THE PSBB MILLENNIUM SCHOOL, OMR, CHENNAI

CLASS 9- PHYSICS
EXPERIMENT 3:
LAW OF REFLECTION OF SOUND DATE: 29.01.2024

Materials required:

1. Two glass tubes of 3 ft. in length and 2 inches in diameter.

2. Vertical reflector (say a polished wooden drawing board).
3. Sounding body (Galton's whistle or clock).

Procedure:

As done in a real lab

1. Arrange two glass tubes; AB and CD each horizontally at some angle in front of a vertical

reflector R1R2 (a polished wooden drawing board).

2. At the mouth A, of the tube AB, place a sounding body (a tuning fork or a clock).
3. Adjust the inclination of the tube CD with respect to the reflector R1R2 so that the sound is
distinctly and loudly heard when the ear is placed at D.
4. Mark the portion of tube AB and CD.
5. Draw a dotted line from the centre of diameter of tube AB and CD and extend up to reflector
board. Draw a normal.
6. Measure the angle between the sound waves coming from the tube AB and the normal
(ie. the angle of incidence of sound waves)
7. ∠AON called angle of incidence, ∠i.
8. Then measure the angle of reflection, ie., angle between normal and the central line drawn
from the tube CD, when the sound is distinctly and loudly audible. This is the angle of
reflection of sound wave,∠r, ie. ∠DON

As done using the simulator

1. Select the ‘Show Protractor’ button to show the protractor. The protractor can be rotated by
clicking over the two way arrow mark shown on the protractor and dragging it.
2. The speaker icon depicts that the simulation involves sound which ensure that you must use
an audio device (head phone or speakers).
3. Now move the lower end of Tube 1 to the left at an angle of 20o on the protractor.
4. Then position the tuning fork at the mouth of Tube 1. This can be done by dragging the tuning
fork with the mouse.
5. You can hear the sound waves passing through Tube 1.
 6. Now move the lower end of Tube 2 towards the right to catch the sound waves passing
through Tube 1.
7. Once you get the maximum sound through Tube 2, fix the tube at that angle.
8. Note down the Angle of Incidence and Angle of Reflection. You will notice that both are the
same ie., 20o.
9. Repeat the same by moving Tube 1 to the left at angles 40 o, 60o and 80o and note down the
angles at which the maximum sound is obtained through Tube 2.

Note:

 The ‘Hide Tubes’ button can be used to hide the tubes so that you can take accurate readings.
 The ‘Hide Waves’ button can be used to hide the waves.

Observations:

Sl. No Angle of incidence ∠i = ∠AON Angle of reflection ∠r = ∠DON

1 20 ° 20°
2 40° 40°
3 60° 60°

1. The tubes carrying sound waves, the normal to the vertical reflector and the reflected wave
are in the same plane.
2. Measure the angle of incidence and angle of reflection and record the observations in a table
as given below:

From the above observations, we can conclude that angle of incidence ∠i = angle of reflection
∠r.

Inference:

1. Since the tubes are normal to the vertical reflector, and the reflected wave lie on one and the
same plane, the First Law is verified.
2. The angles of incidence and the angle of reflection of sound are found to be equal, which
verifies the Second Law.

Precautions:

1. The inner surface of the metallic tube should be highly polished.

2. Metal plate should be highly polished.
3. The tuning fork should be close to the tube, but it should not touch the tube.
 4. There should be complete silence in the laboratory so that sound from other sources does not
interfere.
5. The ends of metallic tubes should project out at least 1cm from the edge of the table top.

EXPERIMENT 4: DATE: 29.01.24

Determination of the speed of a pulse propagated through a stretched string/slinky (helical

spring).

Objective

To determine the velocity of a pulse propagated through a slinky or a stretched string.

Materials Required:

Procedure:

For Transverse Waves

1. Take a slinky and place it lengthwise on the smooth surface of the table.
2. Tie one end of the slinky with the fixed hook.
3. Hold the free end of the slinky and stretch it (1 to 3 m depending upon the nature of slinky).
4. Move your hand periodically and uniformly at right angles to the length of the slinky.
5. Observe the propagation of the wave through the slinky and observe the formation of crests
and troughs.

For Longitudinal Waves

6. Compress the free end of the slinky periodically and observe the slinky.
 7. Measure the wavelength by measuring the distance between two consecutive troughs (T and
T) or two crests (C and C) in case of transverse wave. In case of longitudinal wave, λ is equal to
distance between two consecutive compressions (C and C) or rarefactions (R and R).
8. Note the time as pulse (wave) passes through slinky for a particular distance from which we
can find out the velocity of the wave.

Observations

1. On jerking the free end of a slinky at a right angle to its length, there is formation of crests and
troughs, along the slinky from free end toward its fixed end.
2. When regular compressions are given at the free end of the slinky, there is movement of wave
from free end towards its fixed end. The movement of the wave is associated with the
formation of compression and rarefactions.

Calculations:

1. Wavelength (λ) = the distance covered by one complete rarefaction and one complete
compression.
= The distance between two consecutive crests or troughs
= ................ cm.

2. The time taken in completing one wavelength (λ) ,T =............... second.

3. The velocity of a pulse (wave) along slinky (v)

observations:

Length of Distance travelled by the Distance travelled by Velocity =

Time (s)
slinky (cm) pulse (cm ) the pulse (m) Distance/time (m/s)

Result:

The velocity of a pulse (wave) propagated through a stretched slinky =………………..m/s

Precautions:
1. The slinky should have appropriate length, elasticity and flexibility.
2. One end of the slinky should be fixed properly.
3. The top of the table should be smooth.