A

Seminar report
On
NANOTECHNOLOGY

Presented By

Asish Kumar Das

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 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

I would like to thank respected Mr.Sk.MD.Habibullah and for giving me

such a wonderful opportunity to expand my knowledge for my own branch
and giving me guidelines to present a seminar report. It helped me a lot to
realize of what we study for.
Secondly, I would like to thank my parents who patiently helped me as i
went through my work and helped to modify and eliminate some of the
irrelevant or un-necessary stuffs.

Thirdly, I would like to thank my friends who helped me to make my work

more organized and well-stacked till the end.

Next, I would thank Microsoft for developing such a wonderful tool like MS
Word. It helped my work a lot to remain error-free.

Last but clearly not the least, I would thank The Almighty for giving me
strength to complete my report on time.

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 PREFACE

I have made this report file on the topic NANOTECHNOLOGY; I have tried
my best to elucidate all the relevant detail to the topic to be included in the
report. While in the beginning I have tried to give a general view about this
topic.

My efforts and wholehearted co-corporation of each and everyone has

ended on a successful note. I express my sincere gratitude to Sk. MD
Habibullah who assisting me throughout the preparation
of this topic. I thank him for providing me the reinforcement, confidence
and most importantly the track for the topic whenever I needed it.

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 CONTENT

SL. TOPIC NAME PAGE NO.

NO
1
Introduction
2 Definition
3 Types

4 Tools & technique

5 Structures

6 Approaches used

7 Application

8 Advantages

9 Nanotechnology in mobile
10 Nanotechnology in computer

11 Possibilities for future

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 INTRODUCTION
Molecular nanotechnology or Nanotechnology is the name given to a specific sort
of manufacturing technology to build things from the atom up, and to rearrange
matter with atomic precision. In other words, we can say that nanotechnology is a
three dimensional structural control of material and devices at molecular level.
The nanoscale structures can be prepared, characterized, manipulated, and
even visualized with tools.

“Nanotechnology is a tool-driven field." Other terms, such as molecular

engineering or molecular manufacturing are also often applied when describing
this emerging technology. This technology does not yet exist. But, scientists have
recently gained the ability to observe and manipulate atoms directly. However,
this is only one small aspect of a growing array of techniques in nanoscale
science and technology. The ability to make commercial products may yet be a
few decades away.

“Nanotechnology is Engineering, Not Science.” The central thesis of

nanotechnology is that almost any chemically stable structure that is not
specifically disallowed by the laws of physics can in fact be built. Theoretical and
computational models indicate that molecular manufacturing systems are
possible — that they do not violate existing physical law. These models also give
us a feel for what a molecular manufacturing system might look like. Melting pot
of science combining applications of physics, chemistry, biology, electronics and
computers. Today, scientists are devising numerous tools and techniques that
will be needed to transform nanotechnology from computer models into reality.

The key aspect of nanotechnology is that nanoscale materials offer different

chemical and physical properties than the bulk materials, and that these
properties could form the basis of new technologies.
For example, scientists have learned that the electronic--and hence optical--
properties of nanometer-size particles can be tuned by adjusting the particle size.
According to a recent study by a group at Georgia Institute of Technology, when
gold metal is reduced to nanosize rods, its fluorescence intensity is enhanced
over 10 million-fold. The study found that the wavelength of the emitted light
increases linearly with the rod length, while the light intensity increases with the
square of the rod length.

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 DEFINITION

Nanotechnology is the study of manipulating matter on an atomic scale.

Nanotechnology refers to the constructing and engineering of the functional
systems at very micro level or we can say at atomic level.

A Nanometer is one billionth of a meter, roughly the width of three or four atoms.

The average human hair is about 25,000 nanometers wide.

That means,
Nanotechnology is a part of science and technology about the control of matter
on the atomic and molecular scale - this means things that are about 100
nanometres across. Nanotechnology includes making products that use parts
this small, such as electronic devices, catalysts, sensors, etc.

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 TYPES

Nano material :
Nanomaterials. Nanomaterials describe, in principle, materials of which a
single unit small sized (in at least one dimension) between 1 to 100 nm (the
usual definition of nanoscale) measured in kelvin. ... Materials with structure at
the nanoscale often have unique optical, electronic, or mechanical properties.

Nano electronic :
Nanoelectronics refers to the use of nanotechnology in electronic
components. The term covers a diverse set of devices and materials, with the
common characteristic that they are so small that inter-atomic interactions and
quantum mechanical properties need to be studied extensively.

Nano robotics :
Nano Robotics is the technology of creating machines or robots close to the
microscopic scale of a nanometer (10−9 meters). Nanorobotics refers
to nanotechnology – an engineering discipline for designing and building
nanorobots.

Molecular mechanics :
Molecular nanotechnology (MNT) is a technology based on the ability to build
structures to complex, atomic specifications by means of mechanosynthesis.
[1]
This is distinct from nanoscale materials. Based on Richard Feynman's vision
of miniature factories using nanomachines to build complex products (including
additional nanomachines), this advanced form of nanotechnology (or molecular
manufacturing[2]) would make use of positionally-controlled mechanosynthesis
guided by molecular machine systems. MNT would involve combining physical
principles demonstrated by biophysics, chemistry, other nanotechnologies, and
the molecular machinery of life with the systems engineering principles found in
modern macroscale factories.

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Nanoengineering :
Nanoengineering is the practice of engineering on the nanoscale. It derives its
name from the nanometre, a unit of measurement equalling one billionth of a
meter. Nanoengineering is largely a synonym for nanotechnology, but
emphasizes the engineering rather than the pure science aspects of the field.

Nanobiotechnology :

Nanotechnology is a field of research and innovation concerned with building

'things' - generally, materials and devices - on the scale of atoms and molecules.
A nanometre is one-billionth of a metre: ten times the diameter of a hydrogen
atom. The diameter of a human hair is, on average, 80,000 nanometres.

Nanofluidics :

Nanofluidics is the study and manipulation of fluids confined within

nanostructures. The fluid dynamics of substances on the nanoscale differs
significantly from the fluid dynamics of substances on longer length scales.

Nanohub :
nanoHUB.org is the premier place for computational nanotechnology research,
education, and collaboration. Our site hosts a rapidly growing collection of
Simulation Programs for nanoscale phenomena that run in the cloud and are
accessible through a web browser.

Nanometrology :
Nanometrology is the science of measurement at the nanoscale level.
Nanometer or nm is equivalent to 10^-9 m. In Nanotechnology accurate control
of dimensions of objects is important.

Nanoscale network :
A nanonetwork or nanoscale network is a set of interconnected nanomachines
(devices a few hundred nanometers or a few micrometers at most in size), which
are able to perform only very simple tasks such as computing, data storing,
sensing and actuation

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 NANO & TECHNOLOGY

• A Nanometre is a unit of length in the metric system, equal to one billionth of a

metre(10-9 ).

• Technology is the making, usage, and knowledge of tools, machines and

techniques, in order to solve a problem or perform a specific function.

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 Tools & technique

. Carbon nanotubes (CNTs) are tubes made of carbon with diameters typically
measured in nanometers.
Carbon nanotubes often refers to single-wall carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs) with
diameters in the range of a nanometer. They were discovered independently by
Iijima and Ichihashi [1] and Bethune et al.[2] in carbon arc chambers similar to
those used to produce fullerenes. Single-wall carbon nanotubes are one of
the allotropes of carbon, intermediate between fullerene cages and flat graphene.
Although not made this way, single-wall carbon nanotubes can be thought of as
cutouts from a two-dimensional hexagonal lattice of carbon atoms rolled up along
one of the Bravais lattice vectors of the hexagonal lattice to form a hollow
cylinder. In this construction, periodic boundary conditions are imposed over the
length of this roll up vector to yield a lattice with helical symmetry of seamlessly
bonded carbon atoms on the cylinder surface.[3]
Carbon nanotubes also often refer to multi-wall carbon
nanotubes (MWCNTs) consisting of nested single-wall carbon nanotubes.[3] If not
identical, these tubes are very similar to Oberlin, Endo and Koyama's long
straight and parallel carbon layers cylindrically rolled around a hollow tube.
[4]
Multi-wall carbon nanotubes are also sometimes used to refer to double- and
triple-wall carbon nanotubes.
Carbon nanotubes can also refer to tubes with an undetermined carbon-wall
structure and diameters less than 100 nanometers. Such tubes were discovered
by Radushkevich and Lukyanovich.[5] [6] While nanotubes of other
compositions exist, most research has been focused on the carbon ones.
Therefore, the "carbon" qualifier is often left implicit in the acronyms, and the
names are abbreviated NT, SWNT, and MWNT.
Carbon nanotubes can exhibit remarkable electrical conductivity.[7] [8] They also
have exceptional tensile strength [9] and thermal conductivity,[10] [11] because of
their nanostructure and strength of the bonds between carbon atoms. In addition,
they can be chemically modified.[12] These properties are expected to be valuable
in many areas of technology, such as electronics, optics, composite
materials (replacing or complementing carbon fibers), nanotechnology, and other
applications of materials science.

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 STRUCTURES

Passive nanostructures :
in other words, it's the creation of materials where we control their structure on a
molecular level, but the actual product doesn't “do” anything. it has material
properties that are useful or even revolutionary, but that's as far as it goes.

ex: aerosols,colloides

Active nanostructures :
miniaturized active nanostructure: nanotechnology which is a conceptual scaling
down of larger devices and technologies to the nanoscale. hybrid active
nanostructures: nanotechnology that involves uncommon combinations (biotic–
abiotic, organic–inorganic) of materials.

ex: targeted drugs, biodevices

Systems of nanosystems :
nanosystems. nanosystems are multifunctional systems engineered at the
nanoscale and are comprised of distinctive physicochemical properties with
massive prospects in the therapeutic and diagnostic applications, ranging from
delivery cargos to biosensors.

ex: guided assembling: 3d networking and new hierarchical architectures,

robotics, evolutionary

Molecular nanosystems :
in nanosystems, nanotechnology deals with small structures or small sized
materials. the typical dimension extended from subnanometer to several hundred
nanometers range. the nanometer scale is defined as 1–100 nm. one nanometer
is one billionth of a meter.

ex: molecular devices ‘by design’. atomic design, emerging functions

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 APPROACHED USED

BOTTOM – UP :
Nanotechnology promises an inexpensive "bottom up" alternative in which
electronic or other devices will be assembled from simpler components such as
molecules and other nano-structures. This approach is similar to the one nature
uses to construct complex biological architectures. Nano-products will be smarter
than the traditional devices as – -devices operate at the most fundamental level
(here atoms and molecules, instead of bits and bytes). uitous. Just as today's
computers are showing up in more and more products, nano-computers and
nano-defined materials will be able to improve just about any object we use,
including our own bodies.

TOP – DOWN :
Today, electronic devices, sensors, motors, and many other items are fabricated
using a "top down" approach. Today's computer chips are made using
photolithography, a process that uses light and chemicals to etch lines into silicon
wafers. The process requires vacuum chambers, powerful lasers and hazardous
chemicals, which is why state-of-the-art chip factories tend to be billion-dollar
facilities. As device features have become finer, the number of devices that can
be crammed onto a chip has been doubling every 18 to 24 months. But
chipmakers will be hard-pressed to extend this miniaturization trend for another
decade. As device features shrink into the low-nanometer range, the chips will
not be able to perform as reliably. Moreover, the cost of constructing new
fabrication lines for each new generation of chips will become prohibitive.

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 APPLICATION OF NANOTECHNOLOGY

, although most applications are limited to the bulk use of passive nanomaterials.
Examples include titanium dioxide and zinc oxide nanoparticles in sunscreen, cosmetics
and some food products; silver nanoparticles in food packaging, clothing, disinfectants
and household appliances such as Sil The 2000s have seen the beginnings of
the applications of nanotechnology in commercial productsver Nano; carbon
nanotubes for stain-resistant textiles; and cerium oxide as a fuel catalyst. As of March
10, 2011, the Project on Emerging Nanotechnologies estimated that over 1300
manufacturer-identified nanotech products are publicly available, with new ones hitting
the market at a pace of 3–4 per week.
Nanotechnology is being used in developing countries to help treat disease and prevent
health issues. The umbrella term for this kind of nanotechnology is Nanomedicine.
Nanotechnology is also being applied to or developed for application to a variety
of industrial and purification processes. Purification and environmental cleanup
applications include the desalination of water, water filtration, wastewater
treatment, groundwater treatment, and other nanoremediation. In industry, applications
may include construction materials, military goods, and nano-machining of nano-wires,
nano-rods, few layers of graphene, etc. Also, recently a new field arisen from the root of
Nanotechnology is called Nanobiotechnology. Nanobiotechnology is the biology-based,
application-oriented frontier area of research in the hybrid discipline of Nanoscience and
biotechnology with an equivalent contribution.

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 ADVANTAGES

 Energy-efficient products such as fuel and solar cells.

 Improvements in manufacturing that allow for durable, light-weight,

efficient production tools.

 Improved electronic devices, including transistors,

 LED and plasma displays and quantum computers.

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 NANOTECHNOLOGY IN MOBILE

Nokia Morph is a joint nanotechnology concept, developed by Nokia Research

Center (NRC) and the University of Cambridge (UK). The Morph demonstrates
how future mobile devices might be stretchable and flexible, allowing the user to
transform their mobile devices into radically different shapes.

NANOTECHNOLOGY IN COMPUTER

Basically, nanotechnology works with materials, devices and other structures

with at least one dimension sized from 1 to 100 nanometres. Examples are: a
few nanometres wide--motor, robot arms, small electronic components, novel
semiconductor devices and even whole computer far smaller than a cell.

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 POSIBILITES FOR FUTURE

Five ways nanotechnology is securing your future -

 Doctors inside your body. Wearable fitness technology means we can monitor

our health by strapping gadgets to ourselves. ...

 Sensors, sensors, everywhere. ...

 Self-healing structures. ...

 Making big data possible. ...

 Tackling climate change.

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 CONCLUSION

The work in nanotechnology is being carried out not just on the materials of the
future, but also the tools that will allow us to use these ingredients to create
products. Experimental work has already resulted in the production of scanning
tunneling microscope, molecular tweezers, and logic devices. Theoretical work in
the construction of nano-computers is progressing as well. Taking all of this into
account, it is clear that the technology is feasible. Nanotechnology is expected to
have a profound impact on our economy and society in the 21st century, from the
development of better, faster, stronger, smaller, and cheaper systems.
Nanotechnology provides a far more powerful capability. We cannot make
powerful computers, defense, environment and medicine, but also in a higher
standard of living for everyone on the planet. Nanotechnology- the science is
good, the engineering is feasible, the paths of approach are many, the
consequences are revolutionary-times-revolutionary, and the schedule is: in our
lifetimes.

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 REFERENCES

electronics for you

www.foresight.org
www.nanoelectronicsplanet.com
www.nanotechnology.com
information technology – june 2002

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