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Volume 31, Number 1 January 2023
ISSN:1521-1398 PRINT,1572-9206 ONLINE
Journal of
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10 Abhishek Singh et al 10-20

J. COMPUTATIONAL ANALYSIS AND APPLICATIONS, VOL. 31, NO.1, 2023, COPYRIGHT 2023 EUDOXUS PRESS, LLC
Characteristics of Mexican hat wavelet transform

in a class of generalized quotient space
Abhishek Singh∗,1 , Aparna Rawat1 and Shubha Singh2
December 24, 2022
Abstract
In this paper, Mexican hat wavelet transformation is defined on the
space of tempered generalized quotients by employing the structure of
exchange property. We study the exchange property for the Mexican hat
wavelet transform by applying the theory of the Mexican hat wavelet
transform of distributions. Further, different properties of Mexican hat
wavelet transform are investigated on the space of tempered generalized
quotients.
Key words: Wavelet transform; Exchange property; Distribution
space; Tempered generalized quotient
Mathematics Subject Classification(2010): 44A15; 44A35; 46F99;
54B15
1
1 Introduction
The wavelet transform (W f )(b, a) of a square integrable function f , is given by
Z ∞
(W f )(b, a) = f (t)ψb,a (t)dt, (1.1)
−∞
where
√

t−b
ψb,a (t) = ( a)−1 ψ , b, t ∈ Rn , and a > 0. (1.2)
a
The inversion formula for (1.1) is given by
Z ∞ Z ∞
√

2 x−b da
( a)−1 (W f )(b, a)ψ db 2 = f (x), x ∈ Rn , (1.3)
Cψ 0 −∞ a a
1∗ Corresponding author (mathdras@gmail.com) 1 Department of Mathematics and Statis-
tics, Banasthali Vidhyapith, Banasthali, India

2 Department of Physics, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi

where the admissibility condition Cψ is given by

∞ ∞
|ψ̂(u)|2 |ψ̂(−u)|2
Z Z
Cψ
= dv = du < ∞ [3, p. 64].
2 0 |u| 0 |u|
The Mexican hat wavelet is constructed by taking the negative second derivative
of a Gaussian function and is given by [24]
t2 d2 −( t2 )
ψ(t) = e−( 2 ) (1 − t2 ) = − e 2 (1.4)
dt2
such that
3 (b−t)2 d
ψb,a (t) = −a 2 Dt2 e− 2a2 , Dt = . (1.5)
dt
Thus, (1.1) can be reduced to
Z
3 (b−t)2
(W f )(b, a) = −a 2 f (t) Dt2 e− 2a2 dt, a ∈ R+ (1.6)
R
which then, under certain conditions on f is

Z
3 (b−t)2
(W f )(b, a) = −a 2 f (2) (t) e− 2a2 dt, a ∈ R+ . (1.7)
R
Let a function ka (b − t) be defined by

−(b−t)2
1 2a
ka (b − t) = √ e , (1.8)
2πa
where t ∈ R, b = σ + iω and a ∈ R+ . Then

1 −(b−t)2
Dt2 ka2 (b − t) = √ Dt2 e 2a2 . (1.9)
2πa
Therefore, by (1.5)
1 5
ψb,a (t) = −(2π) 2 a 2 Dt2 ka2 (b − t)
and hence the Mexican hat wavelet transform is given by

Z
1 5
(W f )(b, a) = (2π) a
2 2 f (t)Dt2 ka2 (b − t)dt
R
Z
1 5
= (2π) 2 a 2 f (2) (t)ka2 (b − t)dt
R
1 5
= (2π) 2 a 2 (f (2) ∗ ka2 )(b), b ∈ C, a ∈ R+ , (1.10)
−(b−t)2
where ka2 (b − t) = √1 e 2a2 .
2πa

The most general theory of the MHWT is investigated on the generalized

γ 0
function space (Wα,β ) developed by Pathak et al. [8]. It is proved that the
γ 0
MHWT (W f )(b, a) of f ∈ (Wα,β ) , is given by hf (2) (t), ka2 (b − t)i is an analytic
function in the strip αγ < Re b < βγ for some α, β, γ ∈ R.
Recently, the wavelet transform has been comprehensively studied in many

functions, distributions, and tempered distribution spaces. Several interesting
properties and applications in generalized function spaces have been developed
(See, for example, [6, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21]. On the other hand,
Mikusiński’s algebraic approach gave a new transformation to the theory of
functional analysis. The space of generalized quotients (Boehmians) is the
recent generalization of the Schwartz distribution and the motivation for the
expansion is in the core of Mikusiński operators. Its application to function
spaces with the involvement of convolution provides different generalized func-
tion spaces. Hence, many integral transforms have been investigated in such
spaces [1, 5, 7, 14, 15, 16, 22, 23].
Let S (Rn ) and S (Rn × R+ ) be the spaces of functions with continuous

derivatives which are rapidly decreasing on Rn and Rn × R+ . The dual of S is
represented by S 0 that is known as the space of tempered distributions. The
spaces S and S 0 have been introduced and developed in [2]. The class S 0
γ 0
of tempered distributions is contained in (Wα,β ) . Therefore the Mexican hat
wavelet transform theory can be made applicable to S 0 . Further, the Mexican
hat wavelet transform can be expanded to the space of tempered generalized
quotient, as the space is a natural expansion of tempered distributions. Here, we
extend the Mexican hat wavelet transformation to a class of generalized quotient
space that have quotients of sequences in the form of fn /ϕn , where the numer-
ator contains terms of the sequence from some set S 0 and the denominator is
a delta sequence such that it satisfies the following condition
fn ∗ ϕm = fm ∗ ϕm , ∀m, n ∈ N. (1.11)
Further, the delta sequences are defined as sequences of functions {ϕn } ∈ S

that satisfies
R
1. Rn ϕn (x)dx = 1 for all n = 1, 2, 3, · · ·.
2. There exists a constant C > 0 such that

Z
|ϕn (x)| dx ≤ C for all n = 1, 2, 3, · · · .
Rn
R k
3. limn→∞ kxk≥
kxk |(ϕj (x))| dx = 0 for every k ∈ N and > 0.
In particular, we extend the transformation to generalized quotient space by

defining an exchange property for the Mexican hat wavelet transform. In the

next section, we introduce some of the basic results required for the investigation
of MHWT on the generalized quotient space. Section 3 describes some algebraic
properties of MHWT in the context of tempered generalized quotients.
2 The exchange property

In this section, the space of tempered generalized quotients is constructed by
applying the exchange property. This construction for generalized quotients in-
dicates that the role of convergence is not necessary.
Theorem 2.1. For a function f ∈ S 0 and t ∈ R,

1 5 1 5 t2
(W f )(b, a) = (2π) 2 a 2 (f (2) ∗ ka2 )(b) = (2π) 2 a 2 lim ((f (2) ∗ ka2 )e− 2n )(b).
n→∞
Proof. Consider,
2
Z
1 5 t 1 5 t2
− 2n
(2π) a 2 2 lim ((f (2)
∗ ka2 )e )(b) = (2π) a 2 2 lim f (2) (t)ka2 (b)e− 2n dt
n→∞ n→∞ R
Z
3 (b−t)2 t2
= a lim2 f (t)e− 2a2 e− 2n dt
(2)
n→∞ R
Z
3 (b−t)2
= a2 f (2) (t)e− 2a2 dt.
R
Therefore,
1 5 t2
(W f )(b, a) = (2π) 2 a 2 lim ((f (2) ∗ ka2 )e− 2n )(b).
n→∞
0
Theorem 2.2. For f ∈ S and ϕ ∈ S , we have
(W (f ∗ ϕ))(b, a) = (W f )(b, a) ∗ ϕ.
Proof. By using [4, Lemma 4.3.8], (f ∗ ϕ) ∈ S 0 and hence (W (f ∗ ϕ))(b, a) is
defined. Also, by Theorem 2.1
1 5 t2
(W (f ∗ ϕ))(b, a) = (2π) 2 a 2 lim (((f (2) ∗ ϕ) ∗ ka2 )e− 2n )(b).
n→∞
Consider,
2
Z
1 5 t 1 5 t2
− 2n
(2π) a (((f
2 2 (2)
∗ ϕ) ∗ ka2 )e )(b) = (2π) a (f (2) ∗ ϕ)(t)k(b − t, a2 )e− 2n dt
2 2
R
Z
3 (b−t)2 t2
= a 2 (f (2) ∗ ϕ)(t)e− 2a2 e− 2n dt
ZR
3 (b−t)2 t2
= a 2 hf (2) (s), ϕ(t − s)ie− 2a2 e− 2n dt
ZR
3
= a 2 hf (2) (s), ϕ(t − s)iψn (t)dt, (2.1)
R

(b−t)2 t2
where ψn (t) = e− 2a2 e− 2n .
By [8, Lemma 4.3], we have

Z m Z m
3 3
(2) (2)
a 2 hf (s), ϕ(t−s)iψn (t)dt = a 2 f (s), ϕ(t − s)ψn (t)dt , ∀m > 0,
−m −m
which converges to
Z m
3
a2 f (2) (s), ϕ(t − s)ψn (t)dt as m → ∞,
−m
Therefore,
Z ∞ Z ∞
(b−t)2 t2
hf (2) (s), ϕ(t − s)ie− 2a2 e− 2n dt = f (2) (s), ϕ(t − s)ψn (t) dt
−∞ −∞
(2)
= hf (s), (ϕ ∗ ψn )(s)i. (2.2)
Let us now consider,

Z
1 5 1 5
(2π) 2 a 2 ((f (2) ∗ ka2 ) ∗ ϕ)(b) = (2π) 2 a 2 (f (2) ∗ ka2 )(b − t)ϕ(t) dt
R
ZM
1 5
= (2π) a 2 2 hf (2) (s), ka2 (b − t − s)iϕ(t) dt,
−M
where supp ϕ ⊆ [−P, P ]. Now by [8, Lemma 4.3 ],

Z M
1 5 1 5
(2)
(2π) a ((f ∗ ka2 ) ∗ ϕ)(b) = (2π) a
2 2 2 2 hf (2) (s), ka2 (b − t − s)iϕ(t) dt
−M
Z ∞
1 5
(2)
= (2π) a 2 2 f (s), ka2 (b − t − s)ϕ(t) dt
−∞
Z ∞
1 5
(2) 1
= (2π) a 2 2 f (s), √ ψ(t − s)ϕ(t) dt
−∞ 2πa
Z ∞
3
(2)
= a 2 f (s), ψ(t − s)ϕ(t) dt
−∞
3
(2)
= a hf 2 (s), (ϕ ∗ ψ)(s)i. (2.3)
From (2.2) and (2.3), we obtain
(W (f ∗ ϕ))(b, a) = (W f )(b, a) ∗ ϕ.
Definition 2.3. For a family {ϕj }j∈J , where ϕj ∈ S, we define

M {ϕj }J = {x ∈ Rn : ϕj (x) = 0, ∀j ∈ J} . (2.4)

A family of pairs {(fj , ϕj )}J , where fj ∈ S 0 and ϕj ∈ S, have the exchange

property if
fj ∗ ϕk = fk ∗ ϕj , ∀j, k ∈ J. (2.5)
Let set A denotes the collection of {(fj , ϕj )}J , where S 0 (Rn ) and
fj ∈
ϕj ∈ S(Rn ), ∀j ∈ J, with exchange property such that M {ϕj }J = ∅.

If M {ϕj }J = ∅ and M ({λk }K ) = ∅, then M {ϕj ∗ λk }J×K = ∅.
Theorem 2.4. If {(fj , ϕj )}J ∈ A, then there exists a unique F ∈ S 0 (Rn × R+ )

such that F is the Mexican hat wavelet transform of the family of functions
{(fj , ϕj )}J , i.e., F = (W {(fj , ϕj )}J ) .
Proof. Let us consider family of sequences {(fj , ϕj )}J ∈ A, where fj ∈ S 0 (Rn )
and ϕ ∈ S , ∀j ∈ J, with exchange property such that |ϕ(x)|> , for some > 0,
c
and x ∈ M ({ϕj }J ) . Then, in some open neighborhood of x, we define
(W fj )
F = . (2.6)
ϕj
Case 1: We show that for some open neighborhood of x we have a quotient
F that is unique in that neighborhood, i.e., F does not depend on j ∈ J. Let
U and V be some open neighborhood of x such that |ϕj (x)|> , ∀x ∈ U and
|ϕk (x)|> , ∀x ∈ V. Then since {(fj , ϕj )} ∈ A, hence it satisfy the exchange
property and therefore,
fj ∗ ϕk = fk ∗ ϕj , ∀j, k ∈ J. (2.7)
Applying Mexican hat wavelet transform to (2.7), we get
(W (fj ∗ ϕk )) = (W (fk ∗ ϕj ))
(W fj ) ∗ ϕk = (W fk ) ∗ ϕj (by Theorem 2.2)
(W fj ) (W fk )
= . (2.8)
ϕj ϕk
(W fj )
Hence, we get a quotient F = on U ∩ V .
ϕj
Case 2: We need to show that F ∈ S 0 (Rn × R+ ) is unique. From (2.6) and
(2.8), for any j, k ∈ J, we have
(W fk ) = F ϕk , ∀k ∈ J (2.9)
such that there exists a unique F ∈ S 0 (Rn × R+ ) which implies exchange prop-
erty.
Clearly, for a total sequence, say {ϕj }N , where ϕj ∈ S(Rn ) for all j ∈ N,
there is an fj ∈ S 0 (Rn ) such that (W fj ) = ϕj F. Hence, {(fj , ϕj )}N ∈ A and
F = (W ({(fj , ϕj )}N )).

For the family of pairs of sequences {(fj , ϕj )}J , {(gk , λk )}K ∈ A has an
Equivalence Relation, i.e., {(fj , ϕj )}J {(gk , φk )}K if
fj ∗ λk = gk ∗ ϕj , ∀j ∈ J, k ∈ K. (2.10)
Theorem 2.5. Let {(fj , ϕj )}J , {(gk , λk )}K ∈ A. Then {(fj , ϕj )}J ∼ {(gk , λk )}K
iff (W ({(fj , ϕj )}J )) = (W ({(gk , λk )}K )).
Proof. Let {(fj , ϕj )}J ∼ {(gk , λk )}K , hence, they satisfy the exchange property,
defined as
fj ∗ λk = gk ∗ ϕk , ∀j ∈ J, k ∈ K.
Let F and G denotes the Mexican hat wavelet transform of some family of
sequences such that F = (W ({(fj , ϕj )}J )) and G = (W ({(gk , λk )}K )). Now,
consider,
ϕj F ∗ λk = (W fj ) ∗ λk
= (W (fj ∗ λk ))
= (W (gk ∗ ϕj ))
= (W gk ) ∗ ϕj
= λk G ∗ ϕj .
Now, by applying Lemma 2, we get F = G.

Conversely, we need to show that the family of sequences {(fj , ϕj )}J and {(gk , λk )}K
are equivalent. Let us consider
F =G
=⇒ (W fj ) ∗ λk = (W gk ) ∗ ϕj
=⇒ (W (fj ∗ λk )) = (W (gk ∗ ϕj ))
=⇒ fj ∗ λk = gk ∗ ϕj . (2.11)
Hence, {(fj , ϕj )}J ∼ {(gk , λk )}K .

From the above theorem it is shown that there is an equivalence relation on
A and hence splits A into equivalence classes.
The equivalence class contains the
fn fn
generalized quotient and is denoted by . These equivalence classes are
ϕn ϕn
called generalized quotients or Boehmians and the space of all such generalized
quotients is denoted by B.

fn
Definition 2.6. Let X = ∈ B, then the MHWT of X as a generalized
ϕn
quotient is defined by,

(W fn )(b, a)
Y = (W X)(b, a) = .
ϕn

h i h i
It is well defined since, if X = fn
ϕn =Y = gn
ψn in B, then
fm ∗ ψn = gn ∗ ϕm ∀m, n ∈ N
(W (fm ∗ ψn ))(b, a) = (W (gn ∗ ϕm ))(b, a)
(W fm )(b, a) ∗ ψn = (W gn )(b, a) ∗ ϕm (by Theorem 2.2)

(W fn )(b, a) (W gn )(b, a)
= .
ϕn ψn
h i 0
Further, by considering the map f → f δ∗δnn , any f ∈ W (−∞, ∞) can be
h i
considered as an element of B by [4, Theorem 4.3.9], i.e., if X = f δ∗δnn , then

W (f ∗ δn )(b, a) (W f )(b, a) ∗ δn
(W X)(b, a) = = = (W f )(b, a).
δn δn
This definition extends the theory of MHWT to more general spaces than
γ 0
(Wα,β ).
From Theorem 2.4 and Theorem 2.5, it is clear that the Mexican hat wavelet
transform is a bijection from the space of generalized quotients to the space of
distributions.
Theorem 2.7. For every X ∈ BS 0 (Rn ) there exists a delta sequence (ϕn ) such
that X = [{(fn , ϕn )}N ] for some fn ∈ S 0 (Rn ).
Proof. Let (φn ) ∈ S (Rn ), be a delta sequence and X ∈ BS 0 (Rn ) . Then, (W X)∗
φn ∈ S 0 , since (W X) ∈ S 0 . Consequently, (W X) ∗ φn = (W gn ) for some
gn ∈ S 0 . Therefore, we have

gn ∗ φn
X= . (2.12)
φn ∗ φn
Hence, fn = (gn ∗ φn ) ∈ S 0 and by using the property of delta sequences

φn ∗ φn ∈ S is a delta sequence. This completes the proof.
Conclusions
The space of generalized quotients includes regular operators, distributions,
ultra-distributions and also objects which are neither regular operators nor dis-
tributions. It may be concluded here that the space of tempered generalized
quotient is constructed in a simple way by using the exchange property. This
new construction is further used to represent the Mexican hat wavelet transform
of tempered generalized quotients with its algebraic properties. This space of
generalized quotient can be applied to examine Mexican hat wavelet transfor-
mation on various manifolds.

Acknowledgement
The first author (AS) is supported by National Board for Higher Mathemat-
ics(DAE), Government of India, through sanction No. 02011/7/2022 NBHM(R.P.)/
R&D-II/10010 and the third author is supported by DST under WOS-A, Gov-
ernment of India.
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10

Maxwell Cattaneo double diffusive convection

(DDC) in a viscoelastic fluid layer
Monal Bharty1 , Atul. K. Srivastava2 , Hrisikesh Mahato3

Department of Mathematics, School of Natural Sciences,
Central University of Jharkhand,
Ranchi−825305, India
Emails: priyabharty58@gmail.com1 , atulshaswat@gmail.com2
hrishikesh.mahato@cuj.ac.in3
December 28, 2022
Abstract
The onset of Maxwell-Cattaneo DDC in a viscoelastic fluid layer
is studied using linear stability analysis with the help of normal mode
technique. The parabolic advection diffusion equation, which presupposes
classical fickian diffusion for both heat and salt, controls the evaluation
of temperature and salinity. Analytically, the onset criteria for station-
ary and oscillatory convection is derived. Since the onset of stationary
(steady case) convection is unaffected by Maxwell-Cattaneo effects as well
as visco-elastic parameters, oscillatory convection rather than stationary
convection is the key to visualize the effects of different parameters in
this paper. Two different scenarios for oscillatory convection have been
discussed (i) when Maxwell-Cattaneo coefficient for salinity CS = 0 and
(ii) when Maxwell-Cattaneo coefficient for temperature CT = 0. Also a
comparative study for these two cases i.e. CS = 0 and CT = 0 is per-
formed for different controlling parameters like relaxation parameter (λ1 ),
retardation parameter (λ2 ), diffusion ratio (τ ), solutal Rayleigh number
(RaS ) and Prandtl number (P r) with the help of graphs.
Keywords
DDC, Maxwell-Cattaneo Effect (M-C Effect), Viscoelastic binary fluid,
Rayleigh number, Thermal Convection.
1 Introduction
The viscoelastic fluid flow is of significant importance in many fields of sci-
ence, engineering, and technology, including geophysics, bioengineering, and the
21 Monal Bharty et al 21-37

processing of materials in the nuclear, chemical, and petroleum sectors [15][4].

Unique patterns of instabilities, such as overstability, which cannot be predicted
or seen in Newtonian fluid, are present in viscoelastic fluids. For almost 40 years
[5], the literature has explored the nature of convective motions in a thin hori-
zontal layer of viscoelastic fluid heated from below in the context of the classical
Rayleigh-Benard convection geometry. The key papers by Vest and Arpaci [5]
provided the first thorough study of the linear stability of a layer of an upper-
convected Maxwell fluid, in which stress exhibits an elastic response to strain
typified by a single viscous relaxation period. Due to the high viscosity of the
polymeric fluids, flow instability and turbulence are much less common than
in Newtonian fluids. For a very long time, it has been widely accepted that
in realistic experimental conditions, oscillatory convection cannot occur in vis-
coelastic fluids .However, recent studies on the elastic behaviour of single long
DNA strands in buffer solutions have revealed how to make a fluid in which
oscillatory viscoelastic convection might be observed. Recently, this notion was
confirmed by Kolodner [21], who found oscillatory convection in DNA suspen-
sions in annular geometry. Theoretically, these studies reignite interest in heat
convection in viscoelastic fluids.
Sushila et. al. [25] studied a hybrid analytical algorithm for the thin film flow
problem that arises in non-Newtonian fluid. They looked at the thin film flow of
a third-grade fluid down an inclined plane in their paper. For the local fractional
transport equation that occurs in fractal porous media, in [14], a an effective
computational technique is presented. Mehta et. al. [22] investigated heat
generation/absorption and the effect of joule heating on radiating MHD mixed
convection stagnation point flow along vertical stretched sheet embedded in a
permeable medium. The use of an unique fractional derivative in the analysis of
heat and mass transfer for the slipping flow of viscous fluid with SWCNT’s sub-
ject to Newtonian heating is explored by [17]. Whereas heat and mass transfer
fractional second grade fluid with slippage and ramped wall temperature using
Caputo-Fabrizio fractional derivative approach is investigated by [24].
Due to a variety of real-world situations where the Fourier law of heat flux is in-
sufficient, the dynamics of Maxwell-Cattaneo (or non-fourier) fluids have drawn
interest. In his investigation of the theory of gases, Maxwell argued that the re-
lationship between heat flow and temperature gradient not only contain a finite
relaxation time but also not be instantaneous. In the case of solid, Cattaneo [3]
established a comparable relation, which Oldroyd [11] developed further. Later
additions were important, such as those by Fox [20] and Carrassi, Morro[18].
The classical Fourier law of heat conduction expresses the heat flux within a
medium is proportional to the local temperature gradient in the system. i.e.
VT = −K∇T (1)
In which VT is heat flux, T is temperature and K the thermal conductivity.
A well consequence of this law is that the heat purturbation propagate with a
infinite velocity. To eliminate this unphysical feature, Maxwell-Cattaneo law is

one of the various modifications fourier law and takes the form:
DVT
τT = −VT − K∇T (2)
Dt
Where the relaxation time is τT and the thermal conductivity is K. The deriva-
D
tive Dt here represents the time derivative following the motion so that:

DVT ∂
= + V.∇ VT (3)
Dt ∂t
Where t is time and V is velocity. When a finite speed heatwave [6],[1],[2] is

solved by the inclusion of finite relaxation periods, the parabolic heat equation
of Fourier fluids, in which heat diffuses at infinite speed, is transformed into
a hyperbolic heat equation. The significance of the thermal relaxation term
is typically expressed by the dimensionless Maxwell-Cattaneo coefficient CT ,
which is the ratio of the thermal relaxation time to twice the thermal diffusion
time.
τT

τT K τT κ
CT = 2
= 2
= 2 (4)
2ρCP d 2d τκ
2
where thermal diffusion time is τκ (= dκ ), density is ρ, specific heat at constant
pressure is CP , length is d and thermal diffusivity is κ. Thus the classical Fourier
law has CT = 0 .
Numerous physical scenarios have been investigated when it comes to the Maxwell-
Cattaneo heat transport effect, including nano-fluid and nano-material [7], bi-
ological tissue [26] and stellar interiors [16] in the context of DDC. Many fac-
tors, including the coefficient definition, affect the Maxwell-Cattaneo effect’s
potential importance. Eltayeb [9] discussed convection instabilities of Maxwell-
Cattaneo fluids. In his study, he used three distinct forms of the time derivative
of the heat flux to explore the linear and weakly nonlinear stabilities of a hor-
izontal layer of fluid obeying the Maxwell-Cattaneo relationship of heat flux
and temperature. While Eltayeb, Hughes, and Proctor [10] have examined the
convection instability of a Maxwell-Cattaneo fluid in the presence of a verti-
cal magnetic field and have discussed about the instability of a Benard layer
under a vertical uniform magnetic field. The DDC of Maxwell-Cattaneo fluid
has been studied by Hughes, Proctor and Eltayeb [8]. The consequences of in-
clude the Maxwell-Cattaneo (M-C) effects on the commencement of DDC, in
which two factors alter the density of a fluid but diffuse at separate rates, were
investigated in that study. For both temperature and salinity they considered
Maxwell-Cattaneo effect. The modified salinity evolution equation is expressed
as:
DVC
τC = −VC − κC ∇C (5)
Dt
by analogy with temperature equation when M-C effect is included. where C

is salt concentration, κ is salinity diffusivity, τC the relaxation time for salinity

and VC is salt flux. Most of the above discussed work is related with the New-
tonian fluid.
The onset of DDC in viscoelastic fluid (non-Newtonian fluid)layer is investi-
gated by Malashetty and Swamy [19]. They analysed the stability of a binary
viscoelastic fluid layer using linear and weakly nonlinear methods in that study.
In view of importance viscoelastic fluid as discussed above, in this paper we
carry out a linear stability analysis for a Maxwell-Cattaneo DDC in a viscoelas-
tic fluid layer. Here, we focus on the scenario in which the M-C coefficients are
extremely small, driven by geophysical and astrophysical concerns. Therefore,
even when CT , CS << 1, new mechanisms for oscillatory instability might de-
velop, given that the initial gradients of temperature and salinity are relatively
significant. This is because the modified equations now describe singular per-
turbations in the time domain.
The work is presented in the following way. The physical problem is discussed
in sect. 2 with a brief mathematical formulation. In sect. 3, the linear stability
analysis in oscillatory convection for two cases i.e (CT = 0 and CS = 0) for the
free-free boundaries is covered. The results and discussion are included in sect.
4, where we described results shown with the help of graph drawn for different
parameters by fixing the values of all other parameters and discussed whether
these parameters stabilise or destabilise the system. Last but not least, sect. 5
brings to a close a few key aspects of the analysis.
2 Mathematical model
2.1 The physical domain
We consider DDC in a horizontal layer of an incompressible binary vis-
coelastic Maxwell-Cattaneo fluid confined between two parallel horizontal planes
at z = 0 and z = d, a distance d apart with the vertically downward gravity g
acting on it. Origin is set in the lower boundary of a Cartesian frame of refer-
ence, horizontal component x and vertical component z increases upwards. The
surfaces are stretched indefinitely in both x and y directions while maintaining
a consistent temperature gradient ∆T across the porous layer. To account for
the impact of density fluctuations, we presum that the Oberbeck-Boussinesq
approximation is used.
2.2 Governing equations

The momentum equation is modelled using the viscoelastic fluid of the Oldroyd
type. The basic governing equations are

∂ ∂V ∂
1 + λ1 ρ0 + V.∇V + ∇p − ρg = µ 1 + λ2 ∇2 V (6)
∂t ∂t ∂t


∂T
+ (V.∇)T = −∇.VT (7)
∂t

∂UT
τT + ∇.(V UT ) = −UT − K∇2 T (8)
∂t

∂C
+ (V.∇)C = −∇.VC (9)
∂t

∂UC
τC + ∇.(V UC ) = −UC − KC ∇2 C (10)
∂t
∇.V = 0 (11)
where UT = ∇.VT , UC = ∇.VC , V = (u, v, w) is velocity, µ is viscosity, λ1 is
relaxation parameter, λ2 is retardation parameter, ρ is density, K is thermal
conductivity, KC is salt conductivity, VT is heat flux and VC is salt flux. The
formula for the relationship between reference density, temperature, and salinity
is:-
ρ = ρ0 [1 − βT (T − T0 ) + βC (C − C0 )] (12)
Temperature and salinity’s appropriate boundary conditions are:-
T = T0 + ∆T at z = 0 and T = T0 at z = d (13)
C = C0 + ∆C at z = 0 and C = C0 at z = d (14)
2.3 Initial state

It is considered that the fluid is in a quiescent initial state, which is represented
by
Vb = (0, 0, 0) , P = Pb (z), T = Tb (z), C = Cb (z), ρ = ρb (z), (15)

VTb = (0, 0, VT (z)) , VCb = (0, 0, VC (z))
Using (2.3) in Eqs. (6) − (12) yield
dpb d2 Tb d2 Cb
= −ρb g, = 0, =0 (16)
dz dz 2 dz 2
The initial state solution for temperature and salinity fields are given by:-
z z
Tb (z) = Tl − ∆T , Cb (z) = Cl − ∆C (17)
d d

2.4 Perturbed state

On the initial state, we superimpose a disturbance of the type:-
V = Vb (z) + V ′ (x, y.z, t), T = Tb (z) + T ′ (x, y, z.t), C = Cb (z) + C ′ (x, y, z, t),
P = Pb (z) + P ′ (x, y, z, t), ρ = ρb (z) + ρ′ (x, y, z, t), VT = VTb + VT′ (x, y, z, t),
VC = VCb + VC′ (x, y, z, t)
(18)
where perturbations are indicated by primes. Introducing (18) in Eqs. (6) −

(11), and using basic state from Eq. (16), The resulting equations are then
non-dimensionalized using the following transformations
d2 ∗ κT z κT z µκT z ∗
(x, y, z) = d(x∗ , y ∗ , z ∗ ), t = t , λ1 = 2 λ1 ∗, (V ′ ) = (V ∗ ) , P ′ = P ,
κT z d d Kz
κT z K κ ′ ′
λ2 = λ2 ∗, VT = ∆T VT∗ , VC = ∆T VC∗ , T = (∆T ) T ∗ , C = (∆C ) C ∗
d2 d d
(19)
After eliminating the asterisks for simplicity, we arrived at the non-dimensional,
linear governing equations, which are

∂ 1 ∂ 2 ∂
1 + λ1 ∇ V − RaT ∇21 T + RaS ∇21 C − 1 + λ2 ∇4 V = 0
∂t P r ∂t ∂t
(20)
∂T
= w − UT (21)
∂t
∂UT
2CT = −UT − ∇2 T (22)
∂t
∂C
= w − UC (23)
∂t
∂UC
2CS = −UC − τ ∇2 C (24)
∂t
where the Prandtl number P r, thermal Rayleigh number RaT , solutal Rayleigh
number RaS , Diffusivity ratio τ , Maxwell-Cattaneo coefficient for temperature
CT and Maxwell-Cattaneo coefficient for salinity CC are defined as: P r = κTν ,
Z
RaT = βT g∆T dKZ ν

κTZ , RaS = βS g∆C dKZ ν
κTZ , τ = κκC , CT = τ2d
Tκ
2 , CS =
τC κC
2d2 , and
u, v and w are x, y and z component of velocity respectively.
The boundaries are assumed to be impermeable, isothermal and stress free,
therefore we have the following conditions
∂2w
w= = T = C = 0 at z = 0, 1. (25)
∂z 2

3 Linear Stability Analysis

In this part, we employ linear theory to forecast the thresholds of both marginal
and oscillatory convections. Assuming that the amplitudes are small enough,
the time-dependent periodic disturbances in a horizontal plane are used to solve
the eigenvalue problem specified by Eqs. (20)–(24) subject to the boundary
conditions (20) is solved as follows:
   
w W (z)
 T   Θ (z) 
 C  =  Φ (z)  ei(lx+my)+σt
   
    (26)
 UT   ζ (Z) 
UC γ (Z)
where the growth rate is represented by the complex quantity σ and the hori-
zontal wave numbers l and m. W , Θ, Φ, ζ and γ are the amplitudes of stream
function, temperature field, solute field, heat flux and solute flux respectively.
h σ i
(1 + λ1 σ) (D2 − a2 ) + (1 + λ2 σ)(D2 − a2 )2 W + (1 + λ1 σ)RaT a2 Θ
Pr
−(1 + λ1 σ)RaS a2 Φ = 0
(27)
−W + σΘ + ζ = 0 (28)
(D2 − a2 )Θ + (2CT σ + 1)ζ = 0 (29)
−W + σΦ + γ = 0 (30)
τ (D2 − a2 )Φ + (2CS σ + 1)γ = 0 (31)

d 2 2 2
where D= dz and a =l + m . on the free boundary. we take the solution of
Eqn. (27)-(31) satisfying the boundary condition for free-free case:
[W (z), Θ(z), Φ(z), ζ(z), γ(z)] = [W0 , Θ0 , Φ0 , ζ0 , γ0 ] sin(nπz), (n = 1, 2, 3, ...)
(32)
Substituting Eq. (32) into (27)-(31), and considering n = 1, we get a matrix
equation
M1 −a2 RaT a2 RaS
    
0 0 W0 0
 −1 σ 0 1 0   Θ0   0 
    
 0
 −α 0 2CT σ + 1 0    Φ0  =  0  (33)
   
 −1 0 σ 0 1   ζ0   0 
0 0 −τ α 0 2CS σ + 1 γ0 0
h i
(1+λ2 σ)α
where α = a2 + π 2 , M1 = −σ P r + (1+λ1 σ) α.
For non-trivial solution of W , Θ, Φ, ζ and γ, we need to make the determi-

nant of the above matrix as zero, we get

α M1 RaS (2CS σ + 1)
RaT = σ + − (34)
(2CT σ + 1) a2 σ(2CS σ + 1) + τ α

3.1 Stationary state

We have σ = 0 at the stability margin for the direct bifurcation, or stable onset.
The Rayleigh number at which a marginally stable steady mode occurs therefore
becomes
α3 RaS
Rast
T = 2 − (35)
a τ
We obtained the result which is comparable to that of Turner [13]. This result
also indicate that stationary Rayleigh number is independent of the viscoelastic
parameters and Maxwell-Cattaneo coefficients. The stationary Rayleigh number
Rast
T given by Eq. (35) attains the critical value
27 4 RaS
Rast
T,C = π − (36)
4 τ
for the wave number ac = √π2 .
When RaS = 0, Eq. (36) gives
27 4
Rast
T,C = π (37)
4
which is classical outcome of Newtonian fluid layer mentioned in the book of
Chandrashekhar [23].
3.2 Oscillatory motion

In general, σ, the growth rate, is a complex quantity with the formula σ =
σr + iω. While the system will become unstable for σr > 0, it is always stable
for σr < 0. σr = 0 for the neutral stability state.
1. The case of CS =0
we put CS =0 in Eq. (34), and get
(1 + λ2 σ)α2

α −σα RaS
RaT = σ + + − (38)
2CT σ + 1 P ra2 (1 + λ1 σ)a2 σ + τα
then put σ = iω(ω is real) in Eq. (38) and get
RaT = Π1 + (iω) Π2 (39)
The expression for Π1 is given by
Π1 = D1 − D2 − D3 + D4 − D5
The fact that RaT is a physical quantity proves that it is real. Hence,
from Eq. (39) it follows that either ω = 0 (steady onset) or Π2 = 0 (ω ̸= 0,
oscillatory onset). For oscillatory onset Π2 = 0(ω ̸= 0) and this provides a
dispersion relation of the form
3 2
B1 ω 2 + B2 ω 2 + B3 ω 2 + B4 = 0

(40)

where the constants B1 = Q1 , B2 = Q1 Q7 + Q2 − Q3 Q5 − Q3 Q8 , B3 = Q2 Q7 −

Q4 Q5 − Q3 Q6 − Q3 Q7 Q8 − Q4 Q8 + Q9 + Q3 Q10 , B4 = −Q4 Q6 − Q4 Q7 Q8 +
Q7 Q9 + Q4 Q10
Now Eq. (39) with Π2 = 0, gives oscillatory Rayleigh number RaoscT
at the margin of stability as
Raosc
T = Π1 . (41)
Also, to cause the oscillatory convection, ω 2 must be positive. The symbols
D1 , D2 , D3 , D4 , D5 , Q1 , Q2 , Q3 , Q4 , Q5 , Q6 , Q7 , Q8 , Q9 , Q10 , Q11 , Q12 , Q13 , Q14 ,
Q15 , Q16 and Π2 are defined in Appendix-I
2. The case of CT =0
we put CT =0 in Eq. (34), and get
(1 + λ2 σ)α2

−σα RaS (2CS σ + 1)
RaT = (σ + α) + − (42)
P ra2 1 + λ1 σ)a2 (σ(2CS σ + 1) + τ α)
then put σ = iω(ω is real) in Eq. (42) and get
RaT = Π′1 + (iω) Π′2 (43)
The expression for Π′1 is given by
Π′1 = F1 − F2 + F3 + F4 − F5
For oscillatory onset Π′2 = 0 (ω ̸= 0) and this provides a dispersion relation of

the form 3 2
C1 ω 2 + C2 ω 2 + C3 ω 2 + C4 = 0

(44)
where the constants C1 = P1 P62 − P2 P62 P7 , C2 = P1 + 2P2 P5 P6 P7 − P2 P7 −
P3 P62 P7 +P62 P8 +P2 P6 P9 , C3 = P1 P55 −2P1 P5 P6 −P2 P4 −P2 P52 P7 +2P3 P5 P6 P7 −
P3 P7 − 2P5 P6 P8 + P8 − P2 P5 P9 + P3 P6 P9 + P2 P9 , C4 = −P3 P4 − P3 P52 P7 +
P52 P8 − P3 P5 P9 + P3 P9
Now Eq. (43) with Π′2 = 0, gives oscillatory Rayleigh number Raosc T
at the margin of stability as
′
Raosc
T = Π1 . (45)
Also, to cause the oscillatory convection, ω 2 must be positive. The symbols
F1 , F2 , F3 , F4 , F5 , P1 , P2 , P3 , P4 , P5 , P6 , P7 , P8 , P9 , P10 , P11 , P12 , P13 , P14 and Π′2
are defined in Appendix-I
4 Result and discussion

In this paper, Linear stability has been investigated in the presence of Maxwell-
Cattaneo DDC for viscoelastic fluid. The onset of instability is examined for var-
ious controlling parameters such as Prandtl number (P r), diffusivity ratio (τ ),

relaxation parameter(λ1 ), retardation parameter (λ2 ), solutal Rayleigh num-

ber (RaS ), Maxwell-Cattaneo coefficient for temperature (CT ) and Maxwell-
Cattaneo coefficient for salinity (CS ). In most physical contexts, the Maxwell-
Cattaneo effect is so negligible that we have concentrated on the case where
C is smaller than 1, where C is used in the discussion to signify either CT or
CS . Because C is so small, the Maxwell-Cattaneo effect only manifests itself for
concomitantly strong heat and salinity gradients.
In the (a, RaT ) plane, Fig. 1(a)-(f) illustrate the neutral curves of oscillatory
convection for CS , λ1 , λ2 , τ , P r and RaS when CT = 0 while Fig 1(a’)-(f’)
illustrate the neutral curves when CS = 0 for CT , λ1 , λ2 , τ , P r and RaS . Fig.
1(a) illustrates how CS affects the system’s stability whereas the impact of CT
is depicted in Fig. 1(a’). With a rise in CS , the minimum Rayleigh number
increases, but with a rise in CT , the minimum Rayleigh number decreases. So,
clearly it is shown that CS has stabilizing while CT has destabilizing effect on
the stability of the system.
Fig. 1(b) and Fig. 1(b’) show the influence of relaxation parameter λ1 on the
stability of the system for CT = 0 and CS = 0 respectively. We can see that
raising λ1 causes the lowest value of the Rayleigh number, RaT , is decreases,
indicating that λ1 has a destabilising influence on the Maxwell-Cattaneo DDC
in viscoelastic fluid for both situations, where (CT = 0 and CS = 0). Also,
it is shown graphically that for different values of λ1 the case CS = 0 is more
stable as compare to CT = 0. Fig. 1(c) and Fig. 1(c’) demonstrate that when
the value of λ2 grows, the lowest Rayleigh number similarly rises, stabilising
the system. For different values of λ2 , CS = 0 case is more stable. Viscoelastic
parameter behaviour is clear and consistent with what [12] said.
The influence of diffusion ratio τ on the system’s stability is depicted in Fig
1(d) for CT = 0 and in Fig 1(d’) for CS = 0. It is shown the minimum of
critical Rayleigh number rises with rise in the value of (τ ). It occurs because
τ = κκC has an inverse relationship to thermal diffusivity κ. Therefore, when
the diffusivity ratio τ increases, the value of thermal diffusivity falls, implying
an increase in the Rayleigh number. Also, for different values of τ , CS = 0 is
more stable.
Fig 1(e) and Fig 1 (e’) show graphs for various values of Prandtl number P r
when CT = 0 and CS = 0 respectively. For the case CT = 0, the system be-
comes stabilised as a result of the minimum of RaT value increasing together
with the value of Prandtl number P r. The fact that P r is inversely proportional
to thermal diffusivity explains it. It has been demonstrated that as the value
of P r increases, the minimum Rayleigh number drops and the system becomes
unstable as a result for CS = 0.
The graphs for various RaS values on the (a, RaT ) plane for CT = 0 and CS = 0
are shown in Fig 1(f) and Fig 1(f’) respectively. So, for CT = 0, as RaS values
rise, the minimum of Rayleigh number rises as well, which causes the system to
stabilise. It has been seen that the system becomes unstable when the value of
RaS rises because the minimum Rayleigh number decreases for CS = 0.
10

5 Conclusion
We have attempted to understand the onset of Maxwell-Cattaneo DDC in a bi-
nary viscoelastic fluid layer. With the use of the normal mode technique, linear
stability analysis for stationary and oscillatory convection is carried out in this
study. Because the Maxwell-Cattaneo coefficients have no effect on stationary
states, we have generated graphs for oscillatory convection rather than station-
ary convection.
The conclusions are as follows.
1. The onset of oscillatory convection is found to be delayed by CS , λ2 ,
τ , P r, and RaS , whereas the onset of oscillatory convection is found to
be advanced by increasing the value of λ1 , which decreases the value of
Rayleigh number corresponding to oscillaory convection in the case of
CT = 0.
2. λ2 , τ are found to delay the onset of oscillatory convection whereas on
increasing the value of CT , λ1 , P r and RaS the value of Rayleigh num-
ber corresponding to oscillaory convection decreases, thus it advances the
onset of convection for the case CS = 0.
According to Maxwell-Cattaneo law, there is currently relatively limited study
being done on thermal instability. The Maxwell-Cattaneo law for heat flux and
temperature relation with various external effects, such as Electrohydrodynam-
ics, radiation, rotation, etc., can therefore be applied to diverse types of fluids
in the future.
Appendix-I
2

ω 2 Q13
D1 = ω 2 Q8 1 − Q16Qω112 +1 , D2 = Q3ωω2Q+Q
12
4
1 − Q11
2
Q16 ω +1 , D 3 = Q7 +ω 2 1− Q11
Q16 ω 2 +1 ,
ω 2 Q14 Q5
D4 = (Q3 ω2 +Q 2
4 )(Q16 ω +1)
, D5 = (Q7 +ω2 )(Q 2
16 ω +1)
, Q1 = 4CT2 α2 λ1 λ2 , Q2 =
λ1 λ2 α2 − 2CT λ1 λ2 α2 , Q3 = λ21 a2 , Q4 = a2 , Q5 = 4RaS CT2 τ α, Q6 = RaS τ α −
α
2CT RaS τ α, Q7 = τ 2 α2 , Q8 = P ra 3
2 , Q9 = α (λ2 −λ1 ) Q10 = αRaS , Q11 = 2CT ,
Q12 = (λ2 − λ1 )α , Q13 = RaS , Q14 = α λ1 λ2 , Q15 = RaS τ α2 , Q16 = 4CT2 ,

2 3
4 2 2
Π2 = (Q(Q1 ω3 ω+Q 2ω )
2 +Q )
4
− (QQ5 ω +Q6 )
7 +ω
2 − Q8 + (Q3 ωQ29+Q4 ) + (QQ 10 2
2 , F1 = ω P10 ,
7 +Ω )
2 2 2 2 2
13 ((Q5 −Q6 ω )−1) 9 +Q4 (Q5 −Q6 ω )
F2 = P2Pω112 +P
ω
3
, F3 = ω Q
(Q5 −Q6 ω 2 )2 +ω 2 , F4 = Q2ωω2Q+Q
12
3
, F5 = Q(Q 2 2
5 −Q6 ω ) +ω
2 ,
P1 = α2 λ1 λ2 , P2 = a2 λ21 , P3 = a2 , P4 = RaS τ α, P5 = τ α, P6 = 2CS ,

2
P7 = Pαra2 , P8 = (λ2 − λ1 )α3 , P9 = 2RaS αCS , P10 = a2αP r , P11 = (λ2 − λ1 )α2 ,
2
P12 = α3 λ1 λ2 , P13 = 2CS RaS , P14 = RaS α, Π′2 = P2Pω12ω+P3 − (P5 −P6Pω42 )2 +ω2 −
P8 P9 ((P5 −P6 ω 2 )−1)
P7 + P2 ω 2 +P3 − (P5 −P6 ω 2 )2 +ω 2
Acknowledgment
Author, Monal Bharty, sincerely thanks Central University of Jharkhand
for providing financial support in the form of a research fellowship. This work is
only presented in the 5th International Conference on Mathematical Modelling,
11

Applied Analysis and Computation-2022 (ICMMAAC-22) held in JECRC Uni-

versity, Jaipur (India).
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13

Figure 1: Oscillatory neutral stablity curves for different values of: 1(a)
Maxwell-Cattaneo coefficient for solute CS when CT = 0; 1(a’) Maxwell-
Cattaneo coefficient for temperature CT when CS = 0 .
Figure 2: Oscillatory neutral stability curves for different values of: 1(b) relax-
ation parameter λ1 when CT = 0; 1(b’) relaxation parameter λ1 when CS = 0
.
Figure 3: Oscillatory neutral stability curves for different values of: 1(c) re-
tardation parameter λ2 when CT = 0; 1(c’) retardation parameter λ2 when
CS = 0.
Figure 4: Oscillatory neutral stability curves for different values of: 1(d) diffu-
sivity ratio τ when CT = 0; 1(d’) diffusivity ratio τ when CS = 0.
Figure 5: Oscillatory neutral stability curves for different values of: 1(e) Prandtl
number P r when CT = 0; 1(e’) Prandtl number P r when CS = 0.
Figure 6: Oscillatory neutral stability curves for different values of: 1(f) solutal
Rayleigh number RaS when CT = 0; 1(f’) solutal Rayleigh number RaS when
CS = 0.
14

500 100000
1(a)
l1=1.5,l2=1,Pr=10,t=0.01,RaS=15 1(a')
l =1.5,
1
l 2
=1,Pr=10,Ra =15,
S
t =0.01
400 80000
300 60000
RaT Ra
T
200 40000
CS=0.03,0.02,0.01
100 20000
C =0.1,0.2,0.3
T
0 0
0 3 6 9 12 0 5 10 15
a a
Figure 1
1000 100000
l2=1,t=0.01,Pr=10,RaS=15,CS=0.01 1(b) 1(b')
l =1,
2
t
=0.01,Pr=10,Ra =15,C
S
=0.01
T
800 80000
600 60000
RaT l1=1.8,1.5,1.2 Ra
T
400 40000
l 1
=1.8,1.5,1.2
200 20000
0 0
0 5 10 15 20 0 2 4 6
a a
Figure 2
15

1000 50000
1(c')
1(c)
l1=1.5,t=0.01,Pr=10,CS=0.01,RaS=15
l =1.5,
1
t
=0.01,Pr=10,Ra
S
=15,C
T
=0.01
800 40000
600 30000
RaT Ra
T
l =0.8,1.0,1.2
l2=0.8,1.0,1.2
2
400 20000
200 10000
0 0
0 5 10 15 20 0 1 2 3 4 5
a a
Figure 3
1000 7000
1(d')
1(d)
l1=1.5,l2=1,Pr=10,Cs=0.01,Ras=15 Pr=10,C =0.01,Ra
T
=15,
S
l =1.5,
1
l =1
2
800
6500
600
RaT Ra
T
400
6000
200 t=0.03,0.02,0.01
t =0.3,0.2,0.1
0 5500
0 4 8 12 16 1 2 3
a a
Figure 4
16

1000 60000
1(e)
1(e')
l1=1.5,l2=1,CS=0.01,RaS=15,t=0.01 l =1.5,
1
l =1,
2
t
=0.01,Ra =15,C
S T
=0.01
50000
800
40000
600
RaT Ra
T
30000
400
20000
Pr=20,15,10
200
10000
Pr=0.1,1,5
0 0
0 5 10 15 20 0 1 2 3 4 5
a a
Figure 5
1000 20000
1(f')
1(f)
l1=1.5,l2=1.0,Pr=10,t=0.01,Cs=0.01
l =1.5,
1
l =1,Pr=10,
2
t
=0.01,C
T
=0.01
800
15000
600
RaS=5,10,15
RaT Ra
T
400
10000
200
Ra =5,10,12
S
0 5000
0 5 10 15 20 0 1 2 3 4
a a
Figure 6
17

Some New Results for the M-Transform

Involving the Incomplete H- and H-Functions
Sanjay Bhatter1 , Sapna Meena1 , Jagdev Singh2 and
Sunil Dutt Purohit3,∗
1
Department of Mathematics, Malaviya National Institute of Technology, Jaipur, India.
sbhatter.maths@mnit.ac.in, sapnabesar1996@gmail.com
2
Department of Mathematics, JECRC University, Jaipur, India.
jagdevsinghrathore@gmail.com
3
Department of HEAS (Mathematics), Rajasthan Technical University, Kota, India.
sunil a purohit@yahoo.com
Abstract
In this paper, we construct some new image formulas for the incom-
plete H-and H-functions under the Akel’s M-transform. We also pro-
vide image formulas for the incomplete Meijer’s G-functions, incomplete
Fox-Wright functions and Fox’s H-function, as special cases of our main
findings in corollaries.
Key Words and Phrases. Incomplete gamma function; M-transform; Incom-

plete H-functions; Incomplete H-functions; Mellin-Barnes type contour; Incom-
plete Fox-Wright generalized hypergeometric functions.
MSC2010. 26A33, 33B20,33C60, 33E20, 44A40 .
1 Introduction and Preliminaries

Integral transforms have been useful in solving numerous differential and integral
problems for many years. It is possible to convert differential and integral
operators from one domain under consideration into multiplication operators in
another domain by using the right integral transform.
The Laplace transform, the Fourier integral transform, the Mellin transform
are the classical integral transforms used to solve differential equations, integral
equations, and in analysis and the theory of functions. For further information,
see the research papers [5, 10, 12, 13].
∗ Corresponding author
38 Sanjay Bhatter et al 38-47

Akel’s M-transform
Akel in [1] recently, introduced the following M-transform in this sequence:
Z ∞ v
e−ux− x
Mρ,m [f (x)](u, v, w) = f (wx) dx, (1)
0 (xm + wm )ρ
with ρ ∈ C, Re(ρ) > 0, m ∈ N and u, v ∈ C, w ∈ R+ are called the transform

variables.
The M-transform given by (1), depends on a number of parameters, so that
it covers many known integral transforms as its special cases. This transform has
the duality relations with well-known transforms such as the Laplace transform,
the natural transform and the Srivastava-Luo-Raina M-transform.
This transform is a precious tool for solving certain initial and boundary value
problems with certain variable coefficients. Additional ionformation on this
transform, may be found in [1].
The incomplete H-and H-functions

m, n m, n
The incomplete H-functions γp, q and Γp, q have studied and defined by Srivas-
tava et al. [13] in the form of Mellin-Barness contour integral as follow:
" # Z
(g1 , ν1 , y), (gj , νj )2,p
m, n m, n
γp, q (z) = γp, q z = (2πι)−1 g(ϑ, y) z −ϑ dϑ, (2)
(hj , ωj )1,q £
and
" # Z
(g1 , ν1 , y), (gj , νj )2,p −1
Γm, n
p, q (z) = Γm,
p, q
n
z = (2πι) G(ϑ, y) z −ϑ dϑ,
(hj , ωj )1,q £
(3)
where,
m
Q n
Q
γ(1 − g1 − ν1 ϑ, y) Γ(hj + ωj ϑ) Γ(1 − gj − νj ϑ)
j=1 j=2
g(ϑ, y) = q p , (4)
Q Q
Γ(1 − hj − ωj ϑ) Γ(gj + νj ϑ)
j=m+1 j=n+1
and
m
Q n
Q
Γ(1 − g1 − ν1 ϑ, y) Γ(hj + ωj ϑ) Γ(1 − gj − νj ϑ)
j=1 j=2
G(ϑ, y) = q p . (5)
Q Q
Γ(1 − hj − ωj ϑ) Γ(gj + νj ϑ)
j=m+1 j=n+1
This family of incomplete H-functions characterized as (2) and (3) exist for
x ≥ 0, according to the conditions specified by Srivastava [13].

Srivastava in [13] developed a generalisation for the family of incomplete

H-functions, referred as the incomplete H-functions, which is described by:
" #
m, n m, n (g1 , ν1 ; G1 ; y), (gj , νj ; Gj )2, n , (gj , νj )n+1, p
γ p, q (z) = γ p, q z
(hj , ωj )1,m , (hj , ωj ; Hj )m+1, q
Z
= (2πι)−1 g(ϑ, y) z −ϑ dϑ, (6)
£
and
" #
m, n m, n (g1 , ν1 ; G1 ; y), (gj , νj ; Gj )2, n , (gj , νj )n+1, p
Γp, q (z) = Γp, q z
(hj , ωj )1,m , (hj , ωj ; Hj )m+1, q
Z
−1
= (2πι) G(ϑ, y) z −ϑ dϑ, (7)
£
where
m n
[γ(1 − g1 − ν1 ϑ, y)]G1 [Γ(1 − gj − νj ϑ)]Gj
Q Q
Γ(hj + ωj ϑ)
j=1 j=2
g(ϑ, y) = q p , (8)
Q Q
[Γ(1 − hj − ωj ϑ)]Hj Γ(gj + νj ϑ)
j=m+1 j=n+1
and
m n
[Γ(1 − g1 − ν1 ϑ, y)]G1 [Γ(1 − gj − νj ϑ)]Gj
Q Q
Γ(hj + ωj ϑ)
j=1 j=2
G(ϑ, y) = q p . (9)
Q Q
[Γ(1 − hj − ωj ϑ)]Hj Γ(gj + νj ϑ)
j=m+1 j=n+1
Numerous authors are actively working on the development and wide variety
of implications for these incomplete functions, such as in [3, 15], authors es-
tablished modified saigo fractional integral operators involving the product of
a general class of multivariable polynomials and the multivariable H-function
and an integral operator involving the family of incomplete H-function in its
kernel, respectively. The authors of [11] investigated applications of the incom-
plete H-function on the influence of environmental pollution on the occurrence
of biological populations, whereas the authors of [6, 7] developed an equation of
internal blood pressure involving incomplete H-functions and specific expansion
formulae for the incomplete H-functions.
The main purpose of this paper is to give new image formulas for incomplete H-
and H-functions under Akel’s M-transform. And by giving suitable values to
the involved parameters, we also present some special cases of our main findings.
The paper is organized in the following way. In Section 2, we establish the
Akel’s M-transform image formulae for the incomplete H- and H-functions. In
Section 3 , we derive some interesting and important special cases of our main
findings. Finally, a brief conclusion in Section 4.

2 The M-Transform of Incomplete H- and H-

Functions
In this segment, we establish new image formulas for the incomplete H- and
H-functions under the Akel’s M-transform.
Theorem 1. If ρ ∈ C, Re(ρ) > 0, m ∈ N and u, v ∈ C, w ∈ R+ , then the
m, n
following image formula exists for γp, q [z]:
( " #)
w−mρ 1
Z
m, n (g1 , ν1 , y), (gj , νj )2,p ξ ξ
Mρ,m γp, q zx (u, v, w) = B ρ− , (uw)ξ
(hj , ωj )1,q u m 2πι £ m m
" #
m, n+1 w (g ,
1 1ν , y), (ξ, 1) uv , (g , ν )
j j 2,p
γp+1, q z dξ.
u (hj , ωj )1,q
(10)
Here, B(x, y) represents the classical Euler-Beta function.

Proof. To get the result (1), first we take the L.H.S of (10) and use the definition
(1), we have
( " #) Z ∞ v
m, n (g1 , ν1 , y), (gj , νj )2,p e−ux− x
Mρ,m γp, q zx (u, v, w) = γ m, n (zw x) dx
m + w m )ρ p, q
(hj , ωj )1,q 0 (x
Z ∞ v
−ux− x Z
e 1
= m + w m )ρ 2πι
g(ϑ, y)z −ϑ (wx)−ϑ dϑ dx
0 (x £
On interchanging the orders of the integration

∞ v
e−ux− x
Z Z
1
= g(ϑ, y)z −ϑ ρ (wx)
−ϑ
dx dϑ
2πι £ 0 (x + wm )
m
Now, on utilizing [1, pg. 6, Eqn. (2.11)], we get

" #
Z −ϑ−mρ ϑ−1 1
1 w u 2, 1 (1, )
= g(ϑ, y)z −ϑ H1, 2 u w m
1 dϑ
2πι £ m Γ(ρ) (1 − ϑ, 1)uv , (ρ, m )
w−mρ 1
Z w −ϑ 1 Z +ι∞ ξ ξ
= g(ϑ, y) z (u w)ξ Γ( )Γuv (1 − ξ − ϑ)Γ(ρ − )dξ dϑ
um Γ(ρ) 2πι £ u 2πι −ι∞ m m
On changing the order of the integrations and after some adjustment of terms
ξ ξ
w−mρ 1 Γ( m ) Γ(ρ − m)
w −ϑ
Z Z
1
ξ
= (uw) g(ϑ, y) Γuv (1 − ξ − ϑ) z dϑ dξ,
u m 2πι £ Γ(ρ) 2πι £ u
(11)
using (2), we obtain the required R.H.S of (10).


following image formula exists for Γm, n
p, q [z]:
( " #)
w−mρ 1
Z
m, n (g1 , ν1 , y), (gj , νj )2,p ξ ξ
Mρ,m Γp, q zx (u, v, w) = B ρ− , (uw)ξ
" #
m, n+1 w (g1 , ν1 , y), (ξ, 1)uv , (gj , νj )2,p
Γp+1, q z dξ.
u (hj , ωj )1,q
(12)

Proof. To get the result (12), we take the Akel’s M-transform presented in (1)
of (3), then on interchanging the order of the integrations and making use of the
known result given in [1, p. 6, Eq. (2.11)], and after some small arrangements
of the terms, we easily get the right hand side assertion of (12).
following image formula exists for γ m, n
p, q [z]:
( " #)
m, n (g1 , ν1 ; G, y), (gj , νj ; Gj )2,n , (gj , νj )n+1,p
Mρ,m γ p, q zx (u, v, w)
(hj , ωj )1,m , (hj , ωj ; Hj )m+1,q
w−mρ 1
Z
ξ ξ
= B ρ− , (uw)ξ
u m 2πι £ m m
" #
w (g , ν ; G, y), (ξ, 1; 1) , (g , ν ; G ) , (g , ν )
γ m, n+1
p+1, q z
1 1 uv j j j 2,n j j n+1,p
dξ.
u (hj , ωj )1,m , (hj , ωj ; Hj )m+1,q
(13)

Proof. To get the result (3), first we take the L.H.S of (13) and use the definition
(1), we have
( " #)
m, n (g1 , ν1 ; G1 ; y), (gj , νj ; Gj )2, n , (gj , νj )n+1, p
Mρ,m γ p, q zx (u, v, w)
(hj , ωj )1,m , (hj , ωj ; Hj )m+1, q
Z ∞ v
e−ux− x m, n
= ρ γ (zw x) dx
0 (xm + wm ) p, q
Z ∞ v
e−ux− x
Z
1
= ρ g(ϑ, y)z −ϑ (wx)−ϑ dϑ dx
0 (xm + wm ) 2πι £
On interchanging the orders of the integration

∞ v
e−ux− x
Z Z
1
= g(ϑ, y)z −ϑ ρ (wx)
−ϑ
dx dϑ
2πι £ 0 (x + wm )
m

Now, on utilizing [1, pg. 6, Eqn. (2.11)], we get

" #
Z −ϑ−mρ ϑ−1 1
1 w u 2, 1 (1, )
= g(ϑ, y)z −ϑ H1, 2 u w m
1 dϑ
2πι £ m Γ(ρ) (1 − ϑ, 1)uv , (ρ, m )
w−mρ 1
Z w −ϑ 1 Z +ι∞ ξ ξ
= g(ϑ, y) z (u w)ξ Γ( )Γuv (1 − ξ − ϑ)Γ(ρ − )dξ dϑ
um Γ(ρ) 2πι £ u 2πι −ι∞ m m
On changing the order of the integrations and after some adjustment of terms
ξ ξ
w−mρ 1 Γ( m ) Γ(ρ − m)
w −ϑ
Z Z
1
= (uw)ξ g(ϑ, y) Γuv (1 − ξ − ϑ) z dϑ dξ,
u m 2πι £ Γ(ρ) 2πι £ u
(14)
using (6), we obtain the required R.H.S of (13).

m, n
following image formula exists for Γp, q [z]:
( " #)
m, n (g1 , ν1 ; G, y), (gj , νj ; Gj )2,n , (gj , νj )n+1,p
Mρ,m Γp, q zx (u, v, w)
(hj , ωj )1,m , (hj , ωj ; Hj )m+1,q
w−mρ 1
Z
ξ ξ
= B ρ− , (uw)ξ
u m 2πι £ m m
" #
m, n+1 w (g1 , ν1 ; G, y), (ξ, 1; 1)uv , (gj , νj ; Gj )2,n , (gj , νj )n+1,p
Γp+1, q z dξ.
u (hj , ωj )1,m , (hj , ωj ; Hj )m+1,q
(15)

Proof. To get the result (15), we take the Akel’s M-transform presented in (1)
of (7), then on interchanging the order of the integrations and making use of the
known result given in [1, p. 6, Eq. (2.11)], and after some small arrangements
of the terms, we easily get the right hand side assertion of (15).
3 Special Cases
In this section, we derive some interesting and important special cases of our
main findings by giving some particular values to the parameters involved in
the definitions of M-transform (1) and incomplete H-functions (2) and (3).
(1) Taking n = p, m = 1, substitute q with q + 1 and choosing appropriate
parameters such as z = −z, gj → (1 − gj ) (j = 1, · · · , p), and hj → (1 −
hj ) (j = 1, · · · , q), the incomplete H-functions (2) and (3) convert, respectively,
(γ) (Γ)
to the incomplete Fox-Wright p Ψq - and p Ψq -functions (see [13, Eqs. (6.3)

and (6.4)]):
" #
1, p (1 − g1 , ν1 , y), (1 − gj , νj )2,p (g1 , ν1 , y), (gj , νj )2,p ;
γp, q+1 −z = p Ψ(γ)
q (gj , ωj )1,q ; z
(0, 1), (1 − hj , ωj )1,q
(16)
and
" #
(1 − g1 , ν1 , y), (1 − gj , νj )2,p (g1 , ν1 , y), (gj , νj )2,p ;
Γ1, p
p, q+1 −z = (Γ)
p Ψq (gj , ωj )1,q ; z .
(0, 1), (1 − hj , ωj )1,q
(17)
Using above relations (16) and (17), in (10) and (12), respectively, we will get
the following corollaries.
Corollary 1. If ρ ∈ C, Re(ρ) > 0, m ∈ N and u, v ∈ C, w ∈ R+ , then the
(γ) (Γ)
following image formulae exist for p Ψq [z] and p Ψq [z]:
( " #)
w−mρ 1
Z
(γ) (g ,
1 1ν , y), (g , ν )
j j 2,p ξ ξ
Mρ,m p Ψq zx (u, v, w) = B ρ− , (uw)ξ
" #
(γ) w (g1 , ν1 , y), (ξ, 1)uv , (gj , νj )2,p
p+1 Ψq z dξ
u (hj , ωj )1,q
(18)
and
( " #)
w−mρ 1
Z
(Γ) (g1 , ν1 , y), (gj , νj )2,p ξ ξ
Mρ,m p Ψq zx (u, v, w) = B ρ− , (uw)ξ
" #
(Γ) w (g1 , ν1 , y), (ξ, 1)uv , (gj , νj )2,p
p+1 Ψq z dξ.
u (hj , ωj )1,q
(19)
Here, B(x, y) indicates the classical Euler-Beta function.
(2) Letting (νj )1,p = 1 = (ωj )1,q , the functions (2) and (3) convert into
Meijer’s incomplete (γ) Gm, n
p, q - and
(Γ) m, n
Gp, q - functions:
" # " #
m, n (g1 , 1, y), (gj , 1)2,p (γ) m, n (g1 , y), (gj )2,p
γp, q (z) z = Gp, q z (20)
(hj , 1)1,q (hj )1,q
and
" # " #
(g1 , 1, y), (gj , 1)2,p (g1 , y), (gj )2,p
Γm, n
p, q (z) z = (Γ)
Gm, n
p, q z . (21)
(hj , 1)1,q (hj )1,q
Using above relations (20) and (21) in (10) and (12), respectively, we get the
following corollaries.


following image formulae exist for (γ) Gm, n
p, q [z] and
(Γ) m, n
Gp, q [z], respectively:
( " #)
w−mρ 1
Z
(γ) (g1 , 1, y), (gj , 1)2,p ξ ξ
Mρ,m Gm,
p, q
n
zx (u, v, w) = B ρ− , (uw)ξ
(hj , 1)1,q u m 2πι £ m m
" #
w (g1 , 1, y), (ξ, 1)uv , (gj , 1)2,p
(γ)
Gm, n+1
p+1, q z dξ
u (hj , 1)1,q
(22)
and
( " #)
w−mρ 1
Z
(Γ) (g1 , 1, y), (gj , 1)2,p ξ ξ
Mρ,m Gm,
p, q
n
zx (u, v, w) = B ρ− , (uw)ξ
(hj , 1)1,q u m 2πι £ m m
" #
w (g1 , 1, y), (ξ, 1)uv , (gj , 1)2,p
(Γ)
Gm, n+1
p+1, q z dξ.
u (hj , 1)1,q
(23)

(3) If we put y = 0 in (3), we get the Fox’s H-function
" # " #
(g ,
1 1ν , 0), (g , ν )
j j 2,p (g , ν )
j j 1,p
Γm, n
p, q z
m, n
= Hp, q z . (24)
(hj , ωj )1,q (hj , ωj )1,q
Using relation (24), we obtain the subsequent corollaries.

m, n
following image formula exists for Hp, q [z]:
( " #)
w−mρ 1
Z
m, n (gj , νj )1,p ξ ξ
Mρ,m Hp, q zx (u, v, w) = B ρ− , (uw)ξ
" #
m, n+1 w (ξ, 1)uv , (gj , νj )1,p
Hp+1, q z dξ. (25)
u (hj , ωj )1,q

(4) If we put v = 0 in (1), then the Akel’s M-transform converts into the
Srivastava-Luo-Raina M-transform (see [1]):
Mρ,m [f (x)](u, 0, w) = Mρ,m [f (x)](u, w), (26)
here, Mρ,m [f (x)](u, w) is the Srivastava-Luo-Raina M-transform, defined in [14].

Using relation (26) in (10) and (12), we obtain the results derived by Bansal et

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Allemani and Gratia attribute the disease to the absorption of the
first milk (colostrum), and there are several considerations that
strongly favor this hypothesis. The disease sets in always in
connection with the parturient development and congestion of the
udder and the secretion of the first milk. In exceptional cases it may
even appear just before parturition. Even upon the calf the colostrum
operates as an irritant and purgative. Is it wonderful that, in the
parturient cow, with a high state of plethora, a highly susceptible
state of the nervous system, and the various concurrent conditions
already referred to above, a direct poisoning of the nerve centres
should appear? It is worthy of notice that the absorption from the
mammæ takes place without any metabolic change, such as occurs in
the stomach and liver in the case of materials digested. It is to be
presumed that the hypothetical mammary poison is delivered in the
brain in its pristine condition and possessed of its full force.
The doctrine is corroborated even more strongly by the successful
results of treatment by the injection of a solution of potassium iodide
into the udder. The iodide solution may presumably act in one or
more of several ways. It is unquestionably an antiseptic, and would
tend to arrest or control microbian growth and activity, thus
preventing the further formation of toxins. It has a potent
deobstruent action on glandular tissue, tending not only to dry up
the milk, but to hold in check the leucocytic function of producing
dangerous leucomaines. There is reason to believe that with regard
to some poisonous ptomaines iodine acts as a direct antidote,
probably uniting with these and forming new and comparatively
harmless compounds. It manifestly acts in this way in the case of
cryptogamic diuresis, and in cerebral congestions arising from spoilt
fodder. The iodide tends further to act as a calmative to the nerve
centres, and as a diuretic, serving to eliminate the poison that may be
present in the blood.
Microbian Infection or Intoxication. The doctrine has been
advanced that the disease is either a microbian infection of the nerve
centres or a process of poisoning by the absorbed toxins of microbes.
Of the two hypothesis the latter is the more acceptable, in view of the
fact, that cows in a condition of coma will sometimes recover with
extraordinary rapidity. This is more likely to occur in connection
with the elimination or exhaustion of a transient narcotic poison,
than with a deadly microbe colonized in the brain. This hypothesis is
in full accord with the acknowledged success of the iodide injections;
with the observation of Bissauge, which I can endorse, that certain
villages and hamlets habitually furnish cases of parturition fever,
while neighboring ones, with the same breeds and apparently the
same management escape; and with the observations of Russell and
Wortley Axe, that the malady will sometimes be suddenly prevented
in a herd, by the simple expedient of having the cows moved to a new
and previously unoccupied stable, for calving and the first nine days
thereafter.
In support of the doctrine of a microbian origin is recalled the fact
that the disease almost invariably follows parturition, which opened
the way for the introduction of bacteria by the genital passages. This
is somewhat invalidated by the fact that it follows the easy
parturition, in which there was no chance for the introduction of
germs on hands or instruments, and does not follow dystokia in
which, without question, germs have been planted abundantly in the
interior of the womb. Undue weight should not be given to this
objection, as the essential accessory conditions of plethora, etc., are
usually largely modified in cases of dystokia.
The microbiology of the affection leaves much to be desired.
Coureur and Pottiez and later Van de Velde found a streptococcus in
the blood. Trinchera, Nocard, and Cozette found the common pus
cocci (staphylococcus pyogenes aureus, citreus and albus) a
streptococcus and a colon bacillus in the liquid squeezed from the
cotyledons, and in the liquid debris on the uterine mucosa. These
microbes were not found in other organs. They grew readily in
artificial cultures, but we lack the final proof of a successful
inoculation on a susceptible parturient subject. The whole subject is
therefore still a plausible theory.
We are not however limited to the womb as the only possible field
of a pathogenic microbian growth. The frequent presence of
microbes in the sphincter of the teat, in the galactophorous sinus,
and in the milk ducts inside the mammæ is absolutely proved.
Guillebeau found on the mucosa in cases of mammitis three forms of
bacillus, to which he attributed the disease. In the New York State
Veterinary College we have found mammitis usually associated with
a streptococcus in the milk. In one cow in the University herd which
gave abundance of good milk, and rarely showed any sign of
congestion, streptococcus was constantly present. In cows producing
“gassy” curd, V. A. Moore and A. R. Ward found in the milk a bacillus
which morphologically and in cultures resembled the colon bacillus
(evidently one of the colon group). In the milk and mammary gland
tissue got from other (slaughtered) cows, a micrococcus growing in
yellow or buff-colored colonies predominated. (Moore and Ward).
That the colon bacillus, so constant in the intestines and manure, is
not always found in the milk ducts, would show that in its normal
condition it is not adapted to this habitat, but when a variety appears
that is so fitted, it appears to be able to maintain its place
indefinitely.
With such facts before us, we must allow the possibility of
poisoning by toxins of bacteria in the udder, or by compounds
formed by the synthesis of such toxins and the leucomaines of the
expanding udder, or by the union of the udder toxins with those from
the womb. The whole subject of microbian and leucocytic causation
of parturient fever is still hypothetical, yet enough is known to show
the high probability of such source, and to demand a thorough
investigation which will place the subject on a substantial and
assured basis.
Nature. Theories of the nature of this disease are numerous and
varied, and are largely based upon some restricted or one-sided view
of phenomena and lesions. Coutamine considers it as the reaction of
the surplus of nerve force, which was not used up in the easy
parturition. The theory is somewhat fantastic as an explanation of
the rapidly developing asthenia and paralysis. Billings explains the
cerebral anæmia as due to vaso-constriction of the nervous
capillaries produced by the exaggerated excitability of the uterine
nerves. But with the easy parturition, and delivery, and the moderate
contraction of the womb, without violence or spasm, the theory
seems rather insubstantial. Trasbot looks on the affection as a
congestion of the myelon, apparently shutting his eyes to the far
more prominent encephalic symptoms. Haubner considers it as a
cerebral anæmia induced by the vaso-dilatation in the portal system
and abdominal viscera generally, the result in its turn of the vacuity
of the abdomen, from the expulsion of the fœtus and its connections.
But the womb is often found contracted and comparatively
exsanguine, the plethoric condition of the cow, suddenly increased
by the great mass of blood from the uterine vessels, maintains a
marked general blood tension, and finally, the closed box of the
cranium cannot have its blood so completely drained from it as can a
part outside such a cavity. Stockfleth attributed the malady to a
metro-peritonitis, and the absorption of the morbid products and
poisoning, but neither a metritis nor peritonitis is a common
accompaniment of the affection.
Franck who accounts for the asthenia by an anæmic condition of
the brain, explains the anæmia by a pre-existing congestion and
œdema of the rete mirabile at the base of the brain. He claims that
sows which have also a rete mirabile in this situation sometimes
suffer from parturient fever. He fails to adduce cases in the sheep
and goat which also have retia mirabilia. The pregnant sheep may die
of an asthenic affection, but usually before parturition. Franck’s
theory is plausibly based on the anatomical and physiological
conditions, for the elaborate network of vessels at the base of the
brain, undergoes great distention under increased arterial tension,
and with the serous effusion, compresses the brain and drives out its
blood.
Palsy of the ganglionic system has been invoked, with succeeding
congestion of the myelon and encephalon (Barlow, Kohne, Carsten
Harms, etc.). Explanation is made that the supposed excess of
nervous force fails of distribution through a lack of conductility of
the nerves, and the nerve centres suffer. Binz has even found the
spinal roots of the sympathetic surrounded by a thick gelatinoid
exudate. The theory is, however, essentially speculative and fails to
explain the origin of the disease or its connection with the recognized
conditions of its occurrence.
Plethora with Arterial tension and all conditions contributing to
this, as already set forth under causes must be allowed a prominent
place in considering the nature of the disease. The blood globules in
my experience are somewhat smaller than normal, implying the
density of the plasma, and implying a direct influence on trophic and
metabolic processes. Under these influences the congestion of the
encephalic circulation, and notably of the rete mirabile, and a serous
effusion, tend first to prostrate the nerve force, and second to render
the other intracranial structures anæmic.
The direct action of a narcotic poison, leucocytic or microbian,
though as yet a hypothesis merely, has much in its favor, on
considerations drawn from the observed immunity in particular
buildings, the sudden prostration, the promptitude of certain
recoveries and the favorable results of the iodine mammary
injections. The presence of sugar in the urine, most abundantly in
the worst cases, implies a profound disorder in glycogenic centres
(medulla, liver), and primarily no doubt in the bulb.
Lesions. These are exceedingly variable in successive cases.
Congestion and effusion in the meninges, cerebral or spinal, in the
rete mirabile and choroid plexus have been often noticed, and
exceptionally clots of extravasated blood. In certain cases congestion
and pink discoloration of portions of the brain substance (cerebral
convolutions, bulb, ganglia) with marked puncta vasculosa, are
found, while in others the greater part or the whole of the
encephalon is anæmic. The puncta in such cases, large and dark, on
the surface of the section, promptly enlarge until they may form
distinct drops.
In the lungs areas of collapse, and of dark red congestion and
infiltration are common, mostly as the result of the entrance of
alimentary or medicinal matters into the bronchia owing to palsy of
the pharynx. Such materials can be found in the bronchial tubes.
The third stomach and the large intestine may be impacted, the
contents more or less baked and glossy on the surface, and
coincident congestions of the mucosa are not uncommon. In some
instances, however, the contents are soft and pultaceous and the
absence of mucous congestions is remarkable.
The womb rarely shows characters differing from the condition
which is normal to the first few days after parturition.
The blackness and thickness of the blood has been noted by
practically all observers. This is partly the result of its density, but
doubtless also of the undetermined toxins which are operative in the
disease.
Yellowish gelatinoid exudates have been found in the subdorsal
and sublumbar regions, as well as the cranium and spinal canal.
Glucose appears to be constantly present in the urine, and in
excess in the more violent and fatal cases: from 1.19 grm. per litre in
slight cases to 41.8 grms. in a fatal one (Nocard). Albumen may be
present, though probably only when local inflammation has
supervened.
Symptoms. The conditions of the attack should be noted. This is a
disease of the first six days after parturition, rarely seen in the
second week, and never after the fourteenth day. It is very
exceptional before parturition, yet Müller quotes 47 cases in 1107
births. The breed, condition, milking qualities, plethora, feeding,
etc., of the patient are, as already noted important data in diagnosis.
The onset is sudden without premonitory symptoms.
Two very distinct types are met with, the comatose and violent or
spasmodic, which, however, merge into each other by insensible
gradations, and may follow each other.
From twelve to seventy hours after an easy parturition there
suddenly appear signs of discomfort. Feeding and rumination cease,
the calf is neglected, there may be plaintive moaning, the eyes seem
dull and clouded, the eyelids drooped, the conjunctiva red, the pulse
normal for parturition, sometimes extra strong, the breathing excited
often with moans or grunts. The senses are dulled, the walk is
unsteady, the feet being abducted and planted like clumps, or the
legs sway, perhaps cross each other, remain semi-bent, and soon give
way leaving the animal prostrate, resting on the sternum and
abdomen, or later on the ribs, with head extended. Attempts may
still be made to rise, but this is rarely accomplished unless when
improvement sets in. This is the condition in which the patient is
usually found, being the first to be noticed by the owner. The bowels
are torpid, the urine retained in the bladder, and the animal may
remain thus in a drowsy condition, without changing from the
sterno-ventral decubitus, or dropping the head on the ground until
improvement sets in. The head rests on the shoulder or upper flank.
If held outward or forward the upper border of the neck has an S
shaped outline.
More commonly the somnolence increases, passing into a
complete torpor and insensibility, the eye may be touched without
causing winking, pricking or other injury causes no further response,
the patient turns upon its side, with its head extended on the ground.
She may lie in this condition with no sign of vital activity save
pulsation and breathing, and the latter is liable to be slow and
stertorous by reason of the paralysis of soft palate and larynx. The
jugulars usually show a venous pulse. Fermentations in the inactive
paunch cause the evolution of gas with tympany, which still further
obstructs the breathing, and reacts injuriously on the nerve centres.
The normal eructations from the rumen may continue, with liquids
and floating solids, and in the paralytic state of the throat these too
often pass in part into the bronchia, causing septic bronchitis and
pneumonia. The same is liable to follow the administration of
liquids, the irritant drugs passing into the larynx, trachea and lungs.
The pulse becomes soft, small and finally almost imperceptible. It
may be 50, 60 and upward.
In favorable cases, defecation may still occur, or the rectum once
emptied may fill again through the continuance of peristalsis, the
milk continues to be secreted, and in one to four days, spontaneous
defecation and micturition may be resumed, and the patient may get
on its limbs and commence feeding. There is usually at first a little
weakness of the limbs, but this is transient and health is restored in a
very short time. The suddenness of the improvement is often as
marked as of the attack. The patient is left prostrate and insensible,
without giving any response when the eyeball is touched and in two
or three hours it is found on its feet, eating, with eyes bright and
clear.
Some patients, however, are restored to ordinary sensation,
intelligence and appetite, while the hind limbs remain paralytic, or
paretic, and the station and gait both weak and uncertain for days or
even weeks. In such cases there have been presumably structural
changes in the nerve centres, which require time for repair.
In fatal cases, death may occur quietly from apoplexy, cerebral
compression, or narcotism, or it may be preceded by a period of
marked excitement or disorderly muscular movements. Lifting of the
head, throwing it alternately on the shoulder and on the ground,
trembling of head, members and body, cramps or jerking of the
limbs or of other parts, drawing the hind limbs up against the
abdomen, and again extending them, rolling of the eyes, loud, noisy,
irregular, embarrassed breathing and a running down pulse are often
marked features.
The temperature range is peculiar. At the start there may be some
hyperthermia 103° or 104°; with the advance of the disease it tends
to become lower, 98°, 96°, or 94°. When improvement sets in, it rises
again promptly to the normal.
Cadeac describes a special form which is ushered in by great
restlessness, bellowing, throwing the head to right and left, grinding
the teeth, sucking the tongue, salivation, licking of certain parts of
the body, spasms in the neck, back or limbs, and prompt recovery, or
lapse into the comatose condition as above described. It proved less
fatal than the ordinary comatose type, but seems to depend on
similar conditions.
Prognosis. Mortality. The disease is very deadly, the mortality in
time past having reached 40, 50 or even 60 per cent., the gravity
increasing as the disease set in nearer to parturition. Cases occurring
on the first or second day were mostly fatal, those at the end of the
first week were hopeful, and those occurring during the second week
were very hopeful. With the Schmidt (iodine) treatment the mortality
is claimed to be reduced to 16 or 17 per cent.
Prevention. Measures directed toward the lessening of plethora
tend to remove one of the most fruitful causes of the disease and
though not invariably successful, are yet of great value. The most
direct is the abstraction of blood in the last fortnight of pregnancy, to
the extent of 6 or 8 quarts. This tends to secure a lessening of the
blood tension, and blood density, but there is the drawback of a
created tendency to a subsequent increase in blood formation to
make up the loss. This measure should be reserved for cows that are
very plethoric, extra heavy milkers and such as have already suffered
from the disease.
Purgatives will measurably secure the same end without the same
degree of danger. One to two pounds of Epsom or Glauber salts in
the last week of gestation, or at latest when labor pains set in, tend
not only to remove solid or impacted masses from the first and third
stomachs, and inspissated contents from the large intestines, but to
secure a free depletion from the portal system. If not before, this
should always be given immediately after parturition to cows in extra
high condition, heavy milkers, and that have had a short and easy
delivery.
Restriction of food for a week before and as long after parturition
is of equal importance. A very limited supply of aqueous, easily
digested, and laxative food (roots, sloppy bran mashes, fresh grass,
ensilage) will meet the demand.
Exercise in the open air is of great value in giving tone to the
muscles, and especially the nervous system, and in stimulating the
emunctories and other functions.
In the cold season protection against cold draughts and chills
must be seen to, and in the hot season the avoidance of an excess of
solar heat and above all of the confined impure air of the barns.
At midsummer and later, there is often great danger in the rich
clover and alfalfa pasture, or soiling crop, with which the cow will
dangerously load her stomach, and the only safe course is to remove
predisposed animals and shut them up in a bare yard or box-stall.
Under such simple precautions herds that had formerly suffered
severely, have had the disease virtually put a stop to.
In individual cases other measures are indicated. When the udder
has reached an enormous size and development, and is gorged with
milk, days before parturition, it should be systematically milked. The
irritation in the gorged gland is quite as likely to induce premature
parturition, as is milking, and, at the worst, the result is not so bad as
an attack of parturition fever.
Basing his advice on the fact that parturition fever does not follow
a case of severe dystokia, Cagny applies sinapisms on the loins, croup
and thighs of a fleshy, plethoric, heavy milking, parturient cow. Proof
of their efficacy is not obtainable.
Félizet advises leaving the calf with its dam for one week. Kohne
doses the cow with nux vomica: Harms, with tartar emetic.
In view of the probability of a bacterial infection the cow should be
taken to a clean, pure, well-aired stable a day or two before calving,
having been first cleansed from adherent filth, and sponged all over
with a 4 per cent. solution of carbolic acid.
To prevent diffusion of infection Bournay recommends antiseptic
injection of the womb immediately after calving. Bissauge adds that
the stable should be disinfected after every case of parturition fever,
the manure carefully removed and the ground scraped and well
watered with a disinfectant.
For fleshy, plethoric, predisposed cows, the iodine injection of the
udder should be applied immediately after calving. A measure of this
kind which is so successful as a curative agent, and which brings
such circumstantial evidence of the production of a poison
(leucomaine or ptomaine) in the mammary gland, can hardly fail to
be even more effective as a prophylactic than as a therapeutic resort.
Treatment. With the state of plethora and congestion about the
head in the early stages the question of bleeding at once arises. If
early enough while there is a full bounding pulse, and as yet no sign
of great loss of muscular control it is often very beneficial, as much as
6 quarts or more being withdrawn. It is well however to avoid
cording the neck, which must increase the vascular tension in the
brain, and to trust rather to digital compression of the vein. The
blood should be drawn from a large opening in a full free stream, and
may be stopped when the pulse softens. In the more advanced
condition, with paralysis and more or less dulling of the senses, or
coma, bleeding may be dangerous rather than useful. There is then
serious pressure on the brain, with serous effusion, and perhaps
blood extravasation, and in any case anæmia, and this latter may be
dangerously or even fatally increased by the lessening of the blood
pressure, without any compensating advantage in the way of
reabsorption of the effusion. In such cases eliminating agents are a
safer resort.
Purgatives commend themselves, but with the drawback of a too
tardy action. Now however with the peristaltic stimulants given
hypodermically this objection is largely obviated. Pilocarpin 1½ gr.,
and eserine 3 grs. will often secure a noticeable movement of the
bowels in the course of fifteen minutes, implying a corresponding
motion onward in the bowels more anteriorly, and even of the
contents of the gastric cavities. If there is already palsy of the
muscles of deglutition, this may be repeated several times at
intervals of four or five hours. If however deglutition is still well
performed a purgative of one or two pounds Epsom salts, with 10
drops croton oil, and 1 oz. oil of turpentine may be given by the
mouth. Should this operate, it will supplement and carry on even
more effectively the work of the hypodermic agents, and even lessen
the density, plasticity and tension of the blood and act as a potent
derivative from the brain.
A compromise may be made by giving aloes 2 ozs., croton oil 20
drops in bolus; or 1 to 2 ozs. sulphate of soda in solution may be
injected subcutem.
In any case oil of turpentine or other antiseptic is of great value in
the stomach in preventing fermentation and tympany, and thereby
obviating a whole series of troubles such as: cerebral disturbance by
nervous shock and blood pressure; impaired respiration and
hæmatosis by pressure on the diaphragm; and eructations of food to
the pharynx and its inhalation or gravitation into the lungs.
It is always well to clear out the rectum by injections, when if there
is any indication of pharyngeal paralysis most of the remedies may
be given by this channel.
Stimulants (ammonia carbonate, alcohol, anise, fennel, ether, nux,
etc.) have been largely employed by the mouth and may be by the
rectum. In the absence of spasms I have relied largely on nux or
strychnia.
When the skin chills, some have sought to heat it by enveloping the
posterior half of the body in cotton or wool soaked in turpentine, by
applying sinapisms, or by moving over the surface a warming-pan
containing red hot charcoal.
More generally cold in the shape of cold water, ice or snow has
been applied to the cranium and spine. Theoretically the anæmic
brain might be thought to forbid this, but clinically it often operates
well, possibly by inducing a sympathetic contraction of the vessels in
and around the nerve centres and thus indirectly favoring the
resumption of active circulation and the reabsorption of effusions.
An elevated position of the head is no less important. It favors the
return of blood from the brain by gravitation, and in this way
improves the intracranial circulation, and the resumption of normal
function. A halter, or a rope around the horns, may be tied to a beam
overhead, or the head may be laid on thick bundles of straw which
will keep it up to or above the level of the chest, and in this way not
only is gravitation ensured, but the brain is protected against the
violent blows and concussions, which come from dashing the head
on the ground.
Frequent rubbing of the udder and drawing of the milk, is an
excellent means of depletion, a removal of a source of irritation, and
presumably an extraction of part of the offending poison. It should
never be neglected. But of all known methods of treatment the iodine
injection furnishes the greatest hope of success.
Injection of the mammæ with Iodine. Iodide of potassium 100
grains (200 grs. in the case of a very large udder) are dissolved in a
quart of water which has been boiled for 15 minutes, the solution
cooled to 104° F. and injected in equal parts into the four quarters,
which have been just milked out clean. The glands are then
manipulated so as to work the solution into all the recesses of the
milk tubes and follicles. If the patient does not get on its legs at the
end of twelve hours, the glands may be milked out and injected
anew. In nearly 2000 cases the recoveries reached an average of
nearly 83 per cent. In serious or advanced cases with structural
changes of a grave nature, a good result cannot be hoped for. The
injection does not forbid the concurrent use of other approved
measures.
The injection is easily made with a caoutchouc tube of five feet
long fitted to a teat tube at one end and to a funnel at the other. The
tube is inserted in the teat, and the funnel at a height of five feet
receives the liquid, which readily passes into the teat. When ready to
pass the tube from one teat to another, an assistant pinches the
caoutchouc tube just below the funnel, until the insertion has been
made. Every precaution must be taken against sepsis. The udder,
teats and hands, must be washed with soap, and treated with a 3 per
cent. solution of lysol. The teat tube and funnel are boiled. The
caoutchouc tube is washed and irrigated with a solution of mercuric
chloride (1:1000), and then with one of boric acid (3:100).
DISEASES OF THE EYE.
DESIRABLE FEATURES IN THE EYE.
The eye in the physiognomy. Broad forehead. Full eyes. Both eyes alike. Iris
smooth, lustrous. Media translucent. Pupil sensitive to light. Convexity median,
uniform. Pupil black in ordinary light. Lids open and mobile. Sclera light pink.
Tears clear, limpid without overflow. Lids thin, delicate, margins evenly curved.
Whole eye responsive to moving objects. Defects: small eye: semi-closed, thick,
sluggish lids; convex cornea: sunken eye: projecting eye: weeping eye: blear eye:
watch eye: irresponsive iris: dilated pupil: unequal eyes: flat cornea; ovoid cornea.
Much of the expression of the face depends upon the eyes, and in
animals as in man it is difficult to find compensations for a
forbidding countenance. Perfect, sound, intelligent eyes are always
pleasing; imperfect, defective, sunken or lifeless eyes mar the whole
expression. The following points may be specially noted:
1st. Ample breadth between the orbits. This is of great
importance in the horse, in which we seek for intelligence, courage
and indomitable energy. This confirmation does not indicate the size
of brain, as the cranium is situated higher up, but by placing the eyes
well outward, it indicates a wider range of vision, and usually implies
large, clear eyes, and since interdependent parts tend to correspond
in development and quality, this commanding vision bespeaks a
large, active brain, intelligence, docility and activity.
2d. Full, prominent eyes. This may be excessive, either through
primary conformation or disease. Abnormal convexity of the cornea
implies myopia. But within normal limits the prominent eye suggests
good health, condition and vigor, with ample cushions of fat under
the bulb and a sound, well-developed condition of the eyeball and its
muscles.
3d. Both eyes equal in all respects. Any variation in size,
shape, color, fullness, clearness or in any other respect is at best
unsightly, and implies not only defect but often disease as well.
4th. The iris should be lustrous, uniform in color and
even in surface. Whether dark brown as in the horse, or yellow as
in the dog, it should be brilliant. Any part that lacks lustre, being
lighter brown, or yellow and dull like a dead leaf, usually indicates
previous disease and a tendency to further trouble. Albinos and those
in which the pigment is congenitally absent in patches must be
considered as exceptions, yet, even in them, the peculiarity cannot be
held to add to the beauty.
5th. All the Media (Cornea, aqueous humor, lens and
vitreous) must be perfectly clear and translucent. The
slightest cloudiness or opacity in any of these is a serious blemish
and usually indicates disease, past or present.
6th. The pupil should promptly and freely respond to light
and darkness by contraction and expansion. Absence or
tardiness of movement indicates impaired vision, from disease of the
eye, its nerves, or their nerve centres.
7th. Each cornea should have a median convexity,
uniform in all directions implying the absence of myopia,
preshyopia and astigmatism. Any deviation from this will
interfere with the perfection of sight, and endanger shying and other
troubles.
8th. Under ordinary light the pupil should appear black
throughout. In the larger animals such dilation of the pupil as to
expose the tapetum lucidum under such circumstances implies
impaired vision (amblyopia, amaurosis), inflammation of the iris or
undue intraocular pressure. A white color or spot shows cataract.
9th. The lids must be open and mobile without excessive
dilation. Tardily moving or semi-closed lids, distorted by scar or
angle, everted or inverted, are unattractive and usually imply disease
in the eye, nerves or brain.
10th. The unpigmented portion of the sclera should be
light pink. The dark red of congestion and the pallor of anæmia are
equally objectionable.
11th. The tears must be clear, limpid and confined within
the lower lid. Any milkiness, flocculency or overflow is indicative
of disease.
12th. The eyelids must be thin, delicate, evenly and
uniformly curved along the borders, and fringed by an
abundance of strong, prominent and well directed lashes.
Puffiness or swelling betrays inflammation, dropsy, anæmia,
parasitism or other disorder, angularity of the upper lid an internal
ophthalmia, and depilation or wrong direction of the lashes, local
disease.
13th. The eye should respond instantly, by movement, to
new objects and noises, without showing undue irritability
or restlessness. The intelligent apprehension of the objects will
introduce an aspect of calmness and docility.
DEFECTS, BLEMISHES AND ABNORMALITIES OF
THE HORSE’S EYE.
Some of these may be present in the absence of actual disease, and

yet prove so objectionable that they disqualify the animal for any use,
in which style or æsthetic appearance is demanded. Among such
sources of disqualification may be noted:
1st. The small eye. One or both eyes may appear small because of
internal pain and retraction within their sockets, or from actual
atrophy or contraction of the eyeball, the result of deep seated
disease, or the organ may be congenitally small, and deep seated in
the orbit, and the thick tardy eyelids may have a narrow opening
through which they can only be partially seen. This last condition
usually implies a dull lymphatic constitution, low breeding and a lack
of intelligence, docility and vigor.
2d. The semi-closed eye with thick, coarse, sluggish lids.
In this case the bulb may be not unduly small, yet as it is not freely
exposed it conveys the same general expression to the observer. Like
the small eye it indicates low breeding, lack of intelligence or docility
and often stubbornness or even vice.
3d. The convex eye. In this the transparent cornea describes the
arc of an unduly small circle, suggesting a conical form and
projecting unduly beyond the margins of the lids. It implies
imperfect vision, myopia, and, it is alleged, low breeding and lack of
alertness.
4th. The sunken eye. This has been already referred to under
the small eye. The eyelids are usually flaccid, the upper being
drawn in by its levator so as to form an angle, and the edges of the
orbit are somewhat prominent. It is seen in old, worn out animals,
which have lost the pads of fat in the depth of the orbit, and more
commonly in animals that have suffered several attacks of recurrent
ophthalmia.
5th. The projecting eye. In this case the lids are unduly
contracted and the eye protrudes between them so as to show a large
amount of sclerotic around the transparent cornea. This may be due
to nervous strain and suffering but, however produced it is decidedly
unsightly and objectionable.
6th. The weeping eye. This is always a condition of disease. It
may be due to irritant gases, or solid particles, to inturned cilia,
everted lids, conjunctivitis or a variety of other conditions. A careful
examination may show whether it is only a transient and remediable
fault of a good eye or a permanent and irremediable defect.
7th. The blear eye. With swelling and scabbing of the edges of
the lids and Meibomian glands, and congestion of the adjacent
conjunctiva, there is usually some blurring of the surface of the
transparent cornea. The trouble is mostly chronic and constitutes a
serious objection.
8th. The watch eye. In this, as in the albino, there is a lack of
pigment, so that the iris and sclerotic are white or bluish white in
part or in whole. Such an eye may be good and durable, but not
beautiful nor attractive.
9th. Blindness of one or both eyes. In all such cases the pupil
remains fixed and immovable, showing no accommodation to light
and darkness, and there is a lack of prompt responsiveness on the
part of the eye to sounds and objects. In amaurosis, glaucoma and
cataract especially, the pupil remains widely open, and alert
movements of the ears are employed to make up for the lack of sight.
The condition often comes from internal ophthalmia, such as the
recurrent form, and is associated with atrophy of the bulb.
10th. Eyes of unequal size. This usually implies serious disease
in one, not infrequently recurring ophthalmia.
11th. Too flat corneal surface. In this case there is a manifest
lack of the normal projection, the anterior surface of the cornea
describing the arc of a larger circle, the visual rays coming from a
distance alone converge on the retina and presbyopia occurs. In this
as in myopia and other visual imperfections a horse is liable to
stumble and, if nervous, to shy.
12th. Ovoid Cornea. In such cases the front of the transparent
cornea has an ovoid outline the arc formed by it in one direction
being that of a greater circle, than the arc which crosses this at right
angles. In consequence of this, the rays impinging on the outer
portions of these respective arcs do not converge to the same point
on the retina and a blurred and imperfect image results. This
astigmatism causes the subject to stumble and, if nervous, to shy.
SYSTEMATIC INSPECTION OF THE EYE.
System in Examination. Eyelids: cilia: lachryneal puncta: mucosa, light pink,

brick red, yellow, puffy, dropsical: Ciliary vessels deep, immovable; nictitans;
transparent cornea equally smooth, glossy, with clear image at all points: foreign
body on cornea: corneal ulcer: opacities in aqueous humor: iris and pupil: corpora
nigra: changes in passing from darkness to light: pupillary membrane: adhesions
of iris: intraocular pressure: contracted pupil: hole in iris. Oblique focal
illumination of cornea, aqueous humor, iris, lens, Purkinje-Sanson images.
In examining animals for soundness and especially the horse or

dog, the condition of the eye must be made one of the most
important subjects of inquiry, as a disease or defect may render the
animal altogether unsuited to the object to which it is destined. As in
every other field of diagnosis thoroughness is largely dependent on
the adoption of a system which will stand in the way of any flaw
being too hastily overlooked. Many of the points to be noted will be
decided at a glance, yet this does not obviate the necessity of turning
over in the mind, in succession, the different points of inquiry, and
directing the necessary attention, however hastily, to each in turn.
The following points should be observed:
1st. Are the eyelids swollen, hypertrophied or faulty in
form, position or movements. Faults as thus indicated may
imply any one of a great variety of disorders which should be
followed out to their accurate diagnosis. It may be bruises,
lacerations, punctures, parasites, conjunctivitis, keratitis, dropsy,
anæmia, hepatic or intestinal parasitism, nephritis, paresis,
entropion, ectropion, etc.
2d. Inspect the cilia as regards form, size and direction.
Absence or wrong direction may imply disease of the Meibomian
glands, infective inflammation, demodex or other acarian infesting,
or turning in or out in inflammatory conditions.
3d. See that the lachrymal puncta are open and that there
is no overdistension of the sac. The overflow of tears and the
swelling of the caruncle and of the area beneath it will often indicate
such trouble. In its turn it may imply inflammation of the duct, and
obstruction by the tenacious muco-purulent product, or it may imply
merely obstruction of its lower end by a dried scab. This last may be
seen in the horse, on the floor of the false nostril at the line of
junction of the skin and mucosa, and in the ass, higher up on the
inner side of the ala nasi. In exceptional cases it may be desirable to
pass a stilet through the canal from the puncta downward or from
below upward to determine whether it is pervious.
4th. Determine the vascularity of the conjunctiva. When
free from pigment as it habitually is in pigs and birds this is easily
done, while in animals like the horse, in which the bulbar portion,
which covers the sclerotic, is largely pigmented, we can scrutinize
only the pigment free parts. In health there should be only a few,
fine, pink vessels which move with the mucosa when pressed aside
on the bulb. In congestion the surface may appear brick red, and
the vessels are irregular, large, tortuous and are seen to anastomose
at frequent intervals. These move on the bulb when pressed. The
congestion is usually deepest on the palpebral mucosa and in the cul
de sac, and may be whitened for an instant by pressure through the
eyelid. To expose the conjunctiva the right fore finger and thumb
may be pressed on the upper and lower lids respectively of the left
eye, and the left finger and thumb for the right, allowing them to
slide backward above and below the eyeball. Another method is to
seize the cilia and edge of the upper eyelid between the finger and
thumb, and draw it downward and outward from the bulb, and then
deftly invert it over the tip of the finger. In the old the unpigmented
conjunctiva may appear yellow from the presence of subconjunctival
fat, or this may appear at any age from hepatic disease (distomatosis)
or icterus. It is swollen, or dropsical in anæmia, distomatosis, etc.
5th. Examine the ciliary vessels whether they are
congested or not. These are distinguished from the conjunctival
vessels in that they radiate in straight lines outward from the margin
of the transparent cornea and do not move on the sclerotic under
pressure. They are enlarged and very red in congestion of the ciliary
circle and in iritis. In eyes devoid of pigment over the sclerotic, there

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JOURNAL OF COMPUTATIONAL

ANALYSIS AND APPLICATIONS First

Protein Interactions Computational Methods Analysis and

Fractional Inequalities In Banach Algebras 1st Edition

Banach Space Valued Neural Network: Ordinary and

Banach Space Valued Neural Network Ordinary and

Computational Analysis and Deep Learning for Medical

Computational Analysis and Deep Learning for Medical

SAR Image Analysis - A Computational Statistics

Computational Methods and Data Analysis for

Francesco Altomare Turkey, dumitru@cankaya.edu.tr

Editor in Chief: George Anastassiou

2. Manuscripts should be typed using any of TEX,LaTEX,AMS-TEX,or AMS-LaTEX

3. Submission is a representation that the manuscript has not been published

The following items, 5 and 6, should be on page no. 1 of the paper.

5. An abstract is to be provided, preferably no longer than 150 words.

7. All sections should be numbered with Arabic numerals (such as: 1.

8. Mathematical notation must be typeset. Equations should be numbered

9. Illustrations (photographs, drawings, diagrams, and charts) are to be numbered in

Tables are to be numbered (with Roman numerals) and referred to by number in

Authors should follow these examples:

10 Abhishek Singh et al 10-20

Characteristics of Mexican hat wavelet transform

tics, Banasthali Vidhyapith, Banasthali, India

11 Abhishek Singh et al 10-20

where the admissibility condition Cψ is given by

which then, under certain conditions on f is

Let a function ka (b − t) be defined by

and hence the Mexican hat wavelet transform is given by

12 Abhishek Singh et al 10-20

The most general theory of the MHWT is investigated on the generalized

Recently, the wavelet transform has been comprehensively studied in many

Let S (Rn ) and S (Rn × R+ ) be the spaces of functions with continuous

Further, the delta sequences are defined as sequences of functions {ϕn } ∈ S

2. There exists a constant C > 0 such that

In particular, we extend the transformation to generalized quotient space by

13 Abhishek Singh et al 10-20

2 The exchange property

Theorem 2.1. For a function f ∈ S 0 and t ∈ R,

14 Abhishek Singh et al 10-20

By [8, Lemma 4.3], we have

Let us now consider,

where supp ϕ ⊆ [−P, P ]. Now by [8, Lemma 4.3 ],

From (2.2) and (2.3), we obtain

Definition 2.3. For a family {ϕj }j∈J , where ϕj ∈ S, we define

15 Abhishek Singh et al 10-20

A family of pairs {(fj , ϕj )}J , where fj ∈ S 0 and ϕj ∈ S, have the exchange

Theorem 2.4. If {(fj , ϕj )}J ∈ A, then there exists a unique F ∈ S 0 (Rn × R+ )

Applying Mexican hat wavelet transform to (2.7), we get

16 Abhishek Singh et al 10-20

Now, by applying Lemma 2, we get F = G.

Hence, {(fj , ϕj )}J ∼ {(gk , λk )}K .

17 Abhishek Singh et al 10-20

Hence, fn = (gn ∗ φn ) ∈ S 0 and by using the property of delta sequences

18 Abhishek Singh et al 10-20

[10] Pathak, R. S., Singh, A. (2016). Wavelet transform of Generalized functions

19 Abhishek Singh et al 10-20

[15] Roopkumar, R. (2009). Convolution Theorems for Wavelet Transform