TABLE OF CONTENT

TABLE OF CONTENT.................................................................................................i
LIST OF TABLE...........................................................................................................ii
CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION...................................................................................1
1.1 Background...................................................................................................................1
1.1 Problems Formulation..................................................................................................4
1.2 Research Objectives.....................................................................................................4
1.3 Research Benefits.........................................................................................................4
1.4 Scope and Limitation....................................................................................................5
1.5 Definition of Terms......................................................................................................5
1.5.1 Analysis.................................................................................................................5
1.5.2 Derivational Affixes...............................................................................................6
1.5.3 Tuakepa Dialect.....................................................................................................6
1.6 Organization of Writing................................................................................................7
CHAPTER II LITERATURE REVIEW.......................................................................8
2.2 Morphemes...................................................................................................................9
2.3 Types of Morpehems..................................................................................................11
2.3.1 Free Morphemes..................................................................................................11
2.3.1.1 Lexical Morphemes or (Content Words:(Open Class)..................................12
2.3.1.2 Functional Morphemes or (Grammatical Words:(Clossed Class)................13
2.3.2 Bound Morpehems...............................................................................................14
2.3.2.1 Affixes...........................................................................................................15
2.3.2.2 Clitics............................................................................................................22
2.3.2.3 Root, Base, and Stem....................................................................................24
2.4 Review of Related Studies..........................................................................................26
CHAPTER III RESEARCH DESIGN........................................................................28
 3.1 Research Method........................................................................................................28
3.2 Data Resources...........................................................................................................28
3.3 Research Instruments..................................................................................................29
3.4 Data Collection Techniques........................................................................................30
3.5 Data Analyses Techniques..........................................................................................31
REFERENCES............................................................................................................32
 LIST OF TABLE

Table 1 Derivational affix...........................................................................................21

Table 2 Derivational prefix.........................................................................................23
Table 3 Derivational suffix.........................................................................................24
Table 4 Inflectional affix............................................................................................27
Table 5 Inflectional suffix..........................................................................................28
 CHAPTER I
INTRODUCTION

I.1 Background

Shamsuddin (1986:2) has given two language understanding, First, Language

is a tool used to shape the mind and feelings, desires, deeds, a tool used to infulence
and be infulenced. Second, language is a clear sign of a good personality or bad, a
clear sign of the family and the nation, a clear sign from the mind of humanity. So, it
can be said that, Language is a tool used to shape someone’s mind, ideas, feelings,
desires, deeds, so it can be conveyed and understandable by others through verbal or
non- verbal language, it shows someone’s personality and additionally language can
also have an infulence both for a person and for others.

A language is a structured system of communication used by humans, based

on speech and gesture, signing, or often writing. It is used as a tool of communication
because, through language, each human being can be connected to the other; in other
words, without language, we cannot build a good relationship with others. Language
is the most complete and effective way to convey ideas, messages, intentions,
feelings, and opinions to others through body language or verbal language. In order to
communicate ideas, people will use words. It is not even possible to tell how many
words have been said if someone has no knowledge of language. And without
knowing words, people would not be able to convey their thoughts through language.

The most basic concept in morphology is, of course, the most basic concept in
morphology is, of course, the concept of "word." Words are an important part of
linguistic knowledge and constitute a component of our mental grammars. Words are
important parts of linguistic knowledge and constitute a component of a speaker’s
mental grammars ( Adisti Herlingtyas 2008:1). A word is the smallest unit of
linguistic meaning (Fromkin, Romand, and Hyams 2002:69). So, it can be said that a
word is the smallest unit of language that carries meaning, and additionally, words are
a central dimension of language. They have certain unique properties that they do not
share with other elements of linguistic structure like sentences and speech sounds.

When someone tries to learn a foreign language, she or he actually has to

know some words of that language so it helps her or him to speak correctly, or merely
using a dictionary to know if it is true. But sometimes we learn thousands of words in
a language and still do not know the language when we speak to the native speaker,
because some words have an ambiguous meaning and we are also struggling to
arrange those words into a correct sentence.

There are many studies that discuss language, and morphology is one
linguistics branch that studies word structures or word formation. According to
Fromkin, Romand, and Hyams (2002:76), morphology means the study of the
internal structures of words and of the rules by which words are formed. Thus,
everyone has to know about the use of word structure and the meaning of the word in
their language so they are able to build communication with others and also speak
fluently and correctly.

The most important component of word structure is the morpheme. The

morpheme itself is the tiniest unit of language that carries information about the
meaning and function of the word (O'Grady 2001:133–134) in Musakar Abdullah
2017:3. A morpheme is classified as either a free morpheme, which can stand alone
as a word, or a bound morpheme, which cannot stand alone as a word, or, in other
words, must be added with another element. For examples, see Stand, Big, Inform,
Fast, and Slow. Those words are called free morphemes, while the bound morpheme
must be added with another element. And those elements that used to complete the
words of bound morphemes are called affixes.

According to Katamba and Stonham (2006:44), "affix is a morpheme that

only occurs when attached to some other morpheme or morphemes, such as a root,
stem, or base". Obviously, by definition, affixes are terms of bound morphemes. In
other words, affixing is the common process in which a grammatical element is
combined with a word, stem, or phrase to produce derived or inflected forms. There
are three main types of affixes: prefixes, infixes, and suffixes. Affixation is a
common process that is used by people every day, and it is used because most of the
new words are created by using affixes (Fransiska Rizkinauli 2019: 2).

In daily life, people always need language to perform their activities and
communicate with others. When someone knows and understands that language, then
she or he can build good communication with the person who is familiar with or
related to the language. As we know, through communication, those messages or
ideas are conveyed. In this case, language and people are bound in an important
relationship in which both of them need each other to complement each other.

Lamaholot is a local language spoken by people in East Flores Regency.

Lamaholot language has some functions that are very important for speakers in
society (Musakar Abdullah: 2017). Those functions are a social function, an
economic function, and a social function. As a social function, Lamaholot language is
used as a medium of communication among communities in their daily lives. In
economic functions, Lamaholot language is used as a medium in selling and buying
activities in the traditional and local market. And in cultural function, Lamaholot
language is used in traditional rites and ceremonies. Lamaholot language is the
language spoken by the East Flores community, which has many dialects of each
village.

Lewolaga dialect is one of the Lamaholot language spoken by the community

in East Flores Regency, Titehena Subdistrict, Lewolaga Village. All of dialects have
the different derivational affixes and Lewolaga dialect have the uniqueness of
derivation process by affixation. This researcher aims to introduce the Lewolaga
dialect to the public in order to anticipate the extinction of this dialect, because it is a
new research on Lewolaga dialect and additionally, mostly people who work, study,
even stay in another city or country for a long time are unable to speak Lewolaga
dialect fluently, certainly it causes the lack of Lewolaga dialect’s speakers in the
future. Moreover, the use of Indonesian or other modern languages can causes the
lack of interst to speak Lewolaga dialect for the young generation. Thus, as the young
generation of Lewolaga people, the researcher chose to do some research about the
derivational affixes in Lewolaga dialect because in derivation process they are able to
learn about the word formation; how those mentioned words are formed.
Additionally, the researcher intends to know more and discover the other derivational
affixes in Lewolaga dialect, the function of those affixes, and also the derivation
process of derivational affixes in Lewolaga dialect. Based on the explanation above
so the researcher conducted a research under the title “ AN ANALYSIS OF A
DERIVATIONAL AFFIXEX IN LEWOLAGA DIALECT OF LAMAHOLOT
LANGUAGE”.

I.1 Problems Formulation

According to the explanation of the background above, the researcher

formulate three problems they are;

1. What affixes are included in the derivational process in Lewolaga dialect of

Lamaholot language?
2. What are the function of derivational affixes in Lewolaga dialect of
Lamaholot language?
3. How is the process of derivation with the use of derivational affixes in
Lewolaga dialect of Lamaholot language?

I.2 Research Objectives

There are three research objectives used in this research they are;

1. To find out affixes included in the derivational process in Lewolaga dialect

of Lamaholot language
2. To describe the function of derivational affixes in Lewolaga dialect of
Lamaholot language
 3. To explain the process of derivation with the use of derivational affixes in
Lewolaga dialect of Lamaholot language

I.3 Research Benefits

In this research the researcher provides two research benefits namely
theoritical benefits and pratical benefits;

1. Theoritical benefits: The researcher expects for the reader or another

researcher could find the new knowledge of language, especially derivational
affixes in Lewolaga dialect of Lamaholot language.
2. Pratical benefits : The researcher hopes that this research could be useful for
the readers to understand the processes, the function, and the meaning of
derivational affixes in Lewolaga dialect lamaholot language and foster the
interest of other researchers to participate in exploring and preserving the
Lewolaga dialect. Moreover, the researcher wants to introduce Lewolaga
dialect to the public and for the young generation is able to study and know
their own language.

I.4 Scope and Limitation

In this research, the researcher focuses on the analysis of derivational affixes

in Lewolaga dialect of Lamaholot language.

I.5 Definition of Terms

In this part the researcher provides the defenition of terms used in this study.
The definitions which be discussed are Analysis, Derivational affixes, and Lewolaga
Dialect.

I.5.1 Analysis

Analysis is a process of examining something in order to find out what it is

and how it works. Moreover, Analysis is a process of generating, developing, and
verifying concepts—a process that builds over time and with the acquisition of data
(Corbin and Strauss 2008:77).

I.5.2 Derivational Affixes

A derivational affix is an affix that is attached to the base word to create a

new meaning and also a new class of the word. Derivational itself means a process of
changing the meaning and class of the base word when it is added with an affix. They
are called derivational affixes because when they are joined to another affix or word,
another word is derived or formed. The form that results from the addition of a
derivational affix is called a derived word.

I.5.3 Lewolaga Dialect

Lewolaga dialect is one of the dialects of the Lamaholot language spoken by

the Tuakepa community.

Map 1.1. Dialect division of Lamaholot after Keraf (1978)

 I.6 Organization of Writing

This research consists of three chapters. Chapter one contains seven parts:
background, problem formulation, research objectives, benefits of research, scope and
limitation, definition of terms, and organization of writing. Chapter two contains
three parts: a review of related literature, a review of related theories, and a
theoretical framework. Chapter three consists of five parts: research methods, data
resources, research instruments, data collection techniques, and techniques of data
analysis.
 CHAPTER II
LITERATURE REVIEW

In this chapter, the researcher provides some concepts as the base of this study
with the supporting and relating theories.

II.1 Morphology

Morphology comes from Greek; there are morphs, which mean ‘form or
shape, and ology, which means ‘the study of something'. The study of the internal
structure of words and of the rules by which words are formed is called morphology.
This word itself consists of two morphemes, morph + ology. The suffix -ology means
science of" or "branch of knowledge". Thus, the meaning of morphology is "the
science of word forms." (Fromkin, Rodman, and Hyams 2002:76, 7th ed.)

According to Haspelmath (2002:1), morphology is the study of the internal

structure of words. The word itself means a speech sound or a combination of sounds
that has its own symbols and also communicates a meaning from an utterance. In
addition, a word may consist of a single morpheme or a combination of morphemes,
and it can stand alone as an utterance. Morphology is the study of the combination of
morphemes to yield words (Haspelmath 2010: 3). Morphology also means the study
of word structure (Francis Katamba 1993: 19). Morphology is a branch of linguistics
that provides analysis, identification, and description of the form and internal
structure of words and the mental system involved in their formation (Doka 2018:6).

Dealing with those definitions of morphology above, the researcher can

conclude that morphology is one of the linguistics branches that studies the internal
structure of words, including how a word is formed depending on the sentences that
have been created. Additionaly, in social interaction, we also know that language has
a core function in order to build a good connection with others. That’s why people
need to know or have to have knowledge related to language.
 II.2 Morphemes

The smallest meaningful constituents of words that can be identified are called
morphemes (Haspelmath 2010: 3). Morphemes are the minimal linguistic units with a
lexical or grammatical meaning (Booji 2005:8). Katamba (1993:20) defines
morphemes as the smallest, indivisible unit of semantic content or grammatical
function; words made up of a morpheme cannot be decomposed into smaller units
that are either meaningful by themselves or mark a grammatical function like singular
or plural number in the noun.

Thus, a morpheme is the smallest unit of language that cannot be divided into
other elements or forms, and it carries the meaning and function of a word. Basically,
words are made of morphemes that consist of a base word and affixes. Linguists
define a morpheme as the smallest unit of language that has its own meaning (Lieber
2004: 3). The term ‘Morphemes’ refers to a word. In which the term word means one
or more morphemes that can stand alone in a language, Words are classified into two
classes: simple words and complex words. Simple words consist of only one
morpheme, like book, blackboard, boy, and desire. A complex word is one that is
made up of more than one morpheme, like handbook, notebook, blackboard,
desire+able+ity (3 morphemes), etc.

The meaning of a morpheme must be constant. The agentive morpheme –er

means one who does" in words like singer, painter, lover, and worker, but the same
sound represents the comparative morpheme, meaning "more," in nicer, prettier, and
taller. (Fromkin, Rodman, and Hyams 2002: 82). Thus, two different morphemes may
be pronounced identically. The identical form represents two morphemes because of
the different meanings. The same sounds may occur in another word and not
represent a separate morpheme. The final syllable in ‘father’, -er, is not a separate
morpheme, since a father is not "one who faths." Similarly, inwater, -er is not a
distinct morpheme ending; father and water are single morphemes, or monomorphic
words. This follows from the concept of the morpheme as a sound-meaning unit.
 Chart 1. 1 The classifaction of Morphemes according to Fromkin, Rodman, and
Hyams (2002 : 104)

Morphemes

Bound Free

Open class Clossed

Affix Root (Content or class
Lexical words): (Function
- Ceive or
Noun(girls),
Inflecti - Mit grammatic
Derivati onal - Fer Adjectives(Pret al words):
onal ty), Conj(and),
Prep(in),Ar
Verbs(love),
t(the),Pro(s
and
he), and
Adverbs(quickl Aux-
y) verb(is)

According to Fromkin, Rodman, and Hyams (2002:104) morphemes are classified

into two types: bound morphemes and free morphemes. A bound morpheme is a
dependent morpheme that cannot stand alone as a word and has no meaning if we do
not add an affix. There are two types of bound morphemes: affix (derivational affix;
an affix that can change the class and also the meaning of the word; infectional affix;
an affix that expresses grammatical distinctions like number, tense, person, and case);
and root; a morpheme that cannot be broken into smaller parts and does not make a
word on its own (receive, a root; receive, admit, and prefer) The free morpheme is an
independent morpheme that can stand alone as a word and has meaning even if we do
not add an affix. It has two types, namely, lexical morphemes, which carry the
content and meaning of the utterances, such as nouns, verbs, adjectives, and adverbs.
Functional morphemes serve a more grammatical role by connecting words together
within and across sentences (conjuctions, prepositions, articles, and pronouns).

II.3 Types of Morpehems

Morphemes are generally the smallest meaningful unit in language. Katamba

(1993:20) explains that morphemes refer to the smallest, inseparable unit of semantic
content or grammatical function that words are made up of. A morpheme that can
stand alone (independent) as a word and has a meaning is called a free morpheme,
while a morpheme that cannot stand alone (dependent) and has no specific meaning is
called a bound morpheme. To sum up, a morpheme cannot be divided into smaller
units that carry meaning and grammatical information such as plurality and tense
markers.

II.3.1 Free Morphemes

A free morpheme is a morpheme that can stand alone without the addition of
other morphemes, or it is called an independent morpheme. They comprise simple
words (i.e., words that are made of one free morpheme) and compound words (i.e.,
words that are made up of more than one free morpheme). For example: Simple
words: the, run, on, well. Compound words: keyboard; greenhouse; bloodshed;
smartphone.

On the other hand, a Free morpheme can stand alone as a word and cannot be
broken down further into any other word element that consists of a single morpheme,
so they have the potential for independent occurrence. For example: "The painter
paints a beautiful sunset view". The free morphemes of the sentence are painter,
paint, beautiful, sunset, and view.

A free morphemes is classified into two types namely:

 II.3.1.1 Lexical Morphemes or (Content Words:(Open Class)

Lexical morphemes are free morphemes that carry the content, the meaning,
of utterances. Nouns, verbs, adjectives, and adverbs are the content words. These
words denote concepts such as objects, actions, attributes, and ideas that we can think
about, like children, anarchism, soar, and purple. Content words are sometimes
called open class words because we can and regularly do add new words to these
classes.(Fromkin, Rodman, and Hyams 2002: 73). Content words are sometimes
called open class words because we can and regularly do add new words to them.
There are four types of content words:

a. Noun

It is referring to individuals, like Dian and Mother. Additionally, the table

noun is assigned to the class of word in which occur the names of most people,
places, things. Kroon in Doka (2018: 13). Thus, it can be said that a noun reffer to
naming something, like a person, a place, an object or an idea. For example: baby,
diana, paris, teacher, mystery.

b. Verb

It is describing actions, process, or states, like Hit, Write,and Rest. Kroon in

Doka(2018:13) explain that, The term verb is the name given to the part-of-speech
class in which occur in most of the word that express action, processes, and the like.
There are two types of verbs, namely: Action verbs (e.g. tells what is being done in a
sentences)and Linking verbs (e.g. the verb link or join a noun to something that is
said about it). For example:Action verb: pour, sleep, hurtle. Linking verb: is, was,
were, am.

c. Adjective

It refers to attributes or properties, like "kind" or "clever." According to Doka

2018:13, the traditional national definition of an adjective identifies them as a class of
words denoting qualities or attributes, i.e., the function of an adjective is to modify
nouns (Kroon in Doka 2018:13). An adjective is a word that describes a person or
thing. For example: peaceful, quick, bright, big, red, and clever.

d. Adverb

It describes circumstances like manners, such as kindly, friendly,etc. Doka

(2018:13) explains that. adverbs describe verbs and modify adjectives and other
adverbs. It can also modify phrases, clauses, and sentences. For example, the student
had to read the story loudly to be heard over the other students. (loudlymodifies the
verb read), She cried really bad during the funeral. (This really modifies the adjective
bad.) Dian walks very carefully. (Very modifies the adverb carefully.) Honestly, I did
not understand the whole story. (This honestly modifies the sentence.)

II.3.1.2 Functional Morphemes or (Grammatical Words:(Clossed Class).

Functional morphemes are free morphemes that serve a more grammatical

role, connecting words together within and across sentences. A functional morpheme
is sometimes called a closed class because it cannot accept new members of
conjuction, etc. There are other classes of words that do not have clear lexical
meaning or obvious concepts associated with them, including conjunctions such as
and, or, and but. Preposition such as in and of. The articles the, a/an, and pronouns
such as it and he—those kinds of words are called function words because they have a
grammatical function. For example, the articles indicate whether a noun is definite or
indefinite—the boy or a boy. The preposition of indicates possession, as in "the book
of yours," but this word indicates many other kinds of relations too. (Fromkin,
Rodman, and Hyams 2002: 73–74) There are four types of function words:

a. Prepositions

A preposition is a word which is commonly added before a noun, pronoun, or

noun phrase to show direction, time, place, location, or to introduce an object;
additionally, a preposition also expresses relations between the noun, pronoun, or
phrase in a sentence. Such as in, on, under, between, by, across, over, through,
additionally, this, that, these, and those.

b. Conjuctions

A conjunction is a part of speech that is used to connect words, phrases,

clauses, or sentences.Such as; and, yet, if, but, however, orwhile, than, during,
although, both- and.

c. Pronoun

A pronoun is a word or phrase that is used as an alternative for a noun or noun

phrase. Such as; I, you, we, they, them; my, your, his, her; who, whom, which,
whose,yours, ours, mine, myself, yourself, itself,nobody, anyone, whoever, something.

d. Article

An article is a word that comesbefore noun to indicate whether the noun is

specific or unspecific. And in english there are only three articles; A, the, and an.

II.3.2 Bound Morpehems

A bound morpheme is a morpheme that cannot stand alone and must be added
with affixes to create the meaning of the word, also called dependent morphemes. A
bound morpheme is often known as an affix because this morpheme is not the word
but is part of the word, for example, [-S] in the word studies (Rohbiah 2020: 66). A
bound morpheme is a word element that cannot stand alone as a word, including both
prefixes and suffixes (Doka 2018: 14). There are two types of bound morphemes:
derivational morphemes (bound morphemes that help to create new words and can
change the lexical category or part of speech of a word) and inflectional morphemes
(bound morphemes that serve a grammatical role in language). A bound morpheme is
also known as a bound form, and similarly, a free morpheme is a free form. For
example: pre-, dis-, in-, un-, -ful, -able, as in pre-judge, disable, incompetent, unsafe,
beautiful, acceptable, agreement.

In addition to bound morphemes, there are also suffixes. A suffix is an affix

attached to the end of a word to form a new word or to change the grammatical
function (part of speech) of the base, or root. For example, the word count (verb) is
derived into a noun (counter) when it attaches to the suffix-er. Further, the word
count (verb) may be an adjective (countable) when it attaches to the suffix -able. The
suffix -er has more than one meaning; it may convey a comparative meaning and also
describe someone who performs a particular action or job.

Additionally, the spelling of a root or base word changes when an affix is

added. For example, in the words that end with y, such as the noun beauty and the
adjective ugly, the letter y may change to i when attached to a suffix (as in the
adjective beautiful and the noun ugliness). Also, in the words that end with a silent
vowel -e (such as use and adore), the letter -e may be dropped before a suffix that
begins with a vowel (as in usable and adorable).

II.3.2.1 Affixes

Affix is an affix that attaches to a word or the main part of a word that usually
has an abstract meaning and cannot occur by itself. According to Katamba (1993:44),
an affix is a morpheme that only occurs when attached to some other morpheme or
morphemes, such as a root, stem, or base. Obviously, by definition, affixes are bound
morphemes. No word may contain only an affix standing on its own, like *-s, *-ed, or
*-al, or even a number of affixes strung together, like *-al-s.

There are four types of affixes;

 a) Prefix; A prefix is an affix attached before a root, stem, or base like -re, -un,
and -in (Katamba 1993:44). Examples: Judge + pre = prejudge, Write + re =
rewrite, Conditional + un = unconditional, and Come + in = income.
b) Infix; An infix is an affix inserted into the root itself (Katamba 1992:44).
Examples: Spoonful +s = spoonsful, Mother_in law + s =Mothers_in law.
c) Suffix; A suffix is an affix attached after a root (or stem or base), like-ly, -er,
-ist, -s, -ing and -ed (Katamba 1993:44). Examples: Friend + ly = friendly,
Paint + er = painter, Guitar + ist = guitarist, Ear + s = ears, Sleep +ing =
sleeping, and Jump +ed = jumped.
d) Confix; which mean an affix that is attached to root both initially and finally.
Examples: Love +ed ( suffix) = loved + be (prefix) = beloved.

1. Derivational Affixes

Derivational affixes, when added to a root or stem, may change the word class
and/or the meaning of the word. For example, adding -ish to the noun boy derives an
adjective, and prefixing un- to pleasant changes the meaning by adding a negative
element; additionally, when the adjective select is added with suffix -ion, then it
changes the meaning and also the word class of the word “select” to selection (noun).

Derivational affixes form new words either:

a) by changing the meaning of the base to which they are attached, e.g., kind
vs. un-kind (both are adjectives but with opposite meanings); obey vs. dis-
obey (both are verbs but with opposite meanings). Or
b) by changing the word-class that a base belongs to, e.g., the addition of -ly to
the adjectives kind and simple produces the adverbs kindly and simp-ly. As a
rule, it is possible to derive an adverb by adding the suffix -ly to an
adjectival base.
 Table 1 Derivational affix

Outpu
Suffix Input Remarks
t

Derivational :- it changes meaning to 'small duck', small

-ling N N
duckling.

Derivational :- it changes word-class and meaning to ‘like a

-ish N Adj
sheep', a sheepish.

Derivational :- it turns a noun into an adjective and adds the

-less N Adj
meaning 'lacking’ such as; humourless

Sometimes, the presence of a derivational affix causes a major grammatical

change, involving moving the base from one word-class into another, as in the case of
-less which turns a noun into an adjective. In other cases, the change caused by a
derivational suffix may be minor. It may merely shift a base to a different sub-class
within the same broader word-class. That is what happens when the suffix -ling is
attached to duck above.

In brief, derivational affixes are used to create new lexemes by either: (i)
significantly modifying the meaning of the base to which they are attached, without
necessarily changing its grammatical category (like and unlike); (ii) bringing about a
shift in the grammatical class of a base as well as a possible change in meaning (as
in the case of hard (adj) and hardship (N (abstract)); or (ii) causing a shift in the
grammatical subclass of a word without moving it into a new word-class (as) without
(as) (as (as) without moving it into a new word-class (as) (as) (as) (as) (as (N
(concrete) (N (concrete) (a There are four types of derivational affixes:

1) Prefixes

A prefix is an affix attached before the base, root, or stem. Additionaly, a

prefix means the classes of the bases to which it can be attached and the words that
are thereby formed. Katamba 1993 also explain (p. 49) that it will be obvious that in
order to determine which morpheme a particular affix morph belongs to, it is often
essential to know the base to which it attaches because the same phonological form
may represent different morphemes depending on the base with which it co-occurs.

Table 2 Derivational prefix

Word
Prefi Word class_
Meaning class_ Example
x input base
output word

In- Adj 'not' Adj in-accurate,

'not',
Un- Adj, V Adj, V un-kind, un-tie
'reversive'

dis-continue, dis-
'reversive', V, N(abs),
Dis- V,N(abs), Adj order, dis-honest, dis-
'not' Adj
approve.

Re- V 'again’ V re-write

Ex- N 'former’ N ex-mayor

En- N ‘put in' V en-cage

2) Infixes

An infix is an affix inserted into the root itself to change meaning or

grammatical form. And an infix is mostly found in plural form. For examples:
Spoonsful, capsful, mothers- in law, runners- up.
 3) Suffixes

A suffix is an affix attached after a root (or stem) or base.

Table 3 Derivational suffix

Suffi Word class Word class

Meaning Example
x input base output word

-hood N 'status' N (abs) child-hood

-ship N 'state or condition N (abs) king-ship

-ness Adj 'quality, state or condition’ N (abs) kind-ness

-ity Adj 'state or condition',etc N sincer-ity

-ment V 'result or product of doing Adj govern-ment

the action

indicated by the

verb'

-less N 'without' Adj power-less

-ful N 'having' Adj power-ful

-ic N 'pertaining to' Adj democrat-ic

-al N, V 'pertaining to, of the kind, Adj, N (abs) medicin-al,

'pertaining to or act of refus-al

-er V 'agent who does whatever the N read-er

verb indicates

-ly V 'manner' Adv kind-ly

 4) Confixes

A confix is an affix that is attached to root both initially and finally.For

example: un- conditional-ly, un- accept-able.

2. Inflectional Affixes

When we change the form of a word so that it fits in a particular grammatical

context, we are concerned with what linguists call inflection. Inflectional word
formation is word formation that expresses grammatical distinctions like number
(singular vs. plural); tense (present vs. past); person (first, second, or third); and case
(subject, object, possessive), among others. It does not create the new lexemes, but
merely changes the grammatical form of lexemes to fit into different grammatical
contexts (Lieber 2004:7). For instance: Walk, walks, walked, walking and Love,
loves, loved, loving.

Thus, inflectional affixes are only able to modify the form of a word
so that it can fit into a particular syntactic slot. Such as book and books, pen and pens
are both nouns referring to the same kind of entity. When the -s ending (affixes are
only able to modify the form of a word so that it can fit into a particular syntactic slot.
such as book and books, pen and pens are both nouns referring to the same kind of
entity. when the -s ending (e.g., merely carries information about the number of those
entities) is added to the word "book and pen". The grammar dictates that a form
marked as plural (normally by suffixing s) must be used when more than one entity is
referred to. We must say "ten books or ten pens"; *ten books is ruled out, although
the numeral ten makes it clear that more than one item is being referred to.
 Table 4 Inflectional affix

Suffi Inpu Outpu Remarks

x t t

-ed V V Inflectional:- it marks past tense,like in ducked

-s N N Inflectional:- it marks plural number (in (two) duck-s and

duckling-s)

-s V V Inflectional:- a portmanteau morph marking 3rd person,

present tense and singular in (he) ducks

-ing V V Inflectional:- it marks progressive aspect (i.e.incomplete

action in ducking)

English has only eigth inflectional affixes, they are:

a) Noun plural (-s) : He has five dogs

b) Noun possessive (-‘s)
c) Verb present tense (-s)
d) Verb past tense (-ed)
e) Verb past participle (-en)
f) Verb present participle (-ing)
g) Adjective comparative (-er)
h) Adjective superlative (-est)
: This is Dian’s dog
: Roky always eats candy
: She killed the dog yesterday
: He has always eaten candy
: He is eating the candy now
: His candy is fewer than mine
: His candy is the fewest
 Table 5 Inflectional suffix

Suffix Stem Function Example

-s N Plural book-s, brother-s, jaket-s,

-s V 3rd person, singular, sleep-s, eat-s, drink-s,

present tense

-ed V past tense walk-ed, jump-ed, kill-ed,

-ing V progressive (incomplete walk-ing, jump-ing, kill-ing,

action)

-er Adj comparative degree tall-er, short-er, hard-er,

-est Adj superlative degree tall-est, short-est, hard-est,

II.3.2.2 Clitics

A clitic is generally a word that cannot stand on its own and "leans" on a host
word. Clitics are usually weak forms of functional elements such as pronouns,
determiners, auxiliaries, negation particles, and question particles. (Gerlach,
Grijzenhout 2000:1). Kroon in Doka (2018:16) defines clitics as an item that exhibits
behavior intermediate between that of a word and that of an affix. Moreover, Doka
(2018:16) explains that, while clitics appears as if it is an affix, especially an
inflection affix, they are typically a reduced form of a word, such as a modal
participle, a conjuction, a pronominal, an auxiliary verb, or even a possesive.

In addition to inflectional affixes, there is another class of bound morphemes

called clitics, which may be appended to independent words by syntactically
motivated rules. Words to which clitics are attached are called hosts (or anchors).
Such as Mary, Tonga, and newspaper are the hosts of the genitive clitic -s, (Katamba
1993:245). For example:Mary's car, The Queen of Tonga's tiara, The editor of the
Manchester Guardian newspaper's car.

Clitics may be added at the beginning or at the end of their hosts. A clitic
attached to the beginning of a host is called a proclitic, such as;An Apple, The child,
and one attached at the end is called an enclitic, such as; ‘Dian’s dress, Tian’s
mother’.

According to Katamba (1993: 245-250) Clitics can be divided in two groups.

They are;

1. Based on the position of the appearance of the clitics:

a. Proclitics: A clitic attached to the beginning of a host as in English’s article,
such as: the dog, the girl.
b. Enclitics: A clitic attached at the end of a host. The -s, marking genitive case
in English as in Dian’s dress.

2. Based on the weather the clitics is contracted form a self-standing word or

not:
a. Simple Clitics:

A simple clitic belongs to the same word class as some independent word of
the language that could substitute for it in that syntactic position Katamba (1993:245).
Moreover, as in English auxiliary verbs like have, is, and has, For example: They've
eaten (They've eaten), She's eaten (She's eaten), and the big bag is empty (The big
bag's empty).

b. Special Clitics

Special clitics are not contracted forms of self-standing words. Rather, they
are forms that can only occur as bound morphemes appended to hosts in certain
syntactic contexts. (Katamba 1993:246). The genitive S in English is a good example
of a special clitic. It never occurs without being attached to a host.For example;
Dimas’s car, Lala’s candy.

II.3.2.3 Root, Base, and Stem

In this chapter, the researcher will explain root, base, and stem. Root and base
are mostly the same, which can stand alone but cannot be divided into smaller
constituents. While stem cannot stand alone, it must be attached to the base word as a
noun plural marker and a tense verb marker.

1. Root

The root word is the primary lexical unit of a word and of a word family ( the
root is then called base word), which carries the most significant aspects of semantic
content and cannot be reduced into smaller constituents (Doka 2018: 19).A root is the
irreducible core of a word, with absolutely nothing else attached to it (Katamba
1993:41). An example: jump, jumps, jumping, jumped. The root word is jump," and s,
ing, and ed are the suffixes that attach to the root word.

The morpheme that serves that base is sometimes called a root; a root is like a
stem in constituting the core of the word to which other pieces attach, but the term
refers only to morphologically simple units (Doka 2018:19). As an example, in the
word readability, read is the root (and the base for readable), and ‘readable’ is the
base for readability, but it is not a root. Thus, the base is a relative notion that is
defined with respect to the notion ‘affix’.

A base that cannot be analyzed any further into constituent morphemes is

called a root.In other words, all roots are bases. Bases are called stems only in the
context of inflectional morphology. Such as: The root ‘boy’ can be a base when it has
attached to it inflectional affixes like -s to form the plural boys or derivational affixes
like -ish to turn the noun ‘boy’ into the adjective ‘boyish’.
 Roots that are capable of standing independently are called free morphemes
(Katamba 1993:41). For example: Man book tea sweet cook; bet very aardvark pain
walk. Single words like those in the examples above are the smallest free morphemes
capable of occurring in isolation.

2. Base

The base of a morpheme can be formed into a basic shape or base in the
process of word formation; it can be added, repeated, and more along with other
morphemes (Rohbiah 2020:64). The base can be a single morpheme or a combination
of morphemes. Basic part of the word that an affix is attached to (Haspelmath
2002:19) Affixes and bases can be identified both in inflected word forms and in
derived lexis. A base is also sometimes called a stem, especially if an inflectional (as
opposed to derivational) affix attaches to it.

The affixes attached to a base may be inflectional affixes selected for

syntactic reasons or derivational affixes that alter the meaning or grammatical
category of the base (Katamba 1993:45). For example: readread-er, read-able, and
re-read, the word read is the base word, -er and -able are suffixes, while re- is a
prefix.

3. Stem

The stem is used to refer to the basic form in the inflection process or the
addition of inflective affixation (Rohbiah 2020:65). The inflection affixes that are
added to the stem in the inflection process are called suffixes (which are added at the
end of the base word). The existence of inflection suffixes is because of a syntactic
need such as a noun plural maker or a tense verb marker. For example: walk, walks,
walked; dance, dancers; book, books; cat,cats.

In walks, dancers, and books, the inflectional -s suffix comes after a slightly more
complex stem consisting of the roots walk, dancer, and book. These words (walk,
dancer, and book) are the root, but dancer is the stem to which -s is attached. 2) In
the word form cats, the plural inflectional suffix s is attached to the simple stem cat,
which is the root word.

II.4 Review of Related Studies

In this research, the researcher provides some the findings of previous

researchs that related to derivational affixesas an additional reference in the process
of compiling this research.

The first research was conducted by Musakar Abdullah(2017) entitle “

Processes of Derivational Affixes of Lamaholot language Mostly Used In East
Solor Sub-Distric East Flores Regancy.” In the previous research, the researcher
discuss about the process of derivational affixes mostly used in east-solor subdistrict,
east flores regency. This research applied with descriptive qualitative method. The
data source of this research was taken from Lamaholot books and informants
‘interview’. And the result showed there were six derivational prefixes; be, pe, ke, te,
me, we. and three derivational infixes; en, em, el. While the derivational suffixes has
not found in Lamaholot language.

The second research was conducted by Paulus witak, Rina pamantung, and
Djeinneimbang (2020) entitles "Proses Morfologis Derivasi Verba Bahasa
Lamaholot Dialek Tenawahang"/ The Morphologaical Process in Verbs of
Lamaholot Language Tenawahang Dialect. In this research, the researcher aims to
find the types and the process of verb derivation of Lamaholot langauge Tenawahang
dialect. This research applied with descriptive qualitative method. The source of data
in this research was taken from informants ‘interview’ from Tenawahang people.
And the results showed that process of verb derivation in Lamaholot language
Tenawahang dialect is the process of affixation that includes Prefix: be. Sufix: eng,
ung. Infix: en. Confix: ke – ng.
The similarity between two previous studies above and this study is those previous
studies and this study using morphology theory. And the differences of these studies
are in the first study conducted by Muzakar Abdullah focuse on the process of the
derivational of Lamaholot langauge mostly used by the East Solor community. While
the second study focuse on the morphological process in verbs of Lamaholot
langauge Tenawahang dialect.
 CHAPTER III
RESEARCH DESIGN

As it is indicated in the title, this chapter is about the design of this research. It
contains a description of the method of this research, including data resources,
research instruments, techniques of data collection, and techniques of data analysis.

III.1 Research Method

Denzim and Lincoln (1994) said that qualitative research focuses on

interpretation of phenomena in their natural setttings to make sense in terms of the
meanings people bring to these settings.

In this research, the researcher uses the descriptive-qualitative method to

analyze the types, functions, and the process of derivational affixes in Lewolaga
dialect of Lamaholot language. Bogan and Taylor in Musakar Abdullah (2017: 5) said
that descriptive qualitative is used to describe the data that exist in the language itself,
and this method emphasizes the result of the process of that research. The researcher
uses introspective methods in order to obtain the data.

III.2 Data Resources

To get the data about derivational affixes in Lewolaga dialect, the researcher
uses two data resources:

1. Primary Resource:

Research informants are people who can provide information. The informants
do not only provide information but also have some criteria that must fulfill the
research requirements outlined, among others, by Nida (1946:190) in Mardhatillah
(2019).

The requirements in this research are (Sage in Haan 2004:26):

 1. Informants have to be those who have been members of the socio-cultural for
a relatively long period of time.
2. The informants must have good relation with other members of the social-
cultural groups, and therefore can be regarded as representative of the group’s
members.
3. They must have specailized knowledge or expertise in particular cultur or
social phenomena investigated in research.

In this research, the researcher will be the informant who provide the needed
data related to the types, the functions, and the process of the derivational
affixes in Lewolaga dialect of Lamaholot language spoken by Tuakepa
community.

2. Secondary Resource:

In this research, the researcher uses some articles and books from the internet
as the references to get more information and knowledge related to this study.

III.3 Research Instruments

In this research, the researcher uses a pen, a paper, a phone to write down the
all derivational affixes in Lewolaga dialect, then making a validation by asking the
other Tuakepa people who lives nearby.

III.4 Data Collection Techniques

In this research, the researcher uses an introspective methods. Nunan (1992)

in Juanita and Robert (2009), points out, introspection is ‘the process of observing
and reflecting on one’s thoughts, feelings, motives, reasoning processes, and mental
states with a view to determining the ways in which these processes and states
determine our behavior’. In this research, the researcher uses some steps to collect the
data as follows:

a. The researcher list all the known derivational affixes

b. The researcher sorts those derivational affixes according to their class or
types
c. The researcher analyze and describe the function and also the process of
derivation
d. The researcher makes a validation of the data
e. The researcher reports the result of this research

III.5 Data Analyses Techniques

Data analysis is the process of collecting, organizing, and analyzing data to

make a decision. In this research, the researcher will sorts all the listed derivational
affixes includes their types or class, then analyze and describe the function and the
process of derivation in Lewolaga dialect of Lamaholot language.
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1.2