PART II REVIEW (chapter 2)

1. ______ evidence of history, original records or objects created by

participants or observers at the time historical events occurred or even well
after events, as in memoirs and oral histories.

Provide a window to the past - unfiltered access to the record of artistic,

social, scientific, and political thought and achievement during the specific
period under study, produce by the people who lived during that time.

History as academic discipline is based on primary sources. As evaluated by

the community scholars , who reported their findings in books, articles and
papers.

"Primary sources are absolutely fundamental to history"

2. ______ are firsthand accounts or evidence created during the period being
studied. It provides direct or immediate evidence of an event, person, place,
or time.

Kinds of primary sources

1. Official records
9. AUDIO AND VIDEO RECORDINGS
2. CORRESPONDENCE
10. ARCHEOLOGICAL FINDS
3. NEWSPAPERS AND MAGAZINES
11. PERSONAL ITEMS
4. SPEECHES AND INTERVIEWS
12. EYEWITNESS ACCOUNTS
5. MANUSCRIPTS
13. CENSUS DATA
6. PHOTOGRAPHS
14. SUREVEY AND POLLS
7. ARTWORK
15. BOOKS AnD PAMPHLETS
8. MAPS

Importance of primary sources in today’s education

I. Developing Critical Thinking Skills
II. Connectivity with history
III. Understanding Contemporary Issues
IV. Fostering Cultural Awareness and Understanding
V. Cultivating Informed and engaged Citizen
3. ______ serves as a critical tools in history research, providing analysis,
context and interpretation derived from primary sources

Historians and researchers often rely on secondary sources gain a broader

understanding of historical events, trends, and debates within the field.

4. ______ provide secondhand account, analysis, or commentary on past

events, individuals, or topics.

Examples of secondary source

1. books
2. Journals and Articles
3. Encyclopedias or Databases
4. Biographies and Autobiographies
5. Documentaries and Films
6. Historical Reviews and Critiques
7. Conference Papers and Presentations
8. Dissertations (academic research papers submitted as thesis, providing
in depth analysis and regional research on specific historical topics)

Challenges and complexities in reliance on secondhand knowledge

1. Interpretations and bias
2. Accuracy and reliability
3. Omission or selectivity
4. Misinterpretation or misrepresentation
5. Evolution of interpretation

5. ______ a mechanism used in history to detect errors or lies in historical

documents. Allows historians to closely scrutinize the source itself,
examining its content, context, and structure to determine its credibility
and reliability as a historical resource.

6. ______ involves close examination of the content, language, structure,

and context within a source. It aims to determine the coherence of the
text, and identify inconsistencies, anachronism, or contradictions within
the source itself.
7. ______ assessing the origin, form, and purpose of the source to evaluate
its reliability.
8. ______Comparing the source with other similar or related sources to
cross reference information, verify facts, or detect discrepancies.
Consistency across multiple sources enhances credibility.
9. ______ Analyzing the writing style, language, or terminology used in
the source to identify potential biases, authorial intent, or cultural context.

10. ______ evaluating historical sources by examining their content,

origins, authenticity, and relationship to other sources or external
evidence.
11. ______ investigating the sources chain of custody or Provence to verify
its authenticity.
12. ______ Evaluating the source’s consistency with external evidence or
other independent sources.
13. ______ placing the source within its historical, social and cultural
context to understand the circumstances of its creation
14. ______ Consulting experts or established scholarship to validate or
challenge the source’s credibility. Relying on the consensus of historians
within the field adds weight to the assessment.
PART II REVIEW (chapter 2)

Kinds of primary sources

1. ______ Government documents, treaties, laws, constitutions,
administrative records and court proceedings.
2. ______ Letters, diaries, memoirs, and personal papers of individuals
providing firsthand accounts of events.
3. ______ Contemporary publications reporting on events, opinions, and
social issues of the time
4. ______ Transcripts or recordings of speeches, interviews, or oral histories.
5. ______ Handwritten or typed manuscripts, literary works, drafts or notes.
6. ______ Images capturing people, events, landscapes, or daily life.
7. ______ Paintings, sculptures, drawings and other artistic representations
depicting historical scenes or themes.
8. ______ cartographic representations providing geographical information
or illustrating historical boundaries and landscapes.
9. ______ recordings of speeches, radio broadcast, documentaries, or
historical events captured on film or tape.
10. _____ artifacts, tools, pottery, buildings, or remains providing physical
evidence of past civilizations or cultures.
11. _____ objects such as clothing’s, household items, tools, or implements
used in daily life during a specific period.
12. _____ Testimonies or firsthand narratives of individuals who directly
witnessed or participated in historical events
13. _____ population statistics, demographic information, economic data,
and records of births, deaths and migration.
14. _____ Questionnaires, surveys or public opinion polls conducted during
a particular period.
15. _____ printed materials, academic works, pamphlets, or literary pieces
from the time period being studied.