Republic of the Philippines

SURIGAO DEL NORTE STATE UNIVERSITY

Narciso Street, Surigao City, 8400, Philippines

GE ENVISCI - ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE

POLLUTION &
ENVIRONMENTAL
HEALTH

GROUP 5 - BSCE 2A
Chapter 5. Pollution
5. 1 Pollution and its Types
Discussants:
1. Benzal, Marc Jhon A.
2. Borja, Emely Grace F.

5. 2 Health Effects of Pollution

Discussants:
1. Bacol, John Lorenze L.
2. Villagorda, Jonavic

5.3 Pollution Control and Remediation

Discussants:
1. Culata, Kurt
2. Maarat, Aeron C.
Chapter 5 Discussants
Pollution, Its Types, Effects, and Solution

BACOL, John Lorenze L. BENZAL, Marc Jhon A. BORJA, Emely Grace F. CULATA, Kurt

MAARAT, Aeron C. VILLAGORDA, Jonavic

Pollution and its Sources
Discussant: Benzal, Marc Jhon A.
Pollution
also called environmental pollution, the addition of
any substance (solid, liquid, or gas) or any form of
energy (such as heat, sound, or radioactivity) to the
environment at a rate faster than it can be dispersed,
diluted, decomposed, recycled, or stored in some
harmless form.

can refer to both artificial and natural materials that

are created, consumed, and discarded in an
unsustainable manner

is the introduction of harmful materials into the

environment. These harmful materials are called
pollutants.
 Natural
Pollutants are pollutant created by
substances of natural origin
such as volcanic dust, sea salt
particles, photochemically
may be in the form of
formed ozone, and products of
gas, liquid, solid or forest fibres, among others.
energy. are released during volcanic
damage the quality of eruptions, forest fires, and
grass fires.
air, water, and land.
Anthropogenic
are basically human activities.
It includes burning of fossil
fuels in industries, vehicles
and thermoelectric plants,
gaseous emission from
industries, mining, trash,
runoff produced by factories,
processing and stone crushing.
pollutants include naturally
occurring pollutants released
from human activity.
 Solid Pollutants
Pollutants also come in solid form.
Plastic bags are one of the most
common solid wastes.
Solid waste is any solid material that is
assumed not to be useful and is
therefore thrown away.
Factories, businesses and households
produce different kinds of solid waste
such as paper, plastics, metals,
chemicals in solid form, pieces of cloth
or food and animal remains. Sometimes
you may have observed faecal matter
discarded with solid waste, which adds
to the problems.
Liquid Pollutants
Liquid waste includes human excreta
(both faeces and urine), industrial
wastewaters and other forms of waste
from water-using activities.
Factories generate liquid waste from
activities related to washing in the
manufacturing process, cleaning
objects and chemical mixing.
Sewage is a mixture of human excreta
from water-flushed toilets and other
wastewater from houses and
businesses, overflowing septic tanks
and latrines are frequent sources of
pollution.
Gas Pollutants
Refer to gases emitted into the
atmosphere through various human
activities and natural processes that
can have harmful effects on human
health, the environment, and the
climate.
Carbon Monoxide (CO) - a colorless,
odorless gas produced by incomplete
combustion of fossil fuels.
Particulate Matter (PM) - tiny solid or
liquid particles suspended in the air.
Sulfur Dioxide (SO2) - produced by
burning fossil fuels containing sulfur,
such as coal and oil, in power plants.

Pollution According
to Location
Understanding the sources and
recipients of pollution is crucial for
developing effective pollution
control and mitigation strategies.
By identifying the sources of
pollutants and their pathways of
dispersal, policymakers, scientists,
and environmentalists can work
towards implementing regulations,
technologies, and practices to
reduce pollution emissions,
protect vulnerable recipients, and
safeguard public health and the
environment.
Source
is where the pollution comes from,
that is, where the pollution is released
into the environment.
can be categorized as point or non-
point sources.
Point source are identifiable points or
places that you can easily locate. An
example is a diesel truck that
produces visible black exhaust fumes
from its tailpipe. Liquid waste
released from a pipe into a river is
another example.
Non-point source (also known as
diffuse pollution) is one where it is
difficult to identify the exact origin of
the pollution. A good example is
floodwater that washes all types of
waste from the land into a river. In
this situation you cannot identify the
individual or household or
establishment that has caused the
water pollution.
Recipient
it is where the pollution ends up,
which may be a part of the
environment or people or animals
that become contaminated or
damaged.
Recipients can include air, water
bodies (e.g., rivers, lakes, oceans),
soil, vegetation, wildlife, and
human communities.
Depending on the type of
pollutant and its mode of
dispersal, pollutants can affect
different recipients through
various pathways, such as air
pollution affecting human health,
water pollution impacting aquatic
ecosystems, and soil pollution
affecting agricultural productivity
and food safety.
Table 1. Sources
of Pollution
Table 1. Sources
of Pollution
Pathways of Pollution
is the way the pollutant moves from the source, enters
into the environment, and finally how it reaches the
human body or other recipient.
the pathway between source and recipient can take
several different forms depending on the type of
pollutant. Primary recipients for pollution are water,
air, and soil. Pollutants usually reach humans through
the consumption of contaminated and polluted water
and food, and breathing polluted air.
Concentration is a measure of the amount of the
substance in a known volume of water or air. The units
used for water pollutants are usually milligrams per
liter (mg/l, also written as mgl-1), although sometimes
ppm is used which stands for parts per million.
Pathways of Pollution
Once released into the environment, the
worst effects of many pollutants are reduced
by one or more of the following processes:
1. Dispersion – smoke disperses into the air and
is no longer noticeable away from the source.
2. Dilution – soluble pollutants are diluted in
the water of a river or lake.
3. Deposition – some suspended solids carried
in a river settle (are deposited) on the river
bed.
4. Degradation – some substances break down
(degrade) by natural processes into different,
simpler substances that are not polluting.
Types of Pollution
Discussants: Benzal, Marc Jhon A.
Borja, Emely Grace F.
 Major Types Specific Types

Types of 1. Air Pollution 1. Noise Pollution

2. Water Pollution 2. Light Pollution
Pollution 3. Land Pollution 3. Plastic Pollution
Air (Atmospheric) Pollution
Types of Pollution
Air Pollution
also called “atmospheric pollution”.
refers to the presence of harmful or excessive quantities
of substances, known as pollutants, in the Earth's
atmosphere. These pollutants can be gases, particulate
matter, or biological molecules that are harmful to
human health, other living organisms, or the
environment.
common sources of air pollution include emissions from
vehicles, industrial facilities, power plants, agricultural
activities, and natural sources such as wildfires and
volcanic eruptions. These emissions release pollutants
such as carbon monoxide (CO), sulfur dioxide (SO2),
nitrogen oxides (NOx), particulate matter (PM), volatile
organic compounds (VOCs), and ozone (O3).
Clean VS Polluted Air
Clean Air consists of nitrogen (78% by volume),
oxygen (21%) and trace gases (< 1%). It may also
contain natural components like water vapor.
Typically has no discernible odor and offers good
visibility.
Polluted Air may contain particulate matter (such as
black soot) and many different gaseous chemicals
such as carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide, nitrogen
oxides, sulphur oxides, ozone, nitrates, sulphates,
organic hydrocarbons and many others. They tend
to have unpleasant odors due to the presence of
pollutants such as sulfur compounds, VOCs, and
particulate matter. It can also reduce visibility,
leading to haze, smog, or fog.
Types of Air Pollution Indoor (Household)
Household
refers to the contamination of indoor
air within buildings and residences. It
arises from various sources, including:
Combustion Appliances - cooking
stoves, heaters, fireplaces, and other
combustion appliances that use fossil
fuels (such as coal, wood, gas, or
kerosene) can produce pollutants like
Indoor (Household) Air carbon monoxide (CO), nitrogen dioxide
(NO2), particulate matter (PM), and
Pollution volatile organic compounds (VOCs).
Household Products - Cleaning agents,
paints, varnishes, air fresheners, and
other household products can release
volatile organic compounds (VOCs) and
other chemicals into the indoor air.
Building Materials - Some building
materials and furnishings, such as
asbestos, formaldehyde-containing
insulation, and lead-based paint, can
emit indoor air pollutants.
Outdoor (Ambient) Air
Pollution
Outdoor (Ambient)
refers to the contamination of the air in
the external environment, typically in
urban, industrial, and densely populated
areas. It is caused by various human
activities and natural processes, including:
Transportation - emissions from vehicles,
including cars, trucks, buses, motorcycles,
airplanes, and ships, are significant
contributors to outdoor air pollution.
Industrial Activities - industrial processes,
including manufacturing, power
generation, mining, and construction,
release pollutants such as sulfur dioxide
(SO2), nitrogen oxides (NOx), particulate
matter (PM), and volatile organic
compounds (VOCs) into the outdoor air.
Agriculture - agricultural activities, such
as livestock farming, crop burning, and the
use of fertilizers and pesticides, can
release pollutants such as ammonia (NH3),
methane (CH4), and particulate matter
(PM) into the outdoor air.
 Sources of Air Natural Human-Induced
Pollutants
Volcanic Eruptions - release Transportation - vehicles such as
various pollutants, including cars, trucks, buses, airplanes, and
sulfur dioxide (SO2), ash, and ships emit pollutants such as
particulate matter, into the carbon monoxide (CO), nitrogen
atmosphere. oxides (NOx), particulate matter
Wildfires - emit large quantities of (PM), and volatile organic
smoke, carbon monoxide (CO), compounds (VOCs).
particulate matter (PM), and other Industrial Activities - industrial
Natural Sources processes, including
pollutants.
Dust and Sandstorms - natural manufacturing, power generation,
events such as dust storms and mining, and construction, release
sandstorms can release pollutants such as sulfur dioxide
particulate matter into the air, (SO2), nitrogen oxides (NOx),
especially in arid regions. particulate matter (PM), and
volatile organic compounds (VOCs).
Biogenic Emissions - natural
Agriculture - agricultural activities,
processes such as plant
such as livestock farming and crop
emissions, fungal spores, and
burning, release pollutants such as
Human-Induced Sources bacterial activity can release
ammonia (NH3), methane (CH4),
volatile organic compounds
and particulate matter (PM).
(VOCs) and other pollutants.
 Sources of Air Natural Human-Induced
Pollutants
Residential and Commercial Activities -
Volcanic Eruptions - release
heating, cooking, and other activities in
various pollutants, including residential and commercial buildings
sulfur dioxide (SO2), ash, and can produce pollutants such as carbon
particulate matter, into the monoxide (CO), nitrogen dioxide (NO2),
atmosphere. and particulate matter (PM) from
Wildfires - emit large quantities of burning fossil fuels.
Improper Waste Management -
smoke, carbon monoxide (CO),
improper waste disposal, including
particulate matter (PM), and other landfill sites and waste incineration, can
Natural Sources
pollutants. release pollutants such as methane
Dust and Sandstorms - natural (CH4), carbon monoxide (CO), and
events such as dust storms and volatile organic compounds (VOCs).
sandstorms can release Deforestation - clearing of forests for
agriculture, urbanization, and other
particulate matter into the air,
purposes can release carbon dioxide
especially in arid regions. (CO2) and reduce the natural ability of
Biogenic Emissions - natural trees to absorb pollutants from the air.
processes such as plant Energy Production - burning fossil fuels
emissions, fungal spores, and such as coal, oil, and natural gas for
bacterial activity can release energy production releases pollutants
Human-Induced Sources
such as sulfur dioxide (SO2), nitrogen
volatile organic compounds
oxides (NOx), carbon dioxide (CO2), and
(VOCs) and other pollutants. particulate matter (PM).
Table 2. Air
Pollutants
Table 2. Air
Pollutants
Table 2. Air
Pollutants
Water Pollution
Types of Pollution
Water Pollution
is the release of substances into bodies of water
that makes water unsafe for human use and
disrupts aquatic ecosystems. Water pollution
can be caused by a plethora of different
contaminants, including toxic waste, petroleum,
and disease-causing microorganisms.
occurs when harmful substances—often
chemicals or microorganisms—contaminate a
stream, river, lake, ocean, aquifer, or other body
of water, degrading water quality and rendering
it toxic to humans or the environment.
Clean VS Polluted Water
Clean Water appears clear and transparent,
allowing you to see through it. It may have a
slight blue tint, especially in large bodies such as
oceans and lakes. Clean water typically has little
to no odor. It may have a fresh or neutral smell.
Polluted Water may appear cloudy, murky, or
discolored due to the presence of suspended
solids, algae, or contaminants. It may have a
brown, green, or reddish hue. Polluted water
often emits unpleasant odors, which can vary
depending on the types of contaminants
present. It may smell foul, musty, or like sewage.
Where is the pollution
coming from?

1. Point Source
2. Nonpoint Source
3. Transboundary
Point Source
When contamination originates from a single
source, it’s called point source pollution.
Examples include wastewater (also called
effluent) discharged legally or illegally by a
manufacturer, oil refinery, or wastewater
treatment facility, as well as contamination from
leaking septic systems, chemical and oil spills,
and illegal dumping. The EPA regulates point
source pollution by establishing limits on what
can be discharged by a facility directly into a
body of water. While point source pollution
originates from a specific place, it can affect
miles of waterways and ocean.
Nonpoint Source
Nonpoint source pollution is
contamination derived from diffuse
sources. These may include
agricultural or stormwater runoff or
debris blown into waterways from
land.
It is difficult to regulate, since there’s
no single, identifiable culprit.
Transboundary
Transboundary pollution is the result
of contaminated water from one
country spilling into the waters of
another.
Contamination can result from a
disaster—like an oil spill—or the slow,
downriver creep of industrial,
agricultural, or municipal discharge.
What type of water is
being impacted?

1. Groundwater
2. Surface Water
3. Ocean Water
Groundwater
Groundwater gets polluted when contaminants—
from pesticides and fertilizers to waste leached
from landfills and septic systems—make their
way into an aquifer, rendering it unsafe for
human use. Ridding groundwater of
contaminants can be difficult to impossible, as
well as costly. Once polluted, an aquifer may be
unusable for decades, or even thousands of
years. Groundwater can also spread
contamination far from the original polluting
source as it seeps into streams, lakes, and
oceans.
Surface Water
Covering about 70 percent of the earth, surface
water is what fills our oceans, lakes, rivers, and
all those other blue bits on the world map.
Nutrient pollution, which includes nitrates and
phosphates, is the leading type of contamination
in these freshwater sources. While plants and
animals need these nutrients to grow, they have
become a major pollutant due to farm waste and
fertilizer runoff. Municipal and industrial waste
discharges contribute their fair share of toxins as
well. There‘s also all the random junk that
industry and individuals dump directly into
waterways
Ocean Water
Eighty percent of ocean pollution (also called
marine pollution) originates on land—whether
along the coast or far inland. Contaminants such
as chemicals, nutrients, and heavy metals are
carried from farms, factories, and cities by
streams and rivers into our bays and estuaries;
from there they travel out to sea. Meanwhile,
marine debris— particularly plastic—is blown in
by the wind or washed in via storm drains and
sewers. Our seas are also sometimes spoiled by
oil spills and leaks— big and small—and are
consistently soaking up carbon pollution from
the air. The ocean absorbs as much as a quarter
of man-made carbon emissions.
Types of Water Pollution
1. Groundwater Pollution
2. Surface Water Pollution
3. Suspended Matter
4. Oil Spillages
5. Microbiological Pollution
6. Chemical Water Pollution
7. Thermal Pollution
Types of Water Pollution
1. Groundwater Pollution - refers to the contamination of
groundwater, which is the water found underground in the
cracks and spaces in soil, sand, and rock layers. This pollution
occurs when harmful substances are released into the ground
and make their way down into the groundwater, making it unsafe
for consumption or use.

Groundwater can also become contaminated when waste from

landfills and septic systems leaches into the ground. Once these
harmful chemicals find their way into groundwater, they are
often extracted from wells or boreholes, compromising the
quality of water. Therefore, when water is extracted from
groundwater resources, it is important that the groundwater
must be tested and treated so that it is safe for drinking water
supplies and other human uses.
Types of Water Pollution
2. Surface Water Pollution - refers to the contamination of
water bodies such as rivers, lakes, streams, and oceans by
various pollutants. These pollutants can originate from
various sources, including industrial activities, agricultural
runoff, urban runoff, and improper disposal of waste. Surface
water pollution poses significant risks to aquatic ecosystems,
public health, and the environment as a whole.

Surface water pollution occurs in three ways: naturally,

accidentally, and intentionally.
Naturally - Flooding or tsunamis, that pick up fertilizers,
pesticides, debris, and other contaminants.
Accidentally - Oil spills and agricultural runoff.
Intentionally - Industries dumping waste directly into
waterways.
Types of Water Pollution
3. Particulate or Suspended Matter - waste such as
plastics, rubber, and other man-made materials that are
improperly disposed of and cannot be broken down
easily in water is called

The suspended particles either settle at the bottom of

water sources, damaging marine life and leaching toxic
chemicals into drinking water supplies, or they float on
the surface of the water, preventing oxygen and sunlight
from penetrating the water below.
As the suspended matter breaks down into smaller
particulate matter, the suspended toxic chemicals
threaten the survival of aquatic plants and animals.
Types of Water Pollution
4. Oil Spillage - can have devastating effects on water
environments, and they are extremely difficult to remove; just
one liter of oil can pollute one million liters of water. Oil spills
make up 12% of the oil that enters the world’s oceans. The rest
of the oil spillages come from shipping/transport, draining, and
dumping. Most oil spills are localized, but even a small amount
of oil can be extremely hazardous to humans and marine life.

Once oil enters the water, it quickly spreads over the surface,
reducing the amount of oxygen and sunlight that can penetrate
the water’s surface preventing plants to photosynthesize, and
suffocating fish. Water pollution from oil spillage also smothers
the feathers of seabirds, preventing them from flying and
exposes them to oil ingestion when they catch fish.
Types of Water Pollution
5. Microbiological Pollution - is a type of naturally
occurring water pollution. It comes from microorganisms
such as bacteria, viruses, and protozoa that can cause
waterborne diseases such as cholera. This type of water
pollution is common in areas where people drink untreated
water.

Humans are very sensitive to this type of water pollution,

therefore adequate drinking water systems play an
important role in eliminating microbiological pollution. If
water is not treated, it causes serious illnesses to humans
that drink the contaminated water, and it can also cause
fish and other aquatic organisms to die.
Types of Water Pollution
6. Chemical Water Pollution - is very toxic to aquatic life,
inhibiting their growth, affecting their reproduction, or
even causing death.

Chemicals are the most common type of water pollution,

and many industries use chemicals that can end up in
water systems. These chemicals can be anything from
metals and solvents in industrial operations, fertilizers and
pesticides in the agricultural industry to chemicals used in
pest control companies. When the chemicals enter the soil
and water systems, it has negative impacts on humans,
livestock, and fish that utilize these environments.
Types of Water Pollution
7. Thermal Pollution - Heat is also considered a type
of water pollution, as it reduces the ability of water to
hold dissolved oxygen (DO); as the temperature of
water increases, the level of DO decreases. Thermal
pollution also increases the rate of metabolism in fish
and damages larvae and eggs in rivers.

The main source of thermal pollution comes from

power plants discharging cooling water into rivers.
The raising of temperatures due to global warming is
also thought to be a type of thermal water pollution.
Sources of Water Natural
Pollutants Algal Blooms - naturally occur
when certain algae thrive in warm,
nutrient-rich water with sunlight.
Excessive blooms can deplete
oxygen and produce toxins,
harming aquatic life and human
health.
Natural erosion processes - driven
by rainfall, wind, and water flow,
Natural Sources can carry sediment, soil, and
organic matter from land surfaces
into rivers, lakes, and streams. This
excessive sedimentation can
degrade water quality and harm
aquatic habitats.
Volcanic Activity - can release ash,
gases, and other volcanic debris
into water bodies, leading to
temporary spikes in water pollution
Human-Induced Sources levels. Volcanic ash and minerals
can alter water chemistry and
affect aquatic ecosystems.
Human-Induced
Industrial Activities - industries
discharge various pollutants into
water bodies, including heavy
metals, toxic chemicals, organic
compounds, and thermal pollution.
Effluents from manufacturing
processes, mining activities, power
plants, and chemical production
plants can contaminate surface
water and groundwater.
Agricultural Runoff - agricultural
activities contribute to water
pollution through the runoff of
fertilizers, pesticides, herbicides,
and animal waste into nearby water
bodies. Excessive nutrients from
fertilizers can lead to
eutrophication, while pesticides
and herbicides can harm aquatic
organisms and disrupt ecosystems.
Sources of Water Natural
Pollutants
Geological Processes - can release
various minerals and contaminants
into water bodies. For example,
weathering of rocks and minerals
can introduce metals such as
arsenic, lead, and mercury into
groundwater and surface water.
Wildfires - can release ash, charred
Natural Sources vegetation, and other debris into
water bodies through runoff and
erosion. Such can increase nutrient
levels in water bodies, leading to
algal blooms and affecting water
quality.
Biological Processes - microbial
decomposition of organic matter in
wetlands and marshes can release
nutrients such as nitrogen and
Human-Induced Sources
phosphorus into water bodies,
contributing to eutrophication.
Human-Induced
Improper Waste Disposal - solid waste,
including plastics, electronics, household
chemicals, and hazardous materials, can
lead to the contamination of water
bodies through leaching, runoff, or direct
dumping. Marine debris, including plastic
pollution, poses significant threats to
marine ecosystems and wildlife.
Oil Spills - accidental releases of oil and
hazardous chemicals from transportation
vessels, pipelines, storage facilities, and
industrial accidents can lead to
catastrophic pollution incidents in water
bodies, causing long-term ecological
damage and posing risks to human
health.
Mining Activities - mining operations
generate pollution through the discharge
of heavy metals, acidic drainage (acid
mine drainage), sedimentation, and other
contaminants into surface water and
groundwater. These pollutants can
persist for decades, affecting aquatic
ecosystems and water quality.
Table 3. Water
Pollutants
Table 3. Water
Pollutants
Land Pollution
Types of Pollution
Land Pollution
the deposition of solid or liquid waste materials
on land or underground in a manner that can
contaminate the soil and groundwater, threaten
public health, and cause unsightly conditions
and nuisances.
occurs when trash, compost, and other toxins
are dumped on the land, contaminating or
polluting it. Land pollution is caused by human
activities such as littering and waste washed
ashore from boats, oil rigs, and sewage
treatment plants.
Classification of Land
Pollutants

1. Municipal Solid Waste (MSW)

(Municipal Refuse)
2. Construction and Demolition
Waste (C&D) (Debris)
3. Hazardous Waste
 Municipal Refuse Debris Gas Pollutants

MSW includes nonhazardous garbage, C&D waste (or debris) includes wood Hazardous wastes include harmful and
rubbish, and trash from homes, and metal objects, wallboard, concrete dangerous substances generated
institutions (e.g., schools), commercial rubble, asphalt, and other inert primarily as liquids but also as solids,
establishments, and industrial facilities. materials produced when structures are sludges, or gases by various chemical
built, renovated, or demolished. manufacturing companies, petroleum
Garbage contains moist and refineries, paper mills, smelters, machine
decomposable (biodegradable) food shops, dry cleaners, automobile repair
wastes - meat and vegetable scraps;
shops, and many other industries or
rubbish comprises mostly dry materials
commercial facilities.
such as paper, glass, textiles, and plastic
In addition to improper disposal of MSW,
objects; and trash includes bulky waste C&D waste, and hazardous waste,
materials and objects that are not contaminated effluent from subsurface
collected routinely for disposal - sewage disposal (e.g., from septic tanks)
discarded mattresses, appliances, pieces can also be a cause of land pollution.
of furniture.
 Municipal Refuse Debris Gas Pollutants

MSW includes nonhazardous garbage, C&D waste (or debris) includes wood The main characteristics of hazardous waste
rubbish, and trash from homes, and metal objects, wallboard, concrete include toxicity, reactivity, ignitability, and
institutions (e.g., schools), commercial rubble, asphalt, and other inert corrosivity. In addition, waste products that
establishments, and industrial facilities. may be infectious or are radioactive are also
materials produced when structures are
classified as hazardous waste.
built, renovated, or demolished.
Garbage contains moist and Although land disposal of hazardous waste is
decomposable (biodegradable) food not always the best option, solid or
containerized hazardous wastes can be
wastes - meat and vegetable scraps;
disposed of by burial in “secure landfills,”
rubbish comprises mostly dry materials
while liquid hazardous waste can be
such as paper, glass, textiles, and plastic disposed of underground in deep-well
objects; and trash includes bulky waste injection systems if the geologic conditions
materials and objects that are not are suitable. Some hazardous wastes such as
collected routinely for disposal - dioxins, PCBs, cyanides, halogenated
discarded mattresses, appliances, pieces organics, and strong acids are banned from
of furniture. land disposal
Causes of Land Pollution

1. Improper Waste Disposal

2. Urbanization
3. Deforestation
4. Agricultural Activities
5. Mining Activities
6. Overcrowded Landfill
7. Industrialization
Table 4. Land
Pollutants
Table 4. Land
Pollutants
Laws for Air, Water, & Land Pollution
Major Environmental Laws
 Major Environmental Law
RA 9003 (ECOLOGICAL SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT ACT OF 2000)
In partnership with stakeholders, the law aims to adopt a systematic, comprehensive and ecological solid
waste management program that shall ensure the protection of public health and environment. The law
ensures proper segregation, collection, storage, treatment and disposal of solid waste through the
formulation and adaptation of best eco-waste products.

RA 9275 (PHILIPPINE CLEAN WATER ACT OF 2004)

The law aims to protect the country's water bodies from pollution from land-based sources (industries and
commercial establishments, agriculture and community/household activities). It provides for
comprehensive and integrated strategy to prevent and minimize pollution through a multi-sectoral and
participatory approach involving all the stakeholders.

RA 8749 (PHILIPPINE CLEAN AIR ACT OF 1999)

The law aims to achieve and maintain clean air that meets the National Air Quality guideline values for
criteria pollutants, throughout the Philippines, while minimizing the possible associated impacts to the
economy.
 Major Environmental Law
RA 6969 (TOXIC SUBSTANCES, HAZARDOUS AND NUCLEAR WASTE CONTROL ACT OF 1990)
The law aims to regulate restrict or prohibit the importation, manufacture, processing, sale,
distribution, use and disposal of chemical substances and mixtures the present unreasonable risk
to human health. It likewise prohibits the entry, even in transit, of hazardous and nuclear wastes
and their disposal into the Philippine territorial limits for whatever purpose; and to provide
advancement and facilitate research and studies on toxic chemicals.

PD 1586 (ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT STATEMENT (EIS) STATEMENT OF 1978)

The Environment Impact Assessment System was formally established in 1978 with the enactment
of Presidential Decree no. 1586 to facilitate the attainment and maintenance of rational and
orderly balance between socio-economic development and environmental protection. EIA is a
planning and management tool that will help government, decision makers, the proponents and
the affected community address the negative consequences or risks on the environment. The
process assures implementation of environment-friendly projects.
 REFERENCES
ARTICLES & BOOKS

Miller, G.T. (2008). Environmental Science: Working with the Earth. 12th ed. USA: Thomson/Brooks/ Cole
Miller, G.T. & Spoolman, S. (2011). Living in the environment principles, connections, and solutions.
Nelson Education.
Miller, TG and Spoolman, S. (2009). Living in the Environment: Connections, Concepts & Solutions. 16th
ed. USA: Thomson/Brooks/ Cole
Nathanson, J. A. (2010). Land pollution | Causes, Effects & Solutions. Encyclopedia Britannica.
Retrieved March 31, 2024, from https://www.britannica.com/science/land-pollution
Nathanson, J. A. (2024). water pollution. Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved March 31, 2024,
from https://www.britannica.com/science/water-pollution
Tillery, B.W. (2017). Physical Science. 11th ed. New York: McGraw-Hill Education.

WEBSITES
https://ecac.emb.gov.ph/major-environmental-laws/
https://atlas-scientific.com/blog/types-of-water-pollution/
https://byjus.com/chemistry/land-pollution/
Noise Pollution
Types of Pollution
Noise Pollution
Unwanted or excessive sound that
affects health and environmental
quality.
Noise pollution is caused by
machines and engines associated
with industry, as well as airports and
other transportation systems.
 Two types of noise
pollution

1. Natural Noise Pollution

2. Man-made Noise Pollution
Natural Noise Pollution
Natural noise pollution refers to noise generated
by natural sources that can interfere with human
activities or disturb wildlife.

EXAMPLES:
Weather: Thunderstorms, wind, rain.
Geological Events: Earthquakes and volcanic
eruptions that can generate loud noises due to
ground movement, explosions, and debris.
Biological Activities: Animal vocalizations, such as
bird calls, insect chirping, and mammal sounds.
Water Bodies: Waves crashing against shores,
waterfalls, and rapids produce natural noise in
aquatic environments.
 Man-made Noise Pollution
Man-made noise pollution refers to noise
generated by human activities that can have
adverse effects on human health, wildlife, and the
environment.

EXAMPLES:
Construction Activities: Construction sites
generate noise from various activities such as
drilling, hammering, and heavy machinery
operation. This noise can be particularly disruptive
to nearby communities, especially if construction
occurs during early mornings, evenings, or
weekends.
 Man-made Noise Pollution
EXAMPLES:
Traffic Noise: This includes noise from cars, trucks,
motorcycles, and other vehicles on roads and
highways. Traffic noise can vary widely depending
on factors such as vehicle speed, volume, and road
surface.
Outdoor Events: Concerts, festivals, sporting
events, and other outdoor gatherings can produce
high levels of noise, particularly if amplified music
or PA systems are used. This noise can impact
nearby neighborhoods and wildlife habitats.
Light Pollution
Types of Pollution
Light pollution

Defined as any bad effect as a result of man-

made or artificial lights. In simple words this
means “too much light”.
Caused by streetlights and illuminated
buildings towers and other structures.
Components of light
pollution

1. Skyglow
2. Glare
3. Clutter
4. Light trespass
 Components of light pollution
1. Skyglow-this is when too many artificial lights cause the night
sky to glow.

URBAN NIGHT SKY RURAL NIGHT SKY

 Components of light
pollution
2. Glare- In simple terms, glare refers to a
very bright light that makes it difficult to
see comfortably. It's like when you're
driving at night and an oncoming car's
headlights are so bright that they dazzle or
blind you for a moment, making it hard to
see the road ahead. Glare can come from
various sources, like overly bright
streetlights, headlights, or unshielded
lamps. It can be annoying, uncomfortable,
and even dangerous because it can impair
vision and make it harder to see clearly.
 Components of light
pollution
3. Clutter - refers to a messy or chaotic night-
time environment caused by too many
unnecessary lights. It's like when there are
too many bright signs, streetlights, or other
outdoor lights that make the night sky look
confusing and cluttered. This excessive light
can make it hard to see important things like
stars, and it can also make it difficult to focus
on what's really important, like road signs or
landmarks. Clutter light pollution not only
makes the night-time environment less
enjoyable, but it can also be wasteful because
it uses up more energy than needed.
 Components of light pollution
4. Light trespass- happens when light from a source shines where it's not supposed to, like
into someone's house, yard, or property. It's like when your neighbor's bright outdoor light
shines into your bedroom window at night, keeping you awake or disturbing your sleep. Light
trespass can be annoying and intrusive because it disrupts our privacy and can make it
difficult to relax or sleep peacefully. It's important to have outdoor lights properly shielded or
directed to prevent light trespass and respect the boundaries of neighboring properties.
Plastic Pollution
Types of Pollution
Plastic pollution

Plastic pollution refers to the accumulation

of plastic waste in the environment,
particularly in ecosystems such as oceans,
rivers, forests, and urban areas.
It is caused by the irresponsible disposal,
improper management, and excessive use of
plastic products.
Causes of plastic pollution
1. Single-Use Plastics:
2. Lack of Recycling:
3. Plastic Production:
4. Improper Waste Management:
5. Microplastics:
 Causes of plastic pollution
1. Single-Use Plastics:
Disposable plastic items such as bags,
bottles, straws, utensils, and packaging
Food?
contribute to plastic pollution because they
are often used for a short time before being
discarded.
Causes of plastic pollution
2. Lack of Recycling:
Not enough recycling infrastructures, low
rates of recycling, and improper disposal of
plastic waste lead to the accumulation of
plastic pollution in landfills and the
environment.
Since its invention, we have produced 8.3
billion metric tons of plastic.
9% was recycled
12% burnt
79% of it is sticking around still.
Causes of plastic pollution
3. Plastic Production:
The continuous production and
consumption of plastics contribute to
plastic pollution by increasing the amount of
plastic waste generated and discarded.
A lot ends up in the ocean around 8 million
tons per year. That’s so much plastic that it
will outweigh all the fish in the ocean by
2050.
Causes of plastic pollution
4. Improper Waste Management:
Poor waste management practices, including
littering, illegal dumping, and inadequate
waste collection and disposal systems,
result in plastic pollution entering the
environment.
Causes of plastic pollution
5. Microplastics:
The breakdown of larger plastic items into
smaller fragments due to constant exposure
to UV radiation, known as microplastics,
contributes to plastic pollution.
Microplastics are found in various
environmental compartments, including
water bodies, soil, and air.
51 trillion of such particles float in the ocean
where they are even more easily swallowed
by all kinds of marine life.
BSCE FILE

ENVI_SCI REPORT

MODULE 5

ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE
BSCE FILE

ENVI_SCI REPORT
SURIGAO DEL NORTE
STATE UNIVERSITY
ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE
MODULE 5

ELMER R. CAUSING
INSTRUCTOR
SURIGAO DEL NORTE STATE UNIVERSITY INTRODUCTION PART I PART II PART III

POLLUTION CONTROL
AND REMEDIATION
SURIGAO DEL NORTE STATE UNIVERSITY INTRODUCTION PART I PART II PART III

MAARAT, AERON C.
POLLUTION CONTROL

CULATA, KURT T.
REMEDIATION
SURIGAO DEL NORTE STATE UNIVERSITY INTRODUCTION PART I PART II PART III

POLLUTION CONTROL
Safeguarding Our Future
Pollution is a pressing global issue that requires
urgent and comprehensive action. By
implementing effective pollution control
measures, we can protect our environment, public
health, and secure a sustainable future for
generations to come.
SURIGAO DEL NORTE STATE UNIVERSITY INTRODUCTION PART I PART II PART III

REDUCING AIR POLLUTION

1 Promote Clean Energy
Transition to renewable energy sources like solar, wind, and
hydroelectric power to reduce greenhouse gas emissions.
2 Enhance Vehicle Efficiency
Encourage the adoption of electric vehicles and implement stricter emissions
standards for traditional combustion engines.
3 Enforce Regulations
Strengthen and enforce air quality regulations to limit the release of harmful pollutants
into the atmosphere.
SURIGAO DEL NORTE STATE UNIVERSITY INTRODUCTION PART I PART II PART III

TACKLING WATER POLLUTION

1 Wastewater Treatment
Invest in advanced wastewater treatment facilities to remove
contaminants and ensure the safe discharge of effluents.
2 Agricultural Practices
Promote sustainable agricultural methods that minimize the use of pesticides and
fertilizers, reducing runoff into waterways.
3 Plastic Waste Reduction
Implement policies and initiatives to reduce the amount of plastic waste entering our
oceans and waterways.
SURIGAO DEL NORTE STATE UNIVERSITY INTRODUCTION PART I PART II PART III

ADDRESSING SOIL POLLUTION

1 Bioremediation
Use natural processes, such as microorganisms, to break
down and remove contaminants from soil.
2 Land Reclamation
Restore polluted land to a safe and productive state through various remediation
techniques.
3 Sustainable Farming
Promote organic farming practices that minimize the use of harmful pesticides and
fertilizers.
SURIGAO DEL NORTE STATE UNIVERSITY INTRODUCTION PART I PART II PART III

NOISE POLLUTION CONTROL

1 Urban Planning
Incorporate noise-reducing measures into urban design, such
as strategic placement of buildings and transportation routes.
2 Vehicle Regulations
Implement stricter noise standards for vehicles and enforce compliance to reduce
noise levels in communities.
3 Soundproofing Solutions
Encourage the use of soundproofing materials and techniques in buildings to mitigate
the impact of noise pollution.
SURIGAO DEL NORTE STATE UNIVERSITY INTRODUCTION PART I PART II PART III

CONTROLLING LIGHT POLLUTION

1 Shielded Lighting
Use shielded lighting to direct light downward, reducing glare
and light spillage into the night sky.

2 Smart Urban Planning

Plan urban areas to minimize light pollution, integrate green spaces, and use energy-
efficient lighting technologies.
SURIGAO DEL NORTE STATE UNIVERSITY INTRODUCTION PART I PART II PART III

TACKLING THERMAL POLLUTION

1 Regulatory Measures
Enforcing strict regulations on industrial discharge temperatures and
advocating for the use of cooling towers and other advanced technologies.

2 Technology Adoption
Implementing innovative heat recovery systems and thermal diffusers to minimize the
impact of thermal pollution on water bodies.
SURIGAO DEL NORTE STATE UNIVERSITY INTRODUCTION PART I PART II PART III

WASTE MANAGEMENT INNOVATIONS

1 Recycling
Expand recycling initiatives and improve waste
segregation to divert more materials from landfills.
2 Composting
Promote composting programs to convert organic waste into nutrient-rich soil
amendments.
3 Waste-to-Energy
Leverage waste-to-energy technologies to convert non-recyclable waste into electricity
or heat.
SURIGAO DEL NORTE STATE UNIVERSITY INTRODUCTION PART I PART II PART III

ENGAGING THE COMMUNITY

1 Education
Raise awareness and educate the public on the importance
of pollution control and individual actions they can take.
2 Collaboration
Foster partnerships between government, industry, and community organizations to
develop and implement effective pollution control strategies.
3 Advocacy
Empower citizens to advocate for stronger environmental policies and hold decision-
makers accountable for pollution reduction efforts.
SURIGAO DEL NORTE STATE UNIVERSITY INTRODUCTION PART I PART II PART III

REMEDIATION
Pollution remediation refers to the use of physical,
chemical, and biological technologies to reduce the
concentration and toxicity of pollutants in the
environment, or make them completely harmless. The
environmental pollution remediation process includes
adsorption, the oxidation/reduction process,
biodegradation, and so on. The objects include
atmosphere, water, soil, and solid waste (Dr. Qin and Dr.
Yi, 2023)
SURIGAO DEL NORTE STATE UNIVERSITY INTRODUCTION PART I PART II PART III

REMEDIATION METHODS
1 Physical Remediation Methods
These involve physically removing pollutants from the environment. Physical
remediation methods include soil washing, vitrification, encapsulation of
contaminated areas by impermeable vertical and horizontal layers, electro
kinesis, and permeable barrier systems. For example, air pollution can be
reduced through filtration systems, while contaminated soil can be excavated
and treated
SURIGAO DEL NORTE STATE UNIVERSITY INTRODUCTION PART I PART II PART III

REMEDIATION METHODS
2 Chemical Remediation
Methods
Chemical Remediation is a method of soil and groundwater remediation by
using various chemical reagents. It is considered the most effective technique
for dealing with different contaminants since chemical treatments can be used
to neutralize or break down pollutants. For instance, chemical oxidants can be
applied to degrade organic contaminants in soil and water.
SURIGAO DEL NORTE STATE UNIVERSITY INTRODUCTION PART I PART II PART III

REMEDIATION METHODS
3 Biological Remediation
Methods
Biological Remediation or also known as “Bioremediation” is a process where
biological organisms are used to remove or neutralize an environmental
pollutant by metabolic process. The “biological” organisms include
microscopic organisms, such as fungi, algae and bacteria, and the
“remediation”—treating the situation. Bioremediation is highly involved in
degradation, eradication, immobilization, or detoxification diverse chemical
wastes and physical hazardous materials from the surrounding through the all-
inclusive and action of microorganisms. This is commonly used for oil spills and
organic contaminants.
SURIGAO DEL NORTE STATE UNIVERSITY INTRODUCTION PART I PART II PART III

REMEDIATION METHODS
4 Phytoremediation
Plants are used to absorb, accumulate, or break down pollutants from the soil,
water, or air. This method is particularly effective for heavy metals and organic
pollutants. Plants are directly used to clean up or contain contaminants in the
soil. This method of bioremediation will help mitigate the environmental
problem without the need to excavate the contaminant material and dispose of
it elsewhere.
SURIGAO DEL NORTE STATE UNIVERSITY INTRODUCTION PART I PART II PART III

REMEDIATION METHODS
5 Incineration
This is a process where wastes and other unwanted substances are burnt.
During combustion, the organic waste turns into ash, flue gas, and heat. The
inorganic constituents of the waste remain in the form of an ash. It is also
termed as thermal treatment.
SURIGAO DEL NORTE STATE UNIVERSITY INTRODUCTION PART I PART II PART III

IN SUMMARY
Pollution control and pollution remediation are two distinct approaches to
addressing environmental pollution, but they serve different purposes and
operate at different stages of pollution management. Pollution control aims to
prevent or minimize pollution at its source through proactive measures, such as
regulations and technology standards. In contrast, pollution remediation involves
reactive cleanup efforts to address existing pollution and restore affected areas.
Control focuses on prevention, while remediation focuses on cleanup and
restoration.
SURIGAO DEL NORTE STATE UNIVERSITY INTRODUCTION PART I PART II PART III

THANK YOU!

THANK YOU!
 P A R T III P A R T II I N T PRO
ADR UCTIO
TI N

S U R IG AO D EL NO RT E ST AT E UN IVERSIT Y

BSCE FILE

ENVI_SCI REPORT
HEALTH EFFECTS
OF POLLUTION
HEALTH EFFECTS OF
AIR POLLUTION
 AIR POLLUTION
- anything that makes the air more
toxic and damaging to our health. It can
affect all parts of our bodies, including
the health of our lungs, heart, and brain.
Children, pregants, people who work
or spend time outdoors, elderly, and
people with ongoing illnesses are
more vulnerable to air pollution than
other groups. Urban populations are
also at greater risk due to high
concentrations of pollution within cities
COMMON HEALTH EFFECTS OF AIR POLLUTION
SHORT-TERM
EXPOSURE:

• COUGHING • WHEEZING
High levels of ozone reduce lung function and lead to inflammation, or
swelling, in the airways. When the levels are high enough, you can get
symptoms like coughing or your chest might hurt when you breathe.
• HEADACHE
pollution exposure can trigger
alterations in blood flow to the
brain that lead to migraines
• IRRITATION TO EYES,
NOSE AND THROAT
pollutants irritate the mucous
membranes of the eyes, nose,
and throat
 Acne Eczema
Psoriasis
• SKIN IRRITATION
pollutants can cause the worsening of existing skin conditions
such as acne, eczema, and psoriasis
LONG-TERM EXPOSURE:

• RESPIRATORY DISEASE: • LUNG DISEASE:

asthma emphysema
ozone, traffic pollutants and a lung disease that causes
particulate matter can trigger an shortness of breath due to air
asthma symptoms and attack pollution
• HEART DISEASE: ischemic
it happens due to long exposure
to air pollution containing PM2.5
• PREGNANCY PROBLEMS
exposure to air pollution during
pregnancy can increase your
risk of premature birth, still
birth and low birth weight
HEALTH EFFECTS OF
WATER POLLUTION
WATTER
POLLUTION
- occurs when water becomes
contaminated, usually by chemicals
or microorganisms. Pollution can
cause water to become toxic to
humans, which can lead to infections
and health problems. Human health
can be affected by consuming,
entering, or washing in polluted
water.
COMMON HEALTH EFFECTS OF WATER POLLUTION

• CHOLERA • DIARRHEA
- a serious intestinal tract - a disease that cause
infection caused by bacteria, frequent and watery bowel
called "virbrio cholerae" movements.
• THYPOID
- a serious bacterial infection
distinguished by acute intestinal
ulceration and infection. The
bacteria responsible for the
infection is known as "salmonella
typosa"
• HEPATITIS
- highly infectious disease that
affects the liver
- it is acquired through
ingestion of water contaminated
with the hepatitis virus.
• SCHISTOSOMIASIS • INTESTINAL WORMS
- caused by parasitic worms that - parasites which can
develop in water. Whenever the worms transfered by drinking
are in water body, they can penetrate contaminated water.
the skin of those washing, swimming or
wading in the contaminated water
• TRACHOMA
- also known as eye infection
- it spreads through pathetic
sanitation and hygiene caused by
inadequate availability of safe
water
• POLIO
- a serious viral infection
associated with the poliovirus
- it spreads throughout water
contaminated with feces from an
infected person
Health Effects of
Pollution
Soil and Noise Pollution
Soil Pollution Effects

 Reduced crop yields

 Reduced input of organic matter
 Limited buffering and fattening capacity
 Higher GHG emissions
 Nutrient imbalance
 Ecotoxicity and loss of biodiversity and mass
 Reduced vegetation cover and flood control capacity
 Promotion of antimicrobial resistance and loss of genetic resources
 Polluted soils are not suitable for residential, agricultural, and recreational
uses
Soils support human health
 Heathy soils provide nutritious food, clean drinking water, raw materials and carbon
sequestration functions — ecosystem services that are essential for guaranteeing food
security, tackling climate change and safeguarding human health (Montanarella and Panagos,
2021).
 Soil pollution affects food security in two ways. First, soil pollution can reduce crop yields;
this is because toxic pollutants degrade soils over the long term. Second, soil pollution can
make foods unsuitable for human consumption (Rodríguez-Eugenio et al., 2018).
 Human exposure to soil pollution is estimated to contribute to more than 500,000 premature
deaths globally each year (Landrigan et al., 2018). Most of these deaths occur in vulnerable
groups, such as children and the elderly, affected by long-term exposure. Moreover, these
deaths are related to exposure to only a limited range of pollutants; the impacts of all soil
contaminants on health and well-being are likely to be greater.
 Depending on the chemicals involved, soil pollutants can affect various organs, such as the
lungs, skin, gut, liver and kidneys. These pollutants can also affect the immune,
reproductive, nervous and cardiovascular systems, and more. Evidence suggests that the
health impacts of soil pollution disproportionally affect poorer households; for example,
poorer households have higher chances of living close to industrial sites and being exposed to
contaminated soils (Morrens et al. 2012; Levasseur et al., 2021).
Key causes of soil pollution

Some common causes of soil pollution are listed below:

 Improper disposal of industrial waste: industries are believed to be one of the
leading causes of soil pollution due to improper management and disposal of
the toxic wastes generated during industrial activities.
 Excessive and inefficient usage of pesticides and fertilizers: the agriculture
industry makes extensive use of chemical fertilizers and pesticides for the
growth and maintenance of crops. However, excessive and inefficient use of
these toxic chemicals can seriously contaminate the soil.
 Petroleum or diesel spills: leaks in fuel transportation pipes can cause fuel
spills. These fuels are known to contain toxic hydrocarbons which can cause
soil contamination.
Effects of soil pollution on human health

 The contaminants found in polluted soil can enter human bodies through several channels
such as the nose, the mouth, or the skin. Exposure to such soils can cause a variety of short-
term health problems such as headaches, coughing, chest pain, nausea, and skin/eye
irritation. Prolonged exposure to contaminated soil can lead to the depression of the central
nervous system and damage to vital organs (such as the liver). Long-term exposure to
polluted soils has also been linked to cancer in humans.
Some common soil pollutants are:
 Lead- lowered IQ, damage to the nervous system, slowed growth, hearing difficulties, and,
headache
 Arsenic- cancer, skin lesions, cardiovascular disease, and diabetes
 Nickel- irritation to skin, harms the lungs, stomach, and kidneys
 Mercury- irritation to the eyes, skin and stomach, cough, chest pain, difficulty breathing,
insomnia, irritability, indecision, headache, weakness, and weight loss
 Copper- liver damage, abdominal pain, cramps, nausea, diarrhea, and vomiting
 Zinc- nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, and stomach pain
 Cadmium- damage people’s lungs and can cause death
How to avoid or remediate soil
pollution?
 Many crucial changes must be brought about in order to control soil
contamination and soil pollution without making huge compromises on the
economy. For example, the use of toxic substances in industrial activities can
be avoided wherever suitable alternatives exist. Also, the recycling of waste
products will also contribute to a reduction in soil contamination due to
landfills. Promoting healthy agricultural practices such as the use of organic
manure and organic farming methods can help reduce the number of chemical
fertilizers used on agricultural soils. Efficient and limited use of chemical
pesticides must also be advocated.
 The contaminated soil can be excavated and transported to a remote disposal
site.
 Thermal remediation of contaminated soil, involves heating up the soil in
order to vaporize the volatile toxic pollutants.
Noise Pollution
Noise Pollution Health Effects
As well as damaging our hearing by causing — tinnitus or deafness —, constant loud noise can damage human health in many
ways, particularly in the very young and the very old. Here are some of the main ones:

Physical
Respiratory agitation, racing pulse, high blood pressure, headaches and, in case of extremely loud, constant noise, gastritis,
colitis and even heart attacks.

Psychological
Noise can cause attacks of stress, fatigue, depression, anxiety and hysteria in both humans and animals.

Sleep and behavioural disorders

Noise above 45 dB stops you from falling asleep or sleeping properly. Remember that according to the World Health Organization
it should be no more than 30 dB. Loud noise can have latent effects on our behaviour, causing aggressive behaviour and
irritability.

Memory and concentration

Noise may affect people's ability to focus, which can lead to low performance over time. It is also bad for the memory, making it
hard to study.

Interestingly, our ears need more than 16 hours' rest to make up for two hours of exposure to 100 dB.
Solutions to noise pollution
 Solutions to reduce noise pollution
 International bodies like the WHO agree that awareness of noise pollution is
essential to beat this invisible enemy. For example: avoid very noisy leisure
activities, opt for alternatives means of transport such as bicycles or electric
vehicles over taking the car, do your housework at recommended times, insulate
homes with noise-absorbing materials, etc. Educating the younger generation is
also an essential aspect of environmental education.
 Governments can also take measures to ensure correct noise management and
reduce noise pollution. For example: protecting certain areas — parts of the
countryside, areas of natural interest, city parks, etc. — from noise, establishing
regulations that include preventive and corrective measures — mandatory
separation between residential zones and sources of noise like airports, fines for
exceeding noise limits, etc. —, installing noise insulation in new buildings, creating
pedestrian areas where traffic is only allowed to enter to offload goods at certain
times, replacing traditional asphalt with more efficient options that can reduce
traffic noise by up to 3 dB, among others.
 In recent years, the European Union has been promoting the use of new barriers
that allow changes in sound waves, mainly for motorways and other forms of
transport such as trains. Tests have been carried out in the Benelux and it seems
that this is going to be extended to northern Europe. At the same time, work is
being done on new, spongier and quieter asphalts, which are also better for the
environment.
Light Pollution
Circadian Disruption

 When our master clock is out of sync with the day-night cycle, it’s called
circadian disruption. Altering or interrupting our normal circadian rhythm can
put us at risk for physiological and behavioral impacts. Shift work almost
always causes circadian disruption because it puts the internal body clock at
odds with the shift schedule.
 Circadian disruption may increase our risk of obesity, diabetes, mood
disorders, reproductive problems and cancers. Numerous studies have linked
working the night shift and exposure to light at night to increased risks for
breast and prostate cancers and other health problems. Circadian disruption
can affect our natural sleep patterns, too. A good night’s sleep helps reduce
weight gain, stress, depression and the onset of diabetes.
Plastic Pollution
Plastic Pollution

 Exposures to pregnant women, young children and unborn babies are

particularly dangerous because these chemicals can disrupt hormones
responsible for healthy development. For children, the health consequences
linked to plastic chemicals include reduced IQ and respiratory diseases, and
for adults – obesity, cancer and decreased fertility in both men and women.
Studies have reported that women are more likely to experience reproductive
disorders including endometriosis when exposed to such chemicals.
Thermal Pollution
Thermal Pollution

 It is also important to know that, thermal pollution can also trigger

malnutrition in the affected organisms. Increase in the water temperature
interferes with enzymes which are responsible for breaking down of lipids.
 The effects of thermal pollution are diverse, but in short, thermal pollution
damages water ecosystems and reduces animal populations. Plant species,
algae, bacteria, and multi-celled animals all respond differently to significant
temperature changes. Organisms that cannot adapt can die of various causes
or can be forced out of the area. Reproductive problems can further reduce
the diversity of life in the polluted area.
Sources

 https://www.iberdrola.com/home
 With more than 180 years of history, Iberdrola is a global leader in clean
energy, grids and storage, a company that is today more solid, sustainable and
diversified than ever
 https://byjus.com/chemistry/soil-
pollution/#:~:text=Exposure%20to%20such%20soils%20can,(such%20as%20the%2
0liver).
 BYJU'S is a global ed-tech company, providing highly adaptive, engaging and
effective learning solutions to more than 150 million students around the
world. Founded in India in 2011, BYJU'S mission is to make high-quality
learning accessible to students everywhere.