SKYSCRAPERS AND INTELLIGENT BUILDINGS

Originally, the term skyscraper was a nautical term for a tall mast or sail on a sailing ship. In
the late nineteenth century, the term was first applied to tall buildings, reflecting public amazement at
the structures being constructed in Chicago and New York City.

Later, architectural historians used a structural definition for the word skyscraper, based on
engineering developments of the 1880s that had enabled construction of tall, multi-story buildings.
This definition was based on the steel skeleton—-as differentiated from the construction of load-
bearing masonry. Philadelphia's City Hall, completed in 1901, still holds claim as the world's tallest
load-bearing masonry structure, at 167 m (548 ft). It should be noted that many of today's tallest
skyscrapers are built more or less entirely with reinforced concrete.

The crucial developments that allowed for the construction of modern skyscrapers were steel,
glass, reinforced concrete, water pumps, and elevators. Until the nineteenth century, buildings of over
six stories were rare. So many flights of stairs were impractical for inhabitants, and water pressure
was usually insufficient to supply running water above about 15 meters (50 ft).

A skyscraper is a very tall building with many stories. Skyscrapers usually refer to structures
that serves as residences or work places for thousands of people. The term ‘skyscraper” was first used
in United States in the 1880s, where the form of the structure originated. Originally used to describe a
building with at least ten stories, today it refers to buildings with forty to more than one hundred
floors. It’s height is measured from the street level where the main entrance is located to the top of the
structure, which includes spires.
Mixed Use Development/Multi Use Building
BENEFITS OF MIXED USE DEVELOPMENT
Important Design Elements in a Skyscraper:

 Structural System:
1. Material Selection: The choice of materials, often steel or reinforced
concrete, is crucial for the building's structural integrity.
2. Foundation Design: A well-engineered foundation is essential to
support the immense weight of a skyscraper.

 Elevators and Vertical Transportation:

1. Efficient Layout: Careful planning of elevator locations and the overall
vertical transportation system to ensure quick and convenient movement
within the building.
2. High-Speed Elevators: Incorporation of high-speed and technologically
advanced elevators to reduce wait times and enhance user experience

 Facade and Exterior Design:

1. Aesthetics: Attention to architectural aesthetics to create an iconic and
visually appealing structure.
2. Energy Efficiency: Useof innovative facade materials and designs to
enhance energy efficiency, insulation,and natural light penetration.

 Safety Features:
1. Fire Safety: Implementation of advanced fire detection and suppression
systems, as well as the inclusion of fire-resistant materials.
2. Emergency Evacuation: Design of efficient and safe emergency
evacuation routes and exits.

 Wind Load Mitigation:

 1. Aerodynamic Design: Consideration of wind forces in the design, with
aerodynamic shapes and structural features to minimize the impact of wind
on the building.

 Space Planning and Interior Design:

1. Efficient Floor Plans: Well-thought-out floor plans that maximize usable
space and accommodate various functions.
2. Occupant Comfort: Integration of features that enhance occupant comfort,
such as ample natural light, well-designed common areas, and flexible
workspaces

Positive Effects on Human Behavior:

1. Skyscrapers:

o Prestige and Iconicity: Skyscrapers often become iconic landmarks,

contributing to a sense of identity and pride for residents and visitors.
o Urban Connectivity: Concentrating businesses and services in skyscrapers
can enhance urban connectivity,making it easier for people to access amenities
and opportunities.
o Efficient Land Use: Skyscrapers allow for vertical development, making
more efficient use of limited urban space and potentially reducing urban
sprawl.

2. Intelligent Buildings:

o Comfort and Well-being: Intelligent buildings can enhance occupant comfort

by providing personalized
environments through smart lighting, climate control, and other amenities.

o Energy Efficiency: The implementation of smart technologies contributes to

energy efficiency, reducing the environmental impact and operating costs of
buildings.
o Productivity: Intelligent buildings with advanced technology can create more
productive work environments by optimizing lighting, air quality, and overall
user experience.

3. Advanced Technology:

o Communication: Advanced technology facilitates seamless communication and

collaboration, allowing people to connect and work together regardless of physical
location.
o Access to Information: The widespread availability of information through
technology empowers individuals, enabling them to access knowledge and resources
more easily.
o Automation and Efficiency: Technological advancements in automation can
streamline tasks, improving efficiency and freeing up time for more meaningful
activities.

Negative Effects on Human Behavior:

1. Skyscrapers:

o Social Isolation:

Tall buildings may contribute to a sense of social isolation, as high-density

urban living can lead to reduced community interactions. * Shadow and Wind Effects:
Skyscrapers can cast shadows and create wind tunnels, affecting the microclimate
around themandpotentially making public spaces less comfortable. * Exclusivity: In
some cases, skyscrapers may symbolize economic inequality and exclusivity, as
luxury apartments and offices may be available only to a privileged few.