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WCDMA
WCDMA
MULTIPLEACCESS (WCDMA)
DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS AND
COMMUNICATION
CONTENT
INTRODUCTION :WCDMA
BASICS OF WCDMA
SPECIFICATIONS
GENRATION OF WCDMA
SPREADING PRINCIPLE
CODES
POWER CONTROL
WCDMA HANDOVERS
ADVANTAGES OF WCDMA
CURRENT WCDMA MARKET
WCDMA
WCDMA: A high speed 3G mobile wireless technology with capacity
to offer higher data rate than CDMA.
WCDMA has the capacity to easily handle bandwidth-intensive
applications such as video, data, and image transmission necessary
for mobile internet services.
WCDMA was adopted as a standard by the International Mobile
Telecommunications-2000 (IMT 2000) with the intention to create a
global standard for real time multimedia services and international
roaming.
WCDMA is direct spread technology, which means that it will spread
its transmissions over a wide, 5MHz carrier.
WCDMA is the leading 3G wireless standard in the world today.
BASICS OF THE WCDMA
WCDMA users share same radio resources whereas TDMA or
FDMA users have their own radio resources allocated.
User signals are differentiated based on codes.
GENERATION OF WCDMA
Channelization Scrambling
code code
Channel QPSK
data
Channel Chip rate Chip rate
bit rate (always 3.84 Mchips/s)
SPREADING PRINCIPLE
Direct Sequence Spreading - Code Division Multiple Access (DS-CDMA)
Separates users through different codes
Codes are used for two purposes:
Differentiate channels/users
Spreading the data over the entire bandwidth
t
MS 1
MS 2
Code MS 3
• WCDMA (5 MHz)
f
• IS-95 (1.25 MHz)
5 MHz
• CDMA2000 (1.25, 3.75 MHz)
SPREADING CODES
Spreading code = Scrambling code + Channelization code
Scrambling codes
Separates different mobiles (in uplink)
Separates different cells (in downlink)
Channelization codes
Separates different channels that are transmitted on the same scrambling
code
Orthogonal Variable Spreading Factor (OVSF) codes
Period depends on data rate
CHANNELIZATION CODES
Channelization Codes have different length depending on the bit rate
In the Downlink, Channelization Codes are used to distinguish between data (and
control) channels coming from the same RBS
CC3, CC4
CC1, CC2
In the Uplink, Channelization Codes are used to distinguish between data (and
control) channels from the same UE
CC1, CC2
CC1 , CC2, CC3
SC1 SC1
SC3 SC4
SC2 SC2
SC5 SC6
POWER CONTROL IN WCDMA
The purpose of power control (PC) is to ensure
that each user receives and transmits just
enough energy to prevent:
Blocking of distant users (near-far-effect)
Exceeding reasonable interference levels Without PC received
UE1 power levels would
UE2 be unequal
UE3
UE1
UE2
In theory with PC
UE1 UE2 UE3 received power levels
would be equal
UE3
Power control can be divided into two parts:
Closed loop power control can also be divided into two parts:
Inner loop power control
Measures the signal levels and compares this to the target value and if the
value is higher than target then power is lowered otherwise power is
increased
Outer loop power control
Adjusts the target value for inner loop power control
Can be used to control e.g. the Quality of Service (QOS)
Example of inner loop power control behavior:
With higher velocities channel fading is more rapid and 1500 Hz power control may
not be sufficient
WCDMA Handovers
WCDMA handovers can be categorized into three different types
which support different handover modes
Intra-frequency handover
WCDMA handover within the same frequency and system. Soft,
softer and hard handover supported
Inter-frequency handover
Handover between different frequencies but within the same
system. Only hard handover supported
Inter-system handover
Handover to the another system, e.g. from WCDMA to GSM. Only
hard handover supported
WCDMA Handovers
Soft handover
Handover between different
base stations
Connected simultaneously
to multiple base stations
The transition between them
should be seamless
Downlink: Several Node BS
transmit the same signal to
the UE which combines the
transmissions
Uplink: Several Node BS
receive the UE transmissions UE: USER EQUIPMENT
and it is required that only
one of them receives the BS:BASE STATION
transmission correctly
WCDMA Handovers
Softer handover SECTOR B
Hard handover
Spectrum Efficiency