Introduction—The word Science is taken from a Latin word “Scientia” which means

“Knowledge”
or
The knowledge of observations and experiments is called science.
Chemistry— Chemistry deals with the composition, properties, structure and reactions of
matter
or
Chemistry is the study of matter and the changes it undergoes.
or
The scientific study of the properties, composition, and structure of matter, the changes in
structure, composition of matter, and accompanying energy changes.
Matter—anything that has mass and occupies space.
Or
anything that has mass and volume.
Substance— A piece of matter in pure form is termed as a substance.
Mixture— impure matter is called a mixture.
Mass—The quantity of matter which a body contains. Or the amount of matter in a body is
called mass. (measured by its acceleration under a given force or by the force exerted on it by
a gravitational field). Mass is one of the seven basic quantities.
Units of mass— The SI unit of mass is the kilogram kg (SI = standard International System
of Units )
1 centigram (cg) 10 milligrams (mg)
1 decigram (dg) = 100 milligrams 10 centigrams
1 gram (g) = 1000 milligrams 10 decigrams
1 dekagram (dag) 10 grams
1 hectogram (hg) = 100 grams 10 dekagrams
1 kilogram (kg) = 1000 grams 10 hectograms
1 megagram (Mg) or 1 metric ton(t) 1000 kilograms

Volume—the amount of space that a substance or object occupies, or that is enclosed within
a container.
Formula: of Volume = side * side * side.
The formula to find the volume multiplies the length by the width by the height.
(volume V = L × W × H) Volume is the quantification of the three-dimensional space a
substance occupies.
Unit of volume—The SI unit for volume is the cubic meter, or m3.
1 litre = 1 cubic decimeter
1 litre = 1000 millilitre
1 millilitre = 0.001 litre
1 centilitre = 0.01 litre
1 decilitre = 0.1 litre
1liter = 1000 millilitres
1 kilolitre = 1000 litters
1 cubic decimeter = 1000 cubic centimeter = 1000 cc
1 millilitre = 1 cubic centimeter = 1 cc
Composition—the relative amounts of the elements that constitute the substance is known as
the composition.
Or
Composition is the arrangement, type and ratio of atoms (ions) in a substance.
Properties—the characteristics (qualities) which differentiate one substance (materials/
chemical) from other are called properties.
Or
Any traits (characteristics/qualities/features) that can be measured are called properties.
Types of properties— there are two types of properties.
Physical properties— The properties those are associated with the physical state of the
substance are called physical properties like colour, smell, taste, hardness, shape of crystal,
solubility, melting or boiling points, etc
or
The properties those are associated with a substance without changing in the composition are
called physical properties.
Chemical properties— chemical properties depend upon the composition of the substance.
When a substance undergoes a chemical change, its composition changes, and a new
substance are formed. For example, decomposition of water is a chemical change as it
produces hydrogen and oxygen gases.
Or
The properties those are associated with a substance with changing in the composition are
called chemical properties.
Structure—an arrangement and organization between the parts (elements) of a substance.
Or
The way in which the parts (atoms, ions, molecules) of a substance (object) are arranged or
organized.
Reaction— the change in the physical and chemical properties of a substance is known as a
reaction.
Or
The change in the composition of substance is known as chemical reaction.

1.1. Branches of chemistry

Physical chemistry—The branch of chemistry that deals with the interpretation of chemical
phenomena and properties in terms of the underlying physical processes, and with the
development of techniques for their investigation.
Organic chemistry—The study of the structure, preparation, properties, and reactions of
carbon compounds.
Inorganic chemistry—The branch of chemistry that deals with reactions and properties of
all chemical elements and their compounds, excluding hydrocarbons but usually including
carbides and other simple carbon compounds (such as CO2, CO, and HCN).
Biochemistry— The study of chemical substances occurring in living organisms and the
reactions and methods for identifying these substances.
Industrial Chemistry— The chemistry that deals with the manufacturing of chemical
compounds on commercial scale, is called industrial chemistry.
Nuclear Chemistry— The chemistry that deals with the radioactivity, nuclear processes and
properties.
Environmental Chemistry— The study about components of the environment and the
effects of human activities on the environment.
Analytical chemistry—The science of the characterization and measurement of chemicals;
qualitative analysis is concerned with the description of chemical composition in terms of
elements, compounds, or structural units, whereas quantitative analysis is concerned with the
measurement of amount.
1.2. Basic definitions.
Atom— Atom is the smallest particle (basic building blocks /units) of an element (matter),
having all the characteristic properties of the element, take part in a chemical reaction, may
or may not exist freely (the atoms of noble gases can exist independently while other atoms
cannot exist independently).
Atomic theory—The assumption that matter is composed of particles called atoms and that
these are the limit to which matter can be subdivided.
Democritus (460-370 B.C.) called the indivisible particles of matter as atoms. The word atom
is derived from Greek word ‘Atomos’ means ‘indivisible’. In 1808 John Dalton. an English
School teacher give his theory about atom. According to John Dalton all matter is composed
of atoms of different elements, which differ in their properties.
Parts of atoms—all atoms have two parts
1. Nucleus.
2. Shells/ orbits /energy levels

shell

Nucleus

Atom.
Atom is now further divisible into sub-atomic particles. More than 100 sub-atomic particles
are thought to exist in an atom. (A few sub-atomic particles are electron, proton, neutron,
hyperon, neutrino, antineutrino etc. Electrons, protons and neutrons are the fundamental
particles of atom
Fundamental particles.
There are three fundamental particles in an atom.
1. Electron (e)
2. Proton (p)
3. Neutron (n)

1. Electron (e)—electron is one of the fundamental particles of an atom having negative

charge present in shell.
2. Proton (p)— proton is one of the fundamental particles of an atom having positive
charge present in nucleus.
3. Neutron (n)—neutron is one of the fundamental particles of an atom having no
charge present in nucleus.
Nucleons—Protons and Neutron are collectively called as nucleons.
Atomic number ‘Z’ (Atomzahl)— The number of protons present in the nucleus of an atom
is known as the atomic number. It is represented by symbol ‘Z’. symbol Z is derived from
German word Atomzahl.
Atomic Mass number/Mass number/ Nucleon number A (Atomgewicht)— The mass
number is the sum of number of protons and neutrons present in the nucleus of an atom. It is
represented by symbol 'A'. symbol A is derived from German Word Atomgewicht.
It is calculated as A = Z + n
where n is the number of neutrons.
Atomic weight/mass (relative atomic mass)—
The mass of an atom relative to 1/12 (one-twelfth of the carbon-12 isotope is known as
relative atomic weight.
Or
The mass of an atom of an element as compared to the mass of atom of Carbon taken as
Carbon-12 is called relative atomic mass or weight. Abbreviated as at.wt.
The smallest unit of mass used to represent the masses of atoms, ions and molecules atomic
mass unit (amu). One atomic mass unit is 1/12 the mass of one atom of carbon-12.

Mass of one atom ofan element

Relative atomic mass=
1
×the mass of one atom of carbon−12
12
This ratio is known as the relative atomic mass of the element. Based on carbon-12 standard,
the mass of an atom of carbon is 12 units and l/12 of it comes to be 1 unit.
Atomic mass unit—
The mass exactly equal to one twelfth of the mass of one C-12 atom is called one atomic
mass unit (amu) or the Dalton or unified atomic mass unit (µ). Mass of one Carbon C-12
atom = 12 amu.
The mass of one Carbon atom = 12g = 6.022×1023 Carbon atoms.
12 g −23
The mass of one Carbon atom will be= 23
=1.9927 ×10 g
6.022× 10
−23
One Carbon atomis 12 amu , so the mass of one amu=1.9927 ×10 g
−23
1.9927 ×10 g −23 −24
The mass of one amu= =0.166 ×10 g=1.66 ×10 g
12
−24
1 amu=1.66 ×10 g
Matter has been divided into two categories.
1. Pure matter. (substance)
2. Impure matter. (mixture)
1. Pure matter. Pure matter is called substance. Pure substances are of two types.
a. Elements.
 b. Compounds.

Element— A substance made up of same type of atoms, having same atomic number.
elements cannot be decomposed into simple substances by ordinary chemical means. Now
118 elements have been discovered, out of which 92 are naturally occurring elements. It
means that each element is made up of unique type of atoms that have very specific
properties. Elements occur in nature in free or combined form.
Elements may be solids, liquids or gases. Majority of the elements exist as solids e.g. sodium,
copper, zinc, gold, etc. There are very few elements which occur in liquid state e.g. mercury
and bromine. A few elements exist as gases e.g. nitrogen, oxygen, chlorine and hydrogen.
Based on their properties, elements are divided into metals, non-metals and metalloids. About
80 percent of the elements are metals.
Symbols or Chemical symbol— short notation derived from the scientific name of a
chemical element.
Which are abbreviations for the name of elements. A symbol is taken from the name of that
element in English, Latin, Greek or German. If it is one letter, it will be capital as H for
Hydrogen, N for Nitrogen and C for Carbon etc. In case of two letters symbol, only first letter
is capital e.g. Ca for Calcium, Na for Sodium and Cl for Chlorine.
Chemical compound or Compound—A substance made up of two or more elements
chemically combined in a fixed ratio by mass.
Or
Any substance composed of atoms of two or more chemical elements.
As a result of this combination, elements lose their own properties and produce
new substances (compounds) that have entirely different properties. Compounds can be
classified as ionic or covalent. the ionic and the covalent. Ionic compounds consist of
many particles forming a huge crystal structure, while the covalent exists in the molecular
form. Water, salt, glucose, sugar are some common examples of compounds.

Percentage of Element in a Compound—It Is the number of grams of an element present in

100g of the compound.
Mass of an element
Percentage of the element= ×100
Molar Mass of the compound
Mixture— When two or more elements or compounds mix up physically without any fixed
ratio, they form a mixture.
On mixing up, the component substances retain their own chemical identities and properties.
The mixture can be separated into parent components by physical methods such as
distillation, filtration, evaporation, crystallisation or magnetization.
Types of mixtures—there are two types of mixtures.
1. Homogeneous mixtures
2. Heterogeneous mixtures
Homogeneous mixtures—Mixtures that have uniform composition throughout are called
homogeneous mixtures e.g. air, gasoline.
Air is a mixture of nitrogen, oxygen, carbon dioxide, noble gases and water vapours.
Brass is a mixture of copper and zinc metals
Heterogeneous mixtures—Heterogeneous mixtures are those in which composition is not
uniform throughout e.g. soil, rock and wood.
Soil is a mixture of sand, clay, mineral salts, water and air.

S/ Compound Mixture
No
1 They are pure substances. They are impure substances.
2 Compound is formed by chemical reaction of It is formed by the mixing of
atoms(elements). substances (elements 0r
compounds).
3 As a result of this combination, elements lose their the component substances
own properties and produce new substances retain their own chemical
(compounds) e.g. water is quite different from its identities and properties.
building elements i.e. hydrogen and oxygen.
4 It cannot be converted back to its original A mixture can be easily
constituents easily by physical methods. converted back to its parent
components by simple
physical methods.
5 The constituents have fixed composition of the The constituents here do not
elements. have fixed composition.
6 They show fixed melting and boiling points. They do not show fixed
melting and boiling points.

Chemical species. Atoms, molecules, ions, elements, free radicals etc. are all said to be
chemical species.
Or
A chemically or isotopically distinct atom, molecule, ion, complex, free radical, or similar
unit that can be distinguished from other kinds of units.
The chemical species are the building blocks of chemical substance. The chemical species are
atoms, ions, free radical and molecules.
molecule— The smallest particle of a pure substance, which can exist Independently called a
molecule.
or
atom or a group of atoms held together by chemical force which can exist independently is
called a molecule.
The atoms in the molecule may be identical as in H2, S2, and S8, or different as in H2O and
CO2; a molecule is the smallest unit of matter which can exist by itself and retain all its
chemical properties.
atomicity— The number of atoms in a molecule of a substance.
Monoatomic molecules—molecules containing one atom are known as mono atomic
molecules. E.g. all noble gases are composed of monoatomic molecules. He, Ne, Ar, Kr, Xe,
Rn, and Og.
Diatomic molecules—molecules containing two atoms are known as diatomic molecules.
E.g. O2, H2 etc.
Polyatomic molecules—molecules containing more than two atoms are known as
polyatomic molecules.
Types of molecules— there are two type of molecules on the bases of types atoms.
1. Homo atomic molecules.
2. Hetero-atomic molecules.
Homo atomic molecules— Molecules composed of same atoms are called homoatomic
molecules. These are known as molecules of elements. E.g. He, H2, S8 etc.
heteroatomic molecules— Molecules composed of different atoms are called heteroatomic
molecules. These are known as molecules of compounds. E.g. H2O, H2SO4 etc.
Types of molecules— there are two type of molecules on the bases of number atoms.
1. Micro-molecules
2. macromolecules
Micro-molecules—molecules containing fewer number of atoms and are small are called
micro-molecules. E.g. H2SO4, C6H1206 etc.
macromolecules— molecules containing large number of atoms and are large are called
macromolecules. E.g. Haemoglobin, proteins etc. One molecule of haemoglobin is made up
of about 10,000 atoms.
molecular weight/mass— The sum of the atomic weights of all the atoms in a molecule. Also
known as relative molecular mass.
Or
The mass of a molecule relative to 1/12 (one-twelfth of the carbon-12 isotope is known as
relative molecular mass/ weight.
Or
The sum of the relative atomic masses of each atom within the molecule
Formula mass or formula weight—The sum of the atomic weights of all the atoms in the
empirical formula of a substance.
Or
The sum of the relative atomic masses of atoms as given in the empirical formula of a
substance.
Molar mass/weight— The mass of the one mole of the substance is known as molar mass.
electrons have acquired a net electric charge.
Ion— When an atom or group of atoms loss or gain one or more electrons it is called an ion.
Or
An atom or molecule in which the total number of electrons is not equal to the total number
of protons which give the atom a net positive or negative electrical charge is called an ion.
Or
An isolated electron or positron or an atom or molecule which by loss or gain of one or more
electrons is called ion.
Ion is a Greek word which means "wondered”
Cation—a positively charged ion is called Cation. e.g. Na+, Ca+2, Al+3 etc.
Anion—a negatively charged ion is called Anion. e.g. Cl-, O-2, Br-1 etc.
Faraday introduced the words anion for a negatively charged ion and cation for a positively
charged ion, Cations were named because they were attracted to the cathode in a galvanic cell
and anions were named due to their attraction to the anode.
ionization— A process by which a neutral atom or molecule loses or gains electrons, thereby
acquiring a net charge and becoming an ion.
Compound ion— The ions which consist of more than one atom are called compound ions.
E.g. OH-1, NO3-1, SO4-2, CO3-2 etc.
Molecular ion— An ion that results from the loss or gain of an electron by a molecule. E.g.
H2O+, CH4+ etc.
radical ion— A charged compound that has an unpaired electron; it may be either a radical
cation (positively charged) or radical anion (negatively charged).
free radical— An atom or a diatomic or polyatomic molecule which possesses one unpaired
electron. Also known as a radical.
Or
An atom, molecule, or ion that has odd number of unpaired electrons and cannot exist freely
is called radical or free radical.
e.g. The chlorine radical Cl•, the hydrogen radical H• etc.
Chemical formula or formula—The symbolic representation of the name of substance
(element or compound) is called chemical formula.
Or
Chemical formula is an expression that states the number, arrangement and type of atoms
present in a substance.
Types of chemical formula—there are several types of chemical formulas.
1. Empirical formula.
2. Molecular formula.
3. Structural formula.
4. Projection formula.
Empirical formula or simplest formula—the formula showing the simplest ratio of
elements present in the compound.
Or
A formula giving the proportions of the elements present in a compound but not the actual
numbers or arrangement of atoms.
in glucose C6H12O6, the simplest ratio of atoms is 1:2:1 i.e. for each atom of
Carbon there are two Hydrogen atoms and 1 Oxygen atom. So, the empirical formula of
glucose is “CH2O”.
Molecular formula— the formula showing the actual whole number ratio of elements
present in the compound.
Or
A chemical formula that gives the total number of atoms of each element present in each
molecule of a substance.
Glucose C6H12O6 shows total 24 atoms of three element i.e. Carbon, hydrogen and
Oxygen in an actual whole number ratio of 6:12:6.
Structural formula— A chemical formula showing the arrangement within the molecule
of atoms and of bonds.
Or
Structural formula is a graphic representation of the molecular structure, showing how
the atoms are possibly arranged in the rea three-dimensional (3D) space.
A structural formula gives partial or complete information about the way in which the atoms
in a molecule are connected and arranged in space.
Projection formula— a chemical formula which is a two-dimensional (2D)
representation of a three-dimensional (3D) molecules by projections.
E.g. Fischer projections. Sawhorse projection, Newman projection used in organic
chemistry.
Fischer projection, method of representing the three-dimensional structures of a molecule
on a page, devised by Emil Fischer.
Mole (n)— A mole of a substance or a mole of particles is defined as exactly
6.02214076×1023 particles, which may be atoms, molecules, ions, or electrons. 1 mol =
6.02214076×1023
Or
A mole is defined as the amount of a substance that contains exactly 6.02214076 * 1023
‘elementary entities’ (atoms, molecules, ions, or electrons) of the given substance.
or
An amount of substance of a system which contains as many elementary units as there are
atoms of carbon in 0.012 kilogram of the pure nuclide carbon-12.
or
The atomic mass, molecular mass, formula mass or ionic mass of the substance expressed in
grams Is called a mole of the substance.
The elementary unit must be specified and may be an atom, molecule, ion, electron, photon,
or even a specified group of such units. Symbolized mol.
Mass∈grams
Number of moles=
Molar Mass
Molar—Denoting a physical quantity divided by the amount of substance expressed in
moles.
Molar mass— The molar mass of a substance is defined as the total mass of one mole of the
substance.
Gram atom or Gram-atomic mass— The atomic mass (weight) of an element expressed in
grams is called one-gram atom or one-gram mole or simply mole that element.
Massthe element ∈ grams
Number of gram atoms∨moles of the element=
Molar Mass ( atomic mass ) of an element
1gram atom of Hydrogen = 1.008 g
1gram atom of Carbon = 12.000 g
1gram atom of Magnesium= 24 g
1gram atom of Uranium = 238 g
Gram molecule or Gram-molecular mass—The molecular mass of a substance expressed
in grams is called one-gram molecule or one-gram mole or simply mole that substance.

Mass the moelcular substance∈ grams

No of gram molecule∨moles of the moelcular substance=
Molar Mass ( Moelcular mass ) of molcule
1gram molecule of water = 18 g
1gram molecule of H2S04 = 98 g
1gram molecule of sucrose= 342 g
Gram ion or gram ionic mass— The Ionic mass of an Ionic species expressed in grams Is
called one-gram Ion or one-gram mole or simply a mole of that Ion.
Massthe ion∈ grams
Number of gramion∨moles of theionic substance=
Molar Mass ( ionic mass ) of an ion

1gram ion of OH- = 17 g

1gram ion of C032-= 60 g
1gram ion of S042-= 96 g
Avogadro’ s No—It Is the number of particles (atoms, Ions, molecules, formula units)
present in one mole of a substance.
or
Number of unit (electrons, atoms, ions, or molecules) in one mole of any substance equal to
6.02214076 × 1023 is called Avogadro’s number.
It is denoted by NA and its value is 6.02214076×1023
1 mol = 6.02214076×1023
gram-equivalent weight— The equivalent weight of an element or compound expressed in
grams on a scale in which carbon-12 has an equivalent weight of 3 grams in those compounds
in which its formal valence is 4.

Molar volume— The volume occupied by one mole of a substance in the form of a solid,
liquid, or gas. Also known as molal volume; mole volume.
Mole fraction— The ratio of the number of moles of a substance in a mixture or solution to
the total number of moles of all the components in the mixture or solution
Mole percent—Percentage calculation expressed in terms of moles rather than weight.

Atomic radius— Also known as Covalent radius.

1. Half the distance between the nuclei of two like atoms that are covalently bonded.
2. The experimentally determined radius of an atom in a covalently bonded compound.
atomic spectrum— The spectrum of radiations due to transitions between energy levels in
an atom, either absorption or emission.
atomic volume—The volume occupied by 1 gram-atom of an element in the solid state
atomization—In flame spectrometry, conversion of a volatilized sample into free atoms.
atomization—A process in which the chemical bonds in a molecule are broken to yield
separated (free) atoms
atomic connectivity— The specific pattern of chemical bonds between atoms in a molecule
molecular volume— The volume that is occupied by 1 mole (gram-molecular weight) of an
element or compound; equals the molecular weight divided by the density.
valency— It is combining capacity of an element with other elements. It depends upon the
number of electrons in the outermost shell.
reagent—A substance, chemical, or solution used in the laboratory to detect, measure, or
otherwise examine other substances, chemicals, or solutions;
gram-molecular volume— The volume occupied by a gram-molecular weight of a chemical
in the gaseous state at 0 0C and 760 millimetres of pressure (101,325 pascals).
molecularity—In a chemical reaction, the number of molecules which come together and
form the activated complex.
Q.1: Fill in the blanks.
i) Physical chemistry deals with ………. of matter.
ii) In ………... chemistry, the nucleus of atom is in interest.
iii) A sample of pure substance having all atoms ………. is called an element. iv) For
the mass comparison of atoms, the standard atom chosen is
……….. .
v) The number 6.0225 x 1023 is called ……….
vi) ……….. moles of water constitute 36g .

vii) The process of formation of ions is called ……….

viii) The Atomic mass unit is expressed by the symbol ……….

ix) The molecular formula shows ………. number of atoms.

x) Glucose is ………. type of molecule.

Q.2: Tick the correct answer from the given list.

i) The smallest component of an element that still retains
properties of the element is called
(a) electron (b) proton ( c) neutron (d) atom ii) The atom is a
Greek word meaning
(a) indivisible (b) small particle
(c) which enter in reactions (d) none of these iii) The branch of chemistry
which deals with the determination of molecular formula is called
(a) Nuclear chemistry (b) organic chemistry
(c) Analytical chemistry (d) Industrial chemistry iv) Empirical
formula shows the
(a) ratio of atoms (b) ratio of molecules
(c) exact number of atoms (d) none of these
v) Molecular mass is calculated by

(a) Counting number of atoms of C12

(b) Taking sum of the masses of atoms in the molecule (c) By taking the
sum of protons and neutrons number (d) None of above

vi) The value of a.m.u in grams is

(a) 1.6 x 1023 (b) 1.6 x 1027
(c) 1.6 x 10-23 (d) none of these
 vii) The atoms can exists freely in nature
(a) Always (b) never
(c) some exist and some do not (d) none of these is true

viii) The formula unit is used for the

(a) ionic substances (b) molecular substances
(c) Mixture (d) none of these

ix) The gram atomic or molecular mass is called

(a) one mole (b) two moles
(c) three moles (d) 4 moles

x. The concept of Avogadro’s number is used to calculate the

(a) number of atoms (b) number of molecules
(c) number of ions (d) all of these

Q3: Nicotine a deadly poison which is found in tobacco has the formula C10H14N2. An average
cigarette contains 1mg of nicotine. What will be the number of molecules in this
quantity.

Q4: Calculate the molar mass of following,

(a) K2SO4 (b) MnCl2 (c) Al(OH)3
(d) Fe(NO)3 (e) CuSO4 5H2O

Q5: Write down the molecular formula of following compounds.

(a) Ferrous sulphate (b) Ferric sulphate
(c) Copper(II) sulphide (d) copper(I) sulphite

(e) Ammonium bicarbonate

Q6: What are the weight and mole percentages of ‘S’ in 50g of sulphuric acid?
Q7: Define Chemistry? How Chemistry effects our life?
Q8: Why the Science is divided into various branches? Discuss the branching of chemistry in
detail?
Q9: What is the difference between the Element, mixture and the compound?
Q10: What do you understand by Symbol of elements? Explain various rules for assigning
symbols to an element?
Q11: What is the molecular formula of a compound? How the formulae are written?
Q12: Discuss the concept of mole in chemistry? How it is related with the Avogadro's number?

SHORT ANSWERS
Q: No: 1 Why understanding of chemistry is important to us?
Ans: The chemistry plays very important role in our life. It has a direct application in every
sphere of our life. It is evident that the 21st century is the century of chemistry. So, it is very
important to understand the chemistry.
Q: No: 2 Give a short note on classification of matter?
Ans: The matter is the substance that has mass. It is distributed all around us and this
matter is classified into two main categories i.e. the pure substances and the mixture. A
pure substance shows uniform properties every time. While in mixture the quantity of
constituents can vary.
Q: No: 3 What is meant by the term atomic number?
Ans: Atomic number is the identity number of an atom or element. It is equal to the number
of protons found in the molecules of atom symbolized as "Z".
Q: No: 4 How will you differentiate between the atomic mass number and the relative
atomic mass?
Ans: The sum of number of protons and neutrons in an atom is the atomic mass number
symbolized as "A" and relative atomic mass is the mass of an atom or molecule which is
obtained by comparing the mass of an atom or molecule with the standard c12.
Q: No: 5 Distinguish among atoms and ions with examples?
Ans: Atom is the smallest unit of matter which takes part in chemical reactions and shows all
properties of an element e.g. if a piece of gold is divided into two fragments each fragment
shows the characters of gold. Ion when an atom of an element losses or gain the electron then
it converted into ion. "cation" positive ion, "An-Ion" negative ion e.g. Na+, CI". Q: No: 6
Explain with an example how the molecular mass is calculated?
Ans: The sum of atomic mass of atoms of each elements present in a molecule of the
compound is known as molecular mass. It is the additive property because it is the sum of the
individual atomic mass of different atom present in the molecule of compound e.g. HN03 =
(1 x 1) + (14 x 1) + (16 x 3) = 63a.m.u.
Q: No: 7 What are the different types of matter found in nature?
Ans: There are two types of matter found in nature (a) Element (b) Compound
Element:
Element is a sample of pure substance that has all atoms with same atomic number.
Compound:
Compound is a sample of pure substance that has two or more than two types of elements.
Q: No: 8 What is mole?
Ans: When atomic weight or molecular weight or formula weight of the substance expressed
in gram is known as gram mole or simply mole. Q: No: 9 What is meant by a.m.u?
Ans: The atoms are very small, and their mass unit is measured in a very small unit called
atomic mass unit (a.m.u) in grams it is equal to 1 a.m.u = 1.6 x 10"24g.
Q: No: 10 Describe with example how simple inorganic compound named?
Ans: The names of ionic compounds are written by listing the name of the positive ion first,
followed by the name of the negative ion e.g. NaCl.
Q: No: 1 How Avogadro's number and the mole are related with each other?
Ans: The atomic mass or molecular mass expressed in terms of grams is called one mole of
that substance, and one mole of any substance contains 6.02xl023 particle (atoms/molecules)
i.e. mole of "O" has 6.02xl023 atoms and l mole of "H20" has 6.02xl023 molecules. This
number is called Avogadro's number.
Q: No: 2 Comment that concepts of vital for chemists?
Ans: The upper atmospheric of earth contains radicals which are formed there by the action
of ultra-vital radiation that is coming from sun and thus the energy of this highly injurious
UV radiation is blocked and radicals play an important role in combustion, polymerization
and many other processes including human physiology.
Q: No: 3 Distinguish between ion and free radical?
Ans: An ion is an atom or group of atoms that has lost or gained one or more electrons. The
ions are of two types by the charges negatively charged ions are called an ion and the
positively charged are called Cations. An ion consisting of multiple atoms is called a
polyatomic ion. The radical are atomic or molecular species with unpaired electrons. The
electron of the free radical is written by a dot upon the symbol of free radical.
Q: No:4. What is the difference between empirical formula and formula unit?
Ans: The empirical formula represents the simple ratio of the atoms present in a compound
e.g. in glucose (C6H1206) the simplest ratio of atoms is 1:2:1. sometimes a molecule exists as
a large entity of particles, for case of simplest ratio of the formula of such large structure is
written this simplest ratio is termed as formula unit e.g. sodium chloride written as "NaCl".
Q: No: 5. Why C12 is taken as the standard for calculating atomic molecular mass? Ans:
If we analysed a lump of pure carbon from the planet earth, it is observed that 98.9% of all
carbon atoms are C12 atoms and 1.11% of all carbon atoms are C13 atoms. So, the relative
atomic mass of an element is the average mass of atoms of that element as compared to l/12 th
the mass of one atom of carbon-12 isotope. Based on carbon-12 standard, the mass of an
atom of carbon is 12 and l/12th of.it comes to be one.
Q: No:6. Why understanding of chemistry is important to us?
Ans: The chemistry plays very important role in our life. It has a direct application in every
sphere of our life. It is evident that the 21st century is the century of chemistry. So, it is very
important to understand the chemistry.
Q: No: 7. Give a short note on classification of matter?
Ans: The matter is the substance that has mass. It is distributed all around us and this matter
is classified into two main categories i.e. the pure substances and the mixture. A pure
substance shows uniform properties every time. While in mixture the quantity of
constituents can vary.
Q: No: 7. What is meant by the term atomic number?
Ans: Atomic number is the identity number of an atom or element. It is equal to the number
of protons found in the molecules of atom symbolized as "Z".
Q: No: 8. How will you differentiate between the atomic mass number and the relative
atomic mass?
Ans: The sum of number of protons and neutrons in an atom is the atomic mass number
symbolized as "A" and relative atomic mass is the mass of an atom or molecule which is
obtained by comparing the mass of an atom or molecule with the standard c12.
Q: No: 5 Distinguish among atoms and ions with examples?
Ans: Atom is the smallest unit of matter which takes part in chemical reactions and shows all
properties of an element e.g. if a piece of gold is divided into two fragments each fragment
shows the characters of gold. Ion when an atom of an element losses or gain the electron then
it converted into ion. "cation" positive ion, "An-Ion" negative ion e.g. Na+, CI".
Q: No: 6 Explain with an example how the molecular mass is calculated?
Ans: The sum of atomic mass of atoms of each elements present in a molecule of the
compound is known as molecular mass. It is the additive property because it is the sum of the
individual atomic mass of different atom present in the molecule of compound e.g. HN03 =
(1 x 1) + (14 x 1) + (16 x 3) = 63a.m.u.
Q: No: 7 What are the different types of matter found in nature?
Ans: There are two types of matter found in nature (a) Element (b) Compound
Element:
Element is a sample of pure substance that has all atoms with same atomic number.
Compound:
Compound is a sample of pure substance that has two or more than two types of elements.
Q: No: 8 What is mole?
Ans: When atomic weight or molecular weight or formula weight of the substance expressed
in gram is known as gram mole or simply mole.
Q: No: 9 What is meant by a.m.u?
Ans: The atoms are very small, and their mass unit is measured in a very small unit called
atomic mass unit (a.m.u) in grams it is equal to 1 a.m.u = 1.6 x 10"24g.
Q: No: 10 Describe with example how simple inorganic compound named?
Ans: The names of ionic compounds are written by listing the name of the positive ion first,
followed by the name of the negative ion e.g. NaCl.