction of the
dip. (La Forge) Compare Trend.
2. To find a vein of ore; a valuable
discovery. 3. In iron-working, a
puddler's rabble. 4. Act of quitting
work by mutual understanding by a
body of workmen as a means of en-
forcing compliance with demands
on their employer; a stopping of
work by workmen to obtain or re-
sist a change in conditions of em-
ployment. Compare Lockout. (Web-
ster)
5. A hoisting-hook for metal, in a
foundry. 6. A
straight-edged imple-
ment for leveling something as clay
in a brickmaker's or potter's mold,
or sand in a founders' mold, by
scraping off the superfluous portion
on top; a strickle. 7. In masonry,
to wipe off the projecting fresh mor-
tar from (a joint). (Standard)
Strike a lead. To come upon
or dis-
cover a lead, lode, or vein, as of
ore (Standard). See Strike, 2.
Strike board; Strike tree (Scot.).
board at the top of a shaft from
which the bucket is tipped; used in
shaft sinking. Formerly the beam
or plank at the shaft-top on which
the baskets were landed. (Barrow-
man.)
Strike cut. In separating blocks of
stone in a quarry, the cut that is
parallel to the strike of the rock
strata. (Bowles)
Strike fault. See Fault.
Strike joint. A joint parallel to the
strike. (Gresley)
Striker. 1. A
blacksmith's helper. 2.
A workman who dresses off the clay
bricks with a strickle in molding,
(Webster)
3. (Derb.) The man who lands the
kibble, corf or bucket at the top of
a shaft. (Mander) See Strike
bjard.
Striker-oflF. In brickmaking, a striker
or capper. (Standard)
Strike-shift. The horizontal compo-
the nent of the shift parallel to the
two fault strike. (Lindgren, p. 122)
Strike-slip. The component of the slip
parallel with the fault-strike, or the
projection of the net slip on a hori-
zontal line in the fault surface.
(Lindgren, p. 121)
Strike-slip fault. See Fault
Strike tree. See Strike board.
Strike valley. A valley parallel to the
strike of associated rock beds.
(Webster)
Striking deals (Eng.). Planks fixed in
a sloping direction just within the
mouth of a shaft, to guide the bucket
to the surface. (Gresley)
Striking hammer. A quarryman's (or
miner's) hammer for striking a rock
drill. (Standard)
Striking house (Derb.). A sheltered
place at the top of a shaft for the
striker, or eager. See Striker, 3.
(Mander)
Striking solution. A dilute solution of
silver cyanide, containing potassium
cyanide, in which articles to be sil-
ver plated are dipped before being
Immersed in the silver bath proper.
(Standard)
String. 1. A very small vein, either
independent or occurring as a branch
of a larger vein (Roy. Com.). A
stringer.
A 2. Aseries of well-drilling tools ar-
ranged for lowering into the hole.
Stringer. 1. A
narrow vein or irregu-
lar filament of mineral traversing a
rock mass of different material.
(Webster)
2. A heavy timber or plank, usually
horizontal, but sometimes inclined,
supporting other members of a struc-
ture, and usually running in the di-
rection of the greatest length of the
collection of supported members.
(Standard)
Stringer lode. A
shattered zone con-
taining a network of small nonper-
slstent veins (Lindgren, p. 145).
Also called Stringer zone.
Stringing deals (Eng.). Thin planks,
nailed to the inside of the curbs in
a shaft, so as to suspend each curb
from those above it. ( Raymond >
 GLOSSARY OF MINING AND MINERAL INDUSTRY. 657
string pump. A system of pumping Strip-pit. A coal or other mine worked
whereby the motion of the engine is by stripping (Steel). An open-pit
transmitted to the pump by timbers mine.
or stringers bolted together. (C.
Strockle. In glass manufacturing, a
and M. M. P.)
shovel with a turned-up edge, for
String rods. A line of surface rods grit, sand, etc. (Webster)
connected rigidly for the transmis-
Stroke. In masonry, to give a finely
sion of power; used for operating
fluted surface to. (Webster)
small pumps in adjoining shafts
from a central station. (G. and M. Stromatology. The history of the suc-
M. P.) cessive formations of the stratified
rocks, including their fossils.
Strip. 1. To remove from a quarry, (Standard)
or other open working, the overly-
ing earth and disintegrated or bar- Stromeyerite. A
somewhat variable
ren surface rock. (Raymond) sulphide of silver and copper (Ag,-
2. A shallow cast ingot of brass Cu)2S. Contains 50.2 to 52.7 per
for rolling into sheets.
• 3. To re- cent silver and 30.5 to 33.7 per cent
move the mold from a steel ingot. copper. (U. S. Geol. Surv.)
(Webster) Strong. 1. Large; important; said
4. To mine coal, alongside a fault, of veins, dikes, etc. (Webster)
or barrier. (Gresley) 2. (Scot.) Hard, not easily broken,
5. One of a set of troughs, or their e. g., strong coal, strong blaes. (Bar-
equivalent, along which ore particles, rowman)
as they come from the stamps, are 3. Referring to the character of
deposited in the order of their spe- bind, meaning that the argillaceous
cific gravity. (Standard) is largely mixed with the arenaceous
or siliceous material. (Gresley)
Stripe. (Corn.)
1. A long, rectangu-
lar buddle. (Webster) Strong lode. A large persistent lode.
2. The series of bands of variation At Alston moor, applied to lodes lying
in color or texture in a rock mass, in a fault plane in which the differ-
or the course of the planes of such ence of level between similar strata
bands, as indicative of the course of is considerable. (Power)
the bedding plane when that is other-
wise obscure. (Standard)
Strontia. The monoxide
of strontium,
SrO, an alkaline earth which when
Stripping. 1. An open-pit working. 2. pure is an infusible grayish white
See Strip, 1. 3. The earth, rock, or powder having an acrid, burning
soil so removed. (Chance) taste. (Century)
4. (York.) A
web or portion of Strontianiferous. Containing or yield-
coal worked off all along the face ing strontium or its salts. (Stand-
of a stall. Gresley) See Strip, 4. ard)
Stripping a gutter. Removing the Strontianite. Strontium carbonate,
headings from off the wash dirt, SrCOa. (U. S. Geol. Surv.)
which is left undisturbed. (Duryee)
Strontium. A bivalent metallic ele-
Stripping a jig (Aust). The forming ment of the calcium group. In na-
of a jig, by enlarging a cut-through ture, always combined, chiefly in
on an incline (Power). See Jig, 3. strontianite (carbonate) and celes-
tite (sulphate). When pure it is
Stripping a mine. 1. See Strip, 1. 2. silver-white. Symbol, Sr. atomic
;

Robbing a mine of its best ore. weight, 87.6; specific gravity, 2.5.
(Webster)
Strifping a shaft. 1. Taking out the
timber Irom an abandoned shaft. Stroup (Scot). A spout. (Barrow-
2. Trimming or squaring the sides man)
of a shaft. (Duryee)
Struck-out (Corn.). The termination
Stripping system. The removal
of the of a vein or lode by a fault.
overburden and mining of the ore (Pryce)
in one or more benches, the ore face Structural. Pertaining to, part of, or
being broken by blasting and the consequent ujwn the geologic struc-
broken ore loaded by hand, shovel- ture: as a structural valley. (La
ing machine, or steam shovel.
Forge)
The name "terrace or bench open-
pit working" has been suggested. Structural plain. A gently sloping
(Young) stratum plain, (La Forge)
75242'—19 42
 ))

658 GLOSSAKY OF MINING AND MINERAL INDUSTRY.

Structural valley. A relatively long Stugg (Scot.). To take down coal

and narrow depression produced by with the pick only. (Barrowman)
the movements of the surface, as a
synclinal valley. (Webster) StuU. 1. The top-piece of a set of
mine timbers. timber prop
2, A
Structure. 1. That part of the geology supporting the roof of a mine open-
of a region which pertains to the at- ing. (Weed)
titude of the rocks, the nature and 3. (Corn.) A platform ( stuU-cover-
amount, if any, of the deformation ing) laid on timbers (stull-pieces),
which they have undergone, and the braced across a working from side
distribution and mutual relations of to side, to support workmen or to
the structural features. 2. In pet- carry ore or waste. (Raymond)
rology, one of the larger features of
a rock mass, like bedding, flow band- StuU dirt; StuU rock. Material sup-
ing, jointing, cleavage, and breccia- ported upon the stuUs. (Ihlseng)
tion ; also the sum total of such fea-
tures: contrasted with Texture, StuU-piece. A
piece of timber placed
which see. (La Forge) over the back of a level to be cov-
ered with lagging, to prevent- rock
Strum. 1. (No. of Eng.) A kind of falling into the level from the stopes
iron sieve placed round the suction above. ( Standard
pipe of a pump, to prevent stones
or other rubbish passing into the Stulm (from the Ger. Stollen). An
pump. (Gresley) approximately horizontal passage-
2. (Scot.) A safety fuse. ( Bar- way in a mine; an adit. (Webster)
re wman)
A mine prop
Stump. A small pillar of coal left be-
Strut. to sustain com- tween the gangway or aii-way and
pression, whether vertical or in- the breasts to protect these pas-
clined. (C. and M. M. P.) sages; any small pillar. (Chance)
Stub entry. A short, narrow entry
turned from another entry and Stumping (Lane). A kind of pillar-
driven into the solid coal, but not and-stall plan of mining coal.
connected with other mine work- (Gresley)
ings; a dead end.
Stump pulling. Pillar robbing.
Stub iron. Iron made from old horse-
Stun. 1. In stone-cutting, to loosen
shoe nails: especially valuable for
making gun-barrels. (Standard) the surface of, as stone in dressing,
by blows with the edge or point of
Stucco. 1. A made of gyp-
fine plaster a hammer, delivered at right angles
sum and glue-water, or of powdered to the face. 2. A
white or dis-
white marble and fine sand, gypsum, colored place in marble or other
and water for walls or their relief
: stone, caused by a blow from a
ornaments. 2. Loosely, any plaster blunt-edged or blunt-pointed ham-
or cement used for the external coat- mer. 3. A groove or scar on the
ing of buildings. 3. Plaster of Paris. sawed face of a piece of stone,
(Standard) caused by sand or grit between the
side of the saw-blade and the stone.
Studdle (Corn.). 1. A prop to sup-
(Standard)
port the middle of a stuU. 2. A
distance-piece between successive Stunning. A quarryman's term for
frames of timbering. (Raymond) the formation of fractures caused
3. The vertical members of shaft- by the cutting bars of a channeling
timber sets placed at each corner machine striking the rock exces-
and at the intersection of the di- sively heavy blows. (Bowles)
viders and the wall plates. 4. An
upright prop supporting a platform Stup. A pulverized mixture of clay
in a mine, usually one of a set of and coke or coal. Probably from
four. (Standard) the Ger. Gestubbe. (Raymond)

Stufa. Ajet of steam issuing from Stupp. A

black deposit obtained in
a fissure in volcanic regions, at a distillingmercury ores, consisting
temperature often above the boiling of a mixture of soot, hydrocarbons,
point of water. (Comstock) mercury and its compounds, ore,
dust, etc. (Webster)
Stuff. 1. Ore associated with the
gangue of a lode. (Skinner) Sturt (Corn.). A tribute - bargain
2.The produce of a mine, as coal which turns out profitably for the
and slack. (Gresley) miner. ( Raymond
 GLOSSARY OF MINING AND MINERAL INDUSTRY. 659

Sturtevant balanced - rolls. Rolls In Subdivide. In geology, a divide be-

which all four boxes are movable tween the tributaries of a main
and held in position by springs. stream; a subordinate divide.
The idea is to divide the thrust (Standard)
whenever the springs yield and thus Subdrifting and caving. See Top
reduce internal stresses. (Liddell)
slicing combined with ore caving.
Sturtevant grinder. A disk grinder in Subglacial. Formed or deposited be-
which one disk is stationary and the neath a glacier.
other rotates. The stationary disk
is moved out of center from time to Subhedral. Bounded in part by crystal
time, so that any groove which faces proper to the mineral itself and
forms can be ground out. (Liddell) in part by surfaces formed against

Sturtevant ring-roll crusher A crusher .

preexisting ciystals hypautomor-
;

phic; hypidiomorphic : said of some

similar to the Kent roller mill, which
crystals in igneous rocks and inter-
see. (Liddell)
mediate in meaning between Euhe-
Sturtevant roll-jaw crusher. A crusher dral and Anhedral. (La Forge)
in which the motion of rhe upper
part of the jaws is like that of the
Subhornblendic. Of or pertaining to
material, as rocks that contain
Dodge crusher, while the loAver parts
hornblende disseminated through
of the jaws, of cylindrical surfaces
their mass. (Standard)
of varying radii, grind the ore be-
tween them. (Liddell) Subindividual. One of the small
crystals that often unite in parallel
Stygian deposits. A general term for
growths to build up larger crystals
ore deposits formed underground by
of the same general habit. (Stand-
waters of atmospheric origin. (Eng.
ard)
and Min. Jour. vol. 75, p. 257)
Subjacent. Situated directly under-
Stylolite. A small, short, columnar neath; lying below; in geology,
structure, transverse to the bedding,
lying below a stratum or another
common in some limestones and cal-
formation. (Standard)
careous shales and supposed to have
been formed by differential vertical Subjoint. Minor joints diverging
movement under pressure, (La from or parallel to the regular
Forge) joints. (Perkins)

Stythe (Scot). A miner's term for Sublevel. An

intermediate level opened
firedamp, or rather for the stifling, a short distance below the main
suffocating odor of choke damp that level or, in the caving system of
;

follows an explosion of the former mining, a few feet (15-20) below the
(Page). Also spelled Stithe. top of the ore body, preliminary to
caving the ore between it and the
Sub. 1. A
prefix used in chemistry
level above. See Sublevel stoping;
to signify that the term to which it
also Caving system of mining.
is prefixed is present in less than
normal amount, or sub-oxide. (Web- Sublevel backstoping. See Sublevel
ster) stoping.
2. (Mid.) Subsistence; money or
Sublevel caving. See Top slicing com-
wages paid on account. (Gresley) bined with ore caving.
3. Short for Sublevel in caving sys-
tems of mining. Sublevel method. See Sublevel stop-
ing.
Subaerial. Formed, existing, or taking
place on the land surface contrasted : Sublevel slicing. See Top slicing com-
with Subaqueous. (La Forge) bined with ore caving; also Sub-
level stoping.
Subaqueous. Formed, existing, or tak-
ing place beneath a body of water: Sublevel stoping. A mining method
contrasted with involving overhand, underhand, and
Subaerial. (La
Forge) shrinkage stoping. Its character-
istic feature is the use of sub-
Subbituminous coal. Black lignite; levels. The sublevels are worked
Lignitic coal. simultaneously, the lowest on a
given block being farthest advanced
Subcoastal plains. Submerged plains and the "subs" above following one
of the continental shelf. (Webster) another at short intervals. The
Subconcholdal. Imperfectly or indis- uppermost sublevel underneath the
tiru.'tly conchoidal. (Webster) cover is partly caved. The caved
660 GLOSSARY OF MINING AND MINERAL INDUSTRY.
cover follows down upon the caved
ore. The broken ore is in part
drawn from the level, and a part
remains in the stope in order to
give lateral support to the walls and
to prevent admixture of cover and
ore. The breaking faces are devel-
oped by crosscuts, which are ex-
tended from wall to wall from the
end of the sublevel. The method
can also be looked upon as a re-
treating method, the ore body being
worked from the top down and the
individual blocks upon a given level
being worked from their ends to the
center (Young). Modifications
this method are: Chamber-and-pil-
lar system; Chambers without fill-
ing; Combination of subslicing
etoping; Drift stoping; Filling
tem; Mitchell slicing system;
lar robbing; Pillar robbing
hand Room-and-pillar sys-
filling;
tem; Square work and caving;
Square work, pillar robbing, and
hand filling; Sublevel back stoping;
Sublevel method; Sublevel slicing
system; and Substoping.
Sublimate. A coating or deposit
formed in a glass tube or on char-
coal as a result of heating certain
minerals. (George)
Sublimation. The volatilization and
condensation of a solid substance,
without fusion, or without the inter-
vening liquid stage being passed
through.
Sublimation theory. The theory
a vein was filled first with metallic
vapors. (Raymond)
Sublimation vein. A vein formed in
accordance with the sublimation
theory. (Standard)
Sublime. To pass from a solid to a
gaseous state, and again condense
to solid form, without apparently
liquefying. (Webster)
Submarine blast. A
charge of high ex-
plosives fired in bore holes drilled in
the rock under water for dislodging
dangerous projections and deepen-
ing channels. (Du Pont)
Submetallic. Applied to minerals hav-
ing an imperfect metallic luster,
as columbite, wolframite. (Dana)
Subnate. Applied to rocks formed
within or below the crust. (Power)
Subporphyritic. Having, in an imper-
fect degree, the character of por-
phyry. (Century)
Subsalt. A basic salt (Century)
Subsequent. Tributary to and ffObs*
quent in development to a primary
consequent sti-^am, but Itself conse-
quent upon structure broug> out In
the degradation of the region; sub-
consequent: said of some streams
and their valleys; as a subsequent
valley. (La Forge)
Subsequent deposits. A term proposed
for ores which were not directly the
(Eng.
result of igneous processes.
and Min. Jour., vol. 75, p. 258)
Subsidence. A sinking down of a part
of the earth's crust. (Roy. Com.)
of
Subsidiary company. A company in
which a majority of the shares of
and stock are held by another company,
sys- giving the control to the l£4ter.
Pil-
and Subsilicate. A basic silicate. (Stand-
ard)
Subsilicic.Containing less than 50 per
same as and much
cent of silica :
preferable to 6asic, which it is r€>-
placing. (La Forge)
Subslicing; Side slicing; End slicing.
See Top slicing combined with ore
caving.
Subsoil. 1. Broadly and loosely, the
part of the regolith (earth mantle)
which lies beneath the true soil and
which contains almost no organic
matter. 2. More precisely, a layer of
the regolith, grading tato the soil
above and into unmodified rock waste
that
below, which is less oxidized and hy-
drated than the soil proper and con-
tains almost no organic matter, but
is somewhat charged with and in-
durated by iron oxides and clay that
has been leached down from the
overlying soil. (La Forge)
Subsoiling. The firing of small charges
of dynamite 2 or 3 feet below the
surface for breaking up impervious
strata of soil, clay, etc., for aerat-
ing, draining, and moistening the
soil. (Du Pont)
Substalagmite. A compact, noncrys-
talline deposit of calcium carbonate.
(Webster)
Substation. A station in which elec-
tric current is changed in character
or potential. (H. H. Clark)
Substitution vein. A metalliferous
vein formed through the agency of
percolating waters by the partial or
complete substitution of the vein
material for the original rock.
Called also replacement vein or de-
posit. (Webster)
 )

GLOSSARY OF MINING AND MINERAL. INDUSTRY. 661

Snbstoping. See Sublevel stoping. Suction primer. A pump, auxiliary to
a steam pump, used to exhaust the
Substratum. An under-layer or stra-
air from the main chamber, as a
tum a stratum, as of earth or
;
preliminary to the use of steam.
rock, lying immediately under an-
(Standard)
other. (Standard)
Subterposition. The state of being
Suction pump. A pump wherein, by
the movement of the piston, water
placed beneath something else; spe-
is drawn up into the partial vacuum
in geology, the order in
cifically,
formed under the retreating bucket
which strata are disposed in de-
on the upstroke, reflux being pre-
scending series. (Standard)
vented by a valve in the pipe. The-
Subterrane. The bedrock beneath a oretically the suction pump will lift
surficial deposit. (La Forge) water 34 feet, but practically only
about 26 to 28 feet. (Webster)
Subterranean. Being or lying under
the surface of the earth. (Web- Sud (Prov. Eng.). Drift-sand depos-
ster) ited on flooded land. (Standard)
Subtransparent. Of imperfect trans- Sueldo (Mex.). Salary; wages,
parency. ( Dury ee (Dwight)
Subtuberant. Having a domelike form Suelo (Mex.). Bottom; surface of
due to igneous intrusion into the ground. (Dwight)
rocks beneath: said of some domes Sugar of lead. Lead acetate.
in strata and of the consequent de-
formation of the surface and the re- Sugar spar (Corn.). Friable graunlar
sultant form of the topography. (La quartz. (Power)
Forge) Sugary quartz. A granular and some-
what friable and massive variety of
Subvitreous. A luster less glassy in quartz (Power). Sugar spar.
appearance than that of common
glass. (George) Suldenite. A name given by Stache
and von ,Tohn to gray, acidic, ande-
Succinellite. Succinic acid, C4H6O4, ob- sitic porphyrites in the eastern Alps.
tained In orthorhombic cr^'stals from They range from 54 to 62 x>er cent,
amber. SiOz, and have, in the prevailing
Succinite. 1. Amber. It occurs in ir- gray groundmass, phenocrysts of
regular masses, without cleavage, hornblende, plagioclase, a little or-
possesses a specific gravity of 1.050 thoclase, and accessory augite, bio-
to 1.096, and fuses at 250° to 300° tite, and quartz. Compare Ortlerite.
C. (Bacon). Also called Electrum. (Kemp)
2. Amber- colored grossularite. Sulfate. 1. (Sp.) Sulphate. 2. (Mex.)
(Webster) In the patio process, sulphate of cop-
Succino (Sp.). Amber. (Halse) per. (Halse)
Sulfuro (Sp.). 1. Sulphides; Sulfuros
Sucked stone (Corn.). A honeycombed (Mex.), sulphide ores. 2. Rich sul-
or porous stone. (Pryce) phides of silver from lixiviation
Sucker rod. The pump rod of an oil processes. (Halse)
or artesian well. (Chance) Sullage. 1. Scoria on molten metal
Sucking pump. A suction pump. in the ladle. (Webster)
( Standard
2. Water - deposited silt or mud.
(Standard)
Suction anemometer. An anejnometer Sullage piece. Same as Deadhead, 1.
that measures wind-velocity by the
Sulman and Picard process. An oil flo-
degree of exhaustion caused by the
tation process in which are intro-
blowing of the wind through or
duced bubbles of air or other gas,
across a tube. (Standard)
and also oil in the form of a spray,
Suction basket. The strainer at the into the freely flowing acidulated
foot of the suction pipe of a pump pulp. (T. J. Hoover, p. 11)
or of a suction hose. (Standard) Sulphate. 1. A salt or ester of sul-

Suction dredge. A dredge in which phuric acid. 2. To treat or im-

the material is lifted by pumping
through a suction pipe (Weatherbe)
Suction pipe. That part Of a pump
where the water enters. (Barrow-
man)
pregnate with sulphuric acid or a
sulphate; to convert into sulphate.
3. To form a deposit of whitish
scale (probably Pb^SOs, not the nor-
mal PbSOi) on the plates of a stor-
age battery. (Webster)
662 GLOSSARY OF MINING AND MINERAL INDUSTRY.

Sulphatite. A liquid compouna found Sulphur ore. Pyrite, often roasted

In certain volcanic regions, consist- for its sulphur. (Webster)
ing of native dilute sulphuric acid,
H3SO4. (Standard)
Summer black-oil. A
black lubricat-
ing oil of 540" F. used as
fire test,
Sulphatize. To convert into sulphate, a heavy tempering oil and for water-
as by roasting sulphide ores. (Web- proofing cement. (Bacon)
ster)
Summer oil. A heavy, railway car and
Sulphide. A
binary compound of sul- engine oil that has a flash-point of
phur, or one so regarded. Formerly above 140° C. and solidifies below
called Sulphuret. Excepting the sul- —5° C. (Bacon)
phides of alkali and alkaline earth Sump. 1. (From the German Sumpf.)
metals, the metallic suphides are in-
An excavation in the coal or rock
soluble in water, or nearly so, and
made below the gangway or in the
many occur as minerals. (Webster) bottom of a shaft to collect mine
Sulphide zone. That part of a lode or water. The gangway ditches or
vein not yet oxidized by the air or drains empty into it, and the pump
surface water and containing sul- draws the water from it. (Chance)
phide minerals. 2. (Newc.) That part of a judd of
coal which is extracted first. (Ray-
Sulphur. 1. A non-metallic element mond)
occurring naturally in large quan-
3. An excavation smaller than, and
tities either native or in various sul-
ahead the regular work in driv-
of,
phides. Native sulphur occurs in
ing a tunnel or sinking a shaft.
yellow orthorhombic crystals, in 4. A round stone-pit, lined with
masses, crusts, and powder. Sym- clay, for receiving the metal on its
bol, S ; atomic weight, 32.06 spe-
;
first fusion. (Webster)
cific gravity, 2.06. (Webster)
5. A storage tank for solutions, usu-
2. Iron pyrite, occurring in coal
ally at a level below other vats.
seams (Steel). Also iron sulphide (Clennell, p. 279)
(pyrite) occurring with Wisconsin
6. To undercut coal preliminary to
and Missouri zinc ore. In southern placing a short-wall machine in po-
States, synonymous with Pyrite.
sition for cutting along the working
3. Sulphureted hydrogen, H2S. face. Sometimes called a Sumping
Stink damp. 4. (So. Staff.) An old,
cut.
but improper, term for fire damp.
(Gresley) Sumper. 1. (Eng.) A shot placed in
or very near to the center of the
Sulphur-burner. A blast furnace in bottom of a shaft. (Gresley)
which sulphur is burned in the man- 2. (Scot.) A shot for breaking
ufacture of sulphuric acid. (Stand- up the bottom or floor. (Barrow-
ard) man)
Sulphur-concrete. A mixture of sul- Sump fuse. A waterproof fuse for use
phur with pulverized stoneware and in a sump. (Standard)
glass, melted and run into molds.
(Century) Sumping. 1. (Scot) Cutting down
into the floor: or, in sinking, cut-
Sulphuret (Pacific coast). In miners* ting down at the lowest part of the
phrase, the undecomposed metallic shaft. (Barrowman)
ores, usually sulphides. Chiefly ap- 2. Forcing the cutter bar of a coal
plied to auriferous pyrites. Con- cutter into or under the coal. Also
centrate and sulphide are preferable called Sumping cut. (C. and M.
(Raymond). An old synonym for M. P.)
Sulphide. 3. Asmall square shaft, generally
made in the air headings, when
Sulphur group. The elements sulphur, crossing faults, etc., or made to
selenium, tellurium, and oxygen: prove the thickness of coal, etc
formerly classed together, owing to (Min. Jour.)
their many properties in common.
(Standard) Sumping bar. An angle iron about
8 feet long with flanges about 4
Sulphuric acid. A heavy corrosive oily inches high, weighing about 75
liquid, H2SO4, colorless when pure, pounds. Its function is to guide the
early made by distilling green cutter bar on an electric coal cut-
vitriol, hence the name oil of vitriol. ting machine. (N. W. Rept, vol.
Now made by the chamber process 162, p. 861. Beck v. Beck CJoal and
and the contact process. (Webster) Min. Co., Iowa)
 )

GLOSSARY OF MIKING AND MINERAL INDUSTRY. 663

Bnmplng cnt. See Sump, 6. Sun vein (No. of Eng.). Ore veins
discovered on the south side of a
Sumping hole (Aust). The first or hill. Sun is synonymous with south,
opening cut made by a coal cutter
so sun veins are south veins.
(Power). A sumplng cut.
(Power)
Sumping shot (Newc). See Sumper,
1 and 2. Superflcial. See Surficial.

Sumpman (Com.). A man employed In Superficial deposits. The most recent

shaft sinking to assist the miner of geological formations; unconsoli-
with the pumping machinery, tim- dated detrital material lying on or
bers, etc. near the surface, generally unstrati-
fied. (Century)
Sump planks (So. Staff.). Strong tim-
bers bolted together, forming a tem- Superficie (Sp.). Surface. (Dwight)
porary bottom, or scaffolding, for the
shaft. (Min. Jour.) Superfluent.Applied by Dana to those
igneous magmas which discharge at
Sump pump. A pump employed to
the summit of a volcano. See Ef-
raise water from a mine sump.
fluent and Interfluent (Daly, p.
(Standard)
131)
Sump shaft. That shaft In a mine at
Supergene. Applied to ores or ore
the bottom of which is the sump.
minerals that have been formed by
(Standard)
generally descending water. Ores
Sump shot. A blast made near the or minerals formed by downward
center of a shaft that is being sunk, enrichment (Ransome). Compare
to make a collecting place for water. Hypogene, 2.
(Standard)
Superimpose. In geology, to establish
Sump solution. See Barren solution. a structural system over, independ-
ently of, and eventually upon under-
Sump winze. A winze sunk in the bot- lying structures: said of terranes,
tom of the lowest order to
level, in rivers, drainage systems, valleys and
explore the lode below and ascer- other features of erosion; as, a
tain whether the sinking of the superimposed valley. (Standard)
main shaft is advisable. (Stand-
ard) Superimposed drainage. A natural
drainage system that has been estab-
Sun-baked. Hardened and desiccated lished on underlying rocks independ-
by the sun's heat, as mud, clay, or ently of their structure. Three
unburnt bricks. (Standard) kinds are recognized: (a) by sedi-
mentation, where the drainage sys-
Sun crack. See Shrinkage-crack. tem of newer strata Is formed over
Sunned oil.A trade name for crude and independently of that of closely
petroleum, which is sometimes in- underljing older strata; (&) by allu-
creased in density and fitted for use viation, where an extensive alluvial
as a lubricant by exposing it to the deposit has established a new and
sun as a thin layer on the surface of independent drainage system over
a tank of warm water, the more that of the preceding surface; (c) by
volatile portions being thus in part planation, where, after extensive
removed by evaporation. (Bacon) planation of a rock - surf ace, a
drainage system is established inde-
Sun opal. Same as Fire opal, (Stand- pendent of the underlying rock-
ard) structure. ( Standard
Sunshine. The trade name of a soft Superphosphate. An acid phosphate;
grade of paraffin wax with a low any fertilizing material consisting
melting point. It can be burned in chiefly of soluble phosphates. (Web-
an ordinary miners' lamp with a nail ster)
(usually copper) in the wick and
gives little smoke (Steel). Also Superposed. Not In adjustment to the
Miners' sunshine. structure of the rocks upon which it
now flows, having acquired its
Sunstone. A variety of oligoclase feld- course on a previously overlying ter-
spar containing numerous small in- rane which has since been removed
clusions which cause a delicate play or cut through: said of some
of colors. Used as a gem (U. S. streams; same as superimposed
Oeol. Surv.). which it is replacing. (La forge)
 ) ))
664 GLOSSARY OF MIKING AND MINERAL INDUSTRY.
Superposicion (Peru). Whole or part
of a mining claim placed over an
older one. (Halse)
Superposition. The order in which
rocks are placed above one another.
(Roy. Com.)
Superstratum. An overlying stratum
or layer. (Webster)
Supplementary twining. Twining by
which a crystal simulates the sym-
metry of a crystal class with higher
grade in the same system. (A. F.
Rogers)
Sur (Sp.). South. (Dwight)
Surbed. Set, as a stone, on edge, or in
a position different from that in the
quarry. ( Standard
Surcharge. 1. The algebraic sum of
the losses and gains of a cornet of
gold during cupellation and solu-
tion. (Ricketts, p. 128)
2. In ceramics, an enamel-painting
on an enamel ground of darker hue.
(Standard)
Surface. The top of the ground; the
soil, clay, on the top of strata
etc.,
(Barrowman). As used the con-
i i
veyance of coal in place, or in a con-
veyance of land reserving the min-
erals, includes not merely the sur-
face within the boundary lines, with-
out thickness, but includes what-
ever earth, soil, or land lic:j above
and superincumbent upon the coal
or mineral reserved. (Yander v.
Right, 66 Indiana, p. 319 32 Ameri-
;
can, p. 109; Stonegap '^olliery Co.
V. Hamilton, 89 S. E. Rept., p. 310)
Surface break; Surface damage. The
disturbance or sinking of the strata
reaching to the surface consequent
on the extraction of coal or mineral.
(Barrowman)
Surface charges. All expenses in-
curred on the surface of a mine
which have to be charged against
the mineral. (Duryee)
Surface condenser. A
condenser in
which exhaust steam is condensed
by contact with the surfaces of
metal cooled by a flow of cold water
on their sides opposite the condens-
ing surfaces. (Century)
Surface damage (Scot). Ground oc-
cupied and damaged by colliery op-
erations the compensation for such.
; the surface deposits for gold. (Web-
(Barrowman)
Surface deposits.Ore bodies that are
exposed and can be mined from the
surface. (C. and M. M. P.)
Surface geology. The geology of the
superficial deposits and of the sur-
face of the fundamenial rocks.
(Roy. Coin.) Compare Aerial geol-
ogy.
Surface glaze. In ceramics, a thin and
perfectly transparent giaze over
both the body and the decoration.
Surface lines. The boundary lines of
a mining claim as indicated by the
locator. (U. S. Min. Stat, p. 81)
Surface man. A miner (or other work-
man) employed in an open-air work-
ing. A yard or shop employee at a
mine.
Surface mining. Mining at or near
the surface; placer mining; open-pit
mining. ( Standard
Surface rights. The ownership of the
surface of land only, where mineral
rights are reserved. (Weed)
Surface tension. That property, due
to molecular forces, which exists in
the surface film of all liquids and
tends to bring the contained volume
into a form having the least super-
ficial area. The thickness of this film
amounts to less than a thousandth
of a millimeter, and is considered
to equal the radius of the sphere of
molecular action, that is, the great-
est distance at which there is cohe-
sion between two particles. Par-
ticles lying below this film, being
equally acted on from all sides, are
in equilibrium as to forces of cohe-
sion, but those in the film are on the
whole attracted inward, and tension
results (Webster). As used in
the flotation process, the contrac-
tile force at the surface of a liquid
whereby resistance is offered to rup-
ture. (Rickard)
Surface water.Water running into
underground workings from the
surface of the ground. (Barrow-
man)
Surface working. Same as Surface
mining. ( Standard
Surfacing. 1. The top layer or crust
of a pavement. 2. Treating the sur-
face of a finished roadway with a
bituminous material. (Bacon)
3. The act of placing the top of the
rail on an even line. 4. Gold dig-
ging on the surface. 5. To wash
ster) 6. The auriferous material
that lies at the surface. (Standard)
Surfeit (No. of Eng.). Choke dampi
(Gresley)
 GLOSSARY OF MINING AND MINERAL INDUSTRY. 665

Snrflcial. Characteristic of, pertaining Sutton, Steele, and Steele dry table.
to,formed on, situated at, or occur- A concentrator of the Wilfley type
ring on the earth's surface; espe- in motion, but instead of using wa-
cially, consisting of unconsolidated ter, stratification is by means of ris-
residual, alluvial, or glacial deposits ing currents of air. The heavy
lying on the bedrock. (La Forge) grains are pushed forward by the
head motion, while the lighter
Surge tank. A standpipe or a storage grains roll or flow down the slope
reservoir at the down-stream end toward the tailing side. (Liddell)
of a closed aqueduct or feeder pipe,
as for a water wheel to prevent sud- Suture joint. Same as Stylolite, which
den variations of pressure and to see.
furnish water quickly. (Webster)
Swab. 1. A kind of hemp brush for
Surging. The flapping of a moving holding water to moisten mold
rope, as of a hoisting cable. (C. M. joints, to spray on edges, to spread
P.). See Whipping, 1.
blacking on dry-sand molds, etc. 2.
Surtidero (Sp.). A conduit or sluice; To clean, as with a swab; to mop.
(S. de agua, a reservoir; basin. (Webster)
(Halse)
Swab stick. A
stick frayed at one
Surturbrand. An Icelandic term for a end, for cleaning the sludge out of
peat-like variety of brown coal or holes in process of being bored for
lignite occurring in the Pliocene blasting. (Roy. Com.)
deposits, and sometimes under the
volcanic overflows of that island. Swad (Newc). A thin layer of stone
(Page) or refuse coal at the bottom of the
seam. (Raymond)
Survey. 1. To determine and deline-
ate the form, extent, position, etc. Swag. 1. (Lane.) Subsidence or
of a tract of land, coast, harbor weighting of the roof. (Gresley)
or the like, by taking linear and 2. (Aust.) A tramping bushman's
angular measurements, and by ap- luggage, rolled up in a long bundle
plying the principles of geometry and carried on the back or over the
and trigonometry. 2. To view with shoulder; any similar roll of lug-
a scrutinizing eye; to examine with gage. (Webster)
reference to condition, situation,
value, etc. (Webster) Swage. A tool variously shaped or
grooved on the ends or faces, used
Surveying. Act or occupation of
1.
by workers in metals for shaping
making surveys. 2. That branch of their work; a dolly, jumper, or up-
applied mathematics which teaches set (Webster). A tool used in
the art of determining the area of sharpening drill bits.
any portion of the earths' surface,
the lengths and direction of bound- Swage block. A perforated block of
ing lines, the contour of the surface, cast iron or steel, having grooved
etc., and accurately delineating the sides and adapted for use in heading
whole on paper. (Webster) bolts and swaging large objects.
(Webster)
Surveyor. 1. One who
surveys or
measures land surfaces, mines, etc. Swaged. Reduced in diameter by use
2. A customs officer. (Webster) of blacksmith's :*ivages, hence the
name. This is a hammering proc-
Surveyor general. 1. A
principal sur-
ess,but the same result may be at-
veyor. 2. An charge of the
officer in
tained by press forging or spinning.
survey of public lands of the United
(Nat. Tube Co.)
States. (Webster)
Surveyors* measure. A system of meas- Swagman (Aust.). A man who trav-
ures used by surveyors, of which the els search of employment; so
in
unit is the chain. (Standard) called because he carries his swag,
or bundle of clothes, blankets, etc.
Sussexite. A name suggested
special (Century)
by Brogger for the eleolite por-
phyry, originally described by Kemp, Swallet (Eng.). 1. A fissure or hole;
from Beemerville, Sussex Co., N. J. especially a fissure in limestone
The name was, however, applied rocks through which a stream sinki
years ago to a hydrated borate of (Webster). Also Swallow; Swal-
manganese and magnesia, from lows.
Franklin Furnace, N. J. (Kemp) 2. An inrush of water in a mine.
 )

666 GLOSSAKY OF MINING AND MINERAL INDUSTRY.

Swallow (Derb.). A loose, broken, or Sweating. The condensation of mois-

porous place in a vein. It derives ture and distillation products on
its name from the ease with which the surface of a roast heap, forming
water sinks through the loose mate- a damp and sticky crust. (Peters,
rial (Hooson). Also S wallet. p. 120)

Swallow hole. See Sink, 1 ; Sink hole. Swedge; Drift. A tool used in oil wells
for straightening bulged casing.
Swally; Swelly. A trough, or syncline,
(Mitzakis)
in a coal seam. (C. and M. M. P.)
Swedish iron. A soft and compara-
Swamp. 1. A local depression in a tively pure iron. (C. M. P.)
coal bed in which the water col-
lects. Applied particularly in bitu- Swedish process. See German process.
minous coal mining. (Chance) Sweep. 1. A
curved metal blr.de pro-
2. As applied to a mining claim, to
jecting from the central shaft of a
clear a narrow strip along the bound-
pug mill, to force clay through holes
ary line, where the location is on at the bottom. 2. In founding, a
timber land. (Leveridge v. Hennes- profile pattern, used especially in
sey, 135 Pac. Kept, p. 909)
forming molds for cylindrical or
Swamper. A rear brakeman in a other symmetrical articles. (Stand-
metal mine. ard)
3. (Aust.) That part of a brancli
Swamp marl. A marl, found at the that reunites with the main vein f ar^
outlets of lakes, composed of myriads
ther on. (Power)
of tiny shells in different stages of
cementation. ( Standard Sweeper. One who cleans the brick
1.
pavement between stock house,
Swamp muck. Imperfect peat, espe-
stoves, and blast furnace. (Will-
cially the less compact variety.
cox)
(Century) 2. In an iron mill, one whose duty
Swamp ore. Bog iron ore; Limonite. it is to remove with a twig broom
(Webster) the scale that forms on plates, etc.,
during the process of rolling.
Swape (No. of Eng.). A large oar by (Standard)
which coal boats are steered (Gres-
ley). A variation of Sweep. Sweep-head pick (Eng.). A curved
pick. (Gresley)
Swarf. 1. (Scot.) A tool for widen-
ing bore holes. (Barrowman) Sweeping. See Sweeps, 1.
2. Fine metallic particles removed
by a cutting tool; chippings from Sweeping table. A stationary buddle.
soft iron castings, used as a reduc- (Raymond)
ing agent in certain chemical manu- (Eng.). Curved plates
Sweep-plates
factures. (Webster)
for barrow ways at a turn. (Bain-
Swaugh (Derb.). A soft clay in the bridge) A turn sheet.
vein. (Hooson)
Sweep-point (Aust.). The curved rail
Swaying bank (York.). Under-
of a of a turnout that crosses the main
goilig disturbance due to weight of rails and is moved against or from
the roof. A settling of the mine the outer main rail, according to
roof. (Gresley) the track it is desired the skip or
Bweal. (Eng.) To burn slowly. 2.
1. car shall run on. (Power)
To melt and run down; to waste
away without feeding the flame. A Sweep rail (Aust.). The inner curve
candle is said to sweal when the of a turnout. (Power)
grease runs down, owing to its The dust of the work-
Sweeps. 1.
burning in a strong current of air
shops of jewelers, goldsmiths, sil-
or being improperly carried or fixed. versmiths, and assayers and refin-
(Gresley)
ers of gold and silver (Raymond).
Sweat. 1. To condense moisture in Also Sweeping.
beads or drops on the surface (Web- 2. (Eng.) Brushes or pieces of
ster), The roof of a mine is said cloth for sweeping the smooth sur-
to sweat when drops of water are face of a buddle. (Hunt)
formed upon it, by condensation of
steam formed by the heating of the Sweepwasher. A person who extracts
waste or goaf. (Gresley) precious metals from the sweepings
2. To exude nitroglycerin; said of of refineries of gold and silver,
dynamite. (Webster) (Ure)
 GLOSSARY OF MINING AND MINERAL INDUSTRY. 667

Sweepwashings. Valuable metal Swinging bont; Swinging bant (Mid.).

washed from sweepings. (Stand- Before the introduction of cages and
ard) guides, the skips or buckets of coal,
etc., also the men, were raised and
Sweet (Eng.). Free from fire damp
lowered swinging loose in the shafts
or other gases, or from fire stink.
(Gresley). See Bant.
(Gresley)
Sweetish astringent. Applied to those
Swinging plate. An amalgamated cop-
per plate hung in a sluice to catch
minerals that have the taste of alum.
float gold. (C. and M. M. P.)
(Dana)
Sweet roasting. Complete roasting, or
Swing jack. A
jack used to replace
derailed cars on a railway track.
until arsenic and sulphur fumes
(Century)
cease to form. See Roasting.
A local enlargenuent or Swing loose (Ark.). To gradually
Swell. 1.
loosen over a considerable area and
thickening of an ore or coal deposit.
sag. Said of the rock over a mine
(Webster)
working. (Steel)
2. A space in a seam from which
the coal has been eroded and its Swing parting (Ark.). A parting some
place filled with clay or sand. distance from the mouth of an en-
Called also Horse, Horseback, Swine- try. The loaded cars are left by
back, Want. (Standard) the gathering driver to be taken out
3. A low dome or quaquaversal anti- by a swing driver, with a swing
cline of considerable areal extent. mule or a spike team. (Steel)
(La Forge)
Swing table. A movable bed on which
Swelly (No. of Eng.) A local thick- plate glass is cemented for polish-
ening of a coal seam. Also called ing; a runner. (Standard)
Swally; Swilley; Swell. (Standard)
Switch. 1. The movable tongue or rail
Swilling -vat. A vat in which tin-
by which a train is diverted from
plate is washed after pickling.
one track to another. 2. The junc-
(Standard)
tion of two tracks. 3. A movable
Swilly (York.). A detached portion arm for changing the course of an
of coal strata. (Gresley) See electrical current (Steel)
Swell, 2.
Switchback. An arrangement of zig-
Swimming stone. A
variety of opal zag railroad tracks for lessening
that floats on water: found in light, the grade up a steep hill (Web-
spongy, concretionary or tuberose ster). Common in mountainous
masses. Called also Floatstone. mining districts.
(Standard)
Switchboard. A board where several
Swindell producer. A furnace used electrical wires terminate and where
for the manufacture of producer
by means of switches connection
gas. (Ingalls, p. 315)
may be established between any of
Swine back (Wales). See Horseback, these wires and the main wire. (0.
3 and 5; also Swell, 2. and M. M. P.)
Swine stone. A variety of marble Switch plate. An iron plate on tram-
that gives off a fetid odor when roads in mines, to change the direc-
broken or rubbed (Power). Also tion of movement of cars (Stand-
called Stink Stone, See Bitumi- ard). A turn sheet
nous limestone.
Switch rope. A short length of rope
Swing (Eng.). The arc or curve de- fitted with a hook on one end and
scribed by the point of a pick or a link on the other, used for the
maundril when being used. Also switching of cars. (O. M. P.)
called the swing of the pick. (Gres-
ley) Swither. A term used in Wisconsin
lead regions to denote a crevice or
Swinging a claim. The adjustment of crack branching from a main loda
the boundaries of a mining claim to (Power)
more nearly conform to the strike
of the vein. A reasonable time is Swivel. In oil-well drilling, a short
allowed the discoverer to explore pk>ce of casing having one end
the vein or lode to find out its strike belled over a heavy ring, and having
and thus enable him to lay his a large hole through both walls, tha
claim. (U. S. Min. Stat, p. 233) other end being threaded.
 )
668 GLOSSARY OF MINING AND MINERAL INDUSTRY.
Sworn stuff (Eng.). An old term for
certain alluvial deposits found in
coal measures. (Gresley)
Sycee-silver. Pure, uncoined, lump sil-
ver of various sizes, usually having
a banker's or assayer's seal stamped
on them, used by Chinese as a me-
dium of exchange and reckoned by
weight. The larger, sometimes
called Shoes, are boat-shaped, and
weigh about one pound
(Standard)
Sycite. A fig-shaped pebble or
of flint. (Standard)
Syderolite. A variety of
earthenware. ( Standard
Syenite. Any granular igneous
composed essentially of orthoclase,
with or without microcline, albite,
hornblende, biotite, augite, or corun-
dum. (La Forge) In mica syenites
hoi-nblende is replaced by biotite
and in augite syenites it is replaced
by augite. If a small quantity of
quartz is present it is called quartz
syenite. In nepheline syenite the
feldspar is partly replaced by neph-
eline. (U. S. Geol. Surv.)
Syenite porphyry. A rock of porphy-
ritic texture and same mineral com-
position as syenite (Ries)
Sylvan. Native tellurium.
ard)
Sylvanite. A gold -silver
(Au,Ag)Te2, containing gold and sil-
ver in the atomic ratio of 1 to 1.
This requires 24.5 per cent of gold
and 13.4 per cent silver. (U. S.
Geol. Surv.)
Sylvite. Native potassium
KCl. (Dana)
Symbols of crystal faces. In crystal-
lography, the mathematical expres-
sions for designating the position of
crystal faces on coordinate axes.
(A. F. Rogers)
Symmetrical dispersion. In optical
mineralogy, the dispersion which
produces an interference figure with
color distribution symmetrical to the
trace of the axial plane and also to
a line normal to it. (A. F. Rogers)
Symmetry. The regular and gymmet-
rlcal arrangement of certain proper-
ties of crystalline substances, such as
their crystal form, their optical prop-
erties, and their electrical properties,
with reference to certain funda-
mental planes and axes, called planes
and axes ot symmetry. It depends
upon and is a consequence of th«
molecular structure of the crystal.
(La Forge)
Symon fault. Same as Swell, 2.
Symon's disk crusher. A mill in which
the crushing is done between two
cup-shaped plates that revolve on
shafts set at a small angle to each
other. These disks revolve with
troy. the same speed in the same direc-
tion and are so set as to be widest
apart at the bottom. Feed is from
mass
the center, and the material is grad-
ually crushed as it nears the edge,
Bohemian and is then thrown out by centrif-
ugal force. (Liddell)
rock Synchronal. Occurring at the same
time. (Power)
Synchroneity. Synchonism ; specifi-
cally {Geol.), supposed coincidence
in the time of formation said of
;
strata. (Standard)
Synclase. A term used by DaubrSe for
minor divisional planes produced by
some intense mechanical or molecu-
lar motion; generally by contrac-
tion, as in cooling and drying.
(Power)
Synclinal. In geology, characteristic
of,pertaining to, occurring, or situ-
(Stand- ated in, or forming a syncline. (La
Forge) The opposite of anticlinal.
telluride,
Synclinal axis. In geology, the central
line of a syncline, toward which the
beds dip from both sides. (L«
Forge)
Syncline. A fold in rocks in which the
strata dip inward from both sides
chloride,
toward the axis. The opposite of
Anticline. (La Forge)
Synclinore. Same as Synclinorium.
Synclinorium. A compound
syncline a '
closely folded belt the broad general
structure of which is synclinal. (La
Forge) Called also Synclinore.
Syndicate. An association or group of
persons, usually financiers or capi-
talists,who combine to carry out, on
their own account, a financial or in-
dustrial project, as the underwrit-
ing of an issue of bonds, the carry-
ing out of a great industrial enter-
prise, etc. (Webster)
Syngenetic. In mineralogy, formed at
the same time as the inclosing
country rock: said of some ore de-
posits. (La Forge)
 GLOSSARY OF MINING AND MINERAL INDUSTRY. 669
Synthesis. In chemistry, the act or Table. *. (Scot) A
platform or
process of making or building up a plate on which coal Is screened and
compound by the union of simpler picked. (Barrowman)
compounds or of its elements. Con- 2. A concentrating machine for
trasted with analysis. (Webster) separating finely crushed particle*
of ore from gangue. (Weed)
Syssiderite.Daubr^e's name for those
3. The upper flat surface of a dia-
meteorites that consist of silicates
cemented together by metallic iron.
mond or precious stone, the sides of
(Kemp) which are cut In angles; a large
flat facet on the top of a brilliant.
System. 1. A great series of strata 4. A circular plate of crown glass.
having some general character in (Webster)
common. Formations are local di- 5.An Iron slab with a raised rim.
visions and many of them can only on which melted glass Is spread in
be recognized in one country, where- making plate glass. (Standard)
as systems are sufficiently compre-
Table cut. Having a flat top or table
hensive to be recognized in all parts
with a beveled or triangular facet
of the world (Roy. Com.). The border; said of cut diamonds, emer-
stratigraphic division of second
rank, in the nomenclature in general
alds, etc. (Standard)
use. The chronologic
division of Table A lapidary who cuts
cutter.
equivalent rank is a period. tables or plane faces on diamonds
2. In crystallography, the division of or other precious stones. (Century)
first rank, In the classification of
Table diamond. A thin diamond cut
crystals according to form. The six
with a table, 3, faceted on beveled
systems ordinarily recognized are
sides or edges, and a flat under-
the Isometric, Tetragonal, Hexag-
surface. (Webster)
onal, Orthorhombic (or rhombic),
Monoclinic, and Triclinic; some di- Tableland. A plateau, or elevated
vide the hexagonal system into region of flat or undulating coun-
Hexagonal and trigonal. (La try rising to heights of 1,000 feet
Forge) and more above the level of the sea
3. Regluar method or order; plan. (Power). See Plateau.
Systematic timbering. Placing mine Tableman. In a plate-rolling mill, one
timbers according to a predeter- who works at a table. (Standard)
mined plan, regardless of roof con- Table mountain. A mountain with a
ditions. (0. and M. M. P.) flat top. (Standard)
Tablero (Mex.). A tally board
(Dwight)
Tabah (Sumatra). A crowbar used Table spar. Tabular spar. See Wol-
in gold mining. (Lock) lastonite. (Century)
Tabby (Morocco). A mixture of lime Tabletura (Sp.). A slab. (Lucas)
with shells, gravel, or stones in equal
proportions, with an equal propor- Tablon (Mex.). A wooden plank,
tion of water, forming a mass which (Dwight)
when dry becomes rs hard as rock; Taboleiros (Braz.). Lower bench de-
a substitute for bricks or stone in posits or placers older than the
building. (Century) present river channels. (Halse)
Tabbyite. Same as Wurtzilite. Tabr6ez marble. A beautiful trans-
Tabique. 1. (Mex.) A partition wall parent limestone, composed of in-
in a mine. (Dwight) numerable laminse, thin as paper,
2. (Chil«) A small square inclosed and formed by deposition from a
by waits about 4 feet high for roast- celebrated calcareous spring near
ing silver-bearing galena. (Halse) Maragha, Persia. (Page)
Tabla ( Mex. ) . U
Board or plank. 2. Tabular crystal. A crystal flattened
The broader face of a beam or tim- parallel to any face. (Standard)
ber. 3. One of the sides or front of
an excavation. 4. T. de alto, hanging Tabular spar. WoUastonite. (Stand-
wall T. de ha jo, foot wall. (Dwight)
;
ard)
labladillo (Peru). An inverted in- Tabular structure. A tendency In cer-
jenio in which the horizontal water tain igneous or crystalline rocks to
wheel Is arranged above the mill separate into plates or laniMB.
stones. (Pfordte) (Standard)
 670 GLOSSARY OF MINING AND MINERAL INDUSTRY.

Tachia (Bol.). Llama dung (Lucas). soft hematites of the Mesabi Range,
Also Taqula. Minn. Taconytes are regarded as
in large part altered greensands; by
Tachylyte. Basaltic glass; hyalome-
lane; the glassy rock forming the
J. E. Spurr. The term Is current
In the Mesabi Iron range. The name
thin peripheral shell of some basalt
Is derived from 'Taconic, E. Emmons'
masses. (La Forge) rejected geological system. (Kemp)
Tack. 1. (No. of Eng.) A
small pil-
Tactite. A
rock of more or less com-
lar. See Spurn. 2. (Som.) A plex mineralogy formed by the con-
wooden scaffold put into a mine tact metamorphlsm of limestone,
shaft for temporary purposes.
dolomite or other calcareous rocks
(Gresley)
into which foreign matter from the
3. A small pillar of coal. (Morine)
Intruding magma has been intro-
4. Veinstone; Gangue, etc. (Dur-
duced by hot solutions. It does not
yee) include the inclosing zone of tremo-
5. (Scot.) A mining lease. (Bar-
rowman)
llte, wollastonlte and calcite. A
group name similar to gneiss, schist
Tackle (Corn.). The windlass, rope, or porphyry. (Frank L. Hess)
and kibble. (Raymond) Tag. A numbered piece of tin or wood
An assemblage of ropes and pulleys
that a miner attaches to, or places on,
arranged for hoisting or pulling.
the cars loaded by him. These tags
(Webster) are removed at the tipple where the
Tackier skip (So. Staff.). A kind of car is credited to the miner. See
box in which men used to ride in a Ticket, 3. Compare Wedge rock.
shaft; used also for carrying min- Tagger. Tin plate below the stand-
erals. See Paddy pan Bant, 2, and
;
ard size; or In the plural, very thin
Bont, 1. (Gresley)
tin plate. (Standard)
Tacklers; (Lelc). 1. Small
Tucklers Tague (Eng.). An iron plate fitted
chains put around the top of loaded on one side with a semicircular pro-
tubs or buckets, to keep the coal jection or rib, and two other short
from falling off. 2. Short chains curved pieces, adjusted to the gauge
formerly used for raising and lower- of the tram rails, by which the
ing men in a shaft. Three men gen- wheels of the trams are guided from
erally sit In them at one time. See
the plate onto the rails. (Gresley)
Bant, also Bont, 1. (Gresley)
Tahona (Mex.). An arrastre operated
Tacksman ( Scot. ) . The lessee of a col- by water power ( Dwlght ) In West-
.

liery (Gresley). See Tack, 5.

ern U. S., an arrastre operated by
Taco (Sp.). 1. A stopper or plug. 2. horse- or mule-power. (Standard)
Tamping or stemming. 3. Atamp- Tahonero (Mex.). The man In charge
ing bar or rammer. 4. Tacos (Mex.) of the tahona. (Dwight)
Stones in the bottom of an arrastre.
(Halse) Tail. 1. (Also plural). The Inferior,
less valuable, or refuse part of any-
Taconic. That series of rocks contain- thing; foots, bottoms, dregs; sedi-
ing the primordial fauna, at least ment. See Tailings. (Murray)
that portion which is older than New 2. The poor grade of ore slime at the
York Potsdam. It is the Lower Cam- lower end of the slime-box as it
brian of English geologists, and the flows from the stamps. 3. The un-
Huronlan of the typical Huronian exposed end of a brick or stone In a
area of the Canadian geologists. wall; a tailing. (Standard)
Named from the Taconic mountains Tail-back (Eng.). When fire damp
of western New England, by Dr. E.
ignites and the flame is elongated or
Emmons, it antedates, as a primor-
creeps backward against the cur-
dial system, both Cambrian and Hu-
rent of air, and possibly causes an
ronlan. It is the principal Iron-ore-
explosion of a large body of gas, It
bearing system of the Lake Superior
Is said to tail-back into the workings.
region. (Winchell) The term was
(Gresley)
not generally accepted by geologists.
Tail chain (Scot.). A chain by which
,
Taconite. See Taconyte. Also called a horse hauls hutches or wagons.
Jasper, and Iron formation. Putters in former times also used a
Taconyte.. A name proposed by H. V. tallchaln. (Barrowman)
Winchell for the cherty or jaspery, Tail-crab. In mining, a crab or winch
but at times calcareous or more or for operating a tail-rope. (Stand-
less quartzitic rock, that incloses the ard)
 ;

GLOSSARY OF MINING AND MINERAL INDUSTRY, 671

rail house; Tail mill. The buildings in Boston Cons. Min. Co. v. Montana
which tailings are treated. (Ray- Ore Purchasing Co., 121 Fed. Kept,
mond) p. 526)
Tail-in (Mid.). To run out or termi-
The term "tailings" as used in the
mineral industry is used In the plu-
nate a length of holing stints at a
ral form by all of the authorities
buttock or other point along the stall
cited above.
face. (Gresley)
2. The decomposed outcrop of a
Tailing. The refuse from a metallur- vein or bed. (Murray's Diet)
gical process; if the refuse from
several processes or more than one
Tailings wheel. A wheel carrying
buckets or compartments on the pe-
mill should meet, the result could
riphery and used in conveying liquid,
be described as "tailings" (Pack-
pulp, or sand from a lower to a
ard). The material from which one
higher level. (Clennell, p. 181)
of more concentrated or partly con-
centrated products have been re- Tallies chansantes (Fr.). Coal work-
moved, and which is available for ings where the strata lie horizontal
further treatment. (Eng. and Min. or nearly so. (Gresley)
Jour., vol. 107, p. 317) Usually
Tallies montantes (Fr.). Workings to
used in the plural. See Tailings.
the rise in steep seams. (Gresley)
Tailing machine (Aust.). A machine
or apparatus for dressing
Tan of level (Scot). The delivery end
the tail-
ings, and for obtaining gold
of a water level. (Barrowman)
from the
detritus from other ore dressing Tail of water (Scot). The edge of
apparatus. (Da vies) standing water in workings. (Bar-
Tailing out. See Dying out
rowman)
Tailing-pit. See Catch-pit
Tail pipe. The suction pipe of a pump.
Tailrace. The channel in which tail-
Tailings. 1. The parts, or a part, of
ings, suspended in water, are con-
any incoherent or fluid material ducted away. (Raymond)
separated as refuse, or separately
treated as inferior in quality or Tail rope. 1. The rope that Is used
value; leavings; remainders; dregs. to draw the empties back int<^ a
In metallurgy, the part rejected in mine haulage system.
in a tail-rope
washing an ore that has passed 2. A counter-balance rope attached
through the screens of a stamp-mill beneath the cage when the cages are
the worthless slimes left after the hoisted in balance. (C. M. P.)
valuable portion has been separated 3. A hemp rope used for moving
by dressing or concentration. The pumps in shafts. (Gresley)
sand, gravel and cobbles which pass Tail-rope haulage. A
system of rope
through the sluices in hydraulic haulage by which the full hutches
mining were formerly generally (cars), with the tail rope attached
designated as tailings, but of late behind, are drawn by a main rope
years, especially in State and United passing over a drum, and the empty
States legislative documents, they hutches, with the main rope at-
have been called "mining debris" or tached, are drawn back again by the
simply "d6bris". (Century) tail rope passing over another drum.
The lighter or refuse ore accumu- (Barrowman)
lated at the lower end of a huddle,
or washing apparatus, or carried Tails (Com.). Refuse tin ore thrown
away by the water. (Webster) behind the stamps to be treated
Those portions of washed ore that again (Davles). See Tailings.
are regarded as too poor to be treat- Tails-common (Eng.). Washed lead
ed further: used especially of the ore.
debris from stamp mills or other
ore-dressing machinery, as distin-
Tail sheave (Aust). The return
sheave for an endless rope or the
guished from material (concen-
tail rope of the main-and-tall-rope
trates) that Is to be smelted.
system, placed at the far end of a
(Standard)
haulageway. (Power)
The Inferior leavings or residue of
any product; foots, bottoms. In Tail water. Water In a tall race.
mining the residuum after most of Tajadera. 1. (Mex.). A wedge to
the valuable ore has been extracted. break the slimes deposited In the
(Murray's Diet) vat of the patio process. (Halse)
The term "tailings" has been con- 2. A chopping knife a chisel;

»trued as including slag. (Butte & 3. A sluice from a mill dam. (VeL)
672 GLOSSARY OF MINING AND MINERAL INDUSTRY.

Taj ear (Peru). To stope, usually un- soapstone. Also called Potstone b©>
derhand. (Halse) cause has been used for pots,
it

A cut or opening in owing to the ease with which it is

Tajo (Sp.). 1.
worked and to its resistance to ordi-
a mountain. 2. T. abierto (Mex.),
nary heats. French chalk is a va-
open-cut mining. 3. A working riety used for crayons. See Soap-
place or cut. Any long, ^ide open-
stone. (U. S. Geol. Surv.)
ing, as distinguished from a gallery
pr shaft. (Halse) Talcite. A massive variety of talc.
1.

Take. 1. (Eng.) The extent or area

2. A kind of muscovite. (Century)
of a lease of mineral property, often Talco (Sp.). Talc. (Min. Jour.)
several thousand acres. 2. (Lane.)
To show or reveal gas. (Gresley) Talcoid. Resembling talc, as talcoid
schist. See Sericite. (Roy. Com.)
raker (Eng.). A
contractor; a man
Talcose. Containing talc, as potstone,
who works in a mine on tribute.
(Da vies) steatite, and talcose schist. (Roy.
Com.)
Taking (Eng.). A mineral-land lease. Talcose granite. Same as Protogine.
See Take, 1; also Tack. (Gresley)
(Standard)
Take out (Cumb.). To crop out
(Gresley). An out-crop. Talcose schist. Same as Talc-schist.
(Standard)
Take over. To assume the ownership,
control, or management of, as a min- Talc-schist. Schistose rocks consisting
ing property. chiefly of talc and quartz. Talc is
also prefixed to several other rock
Taker-off (York.). Same as PuUer-off names. (Kemp)
Take the air. 1. To measure the ven-
Talcum. Talc ; Soapstone.
tilating current. 2. Applied to a
ventilating fan as working well, or Tale (Som.). A
day's work or a day's
working poorly. (Steel) output of coal. (Gresley)
Take-up-bottom (Ark.). To remove
Talega (Mex.). Coin bag. (Dwight)
rock from the floor of a roadway
to Increase the height; also called Talio (Sp.). Thallium. (Dwight)
Bottom brushing. (Steel)
Taker (Corn.). A leaser; a contract
Talk. An old form of the word talc.

miner. (Pryce) Tallar (Sp.). To cut gems; to hew

Taking-off boy. In brickmaking, a boy stones. (Halse)
who removes newly made bricks
Taller (Sp.). 1. shop. 2. A
A lab-
from a pallet or brick-machine to
oratory. 3. A mill; T. de prepara-
the barrow. (Standard)
cidn mecdnica, ore dressing floors.
Taking-of -props (Lane). Drawing the (Halse)
timbers from the mined-out work-
ings. (Gresley) Tallow drop. A style of cutting pre-
cious stones in which the stone is
Talabordon (Colom.). A board or domed on one or both sides. (Cen-
plank to increase the height of a tury)
dam, flume, etc. (Lucas)
Tallow top. A precious stone with a
Talacha (Mex.). A mattock; a pick-
very rounding front and a flat back.
ax. (Halse)
(Standard)
Taladrar (Sp.). To bore or drill.
(D wight) Tally. 1. A mark or number placed
by the miner on every car of coal
TAladro (Mex.). 1. A drill; rock sent out of his place, usually a tin
drill. T. de punta de diamante, a ticket. By counting these, a tally
diamond drill. 2. A boring bit. 3. is made of all the cars of coal he
The hole bored by a drill. 4. (Cent. sends out. Called a Check in Ar-
Am.) An adit or level. See Soca- kansas. See Tag; also Ticket and
v6n. (Halse) Motty, 2. 2. Any numbering, or
counting, or memorandum, as a tally
Talc. A ll7drous magnesium silicate, sheet. (Steel)
H20.3Mg0.4SiOa. Has a greasy or
soapy feel and is soft and easily cut. Tally-shouter (Eng.). One who calls
Occurs In beds more or less impure out the numbers on the tallies to the
tod is then known as steatite or weigher. (Gresley)
 GLOSSABY OF MINING AND MINERAL. INDUSTRY. 673

Talml-erold. A kind of brass made to Tamping bar. An iron bar, shod with
resemble gold, sometimes plated. copper to obviate striking fire, used
Called also Abyssinian gold. for compressing the stemming. See
(Standard) Tamper.
Ta-lou (China). A glass-flux consist- Tamping plug. A plug of iron or wood
ing of lead silicate with a little cop- used instead of tamping material
per, used by the Chinese as an (stemming) to close up a loaded
enamel-color on porcelain. (Stand- blast hole. (Standard)
ard)
Tanate (Mex.). Leather, hide or jute
Talud (Sp.). Slope or declivity of a
bag to carry ore or waste rock.
bank; talus. (Halse)
(Dwight)
Talus. A heap of coarse rock-waste at
the foot of a cliff, or a sheet of waste Tanatero (Mex.). A laborer, or bag
covering a slope below a cliff; same carrier. (Dwight)
as Scree, which is more commonly
Tanda (Mex.). The ore or waste
used in (^reat Britain, whereas talus
(usually waste) that is knocked
is more commonly used in the United
down or loosened in driving a face
States, but is often incorrectly used
or sinking a shaft. (Dwight)
for the material composing the
talus. (La Forge) Tangers (Wales). Timbers fixed in
Tambang (Sumatra). Mines. (Lock) a particular manner for supporting
the sides of headings in soft
Tambikir quali (Malay). Ablack in- ground. (Gresley)
crustation found on auriferous
quartz. (Lock) Tank. 1. A
large vessel or receptacle,
made either of wood or of metal, in-
Tambor (Sp.). 1. Hoisting drum. 2. tended to contain a fluid as gas or
A trommel. 3. Veta de T., a bunchy water; as water tank, gasoline tank
vein. 4. (Colom.) A vertical shaft (Rickard). Used as a synonym for
between two levels; a winze. Vat.
(Halse) 2. Asubterranean reservoir into
Tambre (Colom.). A dam. (Halse) which a pump delivers water for an-
other pump to raise. (Raymond)
Tamiz (Mex.). Fine screen. (Dwight)
Tankage. 1. The act or process of
Tamizar (Peru). To sift or screen. storing oil, etc., in a tank. 2. The
(Halse) price charged or paid for storage
in a tank. 3. The capacity of a
Tam-o-Shanter. A
very fine - grained tank or tanks. 4. The waste resi-
soft, gritty, natural stone found in due deposited in lixiviating vats or
Scotland. It is used in the United tanks. (Century)
States as an ax stone and for
sharpening knives. (Pike) Tank furnace. A glass-making fur-
nace having a tank instead of the
Tamp. To fill (usually with clay) the usual pots. (Standard)
bore hole or other opening through
which an explosive charge has been Tanque (Mex.). Tank or cistern; T.
introduced for blasting. (Raymond) de asiento, a settling tank. (Halse)

Tamper. 1. One who tamps. 2. An Tantalic ocher. A native brown tan-

implement for tamping; a tamping
iron or tamping bar T Standard).
Sometimes made of wood, copper, or
iron with a copper tip. See Tamp-
ing bar.
Tamping. In common mining par-
lance the word tamping is now, and
for a long time has been used, to
designate both the inert material
used on top of a charge of powder
or dynamite, and the operation of
compressing it into place. See
Stemming, which is the term pre-
ferred for the inert material, while
tamping more correctly is the act
of compressing the stemming.
75242'--19 43
talum oxide found in Finland.
(Standard)
Tantalite. The member of the tanta-
lite-columbite group of minerals
which is composed of nearly or quite
pure tantalate of iron and manga-
nese. Nearly all tantalite contains
some columbium. The members of
the group containing more colum-
bium are known as columbite. Tan-
talite is very rare. Pure tantalite,
(Fe,Mn)Ta208, would contain about
86 per cent Ta208, or 70.4 per cent
tantalum, but the percentj-ge in
actual minerals is genorallv much
lower. (U. S. Geol. Surv.)
 .

674 GLOSSARY OF MINING AND MINERAL INDUSTRY.

rantalum. A metallic element found Tapestry brick. Brick made by the

in various rare minerals. It is iso- stiff-mud process and having all sur-
lated as a rather brittle lustrous faces roughened by wire cutting.
white metal, with a slightly grayish Much used now for exteriors.
tint. Symbol, Ta; atomic weight, (Ries)
181.5; specific gravity, 14.49. (Web- Tap hole. 1. The opening through
ster)
which the molten metal is tapped or
Tap. 1. To cut or bore into old work- drawn from a furnace. (Winchell)
ings for the purpose of liberating 2. In steel manufacturing, a hole in
accumulations of gas or water. 2. a cementation furnace for the with-
To win coal in a new district. drawal of trial bars for testing.
(Gresley) (Webster)
3. The quantity of metal run out 3. In a puddling furnace, a hole for
from a furnace or cupola at any drawing off slag (Standard). Called
one time. 4. A tool for forming an also Tapping hole.
Internal screw, as In a nut. 5. A
small valve. (Webster)
Tapia ( Sp. ) . A building material made
cliiefly of clay or earth; sometimes
Tapa (Sp.). 1. Cover. 2. Roof or mixed with lime and called Tapia
hanging wall. 3. A sort of coffer- real. (Webster)
dam used in placer mining. (Halse) 2. A mud wall. (Halse)
Tapanhoacanga (Braz.). A gold-bear- Tapiador (Sp.). A builder of mud
ing gravel composed of the disinte- walls. (Halse)
grated and weathered remains of
Tapish. 1. (Eng.) To break in "at
specular iron ore. (Halse)
unawares," as gas. A miner who
Tapajos (Sp.). Bandages to cover the just escapes with his life is said to
eyes of the mules when treading be "tapished." (Hunt)
in the patio process, or when being 2. (Derb.) To let water out of a
loaded or unloaded (Halse) . mine by tapping the place where the
water is confined. (Mander)
Tapar (Mex.). To stop a furnace-tap
with clay. (Dwight) Tapon. 1. (Sp.) A plug; a stopper.
2. (Mex.) A penthouse. 3. (Colom.)
Tapatinga (Braz.). Avariegated clay
A kind of rlilvo or dam used in placer
in the Amazon valley. (Halse)
mining. (Halse)
Tap bar. A pointed bar by which a
Taponear ( Colom. ) To construct a
blast furnace tap hole is opened or
dike or cofferdam. (Halse)
tbe metal in a melting pot, etc., is
tested. (Standard) Taponera (Mex.). A dolly bar.
(Dwight)
Tap cinder. The cinder drawn from a
puddling furnace or bloomery. ( Ray- Tappet; Disc. The collar under which
mond) the cam is inserted so as to lift the
stamp. (Raymond)
Tape. A long, thin, narrow band of
mineral or ore. (Standard) Tapping bar. See Tap bar.
Taper off (Corn.) To stop work tem- Tapping A plastic clay used In
clay.
porarily. (Weed) plugging the tap hole of a smelting
Taper rope. A rope that has a gradu- furnace. (Standard)
ally diminishing diameter from the
Tapping the hollows (Eng.). Allowing
upper to the lower end. The diame- water or gas, or both, to flow out of
ter of the rope is decreased by drop-
old or abandoned workings, often
ping one wire at a time at regular
under a great pressure. (Gresley)
Intervals. Both round and flat ropes
See Tappish.
may be made tapered, and such
ropes are intended for deep-shaft Taqueador (Colom.). 1. One who fires
hoisting with a view to proportion- a blast; a blaster. 2. A tamping
ing the diameter of the rope to the bar. (Halse)
load to be sustained at different Taquia (Peru). Llama dung, used for
depths. (C. M. P.) fuel roasting
in and smelting.
Tapestle (Mex.). 1. A working plat- (Dwight). Also Tachia.
form or stage built up in a stope,
or anywhere in a mine. 2. A land- Tar. 1. A thick, brown to black, vis-
ing place between two flights of cous liquid obtained by the distilla-
ladders. (Dwight) tion of wood, coal, peat, and other
3. (Colom.) Pillars of ore left to organic materials, and having a va-
support the wall. (Lucas) ried composition according; to the
 )

QLOSSAEY OF MINING AND MINEEAL INDUSTRY. 675

temperature and material employed gravity of 1.18 and yields oil on dis-
in obtaining it. (Webster) tillation(Bacon). Called also Kesin-
2. Soft pitch or thickened petro- iferous shale.
leum, found in cavities of some lime-
stones. (iCoy. Com.) Tassette (Fr.). A small, sharp- pointed
infusible earthenware cone, used in
Tara (Mex.). Tare weight. (Dwight) threes to support plates, etc., in a
Tar distillate. The parafRn distillate, kiln or muffle, in place of a stilt
or distillate containing the parafRn or triangle. (Standard)
wax. (Bacon)
Tatham furnace. A
stationary cruci-
Tarea. 1. Task; job. It is
(Mex.) ble furnace for retorting zinc crusts.
common in Mexico to engage com- (Hofman, p. 486)
mon laborers by the iarea. (Dwight)
2. (Cent. Am.) The duty or capacity Tattis (Braz.). Labyrinth-like mine
of stamps in crushing. 3. (Santo workings. (Halse)
Domingo) A land area equal to
0.1565 acre. (Halse)
Taurite. A
name given by A. Lagorio
to a variety of rhyolite, with grano-
Target. The vane, or sliding sight, on phyric or spherulitic texture, rich
a leveling rod. (Webster) in soda, and containing aegirite.
Target rod. A level rod. (Webster) (Kemp)
Tarn (Iceland). A bog; fen; marsh Tawite. A granular igneous rock com-
or pool. (Humble) posed essentially of sodalite and py-
roxene. (La Forge)
Tarnish. 1. In mineralogy, the thin
film of color, different from that of Taxite. Loewinson-Lessing's name for
a fracture, that forms on the ex- lavas that, on crystallizing, have
posed surface of a mineral, espe- broken up into contrasted aggre-
cially a metallic mineral, as colum- gates of minerals so as to present an
bite. (Standard) apparent clastic texture either —
2. A
change of color resulting fi*om banded, i. e., eutaxitic, or brecciated,
exposure to atmospheric action. i. €., ataxitic. (Kemp)
(George) Taxitic. Having separated, during
Tarnowitz process. A metallurgical cooling, into small portions differing
process in which large charges of in texture, color, or composition, and
lead ore are roasted at low tempera- hence having a false appearance of
tures in furnaces and treated sub- being clastic: said of some volcanic
stantially as in the Carinthian proc- rocks, especially if banded. (La
ess. The residual containing con- Forge)
siderable lead is remelted in special Taylor producer. A furnace used for
furnaces. See Silesian method. the manufacture of producer gas.
(Goesel)
(Ingalls, p. 317)
Tarrango (Mex.). A platform in stope Taylor-White process. A process for
or shaft. (Dwight) giving toughness to self-hardening
Tar water. A tarry, ammoniacal water steels. The steel is heated almost
obtained in the process of cleansing to fusion, cooled to a temperature of
illuminating gas in a condenser. 700° to 850° C. in molten lead, fur-
(Standard) ther cooled in oil, reheated to 370°
to 670° C, and cooled in air. (Y7eb-
Tar well. A
receptacle in which is col-
ster)
lected the tarry liquid which sepa-
rates from the gas when it leaves Taza (Mex.). 1. The cup or bowl of
the condensers. (Century) an arrastre. 2. The crucible of a
blast furnace. (Halse)
Tasco. A fire clay from which melting
I>ots are made. Spelled also Tasko. T-Chisel. A
boring tool with its cut-
(Standard) edge made in the form of the letter
T. (Gresley)
Tases (Mex.). Masses of ore that
have been calcined in the open air Tea lead. A term used in Ceylon for
or in heaps. (Halse) lead manufactured into tea-cbes*
lining.
Tasmanite. A
reddish brown, resinous
mineral, disseminated in scales Team shovel. A scraper or large scoop
through a laminated shale (com- for moving earth, having guiding
bustible shale) fix)m the river Mer- handles, and drawn by one or more
sey, Tasmania it has a specific
; horses. ( Standard
 ) )

676 GLOSSARY OF MmHSTG AND MINERAL INDUSTPRY.

Tear war! (Newc). A signal that men Teeming trough (Lane). A cistern
are ready at the botrom to ascend (or trough) into which the water is
the shaft. (Min. Jour.) pumped from a mine. (Gresley)
Teary ground (Com.). A lode or stra- Teeth work (Scot). A system of
tum that breaks easily by reason of working coal end-oH. (Gresley)
many joint planes. (Pryce) Teguilote (Guerrero, Mex.). Crystal-
Teaser. 1. (Scot.) An iron rod for ized quartz. (Halse)
stirring a boiler furnace. (Barrow-
man)
Teja (Sp.). A roofing tile. (Dwight)
2. The fireman of a furnace in glass- Tejo (Mex.). Gold or silver ingot.
works. ( Standard (Dwight)
leaze hole. The opening of a glass Tela de Alambre (Sp.). Fine wire
furnace through which fuel is intro- cloth. (Dwight)
duced. (Standard) Telegraph. A trough-shaped chute
Tebbad (Persian). Literally, "fever- for conveying coal or slate from the
wind " the hot, scorching winds that
; screens to the pockets. (Chance)
sweep across the dry sandy plains of
Central Asia, carrying clouds of Telford. A road pavement having a
impalpable sand along with them. surface of small stones rolled hard
(Page) and smooth, distinguished from ma-
cadam road by its firm foundation
Technologist. One skilled in technol- of large stones with fragments of
ogy; one who treats of arts, or of stone wedged tightly in the inter-
the terms of arts. (Webster) stices. (Webster)
Technology. Industrial science; the
Telfordize. To furnish a road with a
science of systematic knowledge of (Webster)
telford pavement.
the industrial arts, as of manufac-
tures, metallurgy, etc. (Webster) Telia (Sp.). A working place. (Halse)
Techo (Mex., Sp.). Roof; hanging
Telltale. 1. Any
device serving as a
wall. (Dwight) warning. 2. A small overflow pipe
Tecoral (Guerrero, Mex.). Deads; indicating by dripping when a tank
attle; waste. (Halse) or cistern is full. (Webster)
Tecozahuitl (Mex.). The Aztec name Tellurium. A rare element analogous
for yellow ocher. (Halse) to sulphur and selenium, occasion-
The hanging wall or ally a native crystalline substance
Tecto (Port.).
(Halse) of tin-white metallic luster, but
roof.
usually combined with metals, as
Tectonic. Pertaining to the rock struc- with gold and silver in sylvan ite.
tures and external forms resulting Symbol, Te; atomic weight, 127.5;
from the deformation of the earth's specific gravity 6.27. (Webster)
crust. (Webster)
Telluric bismuth. Same as Tetrady-
Tectonites. A term used by M. E. mite. (Standard)
Wadsworth to include all mineral
construction-material for buildings Telluric ocher. The mineral tellurite,
or roads. (Power) TeOa. (Webster)
Tedge. In founding, an ingate in a Telluric silver. The mineral hessite.
mold. (Standard) (Webster)
Tee (Eng.). A cross vein meeting a
main vein without intersecting it. Telluride. A compound of tellurium
(Bainbridge) with another element or radical
(Webster). Often rich in gold and
Teem. 1. To pour as, steel from a silver.
melting pot; to fill, as a mold with
molten metal. (Webster) Tellurlferous. Yielding, or containing
2. (Eng.) Sometimes Tem. To tellurium. ( Standard
dump rubbish, etc., down a spoil- Tellurite. Native tellurium oxide,
bank. (Gresley)
Te02, occurring sparingly in tufts
teemer. A pourer of metal. (Stand-
of white or yellowish crystals. (Web-
ard) ster). Called also Telluric ocher.
Teeming hole. A pit containing the
mold in which crucible steel is cast Tellurium glance. Nagyagite. (Web-
(Standard) ster)
 )

GLOSSARY Ot MIKIKG AND MIKERAI. INDUSTRY. 677

Telpherage. An automatic aerial Tempering furnace. A furnace for

transportation system, especially heating articles in the process of
that system in which the carriages tempering. ( Standard

having independent motors are run

on a stout wire conducting an elec-
tric current from which the motive
power is derived; an aerial electric
tramway. (Standard)
Telurio (Sp.). Tellurium; tellurium
ore. (Halse)
Temper. 1. To grind and mix plastic
materials, such as clay, or the in-
gredients of mortar. 2. To give the
metals (especially steel) the desired
degree of hardness and elasticity by
a process of heating and cooling,
suitably regulated. A metallic com-
pound in which these qualities can
thus be produced is said to temper
or to take temper. (Raymond)
3. To anneal or toughen glass.
(Webster)
4. An alloycomposed of two parts
of tin and one of copper, added to
pure tin to make
the finest pewter.
5. An alloy of arsenic and lead
sometimes used for hardening shot.
(Standard)
Temperature. A condition with respect
Tempering machine. A machine for
giving large steel plates a uniform
and thorough tempering without per-
mitting them to bend or buckle:
usually by pressing them between
hot masses of iron, or by firmly
clamping them between jaws or
plates while immersing them in a
tempering bath. (Standard)
Tempering oil. A viscous neutral oil,
red in color. A steam-refined cylin-
der stock equivalent to 26° B§.
Hammer oil is used as a heavy tem-
pering oil, and summer black-oil has
been recommended for the same pur-
pose. (Bacon)
Tempering oven. An oven for heating
glass in the process of annealing a ;
leer. (Standard)
Tempering wheel. A wheel mounted
on a shaft and revolved in a pit af-
ter the manner of an arrastre, for
kneading and tempering clay.
(Standard)
Temper screw. A
screw by which
1.

to heat or cold, especially as indi- hung from the

well-boring tools are
cated by the sensation produced or walking beam and connected and
by the thermometer or pyrometer; lowered as the work progresses. 2.
degree of heat or cold. (Webster) An adjusting screw. (Standard)
Temperature coefficient. A coefficient
Templador (Peru). A low cylindrical
stone placed in the center of a patio,
expressing a
quantitative relation
and upon which the mule-driver
between change of temperature and
stands. (Pfordte)
the consequent variation of some
other quantity. (Webster) Templar (Sp.). To temper steel, etc
(D wight)
Tempered. In brickmaking, (a) mois-
tened and worked to the proper con- Templet; Template. A gauge, pattern,
sistency, as clay for bricks or mold- or mold, commonly a thin plate or
ing, (b) Capable of being cut with board, used as a guide to the form
ease, as bricks made of such clay. of work to be executed. (Webster)
(Standard) Ten (No. of Eng.). A certain weight
of coal agreed upon between lessor
Tempered steel. Steel that has been
and lessee, upon which a royalty is
hardened and subsequently tempered
paid. A ten varies between 48 and
by a second lower heating. (Hib- 50 tons, or 18i Newcastle chaldrona
bard)
of 53 cwts. (Gresley)
Temperer. One who or that which tem-
Tenant helve (Eng.). See Frontal-
pers; specifically, a machine for
mingling and thoroughly working
hammer.
potter's clay, brick -clay, mortar, Tenate (Mex.). A sack or bag of
plaster, or other materials. ( Stand- hide, leather, or cloth for carrying
ard j ore. (Halse)
Tempering. 1. The act of reheating Tenatero (Mex.). A man or boy who
and properly cooling a bar of metal carries ore in bags or sacks. (Halse)
to any desired degree of hardness.
(G. and M. M.P.) Tenazas (Sp.). 1. Tongs. 2.Pincers.
2. The process
of mixing clays pre- 3. Large nippers for extracting
paratory to molding them. (Ries) broken boring tools. 4. A clip for
attaching cars to the rope ia end
Tempering bar. See Purgen. less-rope haulage. (Halse)
 ;

678 GLOSSARY OF MINING AND MINERAL INDUSTRY.

Tenderfoot (U. S. and Aust). A new- Tentale rent (No. of Eng. ). A rent
comer in a comparatively rough or or royalty paid by a lessee upon
newly settled region, especially when every " ten of coal " that is mined
not inured to the hardship or rude- in excess of the minimum or certain
ness of the life. (Webster) rent. See Ten. (Gresley)
Tender roof (Aust.). A mine roof that Tenter (Eng.). A
man who has the
requires to be well supported. control or working of an engine or
(Power) jig, or who looks after the horses in
a pit. (Gresley)
Tending chuck. Pouring water into
the hole during rock drilling. (Gil- Teodolito (Sp.). Theodolite; a sur-
lette, p. 24) veying transit. (Dwight)
Tenedor (Sp.). 1. A
guardian or Tepetate (Mex.). 1. Barren rock; at-
trustee; T. de libros, a bookkeeper. tle; deads. 2. Volcanic tuff. 3.
2. A table fork. (Halse) Gangue or matrix. 4. Country rock.
(Halse) 5. In geology, a secondary
Tengerite. A mineral of doubtful com- volcanic or chemical non-marine de-
position, said to be yttrium carbo- posit, very commonly calcareous,
nate. (U. S. Geol. Surv.) coating the solid rock or penetrating
the earthy portions of a district; so-
Tennantite; Gray copper ore. Copper- called in Mexico and Central Amer-
arsenic sulphide, SCuaS.AszSs. Con- ica. (Standard)
tains 57.5 per cent copper. Com-
position varies as in tetrahedrite,
Tephrite. In petrology, an aphanitie
or aphanophyric igneous rock com-
Into which it grades. (U. S. Geol.
Surv.)
posed of essential alkali-calcic feld-
spar, nephelite, and augite, but little
Tenon. A projecting tongue fitting or no olivine. Leucite-tephrite con-
into a corresponding cavity called tains leucite with or in place of
a mortise. (C. and M. M. P.) nephelite. (La Forge)
Tenor. The percentage or average me- Tephroite. Manganese orthosilicate,
talliccontent of an ore, matte, or 2MnO.Si02. Contains 70 per cent
impure metal. (Weed) MnO and commonly also small quan-
tities of magnesium, iron, and zinc.
Tenorite. Black oxide of copper in (U. S. Geol. Surv.)
minute black scales, CuO. Contains
79.8 per cent copper (U. S. Geol. Tepostel (Mex.). Oxides of iron and
Surv.). Called also Black copper. other metals, generally silver bear-
ing. (Halse)
Tension. A
system of forces tending Tepostetes (Sonora, Mex.). Bowlders
to draw asunder the parts of a body,
of specular iron ore found in gold
especially of a line, cord, or sheet,
placers. (Dwight)
combined with an equal and oppo-
site system of resisting forces of co- Tequesquite (Mex.). A native sodium
hesion holding the parts of the body carbonate mixed with some sodium
together; stress caused by pulling: sulphate and common salt, which
opposed to compression, and distin- effloresces, after the rainy season, on
guished from torsion. (Standard) the surface of the plttins, forming
a crust (Century). Also spelled Te-
Tension fault; Gravity fault. A nor-
quezquite.
mal fault.
Tequio (Mex.). 1. A task set as one
Tension pulley (Aust). A pulley day's work. 2. Ore broken from a
around which an endless rope passes given place or belonging to a given
mounted on a trolley or other mov- contractor. 3. In some places, ore
able bearing so that the slack of the
not rich enough to sack underground
rope can be readily taken up by the (Dwight)
pull of the weights. (Power) 4. Charges, tax, or duty. (Halse)
Tentadura (Mex.). A sort of assay, Teratolite. A clay from the coal meas-
made in a horn spoon, in an earthen ures of Saxony, formerly supposed
saucer, or in a wide and shallow Called
to have curative properties.
vessel of any kind, for the purpose also Lithomarge ; Terratolite.
of ascertaining the amount of amal- (Standard)
gam present in a sample of argen-
tiferous mud from an amalgamating Terbium. A rare metallic element re-
patio. Any assay made oy washing sembling yttrium. Symbol, Tb
or "panning." (Dwight) atomic weight, 159.2. (Webster)
 GLOSSARY OF MINING AND MINERAL INDUSTRY. 679
Tercero (Sp.). An arbitrator; T. en Terra cotta. The "baked earth" of
discordia, an umpire between two the Italians. Kiln-burnt clay as-
disputants, (Halse) suming a peculiar reddish-brown
color fashioned into vases, statu-
Tercio (Mex..). A sack of ore, about ettes and other mouldings. (Roy.
150 pounds weight. A load for a Com.)
tenatero. One-half load for a mule.
(D wight) Terra-cotta clay. A
loose term that
might include any clay used in the
Terlinguaite. Oxychloride of mercury, manufacture of terra cotta. (Ries)
HgzClO. Contains 88.65 per cent
mercury. (U. S. Geol. Surv.)
Terrain. A variation of terrane.
Terra ja (Mex.). A screw cutter.
Terminal morain. The transported de- (D wight)
bris left by a glacier at or near its
Terrane. 1. A group of strata, a zone,
lower terminus (Standard). See
or a series of rocks. This word is
Moraine.
used in the description of rocks in a
Ternary. Consisting of an alloy of general, provisional or noncommital
three metals; as ternary steel, a sense. (Winchell)
steel composed of the usual iron and 2. A region considered in relation to

carbon, alloyed with one other metal. its fitness for some purpose; an ex-
(Webster) tent of ground or territory. ( Stand-
ard)
Ternary steel. An alloy steel that con-
tains one alloying element, the term Terranean. Being in, or belonging to
being synonymous with a simple al- the earth. (Webster)
loy steel. (Hibbard) It contains TerrapUn (Mex.). Embankment; a
the one element plus the iron and graded roadbed; a terrace. (Halse)
carbon, hence ternary.
Terra ponderosa (L.). Literally
Terne. To coat with an alloy of tin "heavy earth"; another name for
and lead; to make into terne-plate. heavy spar or barite. (Page)
(Webster) Terra rossa. Red earth due to the
Terne-plate. A
variety of tin plate weathering of rocks. (Webster)
coated with an alloy of one- third Terras. In marble - working, a defec-
tin, and two -thirds lead. (Ray- tive or disfigured place in a marble
mond) block, which is cut out and filled
with a composition (Standard).
Terra. The earth. Used as a prefix; Also spelled Terrace.
as, terra cotta. (Webster)
Terra sienna. See Ocher.
Terra alba. Same as Pipe day. Terrene. 1. The
earth's surface; the
(Standard) earth. In surveying, the sur-
2.
face of the ground. (Webster)
Terra cariosa. Same as Tripoli.
(Standard) Terreno (Sp.). 1. Land; T. franco,
land that can be freely conceded
Terrace. 1. A
level or nearly level by the State for the mining in-
plain, generally narrow in compari- dustry. 2. A geological formation,
son with its length, from which the or a group of formations; T. acui-
surface slopes upward on one side fero, quicksand; T. carbonifero, a
and downward on the other side. carboniferous formation; T, move-
Terraces and their bounding slopes dizo, very soft or loose formation
are formed in a variety of ways, of rocks. (Halse)
some being aggradational and others Terreplein. An embankment of earth
degradational. (La Forge) with a broad, level top, which is
2. A flaw in marble, commonly cored
sometimes excavated to form a con-
out and filled up. Also spelled Ter- tinuation of an elevated canal
ras. (Webster) across a valley. (Webster)
Terrace epoch. In geology, the earlier Terrero (Sp.). 1. A
heap of earth.
part of the Recent or Holocene
2. Waste rock; mine dump.
attle; a
epoch also called Terracian a time
; :
3. A deposit of earth accumulated by
the action of water. (Halse)
of general formation of terraces in
the drift-filled valleys of the regions Terrestrial. Consisting of or pertain-
glaciated during the preceding Pleis- ing to the land in distinction from
tocene epoch. (La Forge) water. (Webster)
 ) )
680 GLOSSARY OF MINING AND MINERAL INDUSTRY.
Terre verte. Glauconite, or the similar
mineral celadonite, used as a green
pigment by artists. (Webster)
Terrigenous. Produced from or of the
earth; in geology, deposited in or
on the earth's crust. (Standard)
Terrorite. An extra-strong high explo-
sive of the nitroglycerine type.
(Standard)
Terroso (Sp.). Earthy. (Halse)
Tertiary. The earlier of the two geo-
logic periods comprised in the Ceno-
zoic era, in the classification gener-
ally used. Also the system of strata
deposited during that period. (La
Forge)
Teschenite. A name given in 1861 by
Hohenegger to a group of intrusive
rocks in the Cretaceous strata near
Teschen, Austrian Silesia. They
have, however, been since shown to
embrace such a variety of types that
the name has little value, but as
analcite occurs quite constantly in
most of them many still use the
term for diabasic rocks with this
mineral. (Kemp)
Tessellated. 1. A
surface divided in
squares, or figures approaching
squares, by joints or natural divi-
sions. (Roy. Com.)
2. Composed of tesserae or small
cubes of stone, marble, glass, or
terra cotta variously colored and ar-
ranged in artistic design; inlaid;
mosaic; as tessellated pavement.
(Standard)
Tessera. A small cube or square, as of
stone or glass, for making mosaic or
tessellated pavements. (Standard)
Tesseral. In crystallography,
isometric. ( Standard
Test. 1. A cupel, or cupelling hearth,
for refining precious metals; also,
a particular portion of metal refined
for the purpose of isolating and
weighing gold and silver.
its See
Cupel. 2. A
procedure or reaction
employed to recognize or distinguish
any particular substance or constit-
uent of a compound. 3. To refine
as gold or silver; to subject to
cupellation. (Webster)
4. Anapparatus for proving light
hydrocarbon oils by heat, to find the
temperature at which they evolve
explosive vapors ; an oil test. (Cen-
tury)
Testefas. A Russian Illuminating oil
that possesses a specific gravity of
0.820 to 0.823 and a fiash-point of
not below 38* C. (Bacon)
;
Testera. 1. (Sp.) A dike Interrupting
the course of a lode. 2. A solid bed
of mineral having two faces exposed
T. de guia, a gallery driven along a
deposit. 3. Front of a blast fur-
nace. (Halse)
4. Test eras (Mex.). Uprights In a
mine, whether pillars, arches, or
posts. (D wight)
Test hole. 1. A tap hole, as in a
cementation-furnace. ( Standard
2. A drill hole or shallow excavation
for testing an ore body; a test pit
Test lead. Lead free from any silver,
and often finely granulated, used in
testing or cupelling, assaying, etc.
(Webster)
Test paper. A chemically prepared
paper that changes color when
brought into contact with certain
substances, particularly acids and
alkalies (George). See Litmus pa-
per.
Test pit. A shallow pit sunk in search
of mineral. (Weed)
Test plate. A white plate or tile on
which to try vltrifiable colors by
heat. (Standard)
Test ring. An oval iron frame for
holding a test or movable cupelling
hearth. (Raymond)
Test tube. A
tube for simple chemi-
cal usually a plain tube of
tests,
thin glass closed at one end, but
sometimes having a foot, bulb, grad-
uated scale, or other modification.
(Webster)
Testudo (L.). A large shield-like shel-
same as ter used by miners while working In
places likely to cave In. (Standard)
Tetartohedral. Having one fourth the
number of planes requisite to the
symmetry of a crystal. (Webster)
Tetrachloride. A
chloride having four
atoms of chlorine in the molecule.
(Webster)
Tetradymlte. Bismuth telluride, BI2-
(Te,S)3. Contains theoretically 51.9
per cent bismuth, but the actual con-
tent ranges from 50.4 to 52.8 per
cent. Sulphur generally replaces
part of the tellurium, and the min-
eral sometimes contains a trace of
selenium. The sulphurous variety
contains from 57.7 to 62.2 per cent
bismuth and may be represented by
the formula 2Bl2Te3.Bi2Ss. Gold,
copper, and iron are present in some
tetradymites. (U. S. Qeol. Surv.)
 OLOSSABY OF MINING AND MINERAL INDUSTRIT.
Tetragonal. Designating, or belonging
to, a system of crystallization hav-
ing all three axes at right angles and
the two lateral axes equal. (Dana)
Tetragonal system. That system of
crystals In which the forms are re-
ferred to three mutually perpendicu-
lar axes, two of which are of equal
length and the third longer or
shorter. (La Forge)
Tetrahedrite; Gray copper ore. Copper-
antimony sulphide, essentially 3Cuj-
S.SbjSs. Contains 52.1 per cent cop-
per. In many tetrahedrltes the cop-
per Is partly replaced by Iron, lead,
zinc, mercury, and silver, and the
antimony by arsenic. Through the
last replacement tetrahedrite grades
Into tennantite (U. S. Geol. Surv.).
Called also Fahlerz.
Tetrahedron. A crystal form. In the
isometric system, enclosed by four
faces having equal intercepts on all
three axes. (La Forge)
Tetrahexahedron. A crystal form of
the isometric system bounded by
twenty-four equal triangular faces,
four to each face of the cube.
(Dana)
Tewel. 1. A hole; a bore;
ney, as for smoke. 2. The
a furnace. (Webster)
Textura (Sp.). Texture. (Dwight)
Texture. The character, arrangement,
and mode of aggregation of the frag-
ments, particles, or crystals
compose a rock; the sum total of
those features of a rock which de-
termine its physical structure and
appearance as a rock.
Texture and structure have been and
still are used more or less Inter-
changeably, but there Is a growing
and commendable tendency to con-
fine structure to the features that
characterize the rock mass, as a part
of the earth's crust, and texture to
those that characterize the particu-
lar specimen, as a piece of rock.
Thus the structure of a rock may be,
for example, stratified or slaty or
brecciated, and its texture may be,
for example, clastic or crystalline or
glassy. (La Forge)
Thalassic rocks. Strata formed in
deep, still water, far from shore
lines, generally composed of very
fine particles of material con-
trasted with Littoral rocks. (Stand-
ard)
681
Thalllnm. A rare metallic element of
the aluminum group, resembling lead
in physical properties. Symbol, Tl;
atomic weight, 204.0; specific grav-
ity, 11.8 (Webster). Used In alloys
and glass-making.
Thalliam glass.A variety of flint glass
of great density and refracting
power; made by using thallium in
place of lead. (Standard)
Thanet sands. The lowest beds of the
Eocene Tertiary in England.
(Standard)
Tharu. A gold-washing race in Cham-
paran, Nepal, Northern India.
(Lock)
Thaw house. A small building, de-
signed for thawing dynamite, of such
size as to provide enough thawed
dynamite for the day's work. Thaw-
ing houses should be heated either
with hot water or exhaust steam in
such a manner that the explosives
can not come In contact with the
heated metal or lie directly over the
heated metal. (Du Pont)
Thawing. The warming of frozen dy-
namite until it becomes soft and
plastic. Thawing should be done
carefully, slowly, and according to
directions Issued by the manufac-
a chim-
turers of the explosives. (Du Pont)
tuyere of
Thawing kettle. A double kettle, built
somewhat like a farina boiler, hav-
ing two compartments, an outer
compartment, which Is filled with
hot water and which entirely sur-
rounds the Inner compartment that
that
contains the dynamite to be thawed.
It Is provided with a lid for retain-
ing the heat. (Du Pont)
Theats (Scot). A horse's draw-chains.
(Barrowman). Trace chains.
Thenardite. A native sodium sulphate,
NaaSO*. (U. S. Geol. Surv.)
Thenard's blue. Same as (Cobalt blue.
Theodolite. An Instrument for measur-
ing horizontal, and usually also ver-
tical, angles. It consists of a tele-
scope mounted so as to swivel ver-
tically in Y's secured to a revolva-
ble table carrying a vernier for read-
ing horizontal angles. There is usu-
ally a graduated arc, or circle of
altitudes. A horizontal compass is
commonly Included. (Webster)
Theralite. A granular igneous rock
composed of andesine,
essentially
; nephellte, and
pyroxene, with or
without a little hornblende, bir>tite,
or olivine. (La Forge)
682 GLOSSARY OF MINING AND MINERAL INDUSTRY.

Thermal. Hot; warm. Applied to Thermostat. An automatic device for

springs which discharge water regulating temperature by utilizing
heated by natural agencies. the expansion of solids, liquids, or
(Thompson) gases, subjected to heat, as in open-
ing or closing the damper of a fur-
Thermal conductivity. Capability to nace, regulating the supply of gas,
conduct heat; the quantity of heat etc. (Webster)
that passes in unit time through a
unit area of a plate whose thicliness Thetis' hair-stone. An old name for
is unity when its opposite faces dif- rock crystal containing acicular
fer in temperature by one degree. crystals of actinolite. (Chester)
(Webster) Thick coal; Thick seam (Eng.). A coal
seam greater thickness than
of
Thermal unit. A
unit chosen for the
(say) 8 or 10 feet (sometimes as
comparison, or calculation, of quan-
tities of heat, as the calorie or the
much as 130 feet), or those which
are worked in two or more stages or
British thermal unit (Webster)
lifts. (Gresley)
Thermite; Thermit. A mixture of alu- Thickened oils. Mineral oils thickened
minum in fine grains or filings with by dissolving in them small amounts
some metallic oxide, usually of iron of vulcanized rubber or of alumi-
or chromium; on being heated by num soap they are intended for cer-
;

a priming, as of magnesium powder, tain lubricating purposes. (Bacon)

the aluminum combines Violently
Thickness. 1. The distance at right
with the oxygen of the oxide, set-
angles between the hanging and the
ting free the metal, producing a fluid
foot wall of a lode or lens. 2. In
slag, and generating great heat. Is
founding, material, as loam, set in
used in welding steel. (Webster)
a mold to a certain thickness, to be
Thermite process. The process of weld- partially displaced by a templet.
ing steel with thermite. Also known (Standard)
as Goldschmidt's process. (Web- Thies process. A chlorination process
ster) for recovering gold from its ore.
For each ton of ore in a revolving
Thermites.. A
term used by M. E.
drum, 130 gallons of water, 30
Wadsworth mineral fuels
to include
(Power) pounds chloride of lime, and 36
or burning-materials.
pounds concentrated sulphuric acid
Thermoaqueous. Produced by, or re- are added, and the drum revolved
lated to, the action of heated waters. for some time. A solution of
(Raymond) chloride of gold is thus obtained.
The silver remains as an insoluble
Thermochemistry. That branch of chloride, which can be separated by
chemical science which treats of the the addition of sodium hyposulphite
relations existing between chemical solution. (Goesel)
action and heat. (Webster)
Thill. 1. (Newc.) The floor of a coal
Thermodynamics. The
science which mine. (Raymond)
treats of the mechanical action or 2. A thin stratum of fire clay.
relation of heat. (Webster) (Webster)

Thermoelectricity. Electricity pro- Thimble. 1. An oval iron ring around

duced by the direct action of heat, which a rope end is bent and
as by the unequal heating of a cir- fastened to form an eye. (C. M. P.)
cuit composed of two dissimilar 2. (Aust). The iron ring, placed a
metals. (Webster) few feet below the head-frame pul-
ley, which supports the safety de-
Thermometamorphism. Metamorphism taching hook in case of an overwind.
in which the dominant agency is (Power)
heat. (Watson, p. 204) 3. A metal socket for fixing a lead
pipe to stoneware. (Webster)
Thermometer. Any device for measur-
ing temperature. See also Pyrometer. Thimble joint. A sleeve joint packed
to allow longitudinal expansion. A
Thermopile. An apparatus consisting slip expansion joint. (Nat. Tube Co.)
of a number of thermoelectric
couples, used to generate electric Thing. 1. (No. Staff.) A straight
currents for determining slight dif- facing from floor to roof, often many
ferences of temperature. (Web- yards in length. 2. (Mid.) A fault
ster) Blip. (Gresley)
 GLOSSARY OF MINING AND MINERAL INDUSTRY. 683
Thinolite. A tufa deposit of calcium Thompsenolite. A fluoride of calcium,
carbonate occurring on an enormous aluminum, and sodium, NaCaAlF,-
scale in northwestern Nevada; also H2O. (Webster)
occurs about Mono Lake, California.
It forms layers of interlaced crystals
Thompson process. A process of elec-
tricwelding in which heat is devel-
of a pale yellow or light-brown
oped by a large current passing
color and often skeleton structure
through the metal. (Webster)
except when corered by subsequent
deposit of calcium carbonate. Thomsonite. Hydrous sodium-calcium-
(Dana) aluminum (Na20a)O.Al203.-
silicate.
2SiOs. 2IH2O. One
of the zeolites,
Thin out. Applied to beds or strata sometimes used as a gem. (U. S.
which grow gradually and continu- Geol. Surv.)
ally thinner in one direction, until
they entirely disappear. (Thomp- Thoria. The oxide of thorium, Th02.
son) Thorianite. A
mineral of complex and
uncertain composition but consisting
Thin seam; Thin coal (Eng.). A coal
chiefly of thorium and uranium ox-
seam less than 3 feet in thickness.
ides with minor quantities of many
(Gresley)
other bases. Contains about 12.1
Thin section. A fragment of rock or per cent UsOs and 71 per cent ThO*.
mineral ground to paper thinness, (U. S. Geol. Surv.)
polished, and mounted between Thorite. 1. A
rare mineral of a brown
glasses as a microscopical slide. to black color, consisting essentially
Rocks and most minerals except the of thorium silicate, ThSiO*. 2. A
oxides and sulphides of the metals high explosive used as a bursting
are translucent to transparent in charge for shells. (Webster)
thin section and the optical proper-
ties of each mineral can be studied Thorium. A comparatively rare me*
with the miscroscope. (Ransome) tallic element occurring in combi-
nation in thorite, monazite, and cer-
Thin stock. Slabs of stone employed tain other minerals and isolated as
for wainscoting, flooring, etc. an infusible, gray, metallic powder.
(Bowles) Symbol, Th; atomic weight, 232.4;,
specific gravity, 11.1. (Webster)
Third-hand asistant (Aust.). A boy
who helps the machinist and his as- Thorofare. In geology, a channel cut
sistant with a coal-cutting machine. across a spit or barrier beach.
(Power) (Watson, p. 388)

Thirl; Thirling. 1. (Scot.) A cross- Thorogummite. A hydrous silicate of

hole or ventilation-passage between

uranium and thorium, U08.3Th02.-
3Si02.6H20. Contains 22 per cent
two headings. 2. In the North of
England lead mines, a mark at the UOs and 41 per cent ThC
(U. S.
Geol. Surv.)
end of a pitch or set (Standard).
See Thurl ; Thurling. Thrackscat (Eng.). Metal or mineral
still in the mine. (Standard). An
Thirling. See Thirl.
obsolete term.
Tholeiite. Rosenbusch's name for Thread. 1. An extremely small vein,
augite-porphyrites, which, aside even thinner than a stringer. (Roy.
from the usual phenocrysts, have a Com.)
groundmass, with but one generation 2. (Mid.) A small wooden wedge;
of crystals and with a little glassy A
see Cleat, 3. 3. more or less
basis between them, affording a tex-
straight line of stall faces, having
ture called intersertal. (Kemp) no cuttings, loose ends, fast ends, or
Thomaite. A variety of siderite that steps. (Gresley)
Is found massive and in pyramidal
crystals. (Standard)
Three-high train. A roll-train com-
posed of three rolls, the bar being
Thomas-Gilchrist process. Bessermer- entered on one side between the
izing (which see) pig iron, high in bottom and the middle roll, and on
phosphorus and low In sulphur, in a the other side between the middle
converter lined with calcined dolo- and the upper roll. The passes in
mite. The slag formed consists of a both directions thus take place with-
basic calcium phosphate which is out reversing the movement of the
used for fertilizer (Llddell). A rolls, as is done in so-culled revers-
baslelining process. ing rolls. (Raymond)
 ; ;

684 GLOSSARY OF MINING AND MINERAL INDUSTRY.

ThrecUngr. In crystallography, a group Throwing clay. Clay plastic enough

of three crystal individuals united to be shaped on a potter's wheel.
by the same twinning law. (Stand- (Standard)
ard) Throwing engine. 1. A potter's wheel
Three-quarter coal. A mixture of lump with its supports, used in throwing
and nut coal. (Nicolls) (Webster). Called also Throwing
machine; Throwing mill; Throw-
Three trees (Eng.). A kind of ladder ing wheel. 2. See Throw, 3.
used in mines. (Bainb ridge) Throwing house. A building in which
Throstlebrest (Derb.). An ore with clay is thrown on potters' wheels.
much gangue adhering, so that it
.
(Standard)
requires a great deal of knocking Throwing table. A potter's wheel.
or breaking to make it marketable (Standard)
(Hooson). Also spelled Throstle-
breast. Thrown. 1. Faulted or broken up by
a fault. (Gresley)
Throttle. 1. To obstruct the flow of,
2. Turned, as a piece of ceramic
as steam to an engine. Z A valve ware on a potter's wheel. (Stand-
for regulating the supply of steam,
ard)
gas or air to an engine. (Webster)
Through; Thirling. A passage cut
Throw-off. A kind of derailing switch.
(Webster)
through a pillar to connect two
rooms. (Ihlseng) Throw-off switch (Aust.). A switch
by means of which an obstruction Is
Through and through (Wales). Min- thrown across the rails of a track,
ing bituminous coal without regard causing the derailment of the trucks
to the size of the lumps (Gresley).
(Power). A derailing switch.
See Through coal.
Thrust. 1. A crushing of coal pillars
Through Coal. (Wales). Large and
small coal mixed altogether coal
;
caused by excess weight of the super-
run of mine. Incumbent rocks, the floor being
harder than the roof. Nearly the
Througher (Scot). A crosscut be- same as creep, except that In the
tween two headings. (Gresley) latter the workings are disorganized
Through stone. A stone passing en- by the upheaval of the floor, which
tirely through the thickness of a being softer than the roof Is the
first to yield. Compare Creep. (Cen-
wall; a bond-stone; perpend. (Stand-
ard) tury)
2. The ruins of the fallen roof, after
Throw. 1. A fault, a dislocation. pillars and stalls have been re-
(Chance) moved. (Raymond)
2.The amount of vertical displace-
ment up (upthrow) or down (down- Thrust fault. See Fault.
throw) produced by a fault; some-
times, loosely, a dislocation not ver-
Thrust plane. The plane of a thrust
or reversed fault. (La Forge)
tical, the direction being specified
(Webster). See Heave; Perpen- Thud (Eng.). A dull and heavy re-
dicular throw; Stratgraphic throw. port made by the rending of the
(Lindgren, p. 120) strata far overhead when the coal
3. In ceramics, to form or shape on
has been extracted. (G. C. Green-
a throwing engine, or potter's wheel, well)
as earthen vessels. (Webster)
4. (Local Eng.) To break out the Thulite. A pink mineral of the epi-
pillars (a coal mine), leaving the dote group, which owes Its color to
hanging coal unsupported. See Spur, the presence of manganese (Ran-
1. (Standard) some). See also Zolslte.
,'hrow crook. A wheel throw-
potter's ;
Thulite stone. A pink or rose-colored
ing table. (Standard) siliceous rock from Norway, com-
Thrower. One who uses a throwing posed chiefly of quartz and thulite;
wheel; a potter. (Standard) used for small ornaments. (Stand-
ard)
Throwing (So. Staff.). The operation
of breaking out small pillars, so as to Thulium. A rare metallic element re-
leave the hanging coal unsupported, sembling ytterbium, found In com-
except by its own cohesion. (Ray- bination In gadolinlte. Symbol, Tm
mond) See Throw, 4. atomic weight, 168.5. (Century)
 )

GLOSSARY OF MINING AND MINERAL INDUSTRY. 685

Thum-Balbach process. A silver-refin- Ticket. 1. (Scot.) An old measure

ing process using carbon cathodes, for coal. The Campbeltown ticket
clor6 anodes, and a silver-nitrate was about 300 pounds. (Barrow-
nitric-acid electrolyte. The silver man)
is scraped off the bottom as crystals. 2. (Eng.) A sealed bid for ore to
(Liddell) be sold.(Webster)
Thum furnace. A
gas-fired furnace
3. The numbered check which the
miner puts on his loaded car to in-
especially for the treatment of zinc
form the weigh master to whom the
ore which is high in lead. (In-
coal belongs (Roy.). /See aiso Tag;
galls, p. 492)
Tally.
Thunderbolt. 1. A stone or stony con-
cretion, especially if elongated and Ticketing. In English mining dis-
tapering, found in the ground and tricts, a periodical sale of ore to the
ignorantly supposed to have fallen highest bidders by ticket. See
from the sky. 2. A
nodule or mass Ticket, 2. (Standard)
of iron pyrite found in English chalk
formations. ( Standard Tick hole. A small cavity in a rock;
a vug.
Thunder stone. Same as Thunderbolt.
Thuringian. In geology, designating Tidewater glacier. A
glacier whose
the upper division of the European foot dips into tidewater, and which
Permian. (Webster) often produces icebergs. ( Standard )

Thurl (So. Staff.). To cut through Tie. 1. A beam, post, or rod to hold
from one working into another parts together;
(Raymond). Also Thirl.
a tension member
in a structure. Any of the
2.
Thurling. A passage cut from room transverse supports to which rail-
to room, in post-and-stall working road rails are fastened. (Webster)
(Raymond). Also Thirling. 3. (Eng.). A level; also, a support
for the roof In coal mines. (Bain-
Thurm. 1. In mining, a small dis-
bridge)
placement or fault of a seam.
(Standard) Tie-back. 1. A
beam serving a pur-
2. (Nova Scotia) A ragged, rocky pose similar to a fend-off beam, but
headland swept by the sea; also fixed at the opposite side of the
called Thurm cap. (Century) shaft or inclined road. 2. The wire
Thwack. In tile making, to beat into ropes or stayrods that are some-
shape. (Webster) times used on the side of the tower
opposite the hoisting engine, in place
Thwacker. One that thwacks; spe- of or to reinforce the engine braces.
cifically, in tile making, a wooden (C. and M. M. P.)
implement with which the half-dried
pantile is beaten to take out any Tie band (Eng.). A piece of rope
warping that has occurred. (Web- used in securing long timbers or
ster) rails when being sent down in the
Tliwacking frame. A table, with cage. (G. C. Green well)
curved top, used in thwacking a pan-
tile. (Standard)
Tlebar. A bar used as a tie, as be-
tween two switch rails to hold them
Thwacking knife. "
A knife used to to gage. (Webster)
trim pantiles after thwacking.
(Standard) Tiemannite. Mercuric selenide, HgSe.
Contains 71.7 per cent mercury and
Thwarting (Som.). A short road 28.3 per cent selenium. (U. S. Geol.
driven between two or moie veins Surv.)
where they are nearly vertical.
(Gresley) ^ Tienda de raya (Sp.). A store at
which the miners obtain weekly
Tiatales (Guerrero, Mex.). A hard
credit. (Min. Jour.)
limestone. (Halse)
Tibe (Colom.). 1. A hard, smooth, Tie plate. A protecting metal plate be-
flat or rounded stone, found in allu- tween the rail and tie. (Webster)
vial mines. 2. Corundum, used by
the ancient Indians for polishing
Tie rod. A round or square iron rod
tools. (Halse) passing through or over a furnace
and connected with buckstaves to
tlbir (Sp.). Gold dust found on the assist In binding the furnace to*
African coast (Halse) gether.
686 GLOSSARY OF MINING AND MINERAL INDUSTRY.

Tierra (Sp.). 1. Earth, land, soil, Tightset. A

quarryraen's term, equiva-
ground; T. ardllosa, clay ground. lent to blind seam, or incipient joint
2. Region of the earth; T. adentro, (Dale)
the interior of a country. 3. Any
rock or mineral; T. blanca (Mex.) a Tile. 1. A thin plate or piece of
calcareous tufa T. de batan, fuller's
;
baked clay, stone, or the like of a
earth; T. de jlor (Venez.) A bed kind used
for covering roofs of
of reddish clayey earth; T. de por- buildings, for floors, for drains, and
celana, china clay; T. pesada, heavy often for ornamental work. 2. A
spar (Halse) small flat piece of dried earth or
4. (Mex.) Fine sized ore. (D wight) earthenware, used to cover vessels
in which metals are fused. (Web-
Tierra blanca (Sp.). White, chalky, ster)
limestone beds, having special value
for hydraulic cement. (Standard)
Tile copper. Copper obtained by roast-
ing and refining the metal bottoms
Tlerras 1. Fine material im-
(Sp.). that collect under the regulus in
pregnated with quicksilver ore, smelting certain impure ores; usu-
which must be made into adobes be- ally cast in flat rectangular plates,
fore roasting. (Raymond) hence its name (Standard). See
2. T. de labor, rock from a stope Bottoms, 2.
mixed with particles of ore; fines;
T. de yunque, smalls produced in
Tile earth (Prov. Eng.). A compact
breaking and sorting ore T. Fardas ;
clay soil. (Standard)
(Mex.) An alluvial formation con- Tile field. A
field or yard, as at a pot-
taining limonite T. rojas, a ferru-
;
tery, devoted to the construction of
ginous clay. 3. Ore generally in a tiles. (Standard)
fine state of division. 4. Gangue or
matrix. (Halse) Tile kiln. A kiln for vitrifying tiles.
5. Any low - grade, powdered ore. (Standard)
(Standard) Tile machine. A machine for making
Tiers-argent (Fr.). An alloy of one tubular or arch-shaped tiles from
clay, operating by forcing the raw
part of silver to two of aluminum.
material through a die, in a con-
(Standard)
tinuous stream, which is cut into
Tier saw. A saw for giving bricks suitable lengths by wires. (Stand-
curved outlines. (Standard) ard)

Tiesteros (Bol.). Men who make tests

Tile ore. A
massive variety of cu-
prite, of brick-red color. (Chester)
or assays of ore before amalgama-
tion (Halse). Assayers. Tile oven. An oven for burning tiles.
(Standard)
Tiff. 1. A common name for calcite
in Wisconsin and Missouri zinc Tiler. 1. A kiln or oven for baking
fields. 2. Barite in southeast Mis- tiles. 2. A maker or layer of tiles.
souri. (Standard)

Tiffanyite. A name
proposed by Kunz Tilery. A factory in which tiles are
for a hydrocarbon assumed to be made. (Standard)
present in certain diamonds, namely, Tilestone. 1. Any of several beds of
those which, on this account, exhibit shale or sandstone, often red in
fluorescence and phosphorescence. color, belonging to the upper part
(Bacon) of the Ludlow group, English Upper
Silurian. (Webster)
Tiger. A device, as a fork, for sup- 2. A tile, particularly of stone;
porting a continuous series of well-
a brick. (Standard)
boring rods or tubes while raising
or lowering them in the hole ( Stand- -fTile works. A tilery or tile field.
ard). See Nipping-fork. (Standard)

A Tilgate stone. Beds of calcareous

Tiger-eye. 1. chatoyant stone,
sandstone or ironstone near Hast-
usually yellow-brown, much used
ings, England. (Century)
for ornament. It is silicified croci-
dolite, in which the fibers penetrat- Till. That part of a glacial drift con-
ing the quartz are changed to oxide sisting of material deposited by and
of iron. 2. A
potter's glaze re- underneath the ice, with little or no
sembling in look the tiger-eye. transportation and sorting by water;
(Webster) it is a generally unst ratified, uncon-
 )

SLOSSAKY OF MINING AND MINERAL INDUSTRY. 687

solldated, heterogeneous mixture of Timberer; Timberman. One who cuts,

clay, sand, gravel, and bowlders. frames and puts in place any of the
Also called Bowlder-clay (La timbers used in a shaft, slope, mine
Forge). Two kinds are recognized: or tunnel. Also one who draws
(1) Glacier-till, deposited directly props, posts, etc.
by glacier-ice, not by glacier-waters,
though may be locally modified by
it Timbering. 1. (Eng.) The timber
them. Contrasted with Glacier- structure employed for supporting
sediment. It may be (a) englacial the faces of an excavation during
(carried within the ice-mass), (b) the progress of construction ( Simms
superglacial (borne on the ice sur- 2. Timber work taken collectively,

face), or (c) subglacial (dragged as in a mine. (Standard)

along beneath the glacier), and in
Timberllne. The height on mountains
this case called also Grooind-moraine
at which the growth of trees stops.
or Bowlder-clay. (2) Berg-till, de- It varies with the latitude and
trital matter deposited by icebergs.
climate. (Webster)
Called also Subaqueous till or Floe-
till. (Standard) Timberman. See Timberer.

Tiller (Eng.). An instrument similar Timber packer (Washington). A la-

to a brace head, but usually made of borer who delivers timber to the
iron, for turning drill tools. (Gres-
working place in a pitching or in-
ley) clined coal seam.
Timber rights. The right to cut timber
Tiller rope. A flexible wire rope com- on the public domain for use in the
posed of six small ropes, usually of mining industry. (U. S. Min. Stat,
seven-wire strands each laid about a
pp. 1334-1353)
hemp core. (C. M. P.)
Timbre (Hex.). 1. A bell. 2. A
Tillite. A sedimentary rock composed stamp tax. (D wight)
of cemented till. (La Forge)
Timbrero (Mex.). Bellman. (Dwight)
Tilt. 1. To hammer or forge with a Time. A
statement of the number
1.
tilt (trip) hammer. (Webster) of days or hours worked by, or of
2. A tilt hammer. (Standard) the amount of wages due a work-
Tilted steel. Hammered steel. (Stand- man; usually furnished him upon
ard) request in the event of his quitting
work before the regular pay day.
Tilter. 1. One who forges metal with 2. To count the strokes of a pump,
a tilt-hammer. 2. A tilt hammer. or revolutions of an engine or fan.
(Standard) C. and M. M. P.)
3. In geology, a general term indi-
Tilt hammer. A hammer for shingling cating a subdivision of one of the
or forging iron, arranged as a lever grander divisions of geological his-
of the first or third order, and tory as, Palezoic time. (Standard)
;

"tilted" or "tripped" by means of a

cam or cog-gearing and allowed to Timekeeper. One whose duty it is to
fall upon the billet, bloom, or bar.
make and keep a record of the num-
(Raymond) ber of hours or days worked by
laborers or other employees.
Tilt mill. A mill where metal, as steel,
Timpa (Sp.). A tymp stone in front
is tilted. (Webster) of the hearth of a blast furnace.
Timazite. A name given by Breithaupt (Halse)
to certain porphyritic rocks in the Tin. 1. A chemical element obtained
Timok Valley of Servia, that have as a soft, lustrous white, crystalline
since proved to be varieties of metal, malleable at ordinary tem-
andesite and dacite. (Kemp) perature but brittle when hot. Sym-
bol, Sn; atomic weight, 118.70; spe-
Timba (Sp. Am.). Logs used for the
cific gravity, 7.28. (Webster)
roof of a mine. (Halse)
2. To coat with tin ; as to tin iron
Timber. 1. Any of the wooden props, 3. Tin plate. (Standard)
posts, bars, collars, lagging, etc.,
used to support mine workings. 2. Tina (Mex.). 1. A
mine bticket or
To set or place timbers in a mine. tub. 2. A leaching vat (Dwight) ;
3. One of the steel joists or beams, T. cargadora, a tank into which the
which have in some mines replaced slimes are first discharged. (Ekle»-
wooden timbers. (Webster) ton)
688 GLOSSARY OF MINING AND MINERAL INDUSTRY.

Tinaco (Sp.). A wooden trough, tub, sisting of alkali feldspar, nephellte

or vat, used in leaching. (Halse)
Tinaja (Mex.). 1. A basin of water
in a rock. (D wight)
2. A large earthen jar. 3. Small
bunches of cinnabar. (Halse)
Tin bath. Molten tin into which sheets
of iron are dipped in order to form
tin plate (Standard)
Tin bound. 1. (Corn.) To mark a
limit, ason a tract of waste land,
within which one claims or reserves
the right to mine unworked tin ore.
2. Land so reserved. (Standard)
Tincal. Crude native borax, formerly
imported from Tibet
Also spelled Tinkal.
Tincalconite. A
pulverulent variety of
borax, with thirty-two per cent of
water. (Chester)
Tin-can safety lamp. A Davy lamp
placed inside a tin can or cylinder
having a glass in front, air holes
near the bottom, and open-topped.
(Gresley, 1883)
Tinea (Peru). A small mine timber.
(Pfordte)
Tinder ore. An early name for an im-
pure variety of jamesonite, resem-
bling tinder. (Chester)
Tin dish. A pan used by prospectors
for washing gold-bearing materials
and extracting the gold. (Duryee)
Tin floor. 1. (Corn.) A thin flat mass
of tinstone between beds of rock.
2. An irregular mass of tin ore.
(Standard)
Tin foil. Tin or a tin-like alloy made
into foil. (Standard)
Tin frame (Com.). A sloping table
used in dressing tin-ore slimes and
discharged by turning it upon an
axiis till its surface is nearly verti-
cal, and then dashing water over
It, to remove the enriched deposit.
A machine frame or self-frame thus
discharges itself automatically at
intervals; a hand-frame is turned
for the purpose by hand. (Ray-
mond)
ling. Same as Sycee-silver.
ard)
Tin glass. A name formerly applied
to bismuth. (Ure)
Tin glaze. An opaque glaze of stannic
oxide, used on pottery. (Standard)
Tlngualte. A variety of phonolite rich
In aegirite (La Forge). A name
fi^en by Rosenbusch to rocks con-
and abundant aegirine, which form
dikes in or near areas of nephellte-
syenite. It was first applied tc
specimens from tl?e vicinity of Rio
Janeiro, where in the Serra de Tin-
gua the rocks were first discovered
and described by O. A. Derby as
phonolites. They have since proved
of very wide distribution and not al-
ways to accompany nephelite-syen-
ites. By many the name tinguaite
is regarded as an unnecessary and
undesirable synonym for Phonolite.
(Kemp)
Tinker (Derb.). Laminated carbon-
(Webster). aceous shale. (Gresley)
Tin liquor. A solution of tin in strong
acid, used as a mordant in dyeing.
(Century)
Tinned rope. Rope made of wires that
have been coated with tin to protect
them from corrosion. (C. M. P.)
Tinned sheet Iron. See Tin plate.
Tinner. 1. (Corn.). One who works
in a tin mine. 2. A tinsmith. (Web-
ster)
Tinning. 1. The act, operation, or
process of covering with or preserv-
ing in tin. 2. A protective coating
of tin, as on sheet iron. (Standard)
Tinning metal. An alloy of equal parts
of tin and lead: used by electro-
typers for coating copper shells be-
fore backing. (Standard)
Tin penny (Eng.). A local tax for-
merly paid for permission to en-
gage in tin mining. (Standard)
Tin pickling. In the manufacture of
tin plate, the process of immersing
thin iron plate in r bath of acid,
previous to tinning. (Standard)
Tin-pickling machine. A machine for
hoisting and lowering the plates in
the process of pickling and washing.
(Standard)
Tin plate. Sheet iron or steel coated
with tin by dipping into the melted
metal: commonly called simply Tin.
(Stand-
There are three principal qualities:
the best, consisting of coated char-
coal iron, is called Charcoal plate;
that which is coated on coke-
smelted or puddled iron is called
Coke plate, and tin plate having
crystals formed by the action of di-
luted nitric and hydrochloric acids
is called Crystallized tin plate.
(Standard)
 GLOSSARY OF MIlffING AND MINERAL INDUSTRY. 689

Tin pot. 1. A vessel for holding Tirante (Sp.). 1. Small hewn timber.
molten tin. 2. A bath of molten tin 2. The tie rod of a boiler. 3. A
In which sheet-Iron or sheet-steel is pump rod. 4. (Mex.) A large beam.
dipped in making tin plate. ( Stand- (Halse)
ard)
Tirar (Sp.). 1. To hoist or wind. 2.
Tin pyrites. Same as Stannite. To blast or shoot. 3. T. una labor
(Standard) (L. Cal., Mex.), prospecting; placer
Tinsel. To give a metallic appearance
mining. (Halse)
to (ceramic ware) by washing with Tiro (Mex.). 1. Mine shaft or pit;
a met.llic substance. (Standard) T. de arrastre, or de recueste, an in-
Tin spar. A synonym for Cassiterlte. clined shaft; T. general, the main
(Chester) shaft; T. vertical, a vertical shaft;
2. (Colom.) An airshaft; a raise.
Tinstone. A miner's name for Cassit- 3. T. de aire, an air blast; an air
erite. (Standard) current. 4. T. de mulas, a team of
Tin stuff (Eng.). Tin ore mixed with mules. 5. A blast or shot. 6. Hoist-
its gangue. (Standard) ing or winding. 7. A rope used in
hoisting. 8. (Chile) A drill hole.
Tintero (Peru). The sump of shaft (Halse)
(Dwight)
T-iron. 1. An angle iron having T-
Tin-white cobalt. A synonym for
shaped cross-section. (Standard)
Smaltite. (Chester)
2. T-rails used in a mine, as dis-
Tin-Witts (Corn.). The product of tinguished from wooden rails.
the first dressing of tin ores, contain-
ing, besides tinstone, other heavy Tiron (Sp.). A tug or jerk given to
minerals (wolfram and metallic sul- a rope in hoisting. (Halse)
phides). It must be roasted before
It can be further concentrated.
Tirr. 1. (Scot). The covering on
Its
rock in a quarry; overburden. Also
first or partial roasting is called
rag-burning. (Raymond) Tlrring. 2. (Scot.) To remove the
covering from the rock in a quarry.
Tin works. A place or an establish- (Barrowman)
ment where tin is manufactured or
mined. (Standard) Tisar. In plate-glass making, a heat-
ing furnace for an annealing cham-
Tip; Tipple (Eng.). A platform upon ber. (Standard)
which a pair of iron tram rails, fixed
upon an axle and attached to a le- Titan. 1. Titanium. 2. Titanite.
ver, are bolted down, for emptying (Standard)
tubs or cars Into wagons, boats, bins,
etc. (Gresley) Titanic anhydrite. A white pulveru-
lent titanium oxide (TiOj) found na-
Tipper. 1. An apparatus for emptying tive as brookite, octahedrite, and
cars of coal or ore, by turning them rutile, and a common constituent of
upside down and then bringing them iron ores. Called also Titanic oxide.
back to the original position with a
minimum of manual labor. Tipple Titanic iron ore. Ilmenite, FeTiCV
Is the common name. (Steel) (Webster)
2. (Aust.) The man who runs skips
into a tippler. (Power) Titanic schorL Rutile. (Standard)

Tipple. 1. The place where cars are Titaniferons. Carrying titanium, as

tipped or dumped; the dump; a titaniferous Iron ore. See Ilmenite.
cradle-dump. (Chance) (Roy. Com.)
2. (Aust.) The tracks, trestles,
screens, etc., at the entrance to a Titanic (Sp.). Titanium (Dwight).
colliery where coal is screened and See Affulhas.
loaded (Power). See Tipper, also
Tip. Titanite; Sphene. Calcium sillcotl-
Tippler (Aust.). An apparatus for tanite, CaTlSiOi (Dana). fairly A
tipping a skip, so as to empty It of common but rarely abundant con-
Its contents (Power). See also Tip; stituent of some Igneous rocks. Gen-
Tipper, and Tipple. erally yellow or brown with waxy
luster. Can frequently be recognized
Tlrada (Sp.). 1. Hoisting of a cage. without the aid of a lens. (Ban-
2. One complete hoist (Halse) some)
70242'—19 14
690 GLOSSARY OF MINING AND MINERAL INDUSTRY.

Titanium. A metallic element found 3. A spurn, or small pillar of coaL

in nature only in combined form, (Gresley)
and isolated as an infusible iron- 4. The front end of a frog, opposite
gray crystalline powder. Symbol, the heel, in a car track.
Ti atomic weight, 48.1 specific
;

gravity 3.55 (Webster)

;
Toeing-in. A quarry term for the
wedging-in of the end of a granite
Tithe ore (Eng.). A portion of ore sheet under an overhanging joint,
set aside for the payment of rental probably in consequence of the
or royalty on mineral lands. faulting of the sheets along the joint.
It is also applied to the overlapping
Titration. An analytical process con- (Perkins)
of lenticular sheets.
sisting in the addition of a liquid
in measured volume to a known Toellite. A biotite-hornblende-por-
volume of another liquid or to a phyrite, with garnets, that forms
known weight of a substance, till a dikes in mica-schist and gneiss near
certain definite
effect, usually a Meran, in the Tyrol. (Kemp)
change of color is observed (Web- Toe nails. In geology, curved joints
ster). Volumetric analysis.
intersecting the sheet structure, in
Titulo (Sp.). Title; T. de propiedad, most cases striking with the sheets,
title to a mining claim. (Halse) in some differing from them in strike
45° or more. (Ries)
Tiza (Sp.). 1. Ground chalk or whit-
ing. 2. Finely divided gypsum. 3. Toensbergite. A name given by W.
(Chile) A mixture of ulexite with C. Brogger to certain feldspathic
chlorides and sulphates of sodium syenitic rocks,from Tonsberg, Nor-
and calcium, and sand. An impor- way, that are close relatives of the
tant source of borax. (Halse) anorthosltes. They differ from the
anorthosites in their smaller per-
Tizar (Durango, Mex.). A white centage of lime and higher per-
pure silica used in glass making.
centage of alkalies. (Kemp)
(Halse)
Tofo (Durango, Mex.). China clay.
Tiz6n (Mex.) A bond in masonry. (Halse)
See also Diente, 2. (Dwight)
Toadrock. See Toadstone.
Tofus (L.). Same as tufa. (Stand-
ard)
Toad's-eye tin. Massive cassiterite in
botryoidal and reniform shapes.
Toggle-joint. A joint having a central
hinge like an elbow, and operated
(Standard)
by applying the power at the junc-
Toadstone (Eng.). A kind of trap tion of motion, as from horizontal
rock. (Raymond) to vertical, and giving enormous
mechanical advantage: a mechanism
Toas (Corn.). To shake or toss tin common in many forms of presses,
ore in a kieve or vat with water, to and in stone-crushers. (Standard)
cleanse and dress it (Pryce)
Token. 1. (Aust.) A metal or leather
Toba (Mex.). 1. Volcanic tuff. 2. ticket stamped with a distinctive
T. caliza, calcareous tufa (Dwight). number, fastened to a skip so as to
3. (Colom.) Chalk. (Halse) indicate to the weighman who mined
the coal (Power). A Ticket; Tag;
Tobera (Mex.). The tuyere of a smelt- Tally.
ing furnace. (C. and M. M. P.) 2. (Wales). A thin bed of coal,
etc.,indicating a thicker seam at no
Toca (Braz.). Quality of gold. Com- great distance. (Gresley)
pare Ley, 2. (Halse)
Tol (Corn.). The land owner's part
Todouno (Sp.). 1. Coal as it comes of the tin ore. (Pryce). Toll or
from the mines. Run of mine. rental.
(Halse) Tola (Hind.). A weight for gold and
2. Raw, rough ore. (Lucas) silver, varying slightly according to
locality, usually 180 grains Troy.
Toe. 1. The burden of material be-
(Standard)
tween the bottom of the bore hole
Toll (Ches.). Royalty on rock salt, or
and the free face. 2. It is some-
other mineral. (Gresley)
times used to designate the bottom
of the bore hole itself as distin- Toller; ToUur (Com.). One who in-
guished from the heel, collar or spects or superintends tln-bearlng
mouth of the bore hole, which is the lands. To review or inspect
open end. (Du Pout) (Pryce)
 ;

GLOSSABY OF MINING AND MINERAL INDUSTRY. 691

Toluene. A hydrocarbon, CcHtCHs, Tonel (Sp.). 1. A barrel; T. de

of the aromatic series, homologous amalgamacidn, an amalgamating
with benzene, and obtained as a barrel. 2. A kibble; corf. 3. A vat.
light mobile colorless liquid by dis- (Halse)
tilling tolu balsam, and coal tar.
Tonelada (Sp.). Ton. The ton ol
Used in the manufacture of dyestuffs Castile equals 2,032.2 pounds avoir-
and other compounds (Webster).
dupois the Mexican and Spanish-
;
Formerly called Toluol.
American ton equals 2,028.88 pounds
Tolva (Sp.). 1. A hopper. 2. An ore avoirdupois; the metric ton, 1,000
chute. (Dwight) kg. equals 2,204.6 pounds avoirdu-
pois. (Halse)
Tom. An inclined trough in which
gold-bearing earth or gravel is Tonga (Colom.). The difference in
crudely washed usually called Long
; level between two points, whereby
torn because it is longer than a alluvial mines can be drained by a
rocker. (Webster) ground sluice and a lode mine bj
an adit (Halse)
Tomassi process. An electrolytic proc-
ess for refining lead in which the Tongs. 1.See Chain tongs Pipe grip ;

electrolyte is a solution of a double Pipe tongs; Pipe wrench. (Nat.

acetate of lead and of potassium or Tube Co.)
of sodium. The anodes are cast 2. Ingem cutting, a stand having
from crude argentiferous lead the ; at its upper end a vise-like arrange-
cathodes are in the form of large ment by which to hold the cup in
dislis of copper or of aluminum which a gem is cemented, so as to
bronze and are about half immersed press the latter against the polishing
in the electrolyte, in which they wheel. (Standard)
slowly revolve, each being placed
between two anodes. The lead Tongue. A piece of iron or steel pro-
jecting from the stem of a stamp
crystals formed are detached by
head. (Hunt)
scrapers. When in sufficient quan-
tity they are collected, drained, Tongue joint. In welding, a split joint
washed, dried, and fused with a formed by inserting a wedge-shaped
little charcoal. (Goesel) piece into a corresponding split
lombac. Any one
of several copper piece and welding the two together.
and zinc alloys, as Prince's metal, (Century)
Mannheim gold, etc. Also spelled
Tambac Tombac Tombak.
; ; ( Stand-
Tonite. An explosive consisting of
about equal weights of guncotton
ard)
and barium nitrate. It is used for
Tommy dodd (Aust). A series of blasting. (Webster)
small pulleys, with vertical axles
placed between the rails at a curve, Ton mile. In railroading, a standard
so as to keep an endless rope in measure of traffic, based on the rate
place. (Power) of carriage per mile of each ton
of freight (Standard)
Ton. 1. An
avoirdupois unit of weight.
A short or net ton equals 2,000 Tonnage. The amount of ore handled
pounds (907.20 Kg.). A long or per day. The amount of ore in
gross ton equals 2,240 pounds sight
(1,010.6 Kg.). A metric ton equals
2,204.6 pounds (1,000 Kg.). A Cor- Tooler. A stonemason's chisel two to
nish mining ton equals 2,352 pounds four inches broad (Standard).
(1,006.87 Kg.). Called also Broad tool; Drove.
2. A unit of internal capacity for
ships; a register ton equals 100 cu. Tool extractor. An implement for
ft. a displacement ton equals 35 cu.
;
grasping and withdrawing boring
ft. ;a shipping ton often reckoned tools when broken or detached in a
at 40 cu. ft, and a ton of timber bore, as of an oil well, etc. Called
equals 42 cu. ft. (Webster) also Tool grab. (Standard)
(Aust.) A ton of firewood equals Tool nipper. A person whose duty it is
60 cu. ft ^t wood. (Davis)
to carry powder, drills and tools to
Conallte. A quartz-mica-hornblende the various levels of the mine and
diorite from near Meran in tlie to bring such tools and drills as
Tyrol. It was named by vom Rath have been dulled by use to the sur-
from Tonale, a place on Mt. face. See Nipper, 1. (Moreno v.
Adamello. Compare Adamelllte. New Guadalupe Min. Co., C&\. Apm
(Kemp) 170 Pac. Rept., p.1088)
 )

692 GLOSSARY OF MINING AND MINERAL INDUSTRY.

Tool steel. Steel of superior quality, Top head (So. Staff.). A passage
that can be highly tempered for : driven In the upper part of a thick
use in malting cutting tools. ( Stand- coal seam for drawing off the gas
ard) (Gresley). See also Boss.
Top. 1. A mine roof. Top coal, the Topholes (Eng.). Working places ex-
upper part of a coal bed separated tending to the full rise. ( Red-
from the rest by a seam or parting. may ne)
Top bottom (Ark.), the upper part
of the bottom bench of a coal bed. Tophus. Any natural calcareous tufa.
(Steel) Called also Toph; Tophin. (Stand-
2. A quarryman's term for over- ard)
burden. (Bowles)
3. The part of a cut gem above the Toplt (Eng.). A small bracehead,
girdle; the crown. (Webster) screwed on to the top of boring rods
4. See Cap, 2; also Blue cap. (Gres- when withdrawing them from the
ley) hole. (Gresley)
5. (Of a vein) See Apex.
Top kick. See Top shot.
Topacio (Sp.). Topaz. (Dwight)
Topman. Any man employed on the
Topaz. An aluminum
fluosilicate, sim- surface about a mine. (Power)
plest formula, Al2Si04F,, but with
part of the fluorine commonly re- Topographic adolescence. A geologic
placed by the radical, OH. Used as stage when lakes have mostly disap-
a gem, especially when yellow (U. S. peared, and river drainage is well
Geol. Surv.) See False topaz, also established, stream channels being
Oriental topaz. comparatively narrow and well
marked and falls occurring charac-
Topazfels (Ger.). A
brecciated, con- teristically ( Standard
tact rocli, near granite contacts, and
Topographic high. Frequently used in
formed of topaz, tourmaline, quartz
the oil fields to indicate the
higher
and some rarer accessory minerals elevations, regardless of age; op-
(Kemp). Also called Topazrock.
posed to topographic low which in-
Topazolite. A variety of garnet, of dicates a lower elevation. Compare
topaz-yellow color, or olive-green. Geologic high.
(Century) Topographic infancy. In geology, a
Topazrock. A rock resulting from featureless stage characterized by a
contact metaraorphism, made up of smooth nearly level surface of de-
an aggregate of fragments of quartz posit, lakes abounding in slight de-
and tourmaline, cemented by a mix- pressions, shallow streams, and
ture of quartz and topaz (Century). drainage-systems not well estab-
Also called Topazfels. lished. (Standard)
Top bottom (Ark.) See Top. Topographic low. See Topographic
high.
Top eager. A man at the top of a
shaft to superintend the operation Topographic maturity. In geology, a
of lowering and raising of the cage. stage of maximum diversity of form
(Illinois Third Vein Coal Co. v. when valleys have greatly Increased,
Cioni, 215, Illinois, p. 583; Spring and the river channels are widely
Valley Coal Co. v. Buzis, 213, Illi- opened. (Standard)
nois, p. 341). It Is also his duty, at
most mines, to remove the loaded
Topographic old age. A geologic stage
in which there Is a featureless sur-
cars from the cage, and place the
face, differing from the earliest
empty cars on the cage. See stage (topographic infancy) In hav-
Oager, 1. ing a system of drainage streams,
Top canch. That part of a mine roof separated by faintly swelling hills.
which has to be taken down to give (Standard)
head room on roadways. (Gresley) Topography. 1. The science of survey-
Top coal (Scot). The uppermost of ing the physical features of a dis-
two or more divisions of a seam of trict or region and the art of deline-
coal. See Top, 1. (Barrowman) ating them on maps. 2. The physi-
cal features of a district or region,
Tope. 1. (Sp.) Top, summit or apex.
such as are represented on maps,
2. (Colom.) A discovery of ore.
taken collectively; especially, the re*
(Halse)
lief and contour of the land. (La
Top gai (Aust.). Fire damp. (Power) Forge)
 ;

GLOSSARY OF MINING AND MINERAL INDUSTRY. 693

Topping. The coal on a mine car
above the top of the car box. (C.
and M. M. P.)
Topple (So. Wales). Tophole.
A working place driven to the rise
of the main levels. (Gresley)
Top ply; Top leaf; Tops (Scot). The
uppermost layer of a bed of coal
left for a roof (Gresley). Also
called Water leaf. See also Top, 1.
Top rod (Scot). The rod connecting
cessive slices. Instead of taking the
full height of the slices, only the
lower part is taken and the upper
part is caved. After removing this
From portion of the ore, the cover is
caved. A timber mat is used in
most cases to separate the broken
cover from the ore and for safety
(Young). Also known as Caving
system; Sub-drifting and caving;
Subslicing; Slicing under ore with
buck cave Sublevel caving, and Sub-
;

level slicing.
the uppermost pump rod to the bell-
crank. (Barrowman) Top wall. Same as Hanging wall.
(Standard)
Top-set beds. The material laid down
in horizontal layers on top of a Top water. Water which enters an oil
delta. See Fore-set beds and Bot- or gas well from a sand above the
tom-set beds. (Watson, p. 274) productive sand. Compare Bottom
water; Edge water. (U. S. Geol.
Top shot. An explosion or puff of Surv. Bull. 658, p. 44)
gas at the furnace top. (Willcox)
Tor (Eng.). A rounded mass of rock
Top slicing. A method of stoping by left an elevated position by the
in
which the ore is taken from hori- decay of surrounding parts. Some-
zontal stopes and supporting the times called Bowlder (Duryee). A
overlying mat with timber. (H. C. rocky pinacle; a high pointed hill.
Hoover, p. 123) (Webster)
Top slicing and caving. See Top slic- Torbane Hill mineral. A boghead coal
ing and cover caving. obtained from Torbane Hill, Scot-
land. (Webster)
Top slicing and cover caving. The
important feature is the working Torbanite. A
dark brown variety of
of the ore body from the top down in cannel (Power).
coal A boghead
successive horizontal slices that may coal from Torbane Hill, Scotland
follow one another sequentially or (Webster). Also called BathvIU-
simultaneously. The whole thick- ete.
ness of the slice is worked. The ore
may be broken by overhand or Torbernite. A hydrous phosphate of
uranium and copper, Cu0.2U0».
underhand stoping in each unit. The
P2O5.8H2O (U. S. Geol. Surv.)
overburden or cover is caved after
mining a unit. The method is a re- Torbite (Lane). A trade-mark name
treating method. The long-wall of a dried and compressed peat.
method, the pillar robbing in both (Century)
room-and-pillar, and bord-and-pil-
Torch. An oil-burning, wick-fed lamp
lar methods of mining coal are es-
of tin or copper, with a long spout,
sentially the same in principle as
used by miners.
top slicing. The principal differ-
ence is that a single slice only is Tordrillite. A name based on the
worked in these methods. There are Tordrilla mountains, Alaska, and
two modifications: top slicing by suggested by J. E. Spurr for por-
drifts, and top slicing by rooms. A phyritic varieties of alasklte, which
timber mat is used in almost all have a finely crystalline or apha-
cases (Young). Other terms used nitlc groundmass. See also Alasklte.
for this system are Caving system : (Kemp)
Crosscut method (combined with re- Tormentor (Aust). A wooden axle
moval of pillars) Horizontal slic-
; studded with iron spikes, and turned
ing (descending) Mining ore from
; round In a trough, for the purpose
top down; Panel slicing; Prop slic- of puddling auriferous clay
ing; Removing pillars and allowing (Davies). A device somewhat simi-
roof to cave; Slicing under mats of lar to the log washer.
timber in panels Square-set slicing
;
A high
Tormo (Sp.). pointed, iso-
Top slicing and caving; and Trans- lated rock. (Halse)
verse slicing with caving.
Tornapunta (Sp.). 1. An inclined stay
Top slicing combined with ore cav- or prop which supports two paral-
ing. In this method the ore body lel timbers. 2. An inclined stulL
is worked from the top down in suc- (Halse)
 ;

694 GLOSSAKY OF MINING AND MINERAL INDUSTRY.

rornero (Sp.). 1. Windlass-man, or a similar process on a smaller scale.

man at the winch or torno; 2. 2. Refining tin by allowing it, while
Turner of a lathe. (Halse) molten, to fall several feet through
the air. (Raymond)
Torno (Sp.). 1. A windlass; T. con
3. Jigging. (Webst'^r)
accion direeta, a direct-acting hoist
T. con malacate, a whim; T. con Tostado (Sp.). Roast; T. d muerte, a
pinones, a geared hoist T. de mano, ; dead roast Mineral tostado, roasted
;

a hand winch ; T. de vapor, a steam ore. (Lucas)

winch or hoist 2. ; A
turning lathe.
Tostador (Mex.). 1. A
roasting fur-
3. (Spain) A sump. (Halse)
nace. 2. A man in charge of the
Toro. 1. (Sp.). A bull. 2. (Mex.) furnace. (Halse)
Fire damp. (Halse)
Tostar (Sp.). To roast. (Dwight)
Torpedo. 1. An
explosive cartridge, or
Tot (No. of Eng.). A measure of
shell, lowered or dropped into a
gunpowder used in blasting. (Gres-
bored oil well, and there exploded, ley)
to clear the well of obstructions, or
to open communications with a Totuma (Sp. Am.). A large dish
source of supply of oil. 2. A kind made of a gourd and used in gold
of detonating cartridge placed on a washing. (Halse)
rail, and exploded when crushed un-
Touch. 1. (Eng.). A fuse for setting
der a locomotive wheel used as a ;
off a powder charge. (Gresley)
signal. (Webster)
2. See Touchstone. 3. A stone of
Torref accion (Sp.). Calcination. (Lu- durable character suitable for pre-
cas) serving inscriptions or for fine
monumental work. (Century)
Torrents. Beds of quicksand encoun-
tered below the chalk marl in the Touch needle. A needle or small strip
Anzin coal field, in France. (G res- of gold alloy, of known composition,
ley) for determining the composition of
Torta (Mex.). The fat circular heap another alloy by comparing marks
of ore spread out on the floor of the made by each on the same touch-
patio in a cake about fifty feet in stone. (Standard)
diameter and a few inches in thick- Touchstone. 1. A black siliceous stone,
ness, ready for amalgamation in the allied to flint, SiOa. (Dana)
patio process (Duryee). T. rendida^ 2. Ablack, hard stone (basalt or
amalgam ready to be washed. jasper), on which the fineness of
(Halse) an alloy of gold and silver can be
Tosa (Mox.). The grinding space in tested by comparing its streak with
the arrastre. (Egleston) that of a piece of alloy (touch-
needle) of known fineness (Ray-
Tosca (Mex.). 1. Clayey vein matter. mond). Also called Lydian stone
2. Talc seam. 3. Soft, decomposed and Basanite.
porphyry. 4. (Pat.) A white calca-
reous marl. 5. (Colom.) In alluvial Tough. 1. Having the quality of flexi-
mining, a bed of volcanic origin, as bility without brittleness; yielding
lava, tufa, etc. (Halse) to force without breaking. 2. The
exact state or quality of texture and
Toscanite. A name
proposed by H. S. consistency of well-reduced and re-
Washington for a group of acid, ef- fined copper. 3. Copper of the above
fusive rocks in Tuscany (Italian, quality; called also Tough cake.
Toscana) and elsewhere, which are (Webster)
characterized mineralogically by the 4. (Shrop.) Gray, plastic clay.
presence of basic plagioclase, as well (Gresley)
as orthoclase, and by occasional
quartz. They range from 62-73 Tough cake. Refined or commercial
silica and are intermediate between copper (Raymond). See also Tough,
rhyolites and dacitea Compare Del- 2 and 8.
lenite. (Kemp) Toughen. To remove the last remain-
Toss. See Tossing. ing quantities of foreign metals
from (copper) in refining, as by pol-
Tossing; Tozing (Com.). 1. Wash- ing. (Standard)
ing ores by violent agitation In wa-
ter, their subsidence being acceler- Tough A term used in electro-
pitch.
ated by packing or striking, with a lytic copper refining to designate
hammer, the keeve in which the op- copper which has set, from the
eration is performed. Chimming is molten condition, with a level erur*
 GLOSSARY OF MINING AND MINERAL INDUSTRY. 695
face. (Eng. and Min. Jour., vol. 102, Trabajadores. 1. (Colom.) Mineral
p. 875). See Underpoled and Over- veins that have been worked open
poled. cast (Halse). 2. Workmen;
laborers.
Tour (Calif.). A
term used in oil-well
drilling which means the same as Trabajar (Sp.). To work a mine.
"shift" in other mining operations (Halse)
(A. Rundell v. American Oil Fields
Co., 160 Pacific, p. 161, 1916). Also Trabajo (Sp.) 1. Work. 2. Mine
spelled Tower. working. T. de arranque, a working
Toiipmaline. A complex aluminum place; T. de banca, underhand stop-
silicate of hexagonal crystallization
iug, overhand stoping, back stop-
containing boron and in some va- ing, roof work; T. del antiguo
rieties lithium and other elementa
(Colom.), ancient mine workings,
Of various colors; the clear pink, or those worked during the time of
blue, and green varieties are used
the Spanish conquistadores ; T. del
indio (Colom.), mines prior to the
as gems (U. S. Geol. Surv.). It
occurs in long, usually striated
conquest. (Halse)
prisms in the ancient crystalline Trace. 1. The intersection of a line
rocks. Called also Schorl. or plane with a plane or other sur-
ToTirnasin (Fr.). A
knife for scrap- face. 2. A
very small quantity of
ing excess of slip from baked and a constituent, especially when not
decorated ceramic ware. (Stand- quantitatively determined, owing to
ard) its minuteness; in assaying, often
abbreviated tr. (Webster)
Tournette In ceramics, a ro-
(Fr.). 3. To follow the lode on the surface,
tating tablet, resembling a small and to lay it open by long pits.
potter's wheel, used in decorating (Da vies)
the finer wares with lines. (Stand-
ard) Tracheo (Sp.)- Passing ore or waste
from one pedn to another in bas-
Tourniquet (Fr.). A device for stop- kets. (Halse)
ping the flow of blood by means of
compression of the blood vessel, as Trachorheite. A name proposed by F.
an artery or vein, on the side of the M. Endlich as a collective designation
wound from which the blood is flow- for the four rocks, propylite, ande-
ing. It consists, usually, of a pad site, trachyte, and rhyolite, as used
over the blood vessel pressed down by von Richthofen. (Kemp)
by a strap, rubber band, twisted
Trachy-andesite. Effusive rocks, in-
bandage, or the like.
termediate between trachytes and an-
Tout venant (Belg.). Coal as landed desites. Used by H. S. Washington
on the bank previous to screening for trachytes which have also much
and sorting (Gresley). Run of acidic plagioclase (andesine to olig-
mine. oclase). (Kemp)
Tow. 1. (Leic.) Dark, tough, earth Trachy-dolerite. A
name suggested by
clay or shale. (Gresley) Abich for a group of rocks interme-
2. (Scot.) The winding rope, which diate between the trachytes and
before the introduction of iron or basalts. Compare Latite. Trachy-
steel ropes was made of hemp or dolerite as used by H. S. Washing-
tow. (Barrowman) ton means a trachyte with consid-
erable basic plagioclase (labrador-
Tower (Calif.). See Tour. ite to anorthite). (Kemp)
lownship. In surveys of the public Trachyte. Any aphanitic, aphanophy-
lands of the United States, a divi- ric, or glassy igneous rock composed
sion of territory that is, with cer-
essentially of alkalic feldspar, with
tain exceptions, six miles long on its
or without mica, amphibole, pyrox-
south and east and west boundaries
ene, and other accessories, or of rock
which follow meridians, and so glass having essentially the same
slightly less than six miles on the
composition. (La Forge) It was
north. It contains 36 sections.
formerly used for both rhyolite and
(Webster)
trachyte proper, as a field term for
Towt (Newc). A piece of old rope. light-colored lavas and porphyrlea.
(Raymond) As such in older reports it is to be
understood- Compare Acmite-tracb-
Tozjlngr. Bee Tossing. itiea and Pantelleritea (Kemp)
696 GLOSSARY or MIimTG AND MINERAL INDUSTRY.

Trachytlo, 1. Characteristic of, per- Trailer cable (Aust). A branch cabl«

taining to, formed of, occurring in, for conveying electricity to a coal-
or resembling trachyte. 2. Specifi- cutter, one end of which is attached
cally, characterized by closely to the main cable. It is capable of
packed small laths or prisms of al- being paid out as the machine ad-
'

kallc feldspar lying roughly parallel vances (Power). Also used on

and arranged in lines resembling gathering motors, as the trolley wire
lines of flow, forming the trachytic does not extend into the rooms.
fabric. (La Forge) Trail of the fault. Crushed material
Trachytic texture. A special name for of a bed or vein that indicates, the
those microscopic groundmasses that direction of the fault movement;
are made up of rods of feldspar, valuable as a guide to the miner in
usually in flow-lines, but without search of the main vein.
basis. (Kemp) Train. 1. To trace, or follow an allu-
vial mineral deposit to its place of
Track (Aust.) A Bendigo term applied
to veins when the walls come to- origin. 2. A
roll train. 3. con- A
gether; when followed the veins nected line of cars on a railroad,
widen out again. (Power) with or without a locomotive. 4.
A line of gunpowder
laid to lead fire
Track-channeler. In quarrying, a to a charge. 5. (Can.) A long sleigh
rock-channeler designed to operate for transportation of merchandise.
from a track on which it is mount- 6. A trip of coal cars; see Jour-
ed; frequently a combined locomo- ney, 1.
tive and channeling - machine.
(Standard) Train boats (York.). A number of
boats coupled together in a simple
Tracking. Iron or wooden tram rails. manner, admitting of free articula-
tion, in which coal Is carried on ca-
Track layer; Trackman. In railroad- nals or rivers from the mines to the
ing, any workman engaged in work shipping ports. (Gresley)
Involved in putting the track in
place (Webster). Also one em- Train boy. A boy who rides on a
ployed at mines to lay or repair trip, to attend to rope attachments,
track. or to signal in case of derailment of
cars, etc. A trip rider. (C. and
Traction. The
act or method of draw- M. M. P.)
ing, or the state of being drawn;
particularly the act of drawing by Train mile. One mile traveled by one
motive power over or along a sur- train; used as a unit of railroad
face, as in towing a load or pulling operation in order to estimate
a wagon or car. (Standard) economy in running expenses.
(Webster)
Traction rope. A rope used for trans-
mitting the power in a wire-rope Trainroad. A temporary track in a
tramway and to which the buckets mine, used for light loads (Cen-
are attached. (O. M. P.) tury). A tramroad.

Trade. 1. (Eng.) Refuse; debris. Tram (Wales). 1. A four-wheeled

(Bainbridge) truck to carry a tub, corve, or hutch.
2. Demand for coal. (Min. Jour.) 2. The rails of a tramroad or rail-
road (Raymond). See Tramroad.
Tragante. (Sp.). 1. A sluice; a 3. A boxlike wagon, now often of
ditch. 2. A chimney. 3. The mouth steel, running on a tramway or rail-
of a shaft furnace. 4. In a rever- way in a mine, for conveying coal
beratory furnace, the Inclined flue or ore. (Webster)
leading to the chimney. (Halse) 4. To haul or push trams or cars

Trail. 1. A footpath or track worn about in a mine (Gresley)

by passage through a wilderness or Tramcar (Eng.). A car used in coal
wild region. (Webster) mines; same as Tram, 3. (Cen-
2. fifge Trail of the fault.
tury)
Trailer. 1. (Scot.) A bar dragging Tram carriage (Com.). See Tram, 1.
behind a car to prevent it from
running down grade should a coup- Trammer. 1. One who pushes cars
ling break a jock. 2. (No. of Eng.)
; along the track. In Arkansas
One who pushes a coal car in a known as a pusher (Steel). Alsu
mine; a putter. Haulier, and Putter.
 GLOSSARY OF MINING AND MINERAL INDUSTRY. 697

2. (Mich.) A person whose duty Transfer-car man. One who operates

it isto load broken rock upon tram an electric car on an ore trestle,
cars and deliver it at the shaft. which transfers ore from the ore
(Meola V. Quincy Mining Co., 140 bridge to an ore bin. (Willcox)
N. W. Rept., p. 460; Mesich v.
Tamarack Mining Co., 151 N. W.
Transfer carriage. A platform or
truck used to transfer mine cars.
Rept, p. 565) (Chance)
Tramo (Sp.) 1. Piece; T. rico, a Transfer gilding. In ceramics, a
rich ore shoot. 2. The portion of transfer of a pattern in gold, as
the timbering in a shaft that sus- from paper to unglazed ware, usu-
tains the walls. 3. A ladder way. ally done either by direct transfer
(Halse) of the gold in reverse, or by stamp-
ing the pattern in oil and dusting
Trampa (Sp.). 1. A sluice gate. 2.
with gold powder. (Standard)
A mercury trap. (Halse)
Transformer. An apparatus for trans-
Trampilla (Sp.). The trap door of forming an electric current from a
an ore chute. (Halse) high to a low potential (step-down
transformer) or vice versa (step-up
Tramp iron. Stray pieces of drill
transformer) without changing the
steel, picks, tools, etc. which are
current energy a converter. (Web-
;
found in ore. Often removed by
ster)
a magnet as ore is fed into a
crusher. Transformer oil. An
oil for high ten-
sion electrical transformers free
Tram plate (Scot). A cast-iron from water and mineral acids. It
flanged rail or plate for tram roads. should show little or no volatility
(Barrowman). Compare Tram rail.
at 100* C. Those machine oils, de-
rived from petroleum, which have a
Tram rail (Eng.). A rail for a tram
flash point of over 160° C. (open
or trams (Webster). A light rail- test), with a volatility of less than
road rail distinguished from tram-
0.1 per cent in five hours at 100° C,
plate by being rolled while the
are usually suitable for use in trans-
latter is cast.
formers. (Bacon)
Tramroad (Eng.). A road laid with Transgression. In geology, discrep-
tram rails or plates. So called after ancy in the boundary-lines of con-
one Benjamin Outram, of Little tinuous parallel strata; unconform-
Eton, in Derbyshire, who in 1800 ability of overlap; used only by
used stones for carrying the ends European geologists. (Standard)
of the metal plates or edge rails.
The name Outram was subsequently Transit. A surveying instrument with
contracted into Tram, hence tram- the telescope mounted so that it can
way, trams, etc. (Gresley) be transited; called also a Transit
theodolite.
Tram rope. A hauling rope, to which
the cars are attached by a clip or Tansition. Intermediate. In the no-
chain, either singly or in trips. menclature of Werner and other
(C. and M. M. P.) early geologists, the older Paleozoic
strata, which are now assigned to
Tramway. 1. A roadway having the Cambrian, Ordoviclan, and Silu-
plates or rails on which wheeled But little used at
rian systems.
vehicles may run. tramroad. A present.
(Standard)
2. A suspended cable-system along Tansition point. In physical chemis-
which material, as ore or rock, is try, a single point at which differ-
transported In suspended buckets. ent phases are capable of existing
See Aerial tramway. together in equilibrium. (Webster)
Tranca (Mex.). Square set of tim- Transition rocks. See Transition.
bers. (Dwight)
Translatory fault. See Fault.
Transcurrent fault. See Fault. Translucent. Admitting the passage
of light, as milk-quartz, but not ca-
Transfer car. A quarry car provided pable of being seen through. (Roy.
with transverse tracks, on which Com.)
the gang car may be conveyed to or
from the saw gang (Bowles). See Transmission rope. A rope used foi
al8o Transfer carriage. transmitting power. (O. M. P.)

I

698 GLOSSARY OF MINING AND MINERAL INDUSTRY.
Transmutation. An alternating
change. The conversion of metals,
one into another, especially, base
metals into gold or silver, which
was one of the aims of alchemy, but
never realized.
Transmutation glaze. In ceramics, an
iridescent porcelain glaze. (Stand-
ard)
Transparent. That may be seen
through, as rock crystal, Iceland-
spar, selenite, etc. (Roy. Com.)
Transportar (Sp.). To transport,
convey, or haul. (Halse)
Transportation. 1. In geology, the
shifting of material from one place
to another on the earth's surface by
moving water, ice, or air. The car-
riage of mud and dissolved salts by
rivers, the passage of a dust-laden
whirlwind across a desert, the in-
land march of sand dunes from a
seashore, and the creeping move-
ment of rocks on a glacier are all
examples of transportation. (Ran-
some)
2. The hauling, or moving from one
place to another, of material, as ore,
coal, rock, etc.
Transporte (Sp.). Transport, haul-
age, or conveyance; T. a^reo, a
wire-rope tramway; T. con trincos,
transport by sledges; T. subterrd-
neo, underground haulage, tram-
ming. (Halse)
Transverse fault. A fault whose
strike is transverse to the general
structure. (Lindgren, p. 121)
Transverse lamination. Lamination
of cleavage transverse to stratifica-
tion. (Standard) See Cross -bed-
ding.
Transverse slicing with caving.
Cover caving; Top slicing.
Transverse strength. A measure of
the capability of a bar of stone (or
beam) supported at its ends, to bear
a weight or load at its center.
(Bowles)
Transverse with filling. See
hand stoping.
Tranvia (Mex. ). Tramway.
(D wight)
Trap. 1. Trap rock. A general name
for dark fine-grained igneous rocks,
particularly lavas or dikes. See
also Basalt and Diabase. (U. S.
Geol. Surv.) A useful field name
for any dark, finely crystalline,
is:neous rock. It is a Swedish name
)
from the occurrence of such rocks
in sheets that resemble steps. " trap-
per " (Kemp). Compare Whin, 1.
2. A door used for cutting off a
ventilating current, which is oc-
casionally opened for haulage or
passage; guarded by a trapper.
( Raymond
3. A fault or dislocation. 4. (Scot.)
Traveling road for miners in Edge
coals driven on the slope of the
seam. (Gresley)
5. (or Well) The troughs and
catch-pits, whether carrying mer-
cury or not, which are used to ar-
rest escaping .amalgam, etc. The
word "trap" should be confined to
the deep boxes unprovided with mer-
cury, and the word "well" to the
transverse troughs which do con-
tain it. At Clunes the word "boxes"
is used, while, elsewhere in Aus-
tralia "ripples" is a term given to
shallow wells as distinguished from
the deep ones. (Raymond)
6. (Scot.) Short ladders in a shaft.
(Barrowman)
Trap brilliant. A trap-cut brilliant
(Standard). See Trap cut.
Trap cut. A gem with a row or rows
of step-like facets around the table
and culet (or small lower terminus
of the gem, parallel to the table),
or around the culet alone. (Stand-
ard)
Trap dike. A dike of any of the sorts
of rock called trap. The term has
no very definite significance, as rocks
such as bostonite and dacite have
been included under it. (La
Forge)
Trap door. A
door in a mine passage
to regulate or direct the ventilating
current. Also called Weather door.
See also Trap, 2.
See
Trap-down (Brist). A down-throw
fault. (Gresley)
Trapezoliedron. 1. In the isometric
system, the same as Tetragonal tris-
octahedron, which see. 2. In the
tetragonal and hexagonal systems,
any of several forms having princi-
Over-
pal and lateral axes of symmetry,
but no planes of symmetry, and en-
closed by six, eight, or twelve faces
each having unequal Intercepts on
all the axes. (La Forge)
Trapiche (Chile). A primitive form
of grinding mill (Dwight). Espe-
cially of the Chilean or edge run-
ner type.
Trapichero (Chile). The man in
charge of a trapiche. (Halse)
 )

GLOSSARY OF MIlSTll^G AND MtlTERAt, liTDUSTRY. 69d

Trappean. Relating to trap rocks. Traveling way. See Traveling road.
(Hitchcock)
Traveling weight (Aust). See Un-
Trappean ash. A fragmentary, scori- derweight.
aceous variety of ernptlve rock.
Traveled. In geology, removed from
Called also Ash-bed, though gener-
the original place; erratic (Stand-
ally resembling volcanic deposits
ard). Said of stones, bowlders, etc.
only in structure, not in origin.
( Standard ) Obsolete. Traverse. 1. To make a traverse sur-
Trapper. 1. A person employed in an
vey. 2. A
line surveyed across a
plot of ground. 3. An oblique line or
entry to open and close a door for
streak a vein or fissure, as in a rock
;
the cars (Sprinkle v. Big Sandy
running transversely. (Webster)
Coal & Coke Co., 78 S. E. Rept., p.
972; National Fuel Co. v. Maccia, Traverse survey, A survey in which
25 Colorado App., p. 446). Also a series of lines joined end to end
called Trapper boy; Nipper; Door are completely determined as to
tender. length and azimuth, these lines
being often used as a basis for tri-
Trappoid. Of, pertaining to, or hav-
angulation; used for long narrow
ing the nature of trap rock. (Stand-
strips of country, as for railroads
ard)
(Webster). Also used for under-
Trap rock. See Trap, 1. ground surveys.
Trap-up (Brist.). An up-throw fault. Travertine. Calcium, carbonate
(Gresley) CaCOs, deposited from solution in
Trasera The back
ground and surface waters. The
(Sp.). of a fur-
nace. (Halse)
cellular deposits are known as tufa,
calcareous sinter, spring deposit, or
Traspalar (Mex.). To shovel. To cave deposit. When solid, banded,
turn the torta in the patio process and susceptible of a good polish, it
with a shovel. (Halse) is known as Mexican onyx, or onyx
marble. True onyx, however, is
Trass (Ger.). A gray, yellow, or whit- banded silica or agate. Travertine
ish related to pozzuolana,
earth,
forms the stalactites and stalag-
common in volcanic districts, formed mites of caves, and the filling of
by the decomposition of trachytic
some veins and spring conduits.
cinders, and consolidated by infil-
(U. S. Geol. Surv.).
tration of calcareous or siliceous so-
lutions; used in preparation of a Travertine ( Mex. ). Travertine.
hydraulic cement. Formerly called (Dwight)
Tarrace; Tarras; Terrace; Ter- Travesano A
(Sp.). cap piece; a
ras. (Standard) strut. (Lucas)
Tratamiento (Sp.). Treatment. See Traviesa (Sp.). 1. A crosscut or cross
Beneficio, 8. (Halse) gallery, usually at right angles with
Traunter (Mid.). A long sprag. Also the main gallery. 2. A bearing
called Tront. (Gresley) beam; sleeper; a dividing piece.
(Halse)
Travel (Scot.). The length of stroke
of a pump. (Barrowman) Trawley. A small truck or car con-
veying material about a furnace or
Traveler. 1. A truck rolling along Iron mill: sometimes applied to
a suspended rope for supporting a trucks, in mines, etc. (Standard).
load to be transported. (0. M. P.) See Trolley, 1.
2. A crab or winch moving on an
elevated track, used especially in Trawn (Com.). In mining, a cross-
erecting steel bridges or other large course. ( Standard
work also a traveling crane.
;
Trazador (Mex.). An underground
(Webster) foreman. (Halse)
Traveling apron. See Apron, 6. Tread. The pit in which brickmakers
Traveling belt. A conveyor belt, for soak their clay before putting it
handling ore, rock, or coal. Into the pug mill. (Standard)
Traveling road (Eng.). An under- Treasure Box. A pocket of very rich
ground passage or way used ex- era
pressly, though not always exclu- Treatment. In metallurgy, the reduc-
sively, for men to travel along to tion of ores by any process whereby
and from their working places the valuable constituent is re-
(Gresley). A traveling way. covered.
 ) ) ;

700 GLOSSARY OF MIKT:N^G AKD MIITERAL IlTDUSTRt.

Treble coursing. In mining, the sys- Trend. 1. The direction or bearing of

tem of dividing a ventilating cur- the outcrop of a bed, dike, sill, or
rent into three coursings (splits). the like, or of the intersection of the
(Standard) plane of a bed, dike, joint, fault, or
other structural feature with the
Tree. 1. A thick log used as a prop surface of the ground. 2. The direc-
in heavy ground (Steel). A prop, tion or bearing of a fold or series of
leg, or puncheon. folds in rocks, or of the axes of the
2. In chemistry, a treelike aggrega- folds, or of topographic features that
tion of crystals, as a lead tree ob- are consequent on the geologic struc-
tained by suspending a piece of zinc ture. (As used in either sense the
in a solution of lead acetate. (Web- trend may or may not coincide with
ster) the strike, depending on the struc-
3. (Scot.) A
trestle. 4. The ful-
tural relations at the place of obser-
crum for the lever used in boring. vation.) (La Forge)
(Barrowman)
Trent agitator. An agitator with arms
Tree agate. A variety of agate con- of the paddle-wheel type, but they
taining dendritic markings; some- are hollow, and the pulp solution,
times made artificially. (Stand- or air, is dischargeJ. from nozzles
ard) on these arms, thus causing the
stirrer to rotate. (Liddell)
Treed. Supported by props, as a mine
roof. (Barrowman). See Tree, 1.
Trenton. Of, pertaining to, or desig-
Treenail. A long wooden pin for se- nating a division of the North
curing planks or beams together. American Silurian formation,
(C. and M. M. P.) highly developed in the Appalachian
region and in the interior. (Stand-
Tree-up (Scot.). To set prop^ in the ard)
workings. ( Gresley

Trek (So. Afr.). The act of draw- Trypan (Fr.) Aheavy tool, having
vertical chisels fixed to a horizontal
ing or hauling; traction; also, the
bar, used in boring shafts at a single
state of the roads; as, the trek was
operation (Webster). A boring ma-
heavy. ( Standard
chine used for shaft sinking through
Trek wagon (So. Afr.). A large six- water-bearing strata. (Skinner)
wheeled covered wagon used in trek-
king. (Webster) Trestle man. One who unloads coke,
limestone,and ore, and keeps bins
Treloob (Corn.). To treat or work poked down. (Willcox)
loobs or tin-slimes; to toss. An ob-
solete term. (Standard) Triad. In chemistry, an atom, radi-
cal, or element that has a combining
Treloobing (Corn.). Stirring the
"loobs" (slime tin) in water, so that
power of three. (Standard)
the lighter mud may run off. (Da-
Trial. In ceramics, one of the pieces
vies)
of ware whichis used to try the
Tremblores (So. Am.). Tremors of the heat of the kiln and the progress of
earth's surface in volcanic districts. the firing of its contents. (Cen-
(Standard) tury)

Triamorph. Minerals having the same

Tremie. A box or frame of wood or chemical composition, but crystal-
metal used for depositing concrete
lizing in three different forms, e. g.,
under water. ItB upper section
quartz (rhombohedral), tridymite
forms a hopper above water to re-
(hexagonal), and asmanite (rhom-
ceive the concrete, and it may be
bic). (Power)
moved laterally or vertically by any
suitable device, as a traveling crane. Triangle. 1. (Scot.) A
three-legged
(Standard) derrick for hoisting rods in boring.
(Barrowman)
Tremolite. White fibrous amphibole, 2. In ceramics, a triangular stilt.
CaMgsSi40ia. (U. S. Geol. Surv.) (Webster)
Tremolitic. Pertaining to or charac- Triangulate. To divide into tri-
terized by the prerence of tremo- angles; to survey by triangulation
lite, as tremolitic marble. (Cen- having triangular markings. (Web-
tury) ster)
 )

GLOSSARY OF MINING AND MINERAL INDUSTRY. 701

Trlangulatlon. 1. In surveying, the Tridymite. A mineral consisting. Ilka

series of network of triangles into quartz, of silica, SlOj, but differing
which any portion of the earth's sur- in crystallization. (Dana)
face is divided in a trigonometrical
survey. 2. The operation of meas-
Trig (Eng.). A sprag used to block
or to stop a tram wheel, or any ma-
uring the elements necessary to de- chinery. and M. M.
(C. P.)
termine these triangles, and thus
to fix the positions and distances Triger process method of
(Fr.). A
apart of their vertices (Webster). sinking through water - bearing
See Trigonometrical survey. ground, in which the shaft Is lined
with tubbing and provided with an
Triassic. The earliest of the three geo-
air lock, work being conducted un-
logic periods comprised in the Meso-
der air pressure. Compare Kind-
zoic era, in the nomenclature gener-
Chaudron process. (Webster)
ally used. Also the system of strata
deposited during that period. (La Trigonal. 1. Having, in the ideal or
Forge) symmetrically developed form, tri-
angular faces: as the trigonal tris-
Tribolites. A
term employed by M. E. octahedron. 2. Threefold; occur-
Wadsworth to Include mineral abra-
ring three times at equal intervals
sives or attrition materials. (Power)
in one complete rotation said of one :

Triboluminescence. The property of kind of axial symmetry. 3. Charac-

some specimens of zinc sulphide of
emitting sparks when scratched.
Not only the mineral zinc-blende but
the artificial sulphide exhibits this
phenomenon. The sparks do not
ignite inflammable gases. (Mln. and
Sci. Press, May 1, 1915)
Tribunal de mineria (Sp.).
tribunal. (Hanks)
Tribute (Corn.). A portion of ore
given to the miner for his labor.
Trlbutors are miners working under
contract, to be paid by a tribute of
ore or its equivalent price, the basis
of the remuneration being the
amount of clean ore contained in
the crude product. (Raymond)
Tribute pitches (Eng.). The limits
assigned to a crew of miners. ( Bain-
bridge)
Tributer. One who works a mine or
mineral deposit for a share of the
product. (Roy. Com.)
teristic of, pertaining to, or belong-
ing in the trigonal division of the
hexagonal system. (La Forge)
Trigonal system. According to some
crystallographers, the trigonal (or
rhombohedral) division of the hex-
agonal system, regarded as a system
Mining by itself. (La Forge)
Trigonometrical survey. A survey ac-
complished by the trigonometrical
calculation of lines after careful
measurement of a base line and of
the angles made with this line by the
lines toward points of observation;
generally preliminary to a topo-
graphical survey (Standard). See
Trlangulatlon.
Trilla(Mex.). 1. A heap of ore. 2.
A heap
of slimes on the patio.
(Halse)
Trilling. A compound crystal consist-
ing of three Individuals. (Webster)

Tribute work. In mining, work on

Trimerite. A
rare mineral consisting
of the silicates of berylium, manga-
shares. ( Standard
nese and calcium. (Century)
Trichite. A microscopic hair-like crys-
Trlanetric. In crystallography, same
tallite. (Kemp)
as orthorhombic. (Standard)
Trichrolsm. A property possessed
Trimmer. 1. (Eng.). A piece of bent
by certain minerals of exhibiting
wire by which the size of the flame
three different colors when viewed
of a safety lamp is regulated with-
in different directions. (Power)
out removing the top of the lamp.
Trlclinic block. In quarrying, a term See Pricker. 2. (No. of Eng., So.
applied to a block of stone bounded Wales) One who arranges coal in
by 3 pairs of parallel faces, none the hold of a vessel (collier, ship)
of the Interfacial angles being right as the coal is discharged into it
angles. (Bowles) from (Gresley)
bins.
8. The person who sorts the coal In
Triclinlc system. That system of crys- the railway cars after it is dumpea
tals In which the forms are re- into them. (Roy)
ferred to three unequal mutually 4. (Scot.) One who cleans miuersT
oblique axes. (La Forge) lamps. (Barrowman)
t62 GLOSSARY Oi* MINIiTG AND MINERAL INDUSTRY.
5. In coal storage, an apparatus The drill steel is removed and •
used for piling coal in gradually in- longer drill inserted about every
creasing piles made by building up two feet. (Bowles)
at the point of the cone or top of
(Webster)
Tripoli; Tripolite. An incoherent,
the prism. highly sedimentary rock
siliceous
Trimorphism. In crystallography, the composed of the shells of diatoms or
property of crystallizing in three of radiolaria, or of finely disinte-
fundamentally different forms of the grated chert.(La Forge) Used as a
same chemical composition. (Stand- polishing powder and for filters.
ard) Called also Polierschiefer ; Rotten-
stone, Terra cariosa. (Standard)
Trincha (Mex.). 1. Piled waste used
for walling levels. 2. A coke fork. Tripoline. Of or pertaining to trip-
(Halse) oli. (Century)
Trinchera (Mex.). A roughly-stacked Tripolite. An opal -silica, composed
pile of rock or ore. (Dwight) of the siliceous shells of diatoms.
See Tripoli.
Trincho (Colom.). 1. A trench. 2. A
dam of wood, earth and stone. Tripper. 1. One who trips. 2. A
(Halse) tripping device or mechanism, as a
device for causing the load on a
Trinkerite. A red to brown mineral conveyor to be discharged into a
resembling tasmanite in composition,
hopper, bin, etc.; a trip (Webster).
found in brown coal in Istria and
Styria; it has a specific gravity of
An automatic car dump.
1.025, fuses at 168° to 180° C, and is Trip rider. One who rides on trips
soluble in hot benzol. (Bacon) and whose duty it is to throw
Trinidad pitch. Trinidad asphalt.
switches, give signals, make cou-
plings, etc. Also called Rope rider.
The deposit of solid or semi-solid
bitumen constituting the Pitch Lake Trisoctahedron. In the isometric sys-
of Trinidad. (Bacon) tem, either of two forms of normal
symmetry, enclosed by 24 faces: (a)
Trip. 1. The cars hauled at one time
the trigonal or ordinary trisocta-
by mules, or by any motor, or run
hedron, having triangular faces, each
at one time on a slope, plane, or
with equal intercepts on two axes
sprag road. A train of mine cars. and a greater intercept on the third
(Steel). 2. An automatic arrange-
axis; (6) the tetragonal trisocta-
ment for dumping cars a tipper a ; ;
hedron (also called trapezohedron
kickup.
and icositetrahedron), having trap-
Tripestone. A
contorted concretion- ezlal faces, each with equal inter-
ary variety of anhydrite. (Power) cepts on two axes and a less inter-
A massive tilt ham- cept on the third axis. (La Forge)
Trip hammer.
mer, in which the lever is raised by Tristetrahedron. In the isometric sys-
wipers. Used especially for shin- tem, either of two forms of tetra-
gling. (Webster) hedral symmetry, enclosed by 12
Triphane. In mineralogy, same as faces: (a) the trigonal tristetrahe-
Spodumene. (Standard) dron or trigondodecahedron, having
triangular faces, each with equal in-
Trlphylite. See Lithiophilite. tercepts on two axes and a less in-
tercept on the third axis; (6) the
Triple-entry. A system of opening a
tetragonal tristetrahedron or deltoid
mine by driving three parallel en- dodecahedron, having trapezial
tries for the main entries. (Steel)
faces, each with equal intercepts on
Triple-entry room-and-plllar mining. two axes and a greater Intercept on
See Room-and-pillar method. the third axis. (La Forge)

A a
Trituradora (Sp.). Rock breaker or
Triplet (No. of Eng.). tipper;
crushing machine. (Halse)
kickup (Gresley). See Trip, 2.
Triturar (Mex.). To crush or break
Triplite. A
fluophosphate of iron and ore; T. con cilindroa, to crush with
manganese principally, containing rolls. (Halse)
also csAcium and magnesium. Dark
brown and monoclinic. (Webster)
;
Trituration. The act of triturating
or reducing to a fine powder by
Tripod drill. A reciprocating rock grinding. It is a dry process, and
drill mounted on three legs and thus distinguished from levigation.
driven by steam or compressed air. (Century)
 ) .

GLOSSARY OF MINING AND MINERAL INDUSTRY. 703

Trlnmph concentrator A machine Tromel (Sp.). A revolving screen;

resembtlng a Frue vanner (which a trommel; T. classiflcador, a grad-
see), but the shaking motion is end- ing trommel; T. de desenlodar, a
wise Instead of side to side. (Lid- cleaning or washing trommel. (Lu-
dell) cas)

Trlvalent. In chemistry, having a Trommel. 1. A

revolving sieve for
valence or combining power of sizing ore (Raymond). Also called
three. (Standard) according to its various uses, Siz-
ing trommel, Washing drum, Wash-
Trocar. 1. (Sp.) To exchange, 2. ing trommel. (Standard)
(Colom.) To pass bateas full of 2. To separate coal Into various
gravel and earth from hand to hand, sizes by passing it through a re-
the peons standing in line. (Halse) volving screen. (Gresley)

Trocha (Sp.). A
path cut through Trompa Mex.). 1. The nose of chilled
forests, especially for surveying pur- slag over a tuyere. (Dwight)
poses. (Halse) 2. A water blast. (Halse)
Trompe (Fr.). See Trombe.
Troctolite. A
variety of gabbro com-
posed of feldspar and
essentially Trompille (Fr.). The air tube of a
olivine, the pyroxene being subordi- trompe (trombe) for a blast fur-
nate. (La Forge) Compare Ossi- nace. Also spelled T r o m p 1 1
pyte. (Standard)
Trompo (Mex.). Foot of a stull or
Trod (Eng.). A track, road or path-
post (Dwight)
way. (Webster)
Trona. An impure form of hydrous
Trogne. (Eng.). A wooden trough, sodium carbonate. (U. S. Geol.
forming a drain. (Raymond) Surv.)

Troil (Ck)rn.). A tin miner's feast.

Tronco (Mex.). Team of horses or
(Pryce)
mules. (Dwight)
Called also a Duggle.
Tronera (Mex.). Chimney; channel;
Troilite. Ferrous sulphide, FeS, oc- flue. (Dwight)
curring in nodular masses and in Tront (Mid.). A long sprag fixed
thin veins in many iron meteorites. diagonally to the face of the coal
By some authors regarded as identi- wall. (Gresley)
cal with pyrrhotite. (Dana)
Troostite. A variety of Willemite,
1.
Troje. 1. (Sp.) A
granary. 2. T. de in large reddish crystals, Zn2Si04,
metal (Guerrero, Hex.), deposits of In which the zinc is partly replaced
quicksilver, mixed with rock, filling by manganese. (Dana)
natural vertical holes in gypsum. 2. A transition substance In steel
(Halse) whose limits are defined by the
presence of martenslte and osmond-
Trolley; Trolly. 1. A small four- or Ite respectively. (Webster)
two-wheeled truck, without a body.
The two-wheeled trolley is used in a Trouble. A dislocation or fault; any
Irregularity In a coal bed (Chance).
rolling-mill to wheel the puddle-balls
(Raymond) Also called a Throw, Slide, Slip,
to the squeezer.
Heave, or Check.
2. The grooved wheel, fixed in
bear-
ings at the end of a flexible pole, Trough. 1. A hollow or undulation in
pressed upward in rolling contact a mineral field, or In a mineral
with the overhead wire to take off working (Bnrrowman). In geology,
the electric current (Webster). The synonymous with Basin and Syn-
term is frequently applied to the clinal.
flexible pole, which is properly trol- 2. A conduit for conveying water.
l€f pole. 3. Ahuddle or other vessel in which
3. (Brit.) A basin-shaped depres- slimes are sorted In water. 4. A
sion in strata (Gresley). Also called fire-clay box in which iron bars are
Lum. subjected to the cementation proc-
ess. (Webster)
Trombe; Trompe (Fr.). An apparatus
for producing an air-blast by means Trough fault. In geology, two faults
of a falling stream of water, which having nearly the same direction,
mechanically carries air down with but dipping toward each other, so
it, to be subsequently separated and that the mass of rock Included be*
compreaised in a reservoir or drum tween them has more or less thi
below. ( Raymond form of a wedge. (Century)
704 GLOSSARY OF MINING AND MINERAL INDUSTRY.

Trough (Eng.).
Joint The fissure or various small flat-topped cars for
lolnt frequently accompanies
that pulling or pushing by hand used in
the abrupt bending of strata passing shops or railroad stations; any
through the middle of the curva- strong heavy cart or wagon either
ture. (Page) horse-drawn or self-propelled.
'
4.
An open railroad freight car. (Web-
Trough washer. In its simplest form
ster)
it a sloping wooden trough, li
is
to 2 feet wide, 8 to 12 feet long and Truck system. Paying miners in food
1 foot deep, open at the tail end, but or merchandise instead of money
closed at the head end. It is used to (Steel). See Truck, 2.
float adhering clay or fine stuff from
True fissure vein. A fissure vein with
the coarser portions of an ore or promise of extending to great depth,
coal (Liddell). A log washer. in contradistinction to a gash vein.
Troughman. One who takes care of All mineralized fissures are true fis-
the runner at pig-casting machine, sure veins. (Weed)
while iron is being poured from
ladle cars; bars out scrap and pre-
True lode. A fissure vein. (Skinner)
pares the runner for the next cast. Trueque (Mex.). A
truck or trolley
(WiUcoi) (for tramway bucket). Truck of
railway car. (Dwight)
Trow. A
wooden channel for air or
water. (Raymond) True vein. An occurrence of ore, usu-
ally disseminated through a gangue |fl
Trowhole; Trowroad (Scot). A steep
road, down which mineral slides in-
of veinstone, and having more or
less regular development in length
^
stead of being loaded in hutches, or width, and depth (Century). /Sec
cars. (Barrowman) Vein, also Fissure vein.
Trowlesworthite. A variety of granite
Truite. In ceramics, having a deli-
that has been so altered by fu-
cately cracked surface; said of
marole action that it consists of
and Japan ware and porcelain. (Stand-
fiuorite, orthoclase, tourmaline
ard)
some quartz, the last named having
been largely replaced by the first. TruUer (Corn.). A miner who wheels
The name isderived from an Eng- ore in barrows. (Standard)
lish locality, and was given by
Worth. (Kemp) Trumpeting (Eng.). A channel or
passage partitioned off from a shaft
Troy. A system of weight measures or left behind the lining, usually
formerly used for various articles, running along one corner of the
but now only by goldsmiths and latter (Webster). Used for ventila-
jewelers (Standard). Troy weight. tion.
The weight system used In making
assay returns for gold, silver or Trumpet lamp (No. of Eng.). A
other precious metals. miner's term for a Mueseler or Bel-
gian safety-lamp. (Gresley, 1883)
Troy ounce. The one-twelfth part of
a pound of 5760 grains that is, 480
;
Truncheon (Som.). A sleeper (tie) for
grains. It equals 20 pennyweights, underground railways (Gresley).
1.09714 avoirdupois ounces, 31.1035 A small railway tie.
grams, and has a fine gold value of
$20.67 or 85 shillings. This is the Trunk. 1.(Mid.) A wooden box or
ounce designated in all assay re- sled in which the debris is conveyed
turns for gold, silver, or other from a small heading. 2. (Brist.)
precious metals. A wooden pipe or box for convey-
Troy pound. A
unit of weight equal ing air in the workings. 3. (York.)
See Kibble. (Gresley)
to 5,760 grains, 240 pennyweights,
18.1657 avoirdupois ounces, 0.82286 4. A long narrow, inclined box, in
avoirdupois pound, 373.2509 grams, which the separation of the fine ore
and has a fine gold value of $248.04 from the earthy impurities is ef-
fected. (Whitney)
or £51.
5. Alaunder for conveying slimes,
Truck. 1. A small tram-car for carry- etc. 6. To separate slimes by
ing coal, rock, or ore along a level means of a trunk, 4, for further
In a mine, or out to a chute or a treatment. (Webster)
dump. 2. Goods paid instead of
money for wages. (Roy. Com.) Trunking (Corn.). Separating slimes
S. Any of numerous vehicles for by means of a trunk, 4. (Ray-
transporting heavy articles; any of mond)
 GLOSSARY or MINING AND MINERAL INDUSTRY. 705

Trunk pnmping-engine. A pump that Tubbing (Eng.). A lining of timber

commands thedrainage of under- or metal for a shaft, especially a
ground waters over a considerable water-tight shaft lining consisting
area of mine worlcings, being a sub- of a series of cast-iron cylinders
stitute for a number of smaller and bolted together, used in sinking
independent pumps. (Gresley) through water-bearing strata (Web-
Trunnion. A cylindrical projection, ster). A shaft lining of casks or
cylindrical caissons, of iron or wood.
journal, or gudgeon attached to
See Plank-tubbing. (Raymond)
each of two sides of a vessel, so
that it can rotate in a vertical plane, Tubbing deals (Scot). Plank put be-
as in a molding flask, a converter, hind tubbing in a shaft. (Barrow-
etc. (Webster) man)
Trunnion plate. A
metal-plate lining Tubbing plate (Eng,). A cast-iron
the bearing or recesses in which the segment of a ring of tubbing.
trunnions rest. (Webster) (Gresley)
Trunt (No. Staff.). A heading driven Tubbing wedge. A small wooden
on a level. (Gresley) wedge driven between the joints of
tubbing plates. (C. and M. M. P.)
Truss. An assemblage of members,
such as beams, bars, rods, and the Tube blower. A man who cleans
like, so combined as to form a rigid boiler tubes. (Willcox)
framework; that is, one which can Tube clamp. A clamp or clip for
not be deformed by the application gripping a tube or pipe; especially,
of exterior force without deforma-
a jawed tool used in hoisting and
tion of one or more of its members.
lowering well tubes. (Standard)
(Webster)
Trying the lamp (Eng.).
Tube mill. A
revolving cylinder, usu-
The exami- ally lined with
silex, nearly half
nation of the flame of a safety lamp
filled with glacial or water-worn
for the purpose of judging the quan-
flints, used for fine grinding of cer-
tity of fire damp mixed with the
tain ores, preliminary to further
air. (Gresley) treatment. The material to be
Tsehong (China). A red pigment con- ground, mixed with water, is fed
sisting of white lead mixed with through a trunnion at one end, and
aluminic, ferric, and silicic oxides; passes out of the opposite trunnion,
used by the Chinese in decorating as a slime.
porcelain. (Standard) Tube packing. A bag of flaxseed, or
Tsing-lien (China). A red pigment ring of rubber, made to occupy the
consisting of stannic and plumbic space between the tube of an oil
silicates mixed with small quanti- well and the bored hole to prevent
ties of copper oxide oi cobalt and access of water to the oil-bearing
gold; used by the Chinese in deco- stratum. (Nat Tube Co.)
rating porcelain. (Standard)
Tuberia (Sp.). Tubing; a set of
Tub. 1. An iron or wooden barrel, pipes or tubes; T. aspirante, suc-
box, or bucket used in a shaft, for tion tubing; T. de descarga, the de-
hoisting material. 2. A Keeve. 3. livery pipe of a pump. (Halse)
A tram used underground. 4. To
line with tubbing; to keep back
Tubing. 1. The
tube-lining of bort
water by tubbing. See Tubbing. holes; casing.
2. The act of lin-
(Webster) ing a deep bore hole by driving
5. (Eng.). A complete length of down iron tubes (Ihlseng). See
metal or timber tubbing from and Casing, 3.

inculding the wedging crib upward. 3. Hollow cast-iron segments placed

(Gresley) in a shaft to dam back water or
sink through quicksand. Also
Tubbed back (or off) (Eng.). Springs spelled Tubbing. (Steel)
or feeders of water found in shafts
are said to be "tubbed back" (or Tubo (Sp.). 1. Tube, pipe. 2.T. de
tubbed off) when tubbing has been humo, a smokestake. 3. A tunneL
put in to keep the water out of the (Halse)
mine. (Gresley) A
Tub rider (India). trip rider.
Tubber. In mining, a double-pointed
pickax; a beele. (Standard) Tubule. In geology, an irregular, hol-
low, twig-like calcareous concretion
Tubber man. In mining, a man who characteristic of the loess. (Stand-
uses a tubber. (Standard) ard)
75242°—]
 — ) )

•706 GLOSSARY OF MINING AND MINERAL INDUSTRY.

Tub way (No. of Eng.)- A

tramway Tugger (Brist). A short chain by I
for handling tubs of ore, coal, etc. which boys draw tubs along. (Ores-
ley)
Tucker (Aust). 1. Work by which a
miner is hardly able to make a liv- Tugger boy (Brist). One who draws
ing. (Century) small tubs or sleds underground by
2. "Grub", food, or rations. means of a tugger. Called Tugger-
Tucker ground (Aust). Ground con- work. ( Gresley
taining poor or lean ore. (Davies)
Tugwith (Derb.). A s lall pole or
Tuck-joint pointing. Pointing in sapling used as a brake on a wind-
which the mortar projects as a fine lass or turntree. (Hooson)
ridge between the stones or bricks.
(Standard) Tula metal. An alloy ^f silver, cop-
per, lead, made in Tula, Rus-
and
Tucurababi (Sonora, Mex.). An sia, used in making niello, 3. (Web-
altered granite. (Halse) _ster)
Tucurubay (Mex.). A kind of gravel.
limestone. A limestone lying7
(Lucas) fully
between the Genesee shale and the
Tue-iron. 1. Same as tuyfere. 2. In Hamilton shale, and forming the
the plural, blacksmiths' tongs. _base of the Upper Devonian in cen-;
(Standard) "tral New York. (Century)

Tufa. A chemical sedimentary rock Tumbar. 1. (Mex.). To break down

composed of calcium carbonate or of ore, etc. (Dwight)
silica, deposited from solution in the 2. (Colom.) To direct mine work-
water of a spring or of a lake or ings in such a way, that from want
from percolating ground water; of proper security, they are de-
stroyed. ( Halse
sinter. Should not be confused with
Tuff, which see. (La Forge Called
also Calcareous tufa ; Calc-tufa. See Tumbe (Mex.). The act of breaking
Travertine, and removing ore. (Dwight)

Tufaceous. Of, pertaining to, or like Tumble. To smooth, clean, or polish,

tufa (Webster). Compare Tuffa- as castings, by friction with each
ceous. other or with a polishing material,
in a rotating box or barrel; to
Tuff. A sedimentary rock composed rattle. (Standard)
—
of fine material volcanic dust, so-
Tumbler. 1. A projecting piece on a
called ash and cinders, and lapilli
explosively ejected from a volcano. revolving shaft or rockshaft, for
TufC may or may not be deposited in actuating another piece. In dredges,
water; it may be either heterogene- there is an upper and a lower tum-
ous or rather well sorted, and it may b 1 e r supporting the bucket line.
be either incoherent or indurated. (Weatherbe)
(Iva Forge) Compare Tufa. 2. (Scot). A tipping apparatus for
tubs or wagons. (Barrowman)
Tuffaceous. Characteristic of, pertain- 3. (No. of Eng.) A stop, scotch, or
ing to, containing, or resembling tuff. catch, afl^xed to each deck of a
Not to be confused with Tufaceous. cage for keeping the tubs in place,
(La Forge) (Gresley)
4. (Derb.) Any stone that is too
Tuff breccia.A stratified tuffaceous large to go into the hoisting bucket.
rock in which the fragments are (Hooson)
angular and larger than in a tuff.
(Ransome) Tumble-up ( So. Wales) . Space by the
side of the haulage way for the
Tuff cone. A volcanic cone made up empty tram or car to be turned over
chiefly or wholly of tuff and other
so that the full car or tram can
fragmentary explosively ejected iha- pass it
terial. (La Forge)
Tuft (Eng.). A soft sandstone; also Tumbling barrel. A
revolving cask
or in which nails are pol-
barrel
calcareous deposits (Bainbridge).
ished, as by mutual attrition, or in
Probably a variation of Tufa.
which small castings are put to
Tug. (Eng.) An iron hook of a hoist- break out thin cores. Called also,
ing tub, to which a tackle is attached. Rattle barrel, Rattler, Rumbler, and
(Webster) Tumbling box. (Webster)
 )

GLOSSARY OF MINING AND MINERAL INDUSTRY. 707

Tumbling crank (Scot.)- A crank on Tungstite. A yellow or yellowish-

the end of the pump shaft for giv- green pulverulent mineral, tungsten
ing reciprocating motion. (Barrow- trioxide, WOs. (Dana)
man)
Tunna (Wales) A hoisting bucket;
Tumbling shaft. The cam shaft used a bowk; a kibble. (Gresley)
in stamp mills. (Century)
Tumbling torn (Eng.). A car-tipping Tunnel. 1. A tunnel, strictly speak-
or dumping apparatus that turns
ing, is a subterranean passage open
completely over. (Gresley)
at both ends. An adit, if contin-
ued through a hill, would then be
Tumbling trough. A
receptacle made a tunnel (Skinner). Any level or
of pottery, operated on the principle drift in a mine open at one end, or
©f a tumbler tank, for dumping which may serve for an adit. See
nitric acid at intervals in the manu- Adit (Century). Often used as a
facture of sulphuric acid. (Stand- sjTionym for Adit, Drift, Gallei-y.
ard) 2. (Penn.) A crosscut through or
Tummals; Tummels (Com.). A great across barren measures is often
quantity, or heap, as of ore. called a tunnel, or a rock tunnel an ;

anthracite term.
Tumpago (Sp. Am.). Low-grade gold. 3. In marble quarrying, the term la
(Lucas) applied to a subterranean working
level, or incline, having a roof of
Tumphy (Scot). A carbonaceous fire
clay. A clay containing streaks of undisturbed rock. (Bowles)
coal. ( Barrowman 4. To make an opening, or a i^as-
sageway through or under, as to
Tumulose. Full of small hills and tunnel a mountain to cut. blast, or
;

mounds. (Webster) otherwise make a tunnel. 5. A

Tumulus. A swelling, or low dome-like
hill, formed in congealed lava flows
(Daly, p. 133)
Tundra (Russ.). One
undulating treeless
teristic of Arctic regions in both
hemispheres. The tundras mark the
limit of nrborescent vegetation; they
consist of black mucky soil, with a
permanently frozen subsoil, but sup-
port a dense growth of mosses and
lichens, as the reindeer moss, and
dwarf cespitose herbs and shrubs
often showy-flowered. (Webster)
Tundra placers (Alaska).
plain placers.
Tune work, r^bor paid for by the day
or the hour, in opposition to piece-
work. (Century)
chimney opening for the passage of
smoke; a flue; funnel. 6. In sul-
phuric acid manufacture, a tube of
sheet lead, connecting adjoining
of the level or leaden chambers when used in se-
plains charac- ries. (Webster)
Tunnel blasting. A method of heavy
blasting in which a heading is driven
into the rock and afterwards filled
with explosives in large quantities,
similar to a bore hole, on a large
scale, except that the heading Is usu-
ally divided in two parts on the same
level at right angles to the first head-
ing, forming in plan a "T", the
See Gravel- ends of which are filled with explo-
sives and the intermediate parts
filled with Inert material like an or-
dinary bore hole (Du Pont). Simi-
lar to Gopherhole blasting.

Tungsten. A
element of the
rare Tunnel borer. Any boring machine
chromium group found combined in formaking a tunnel often a ram ;

certain minerals, as wolframite and

armed with cutting faces operated
scheelite, and isolated as a hard,
by compressed air. (Standard)
brittle, white or gray metal. Sym-
bol, W; atomic weight, 184.0; spe-
Tunnel column. A heavy bar used
cific gravity, 16.6 to 19.0. (Web- for mounting machine drills in large
ster)
drifts or tunnels, and usually hold-
Tungsten steel. An alloy steel contain- ing two machines. (Gillette, p. 96)
ing from 6 to 10 per cent of tungsten.
An extremely hard alloy which does Tunnel disease. 1. Caisson disease.
not lose its hardness by friction with 2. Ankylostomiasis. (Webster)
iron, and is hence used for Iron-
cutting tools and for magnets, Tunnel head. The top of a shaft fur-
f Standard) nace. (Raymond)
Tungstlc ocner. Same as Tungstite, Tunnel hole. The throat of a blast
WO.. (Standard) furnace. (Century)
 jj

708 GLOSSARY OF MINING AND MINERAL INDUSTRY.

Tunnel kiln. A lime kiln having a Turbary (En^f.). An easement to dig

tunnel for the consumption of coal,
as distinguished from a flame-kiln,
where wood is burned. (Standard)
Tunnel right. The right of the pos-
session of all veins or lodes encoun-
tered, and not previously known to
exist, within 3,000 ft. from the sur-
face (portal) of a tunnel driven for
development, and 300 feet on each
side of the center line of the tunnel,
If the vein is parallel with the tun-
nel. If the vein crosses the tunnel at
right angles a claim may be located
1,500 feet on either side of the tun-
nel, or partly on one side and partly
on the other, but not exceeding 1,500
feet in length. (U. S. Min. Stat, pp.
165, 175)
Tunnel set. Timbers 6 to 8 inches in
diameter and of sufficient height to
support the roof of the tunnel. They
are sometimes set upon sills and
usually capped with short cross
pieces. (Chandler v. Utah Copper
Co., 135 Pac. Rept., p. 106)
turf or peat on another's land; also
the ground where the turf is dug
(Webster). A right of turbary is
confined to such quantity of land
as is sufficient for the house into
which the common is appendant.
(Bainbridge)
Turbera (Sp.). Peat deposit. (Lucas)
Turbina (Sp.). A turbine. (Dwight)
Turbine. 1. A rotary motor actuated
by the reaction, impulse, or both, of
a current of water under pressure.
There are several types. 2. A form
of steam engine analogous, in con-
struction and action, to the water
turbine. There are two distinct
kinds, typified in the de Laval and
the Parsons and Curtis turbines.
(Webster)
Turbine pump. A turbine wheel ar-
ranged to raise water by rotation
in the opposite direction to that in
which it would turn if used as a
motor. (Standard)

Tunnel shaft. A shaft sunk, as in a Turf. Peat.There are several va-

hill, to meet a horizontal tunnel. rieties, white, brown, black,
as
Called also Tunnel pit. (Standard) stone, gas, or candle turf. (Power)
Tunnel system. A method of mining, Turfary (Eng.). A place where turf
in which tunnels or drifts are ex- or peat may be got. (Webster)
tended at regular intervals from the Turf charcoal. Same as peat charcoal.
floor of the pit into the ore body. (Standard)
The extension of the drift beyond
the working face is made great Turfing iron; Turfing spade. An im-
enough to facilitate the handling of plement for cutting and paring off
several cars at a time. The ore is turf. (Webster)
rained above the drift level, and the Turf spade. A long narrow spade for
cars are loaded by lifting short cutting and digging turf, peat, etc.
boards which span an opening, (Standard)
through the lagging on. and above,
the center line of the drift. The Turgite; Hydrohematite. An iron ore
method avoids the construction of intermediate between hematite and
raises and chutes, and facilitates the limonite, consisting of hydrous fer-
filling of the cars. (Young) ric oxide, 2Fe203.H20. (Dana)

Tup. 1. (Eng.) An early custom of Turkey-fat (Mo.). A local name for

a variety of smithsonite, colored yel-
covering with lighted candles the
low by greenockite so called from
;
last corf of coal sent to the bank at
its appearance. (Chester)
the beginning of the fortnight's holi-
day at the end of the year when Turkey slate. A whetstone or hone-
stock was taken and no coal hoisted. stone. See Turkey stone. (Power)
This was called "sending away the
tup." (G. C. Greenwell) Turkey stone. 1. A very fine, close-
2. The ram or monkey, or falling grained stone containing about 75
weight of a pile driver, drop ham- per cent silica, and 25 per cent call
mer, etc. (Webster) cite. Quarried in the interior 0|
Asia Minor. Once very popular fo^
Tupia (Sp.). A dike or dam. (Lucas) sharpening mechanics' tools but noi
superseded largely by Arkansas an^
Tupiar (Sp.) To make dikes or dams. Washita oilstone (Pike). Novae
lite; also called Turkey slate
Turba (Sp.). 1. Turf, peat. 2. Dung
2. Turquoise. (Standard)
mixed with coai and molded into
adobes and used as fuel in brick Turk Is (Archaic). A turquois
kilns. (Halse) (Standard)
 GLOSSAJaY OF MINIi^G Ai^D MINERAL INDUSTRY. ^709

Turkois. Same as Turquoise, Turn-off. 1. (Aust.) The ix)int where

(Standard) a branch tram line leaves the main
lino.
Turmeric paper. A test paper colored
yellow by turmeric, and used for
2. (Aust.) A siding or passing
place for skips on a haulage road
testing alkaline substances when
(Power). A turnout.
the color changes from yellow to
brown, and for boric acid which Turnout. 1. A siding or by-pass upon
turns it to a reddish brown. (Web- an underground haulage-way.
ster) (Gresley)
2. (Ark.) To shovel coal toward
Tur-min-tine. A petroleum substitute the track for more convenient load-
for turpentine. (Bacon)
ing. (Steel)
Turn. 1. The time or period during Turn pulley. A sheave fixed at the
which coal, etc., is raised from the inside end of an endless- or tail-
mine. Called Kun in Arkansas. A rope hauling plane, around which
shift. 2. To open rooms, headings, the rope returns. A tail sheave.
or chutes off from an entry or gang- (C. and M. M. P.)
way. 3. The number of cars al-
lowed each miner. Good turn, many Turn stakes (Eng.). A windlass.
cars for each miner. (Steel) (Gresley)
4. (Eng.) A pit sunk in some part Turntable. A
revolving platform on
of a drift. (Webster) which carsor locomotives are
5. To draw
or wind coal up a shaft turned around. (C. and M. M. P.)
or up an inclined plane to the sur-
face. 6. Curved tram rails laid Turntree (Derb.). A sort of wind-
round a corner or turn, often made lass for hoisting ore. (Hooson)
of cast iron. (Gresley) Turpentine substitutes. Petroleum
7. To set (undried bricks) on edge products usually intermediate be-
to facilitate drying. (Standard) tween gasoline and illuminating oil
(49" naphtha). They vary in grav-
Turn again (No. Staff.). A change in
ity from 40° to 58" B^., and are
the direction of the dip of the
said to be more homogeneous than
strata. (Gresley)
burning oils. As they are designed
Turn barrel (Mid.). A hand wind- for paint thinners and for admix-
lass; also called Jack roll. (Gres- ture with turpentine, they should
ley) evaporate without leaving residues
or stains. (Bacon)
Turn bat. A wooden
stick used in
Turquesa (Sp. Turquoise.
).
turning the tongs which hold a
bloom under the hammer. (Ray- (Dwight)
mond) Turquoise. Hydrous phosphate of
aluminum colored by a copper com-
Turn beam (Eng.). Either of the pound, AlP04.Al(OH)s-f-H20. Used
beams on which a kind of self-acting for the well-known gem of the same
hoisting machine turns. (Webster) name. (Dana)
Turnerite. A yellowish-brown variety
of monazite. (Standard)
Turrelite. A Texas asphaltic shale.
(Bacon)
Turnhouse (Corn.). The point where Turtle stones. Large nodular concre-
the miner turns from a crosscut
tions found in certain clays and
along the course of a lode (Davies).
marls. In form they have a rough
The first cutting on the lode after it resemblance to turtles, and this ap-
is cut in a crosscut. (Min. Jour.)
pearance Is increased by their being
Turning. 1. (Eng.) Drilling a shot divided into angular compartments
hole by hand. (Gresley) by cracks filled with spar, remind-
2. In ceramics, the process of re- ing one of the plates on the shell of
moving the surface of green pottery a turtle. They are common in the
to make its shape true before fir- cretaceous marls of the Northwest
ing. (Standard) territories, Canada. (Roy. CJom.)
See Septa rium.
Turning out (So. Staff.). Bringing
coal to the skips. See Turnout, 2. Tushkar. See Tuskar.
(Gresley)
Tuskar (Iceland). A turf cutter; a
Turno (Mex.). A shift of work. peat spade (Webster). Called also
(Dwight) Tushkar ; Twiscar.
 ) )
710 GLOSSARY OF MIKING AND MINERAL INDUSTRY.
Tusru (Japan). A pick used for loos-
ening auriferous gravel preliminary
to washing. (Lock)
Tut (Corn.). To perform a piece of
work at a fixed price. (Pryce)
Tutunia. A white alloy consisting
chiefly of tin with varying propor-
tions of antimony, copper, bismuth,
and sometimes brass or steel; for
making tableware, etc. (Standard).
A trade-name for Britannia metal.
Tutenag. 1. A white alloy, resem-
bling German silver, used in mak-
ing tableware, etc., with varying
proportions of copper, zinc, and
nickel, and sometimes a little lead
or iron. 2. Zinc or spelter, espe-
cially that from China and the East
Indies. ( Standard
Tut money (Eng.). Pay for tutwork,
overtime, etc. (Webster)
Tutty. An impure zinc oxide obtained
as a sublimate in the flues of zinc-
smelting furnaces, and used as
polishing powder. ( Standard
Tutwork (Corn.). Excavation paid
for by measure or by weight, an
extra credit being usually allowed
for timber work, and a debit charged
for certain sundries, as candles, ex-
plosives, tools, etc., supplied by the
mine owner. (Webster)
Tuyere; Tweer; Twyer; Twere. A They often appear externally to
pipe inserted in the wall of a fur-
nace, through which the blast is
forced into the furnace. Usually the
tuyere enters through an embrasure
A position in the reversed arrange-
In the masonry (tuyere-arch).
nozzle or interior pipe is frequently
inserted at the inner end of the
tuyere. By changing the nozzle, the
size of the opening for the blast may
be thus regulated without changing
the tuyere. The latter is either an
annular hollow casting of iron (box-
tuyere) or bronze (bronze tuydre),
or a coil of iron pipe. In either case,
water is continually circulated
through it, to protect it and the
nozzle from the action of the melt-
ing materials in the furnace. Spray-
tuyeres are open box-tuyeres, in
which a spray of water, instead of
a current, is employed. This is
vaporized by the heat, and passes
away as steam. (Raymond)
Tuyere arch. An arch in a blast fur-
nace to admit a tuyere (Standard).
See Tuyere.
Tuyfere man. One who fits and tests
tuyeres, plates and coolers that they
may be ready for replacement in a
furnace on short notice. (Willcox)
Tuyfere pipe. A tuyere, or a pipe lead-
ing to a tuyere. (Standard)
Tuyere plate. A plate in the side of
a forge through which the tuyere
passes. See Blbomery.
Twaddell. A
form of hydrometer for
liquids heavier than water, gradu-
ated with an arbitrary scale such
that when the readings are multi-
plied by 0.005, and added to unity
give the specific gravity. (Webster)
Tweer; Twere. See Tuyere.
Twibill (Eng.). A strong pick gen-
erally with a rectangular eye, used
A tool
for stonework (Gresley).
like a pickax, but having instead of
the points, flat terminations, one
parallel to the handle, and the other
perpendicular to it. (Webster)
Twig. A divining rod. 2. A thin
1.
strip of plastic fire clay used in
ceramic modeling, especially in imi-
tation basket work. (Standard)
Twin boy (Brlst). A small boy em-
ployed underground to push trams
along a twin way. (Gresley)
Twin crystals. Crystals in which one
or more parts, regularly arranged,
are in reverse position with refer-
ence to the other part or parts.
consist of two or more crystals
symmetrically united, and some-
times have the form of a cross or
star. They also exhibit the com-
ment of part of the faces, in the
striae of the surface, and in reen-
tering angles; in certain cases the
compound structure can only be
surely detected by an examination
in polarized light (Dana).
Twin entry. A pair of parallel en-
tries, one of which is an intake and
the other the return air-course.
Rooms can be worked from both en-
tries. Often called double entry.
Twinning axis. The axis about which
one part of a twin crystal may be
conceived to have been rotated 180*
with relation to the other part. (La
Forge)
Twinning law. The special and charac-
teristic method according to which
twin crystals of any mineral are
formed. (La Forge)
Twinning plane. In a twin crystal, 8
plane normal to the twinning axia
(La Forge)
 )

GLOSSARY OF MINING AND MINERAL INDUSTRY. 711

Twin seam (Aust.). Two seams of Type The place at which a

locality.
coal so close together that they can formation typically displayed and
is
be worked in conjunction, or one from which it is named; also the
following closely on the other. place at which a fossil or other
(Power) geologic feature is displayed in typi-
cal form. (Ransome)
Twin way (Brist). Two branch
roads one on either side of a main Type metal. An alloy used for making
road driven to the working face, type. It consists essentially of lead,
through which trams are pushed by (four parts) and antimony (one
twin boys. (Gresley) part), often with a little tin, nickel
or copper. It expands slightly on
Twiscar. See Tuskar. cool ing. ( Webster
Twitch; Twith (No. of Eng.). A pinch Types (Scot). Irregularities in a
in a vein. (Power) mine roof also called Lypes.
; ( Gres-
Two Acageful of men (Gres-
(Scot). ley)
ley). A
term no doubt originating Type specimen. The specimen or Indi-
when cages were small and could vidual on which the original scien-
accommodate only two men. tificdescription of a given species
Two throws (Eng.). A depth of about or subspecies is based. (Webster)
12 feet when the d§bris from sink-
Typhonic rocks. Brognlart's name for
ing shaft has to be raised to sur-
rocks that have come from the
face by two lifts or throws with
depths of the earth, t. e., plutonic
the shovel (one man working above
and eruptive rocks. Typhon Is used
another). At this point the em- as a synonym of boss or stock.
ployment of a hand windlass be-
(Kemp)
comes necessary. (Gresley)
Twyer. See Tuyere.
Tyrite.A variety of fergusonite
found near Arendal, Norway.
Tye. 1. (Eng.) The point where two (Century)
veins cross each other or where two
pipes cross obliquely. (Hunt)
Tyrolitc. A
hydrous arsenate of cop-
per, occurring In orthorhomblc crys-
2. (Corn.) An adit or drain. tals, and In aggregates having a fo-
(Davies)
liated micaceous structure. (Cen-
3. (Corn.) A
sluice box for the ex-
tury)
traction of the heavy sands in mill
tailings. Sometimes spelled Tie. Tyth (Eng.). An
ancient custom or
(Raymond) duty which miners gave to the
priests. Usually every twentieth
Tyer; Tier of pumps (Corn.). A set of
dish. (Hunt)
pumps of which the lower pump or
piece is called the Driggoe, but
U.
more frequently the working piece.
(Pryce)
TJcha (Sp. Am.). Llama-dung. See
Tying (Corn.). The washing of ore Taquia. (Halse)
in a strake, tye, or launder.
Uda. 1. In ceramics, a purplish-brown
Tymp. 1. A hollow iron casting, pigment used In the decoration of
cooled interiorly by a current of Hindu pottery. 2. Glazed pottery
water and placed to protect the thus decorated. (Standard)
tymp-arch, or arch over the dam, in
ITged (Derb.). Loose, weak, liable
a blast furnace having a fore-hearth.
to fall, sounding hollow, or un-
See Open front. (Raymond) sound. (Gresley)
2. (Eng.) A horizontal roof-timber
in a coal mine a cap or
; lid. (Stand- TTlntahite. See Gllsonlte.
ard)
TTIexite; Cotton ball. Hydrous borate
Tymp-arch. The arch covering the of sodium and probably
calcium,
fore hearth of a blast furnace.
NaCaB.0,.8H,0. Contains theoreti-
(Standard)
cally 43 per cent B,0». Analyses of
Tymp-plate; Tymp stone. A plate the natural mineral show 42 to 45.3
or stone forming a tymp. (Stand- per cent B,Oi. (U. S. Geol. Surv.).
ard). See Tymp-stone. Called also Boronatrocalclte.
Tymp-stone. A large clay plug filling TJllmannite. Sulphantlmonlde
of
an open space in the front jackets nickel, NlSbS or
NiSj.NlSi),; arsenic
of a smelting furnace, through which is usually present In small amount
the tap-hole passes. (Standard) (Dana)

I

712 GLOSSAKY OF MINING AND MINERAL, INDUSTRY.
Ultimate analysis. The determination
of the elements contained in a com-
pound as distinguished from proxi-
mate analysis, which is the determi-
nation of the compounds contained
in a mixture. (Standard)
Ultimate tensile strength.
tensile strength. (C. M, P.)
Ultrabasic. Containing less than 35
per cent silica containing virtually
;
no quartz or feldspar and composed
essentially of ferromagnesian sili-
cates, metallic oxides and sulphides,
and native metals, or of all three:
said of some igneous rocks and of
most varieties of meteorites (La
Forge)
Ultramarine. 1. A
pure blue pigment,
prepared by powdering lapis lazuli.
2. An artificial pigment resembling
the above in composition, but having
commonly a tinge of violet. Also
called French blue, Gmelius blue. 3.
Any of several pigments, most of
which are produced by modifications
of the above processes, as green ul-
tramarine, purple
(Webster)
Ultramarine ash. A pigment used for
gray tints and made by grinding the
residue from lapis lazuli after the
natural ultramarine has been re-
moved. (Standard)
Ultramarine yellow. A lemon-yellow
pigment consisting of barium chro-
mate. (Webster)
Ultra-violet. Outside of
spectrum at end; said of
its violet
rays more refrangible than the ex-
treme violet rays (Webster). Wil-
lemite when exposed to these rays
displays a bright green color.
Doubtful zinc ore Is often roughly
tested in this manner.
Umangite. A selenide of copper, CuSe
CusSe, In dark red masses. (Web-
ster)
Umber. A chestnut-brown
brown hydrated ferric oxide, con-
taining manganese oxide and clay:
used as a pigment; also, the color.
As found in nature the oxide is
called Raw umber, and when heated,
so as to produce a reddish brown, it
is called Burnt umber. Cologne or
German umber is a brownish pig-
ment from lignite. (Standard)
Umbral. In geology, the
series of the Pennsylvania system of
rocks, comprising substantially the
Mauch Chunk red shale of the Upper
Subcarboniferous (Standard).
obsolete.
;
"Umbrella. A bonnet, or hood over a
hoisting cage. (Gresley)
Umiak (Alaska)). A large, Eskimo
boat made of skins it is larger thac
;
kayak.
XJmp6 (Sp., Am.). Fire damp; foul
Same as
air. (Lucas)
Umpire. 1. A
person to whose sole de-
cision a controversy or question be-
tween parties is referred (Webster),
as one who performs control assays.
2. An assay made by a third party
to settle a difference found in the
results of assays made by the pur-
chaser and seller of ore.
"Umptekite. A
sodium-rich variety of
syenite composed essentially of mi-
croperthite and sodic amphibole, with
a little nephelite and in some phases
a little aegirite. (La Forge) The
accessory minerals are numerous.
(Kemp)
Unconformability. See Unconformity.
Unconformability by erosion. The
presence of an irregular sinuous
ultramarine.
surface of contact between two con-
tiguous strata, indicative of inter-
vening elevation and erosion, not
necessarily accompanied by flexure.
(Standard)
Unconformability of dip. Discrepancy
between the dip of an overlying and
an underlying stratum, indicating a
movement of the lower stratum be-
fore the deposition of the upper one
ordinary unconformability, referred
the visible
to when no qualifying epithet is
used. (Standard)
Unconformability of overlap. Discrep-
ancy in areal extent between two
contiguous superimposed strata, even
where they have the same dip, the
edge of one stratum overlapping
that of the other indicative of gen-
;
tle subsidence without perceptible
folding. Called also by European
geologists unconformability of trans-
to liver- gression. (Standard)
Unconformable. Having the relation
of unconformity to the underlying
rocks not succeeding the underlying
;
strata in immediate order of age and
in parallel position. (La Forge)
Unconformity; Unconformable. 1. Dis-
cordance in attitude with the under-
lying rocks, due to overlap or to a
eleventh lapse in deposition, during which the
rocks benenth were deformed or
partly eroded away or both. 2. The
surface of contact between uncon-
Now formable strata and the rocks be-
neath them. (La Forge)
 )

GLOSSARY OF MINING AND MINERAL INDUSTRY. 713

trnctuons. Having a greasy, oily, or Undercdge stone (Forest of Dean).
soapy feel when rubbed or touched The floor of an iron-stone mine.
by the fingers, as talc, serpentine, (Gresley)
etc.
Underfire. 1. In ceramics, to flre in-
Cndercast. An
air course carried un- sufficiently; to shortfire. 2. To fire
der another air course or roadway from beneath. (Webster)
(Steel). Compare Overcast. Underflow. In geology, the water flow-
Under clay. A stratum of clay be- ing beneath the beds of rivers, and
neath a coal bed often containing also under the bottom lands of the
roots of coal plants, especially Stig- river valleys, especially in arid
maria. (Webster) regions. ( Standard

Undercliff. 1. (So. Wales) An argil-

Under-getting (Eng.). See Shorts, a
laceous shale forming the floor of Underglaze. In ceramics, a color ap-
many coal seams. (Gresley) plied before the glaze is put on,
2. (Eng.). That portion of a cliff (Webster)
which has fallen en masse along a
considerable line of coast, and forms
Underground milling. See Underhand
stoping.
a subordinate terrace between the
sea and the original shore (Page). Underground shaft. A shaft sunk
Compare Talus. from an adit, tunnel or working
level, through which mining opera-
Undercnrrent. A large, flat, broad, tions are conducted. The upper end
branch sluice, placed beside and a terminates underground. A winze
little lower than the main sluice.
or raise becomes an underground
This apparatus is paved and riffled shaft when equipped and used for
like the sluice, but being much wider hoisting and the conduct of other
than the latter, allows the water to mining operations.
spread out in a thin sheet over its
surface, thereby so abating the ve- Underground station. 1. An enlarge-
locity of the current that the very ment of an entry, drift, or level at a
fine gold, including the rusty parti- shaft at which cages stop to receive
cles, is more apt to be caught here and discharge cars, men, and mate-
than in the sluice. (Hanks) rial. 2. An underground place in
which there are installed transform-
Undercut 1. To undermine, to hole, ers, switchboards, or electrical ma-
or to mine. To cut below or in the chines other than portable motors, or
lower part of a coal bed by chipping any one of them. (H. H. Clark). 3.
away the coal with a pick or mining A pump station.
machine. It is usually done on the
level of the floor of the mine, ex- Underground-water. See Ground
tending laterally the entire face and water.
5 or 6 feet into the material. 2. In Underhand quarrying of panel cores
founding, the part of a molder's (Mitchell system). See Underhand
pattern that would break the sand stoping.
if drawn vertically from an ordinary
mold. (Standard) Underhand stoping. Mining downward.
The stope may start below the floor
Undercut quarry. A quarry in which of a level and be extended by suc-
the walls slant outward (overhang cessive horizontal slices, either
working face) so as to make the worked sequentially or simultane-
floor space wider with increasing ously in a series of steps. The modi-
depth. (Bowles) flcations consist in the working of
the block by a series of slices paral-
Undercutting. A term applied to the lel with the dip, each slice being
process of cutting under the face of worked from the top down and the
the coal with a machine so it can slices being taken in sequence. The
be shot down readily. (Consoli-
stope may be left as an open stope
dated Coal Co. V. Gruber, 188 Illi- or supported by stulls or pillars.
nois, p. 589). See Undercut. Filling can be used after the stope
Under-dip coal (Scot.). Coal extend- has been finished or may follow the
ing below the haulage level at the stope as a back fill (Young). Some-
bottom of the shaft, (Barrowman) times called Horizontal cut under-
hand, Underhand quarrying of panel
Puderearth (Forest of Dean). A hard cores (Mitchell system). Under-
fire clay forming the floor of a seam ground milling, and Open stop*
of coaL (Gresley) method.
 )

714 GLOSSARY OF MINING AND MINERAL INDUSTRY.

Underhand work. Picking or drilling Underpinning. 1. Building up the

downward. ( Ihlseng
Underhole; Undermine. To mine out
a portion of the bottom of a seam,
wall of a mine-shaft to join that
above it. (Gresley)
2. The act of supporting a superior
part of a wall, etc., by introducing
,

by pick or powder, thus leaving the a support beneath it. 3. A solid

top unsupported and ready to be structure, as a new foundation or
blown down by shots, broken down other support. (Century)
by wedges, or mined with a pick or
bar (Chance). See Undercut. In Under-poled. A term used in copper
England the terms Jad, Hole, Under- refining to designate not copper
cut, Kirve, and Bench are synony- poled enough to remove suboxide, all
mous. and which has solidified with a con-
cave surface. See Overpoled and
Underlay; Underlie. 1. (Corn.) The Tough pitch.
departure of a vein or stratum from
Underply (Scot.). A band or division
the vertical, usually measured in
of the lower portion of a thick seam
horizontal feet per fathom of in-
of coal. See Mining ply.
clined depth. Thus a dip of 60' is
an underlay of three feet per fathom. Under reamer. An oil-well tool used
The underlay expressed in feet per for enlarging the hole below a drive
fathom is six times the natural cos- shoe, etc. (Nat. Tube Co.)
ine of the angle of the dip (Ray-
Under seams ( Scot. ) . Lower or deeper
mond). The complement of Dip; coal seams. (Gresley)
Hade. 2. The downward extension
of a vein or bed beneath the ground. Under-shot wheel. A wheel moved by
Mineral bodies lying under a given water passing underneath. (Web-
tract, though not outcropping on sur- ster)
face. (Weed) Undersize. That part of a crushed ma-
terial which passes through a screen.
Underlay shaft; Underller. A shaft
sunk in the foot wall and following Under the top (Eng.), A road in
the dip of a vein. which a layer of coal is left standing
to form the roof is said to be
Under-level work (Clev.). Mining "under the top." (Redmayne)
ironstone by driving drifts into the
hillside, instead of sinking shafts. Underthrust. In geology, a deforma-
(Gresley) tion produced on immediately under-
lying strata by an advancing over-
Under -level drift (Eng.). A drift thrust mass. It may be a forward
from a pumping pit, to free dip movement in a parallel thrust plane,
workings from water. (Bainbridge) or an overturning or crushing of the
strata. (Standard)
Underlie. 1. (Com.). See Underlay,
1 and 2. Underviewer; Underlooker (Eng.). In
2. In geology, to occupy a lower po- coal mining, an underground fore-
sition than, or to pass beneath; man in metal mining, a mining cap-
;

said of stratified rocks over which tain.

other rocks are spread out. (Cen-
tury) Underweight (Aust.). The weight of
the roof which advances along the
Underller (Eng.). See Underlay shaft. face of the coal, following the proc-
ess of undercutting, in longwall
TJnderlooker (Lane). One who has work, and breaks down the portion
the care and superintendence of the that has been undercut.
miners and of the workings, who re-
ceives his orders from the manager, Undisturbed. Rocks that lie in the po-
and to whom the overmen and depu- sitions in which they were originally
ties report; a mine superintendent. formed. Compare Disturbed. (Roy.
(Gresley) Com.)

Underlying. Lying under or beneath; Undnlating. Rising and falling like

fundamental; as underlying strata. waves. Said of beds that are bent
(Webster) into alternate elevations and depres-
sions.
ITndermine. To excavate the earth be-
neath, or under part of; to form a Unholed (York.). Bordgates or other
mine under (Webster). See Under- headings not driven through into the
cut; Underhole. adjoining roadway. (Gresley)
 GLOSSARY OF MINING AND MIKEKAL INDUSTRY. 715

tTniaxial. Having but one direction in Unwater. To pump water from mines.
which light passing through the crys- (Gresley)
tal is not doubly refracted. (La Un wrought; Unworked (Eng.). Coal
Forge) or other mineral which has not been
Uniclinal. Sloping in one direction; mined or worked away. (Gresley)
a monoclinal. Up. 1. (Eng.) A stall or heading is
XTnion (Sp.). Coupling of wire rope said to be up when it is driven or
or of pipe. (Dwight) worked up to a certain line (a fault,
Union shop. A
shop or mine run ac-
hollows, boundary, etc. ) , beyond
which nothing further is to be
cording to the requirements of a
worked. 2. (Eng.) On the bank or
trade-union. Compare Open shop.
on the surface. (Gresley)
TTnisilicate. In mineralogy, a salt of Up-brow (Lane). An inclined plane
orthosilicic acid. (Standard) worked to the rise. (Gresley)
Unit. 1. Any determinate amount or Upcast. 1. The opening through which
quantity (as of length, time, heat,
the return air ascends and is re-
value, etc.) adopted as standard
moved from the mine (Gresley).
of measurements for other amounts
The opposite of downcast or intake.
of the same kind. (Webster) 2. An upward current of air pass-
2. A term used in smelter settle-
ing through a shaft, or the like.
ments for valuable contents of ores (Century)
and is equivalent to 1 per cent of 3. To cast or throw upward; to
a short ton, or 20 pounds. (Lind- turn upward. (Webster)
gren, p. 17)
4. In geology, same as upthrow; op-
Univalent. Having a valence of one; posed to downthrow, downcast; as,
monovalent. (Webster) the upcast side of a fault. (Stand-
ard)
Universal lay. See Lang lay rope.
Upcast shaft. See Upcast, 1.
Universal train. A roll train having
adjustable horizontal and vertical Upcast pit (Newc). The shaft up
rolls, so as to produce sections of which the air ascends when ventilat-
various sizes. (Raymond) ing the mine (Min. Jour.). See Up-
cast, 1.
Unkindly lode (Aust). A lode or vein
that does not look promising. Updraft kiln. A kiln in which the heat
(Power) enters the chamber from the bottom
A and passes up through the ware.
Unlimited pump. deep-well pump
(Ries)
operated from the level of the
ground above. (Standard) Upheaval. A
lifting up, as if by some
force from below, of stratified or
Unpatented claims. Mining claims to
other rocks. (Roy. Com.)
which a deed from United States
Government has not been received. U-pipe stove. A common type of heat-
The claims are subject to annual as- recuperation furnace. (Ingalls, p.
sessment work, in order to maintain 361)
ownership. (Weed)
Up-leap (Mid.). A fault which ap-
Unscreened coal (Aust). Run-of-mine pears as an upthrow. (Gresley)
coal. (Power)
Uplift. Elevation of any extensive
Unsoiling. The act or process of re- part of the earth's surface relatively
moving soil, as for working a bed of to some other part opjwsed to Sub-
;

brick clay. (Standard) sidence. (La Forge)

Unsoundness. A quarry term that re- Up-over. Designating a method of
fers to all cracks or lines of weak- shaft excavation by drifting to a
ness other than bedding planes that point below, and then raising instead
may cause rock to break before or of sinking. (Webster)
during the process of manufacture.
Various types of unsoundness are Up-over crib. A wedging crib placed
known locally as "joints," "headers," on the top of a length of tubing, to
"cutters," "hair lines," "slicks," shut off the water in a certain stra-
"seams," "slick seams," "dry seams," tum. (Gresley)
"dries," and "cracks." (Bowles)
Upper. 1. A drill hole driven in an
Unstratlfied. Not formed or deposited upward direction (H. C. Hoover, d,
In beds or strata, (La Forge) 100).
 )
716 GLOSSARY OF MINING AND MINERAL INDUSTRY.
2. In geology, designating a later
period or formation; so called be-
cause the strata are normally above
those of the earlier formations.
(Webster)
Upper barren coal measures. The part
of the Carboniferous strata of the
Appalachian field which is now as-
signed to the Dunkard group of the
Permian series. Usage now
(La Forge)
Upper leaf (Scot). The upper por-
tion of a seam that is separated, by
a parting, into two portions. (Bar-
rowman
Upper productive coal measures. The
part of the Carboniferous strata of
the Appalachian field which is now
assigned to the Monongahela group
of the Pennsylvanian series. Usage
now obsolete. (La Forge)
tTpraise. An
auxiliary shaft,
hole, carried from one level
ward another (Ihlseng). See Rise,
also Raise, which are better terms.
Upset. 1. To increase the diameter of
a rock drill by blunting the end.
(Gillette, p. 52)
2. (Scot.) A narrow heading con-
necting two levels in inclined coal
(Gresley). Sometimes used as a
synonym for Raise.
3. (Aust.) A capsized or broken
skip. (Power)
Upstanders (Corn.). Pieces of timber
or boards fixed in the ground at a
prospect shaft, to support the axle-
tree or windlass. (Pryce)
Upstanding (Scot). A term applied
to stoop-and-room workings to de-
note that the pillars are in a sound
condition and the roof not fallen.
(Barrowman)
Up stoop (Scot). A working room is
up stoop or in stoop when its length
is equal to the side of the pillar to
be formed. (Barrowman)
Upthrow. The block or mass of rock
on that side of a fault which has
been displaced relatively upward.
(La Forge). The term should be
used with the definite understanding
that it refers merely to a relative
and not an absolute displacement.
Upthrust. An upheaval of rocks said
preferably of a violent upheaval;
used also attributively. (Standard)
Craconite. An amorphous, earthy,
lemon-yellow, hydrous uranium sul-
phate. Uranium ocher.
Uralite. A fibrous or acicular variety
of hornblende occurring in altered
rocks and pseudomorphous after py-
roxene (La Forge). The word is
often used as a' prefix before the
names of those rocks that contain
the mineral. The name is derived
from the original occurrence in the
Urals. (Kemp)
obsolete.
2. A tradename for a fireproof ma-
terial, chiefly of asbestos. (Web-
ster)
Uralitlzation. The change of the min-
eral augite into the green fibrous va-
r i e t y of the mineral hornblende.
The change is often due to weath-
ering, but may be a result of more
intense metamorphism. (Ransome)
Uranic ocher. Same as Uraconite,
(Standard)
Uraninite. A complex uranium min-
eral containing also rare earth,
a mill radium, lead, helium, nitrogen, and
up to- other elements. Uraninite in the
stricter sense is applied to crystal-
lized forms found in pegmatites. It
contains Th, Ce, La, and Yt The
mineral found in Connecticut and
North Carolina is of this variety.
Pitchblende is the massive form,
probably amorphous, and contains no
thoria, but a specimen from Gilpin
County, Colo., contained 7.6 per cent
zirconia. Pitchblende is found in
metalliferous veins with sulphides.
Both varieties contain radium. Con-
tains from 65 to 90.7 per cent of the
combined oxides UOa and UO2. See
also Nlvenite. (U. S. Geol. Surv.)
Uranio (Sp.). 1. Uranium. 2. Uranium
ore. (Halse)
Uranite. A general term for the urani-
um phosphates, autunite, or calcium
uranite, and torbernite, or copper
uranite, formerly classed as single
species. The uranite group Includes
these and a few related minerals.
(Webster)
Uranium. An element of the chro-
mium group, found in combination
In pitchblende and contains other
rare minerals. When reduced it Is
a heavy, hard, nickel-white metal.
Symbol, U; atomic weight 238.2;
specific gravity, 18.7. (Webster)
Uranium minerals. See Autunite, Car-
notlte, Fergusonlte, Macklntoshlte,
Nlvenite, Polycrase, Samarskite,
;
Thorlanlte, Thorogummlte, Torber-
nite, Uraninite (Including Pitch-
blende), Uranoclrclte, Uranophane,
Uranosplnlte, Yttrlallte. Uranium
Is not found native. All uranium
minerals contain radium. (U. S.
(Standard) Geol. Surv.)
 GLOSSARY OF MINING AND MINERAL INDUSTRY. 717

Uran-mica. Same as Uranite. (Cen- according to uses are: Ceramites,

tury) fictile or ceramic materials. Chali-
cites, binding materials or limeSj
A hydrous phosphate of
Uranocircite.
mortars, cements, etc. Chemites,
uranium and barium, Ba(U02)2- Chromatites,
chemical materials.
P2O8+8H2O. (U. S. Geo!. Surv.)
color materials or paints, pigments,
Uranolite. A meteorite. (Century) etc. Coprites, fertilizers or mineral
manures. Cosmites, Decorative ma-
Uranophane. A hydrous silicate of
terials, or ornamental stones and
uranium and calcium, CaSi.Oa.LV
gems. Ignites, pyrotechnic mate-
SiOs+GH.O. (U. S. Geol. Surv. or
rials. Lubricites, lubricants,
Uranorthorite. A variety of thorium friction materials. Metallites, ores
silicate; thorite containing a small or metalliferous materials. Phar-
percentage of oxide of uranium. macites, mineral medicines. Pyro-
(Century) lites, refractory or fire resisting ma-
terials. Rholites, smelting mate-
Uranospinite. Probably an arsenate of
rials, or fluxes. Salites, salts and
uranium and calcium corresponding
Ca(U02)2.As208+8H20. saline materials. Techtonites, con-
to autunite.
struction materials, as building and
Contains about 47.6 per cent urani-
um, equivalent to 5G.1 per cent cal- road materials. Thermites, fuels
or burning materials, or carbonites.
culated as UsOs. (U. S. Geol. Surv.)
TriboUtes, abrasives, or attrition ma-
Urao. Hydrous sodium carbonate, terials. Vitrites, vitrifying mate-
KajC08.NaHC03+2H20. Trona is an terials, or glass, etc. (Eng. and
impure form of urao. (U. S. Geol. Min. Jour., vol. 58, p. 340). These
Surv.) terms are not used.
Ure's process. The treatment of quick-
TJvarovite; Ouvarovite; XJwarowit. Cal-
silver ores by heating in iron retorts
v/lth admixture of lime. (Ray- cium-chromium garnet, 3CaO.Cr203.-
mond) 3Si02. Aluminum takes the place of
chromium in part. (Dana)
Urgonian. In geology, a division of
the European Lower Cretaceous TJwarowit. See Uvarovite.
characteristically developed in cer-
tain parts of France and Belgium.
(Standard)
Urgue (Colom.). 1. Clay. 2. A clay
Vaciadero (Sp.). A waste dump; a
spoil bank. (Halse)
band separating the vein from the
wall. (Halse) Vaciador (Mex.). One who dumps
slag pots. (Dwight)
ITrpethite. A yellowish - brown to
to brown hydrocarbon, near ozoce- Vacio (Sp.). Empty ; a vacuum.
rite. (Standard) (Halse)
Urry (local Eng.). A blue to black Vacuum. 1. A space entirely devoid
clay found next to coal in coal of matter. 2. The degree of rarefac-
mines. (Standard) tion of a partial vacuum, measured
by the reduction of pressure from
Urtite. A name given by W. Ramsay that of the atmosphere. (Webster)
to a light-colored rock of medium
3. A method of producing ventila-
grain, consisting of nephelite in larg-
tion by exhausting the air from the
est part, with which is considerable
mine. (Gresley)
segirite and a little apatite. When
recast an analysis gave nephelite, Vacuum fan. A
fan for creating suc-
82 segirite, 16 apatite, 2. The name
; ; tion or partial vacuum (Webster).
is derived from the second part of An exhaust fan. See Vacuum, 3.
Lujavr-Urt, the name of the moun-
tain where it occurs in northern Fin- Vacuum filter. A form of filter in
land. (Kemp) which the air beneath the filtering
material is exhausted to hasten the
Utahite. An orange-yellowiron sul- process. (Century)
phate mineral, 3Fe2O8.3SOs.4H2O,
from the Tintic district, Utah. Has Vacuum pump. 1. A pump in which
a silky luster (Dana) water forced up a pipe by the dif-
is
ference of pressure between the at-
trtahlite. See Variscite. mosphere and a partial vacuum. 2,
tJtilites. A
general term proposed by A pump for creating a partial vacu-
M. E. Wads worth for all useful geo- um in a closed space (Webster),
logical producta His subdivisions See Fulsometer.
 ) )

718 GLOSSARY OF MINING AND MINERAL INDUSTRY.

Vacuum tube. A sealed tube contain- Valley glacier. A

glacier extending
ing higlily rarefied air or otlier gas, into a valley (Chamberlin, vol.^ 1,
for exhibition or examination of p. 239). A
glacier which occupies
phenomena of electric discharge be- a valley and is fed from a n6v6 reser-
tween metallic electrodes projecting voir. (Century).
into the tube from the outside.
Valley tile. Roofing tile made to fit in
(Webster)
the valley of a roof. (Ries)
Vadose. Extending only a short depth
below the surface: said of the shal- Valley train. A deposit of glacial out-
lower portion of the ground water. wash forming an old flood plain in a
(La Forge) valley. (La Forge)
Valuation. 1. The act of valuing, or
Vag (Prov. Eng.). Dried peat or turf of estimating the value or worth;
used for fuel. (Standard) appraisement. 2. Value set upon a
Vagon (Sp.). A
wagon; V. de vol- thing. (Webster)
quete, 6 volteo, a dump car; V. de Value. (1) The desirability or worth
pico, a front or side dump car.
of a thing as compared with the
(Halse) desirability of something else ; worth
Vagoneta (Sp.). LA small open car. (Standard), as the value of a mine.
Value is an attribute, and not a sub-
2. A trolley. 3. The bucket of a
rope way. (Halse) stance.
(2) In the plural, as used in mining
Vaguada (Sp.). 1. Water way or and metallurgy, the valuable in-
stream channel. 2. Water shed or gredients to be obtained, by treat-
divide. (Dwight) ment, from any mass or compound;
3. The line of intersection of two specifically, the precious metals con-
opposite slopes. (Halse). tained in rock, gravel or the like, as
the vein carries good values; the
Vale; Val. (Cora.). The place where values on the hanging wall. (Web-
the reserve of tin ore is placed to ster)
dry before it is put into the smelting (3) To estimate or determine the
furnace. (Da vies) worth of anything, as to value a
mine.
Valence. The degree of combining
power of an element (or radical) as Valve. Anycontrivance, as a lid, cover,
shown by the number of atomic ball, or slide, that opens and closes
weights of hydrogen, chlorine, a passage, whether by lifting and
sodium or the like, with which the falling, sliding, swinging, or rotat-
atomic weight of the element will ing, as at the opening of, or inserted
combine, or for which it can be sub- in, any pipe, tube, outlet, inlet, etc.,
stituted, or with which it can be to control the flow or supply of
compared. (Webster) liquids, gases, or other shifting ma-
terial. (Standard)
Valencianite. An orthoclase feldspar
similar to adularia, from Valencia, Valvula (Sp.). Valve; V. de seguri-
Mexico. ( Webster dad, a safety valve. (Halse)

Valentinite. Antimony trioxide SbsO*,

Van) OS (Sp.). To depart quickly; to
decamp. ( Vel.
in orthorhombic crystals. (Dana)
Vamping. The dSbris of a stope, which
Valle (Mex.). Valley. (Dwight) forms a hard mass under the feet of
Valley. 1. Low land bounded by hills
the miner. (Raymond)
or mountains. (Power) Van. 1. (Corn.) A
test of the value
2. A
small, subcircular basin, eroded of an ore, made by washing (van-
by solution in the crest of an uplift, ning) a small quantity, after pow-
and having a sink through which its dering it, on the point of a shoveL
sediments escape; used locally in Vanning a Cornish miner what
is to
Missouri and vicinity. (Standard) washing horn spoon is to the
in a

Valley brown ore. A local name for

Mexican. 2. To separate, as ore
from veinstone, by washing it on
limonite or brown iron ore. Ap-
the point of a shovel. 8ee Vanner.
plied in Virginia to the compara-
(Century). 3. A shovel used in ore
tively pure high-grade ore found in
dressing.
the Cambro - Ordovlcian limestone
which forms the Valley of Virginia. Vanadic ocher. A native, yellow vana-
See Mountain brown ore. (U. S. dium oxide found near Lake Supe
Geol. Sury.) rior. (Standard)
 ;

GLOSSARY OF MINING AND MINERAL INDUSTRY. 719

7anadinite. Lead chlorvanadate, SPbs-
VjQs.PbCls. Contains when pure
19.4 per cent V20i, but arsenic and
phospliorus both replace vanadium,
so that the mineral grades into
mimetite, SPhsAsaCPbCla, and Into
pyromorphite, SPhsPtOs-PbClz. End-
lichite is a variety of vanadinite
containing considerable arsenic. (U.
S. Geol. Surv.)
Vanadiuin. A rare element found
combined, in certain minerals (as
vanadinite and descloizite) and is
reduced as a grayish white metallic
powder. Symbol, V atomic weight,;
51.0; specific gravity,
ster)
Vanadium ores. Vanadium does not
occur native, but is found in the
United States in the minerals car-
notite, vanadinite, des-
roscoelite,
cloizite, volborthite, calciovolborth-
Ite, and segirite. (U. S. Geol. Surv.)
Vanadium steel. Steel alloyed with
vanadium (usually 0.10 to 0.15 per
cent ) an element which strengthens
,
Vapor. 1. Any visible diffused sub-
stance floating in the air and im-
pairing its transparency, as smoke,
fog, etc. 2. Any substance in the
gaseous state, thought of with some
reference to the liquid or solid form
a gasified liquid or solid. (Webster)
3. Foul air in a mine. (Lawver)
Vapor density. The relative weight
of a gas or vapor as compared with
some specific standard, usually hy-
drogen, but sometimes air. (Web-
ster)
Vapor galvanizing. A process for coat-
ing metal (usually Iron or steel)
5.5. (Web- surface with zinc by exposing them
to the vapor of zinc instead of, as In
ordinary galvanizing, to molten zinc.
Also called Sherardizing. (Web-
ster)
Vaporlmeter. An Instrument for meas-
uring the volume or the tension of
a vapor. (Webster)
Vara (Sp.). A Spanish and Portu-
guese measure of length. In Mexico
It is 33 inches; Brazil, 43 Inches;

the steel and serves to remove the Colombia, inches;

31.5 Central
oxygen and possibly nitrogen. (Web- America, 33.87 Inches; Spain, Cuba,
ster)
Philippine Islands, and Venezuela,
Vandyke brown. A deep brown pig- 33.38 inches; Chile, and Peru, 33.37
ment of uncertain identity, used by inches; Argentina and Paraguay,
the painter Van Dyck; hence any 34.12 Inches. (Webster)
of various brown pigments, as a nat-
ural earth resembling amber, a prep- Varej6n (Mex.). Pole lagging.
aration of charred cork, a mixture (Dwight)
of lamp black and Indian red, etc. Variation. The angle by which the
(Webster) compass needle deviates from the
Vane. In surveying, the target of a true north: subject to annual, di-
leveling staff; one of the sights of urnal, and secular changes. Called
a compass, quadrant, etc. (Web- more properly declination of the
ster)
needle (Standard). See Declina-
tion.
Vanner. 1. A
machine for dressing
Variation compass. A compass of deli-
ore; an ore-separator; a vanning
machine. The name is given to va- cate construction for observing the
variation of the magnetic needle.
rious patented devices in which the
peculiar motions of the shovel in the (Webster)
miner's hands in the operation of Variegated copper ore. Bomlte.
making a van {see Van, 1) are, or
are supposed to be, more or less suc- Variegated sandstone. New red sand-
cessfully imitated (Century). See stone. (Standard)
Frue vanner for general description
of the side-shake type. There is also Varlgradation. In geology, a process
an end-shake type, which includes by which streams of progres-
all
the Triumph concentrator. sively Increasing volume tend con-
2. One who vans with a shovel or stantly, in a degree varying In-
pan (Webster), or one who operates versely with the volume, to depart
a vanning machine. slightly from the normal gradients.
(Standard)
Vanning (Com.). iSec Van, 2.
Varilla (Sp.). 1. A boring rod. 2. A
Vanning machine. See Vanner, 1. blasting needle. 3. A
spindle or
pivot. (Halse)
Vapart A centrifugal grinder for
mill.
pulverizing ore, coal and coke. (In- Variole. In petrology, a Hpherullte or
gallsi. p. 509) variollte. (Standard)
 ) y

720 GLOSSARY OF MINING AND MINERAL INDUSTRY.

Variolite. A
spherulitlc variety of Vee (Mid.). The junction of two un-
basalt or diabase (La Forge). The derground roadways meeting in the
rock has a pockmarked aspect and form of a V. (Gresley)
hence the name, which is a very old
one. Pearl diabase is synonymous. Veerer (Som.). An old word for
(Kemp) banksman. (Gresley)
Variolitic. Of, pertainingto, or re- Vees; Veez. 1. (Scot) A kind of soft
sembling variolite. (Webster) earth in a fissure or upon the sides
of a dike. See Leatherbed. (Gres-
Variolitization. That variety of con-
ley)
tact metamorphism, that gives rise
to the formation of variolite. ( Stand- 2. (Scot) The line of fracture of a
ard) fault or hitch. (Barrowman)
Variscite; TJtahlite. Green hydrous Vegetate. To crystallize; to exude
phosphate of aluminum, AI1OS.P2O8.- (Lawver)
4HaO. Used as a gem (U. S. Geol.
Surv.). Also called Amatrice.
Vegetation of salts. A crystalline con-
cretion formed by salts, after solu-
Varnish. In ceramics, the lustrous tion in water, when set in the air
surface or glaze on pottery, porce- for evaporation. Also called Salin*
vegetation. ( Century
lain, etc. (Standard)
Vaseline; Vaselin. A yellowish, trans- Vela (Port). 1. A vein. 2. Veias
lucent, semisolid petroleum product, (Braz.). Ordinary plaster beds
used in ointments and pomades, as (Halse). iSfee Vena, Veta, and Filon.

a lubricant, and in other ways; a Vein. 1. An occurrence of ore, usually

form of petrolatum. (Webster)
Vaso (Sp.). 1. A vessel. 2. (Mex.)
A small adobe furnace lined with
clay. 3. The shaft of a furnace.
4. The crucible of a blast furnace.
5. (Mex.) A receptacle for molten
metal in front of a furnace. (Halse)
6. (Mex.) Reverberate ry for smelt-
ing rich ore, or for cupelling silver.
(Dwight)
Vat. 1. A vessel or tub in
Is washed or subjected
treatment, as "cyanide vat" and
"chlorination vat" (Rickard). Used
as synonym for Tank. 2. See Vate.
Vate (Com.). A square, hollow place
on the back of a calcining furnace
for drying tin ore before feeding it
into the furnace. Also spelled Vat
(Pryce)
V-bob. A
strong frame shaped like
an isosceles triangle, and turning on
a pivot at its apex; used as a bell
crank to change the direction of a
main rod (Webster). It is used
with Cornish pumping engines.
V-cut. In mining and tunneling, a cut
where the material blasted out in
plan is like the letter V; usually
consists of six or eight holes drilled
into the face, half of which form
an acute angle with the other
fDu Pont)
Veal; Voun (Scot). A water box or
chest, usually on wheels, for remov-
ing water ( Barrowman ) Also called
. rock. When this intrusion is large
Ghost
disseminated through a gangue, or
veinstone, and having a more or less
regular development in length,
width, and depth. A vein and a lode
are, in common usage, essential
the same thing, the former being
rather the scientific, the latter the
miners', name for it (Century). See
Lode; Fissure; Fissure vein.
The filling of a fissure or fault in
a rock, particularly if deposited by
which ore aqueous solutions. When metallifer-
to chemical ous it is called by miners a lode;
when filled with eruption material,
a dike. A bed or shoot of ore
parallel with the bedding. Called
also Blanket-deposit (Standard)
A crack in rock filled by mineral
matter deposited from solution by
imderground water. A lode. (Web-
ster)
A vein or lode as used in the law
applies to any zone or belt of min-
eralized rock lying within boun-
daries clearly separating it from the
neighboring rock. (Iron Silver
Mining Co. v. Cheeseman, 116 United
States, p. 531; Mammoth Mining
Co. V. Grand Central Mining Co.,
213 United States, p. 77.)
Vein or lode does not mean merely
a typical fissure or contact vein, but
any fairly well-defined zone, or belt
of mineral-bearing rock in place.
half.
(East Tintic Cons. Min. Claim, In
re, 50 Land Decisions, p. 273)
2. A comparatively thin sheet of ig-
neous rock injected into a crevice In
It is called a dike. (Webster)
 ) ;

GLOSSARY OF MINING AND MINERAL INDUSTRY. 721

Vein (or lode) claim. The terms "vein Velvet. Profit; easily earned money.
or lode" and "vein or lode claim" By analogy, a term used for galena
are used indiscriminately and inter- in the Wisconsin zinc field when it
changeably, and it follows that the can be separated from the blende
term "vein or lode" is intended to without difliculty and sold as a by-
be synonymous with the term "vein product.
or lode claims." (Iron Silver Mining
Co. V. Sullivan, 16 Fed. Rept, p. Velvet copper ore. Lettsomite. Per-
832). See Vein; also Lode. (Also haps 4CuO.Al2O3.SO3.8H2O, in velvet-
1 i k e druses in spherical forms
U. S. Min. Stat, pp. 37-43) ;

bright blue. 'Dana)

Veined. Marked or streaked with
Vena 1. A small metalliferous
Sp. )
veins or lines of color in various di- ( .

rections, as some marbles. (Roy. vein; a veinlet, not over 3 inches

Com.) thick a "knife blade" vein (Dwight).
;

Sometimes a vein within a vein.

Vein minerals. The minerals occurring
in veins, especially the gangue (A. F.
Rogers. ) Veinstone.
Vein quartz. Quartz of secondaiT ori-
gin and occurring in veins. (Stand-
ard)
Compare Veta and Fil6n.
2.A bed or seam of compact earthy
red hematite at Bilboa, Spain. 3.
Diverse quality or color of earth or
stone. 4. A streak, stripe, or vein
of a certain color in stone or wood.
5. A channel through which under-

The walls of a
ground water circulates. 6. Min-
Vein skirts (Derb.).
eral water found underground. 7.
lode. (Power)
(Fr. Guiana). The richest gravel in
Veinstone. The mineral-matter filling placer mines. (Halse)
of a vein, exclusive of the ore (Roy.
Com.). Also called gangue; Lode-
Venanzite. A name proposed by Saba-
stuff, Matrix, Vein mineral.
tini,an Italian petrographer, for an
effusive rock from a small volcanic
Veinstuff. The portion of the lode cone at San Venanzo, Umbria, Italy.
which is not ore (Skinner). See Venanzite contains phenocrysts of
Veinstone. olivine in a groundmass of melillite,
leucite, and black mica, together
Vein system. A term applied to the with a little pyroxene, nephelite, and
veins of a given area, district, or age, magnetite. Rosenbusch subsequently
regarded as a whole. (Farrell) described the same rock under the
name euktolite, but venanzite has
Veise (Scot). A joint in the coal priority. (Kemp)
strata. (Gresley) See Vees, 1.
Vend (Newc). The total annual sales
Vela (Sp.). 1. A watchman; night of coal from a colliery. (Raymond)
guard. 2. A candle V. de sereno, a
;

wax candle; V. de seho, a tallow Veneer. In ceramics, any thin outer

candle. (Halse) coating put on principally for ap-
pearance or decoration. (Stand-
Velada. (Colom.) The third part of ard)
the night during which a watchman
is employed in the mill to see that Venero. 1. (Mex.) A spring of water
the blanketings are not stolen. in a mine. 2. (Colom.) A vein or
bed. 3. (Arg.) A deep-seated deposit
Velador (Sp.). 1. A watchman at the covered by large masses of barren
mines or mill. 2. A candleholder. material. 4. (Bol.) A stream-tin
(Halse) deposit. 5. (Peru) The pay gravel
of recent placers. 6. Any mineral
Teldt (So. Afr.). A tract of land not deposit (Halse)
forested, or thinly forested; a grass
country. ( Webster
Venetian chalk. A white compact talc
or steatite used for marking on
Velocity - head. The constant differ- cloth. (Webster)
ence of height of a liquid between a
level surface in a tank and a uni-
Venetian white. A pigment consisting
formly flowing Jet through an ori- of a mixture of equal parts of white
lead and barite. (Webster)
fice. (Standard)
Velocity of detonation. The velocity Venida (Mex.). A fall of earth or
with which the detonation or explo- stones, as from a hill. (Halse)
sion of a mass of explosives travels Venilla (Sp.). A
small vein or
through the mass itself. (Du Pont) stringer. Compare Vena, L (Halse)
75242*—19 16
 ) :

722 GLOSSARY OF MINING AND MINEBAL INDUSTRY.

Vent. 1. A small aperture; a hole or Venturi meter. A water meter In

opening for passage or escape, as of which the flow is ascertained from
air, a gas, or a fluid a volcanic vent.
; the Increase in velocity and conse-
(Webster) quent loss of pressure caused by the
2. (Scot) A chimney; a return reduction In the cross-sectional area
airway. ( Barrowman of the pipe through vrhlch the wa-
3. A small passage made with a ter flows. (Webster)
needle through the stemming, for
admitting a squib to enable the
Venturin. A yellow powder used as
an Imitation of gold in japanning
charge to be lighted. (Steel) 4. In
(Standard). Compare Aventurine.
founding, an opening or passage, as
in a sand-mold, for the escape of Venturi tube. A
conical efflux tube in
gases. (Standard) which the escaping fluid flows from
the smaller to the large end, and
Venta (Sp.). Sale. (Dwight)
the entrance Is rounded to conform
entanilla. 1. (Sp.) A small win- to shape of the vena contracta.
dow. 2. (Mex.) A flat or station. (Webster)
3. An opening in the door of an ore
chute, sliding gate, etc., for a rope to
Vent wire. A wire used by founders
pass through. 4. (Peru) A natural
to make ahole In a sand mold for
the escape of air or gases. (Stand-
opening in rocks. (Halse)
ard)
Ventanillero (Mex.). An under-
Venule. A small vein ; veinlet.
ground station tender. (Dwight)
(Standard)
Ventilacion Ventilation; V.
(Sp.).
Venus's hair-stone. Quartz contain-
artificial, ventilation; V.
artificial
ing Included acicular crystals of ru-
diagonal, ventilation by two shafts
tile (Standard). See Sagenitic
situated at either end of a field of
quartz.
exploitation; V, natural, natural
ventilation. (Halse) Verandeador (Colom.). An alluvial
miner who works in the dry season.
Ventilador (Sp.). A ventilator, usu- (Lucas)
ally some kind of fan; V. aspirante,
an exhaust fan; V. soplante, a Veraneo (Colom,). Working in allu-
blower. (Halse) vial mines in the dry season.
(Halse)
Tentilar (Sp.). To ventilate; V. una
mina, to ventilate a mine. (Halse)
Verano (Sp. Am.). Summer. The
dry season. (Halse)
Ventilate. 1. To cause fresh air to
Verde (Sp.). 1. Green. 2. Verdigris.
circulate through (to replace foul
(Halse)
air simultaneously removed), as a
room, mine, etc. 2. To provide with Verde antique. A dark -green rock
a vent or escape for air, gas, etc. composed essentially of serpentine
(Webster) ( hydrous magnesium silicate ) Usu- .

Ventilating column. See Motive ally crisscrossed with white veinlets

column. of magnesium and calcium carbo-
nates. Used as an ornamental stone.
Ventilating pressure. The total pres- In commerce often classed as a
sure or force required to overcome marble. (U. S. Geol. Surv.)
the friction of the air In mines viz
the pressure per square foot multi-
;
Verde di Corsica duro (It.). A rock
plied by the cross-sectional area of
found on the Island of Corsica, of
the airway. a changing green color, composed of
dlallage and labrador feldspar, and
Ventilation. 1. The atmospheric air used for vases, inlaying, and other
circulating in a mine. 2. The art or ornamental purposes. (Page)
method of producing, distributing, Verde salt. See Thenardlte.
maintaining, conducting, and regu-
lating a constant current or flow of Verdigris. A
green, or greenish-blue,
atmospheric air In mine shafts, poisonous pigment and drug, ob-
levels, inclines, etc. (Gresley) tained by the action of acetic acid
on copper, consisting of one or more
Ventilator. 1. A
mechanical appara- basic acetates of copper. (Web-
tus for producing a current of air ster). The green rust on copper.
underground (Gresley). As a
blowing or exhaust fan. Verdiones (Chile). Green stains In-
2. A
furnace for ventilating a mine dicative of the presence of copper.
by heating the upcast air. (Halse)
 GLOSSARY OF MINING AND MINERAL INDUSTRY. 723

Verdlter. 1. Verdigris 2. Either of Vernier. A small movable auxiliary

two basic carbonates of copper used scale for obtaining fractional parts
as pigments, and prepared either by of the subdivisions of a fixed scale,
grinding the mineral azurite (giv- as on any instrument of precision.
ing blue verditer) and the mineral (Standard)
malachite (giving green verditer) Vernier compass (Scot.). A mining
or artificially. (Webster) compass for measuring angles with-
Verifier. 1. A tool used in deep bor- out the use of the magnetic needle.
ing for detaching and bringing to (Barrowman)
the surface portions of the wall of Versant. One side or slope of a
the bore-hole at any desired depth. mountain range; as, the east ver-
(Raymond) sant. (Ransome)
2. In gas testing, an apparatus by
which the amount of gas required to Verst (Russ.). A Russian measure
produce a flame of a given size of length equal to 0.6629 mi. or 1.067
is measured a gas verifier. ( Stand-
;
km. (Webster)
ard) Vertedero (Sp. Am.). 1. A spring;
Verite. A
glassy variety of the mica- rivulet; ravine. (Lucas)
andesties with exceptional olivine. 2. The overflow of a dam (Halse).
A name derived from the Spanish A spillway.
locality Vera, near Cabo de Gata,
Vertical fanlt. See Fault.
and givai by Osann to a post-Plio-
cene glassy rock, with phenocrysts Vertical shaft. A
shaft sunk at an
of biotite and microscopic crystals angle of 90* with the horizon, or
of olivine and augite and sometimes directly downward toward the cen-
plagloclase, all of which seldom ter of the earth. (Weed)
form half the mass of the rock. Vertical shift. The vertical compo-
(Kemp) nent of the shift See Shift, 4.
VermicTilltes. In mineralogy, a group (Lindgren, p. 122)
including a number of micaceous
V6rtlce (Sp.). Vertex. (Dwight)
minerals, all hydrated silicates, in
part closely related to the chlorites, Vertientc (Sp.). 1. Watershed.
but varying somewhat widely in com- (Dwight)
position. They are alteration-prod- 2. A waterfall. 3. A spring. 4.
ucts chiefly of the micas, biotite, A waste weir of a dam. 5. An air
phlogoplte, etc^ and retain more or vent. (Halse)
less perfectly the micaceous cleav-
age, and often show the negative
Vesicle. A
small cavity in an aphani-
ticor glassy igneous rock, formed by
optical character and small axial
the expansion of a bubble of gas or
angle of the original species. Many
steam during the solidiflcation of the
of them are of a more or less indefi-
rock. (La Forge)
nite chemical nature, and the com-
position varies with that of the Vesicular. Characteristic of or char-
original mineral and with the de- acterized by, pertaining to, or con-
gree of alteration. The laminae in taining vesicles. (La Forge)
general are soft, pliable, and inelas- Vespertine. In geology, the tenth se-
tic ; the luster pearly or bronze-like, ries of the Pennsylvania system of
and the color varies from white to stratigraphy, comprising the Pocono
yellow and brown. The minerals in- sandstone of the Lower Carbonifer-
cluded are: Jefferisite, vermiculite, ous (Standard). Long obsolete.
culsageeite, kerrite, lennilite, hall-
Ite, philadelphite, vaalite, maconite, Vestigio (Mex.). A trace of gold or
dudleyite, pyrosclerite. (Dana) silver in assaying. (Dwight)
Vermillion. 1. A
bright red pigment Vestry. 1. (Eng.) The productive
consisting of the sulphide of mer- part of the vein. See Carbona;
cury. See Cinnabar. (Roy. Com.) also Bowse. (Hunt)
2. (Lake Sup.) The lowest of the 2. (Newc.) Refuse. (Raymond)
stratified schists; the crystalline Vesuvian garnet. An early name for
schists. (Winchell) leucite, from Vesuvius, its principal
Vermilionette. A substitute for the locality. (Chester)
pigment vermilion, made by pre- Vesuvlanite. A complex calcium-alu-
cipitating eosln or a similar dye minum silicate of uncertain for-
upon a white base, as barium sul- mula. A massive light-green vari-
phate, or on a mixture of this with ety is known as californlte (U. S.
oranse lead. (Webster) Oeol. Surv.). Also called Idocraae
 )

724 GLOSSARY OF MINING AND MINERAL INDUSTRY.

Vesuvius salt. Same as Aphthltalite. approximate very closely in angular

(Standard) position. Such forms are excep-
Veszelyite. A greenish-blue hydrous
tional. ( Dana
phospho-arsenate of copper and zinc. Vielle-Montagne furnace. A mechani-
(Standard) cal roasting furnace similar to the
Ross and Welter type. (Ingalls,
Veta (Sp.). Strictly a fissure-vein;
p. 110)
loosely, any mineral deposit. A
main vein. Compare Vena and Fil- Viewer (Eng.). A colliery manager
I6n. y. ahogada, a drowned lode. V. or superintendent. (Chance)
clavada, a vertical vein. V. corrida,
a continuous vein. V. crucera, a
Vignite. A magnetic iron ore. (Cen-
tury)
cross-vein. V. cruzada, a dislocated
lode. V. de caj6n, an incline lode. Vigorite. An explosive resembling dy-
V. de cuarzo, a reef. V. de hoyada, namite No. 2, and consisting of nitro-
a lode worked by Indians. V. de glycerin with a more or less explo-
manto, a. horizontal lode. V. de res- sive dope. (Raymond)
halon, a vertical lode. V. de som-
bre, floor; horizontal lode. V.
Vigo's powder. Mercuric oxide.
(Standard)
echada, an Inclined vein. V. en
horra, a vein carrying no ore. V. Vilanquis (Bol.). Ores containing
en cuna, a gash vein. V. fil6n, a fis- native silver, chloride, sulphate, and
sure vein. V. en frutos, a vein oxide of silver. (Halse)
carrying pay ore. V. madre, the
main lode; mother lode. V. ramal, Vinney. Copper ore, with a green ef-
a branch-vein. V. rechazada, dislo- florescence like verdigris. (Davies)
cated lode. V, recostada, an in-
clined vein. V. robada, a spoiled
Vintlite. A quartz-porphyrite occur-
ring in dikes near Unter-Vintl, in
lode. V, seca, a dry lode. V. ser-
the Tyrol. Compare Toellite from
penteada, a vein of variable strike. the same region. (Kemp)
V. soda, a companion or connecting
vein. (Dwight, Halse, Lucas) Virgin. Applied to metals occurring
Vetilla. 1. (Hex.) A slide. A elementally, as virgin gold, as dis-
groove in a slickenside (Dwight) tinguished from ore minerals which
2. A veinlet. (Lucas) are chemical compounds (Weed).
See Native.
Vezin's sampler. A
mechanical samp-
ling device that automatically se- Virgin clay. Fresh clay, as distin-
lects one twenty-fifth or one sixty-
guished from that which has been
forth of the ore passing through. fired. (Standard)
(Hofman, p. 64) Virgin coal. A coal seam or part
V-flume. A V-shaped flume, supported thereof in which no mining has been
by trestlework, and used by miners carried on.
for bringing down timber and wood Virgin field. A mineral field in which
from the high mountains, at the there has been no mining.
same time using the water for min-
ing purposes. Some of these flumes Virgin steel. A deceptive name given
are many miles in length; one on to articles made merely of good
the western slope of the Sierra Ne- cast iron. (Century)
vada mountains, in California, was
over 40 miles long. (Crofutt) Viridite. A name suggested by Vogel-
sang and formerly used for the
Sa (Sp.). 1. A
road, a route. 2. An microscopic, green, chloritic scales
underground road, gallery or shaft. often seen in thin sections. As their
3. An aerial ropeway; a cableway. true nature has now been deter-
4. y. vertical, guides for a skip or mined, they are generally called
cage. (Halse) chlorite. (Kemp)
ibracone. A
vibrating ore-screen in Viscosine. A
Russian lubricating oil
which the feed is from a saucer- which possesses a specific gravity of
shaped distributer onto a conical 0.925 to 0.935, a flash point of 290*
surface kept in vibration by a to 310* C, and an Engler viscosity
ratchet motion. (Liddell) of 5 minutes at 100* C. (Bacon)
Vicinal forms. In crystallography, Viscosity. The property of liquids
forms taking the place of the simple that causes them to resist instan-
fundamental forms to which they taneous change of shape or of the
 )

GLOSSARY OF MINING AND MINERAL INDUSTRY. 725

arrangements of their parts; in- Vitriolo (Sp.). Vitriol; V. azul, blue

gumminess. ( Rict:-
ternal friction ; vitriol; V. hlanco, white vitriol; Y.
ard) A term used in flotation proc- verde, green vitriol ; copperas.
(Halse)
Viscous. Adhesive or sticky, and
1. Vitriol ocher. Same as Glockerite.
having a ropy or glutinous consist- (Standard)
ency. (Webster)
2. Imperfectly fluid; designating a
Vitriol of Mars. Same as Green vit-
riol. (Standard)
substance that, like tar or wax, will
change its form under the influence Vitrites. A word used by M. E. Wads-
of a deforming force, but not in- worth to include vitrifiable material,
stantly, as more perfect fluids ap- as glass, etc. (Power)
pear to do. (Standard)
Vitro. A prefix meaning glassy and
Visette (Fr.). A slope or incline. used before many rock names, as
(Gresley) vitrophyre, in order to indicate a
Vista (Sp.). Sight; mineral d la
glassy texture. (Kemp)
vista, ore in sight. (Halse) Vitrophyre. Vogelsang's for name
quartz - porphyries and porphyries
Viterio (Sp.). 1. Vitreous. 2.
with glassy groundmass (Kemp).
Glassy. (Halse)
See Felsophyre and Granophyre.
Vitreous. Having the luster of broken
Vitrophyric. Porphyritic, with a glassy
glass, quartz, calcite. (Dana)
or vitreous base: said of the fabric
Vitreous copper. Chalcocite. (Power) of some igneous rocks. (La Forge)
Vitreous fusion. Gradual fusion, not Vivianite. A
hydrous, ferrous phos-
having a sharp melting point. phate, Fe8(P04)2.8H20, colorless
(Webster) when unaltered, or blue to green,
growing darker on exposure (Web-
Vitreous silver. Argentite. (Stand- ster). Called also Blue iron earth;
ard) Blue ocher.
Vi tries. 1. Fused siliceous compounds, "V-method" of roasting. The intro-
such as glasses and enamels, as dis- duction of a supplementary roast
tinguished from ceramics, or fused heap between each two regular
aluminous compounds. 2. The art
heaps, so that, if left untouched,
or history of glass-production. there would be a continuous and un-
(Standard) broken roast heap the entire length
Vitrifaction. See Vitrification. of the roast yard. (Peters, p. 136)

Vitrifacture. The manufacture of Vogesite. A

lamprophyric variety of
vitreous or vitrified wares, as glass. syenite prophyry containing pheno-
(Standard) crysts of hornblende, augite, or diop-
side. (La Forge)
Vitrifiable color. A metallic oxide
Vogle. In mining, same as Vug.
mixed with glaze: used in ceramic
color-decoration. ( Standard (Standard)
Voglianite. A soft, green, basic uran-
Vitrification. Act, art, or process, of ium-sulphate, found in nodules or as
vitrifying; state of being vitrified;
earthy coatings. (Standard)
also a vitrified body. (Webster)
Voglite. A hydrous carbonate of
Vitrify. To convert into, or cause to uranium, calcium, and copper.
resemble, glass or a glassy sub- Color emerald-green to bright grass-
stance, by heat and fusion. (Web- green. (Dana)
ster)
Voladora. 1. (Peru) An uppei mill-
Vitriol. 1. A
sulphate of any of the stone. One of the grinding stones
2.
various metals, as copper (blue or muUers of an arrastre. (Dwight)
vitriol), iron (green vitriol), zinc 3. (Sp.) A fly wheel. (Halse)
(white vitriol), etc. 2. Oil of vit-
riol, as sulphuric acid. 3. To dip
Voladura (Sp.). A large blast
in dilute sulphuric acid; to pickle. (Halse)
{Webster) Volandera (Sp.). 1. The runner of a
Vltriolate. To make into sulphuric
Chilian or edge-mill. 2. An upper
mill stone. (Halse)
acid or a sulphate. To subject to
the action of, or impregnate with Volante (Sp.). A fly wheel; V. d§
vitriol. (Webster) piedray a Chilian milL (Halse)

726 GLOSSARY OF MIITING AND MINERAL IN'DUSTRT.
Volar (Sp.). To blast rocks. Gen-
erally used for large blasts. ( Halse)
Volatile. Easily wasting away by
evaporation readily vaporizable
;
(Webster), e. g., those fractions of
bituminous materials which will
evaporate at climatic temperatures.
(Bacon)
Volatile combustible. That part of the
combustible matter of coal which is
driven off when the coal is heated
in a closed vessel, chiefly compounds
of hydrogen and carbon. (Steel)
Volborthite. A
hydrous vanadate of
copper, barium, and calcium. (U. S.
Geol. Surv.)
Volcan. 1. (Sp.) Volcano. (Dwight)
2. (Colom.) A land slide. (Halse)
Volcanello. A small volcano,
cially when connected with an
one. (Standard)
Volcanic. Characteristic of, pertaining
to, situated in or upon, formed in, or
derived from volcanoes. (La Forge)
Volcanic ash; Volcanic tuff.
also Tuff.
Volcanic bomb. See Bomb, 1,
Volcanic breccia. See Breccia.
Volcanic cone A cone formed by vol-
canic discharges. (Standard)
Volcanic eruption. The breaking forth
of lava, pumice, dust, etc., from the
mouth of a volcano. (Standard)
Volcanic focus. The supposed seat or
center of activity in a volcanic re-
gion or beneath a volcano. (Cen-
tury)
Volcanic glass. A volcanic Igneous
rock of vitreous or glassy texture,
such as obsidian, pitchstone, and
tachylyte. (La Forge)
Volcanic mud. Mud formed of fine-
grained tuff, either mixed with erup-
tive water and flowing from the vol-
cano as mud, or erupted as dust and
later mixed with surface water, gen-
erally rain falling on the slopes of
the volcano. (La Forge)
Volcanic neck. The filled-up vent or
pipe of a former volcano. (Stand-
ard)
Volcanic rock. Any rock of volcanic
origin: volcanic igneous rocks are
those erupted as molten masses,
forming lava flows, dikes in the
crater walls, volcanic plugs, etc.;
volcanic sedimentary rocks are the
fragmental materials ejected in ex-
plosive eruptions, forming tuff, ag-
glomerate, etc. (La Forge)
)
Volcanic sand. Finely divided frag-
ments of lava produced by volcanic
explosions. ( Standard
Volcanic sink. A Volcanic basin of en-
gulfment, or down faulting, with a
floor area many times greater than
the cross section of the associated
vent. (Daly, p. 152)
Volcanic tuff. See Tuff.
Volcanism. Volcanic power or activ-
ity. As used in physical geography
and geology, the term ordinarily in-
cludes all natural processes result-
ing in forming volcanoes, lava fields,
laccoliths, stocks, dikes, etc. (Web-
ster)
Volcanist. One versed in the study of
volcanic phenomena; also a Fluto-
espe- nist. (Webster)
active
Volcanite. A name proposed by W. H.
Hobbs, for an anorthoclase - augite
lava with the chemical composition
of dacite. Tlie name was suggested
by the original occurrence on the
See Ash, island of Volcano, one of the Lipari
group, where the rock is found as
cellular bombs. (Kemp)
Volcanity. The state of being vol-
canic or of volcanic origin. (Cen-
tury)
Volcanize. To subject to, or to cause
to undergo and be affected by, vol-
canic heat. (Webster)
Volcano. A vent in the earth's crust
communicating with a magmatic res-
ervoir and commonly in the summit
of a conical mountain built up of
erupted material, from which are
emitted molten rock or lava, frag-
mental solid material, hot water and
mud, steam, and various gases (La
Forge). A volcano is called active
while it is in eruption, dormant dur-
ing a long cessation of activity, and
extinct after eruptions have alto-
gether ceased (Webster). (See Free-
flowing volcano also Explosive vol-
;
cano.
Volcanology. The science treating of
volcanic phenomena. (Webster)
Volgian. A division of the Jurassic
rocks of Northern Russia. (Cen-
tury)
Volhynite. A porphyrite containing
plagioclase, hornblende, and biotite
phenocrysts in a holocrystalline
groundmass of feldspar and chlorite.
The name was given by Ossovsky,
and it is based on the original occur-
rence in Volhynia. (Kemp)
 ; )

GLOSSARY OF MINING AND MINERAL INDUSTRY. 727

Volley. In mining, the act of explod- Voussoir (Fr.). Any of the tapering
ing blasts in sections (Standard). A or wedge-shaped pieces of which an
round of holes fired at any one time. arch or vault is composed. The
middle one is usually specifically
Volt. The unit
of electro-motive force
called the Keystone. (Webster)
i. a force which steadily applied
e.,
to a conductor whose resistance is Vuelta. 1. (Mex.). In refining silver,
one ohm will produce a current of the moment when impurities have
one ampere. (Webster) been removed (Dwight)
2. The brightening of silver in cupel-
Voltage. Electrical potential, or po-
lation (Halse). See Blick.
tential difference expressed in volts,
as the voltage of a current. (Web- Vug; Vugg; Vugh. A
cavity in the
ster) rock, usually lined with a crystal-
line incrustation. See Geode (Ray-
Volta's list. A list or series of metals mond). Sometimes written Voog;
such that any one will be at a
Vough.
higher electrical potential when put
in contact with any of those which Vuggy lode. A lode or vein in which
follow, and at a lower potential if vugs or drusy cavities are of fre-
in contact with any metal before it quent occurrence. (Power)
in the series. The following Is such
a list: zinc, lead, tin, iron, copper,
Vuggy rock (Eng.). A stratum of cel-
lular structure, or one containing
silver, and gold. (Standard)
many cavities. (Gresley)
Voltear la torta (Sp.). Spading or
Vulcan. 1. The Roman god of the fiery
turning the torta. (Egleston)
element, especially in his fearful as-
Voltzite. An oxy sulphide of zinc, pects, whose cult, according to tra-
ZnaSiO, occurring in Implanted dition, was brought to Rome by the
spherical globules of a yellowish or Sabine king Titus Tatius. Later he
reddish color. (Webster) was identified with the Greek Heph-
aestus and was hence represented as
Volumetric analysis. The analysis of
consort of Venus and god of metal
a compound by determining the
working. (Webster)
quantity of a standard solution re-
2. A volcano. (Century)
quired to satisfy a reaction in a
known quantity of the compound. Vulcanism. Same as Volcanism.
(Standard)
Vulcanist. In geology, one who holds
Volumetric efficiency Volumetric effi- or taught the Plutonic theory of the
ciency is the ratio of the capacity formation of rocks. See Plutonic.
to the displacement of the air Compare Neptunist. Usage obsolete.
compressor. (A. I. M. E., Bull.
Vulcanite. A hard rubber produced
140, p. Ivii)
by vulcanizing with sulphur. See
Volumetric grains (Eng.). Grains of Ebonite. (Webster)
a definite size or diameter, but of a
variable density which fall through
Vulcanize. To treat india-rubber with
water at different rates of velocity.
some form of sulphur to effect cer-
tain changes in its properties, and
(Hunt)
yield a soft or hard product. (Cen-
V6mito (Colom.). An outcrop. tury)
(Halse) Vulcan oil. A petroleum product hav-
nig a specific gravity of 0.910 to
Vooga hole. Same as Vug. (Stand-
0.960 at 15* C. (Bacon)
ard)
Vorhauer (Pr.). An experienced Vulcan powder. A dynamite composed
of nitroglycerin (30 parts), sodium
miner, or the " Old man of the stall."
nitrate (52.5), charcoal (10.5), and
He corresponds to the first man or sulphur (7). Used in mining and
butty collier of English mines.
(Gresley)
blasting. ( Webster

Vough (Orn.). Same as Vug. Vulpinite. Ascaly, granular variety

of anhydrite it is cut and polished
;
(Standard)
for ornamental purposes. (Dana)
Von-hole; Tooga (CX)m.). A natural
cavity, hole, or chasm, in the earth
Vulslnite. A variety of latite contain-
or a mine. Called Shack in Derby- ing phenocrysts of sanldine, ande-
sine, augite, and biotite in a ground-
shire (Pryce). A vug.
mass of trachytic habit (La Forge).
Venn (Scot). See VeaL The name is derived from the Vol-
 )

728 GLOSSAKY OF MINING AND MINEKAL INDUSTRY.

sinil,an ancient Etruscan tribe In- Wagon. 1. A mine car (Chance).

the region where the type
habitinj^: The British spelling is waggon and
specimens were obtained. Compare in Great Britain it is synonymous
Latite and Trachydolerite. (Kemp) with Box, Corf, Hutch, Skip, Tram,
and Tub. (Gresley)
V-vat. 1. A funnel box; also, hav- 2. (Scot.) A measure of weight
ing a groove or grooves of a trian-
equal to 24 hundredweight. Coal
gular section. (Webster)
sold for delivery in carts is usually
2. A spitzkasten. (Standard)
sold by the wagon of 24 hundred-
weight. ( Barrowman
W.
Wagon breast. A breast in which the
Wacke. Residual sand and clay mine cars are taken up to the work-
formed by the decay of diabase, ba- ing face. (Chance)
salt, basaltic tuff, and similar rocks.
(La Forge) Wagon drill. A reciprocating drill op-
erated by steam or compressed air.
Wad. 1. Bog manganese. An impure It is similar to a tripod drill, but is
mixture of manganese and other
mounted on a truck and employs
oxides. It contains 10 to 20 per
long steel which does not require
cent of water, and is generally soft,
frequent change. (Bowles)
soiling the hand. A
variety known
as asbolite carries as much as 32 Wagoner (No. Staff.). A man or boy
per cent of cobalt (U. S. Geol. who with a horse hauls mine cars
Surv.). Also called Black ocher; underground. (Gresley)
Earthy manganese. Lampadite.
2. In ceramics, a piece of clay used Wagon hole (Eng.). The place where
for various purposes, as a strip of the tramway ends in a working place.
moist clay laid around the rim of a
seggar to form a bed for a superim- Wagon mine. Same as Snowbird mine.
posed seggar in the kiln. 3. (Eng.)
Black lead; graphite. (Webster) Wagon way (No. of Eng.). An under-
ground engine-plane or horse-road.
Wad coil (Eng.). A tool for extract-
ing a pebble or broken tool from the Waller (No. of Eng.). A boy who
bottom of a bore-hole. It consists picks out the rock and other rubbish
of two spiral steel blades arranged that falls through a screen into the
something like a corkscrew. See mine car with the coal (Gresley).
Spiral worm (Gresley). Also called A variation of Waler.
Wad-hook.
Waiters-on (Eng.). Men employed at
Wad-hook. See Wad Coil ; also Spiral
the top of a shaft to run cars on and
worm. off the cage (Gresley). See Pit-
Waff; Waft (Scot). To fan out as head man.
fire-damp from the working rooms
(Barrowman). See Brush; also
Walchowite. A
yellow, resinous, oxy-
genated, hydrocarbon that occurs
Dadding.
in brown coal at Walchow, in Mo-
Waffle ingot. An ingot of aluminum ravia; it has a specific gravity of
about 3 inches square and ^ inch 1.0 to 1.069, fuses to a yellow oil at
thick. (Webster) 250* C, and forms a dark brown
solution in sulphuric acid (Bacon).
Wage. In ceramics, to knead, work,
or temper, as clay. (Webster) Also called Retinite.

Wageman (Leic). A collier who is Wale (Newc). To clean coal by pick-

paid by the day for performing a ing out the refuse by hand. The
fixed amount of work (Gresley). boys who do this are called Walers,
The American equivalent is company or Wallers.
man; also time worker as distin-
guished from pieceworker. A wage Waler. See Wale; Waller.
earner Waling (Eng.). Cleaning coals by
Waging board. In ceramics, a board picking out refuse. (Bainbridge)
or table upon which potters' clay is
kneaded. (Standard) Walker shutter (Aust.). A shutter
having a V-shaped cut In it, pro-
Wagnerite. A
vitreous, yellow, gray- vided for large ventilation fans of
ish, flesh-red or greenish, translu- Guibal type, which by cutting off the
cent, crystalline fluophosphate of discharge of air gradually, reduces
magnesium, MgbPaOs.MgFi. (Dana) the vibration. (Power)
 GLOSSARY OF MINING AND MINERAL INDUSTRY. 729
Walking:. The movement forward or Walling crib (Eng.). Oak cribs or
backward of a dredge by first wind- curbs upon which shaft walls are
ing up on one side and then the other, built (Gresley)
swinging the boat from side to side
and thereby advancing with a slight
Walling stage. A movable wooden
scaffold suspended from a crab on
offsetting to the side. (Weatherbe)
the surface, upon which the work-
Walking beam. An oscillating beam men stand when walling or lining a
or lever for transmitting power, as shaft (C. and M. M. P.)
in a beam engine, one form of an oil
derrick. (Webster)
Wallow (Mid.). A windlass; a stowse.
(Gresley)
Walking crane. A light crane travel- Wall plates. 1. (Corn.) The two side-
ing on an overhead channel iron and
pieces of a timber frame in a shaft,
a single rail vertically beneath this
parallel to the strike of the lode
in the floor. (Webster)
when the shaft is sunk on the lode
Walking delegate. An official appoint- (Raymond). When not sunk on the
ed by a trade union to ascertain lode,the two longest horizontal
whether its rules are observed by its pieces of timber in a set used in a
members and by their employers, rectangular shaft.
and to represent the unions in deal- 2. ( Scot. ) Vertical pieces of wood
ing with the employers. (Webster) supporting the ends of the buntons
in a wood-lined shaft (Barrow-
Walk out (U. S.). A labor strike.
man)
(Webster)
Wall. 1. The side of a level or drift.
"Wall rock. The rock forming the
walls of a vein or lode the country
;
2. The country rock bounding a
rock. (Century)
vein lateraly (Raymond). The side
of a lode. The overhanging side is Wall saltpeter. Calcium nitrate; so
known as the hanging wall, and the called because disintegrates mor-
it
lower lying one as the footwall. tar. (Webster)
3. The face of a long-wall working
or stall, commonly called Coal wall. Wallsend (Eng.). A superior coal for
4. (No. of Eng.) A rib of solid coal
household purposes originally from
:

between two bords. (Gresley) Wallsend, on the Tyne, but now from
any part of a large district in and
Wall Material adhering to
accretions. near Newcastle. (Standard)
the inner walls of a blast furnace be-
tween the water jackets and the "Walls of a vein. See Wall, 1; also
feed door. (Hofman, p. 376) Wall rock.
Wall bars (Eng.). Prop wood usu- Wall white. A white scum that ap-
ally cut flat to fix against the roof, pears on bricks after they are set
close up to the working face, where in the wall. (Ries)
the roof is liable to break along the
line of face. (Gresley) "Wandering coal (Scot). A coal seam
that exists only over a small area;
Wall coal (Scot). Breast coal; the an irregular seam of coal. (Barrow-
middle division of three in a seam, man)
the other two being termed top coal
Want. 1. (Scot.) A clean rent or fis-
and ground coal. (Barrowman)
sure in strata unaccompanied by dis-
Wall cutting (Scot). Side cutting or location. (Gresley)
shearing the solid coal in opening 2. (Eng.) A portion of a coal seam
working places; trimming the sides in which the coal has been washed
of a shaft (Barrowman) away and its place filled with clay
or sand; a nip (Standard). Com-
Wallers. Laborers who build walls to pare Pinch, 2 and 3.
support back filling. (Sanders, p.
89) Wapping (Leic). A roughly-made
rope or band of hemp or spun yarn.
Wall face (Scot). The face of the (Gresley)
coal wall; the working face. (Bar-
rowman) Warden (Aust). The overseer of
workers on a gold field. (Standard)
Walling. 1. The brick or stone lining
of shafts. 2. (Derb.) Stacking or Wargeare (Derb.). A general term
setting up ironanone, etc., in heaps, for all tools, ropes, timber, and other
preparatory to being measured or appliances necessary to carry on tli«
weighed. (Gresley) work of a mine. (Hooson)
730 GLOSSARY OF MINING AND MINERAL INDUSTRY.
Wargues (Fr.). A horse-gin.
ley)
Wark batch (Som.). A spoil
(Gresley)
Warner (Eng.). An apparatus con-
sisting of a variety of delicately con-
structed machines actuated by chem-
ical, physical, electrical, and me-
chanical appliances, for indicating
the presence of small quantities of
fire damp, heat, etc., in mines.
(Gresley, 1883)
Warning. (Scot.) Notice, given or
1.
received, of a workman leaving his
employment. (Barrowman)
2. To put on guard; to give no-
tice, information, or intimation, be-
forehand of approaching or probable
danger (Webster). As to warn
workmen of the dangers usually en-
countered in a mine.
Warning lamp (Eng.). A safety lamp
fitted with certain delicate apparatus
for indicating very small proportions
of fire damp in the atmosphere of a
mine. (Gresley, 1883)
Warning signals. Signals given to
men in a mine to notify them that
some danger exists as fire, etc., by
blinking lights, sounding gongs or
bells, or by shutting off the com-
pressed air lines.
Warp. (York.) Blue-brown, finely
1.
laminated, tough clay, containing peb-
bles. (Gresley)
2. The deposit of muddy waters ar-
tificially Introduced Into low lands.
(Comstock)
Warped (Scot). Irregularly bedded,
or plicated. (Barrowman)
Warrant (Lane). Synonymous with
Clunch; Pounson, etc.
Compare Warren.
Warren; Warren earth (Lane). Bind;
Clunch; etc. (Gresley). Compare
Warrant.
Warwickshire method. A method of
mining contiguous seams. See Bord-
and-plUar method.
Wash. 1. A Western miner's term
for any loose, surface deposits of
sand, gravel, bowlders, etc, (Kemp)
2. Auriferous gravel. 3. Oarse al-
luvium; an alluvial cone. 4. The
dry bed of an intermittent stream,
sometimes at the bottom of a canon,
as the Amargosa wash. Also called
Drj wash. 5. To subject, as earth,
gravel, or crushed ore, to the action
of water to separate the valuable
material from the worthless or less
(Gres- valuable; as to wash gold. 6. To
cover with a thin coat of metal, as
bank.
steel washed with silver. 7. To de-
phosphorize molten pig Iron by
adding substances containing Iron
or manganese oxide. 8. To pass a
gas through or over a liquid for the
purpose of purifying it. (Webster)
9. In founding, to coat, as a core or
mold, with an emulsion, as of
graphite, in order to improve the
casting. (Standard)
Wash bottle. See Washing bottle.
Wash dirt. Gold-bearing earth worth
washing (Roy. Com.). Also called
Wash stuff; Washing stuff; Wash
gravel.
Washer. 1. A
machine for washing
coal or ore, as a log washer, rocker,
jig. 2. An apparatus In which gases
are washed; a scrubber. (Webster)
Washery. A place at which ore or
coal Is freed from Its Impurities by
washing (Webster). /See aiso Wash-
ing apparatus.
Wash fault (Eng.). A portion of a
seam of coal replaced by shale or
sandstone (Gresley). Compare
Want, 2.
Wash gravel. Gravel washed to ex-
tract gold (Webster). Compare
Wash dirt.
Wash hole (Eng.). A place for refuse.
(Balnbrldge)
Wash house. A building on the sur-
face at a mine where the men can
wash before going to their homes.
A change house. A dry house.
(Gresley). Washing. 1. Gold dust procured by
washing; also a place where this is
done; a washery. 2. In ceramics,
the covering of a piece with an in-
fusible powder which prevents it
from sticking to Its supports while
receiving the glaze. (Webster)
3.In metallurgy, that which Is re-
tained after being washed; as, a
washing of ore. 4. A thin coating
of metal. (Standard)
Washing apparatus; Washery. 1. Ma-
ch'nery and appliances erected on
the surface at a colliery, generally
In connection with coke ovens, for
extracting, by washing with water,
the Impurities mixed with the coal
dust or small slack. 2. Machinery'
for removing impurities from small
sizes of coal, or ore. (C. and M.
M. P.)
 ) )

GLOSSARY OF MIKING AND MINERAL INDUSTRY. 731

WTashlngr bottle. 1. A bottle or flask Waste. 1. That which lias no real

fitted with glass tubes passing value, as barren rock in a mine, or
through the cork, so that on blow- the refuse from ore dressing and
ing into one of the tubes a stream smelting plants. Gob; goaf; old
of water issuing from the other may workings also the fine coal made in
;

be directed upon anything to be mining and preparing coal for mar-

washed or rinsed. 2. A bottle for ket; culm; coal dirt; also used to
use in washing gases by passing signify both the mine waste (or coal
them through liquid contained in it. left in the mine in pillars, etc.) and
(Webster) the breaker waste.
Washing hutch. See Hutch, 2.
2. (Eng.) A more or less empty
space between two packs. See Goaf.
Washing machine ( Scot ) . A machine 3. (No. of Eng.) A return airway.
for separating impurities from small (Gresley)
coal by means of water. (Barrow- 4. Material derived by mechanical
man) and chemical erosion from the land,
carried by streams to the sea. 5.
Washing-off; Washing-np (U. S. and In stone cutting, to reduce roughly
Aust). The
periodical final clean-
to a flat surface by chipping.
ing out of all the gutters and appli-
(Webster)
ances used in alluvial and lode gold
6. Broken or spoiled castings for re-
mining (Davies). Synonymous with melting. ( Standard
Clean-up.
Waste coal (Eng.). Coal obtained as
Washing stuff. Any earthy deposit a by-product from mine waste.
containing gold enough to pay for
(Gresley)
washing it. See Wash dirt. (Web-
ster) Wasteman (Mid.). One who looks
after and keeps clean the airways
Washing trommel. See Trommel. of a mine, and keeps the clay walls
Washita. A
rather coarse-grained no- (brattices) in proper condition.
vaculite, especially suitable for sharp- (Gresley)
ening carpenters' or general wood- Waster. 1. A spoiled, imperfect, or
workers' tools. (Pike) rejected casting, molding, piece of
Washoe canary. A miner's slang term pottery, etc. 2. Tin plate below the
for a donkey (Standard). A burro. standard weight and quality.
(Standard)
Washoe process. The process of treat-
ing silver ores by grinding in pans Waste room (Scot). An abandoned
or tubs with the addition of mercury, working place. (Barrowman)
and sometimes of chemicals such as
blue vitriol and salt (Webster). Waster waste. The lowest grade of
Named from the Washoe district, waste tin-plate. (Standard)
Nevada, where it was first used. Wastes (Derb.). Vacant places left in
the gobbing, on each side of which
Wash-out (Aust.). The
erosion of
the rubbish is packed up for the
part of a seam by aqueous action
better support of the roof. (Min.
(Power). See Want, 2.
Jour.)
Wash pan. A pan for washing pay Waste water. Water from old mine
gravel in placer-mining. (Standard) workings (Barrowman). Also water
from any metallurgical process, or
Wash place. A place where the ores the overflow from a storage reser-
are washed and separated from the
voir.
waste; usually applied to places
where the hand jigs are used. (C. Wasteway. A conduit for waste water.
and M. M. P.) See Washery. (Webster)
Wash pot. In tin-plate manufactur- Wasteweir. See Weir, 2.

ing, a pot containing melted tin into Wastings (Scot). Mine workings.
which the plates are dipped to be (Barrowman)
coated. ( Webster
Wastrel (Eng.). A tract of waste land;
Wash stuff. See Wash, 2, and Washing or any waste material. (Raymond)
stuff.
Watch. In ceramics, a trial piece
Wash water. See Water wash. of clay placed in the kiln, to be with-
drawn and examined from time to
Wasite. In mineralogy, an altered va- time, as an index of the condition of
riety of allanite. (Standard) the ware being flred. (Webster)
 )

GLOSSARY OF MINING AND MINERAL INDUSTRY.

o
<^ Watchers
liers
(Leic). Experienced
into the mine and exam-
who go
ine the whole of the workings, with
a deputy, every Sunday. (Gresley)
Water. The transparency or luster
of a precious stone or pearl hence, ;
the aggregate of qualities that make
it valuable (Standard) as a dia-
;
mond of the first water.
Water balance. 1. (Scot.) An ar-
rangement by which a descending
tank of water raises mineral in a
shaft by a rope passed over a pulley.
Sometimes used where water is
abundant and can be run off at the
pit bottom by means of an adit.
(Barrowman)
2. An
obsolete water-raising appara-
tus consisting of a swinging frame
carrying a double series of troughs
ascending in zigzag lines, and so ad-
justed to each other that, as the
frame rocks in either direction, wa-
termay be passed to a higher
(Standard)
col- 2. A water-case attached to the
outside of a furnace, to protect the
iron from the effects of fire. (Stand-
ard) Also called Water block.
Water cartridge. .A waterproof cart-
ridge surrounded by an outer case.
The space between being filled with
water, which is employed to de-
stroy the flame produced when the
shot is fired, thereby lessens the
chance of an explosion should gas
be present in the place. (Steel)
Water cement. Same as Hydraulic
cement. ( Standard
Water core. A hollow core through
which water circulates in a mold
used for cooling the interior of a
casting more rapidly than the out-
side while the metal is solidifying,
as in casting a cannon. (Webster)
Water course. A natural or artificial
channel for passage of water as a
level. river, canal, flume, or drainage
tunnel.

Water baler (Aust). A man who Water curb (Eng.). See Garland.
bales water out of dip workings in Watered (Eng.). Containing much
places where it is not convenient to
put in a pump. (Power)
water —
full of springs or feeders:
6. heavily watered mines, heavily
g.
watered measures, etc. (Gresley)
Water barrel; Water tank. A barrel
or box, with a self-acting alve at Water engine (Scot.). An engine
the bottom, used for hoisting water used exclusively for pumping water.
in lieu of a pump. (Raymond) (Barrowman)
Water bed. A bed of coarse gravel or Water flush. A system of well boring,
pebbles occurring in the lower part in which percussive drills are used
of the upper till in the Upper Mis- in connection with water forced
sissippi valley. (Standard) down to the bottom of the hole
through the drill rods. This water
Water blast. 1. (Eng.) The sudden jet makes the tools cut better, and
escape of air pent up in rise work- washes the detritus up out of the
ings under considerable pressure hole. (Nat. Tube Co.)
from a head of water that has ac- Water gap. A
pass in a mountain
cumulated in a connecting shaft. ridge through which a stream runs.
(G. and M. M. P.) (Webster)
2. (Scot.)The discharge of water
down a shaft to produce or quicken Water gas. A
gas made by forcing
ventilation (Barrowman). See steam incandescent carbon
over
also Trombe. (coke) whereby there results a mix-
ture of hydrogen and carbon mo-
Water block. A hollow box or block noxide. It is sometimes used as a
of iron, through which water is cir- fuel, but usually is carburetted with
culated, to protect part of a furnace illuminating constituents prepared
wall. (Webster) from oil and used as illuminating
gas. (Webster)
Water boss (Aust.). The owner or
holder of water or water rights, who Water-gas tars. Tars produced by
sells the same for mining purposes. cracking oil vapors in the manufac-
(Da vies) ture of carbureted water gas.
(Bacon)
i^ater box. 1. A
square, open, wooden
tank-car used for removing small Water gage. 1. An instrument to
amounts of water from low places measure the ventilating pressure;
in a mine. Also *he tank-car used the term is also used to «lenote the
for «prinkling the roadways to settle ventilating pressure in inches,
the dust (Steel) (Chance)
 )

GLOSSARY OF MINING AND MINERAL INDUSTRY. 733

2. An instrument to measure or Water lime. 1. Hydraulic lime. 2. A
find the depth or quantity of water, Silurian limestone formation over-
or to indicate the height of its sur- lying the Salina proper of New York,
face, as in a steam boiler. (Web- Hydraulic lime is made from it.
ster) (Webster)
Water gin (Scot.). A gin actuated Water load (So. Wales). The head,
by a water wheel. (Barrowman) or pressure per square inch, of a
column of water in pumps, etc.
Water glass. 1. A glassy or stony (Gresley)
substance consisting of silicates of
sodium or potassium, or both, solu-
Water lodge (Eng.). A lodge; a sump.
(Gresley)
ble in water forming a viscous
liquid. 2. A water gage for a steam Water machine (Scot.). A pump or
boiler. (Webster) other appliance actuated by a water
Water grade. wheel for raising water. (Barrow-
The
inclination of
1.
an entry that just sufficient to
is
man)
drain off the water. 2. A grade de- Watermen (Corn.). Men employed
termined by keeping the working about water underground especially ;

place nearly parallel to the edge those who drew water at the rag-
of the pool of water standing upon and-chain pump. (Pryce)
its floor. Water grade is sometimes
incorrectly called Water level.
Water of crystallization. The water
that combines with salts when they
(Steel)
crystallize. It is a definite quan-
Water hammer. 1. The hammering tity, and may be accepted as a mo-
noise caused by the intermittent lecular constituent of the crystalline
escape of gas through water in compound (Standard). It is yielded
mines. (Gresley) by the crystals containing it upon
2. The concussion
of moving water heating.
against the sides of a pipe on a
sudden stoppage of flow, as made Water of imbibition. 1. The propor-
tionate amount of water that a rock
by water in a steam pipe. (Web-
ster)
can contain above the line of water
level or saturation. Called also
Water inch. The discharge from a Quarry water. 2. Water of satura-
circular orifice 1 inch in diameter tion. (Standard)
with a head of one line (one-twelfth Water opal. Same as Hyalite. (Stand-
inch) above the top edge commonly ard)
estimated at fourteen pints per
minute; an old unit of hydraulic Water packer. A device to cut off wa-
measure. (Webster) ter fiom the lower levels of an oil
well, or to separate two distinct
Water jackets. Cast- or wrought-iron flows of oil from different strata.
sections of a furnace so constructed (Nat. Tube Co.)
as to allow free circulation of water
for keeping the furnace cool. Also Water parting. The boundary between
called Water block; Water box. two river basins; a watershed.
(Century)
Water kibble. A
large iron bucket
with a valve in the bottom for self- Water plane. In geology, the upper
filling: sometimes used in hoisting surface of a bed of water, as of
the water from a mine. (Standard) ground- water. ( Standard
See also Water barrel.
Water pocket (local, U. S.). A bowl,
Water leaf (Scot). See Top ply. in rock structure, that has been
Water level. 1. The level at which, formed by the action of falling wa-
by natural or artificial drainage, ter. (Standard)
water is removed from a mine or Water power. 1. The power of water
mineral deposit. 2. A drift at the
derived from its gravity or its mo-
water level (Raymond). See mentum as applied or applicable to
Water grade. the driving of machinery. 2. A de-
Water Leyner. A type of rock drill in scent or fall in a stream from which
which water is fed into the drill motive power may be obtained es- ;

hole through the hollow drill steel, pecially, in law, the fall in a stream
to remove the drill cuttings, and at in its natural state, as it passes
the same time allay the dust. Also through a person's land or along the
known as Leyner-Ingersoll drilL boundaries of it. (Standard)
 )

734 GLOSSARY OF MINING AND MINERAL. INDUSTRY.

Water privilege. 1. The right to the Water table. 1. (Aust.) An elevated

use of the water of a certain stream. drain placed across a tram track to
2. The right to the possession and carry off surface water. 2. The
use of a fall of water for mechanical upper limit of the portion of the
purposes. (Standard). (U. S. Min. ground wholly saturated with water.
Stat., pp. 609-612) This may be very near the surface
Water-quenched. or many feet below it. (Webster)
Cooled with water,
as steel in tempering. (Standard) Water tender. A boiler-house em-
Water right. The
right to use water
ployee attending to feed water of
boilers, and usually also to blow-off
for mining, agricultural, or other
purposes. (U. S. Min. Stat., pp. 609- valves. (Willcox)
612; 615; 946). See also Water Water tower. 1. A stand-pipe or its
privilege. equivalent giving a head to a system
of water distribution. 2. A tower in
Water ring (Aust.). A
trough cut
which a falling spray of water is
into the wall of a shaft in which wa-
ter collects, and is led down pipes
used to wash gas, etc. (Standard)
to a pumping station. (Power) Water tuyere. A water jacketed
tuyere. (Webster)
Water-rolled. In geology, more or less
rounded and smoothed by the me- Water vein. Any one of the small
chanical action of moving water, in underground streams of water often
the waves on a beach, or in the cur- flowing through beds otherwise bar-
rent of a stream. (Standard) ren of water. (Standard)
Water sapphire. See Cordierite, 1.
Water wash. The use of water to re-
move the soluble constituents of a
"Water seal. A seal formed by water mill product before further treat-
to prevent the passage of gas. ment. (Clennell, p. 219)
(Webster)
Water way (Scot.). The area in a
Watershed. The
height-of-land or di- clack or bucket for the passage of
vide from which the natural drain- water. (Barrowman)
age of a district flows in opposite
directions. (Roy. C5om.)
Water wheel. A wheel so arranged
with floats, buckets, etc., that it may
Water sink. A pot hole. (Standard) be turned by flowing water used to :

drive machinery, raise water, etc.

Water slip. A fault or joint from The overshot and undershot water-
which water flows. (Steel) wheel, the breast-wheel, and tub-
wheel are now largely discarded
Water smoke. To fire (a kiln) slowly in favor of the turbine. (Standard)
in order to dry out the moisture
from the bricks, before burning. Water yardage (Ark.). Extra pay-
(Standard) ment to miners who work in a wet
place, either by the yard of progress
Water-soluble oils. Oils having the or the ton of coal mined. ( Steel
property of forming permanent
emulsions or almost clear solutions Watt. An electrical unit of power or
with water. (Bacon) activity equal to work done at the
rate of one joule a second or at the
Water stone. A stone whose cutting rate of work represented by a cur-
crystals break away rapidly from rent of one ampere under a pres-
its bond. The use of water forms sure of one volt. A volt-ampere. A
a gritty paste which acts in much horsepower is equal to 746 watts.
the same way as oil when used on (Webster)
an oilstone. The Queer Creek and
Hindostan stones are good examples Waugh drill. See Rock drill.

of water stone. (Pike) Wavellite. Hydrous aluminum phos-

Water struck. In brickmaking, made phate, Al«(OH)«.(P04)«+9H20. Fluo-
in a mold without pressure: said of rine is present in some specimens up
slop bricks. (Standard) to 2 per cent. (U. S. Geol. Surv.)

Water surface. In oil wells, the level Wavy 'extinction. Irregular extinction
or inclined plane between the oil, or of a mineral under the microscope
gas, and the edge water upon which due to bending or distortion of the
the oil or gas rests. Not to be con- crystal. (Luquer, p. 16)
fused with ground-water level or Wavy vein. A vein that alternately
table. (U. Sw Geol. Surv. Bull. 258, enlarges or pinches at short inter-
p. 48) vals. (Power)
 GLOSSARY OF MININQ AND MINERAL INDUSTRY. 735

Wax. 1. An unctuous, fusible, and working places to the shafts. It is

more or less viscous sub-
to solid collected during the night and sent
stance, having a characteristic to the bank and used under the
" waxy " luster, and insoluble in boilers. (Gresley)
water, but more or less soluble in
carbon dlsulphide, benzol, etc.
Way end ( The inner extremity
Scot. ) .
of wooden railways formerly
the
Waxes are extremely susceptible used in mines (Barrowman). The
to changes in temperature. (Bacon) end of an entry or roadway.
2. (Leic.) Soft or puddled clay used
for dams or stoppings, in the mine. Waygate. The tail-race of a mill.
(Gresley) (Century)
Wax coal. See Earthy brown coal. Way head (Mid.). The end of a way
or gate next to the face. (Gresley)
Wax dam (Leic). A wall or dam of
clay (Gresley). Called also a Wax Way leave (Eng.). 1. A rent or
wall. royalty paid by the owner or lessee
of a mine for conveying minerals
Waxing (Leic). The operation of belonging to one person through the
plastering a waste stack with clay.
property of another person. 2. (No.
See Stack out. (Gresley)
of Eng.) The right of making and
Wax distillate. Neutral oil distillate maintaining colliery railways
before the separation of paraffin through private property which may
wax. (Bacon) intervene between collieries and coal
docks (Gresley). See Easement.
Wax opal. An early name for yellow
opal with a waxy luster. (Chester) Way shaft. A winze. (Standard)
Wax tailings. A
residual product, con- Weak veins (No. of Eng.). Veins so
taining chrysene, picene, and other called when the strata on either
compounds, formed by destructive side are but slightly displaced.
distillation of petroleum. It is (Power)
of dark-green color but darkens on
Weald clay (Eng.). Thick blue clays,
exposure to light; is asphaltic in having the upper part septaria
in
nature and varies in melting point of argillaceous ironstone, and in the
according to the care with which it
lower part beds of the shelly fresh-
is separated and later refined. It is
water limestone known as "Sussex,
used for weather and waterproofing Pet worth, or Bethersden marble."
compounds, in some cases as a flux (Page)
in street paving mixtures, and as a
filler in very cheap axle grease. Wealden. In geology, a thick fluvla-
(Bacon) tile delta of the Lower Cretaceous
Wax wall (Leic). A clay wall about in England. (Standard)
ten inches in thickness built up from
Weather. To undergo
or endure the
floor to roof, alongside a gob road
action of the atmosphere; to suffer
a few feet within the goaf, to keep
meteorological influences some-
back or prevent fire - stinks, etc
times, to wear away (Webster). In
;

(Gresley). Compare Wax dam.

geology, specifically, to discolor,
Way. 1. (No. of Eng.) Any under- crumble, or otherwise change by
ground passage or heading driven means of atmospheric action. Said
more or less on the level of the coal, of rocks.
along which the produce of the mine
Weather door. A door in a mine level
is conveyed. A gate, road, or wagon- to regulate the ventilating current
way. 2. The rails, sleepers, etc, (Raymond). A trap door.
upon which cars, tubs, or corves
run. (Gresley) Weathering. The group of processes,
Wayboard (Eng.). A thin layer or such as the chemical action of air
band that separates or defines the and rain water and of plants and
boundaries of thicker strata; as bacteria and the mechanical action
thick beds of limestone separated by of changes of temperature, whereby
" wayboards " of slaty shale of sand- ;
rocks on exposure to the weather
stone separated by "wayboards" of change in character, decay, and
clay (Page). Also written Weigh- finally crumble into soil. (Ran-
board. some)
Way dirt (Leic). The slack, dust, Weather stain. Discoloration from
and lumps of coal which fall from exposure to the atmosphere (Stand-
the cars upon the roads from the ard.) Said of rocks and minerals.
 ;

786 GLOSSARY OF MINING AND MINERAL INDUSTRY.

Web (Mid.). The f:-ce or wall of a 95) of England. It consists of a

long -wall stall in course of being
holed and broken down for removal.
(Gresley)
Wehsterite. 1. A name proposed by
G. H. Williams for the pyroxenites
near Webster, N. C, that consist of
diopside and bronzite, with the lat-
ter porphyritically developed. The
tinted clay ground, with small cameo
rplipfs In white paste, applied before
firing (Webster). The principal va-
rieties are: (a) hamboo ware, yel-
lowware named from its color; (b)
basalt ware, ware with a black tody,
used for relief placques, medallion
portraits, vases, etc.; (c) cameo-
ware (which see) (d) jasper-ware
;

name Websterite had been previ- (which see) (e) pebble ware, ware
;

ously used by A. Brogniart in 1822 with a variegated body of different

for aluminite. (Kemp) colored clays intermingled, called, ac-
2. Aluminite. (Dana) cording to pattern, agate, Egyptian
pebble, granite, lapis - lazuli, por-
Wedding (Derb.). The accidental
phyry, serpentine, verd-antique, etc.
meeting or collision between a load- (f) queen's ware (which see).
ed and an empty bucket in a mine- (Standard)
shaft when hoisting with a swinging
rope, without guides. (Gresley) Weeldrons (Forest of Dean). An-
cient ironstone workings (Gresley).
Wedge. In ceramics, to cut as clay, Also Weeldon. Probably a varia-
into wedgelike masses and work by tion of Wealden, the lowest divi-
dashing together, as to expel air sion of the Lower Cretaceous in
bubbles. (Webster) England.
Wedge ring (Eng.). A wedging crib.
Weeper; Weep hole. A hole in a re-
(Gresley) taining wall to permit the escape oi
Wedge rock. An expression used on water from behind (Standard).
the Comstock lode to designate rock
too poor to be classed as "pay ore"
Weeping rock. A porous rock froa
which water oozes. (Century)
or even "second-class ore," but bet-
ter than waste. It usua}ly assays Weese (Scot). An iron joint-ring
under $5 per ton. When a car is covered with flannel, and tarred or
placed on the cage to be hoisted, it tallowed, for insertion between
is specially tagged in the case of pump pipes. (Barrowman) Also
good ore. If it be waste no tag is Weize.
used it became the custom to throw
;

a wooden wedge on top of the car of Wehrlite. 1. A variety of peridotite

very low-grade ore, hence the term composed essentially of olivine and
"wedge-rock." (Eng. and Min. Jour., monoclinic pyroxene. (La Forge)
vol. 93, p. 391) 2. A foliated bismuth telluride of
doubtful formula, containing about
Wedging. The material, moss or
30 per cent tellurium, and often some
wood, used to render the shaft-lining (Dana)
silver.
tight. (Ihlseng)
Weigh (So. Wales). A weight of 10
Wedging-cnrb; Wedging-crib (Eng.). tons of coal, etc. (Gresley)
A curb used to make a water-tight
packing between the tubbing in a Weigh basket; Weigh pan. Any recep-
shaft and the rockwalls, by means of tacle in which the coal is weighed
split deals, moss, and wedges, driven after it is dumped from the mine
in between the curb and the rock. cars. (Steel)
(Raymond) Clay intersect-
Weigh board (Eng.).
Wedging down. Breaking down the ing or separating a vein (Bain-
coal at the face with hammers and bridge). See Wayboard.
wedges Instead of by blasting. A platforna
(Gresley)
Weigh bridge (Eng.).
large enough to carry a wagon, rest-
Wedging out (Eng.). Cropping out, or ing on a series of levers, by means
thinning out (Gresley). Said of of which heavy bodies are weighed.
coal beds. (C. and M. M. P.)
Wedging shot. An opening shot Weighing (Eng.). The crushing or
(Steel). A center-cut. falling in of the roof, more or less
rapidly (Gresley ) .Compare
Wedgewood ware. In ceramics, a fine Weight, 1.
hard porcelainlike ware first pro-
4uced by Josiali Wedgwood (1780- Weigh pan. See Weigh basket.
 GLOSSARY OF MINING AND MINERAL INDUSTRY. 737

Weiglit. 1. (Scot.) The pressure of Weld. I. To join pieces of metal by

the upper strata on the coal face, pressure, at a temperature below
by which, if the working is syste- that of complete fusion. (Ray-
matically carried on, the excavating mond)
of the mineral is facilitated. (Bar- 2. The consolidation of pieces of
rowman) metal by welding; also, the closed
2. (Eng.) The number of hundred- joint welded seam so formed.
or
weights (cwts. ) which are reck- (Standard)
oned as one ton as between coal-
workmen (hewers,
Welder. 1. One who or that which
masters and
welds. 2. A step-down transformer
trammers, banksmen, etc.). (Gres-
specially constructed for electric
ley)
welding. (Webster)
3. (Aust.) A pennyweight. 4. The
quality of being heavy a measure
; Welding-heat. The temperature nec-
of the force of gravity. (Webster) essary in order that two pieces of
5. In founding, to place weights material may be welded together;
upon (the upper box of a flask), especially the white heat at which
to prevent the parts from separat- bars of iron unite in a weld. ( Stand-
ing by pressure of molten metal. ard)
(Standard) Welding powder. A
flux used in weld-
ing, usually consisting of borax, am-
Weighting (Eng.). Undergoing dis-
Commonly monium chloride, iron - filings, and
turbance due to weight.
sometimes of a resinous oil mixed
known as being "on the weight" or
in different proportions.
:

(Standard)
"taking weight" (Gresley). Said
of the roof of a mine. Welding-swage. A
swaging-tool used
. to aid in closing the seam of a weld.
Weir. 1. An obstruction placed across (Standard)
a stream for the purpose of divert-
ing the water so as to make it flow
Welding - transformer. A step - down
transformer used in welding (Stand-
through a desired channel, which
ard). See Welder, 2.
may be a notch or opening in the
weir itself. The term usually ap- Weld-iron. Wrought-iron (Raymond).
plies to rectangular notches in which A term suggested by an interna-
the water touches only the bottom tional committee of the American
and ends, the opening being a notch Institute of Mining Engineers.
without any upper edge. (C. and M. Weldon mud. See Weldon process.
M. P., p. 138). A dam.
2. That part of a dam, embankment, Weldon A process for the re-
process.
canal bank, etc., which contains covery or regeneration of manga-
gates and over which surplus water nese dioxide in making chlorine, by
flows specifically called Water-
: means of milk of lime and the oxy-
weir. (Standard) gen of the air. The regenerated
product (Weldon mud) is a slime
Weir table. A record or memorandum containing compounds of calcium
used to estimate the quantity of wa- and manganese, and yields chlorine
ter that will flow in a given time when treated with hydrochloric acid.
over a weir of a given width at dif- (Webster)
ferent heights of the water. (Cen- Weld-steel. Puddled steel a term :

tury) suggested by an international com-

Weiselbergite. Rosenbusch's name for
those augite-porphyrites whose
groundmass consists of a second and
sometimes a third generation of
plagioclase rods and augites, ar-
ranged in flow lines in a glassy ba-
sis. Wadsworth uses the name for
an altered andesite glass. (Kemp)
Weize (Scot). A band or ring of
spun yarn, rope, gutta-percha, lead,
mittee of the American Institute of
Mining Engineers. (Standard)
Well. 1. The crucible of a furnace,
(Raymond)
2. A shaft or hole sunk into the
earth to obtain oil, gas, water, etc.
3. A hollow cylinder of masonry
sunk to form a foundation. (Web-
ster)
4. Acavity in the lower part of
some sorts of furnaces to receive
falling metal (Standard). 5. See

etc., put in between the flanges of

Trap, 5.
pipes before bolting them together, Well-boring jar. See Jars.
in order to make
a water-tight joint Well drill. Same as Churn drilL
(Gresley). Packing. See also Weese, (Bowles)
75242-—19- -47
738 GLOSSARY OF MINING AND MINERAL INDUSTRY.

Well-drill holes. Holes drilled by Welsh process. A process consisting

means of an apparatus known as the of a succession of roasting and cal-
well drill, or similar to that, and cining copper ore, thereby obtaining
used for blasting on comparatively a gradual concentration of copper by
large scale. Such holes are usually the oxidation of most of the foreign
5 or 6 inches in diameter and from matter, part of which forms slag.
30 to 150 feet deep. (Du Pont) Blister copper is produced with
only a small percentage of impuri-
Well hole (Aust.). The sump, or por- ties (Goesel). Also called English
tion of a shaft below the place
process.
where skips are caged at the bot-
tom of the shaft, in which water col- Wenlock formation (Eng.). A charac-
lects. (Power) teristic group of
limestone, slate,
and shale of the Upper Silurian
Wellman producer. A furnace used
strata, typically developed near
for the manufacture of producer
Wenlock, in Shropshire. (Page)
gas. (Ingalls, p. 323)

Well packing. A bag of flaxseed or Wenlock group. See Wenlock forma-

other absorbent material packed tion.
around the tube of an oil v/ell to
prevent access of water to the oil
Wernerian. Of or pertaining to A. G.
Werner (1750-1817), a German
in the well. (Standard)
mineralogist and geologist who clas-
Well rig. An assemblage of all mech- sified minerals according to their ex-
anisms, including power-motors, nec- ternal characters, and advocated
essary to drilling, casing, and finish- the theory that the strata of the
ing a tube or drilled well. (Stand- earth's crust were formed by deposi
ard) tions from water; neptunian. (Web-
ster)
Well shooting. The firing of a charge
of nitroglycerin, or other high ex- Wernerite. Common scapolite. A
plosive, in the bottom of a well for mineral of the scapolite group, in-
the purpose of increasing the flow termediate in composition between
of water, oil, or gas. (Du Pont) meionite and marialite. (Dana)
Well sinker. One who sinks or digs
Westfalite. A blasting explosive com-
wells (Century). Also called Well
posed of ammonium nitrate and
borer.
resin. (Webster)
Wells of Stromboli. Cavities at the
summit of the volcano Stromboli, Westphal balance. A form of balance
containing water, probably condensed used in determining the specific
from vapor from the interior. gravity of liquids, mineral, frag-
(Standard) ments, etc. (Webster)

Well tube. A tube or tubing used to Westrumite. A "soluble oil" patented

line wells. (Standard) by Westrum in 1903, for the sprin-
kling of roads with the object of
Well-tube filter. A strainer on a "laying" dust. It is an emulsion of
driven well tube to keep out grit oil in a large quantity of water.
(Standard) (Bacon)
Well-tube point. A point at the end
of a perforated tube used for sink- Wet-bulb thermometer. That one of
ing wells. (Standard) two similar thermometers of a
psychrometer, the bulb of which is
Welsh bord (Aust). A room in which moistened (Webster). See Psy-
mine waste is stored in the middle, chrometer.
and a roadway is kept open on either
side. (Power) Wet gas. Natural gas that contains
more or less oil vapors. It occurs
Welsh lay. A slate 3 feet long by 2 with or imm^ediately above the oil.
feet wide. (Standard) Also sometimes called Casing-head
gas.
Welshman. A heavy about
steel ring
three or four inches inside diame- Wetherill's furnace. A furnace with
ter, used in withdrawing a bar perforated iron bottom, under whicb
which is stuck or frozen in a skull a blast is introduced, and upon
of Iron. The ring is placed on the which zinc ore (red oxide) is re-
bar, a wedge inserted, and the bar duced (Raymond). A muflle fur-
backed out by sledging on the nace for roasting zinc orea (In-
wedge. (Wlllcox) galls, p, 159)
 GLOSSARY OF MINING AND MINERAL INDUSTRY. 739
Wethcrill's magnetic separator. An ap- Wet rods (Scot). Pump rods inside
paratus for separating magnetic min- the pipes in a bucket lift. (Barrow-
erals from nonmagnetic minerals. It man)
consisrs of tv>^o fiat belts, the upper
Wetterdynamite. Originally, only guhr
of which is the wider, run. parallel
dynamites to which were added salts
to each other, and over long magnets
containing water of crystallization,
set obliquely to the belts. Conse-
as Glauber's salts, ammonium oxalate,
quently magnetic particles are drawn
etc., with the view of making them
up against the upper belt, and as available in mines containing fire
they pass beyond the influence of
damp. (Brunswig, p. 307)
the magnets, fall from the edge past
the other belt into a bin. Another Wetter-oflf.In glassmaking, a worker
form operates by belts moving across who detaches the blown glass from
the line of travel of the main belt. the pipe by touching it with a wet
(Liddell) tool. (Webster)
Wethey furnace. A multiple - deck, Wey; Weigh (Eng.). A certain weight
horizontal furnace for calcining sul- of coal usually 10 tons, upon which
phide ores. Resembles the Keller a royalty is paid. (Gresley)
furnace. (Hofman, p. 195 Ingalls, ; Wharl; Wharr (Newc). A sledge for
p. Ill) hauling corves in low drifts. (Ray-
mond)
Wet method. In the manufacture of
1.
Portland cement, mixing of raw ma- Whave (Prov. Eng.). To turn while
terials in a wet condition. This drying, as pottery. (Standard)
method is usually employed where Wheal. The Cornish name for a mine.
marl is used, tlie marl being usually (Skinner)
wet when excavated and is kept wet
during the entire process until it Wheel (Corn.). An abbreviation of
reaches the kilns. (Bowles) water wheel, implying a water en-
2. Any hydro-metallurgical process, gine. (Pryce)
as the cyanide process, flotation, etc. Wheel The distance between the
base.
See Wet process. points of contact of the front and
Wet milling-plant. A mill in which a back wheels of any vehicle with the
wet process is employed. (Rickard) rails, or other surface, upon which
they travel. (Century)
Wet milling plant. A mill in which Wheel brae. 1. (Scot.) A
self-acting
water is wasted; it is a sloppy es-
incline; a cousie. (Barrow^man)
tablishment. (Rickard)
2. A flat or landing on the top of
Wet natural-gas. Natural gas which an incline. (Gresley)
contains readily condensible gaso-
line, that may be extracted in quan-
Wheeler (Aust.). A lad who drives
horses drawing skips to and from
tity sufficient to warrant the instal-
working places, and the nearest col-
lation of a plant. (Bacon)
lecting station. (Power)
Wet pan. A machine used in the prep-
aration of clay products and consist- Wheelerite. A yellowish resin, found
ing of a revolving pan with two large in the Cretaceous beds of northern
mullers, underneath which the charge New Mexico, filling the fissures of
of wet clay has to pass. (Watson, the lignite, or interstratified in thin
p. 521)
layers. It is soluble in ether.
(Bacon)
Wet place (Aust). A place is con-
sidered wet if men have to work Wheel house (Brist). A shed for
constantly in 3 inches of water or protecting the horse gin or othei
more, or when water is constantly hoisting apparatus. (Gresley)
dripping on them from the roof. Wheelman The man who at-
(Scot.).
(Power) tends to the wheel ordrum at an
Wet process. A metallurgical process incline. (Barrowman)
In which the valuable contents of the
Wheel ore. Same as Bournonite. So-
ore are dissolved by acid or other
called when occurring in wheel-
solvents a leaching or llxiviation
;
shaped twin crystals. (Webster)
process. Opposed to Dry process.
Wet puddling. The ordinary process Wheel pit. A pit in which the lower
of puddling in which the furnace is
part of a fly wheel runs. (Webster)
lined with material rich in oxide of Wheel race. The place in which a
Iron. (Standard) water wheel is set. (Webster)
 )

740 GLOSSARST OF MINIITG AND MIITERAL INDUSTRY.

Wheel scraper. A scraper mounted Whinsill (No. of Eng.). A sill or in.
upon an axle supported by a pair of trusive sheet of whinstone, especially
wheels. It affords an easy means one of great extent. (Webster)
of conveying a loaded scraper to
Whinstone (Scot Eng.). Basaltic
<^
a dumping ground. (Bowles)
rock ; also, among
miners, any of va-
Wheeltree (Scot.). A prop to which rious other dark resistant rocks, as
the pulley on a short self-acting in- chert or diabase (Webster). Green-
cline is fastened. (Barrowman) stone.
Whewellite. Calcium oxalate, CaC204 Whip. 1. The simplest horse-power
+H2O. In small colorless mono- hoisting machine, consisting of a
clinic crystals. Prom Saxony, with fixed pulley and a hoisting rope pass-
coal. (Dana) ing over it, to which the animal is
Whim. A large capstan or vertical directly attached ( Raymond ) When .

used with a derrick or gin called

drum turned by horse power or Whip-and-derry.
steam power, for raising coal, or
2. One who operates such a hoist-
water, etc., from a mine (Hargis).
ing apparatus. (Standard)
Called also Whimsey; Whim gin;
Horse gin. Whip-and-derry. See Whip, 1.

Whim driver (Corn.). One who at- Whip gin. A gin-block for use as a
tends to the horse at the whim. whip, as in hoisting (Standard).
(Min. Jour.) See Whip, 1.

Whim gin. See Whim. Whipper. One who

raises coal, mer-
chandise, etc., with a whip, as from
Whim kibbal (Com.). A bucket or a ship's hold (Standard). Compare
small tub used in connection with a Coal whipper.
whim for hoisting ore, rock, or wa-
ter. (Pryce) Whipping. 1. The thrashing about of
a moving rope, as a hoisting cable
Whim rope; Whim chain (Corn.). The in a mine shaft. See Surging. 2.
rope or chain by which the kibble Hoisting ore, coal, or other material
is attached to the winding engine or by means of a Whip, 1.
whim. (Min. Jour.)
Whipping hoist. A hoist worked with
Whimsey (Eng.). An old word for a whip, especially if by steam power.
the hoisting apparatus at a mine, ( Standard
now known as the winding engine; Whipsy-derry. 1. (Eng.) A whip-and
a whim. (Gresley) derry. (Standard).
2. See Derrick, 2.
Whim shaft (Corn.). The shaft
through which tbe ore is raised by Whirley (Scot). A hutch, hurley, or
means of a whim. (Whitney) tub. (Barrowman)
Whin. 1. Whinstone or whinrock. Whirling table. A potter's wheel,
In Nova Scotia the miners apply this (Webster)
term to a thick-bedded rock com-
posed of grains of quartz with ar- Whisket (Eng.). A shallow, oval, coal
gillaceous feldspathic matter
or basket. (Hunt)
which might be called a greywacke.
Whistler. See Squealer.
(Roy. Com.)
2. (Scot, No. of Eng.) Any very White agate. Same as Chalcedony.
hard resisting rock encountered by
miners (Gresley). The Scotch White alkali. 1. Refined soda ash. 2.
name for greenstone. A mixture of alkaline salts forming
3. A whim or winch. (Webster) a white deposit on soil. (Webster)

Whin dike (Scot). A dike or wall White antimony. The mineral valen-
of igneous rock. (Barrowman) tinite, SbaOs. (Dana)
Whin float (Scot). A
kind of green- White arsenic. Arsenolite; arsenious
stone, basalt, or trap, occurring in oxide, AsaOs. (Dana)
coal measures. (Gresiey)
White-ash coal. Coal leaving a white
Whin gaw (Scot.). A narrow dike of ash. (Chance)
whin. (Barrowman)
White Bengal fire. A very brilliant
Whinny. Resembling or abounding light produced by means of pure me-
in whinstone. (Standard) tallic arsenic. (Century)
 GLOSSARY OF MINING AND MINERAL INDUSTRY. 741
White An alloy of copper and
brass. White lead. A pigment composed of
zinc,with a comparatively small por- approximately 75 per cent lead car-
tion of copper. (Webster) bonate and 25 per cent hydrated
lead oxide. (Standard)
White bronze. A light-colored variety
of bronze due to increased propor- White lead-ore. The mineral cerussite,
tion of tin. (Standard) PbCOa. (Power)
White coal. 1. Water power; first so White metal. 1. The product of the
called by the French (Jtoaille fourth stage of the English method
blanche). 2. Tasmanite. (Webster) of smelting copper ores (Standard).
Contains 77 to 79 per cent copper.
White cobalt. A
name frequently ap- 2. Any one of several white alloys, as
plied to smaltite; also to cobaltite.
pewter, britannia, etc. Also fre-
White copper. A white alloy of quently applied to silver as con-
copper. See Paktong (Webster). trasted with gold, the yellow metal.
Usually German silver.
White mineral-press. A machine for
White copperas. 1. The mineral co- briquetting flue dust. (Hofman, p.
quimbite. 2. The mineral goslarite. 404)
(Webster) White mundic. Arsenopyrite or mis-
White damp. Carbon monoxide, CO. pickel.
A gas that may be present in the White nickel. A synonym for both
afterdamp of a gas- or coal-dust ex- Rammelsbergite and Chloanthite.
plosion, or In the gases given off by (Chester)
a mine fire; also one of the con-
stituents of the gases produced by Whitening. Tin-plating. (Standard)
blasting. Rarely found in mines White oil. An
odorless and colorless
under other circumstances. It is an oil possessing a specific gravity of
Important constituent of illuminat- 0.857. It is used medicinally and as
ing gas, supports combustion, and a base for creams, salves, and oint-
Is very poisonous. ments. See Oil of paraflln Petro- ;

latum. (Bacon)
White furnace. See Howell furnace.
White olivine. The mineral fosterite,
White garnet. Leucite. (Power) MgoSiO*. (Power)
White gunpowder. A blasting com- White pyrite. Same as Marcasite.
pound formed of potassium chlorate, (Standard)
potassium ferrocyanide and sugar.
White rent (Local Eng.). An annual
(Standard)
tax of eightpence upon every tinner
White horse. 1. (Scot.) Intruded in Cornwall and Devon, paid to the
white trap in a coal seam. (Bar- lord of the soil, formerly to the
row man) Prince of Wales as Duke of Corn-
2. A term used by quarrymen to de- wall. (Standard)
note a light-colored gneiss, aplite or
pegmatite. (Perkins)
White rock. A dolerite of nearly
white color associated with coal In
White-hot. Heated to full incandes- Staffordshire and elsewhere.
cence so as to emit all the rays of ( Power)
the visible spectrum, in such propor- White salt. Salt dried and calcined;
tion as to appear dazzling white. decrepitated salt. (Webster)
(Century)
White schorl. The mineral albite.
White-Howell furnace. A revolving, (Standard)
cylindrical furnace for calcining
calmaine. See Oxland and Hocking White silver-ore. An old name for
furnace. (Ingalls, p. 124) argentiferous tetrahedrite. (Ches-
ter)
White iron. A
hard crystalline cast
1.
iron containing combined carbon. Whitestone. 1. (Aust.) An indurated
2. Tinned sheet iron. (Standard) clay band In the Greta seam, thickly
strewn with plant impressions.
White iron-ore. An early name for
(Power)
siderite. (Chester) 2. A literal translation of the Ger-
White iron-pyrite. See Marcasite. man Weiss tein, the name of a rock
now generally known as granulite,
White latten. An alloy of copper, zinc, but sometimes called leptlnite.
and tin, In thin sheets. (Standard) (Century)
742 GLOSSARY OF MINING AND MINERAL INDUSTRY.

White tellurium. The mineral sylva- breasts. Opposed to pillar-work, or

nite, (Au,Ag)Te2. (Chester) the extraction of pillars left to sup-
port previous work (Raymond). See
White tin. Metallic tin after smelting,
in contradistinction to hlack tin or
Whole flat.

cassiterite. (Power) Whorled (Scot). The cage is said to

be whorled when it is drawn up to
White tombac. A variety of brass
or over the pulleys. (Barrowman)
made white by the addition of arse-
nic. (Standard) Whorler. A
potter's wheel. Also
called Whirler. (Standard)
White ultramarine. A
white substance
obtained when the ingredients used Whorls (Scot.). Pithead or shaft pul-
in the manufacture of artificial leys. (Barrowman)
ultramarine are heated with access
of air. (Standard)
Whunstane (Scot.). Same as Whin-
stone.
White vitriol. Zinc sulphate; goslar-
Wich; Wych. Celtic for salt-spring;
ite. Also called Salt of vitriol Zinc ;
often used in England as the termi-
vitriol.
nation of names of places where salt
Whitewash. A white scum of soluble is or has been found, as Droitwich,
sulphates which accumulates on the l^antwich, etc. (Oldham)
surface of a brick or other clay prod-
uct during or after manufacture.
Wichtisite. A glassy phase of diabase,
(Ries)
named from a Finland locality, Wich-
tis. Compare Sordavalite. (Kemp)
Whiting. A w^hite levigated and
washed chalk used as a pigment and Wicket; Wicket work (No. Wales). A
for polishing. According to its kind of pillar-and-stall, or bord-and-
quality, it is known variously as pillar, system of working a seam of
Spanish white or whiting and Paris coal, with pillars up to 15 yards and
white. (Standard) stalls up to 24 yards wide. (Gres-
ley)
Whitneyite. A pale reddish-white
copper arsenide, Cu»As (As 11.6 per Widemouth socket. A well borer's fish-
cent). (Dana) ing tool, in which the socket is fitted
with a bellmouth, nearly the full
Whits; Witts (Com.). See Tin-witts. bore of the casing, thus making it
Whitwell stove. A fire-brick hot-blast easy to grip the ends of broken poles
stove, on the regenerative system. or the like, when lost at the bottom
(Raymond) of a well. (Nat. Tube Co.)

Whole; Whole mine. 1. (No. of Eng.) Wide-work. 1. (Eng.) A

form of the
That portion of a coal seam being pillar-and-breast method of excavat-
worked by driving headings into it ing coal (Standard). 2. Room or
only, or the state of the mine before chamber driving, as distinguished
mining the pillars. (Gresley) from entry or gangway driving or
2. (Derb.). Any ore that has not narrow work.
been mined. (Hooson)
Widowmaker. See Rock drill.
Whole coal (Eng.). A district of coal
Width. The thickness of a lode meas-
entirely intact (G. O. Greenwell).
See Virgin coal. ured at right angles to the dip.
(Skinner)
Whole cradle (No. of Eng.). A work-
ing platform or scaffold of nearly Wiggletail. See Rock drill.
the same diameter as the shaft, and Wildcat. 1. To
act or carry on reck-
suspended from the surface. (Gres- lessly or wildly. 2. Originated or
ley) characterized by wild, irresponsible
Whole flat (No. of Eng.). A panel or speculation unreliable or unsafe by
;

district inwhich headings have been reason of reckless financiering; as,

driven, prior to mining the pillars. a wildcat bank. (Standard). 3. A
(Gresley) mining company in which the man-
agement raises money, often by
Whole stalls (So. Wales.) or more Two exaggerated and misleading state-
stalls having their faces in line or
ments, intending to use the funds so
on a cleat with one another. (Gres-
raised for personal profit rather than
ley) for the development of the property
Whole-working (Newc). Working and without regard to securing aii
where the ground is still whole, i. e., adequate return to the investors. A
has not been penetrated as yet with malign intent is not a necessary
 GLOSSARY OF MINING AND MINERAL INDUSTRY. 743

characteristic, for the terra is now the tailings box. The table tapers
used as follows: 4. Specifically ap- toward the head end, and the riffles
plied to a mining or oil company are progressively longer toward the
organized to develop unproven tailings side. The Dodd, Cammett,
ground far from the actual point of Hallett and Woodbury are similar
discovery. Any risky venture in types. (Liddell)
mining.
Willemite Zinc silicate, Zn2Si04.
Wildcatter. 1. (U. S.) One who drills Contains 58.6 per cent zinc. The
wells in the hope of finding oil in zinc is commonly replaced in part
territory not known to be an oil by manganese. (U. S. Geol. Surv.)
field (Webster). 2. One who lo-
Williams hinged-hammer crusher. A
cates a mining claim far from where
crusher with a rotating central
ore has been discovered or devel-
shaft carrying a number of hinged
oped. 3. One who organizes or as-
hammers, which fly out from cen-
sists in the organization of a wild-
trifugal force, crushing the feed
cat. See Wildcat, 3 and 4.
against the casing. (Liddell)
Wildcatting. Drilling wells for oil
1.
Williamsite. An apple-green impure
In territory not yet proven to be oil
variety of serpentine. See Jade. (U.
bearing, 2. Locating mining claims
S. Geol. Surv.)
outside of well-developed, or known
mineral deposits, or far from the Willow pattern. In pottery, a design
actual point of discovery. 3. Or- used decorating china, originally,
in
ganizing and exploiting a risky ven- the blue china of Nanking, intro-
ture. See Wildcat, 3 and 4. duced in English porcelain about
Wild coal. Brittle slate interstratified 1780. (Webster)
with thin coal seams. Also called Wilson producer. A furnace used for
rashings. The roof of the Pitsburgh the manufacture of producer gas.
seam in western Maryland. (Md. (Ingalls, p. 323)
Geol. Surv., vol. 5, p. 534)
Wiluite. 1. A variety of vesuvianite.
Wildfire. (Eng.). An old term used (Dana)
by colliers for fire damp. (Gresley) 2.A green aluminum garnet.
Wild gas.Blast-furnace gas that does (Standard)
not burn steadily or properly. (Will- Wimble tEng. and Scot.). A hollow
cox) instrument for cleaning a hole in
Wild heat (of Steel). A heat of boring a kind of shell auger. Some
;

molten steel which is boiling vio- varieties of wimble, suitable for bor-
and so, if poured, honeycombs
lently,
ing into soft clay, are called Wim-
the ingot with contained gases ble-scoops (Century). Also spelled
(Webster). See also Heat, 2. Wammel, Whimble, Wumble.
Wild lead. Zinc blende. (Raymond) Wimble-scoop. See Wimble.

Wild steel. Steel made from a wild Win. 1. To extract ore or coal (Ray-
heat, which see. (Webster) mond). To mine, to develop, to pre-
pare for mining. (Century)
Wild well. An oil well, the flow of 2. To recover metal from an ore.
which cannot be brought under con- (Webster)
trol. (Redwood, p. 244) Winch; Windlass. A man-power hoist-
Wild work. A kind of bord-and-pillar ing machine, consisting of a horizon-
system of coal mining in which the tal drum with crank handles (Ray-
very narrow pillars left to support mond). Also, now operated by
the roof are not recovered. (Web- stenm, as a steam winch.
ster) Wind. 1. (Eng.) A hand-windlass or
jack-roll. 2. To raise coal, etc., by
Wilfley slimer. A form of shaking means of a winding-engine. 3. A
canvas table which is given a vanner
steam engine used purposely for low-
motion. (Liddell)
ering and raising men in an engine
Wilfley table. A
side-jerk table used pit or pumping shaft. 4. A single
In ore-dressing. It has a riffled sur- journey of a cage from top to bottom
face which separates the light and of a shaft, or vice versa. (Gresley)
heavy grains into layers by agita- Wind blast. 1. (Aust.) A quantity of
tion, and the jerking action then air driven out of mine workings with
throws the heavy grains toward the considerable force by a fall of roof.
head end, while the light grains are (Power)
washed down over the cleats into 2. A blown-out or "windy" shot
744 GLOSSAKY OF MINING AND MINERAL INDUSTRY.

Wlndbore (Newc). The suction pipe Windy shot. A blast in

coal mines
at the bottom of a set of pumps which, due
improperly placed
to
(Raymond). See Snore piece; also charges, wrong kind or quantity of
Snore hole. explosives, or insufficient stemming
Wind furnace. Any form of furnace expends most pf its force on the
using the natural draft of a chimney mine air, and sometimes ignites a
without the aid of a bellows or gas mixture, coal dust, or both, thus
•blower. (Duryee) causing a secondary explosion which
may or may not spread throughout
Wind gage. An anemometer for test- the mine.
ing the velocity of the air in mines. A shot which blows out without dis-
(Gresley) turbing the coal (Athens Min. Co.
Wind hatch. In mining, an excavation V. Carnduff, 123 Illinois App., p.
or opening for removing ore. ( Stand- 183.) A shot that is not properly
ard) directed or loaded. (Bolen-Darnell
Coal Co. V. Hicks, 190 Fed. Rept,
Windhole (Eng.). A shaft or other p. 720). A blown-out shot.
opening for ventilation. (Bain-
bridge) Wing (Scot). The point plate of a
tram crossing. (Barrowman)
Winding. Hoisting coal or ore with a
rope wound on a drum used synony- ;
Wing bore (Scot). A side or flank
mously with Hoisting. (Chance) bore-hole in a working place ap-
proaching old workings. (Barrow-
Winding bar. The appliance on drop man)
bottom ore or coal cars by which the
doors are closed and held tight. Wing dam. A dam built partly across
a river to deflect the water from its
Winding engine (Eng.). The appara- course. (Duryee)
tus fixed within a few yards of the
mouth of a shaft for raising the min- Winged pillars (Scot). Pillars of
erals from the bottom, or from vari- coal that have been reduced in size.
ous levels, to the surface (Gresley). (Barrowman)
A hoisting engine a hoist.
;
Wings. 1. The sides, or limbs, of an
Winding rope. The rope, or cable, anticline. See Legs. (Power)
which connects the cage with the 2. Same as Rests, Keeps, Chairs,
drum of the winding engine. Dogs.
Windlass. A roll or drum with Winning. 1. A new mine opening. 2.
handles, used in winding or hoisting The portion of a coal field laid out
from shallow pits. for working. (Raymond)
Windless (Derb.). A place in the 3. Mining.
mine where the air is lad or short. 4. (Scot.) A pit (mine) and its as-
Also called Airless. (Min. Jour.) sociated equipment and machinery.
(Barrowman)
Wind method. A
system of separating
coal into various sizes, and extract- Winning hord (Aust.). A room from
ing waste from it, which in prin- which coal is being mined. (Power)
ciple depends on the specific gravity
or size of the coal and the strength Winning headway. 1. (Newc.) A
of the current of air. (O. and M. headway driven to explore and open
M. P.) out the coal seam. (Raymond)
2. (No. of Eng.) A cross-heading,
Wind road (Eng.). An air passage or one driven at right angles to the
for mine ventilation. main gangway (Century)
Windrow. A row of peats or sod set
Winning-oflf (Aust). A leading head-
up to dry, or cut in paring and burn- ing or drive in advance from which
ing. (Standard)
rooms, or bords, are opened. Any
Winds. A variation of winze. leading drift is termed a " winning."
Wind (Power)
The top part of canvas
sail.
piping, which is used for conveying Winning pillars (Aust). Extracting
air down shallow shafts. (C. and coal pillars. (Power)
M. M. P.)
Wind wall. See Bridge,
Winnowing gold. Air-blowing. Toss-
1.
ing up dry powdered auriferous ma-
Wind way (So. Staff.). An airway terial in air, and catching the
leading from one road to another. heavier particles not blown away.
(Min. Jour.) (C. and M. M. P.)
 )

GLOSSARY OF MINING AND MINERAL, INDUSTRY. 745

Wlnooski marble. A siliceous dolomite Wire rope. A rope whose strands are
of a mottled chocolate, red, pink, yel- made of wires, twisted or woven to-
low, and white color, and used as a gether. (C. M. P.)
marble for tiling and wainscoting; Wire ropeway. A ropeway using a
from Mallett's Bay, on Lake Cham- wire cable or cables. Used for con-
plain. (Merrill)
veying ore and supplies in rough
Win out (Scot.). To widen out, as mountainous districts a wire tram- ;

where long w^all working is being way. See Aerial tramway.

commenced. (Barrowman) Wire silver. Native silver in the form
Winter dumps (Alaska). Gold-bearing of wire or threads. (Webster)
gravel mined during the winter and
Wire tramway. See Aerial tramway.
stored on the surface for sluicing in
the spring and summer. Wisket; Whisket (Lane). A light
basket weighing about 2.5 pounds,
Wintet oil. A heavy railway-car and used for carrying coal, etc., up a
engine oil which has a solidifying
shaft. (Gresley)
point of below —20° F. (Bacon)
Witchet (No. Wales). See Wicket.
Winze. A vertical or inclined open-
ing, or excavation, connecting two Withamite. A
red to yellow variety
levels in a mine, differing from a of epidote, containing a small quan-
raise only in construction. winze A tity of manganese. (Standard)
is sunk underhand and a raiseput is Witherite. Native barium carbonate
up overhand. When the connection BaCOs. (Dana)
is completed, and one is standing tt
the top, the opening is referred to as Witness corner. A post set near a
a winze, and when at the bottom, as corner of a mining claim with the
a raise, or rise. Compare Under- distance and direction of the true
ground shaft. corner indicated thereon. Used
when the true corner is inaccessible.
Wiper. 1. A rod on which is held a (Shamel, p. 321)
piece of cotton waste or other ab-
Witts. See Tin-witts.
sorbent material and sed for dry- .

ing a drill hole before charging with Wohlwill process. An electrolytic

black powder. (Gillette, p. 441) process of gold refining, using im-
2. A form of cam. pure gold bullion as anodes and
sheet gold cathodes in a solution
Wire. (War.) A haulage rope, carrying 25-80 ounces free HCI
(Gresley) (specific gravity 1.19) per cubic
foot. If the anodes contain lead
Wire bars. Refined copper bars cast
into bars for wire drawing.
some H2SO4 is added. The current
(Weed) density is about 100 amperes per
Wire drawing. The
operation, ac-
1. square foot, the potential 1 volt.
cidental or otherwise, of reducing the The tanks usually used are porce-
pressure of steam between the boiler lain. Patinum and the allied metals
and the cylinder. (Ihlseng) remain in the electrolyte, the silver
2. The act or art of extending duc- settles out as chloride. (Liddell)
tile metal into wire, (Century) Wolchonskoite. An amorphous, dull,
bluish-green, fragile chromiferous
Wire gage. 1. A
gage for measuring
clay. (Standard)
the diameter of wire or thickness of
sheet metal. 2. A standard series of Wolf process. A flotation process in-
sizes arbitrarily indicated by num- vented by Jacob D. Wolf in 1903.
bers, to which the diameter of wire He used sulphochlorinated or other
or the thickness of sheet metal is usu- oils and aimed to secure a high ex-
ally made, and which is used in de- traction with a low grade of concen-
scribing the size or thickness. trate in the first step, and by wash-
ing with hot water to concentrate
Wire gauze. A gauze-like texture of the concentrate in a second step.
fine wire,as that used for the chim- Apparently no commercial use was
neys of flame safety-lamps. made of it. (Liddell)
Wire glass. Glass in which wire net- Wolfram. 1. (Ger.) A native tungs-
t i ng is embedded to increase its tate of iron and manganese; See
strength. ( Webster Wolframite.
2.The metal tungsten or wolfram-
Wire rod. A metal rod from which lum: An Improper and now uncom-
wire is drawn. (Webster) mon use. (Century)
 )

746 GLOSSARY OF MINING AND MINERAL INDUSTRY.

Wolframinium. A light aluminum Wood agate. Agate formed by the pet-

alloy similar to Romanlum. (Web- rification of wood. See Wood, 2.
ster) Woodbury jig. A jig with a plunger
Wolframite. A of minerals
series compartment at the head end, so
composed of tungstate of iron and that the material is given a classifi-
manganese, (Fe,Mn)W04, contain- cation in the jig. (Liddell)
ing, when the iron and manganese Woodbury table. A table of the gen-
are in a ratio of 1 to 1, 76.4 per eral Wilfley - Overstrom - Card type,
cent WOs. As the iron increases with riffles parallel to the tailings
and the manganese decreases wol- side, and a hinged portion without
framite grades into ferberite, the riffles (unlike the Card). The table
iron tungstate, FeWO*, with 76.3 top is a rhomboid, and the riffles
per cent WOs. At the other end gradually shorten as they near the
of the series is hiibemite, the pure tailings side. (Liddell)
manganese tungstate, containing
76.6 per cent WOs. (U. S. Geol. Wood chain (So. Staff.). A hoisting
Surv.) chain, the iron links of which are
filled with small blocks of wood.
Wolframium. Tungsten : the scientific (Gresley)
name. (Standard)
Wood coal. 1. Lignite. See Board
Wolfram lamp. A tungsten lamp. coal. 2. Charcoal. (Webster)
(Webster)
Wolfram ocher. The mineral tungs-
Wood copper. A fibrous olivenite.
(Dana)
tite, WOs. (Webster)
Wooders (York). Timbermen em-
Wolfram steel. Same as Tungsten ployed in mines. (Gresley)
steel. (Standard)
Wood hematite. A
finely radiated va-
Wolfsbergite. 1. Same as Chalcostib- riety of hematite, exhibiting alter-
ite. (Dana) nate bands of brown or yellow of
2. Same as Jamesonite. (Standard) varied tints. (Power)

Wollastonlte. A white mineral of the Wood iron. A

fibrous variety of chaly-
pyroxene group consisting of sili- bite (siderite), FeCOs. (Power)
cate (CaSiOs) of calcium and a Wood opal. A
variety of opal consist-
common product of the metamorph- ing of wood
in which the organic
Ism of limestone by intrusive igne- matter has been replaced by silica;
ous rocks. Often in aggregates of sillcified wood. Called also Xyl-
flat prismatic crystals without dis- opal. (Standard)
tinct crystal planes or faces. (Ran-
some) Wood Peat formed from de-
peat.
cayed wood, leaves, etc., in forests.
Won (Eng.). Proved, sunk to, and (Standard)
tested. Coal is won when it is
Wood process. A flotation process
proved and so developed that it can utilizing the surface tension of
be worked and conveyed from the water, either fresh, acid, or salt.
mine. (Gresley) (Megraw, p. 73)
Wonder stone. A variety of stone Wood ringer (Eng.). See Ringer 1;
consisting of yellow crystals of cal- and Dog and chain, 1. (Gresley)
citedisseminated through dark -red
earthy dolomite. (Standard) Woodrock. A variety of asbestos re-
sembling wood. (Standard)
Wood. 1. (Eng.) Signifies mine tim-
Woodstone. Petrified wood, as wood
bers, bars, sprags, chocks, lagging, (Standard)
opal.
etc., which are all used in various
ways for supporting the roof and Wood tin. A nodular variety of casslt-
sides of underground workings. erite, or tinstone, of a brownish
(Gresley) color structure, and
and fibrous
2. Agatized, opalized, petrified, silici- somewhat resembling dry wood in
fied wood; a material composed of appearance. ( Century
opal or chalcedony (agate) and
formed by the replacement of wood Woolpack. (Eng.). A concretionary
by silica. The replacement of t^e mass of crystalline limestone oc-
woody matter by the silica takes curring in the form of balls, vary-
place in such a way that the original ing greatly in size. In the Wenlock
form and structure of the wood is limestone. Called also Ballstone.
preserved. (U. S. Geol. Surv.) (Standard)
 :

GLOSSARY OF MINING AND MINERAL INDUSTRY. 747

Wootz. 1. A variety of steel made in Working drawing. A drawing or plan,
India by the cementation process as of the whole or part of a struc-
the earliest known form of steel ture or machine, drawn to a specified
(Standard). Prepared from a black scale, and in such detail as to form
iron ore of Hindustan by a process a guide for the construction of the
analogous to the Catalan hearth. object represented. (Century)
(Ure)
Working face. The place at which the
Work. 1.(Mid.) A stall or work- work is being done in a breast, gang-
ing place in a mine. 2. (Eng.) To way, airway, chute, heading, drift,
get, cut away, or excavate and re- adit, or crosscut, etc. (Chance). See
move any bed or seam, or part Face.
thereof, of coal, ironstone or other Working first (Aust). See Whole-
mineral, whether underground or working.
in open work. To mine. 3. (So.
Staff.) A side of work, which see. Working furnace (Eng.). A mine- ven-
(Gresley) tilating furnace supplied with fresh
4. To crumble and yield under the air from the downcast shaft. ( Gres-

action of a squeeze. Applied to pil- ley)

lars or roof of a coal mine. 5. To Working home. Working toward the
be slowly closing under the action of main shaft in extracting ore or coal,
a squeeze. Applied to portions of as in lougwall retreating (Ray-
the mine workings. (Steel) mond ) . See Longwall method.
6. Ore before it is dressed. 7. A
place where industrial labor of any Working load. The maximum load
kind is carried on. Usually in the that a rope can carry under the con-
plural as a salt works, iron works, ditions of working without danger of
etc. (Webster) straining. Same as Proper working
load. (C. M. P.)
Workable beds, or veins. Any bed or Working-on-air. A pump works on
vein that is capable of being worked, air when air is sucked up with the
but usually applied to that coal seam water. (C. and M. M. P.)
or ore deposit which can be mined
profitably. Working-on-the-walls. The eroding or
corroding of blast furnace lining.
Worked -out. Exhausted (Chance). (Willcox)
Said of a coal seam or ore deposit.
Working out. Working away from the
Working. 1. See Labor, 1. The Span- main shaft in extracting ore or coal,
ish and the English terms are syn- as in longwall advancing. (Ray-
onymous in meaning and alike in mond.) Compare Working home.
application. A working may be a Working pit. A mine shaft up which
shaft, quarry, level, opencut, or stope,
the ore and miners are carried, as-
etc. (Raymond). Usually used in distinguished from one used only in
the plural. See Workings. pumping. (Standard)
2. (Scot.) A
name given to the whole
strata excavated in working a seam. Working The place in a mine
place.
3. (Scot.) Making a noise before at which coal or ore is being actu-
falling down, such as holed coal at ally mined (Steel). See also Work-
the face, or unsupported roof strata ing face.
(Barrowman). Compare Work, 4
and 5. Working plan. Same as Working
drawing.
Working barrel (Com.) The cylinder Working rate. (Scot). The rate per
in which a pump piston works. ton paid to a miner. (Barrowman)
(Raymond)
Workings. Any species of develop-
Working beam (Eng.) A beam
hav- ment; usually restricted in meaning
ing a vertical motion on a rock shaft to apply to the breasts, etc., in
at its center, one end being connected contradistinction to the gangways
with the piston rod and the other and airways. Often used in a
with a crank or pump rod, etc. A broader sense to mean all the un-
walking beam (C. and M. M. P.). derground developments (Chance).
Also, a brake staff. See Working, 1.
Working big (Eng.). Said of a vein Working-the-broken ( Aust. ) The .

large enough for a man to work in process of removing the pillars in

without breaking any of the adja- bord-and-pillar work (Power). Same
cent rock. as Second working Robbing pillars.
;
748 GLOSSARY OF MINING AND MINERAL. INDUSTRY.

Work-lead. Impure pig lead that is Wurtzite. A zinc sulphide of the same
to be desilverized or refined (Stand- composition as sphalerite, ZnS, but
ard). See Base bullion. hexagonal in its crystallization, (U.
S. Geol. Surv.)
Work stone. A plate in the bottom of
a blast hearth or ore hearth having Wych. See Wich.'
a groove down its center for con-
ducting away the molten lead.
Wye (Cumb.). The beam-end connec-
tion above the pump-rods of a wind-
(Standard)
ing and pumping engine. (Gresley)
Work-the-twig (Prov. Eng.). To use
the divining rod. (Standard) Wyoming'ite. An aphanophyric igne-
ous rock containing leu cite, diopside,
Worm; Worm coil (Eng.). A spiral and phlogopite in a glassy base of
tool,used for loosening tough clays much the same composition as ortho-
at the bottom of bore holes. See clase (La Forge). From the Lucite
Wad coil. (Gresley) Hills, Wyoming. This rock was de-
Worming pot.In ceramics, a vessel scribed by Zirkel in 1876 and was
that discharges color through tubes, the flrst known occurrence of leucite
for forming strips or worm-like pat- in America. (Kemp)
terns on an article of pottery ro-
tated in a lathe. (Standard)
Wythern (Eng.). A vein or lode.
(Power)
WoTigh (Scot). A wall; the rock be-
side a vein of lead ore. (Webster)
Wreath. In glass-making, a wavy ap-
pearance in glass, especially flint
Xacal (Mex.). A miner's cabin; a
storehouse for mining supplies; a
glass, due to defective manufacture.
shaft house (C. and M. M. P.). Also
(Standard)
spelled Jacal.
Wreaths (Leic). Four short pieces
of hemp rope placed around the legs Xalsonte (Sp.). A coarse pay sand or
of a horse or pony and fastened gravel. (Lucas)
together aboAie its back, by which
Xanthitane. An alteration product of
it was formerly lowered into or
sphene (titanite). Its composition
brought up out of a mine. (Gresley)
is analogous to the clays, but con-
Wreck (Scot). A breakdown, as in a tains chiefly titanic oxide instead of
shaft or on an incline. (Barrow- silica.
man)
Xanthite. A yellowish variety of Ve-
Wrought ''iron. The purest form of suvianite. (Webster)
iron commonly known in the arts,
containing only about half of 1 Xanthoconite. Silver-arsenic sulphide,
per cent of carbon. It is made 3Ag2S.As2S6. Contains 61.4 per cent
either directly from the ore, as in silver. (U. S. Geol. Surv.)
the Catalan forge or bloomery, or
by purifying (puddling) cast iron Xanthophyllite. A hydrous silicate of
in a reverberatory furnace or refin- magnesium, calcium, and aluminum,
ery. (Webster) occurring in crusts or in implanted
Wrought steel. Weld steel. (Web- globular forms. (Dana)
ster) Xanthorthite. A yellow altered vari-
Wulfenite. Lead molybdate, PbMoO*. ety of allanite that contains consid-
Contains 39.3 per cent MoOs. Cal- erable water. (Standard)
cium, chromium, copper, and va-
nadium are sometimes constituents. Xanthosiderite. A hydrated oxide of
(U. S. Geol. Surv.) iron, Fe2032H20, occurring in fine
needles or fibers, stellate and con-
Wnrtzilite; Elaterite; Tabby ite; iEon-
centric; also as an ocher. Golden-
ite; iEgerite. An asphaltic mineral
which is jet-black by reflected light yellow to brown. (Dana)
and deep-red in thin plates. It sof- Xenogenites. Posepny's term for min-
tens in hot water, toughens, and be- eral deposits of later origin than the
comes more elastic. In a candle wall rock. The name means for-
flame it softens and burns with a eigners, and refers to their later in-
bright flame. It is practically insolu- troduction. Compare Idiogenites.
ble in gasoline of 76° B6., partly (Kemp)
soluble in ether, carbon di sulphide,
and turpentine, and less so in carbon Xenolite. A silicate of aluminum, re-
tetrachloride. (U. S. Geol. Surv.) lated to fibrolite. (Century)
 )

GLOSSARY OF MINING AND MINERAL INDUSTRY. 749

Xenolith. A fragment of other rock or mining price for working in a

to th'^
of an earlier solidified portion of the narrow place or in deficient coal.
same mass inclosed in an igneous Usually at a certain price per yard
"
rock; an inclusion; an enclave. (La advanced. (Steel)
Forge)
Yard price. The price paid per yard
Xenomorphic. Rohrbach's textural, driven (Jo addition to the tonnage
name for those minerals in an igne- prices) for roads of certain widths,
ous rock, whose boundaries are de- and driven in certain directions (0.
termined by their neighbors. Its and M. M. P.). See Yardage.
antithesis is automorphic, which see.
Yard service. Transportation of rock
Xenomorphic is synonymous with from the quarry bank until the time
allotriomorphic, over which it has
it reaches the main transportation
priority. (Kemp) lines. (Bowles)
Xenon. A very heavy inert gaseous
Yard work (Forest of Dean). Synony-
element occurring in the atmosphere
in the proportion of one volume in
mous with Yardage. (Gresley)
about 20 millions. Symbol, X; Yareta (Bol., Chile, and Peru). A res-
atomic weight 130.2 specific gravity,
; inous moss found at high elevations,
3.52. (Webster) and used as a fuel. (Halse)
Xenotime. Essentially an yttrium Yark (Derb.). To jerk a rope or other
phosphate, YPO*. Cerium and Er- appliance used for lifting or draw-
bium are sometimes present, also ing. (Gresley)
silicon and thorium as in monazite.
Yed (Leic). See Head, 1.
(Dana)
Yellow arsenic. Orpiment. (Chester)
X-frame brace. A reinforcement brac-
ing of a square-set in which two Yellow copper. Chalcopyrite.
diagonal pieces of timber cross to
Yellow copperas. See Copiapite.
form an X. (Sanders, p. 49)
Yellow earth. Specifically, yellow
Xihnitl (Mex.). Turquois found by ocher. (Webster)
the Aztecs near the City of Mexico.
(Halse) Yellow lead-ore. Wulfenite. (Web-
ster)
Xilopalo (Sp.). Wood opal. (Halse)
Xonalite. A hydrous silicate of cal-
Yellow metal. 1. Gold. 2. Muntz
metal. (Webster)
cium, occurring in massive forms of
a white or bluish gray color. (Cen- Yellow ocher. A soft earthy variety of
tury) limonite. (Power)
Xylanthrax. Wood-coal; charcoal: so
called in from mineral
distinction
Yellow ore (Corn.). Chalcopyrite.
(Standard)
(Raymond)
coal.

Xyloidine. An explosive compound Yellow orpiment. King's yellow, AsaSs.

produced by the action of nitric acid (Webster)
upon starch or woody fiber, resem-
bling gun cotton. (Century)
Yellow ozokerine. A product resem-
bling vaseline, but less homogeneous,
Xylopal. See Wood opal. produced from crude ozocerite. (Ba-
con)
Y.
Yacente (Sp.). Foot- wall, or floor of Yellow pyrlte. Same as Chalcopyrite.
an ore deposit. (Halse) (Standard)

Tacimiento (Sp.). 1. A mineral de- Yellow ratebane. Orpiment, (Web-

posit. See Criadero. 2. The occur- ster)
rence or mode of occurrence.
Yellow ultramarine. A pigment con-
(Halse)
sisting of barium chromate. (Stand-'
Yankee. In founding, a molder's lift- ard)
ing-tool having a curved shank.
(Standard)
Yellow wax. A
viscous, semi-solid, dif-
ficultly volatile substance obtained
Yanolite. Same as Axinite. (Stand- on distillation of petroleum still
ard) residuum. (Bacon)
Yardage. Price paid per yard for
1. Yelmo ( Mex. ) . Coke fork. ( D wight
mining coal. 2. The extra compen-
•ation a miner receives in addition Ycnite. See Ilvaite.

750 GLOSSARY OF MINING AND MINERAL INDUSTRY.
Yeutnite. A name derived from the
Yentna River, Alaska, and suggested
by J. E. Spurr for certain granitoid
rocks, consisting of oligoclase, acapo-
lite, and biotite, with a few zircons.
The acapolite is believed to be an
original mineral. (Kemp)
Yeso (Sp.). 1. Gypsum mineral. 2.
Calcined gypsum; Y. bianco, whit-
ing Y. mate, plaster of Paris.
;
(Halse)
Yesosos (Aguas, Mex.).
in which calcite or fluorspar pre-
dominates as a matrix. (Halse)
Yield. 1. The proportion of coal or ore
obtained in mining the product of a;
metallurgical process extraction
recovery. 2. To give way; to crush.
Said of pillars of coal when they
commence to give way or crush.
(Gresley)
Y-level. A level mounted
of Y's: a common form
level, used in
Yodo (Sp.). Iodine.
Yogoite. A name suggested by
and Pirsson from Yogo peak, one
of the Little Belt Mountains, Mont.,
for a syenitic rock (monzonite) com-
posed of orthoclase and augite in
about equal amount. See also Sani-
dinite and Shonkinite. (Kemp)
Yoking. 1. A collision of
(Eng.)
mine (G. C. Greenwell)
cars.
2. In the plural, stakes placed at
regular intervals for the purpose of
marking the boundaries of a mining
claim. (Standard)
Yolk coal; Yolks (Scot).
coal. (Barrowman)
The upper
Yoredale rocks (Eng.).
beds of the English Carboniferous
limestone series, or those lying be-
tween the Carboniferous limestone
proper and the millstone grit. They
contain cele brated lead-mines.
(Standard)
Yorkshire stone. A building stone of
the English millstone grit. (Stand-
ard)
Young; Youthful. Being in the stage
of increasing vigor and efficiency of
action: said of some streams; also,
being in the stage of accentuation
of and a tendency toward complex-
ity of form said of some topography
:
resulting from land sculpture. Con-
trasted with Mature and Old. (La
Forge)
Young river. In geology, a river
which has begun to form a drainage
system in newly raised or newly
;
deformed land. It is characterized
by a shallow ungraded channel
bordered by numerous lakes by hav- ;
ing but few short tributaries; and
from variation ,in the hardness of
its bed rocks, by frequent waterfalls.
Youstone (Eng.). An old term for
Chinese jade, or nephrite. (Page)
Youth. That stage in the development
of streams when they are increasing
in vigor and efficiency or in land
;
Copper ore sculpture when topographic forms
are being accentuated and are tend-
ing toward complexity; contrasted
with Maturity and Age. (La Forge)
See also Young.
; Y-track. A track at approximately
right angles to a line of railroad,
and connected with it by two
switches, the plan of the whole ap-
proaching the form of a Y with a
line joining the ends of its arms:
in a pair
used in place of a turntable. ( Stand-
of spirit-
surveying,
ard)
etc.
(Lucas) Ytterbite. Same as Gadolinite.
Ytterbium; Neoytterbium. A rare me-
Weed
tallic element closely resembling
yttrium. It has a valence of three.
Symbol, Yb; atomic weight, 173.5.
(Webster)
Yttergranat. A calcium-Iron garnet
containing a small amount of yttria.
(Dana). A variety of andradite.
Yttrialite. A silicate of thorium and
the yttrium metals chiefly, but it
contains also uranium and other ele-
ments in small quantity. (U. S.
Geol. Surv.)
Free or soft Yttrium. A
trivalent metallic element
found (combined) in gadolinite and
other rare minerals. Symbol, Y;
atomic weight, 89.0. (Webster) Ob-
tained as a dark-gray powder posses-
sing a metallic luster under a bur-
nisher. It decomposes water slowly
In the cold but more quickly on boil-
ing.
Yttrium-garnet. A variety of garnet
containing a small amount of yttri-
um earths. See Yttergranat. (Cen-
tury)
Yttrocerlte. A hydrous fluoride of ce-
rium, yttrium, erbium, and calcium.
(Dana)
Yttrotantalite. A
tantalate and nio-
bate of iron, calcium, yttrium, erbi-
um, cerium, etc., occurring in black-
brown orthorhombic crystals (Dana).
Called also Yttrocolumbite.
Yu (China). Jade. Called also Yuh;
Yustone (Standard). See Youstone.
 ) )

GLOSSARY OF MIITING AlH) MINERAL INDUSTRY. 751

Tnngas (Bol.). A region of low plains; Zarnec; Zarnich. Native sulphide of

an alluvial basin, often containing arsenic, including sandarac and or-
rich placers. (Halse) piment. ( Webster
Yunque (Mex.). Anvil. (Dwight) Zaroche (Mex.). 1. Gold of low color
containing silver. (Lucas)
Z. 2. (Ecuador) Mountain sickness.
See Soroche, L (Halse)
Zacate (Mex.). Fodder for animals,
as hay, cornstalks, etc (Dwight) Zarzo (Sp., Am.) Timbering; prop-
ping. (Lucas)
Zaccab. A
kind of white earth mixed
Zawn A
with lime used by the natives of (Corn.). cavern. (Ray-
Yucatan for plaster, stucco, etc.
mond)
(Webster) Zax. A tool for trimming and punc-
Zaffer; Zaifre. An impure
oxide of co- turing roofing slates. (Webster)
balt obtained by a roasting process Zeasite. An old name for a variety of
in which the sulphur and arsenic fire opal. (Chester)
are driven off. (Humble)
Zebeb (Arabic). Gold. (C. G. W.
Zaffer-blue. Same as Cobalt-blue. Lock)
Zafirina (Sp.). Blue chalcedony. Zechstein (Ger.). The upper division
(Halse) of the Permian in Europe. (Web-
ster)
Zafiro (Sp.). 1. Sapphire. 2. Ultra-
marine; lapis lazuli. (Halse) Zefre (Sp.). A safety fuse. (Halse)

Zafra. 1. (Sp.) Gangue; matrix. 2. Zellweger furnace. A long-hearth re-

The sugar crop in Cuba. (Halse) verberatory furnace used at Tola,
Kans. (Ingalls, p. 112)
Zafrero (Sp.). A workman occupied
in handling waste rock. (Halse) Zeolite. A
generic term for a group
of minerals occurring in cracks and
Zahino (Colom.). Timber used for cavities of igneous rocks, especially
shaft lagging. (Halse) the more basic lavas. Zeolites are
hydrous silicates of aluminum with
Zambullidor (Colom.). One who pans either sodium or calcium or both,
gravel with a large tatea. (Lucas) and rarely barium or strontium.
Zambullidora (Colom.). An oval pan Before the blowpipe most of the
zeolites fuse readily and with strong
with handle. A large hatea. (Lu-
cas)
intumescence, whence their name,
derived from the Greek, for "boiling
Zambullir (Colom.). To extract the stone." They have little economic
gold from the bottom of streams importance. (U. S. Geol. Surv.)
with a large &afea. ^^^ucas)
Zeolitization. The process by which a
Zapa (Colom.). A small intermediate mineral converted into zeolite by
is
level driven between two main alteration, e. g. nepheline into
levels. (Halse) thompsonite. (Century)

Zapapico (Sp.). A pickax; a mat- Zeuxite (Corn.). An obscure mineral,

tock. (Halse) probably tourmaline. (Chester)

Zapato (Sp.). A shoe or stamp; Z. Zeylanite. See Ceylonite. (Standard)

de freno, a brake shoe. (Halse)
Ziervogel process. The extraction of
Zar (Persia). Gold. (C. G. W. Lock) silver from sulphide ores or matte
by roasting in such a way as to
Zaranda (Sp.;. Large ore-screen; a
1. form sulphate of silver, leaching this
grizzly. 2 A small sieve used in out with hot water ,and precipitat-
assaying. (Halse) ing the silver by means of metallic
copper. ( Raymond
Zarandero (Mex.). One who attends
the screen. (Dwight) Zletrisikite.A brown, fossil wax re-
sembling ozocerite. (Standard)
Zaratlte. A
massive, vitreous, emer-
ald-green, hydrous nickel carbonate, Zighyr; Zigger; Sicker (Corn.). To
HiaNisCOu. Occurs usually as an percolate, trickle, or ooze, as water
Incrustation (U. S. Geol. Surv.). through a crack. From the Ger-
Also called Emerald nickeL man, 8ickem. ( Raymond j
 ) ; ;

752 GLOSSARY OF MINING AND MINERAL INDUSTRY.

Ziment water. Water Impregnated Zinc scum. zinc - silver alloy

The
with copper found in copper mines.
: skimmed the surface of the
fi-om
(Standard) bath in the process of desilverization
of lead by zinc. (Raymond)
Zinc. 1. A bluish-white, crystalline,
metallic substance. Not found na- Zinc spar. An early name for Smith-
tive. Symbol Zn atomic weight,
; sonite. (Chester)
65.37; specific gravity, 7 to 7.2. 2.
To coat or cover with zinc.
Zinc spinel. A synonym for Gahnite.
(Chester)
Zincaluminite. A light-blue, hydrated
zinc sulphate, with zinc and alumi-
Zinc sulphate. A compound, ZnSO*,
usually obtained by dissolving zinc
num hydrates, Al«Zn6S202i,18H20., in sulphuric acid, or by roasting and
that crystallizes in the hexagonal
oxidizing certain zinc ores. (Web-
system. (Standard)
ster)
Zincblende. See Sphalerite. Zinc vitriol. 1. A common name for
Zinc bloom, See Hydrozincite Zinc goslarite (Chester). Zinc sulphate.
oxide.
Zinc white, Oxide of zinc. (Ray-
Zinc box. A box containing zinc for mond)
the precipitation of gold from cyan- Zlnkazurlte. A mineral found in
ide solutions. (Rickard) small, blue crystals, probably a
mixture of sulphate of zinc and car-
Zinc colic. A form of colic thought bonate of copper. (Chester)
tobe caused by zinc-oxide poisoning.
(Century) Zlnkenite. A native lead-antimonite of
sulphur, PbSbaS* (Webster). Also
Zinc dnst. Finely-divided zinc, zinc- Zinckenite.
oxide, and impurities, incidentally
produced in the manufacture of spel- Zinklte. Same as Zincite.
ter. It is sometimes used as an in-
ferior paint (zinc -gray). (Ray- Zlnnwaldlte. An iron-lithia mica in
mond) form near biotite. Color pale violet,
yellow to brown and dark gray.
Zinc gray. See Zinc dust. (Dana)

Zinc green. Cobalt green. (Webster)

Zlppeite. A basic sulphate of Uran-
ium. (Century)
Zincing. The act or process of heat- Zlqultumba (Colom.). Unwaterlng a
ing iron plate with zinc or zinc salts a mine, by manual labor, the men
galvanization. ( Standard carrying the water from one shaft or
winze to another. (Halse)
Zincite; Red oxideof zinc. Zinc oxide,
ZnO. Contains 80.3 per cent zinc. Zircon. Zirconium silicate, ZrSiO*.
(U. S. Geol. Surv.) When clear and orange-colored it is
used for the gem known as hya-
Zincolysls. A mode of decomposition cinth. (U. S. Geol. Surv.) Also
occasioned by an electrical current; called Azorite.
electrolysis. (Century)
Zirconla. Zirconium dioxide, ZrOj.
Zlncolyte. A body decomposable by
Zirconium. A
rare element found In
electricity; an electrolyte. (Cc -
form A grayish
combined only.
tury) substance.
crystalline metallic
Symbol, Zr; atomic weight, 90.6;
Zinc ores. Zinc is not found native.
specific gravity. 4.15. (Webster)
See Calamine, Franklinite, Hydro-
zincite, Nicholsonite, Smithsonite, Zircon light. A light similar to the
Sphalerite, Willemite, Wurtzite, Zinc- calcium light, produced by incan-
ite. (U. S. Geol. Surv.) descent zirconia. (Webster)

ZJnc oxide. A white pulverulent oxide Zircon-syenite. A name originally

ZnO, made by burning zinc in air. given by Hausmann to certain Nor-
It is used as a pigment, chiefly as a wegian nephelite-syenites which
substitute for white lead. Called were rich in zircons. Later it was
also Flowers of zinc; Nihil album; practically used as a synonym for
Philosopher's wool Zinc bloom Zinc
; ; nephelite-syenite, but is now obso-
white. (Standard) lete. (Kemp)
 )

GLOSSARY OF MINING AND MINERAL INDUSTRY. 753

Zirkelite. 1. A name proposed by Zone of capillarity. An area that

Wadsworth to designate
in 1887 overlies the zone of saturation and
altered, basaltic glasses, in distinc- contains capillary voids, sou:e, or all,
tion from their unaltered or tacliy- of which are filled with water that
litic state. (Kemp) is held above the zone of satura-
2. A
variety of the thorium-bearing tion by molecular attraction acting
minerals. (Moses) against gravity. (Mei- r) •

Zirlite. A light-yellow, aluminum hy- Zone of discharge. As suggested by J.

drate, A1(0H)8, that is found amor- W. Finch, the zone embracing that
phous, and is closely related to gibb- part of the belt of saturation which
site. (Standard) has a means of horizontal escape.
See Gathering zone and Static zone.
Ziskon. A trade name for an alloy of
(Lindgren, p. 3)
aluminum and containing 25
zinc,
per cent of the latter metal used in :

making scientific instruments. (Cen- Zone of flowage. As proposed by

tury)
Zloto ( Polish ) . Gold.
Zobtenite. Roth's name for metamor-
phic rocks with the composition of
gabbros, t. e., rocks not certainly ig-
neous. The name is derived from the
Zobtenberg, a Silesian mountain.
(Kemp)
Zoic. In geology, containing fossils,
or yielding evidence of contempora-
neous plant or animal life: said of
rocks. (Standard)
Zoisite. A basic orthosilicate of cal-
cium and aluminum, Ca2(A10H)Al2
(SiO*)*; the aluminum is sometimes
thus graduating
replaced by iron,
toward epidote. (Dana)
Zoisitization. The conversion of feld-
spar into zoisite. (Webster)
Zolotnik. A Russian weight equal to
65.83 grains. (Lock)
Zona (Sp.). 1. A layer or band of
mineral in a vein. 2. A zone, belt,
or band of rock limited horizontally
or vertically, and characterized by
certain minerals or fossils. (Halse)
Zonal structure. A term especially
used in microscopic work to describe
those minerals whose cross-sections
show their successive concentric lay-
ers of growth. (Kemp)
Van Hise, the lower zone of the
outer part of the earth's crust in
( C. G. W. Lock which the deformation of rocks is by
granulation or recrystallization, no
opening being produced, or at least
none except of microscopic size. See
Zone of fracture. (Posepny in Gene-
sis of Ore deposits, p. 286)
Zone of fracture. As proposed by Van
Hise, the upper portion of the earth's
crust and in which rocks are de-
formed mainly by fracture. See
Zone of flowage. (Posepny in Gen-
esis of Ore Deposits, p. 286)
Zone of saturation. An area which
contains capillary or supercapillary
voids, or both, that are full of water
that will move under ordinary hy-
drostatic pressure. (Meinzer)
Zones. In a shaft furnace, the differ-
ent portions (horizontal sections)
are called zones, and characterized
according to the reactions which
take place In them, as the zone of
fusion or smelting zone, the reduc-
tion zone, etc. (Raymond)
Zonochlorite. A zeolitic mineral, per-
haps related to thompsonite. (Cen-
tury)
Zoogene. In geology, of, pertaining
to, consisting of, resulting from, or
indicative of animal life or struc-
ture. (Standard)

Zone. 1. In geology, used In the same Zeolite; Zoolith. A fossil animal.

sense as horizon to indicate a cer- (Webster)
tain geological level or chronological
position, without reference to the
Zorgite. A massive : anular selenide
of lead and copper in varying
local attitude or dip of the rock.
amounts. (Dana)
(Roy. Com.)
2. An area or region more or less set Zueing. See Zur.
off r characterized as distincr from
'

surrounding parts, as in a metallif- Zundererz (Ger.). Tinder ore; an ore

erous region, the mineral zone. 3. of antimony occurring in the Saxon
In crystallography, a series of faces mines in soft, flexible, tinderlike
whose intersection lines with each masses, of a blackish-red color and
other are all parallel. (Webster) little luster. (Page)
75242*—19- 48
754 GLOSSARY OF MIJSTING AND MINERAL. INDUSTRY.

Zungite. A fluosilicate of aluminum Zurr6n (Mex.). A rawhide ore sack

in transparent tetrahedral crystals, holding about 150 pounds; a load for
from the Zuni mine, Colorado. a. Tanatero. -See Tanate. (D wight)
(Webster) Zurronero ( Mex. ) A laborer who con-
.

Zur; Zueing-; Dezuing (Eng.). The veys ore or waste in bags. (Halse)
same as hulking a lode, mz, remov- Zwieselite. A clove-brown variety of
ing the soft side for facilitating the triplite. (Dana)
breaking down the harder part there-
of. (Hunt) Zwitter. A
Saxon miner's term for a
variety of greisen. Only of sig-
JKurlite. A white or green variety of nificance in co-inection with tin ores.
melilite. (Standard) (Kemp)

o
TN Fay, Albert Hill
9 A glossary of the mining
F3 and mineral industry

Ee