SOM SA Workbook

INTRODUCTION
PRACTICE SET-1
CONCEPTUAL THEORETICAL QUESTIONS (TRUE/FALSE)
1. Centre of mass and centre of gravity are always 7. Number of unknown internal forces in each
same. member of a rigid jointed plane frame is 3.
True False True False

2. The moment inertia of an area is alwaysleast
8. If ‘n’ redundants in statically indeterminate
about centroidal axis.
structure of ‘n’ degree of indeterminacy are
True False removed the structure becomes determinate but
unstable.
3. The cenre of gravity of a semicircular of radius
4r
r from the diameter is . True False
3
9. If in a pin jointed plane frame (m + r) > 2j, then
True False
the frame is unstable.
4. The moment of inertia of a triangular section
True False
about an axis passing through the CG and parallel
10. A rigid jointed plane frame is stable and static
bh3
to the base is given as . determinate if 3m + r = 3j.
36
True False
True False
11. The degree of static indeterminacy of a rigid
5. For plane loading if body is in equilibrium then jointed spacefram is 3m + r – 6j
mass about each point in the plane is zero.
True False
True False
12. Free body diagram of an joint is diagram showing
6. The number of independent equations to be
all the forces internal as well external acting
satisfied for static equilibrium of a plane
on it.
structure is 2.
True False
True False
2 THEORY OF STRUCTURE CIVIL ENGINEERING
13. If total number of reaction component is less 18. If all the acting on a planar system are
than the total number of condition equations concurrent in nature, then the system is
available the structure shall be stable and essentially unstable.
indeterminate.
True False
True False
19. The degree of freedom for the vertical gulded
14. If line of action of forces in a system of force
roller is 1.
meet at a point then these forces are called as
concurrent forces. True False
True False 20. Number of restraint moment required at a joint

15. A propped cantilever is indeterminate externally where m-members meet is (m–1) for plane frame
of first degree. and 3(m – 1) for space frame.

16. A support is called non yielding if the beam has 21. Kinematic indeterminacy of structure is always
zero slope at support. more than static indeterminacy.

17. If a system has more number of equilibrium 22. If a structure is having vertical loading only
equation than no. of forces, then the system is than horizontal support reactions are always
improperty constrained. zero.
ANSWER KEY
1. (True) 7. (True) 13. (False) 19. (True)
2. (True) 8. (False) 14. (True) 20. (True)
3. (True) 9. (False) 15. (True) 21. (False)
4. (True) 10. (True) 16. (False) 22. (False)
5. (True) 11. (False) 17. (False)
6. (False) 12. (True) 18. (True)
IES MASTER Publication

CIVIL ENGINEERING INTRODUCTION 3
PRACTICE SET-2
CONCEPTUAL NUMERICAL QUESTIONS
1. The mass moment of inertia of rectangular plate 6. A solid circular cylinder has a diameter ‘d’. A
of mass M and sides a and b about an axis hollow circular cylinder has an internal diameter
perpendicular to plate through its centre is ‘d’ and has the same cross sectional area as the
solid cylinder. Then the ratio of the moment of
(a)
12

M 2
a + b2  (b)
Ma2 Mb2
4
+
12
inertia of the hollow cylinder to thatof solid
cylinder, is equal to
(c)
6

M 2 2
a +b  (d) None of the above
(a) 2
(c) 2
(b) 3
(d) 8
2. Moment of inertia of a Quarter Circle (radius F
= r) about its centroidal x-axis, is given by 7.
E I
(a) 0.055 r2 (b) 0.055 r4
B D H
(c) 0.196 r4 (d) 0.04 r4 K
3. Centre of gravity of a thin hollow cone lines on

J
the axis of symmetry at a height of ________. A C G
(a) One - half of the total height above base
(b) One - third of the total height above base Neglecting axial deformation , the kinematic
(c) One - fourth of the total height above indeterminacy of the structure shown in the
base above figure is
(d) None of these (a) 12 (b) 14
4. Pick up the incorrect statement from the (c) 20 (d) 22

following: 8. The total degree of indeterminacy (both internal
and external) for the bridge truss shown in the
(a) The C.G. of a circle is at its center
given figure is
(b) The C.G. of a triangle is at the intersection
of its medians
(c) The C.G. of a rectangle is at the inter-
section of its diagonals
(d) The C.G. of a semicircle is at a distance of
(a) 4 (b) 5
r/2 from the center
(c) 6 (d) 3
5. The moment of inertia of a rectangular section
about the base is 9. Consider the following statements :
(a) twice the moment of inertia about the 1. an i nd etermi na te structure is not
centrodial axis economical from the material stand-point
in comparison to a determinate structure
(b) three times the moment of inertia about
the centroidal axis 2. If n red unda nts i n a static al ly
indeterminate structure of n degree
(c) four times the moment of inertia about
indeterminacy are removed, the structure
the centroidal axis
will become statically determinate but
(d) none of these unstable

3. In the rigid frame analysis, the axial 13. What is the kinematic indeterminacy for the
effects are ignored as their influence is frame shown above? (member inextensible)
negligibly sm al l com pa red to
bending and shear effects
Which of the following statements is/are
correct?
(a) 1 only (b) 1 and 2
(c) 3 only (d) 2 and 3
10. What is the degree of indeterminacy of the
Roller Hinge
frame shown in the figure given below?
(a) 6 (b) 11
(c) 12 (d) 21
14. Consider the following statements with respect
to the above figure of a typical articulated
(a) 4 (b) 3 frame:
(c) 2 (d) Zero

11. The rigid frame ABCD has to be analyzed by
slope deflection method. What is the number
of unknown displacements / rotations for the
frame as shown in the figure given above?
W2
C D
I3
1. The frame is internally determinate and
externally indeterminate.
I2
W1 B 2. The frame is internally indeterminate and
externally determinate.
I1 3. The frame is internally as well as externally

determinate.
A
4. The frame is internally as well as externally
(a) 4 (b) 3 indeterminate
(c) 5 (d) 2 Which of the above statements is/are correct?

12. What is the total degree of indeterminacy (both (a) 1 only (b) 1 and 2
internal and external) of the triangular planar
(c) 3 only (d) 3 and 4
truss shown in the figure?
w/unit length
15.
A B
Hinge
L/2 L/2
Assertion (A) : The propped cantilever beam
shown in figure above is a determinate
structure.
(a) 2 (b) 4 Reason (R) : At the internal hinge shown, there
(c) 5 (d) 6 exists a shear transfer and no bending moment.

(a) Both A and R are true and R is correct 19. The simply supported beam shown in the figure
explanation of A is
(b) Both A and R are true but R is not a W
correct explanation of A
(c) A is true but R is false 
A C B
(d) A is false but R is true
l
16.
(a) determinate and stable
(b) determinate and unstable
(c) indeterminate and stable
(d) indeterminate and unstable
20. Hinge 2 3
1 4
The degree of static indeterminacy for the rigid
frame as shown above is The kinematic indeterminacy of the beam is
(a) 3 (b) 4 (a) 5 (b) 9
(c) 5 (d) 6 (c) 14 (d) 15
17. Degree of static indeterminacy of the structure 21. Hinge
as shown in the figure is
Hinge
Link
The static indeterminacy of the frame shown
above is
Hinge
(a) 4 (b) 6
(a) 0 (b) 1 (c) 8 (d) 10
(c) 2 (d) 3
22. Consider the following statements :
18. The kinematic indeterminacy of the structure
1. A properly constrained rigid system has
shown in the figure is equal to
several degrees of freedom.
2. The number of degrees of freedom of a
locomotive moving on a railway track is only
two.
3. A floating ship has six degrees of freedom.
Which of these statements is/are correct?
(a) 1, 2 and 3 (b) 3 only
(a) 14 (b) 15
(c) 2 only (d) 1 only
(c) 16 (d) 17

ANSWER KEY
1. (a) 7. (b) 13. (b) 19. (b)
2. (b) 8. (a) 14. (c) 20. (a)
3. (b) 9. (c) 15. (a) 21. (b)
4. (d) 10. (c) 16. (c) 22. (b)
5. (c) 11. (c) 17. (a)
6. (b) 12. (b) 18. (a)
SOLUTION
1. (a) Cross sectional area of hollow cylinder
 
The mass moment of inertia of rectangular plate  2 2
of mass M and sides a and b about an axis (AH) = D –d
4
perpendicular to plate through its centre is
Given AH = As
M 2

a + b2 
2.
12
(b)
 2
4
d =
 2 2
4
D –d  
y
 D = 2d
In

64

D 4 – d4 
=  4
Is d
64
 2 d
4
x x – d4
4r/3 = =3
x d4
2 7. (b)
 4r 
Ixx + A ×   = Ixx F
 3 
E I
r2  16r2  4
Ixx + ×  2  = 1 × r B D H

4  9   K
4 4
  16  4
Ixx =  –  × r = 0.055 r4 A J
 16 36  C G
6. (b)
Cross sectional area of solid cylinder
No. of joints, J = 11
 2
(As) = d No. of reactions, R = 8
4

No. of inextensible members, n = 11  DS = 3 + 1 + 1= 5

kinematic indeterminacy, Dc = 3J – R – n Note: If a member has hinge at the two ends
= 3 × 11– 8 – 11 = 14 and no load is acting on the member, the member
acts like a link carrying only axial forces.
8. (a)
17. (a)
Total degree of static indeterminacy in truss
A B
DS = m + r – 2j
where, m = No. of members = 20
r = No. of reactions = 4 D E
C
j = No. of joints = 10
 DS = 20 + 4 – 2 × 10 Ds = (support removed – (constraint added to
= 4 make cantilever) to make cantilever)
11. (c) Support removed = (2 at E) + (1 at D) = 3
In slope deflection method, number of unknown Constraint added = (1 at A) + (1 at B) + (1 at C)
displacement and rotations are equal to kinematic = 3
indeterminacy (Dk)
 Ds = 3 – 3 = 0
Dk = 3J – R – n
18. (a)
where, J = Number of joints = 4
For building frame structures
R = No. of reactions = 4(3 at A and 1 at D)
Kinematic indeterminancy = 3j – r – m
n = Number of inextensible members = 3
 Dk = 3 × 4 – 4 – 3 = 5
12. (b)
 r=2
Degree of static indeterminacy in terms,
DS = m + r – 2j
j = no. of joints = 12
where, m = No. of members is 18
r = Reaction = 3 + 2 + 2 = 7
r = No. of reactions = 4 (2 at each support)
m = No. of members = 15
j = No. of joints = 9
Dk = 3j – r – m
 DS = 18 + 4 – 2 × 9 = 4
= 3 × 12 – 7 – 15 = 14
Alternatively,
20. (a)
DS = external indeterminacy
Hinge
+ No. of panels with double diagonals =1 + 3 = 4 5 2 3
1 4
16. (c) 51
From the concept of open tree 1 52 2 3

x5 x2 x3
y5
only one
3 Unknowns
unknown Since, in structural analysis members are
assumed to be axially rigid, hence
only one x = x = x
unknowns 5 2 3
= 0
as it will carry
only axial force Knee
hence, Dk = 8 – 3 = 5.
braces N ot e : If nothi ng i s m enti oned a bout
extensibility of members than we will consider
the members to be axially rigid (inextensible).

21. (b) C = No. of cuts required to make open tree like

C1 C2 C3 determinate structure
R = No. of restraints applied to make all joints

rigid
restraint added
=1 restraint required = 2 Roller removed to make tree like structure = 1
C = 3
R = 3
Degree of static indeterminacy DS = 3C – R
 Ds = 3 × 3 – 3 = 6

PRACTICE SET-3
PREVIOUS YEARS QUESTIONS
1. From a circular plate of diameter 6.0 cm a circle 6. Moment of inertia of rectangular section shown
is cut out whose diameter is a radius of the in figure above its base is
plate. The distance of center of gravity of the
remainder from the center of circular plate is
d
(a) 2.0 cm (b) 1.5 cm
(c) 1.0 cm (d) 0.5 cm
b
[SSC-2011]
bd2 bd3
2. The centre of gravity of an equilateral triangle, (a) (b)
3 12
with each side ‘a’ is from any of the three sides –
bd3 bd2
(c) (d)
3a a 3 12
(a) (b)
2 2 3 [SSC-2014 Morning]
(c) 2 3a (d) 3 2a 7. Moment of Inertia of a triangular section, about
an axis passing through its center of gravity is:
[SSC-(2016) 03 Mar 2017-Morning]
(a) bh3/12 (b) bh3/36
3. Identify the one where the centroid of section
lies outside section? (c) bh3/32 (d) None of these
(a) Tee section [SSC-(2016) 02 Mar 2017-Morning]
(b) Symmetrical I section 8. The ratio of moments of inertia of a triangular

section about its base and about a centroidal
(c) Angle section
axis parallel to its base is ________
(d) Unsymmetrical I section
(a) 1 (b) 1.5
[SSC-(2018) 23 Sep 2019-Morning]
(c) 2 (d) 3
4. The moment of inertia of a rectangle of width
[SSC-(2016) 02 Mar 2017-Evening]
b and depth d about its horizontal axis at mid
depth is 9. If Ix and Iy are the moments of inertia of a
section about X and Y axes, the polar moment
db3 bd3 of inertia of the section is
(a) (b)
12 12
bd3 db3
(a) Ix
+ Iy  2 (b) Ix
– Iy  2
(c) (d)
3 3 Ix
[SSC-2007] (c) Ix + Iy (d) Iy
5. Unit of second moment of area is [SSC-(2017) 27 Jan 2018-Morning]
(a) mm (b) mm4 10. If D and d are external and internal diameter
(c) mm3 (d) mm2 of a dcircular shaft respectively, its polar
moment of inertia is
[SSC-2014 Morning]

 D4 – d 4   D4 – d 4  w w
(a) (b) (a) (b)
2 4 2 5
w w
 D4 – d 4   D4 – d 4  (c) (d)
(c) (d) 4 3
64 32
[IES-2003]
[SSC-(2017) 29 Jan 2018-Morning]
16. A statically indeterminate structure is the one
11. A beam is defined as a structural member
which
subjected to
(a) cannot be analyzed at all
(a) Axial loading
(b) can be analyzed using equations of statics
(b) Axial and transverse loading
only
(c) Transverse loading
(c) can be analyzed using equations of statics
(d) None of these and compatibility equations
[SSC-(2017) 23 Jan 2018-Evening] (d) can be analyzed using equations of
12. For a fixed support in a plane structure, total compatibility only
number of reactions is : 17. Number of unknown internal force in each
(a) 1 (b) 2 member of a rigid jointed plane frame is given
(c) 3 (d) 4 by:
[SSC-2010] (a) 1 (b) 2
13. (c) 3 (d) 4
30kN [SSC JE -2009]

C 18. Pick up the indeterminate structure from those
A B
shown in the figure given below:
1m 2m
A B
For simply supported beam shown in figure, the B C
magnitude of vertical reaction at ‘B’ is:
A
(a) 20 kN (b) 18 kN
(c) 15 kN (d) 10 kN
[SSC-2014 (Evening)] C D
14. Reaction at support A is : (i) (ii)

20kN Hinge
100 100 C B
C B
A B
D A D A
(a) 40 kN downward (b) 40 kN upward (iii)
(iv)
(c) 20 kN upward (d) 20 kN downward
Options:
[SSC-2011 CWC]
(a) figure (i) (b) figure (ii)
15. A simply supported beam of span  is subjected
(c) figure (iii) (d) figure (iv)
to a uniformly varying load having zero intensity
at the left support and w N/m at the right [SSC JE -2017,
support. The reaction at the right support is 29 JAN 20018 (Morning Session)]

19. What is the statical indeterminacy for the 25. In planar system, x parts/members are there
frame shown below? with y no. of forces. If y > 3x, the system is:
(a) Statically indeterminate
(b) Statically determiante
(c) Can’t say
(d) Depends on other conditions
(a) 12 (b) 15 [SSC JE -2017,
(c) 11 (d) 14 24 JAN 2018 (Morning Session)]
20. A propped cantilever is indeterminate externally 26. If all the reactions acting on a planar system
of are concurrent in nature, then the system is:
(a) Second degree (b) Fourth degree (a) Can’t say
(c) First degree (d) Third degree (b) Essentially stable
[SSC JE -2015] (c) Essentially unstable
21. Which one of the following is true example of (d) None of these
a statically determinate beam? [SSC JE -2017,
(a) One end is fixed and the other end is simply 29 JAN 2018 (Morning Session)]
supported 27. If the total number of reaction components is
(b) Both the ends are fixed less than the total number of condition equations
(c) The beam overhangs over two supports available, the structure shall be:
(d) The beam is supported on three supports (a) Stable
22. The degree of indeterminacy of the beam given (b) Indeterminate

below is (c) Externally redundant
Hinge (d) Unstable
[SSC JE - 2005]
28. A beam is supported over three rollers lying in
(a) zero (b) one
the same plane. The beam is stable for
(c) two (d) three
(a) Loading with no component perpendicular
23. What is the total degree of indeterminacy in to the direction of beam
the continuous prismatic beam shown in the
(b) Only when no load except self weight acts
figure below? (for vertical loading only)
Hinge
(c) Loading with no component in the direction
P Hinge
of the beam.
(d) Any general loading
[SSC JE -2015]
(a) 1 (b) 2
29. If a system has more equations of equilibrium
(c) 3 (d) 4
than no. of forces, then the system is
24. If in planar system, x parts/members are there
(a) Improperly constrained
with y no. of forces, then condition for statically
determinacy is: (b) Partially constrained
(a) y < 3x (b) y > 3x (c) Stable
(c) y = 3x (d) None of these (d) None of these
[SSC JE -2017, [SSC JE -2017,
22 JAN 2018 (Morning Session)] 22 JAN 2018 (Morning Session)]

30. How many cases out of the following are Options:

improperly constrained? (a) 1 (b) 2
1. Parallel forces (c) 3 (d) 4
2. Concurrent forces [SSC JE -2017,
3. Perpendicular forces 24 JAN 2018 (Morning Session)]
4. Only moment
ANSWER KEY
1. (d) 9. (c) 17. (c) 25. (a)
2. (b) 10. (d) 18. (c) 26. (c)
3. (c) 11. (c) 19. (c) 27. (d)
4. (b) 12. (c) 20. (c) 28. (c)
5. (b) 13. (d) 21. (c) 29. (b)
6. (c) 14. (a) 22. (b) 30. (b)
7. (b) 15. (d) 23. (b)
8. (d) 16. (c) 24. (c)
SOLUTION
1. (d) A1x1 + A2x2

Given: x = A1 + A2
Cut out section
 
× 62 × 0 + × 32 × 1.5
4 4
=
 
× 62 – 32
C.G. 4 4
C.G. 32 ×1.5
= = 0.5 cm
36 – 9
 x = 0.5 cm
6cm 2. (b)
3cm For equilateral triangle AO = BO
1.5cm Since, centroid divides AD or BE in 2 : 1 ratio.

So, C.G. of remainder section from original In  BOD,
center of circle. 2
2 a
(2x)2 = x +  
2

a i.e. IX X = INA + A.y 2

x = 1 2
2 3 2
A
bd3    d 
= + bd .  
12 2
bd3 bd3
= +
2x 12 4
a E
x bd3 + 3bd3 4bd3
2x O = =
12 12
x
bd3
B C IX X =
a/2 D a/2 1 2
3
3. (c) 7. (b)
2h/3
h
C
x’
h/3
x
bh3
Ix = (about N.A. triangle)
36
T-section Symmetrical I-section
bh3
Ix = (about base of triangle)
12
8. (d)
h
I centroid
h/3
I base
Unsymmetrical I-section Angle section b
5. (b) bh3
Icentroid =
Second moment of area is same as moment of 36
inertia. (Ixx or Iyy). So, unit of Ixx = mm4 or Applying parallel axis theorem,
cm4 or m4.
Ibase = Icentroid + Ax2
N ote: First moment of area simply measure the
2
distribution of a beam section’s area relative bh3 1 h 
to an axis i.e. Area × C.G. distance. = + bh ×  
36 2 3
So, unit of first moment of area = mm3 or m3
bh3 bh3 bh3
or cm3. = + =
36 18 12
6. (c)
bh3
b
Ibase 12 = 3
 Icentroid = bh3
d N A 36
d/2 9. (c)
x1 x2
Polar Moment of Inertia: Moment of inertia
M.O.I. of rectangular section about its base of the given section about z axis is called polar
(i.e. about X1, X2). moment of inertia.

Izz = Ixx + Iyy w 2

× – R2 ×  = 0
2 3
Note : the second moment of the area A about w
the x and y axes denoted as I xx and I yy R2 =
3
respectively are defined as
1 1w 1
and R1 = w – = w
 y dA , and
2
Ixx = 2 3 6
A
w
 x dA
2
Iyy = Reaction at the right support, R2 =
A 3
The second moment of area cannot be negative. 17. (c)
11. (c)
A beam is a structural member subjected to
transverse loading (bending moment and shear
force).
13. (d)
30kN
Rigid jointed plane frame
C
A B Mz F
y
1m 2m Fy
RA RB
30 × 1
M A
0  RB =
3
=10kN
30 × 2
M B
0 RA =
3
=20kN i.e. 3 reactions in each member = 3 (i.e.Mz, Fx,
Fy)
14. (a)
20
18. (c)
Structure 1:
100 100
one cut required
A A MA
B B
RAX
A B Restraint [To make
structure rigid]
+ RA RB C C MC
 MB  0 due topin support  [To make
structure rigid]
20 × 200 + RA × 100 = 0
C = 1, R' = 3(RAx, MA, MC)
 RA = –40 kN i.e. 40kN downwards.
Ds = 3 × C – R' = 3 × 1 – 3 = 0 (determinate)
15. (d)
Structure 2:
w
2 /3 one cut required
A B C B MA
R1 R2 A
RAX
1 Restraint
R1 + R2 = w MD
2
D
Taking moment about A,

C = 1, R' = 3(RAx, MA, MD) 20. (c)

Ds = 3C – R' MA
= 3×1–3 = 0 (determinate) A
HA
Structure 3: B
One cut required HA VB
C B For propped cantilever, the number of external

reaction (Re) = 4.
Restraint The number of equilibrium conditions available
= 3.
MD MA
D A i.e., Fx  0 Fy  0 Mz  0
C = 1, R' = 2 (MA, MD)  Indeterminacy of propped cantilever

= 4 – 3 = 1
Ds = 3C – R' = 3 × 1 – 2
Simple cantilever is a determinate structure.
= 1 (indeterminate)
21. (c)
Structure 4:
(a)
hinge
one cut required
DS = 1
B
C B C Restraint
(b) (under general
MB required
loading)
Restraint to make it DS = 3
rigid = 1
(c)
MD D MA
A DS = 0
D A
(d)
DS = 1
C = 1, R' = 3 (MA, MD, MB)
Ds = 3C – R' = 3 × 1 – 3
22. (b)
= 0 (determinate)
Thus, statically indeterminate structure is ‘C’.
B
19. (c) A C D
(for DS make the given beam as fixed beam)
hinge Ds = support reaction removed – constraint

added
Constraint added = 1 at B
and support reaction removed = 2
 Ds = 2 – 1
= 1
23. (b)
hinge
Ds = 3C – R‘ – (m – 1)
= 3 × 4 – 0 – (2 – 1) F D
A B C E
= 11

Ds = Support reactions removed 26. (c)

– Restraint added If all reactions acting on a planar system are
= (1 from B + 1 from C + 2 from E) concurrent in nature then the system is
unstable.
– (1 Restraint added at D)
27. (d)
– (1 Restraint added to F)
If the total number of reaction components is
From doing that as written above beam will less than the total number of condition equations
become fixed at point A. and determinate available, the structure shall be unstable.
structure.
28. (c)
 Ds = (1 + 1 + 2 – 1 – 1) = 2
Three rollers lying in the same plane is shown
Note: Since all the supports are at same level in figure.
and loading is vertical hence, no horizontal
F
reaction will develop.
24. (c) A B C
The beam will not move or remains stable until
For a coplanar structure there are at most
the force is applied in the direction of beam
three equilibrium equations for each part, so
when loading have no component in the direction
that if there is a total of x parts and y no of
of beam then the beam will not move and remains
forces and moment reaction components, we
stable.
have
30. (b)
y = 3x, statically determinate
Concurrent forces and Parallel forces are
y > 3x, statically indeterminate improperly constrained.

SHEAR FORCE AND
BENDING MOMENT
PRACTICE SET-1
1. Shear force is the first derivative of bending 8. Bending moment may be defined as the algebric
moment. sum of the moments of all forces on either
True False side of the section.
2. Bending moment is the first derivative of load True False

intensity.
9. A bending moment diamgram can have a change
True False of slope only under the tranverse load.
3. Shear span is defined as the zone where shear
True False
force is maximum.
True False 10. Bending moment at supports of simply supported

beam is always zero.
4. Point of contraflexure are the points where
bending moments changes sign. True False
True False 11. The difference in the ordinates of the bending
5. If shear force diagram between two points is moment diagram between any two points is equal
horizontal, the BM diagram line is inclined. But to the area under the shear diagram between
if SF diagram is inclined thenthe BM diagram is these two points.
a parabola of second degree.
True False
True False
12. Maximum SF in a beam occurs at a point where
6. The maximum BM occurs where the shear force bending moment is either zero or changes sign.
is either zero or changes sign.
True False
True False
7. If a beam is carrying a linearly varying load 13. In a simply supported beam carrying a UDL(w)
from zero at its free end and maximum at fixed along full span (L) the maximum bending moment
end then bending moment diagram is a square w2
at centre would be .
parabola. 4

14. The bending moment diagram of a cantilever 18. The bending moment diagram for a simply
beam subjected to a moment at the free end is supported beam loaded at its centre is an
rectangle. isosceles triangle.
15. Number of contraflexure point in a simply 19. When shear force is parabolic curve between
supported and fixed beam subjected to UDL two points it indicates that there is uniformly
are zero and two respectively. distributed load between the two points.

20. A propped cantilever beam of span ‘l’ propped
16. The maximum bending moment is sometimes
called as modulus of rupture. at free end is subjected to UDL of w kN/m
over its entire length, then in bending moment
True False diagram the point of contraflexure occurs at a
3
17. Shear force diagram of a cantilever beam dfistance of from propped end.
carrying a point load at free end is a triangle. 4
True False
True False
ANSWER KEY
1. (True) 6. (True) 11. (True) 16. (False)
2. (False) 7. (False) 12. (False) 17. (False)
3. (False) 8. (True) 13. (False) 18. (True)
5. (True) 10. (True) 15. (True) 20. (True)

CIVIL ENGINEERING SHEAR FORCE AND BENDING MOMENT 19
PRACTICE SET-2
1. For the coplanar concurrent system of forces 3. A simply supported beam is loaded as shown in
as shown in the given figure, the system will be the given figure. The bending moment at E would
F 1 =10 kN be
2t 4t 2t 2 t-m
F2 = 20 kN 2 t-m
A C E D B
45°
1m 1m 1m 1m
F3
(a) 6 t-m (Sagging) (b) 4 t-m (Hogging)
(a) in equilibr ium if | F3| = 10 kN
(c) 6 t-m (Hogging) (d) 4 t-m (Sagging)
(b) in equilibrium if |F3| = 10 2 kN
4. Match List-I (Type of beam with loading) with
(c) in equilibrium if |F3| = 20 kN List -I I (Maximum bending moment value) and
(d) will not be in equilibrium whatever be the select the correct answer:
magnitude of F3 List-I
2. The bending moment diagram of the beam shown
in the figure is w
A.
2 kN
L
N w/m
L O B.
M
L
2m 1m 2m
w
2 kN-m
C.
(a) L
1.6 kN-m
L O w/m
M N
D. L
List-II
(b) 2.4 kN-m
wL2 wL2
L 1. 2.
6
O
M N 12
wL2 wL2
3. 4.
2 8
(c) 2.4 kN-m
Code:
L
M N
O
A B C D
2 kN-m (a) 4 3 2 1
2 kNm
(b) 1 3 2 4
(d)
1.4 kN-m (c) 2 3 1 4
L
M N O (d) 2 4 1 3

5. For the beam shown in the given figure, the Of these statements
maximum positive bending moment is equal to
(a) 1, 2 and 3 are correct
negative bending moment. The value of L1 is
w/m (b) 1 and 2 are correct
L1
(c) 2 and 3 are correct
L1 L
L (d) 1 and 3 are correct

L
(a) (b) 8. If forces P1, P2, P3 and P4 of a system are such
2 3
L that the force polygon does not close, then the
L
(c) (d) system will
2 2 2
6. (a) Be in equilibrium
2t (b) Reduce to a resultant force
A B
(c) Reduce to a couple
45º
(d) Not be in equilibrium
In a beam AB, support A is hinged and support
B is on rollers as shown above. The directions 9. The beam ABC shown in the given figure is
of the reactions at A and B will be as in horizontal. The distance to the point of
contraflexure from the fixed end ‘A’ is
2t
5 kN
(a) A B 1m
B C
RA 45º A
RB
0.75 m 8 kN
(a) 0.333 m (b) 0.666 m
2t
(b) B (c) 0.25 m (d) 0.75 m
RA
45º
10. The bending moment diagram of the beam shown
RB
in figure- I is
w/unit length
2t A D
(c) B C
B
L/2 L L/2
45º Fig. 1
RA
RB A B D
C
(a) 2
– wl
2
2t
(d)
B wl 2
8
45º A B C D
RA
(b) wl
2
RB
8
7. Consider the following statements:
A simply-supported beam is subjected to a couple A D
B C
somewhere in the span. It would produce
(c) 2
2 – wl
1. a rectangular SF diagram. – wl 8
4
2. parabolic BM diagrams.
A B C D
3. Both (+)ve and (–)ve BMs which are
(d)
– wl
2
maximum at the point of application of the 2
8 – wl
couple. 8

11. A beam ABC has simply supported span AB and

1 m 10 kN
overhanging span BC. The bending moment
D E
diagram for the beam is given in the following
2m
figure:
C B
WL/4 B
E C
A
D
4m
WL/4 WL/4 1m
L/4 L/2 L/4 L/2

A
The loading diagram for the beam would (a) 40 kNm (b) 20 kNm
correspond to
(c) 10 kNm (d) Zero
2W W W/2
14. A cantilever beam AB carries loadings as shown
A B in figure below. Which one of the following is
(a) D E C
the SFD for the beam?
L/4 L/2 L/4 L/2
2 kN
2W W W/2 4 kNm
A
1m C 1m B
A B
(b) D C RA
E
L/4 L/2 L/4 L/2 (a) 2 kN
2W W W/2
(b) 3 kN
A B 1 kN
(c) D E C
(c) 3 kN
L/4 L/2 L/4 L/2
3 kN
W 2W W/2 (d) 1 kN
3 kN
(d) A B
D E C
15. A uniform beam of span l carries a uniformly
L/4 L/2 L/4 L/2 distributed load w per unit length as shown in
12. A loaded beam PQRS is shown in the given figure. the figure given below. The supports are at a
distance of x from either end. What is the
12 kN W condition for the maximum bending moment in
Q R
P S the beam to be as small as possible?
w/unit length
2m 6m 2m
I is constant
x x
The magnitude of reaction at R will be zero if
l
the value of load ‘W’ is
(a) 2 kN (b) 2.5 kN (a) x = 0.107 l (b) x = 0.207 l
(c) 3 kN (d) 6 kN (c) x = 0.237 l (d) x = 0.25 l
13. What is the bending moment at A for the bent 16. The shear force diagram of a beam is shown in
column shown in the figure given? the figure

What is the value of W if the magnitudes of

bending moment at mid span and at support of
+ 800N + 1000N
A the beam are numerically equal ?
– D E – B C
800N (a) 20 kN (b) 40 kN
1200N
(c) 60 kN (d) 80 kN
[ESE 2009]
The total of the vertically downward loads on
the beam is 18. A simply supported beam is loaded as shown in
figure below. The bending moment at C is:
(a) 2600 N (b) 2000 N
4 kN
(c) 2400 N (d) 3800 N 4 kN-m 4 kN-m
17. A beam of uniform flexural rigidity supports a A C B
set of loads as shown in figure below.
10 kN W 10 kN 2m 2m
(a) 4 kN-m (Concave) (b) 4 kN-m (Convex)

R R (c) 8 kN-m (Concave) (d) 0 (Zero)
[ESE 2012]
2m 4m 2m
ANSWER KEY
1. (d) 6. (c) 11. (c) 16. (d)
2. (a) 7. (d) 12. (c) 17. (b)
3. (d) 8. (b,d) 13. (d) 18. (d)
4. (c) 9. (a) 14. (a)
5. (d) 10. (d) 15. (b)
SOLUTION
1. (d) Fy = 0
F 1 = 10 kN
Mz = 0
y
90°
x
45° F2 = 20 kN
F3 135° z
all forces are passing through one point M =
For equilibrium
0 satisfied.
Fx = 0
But from force equilibrium

F3 sin 45º – F1 = 0 2 WL 1
2
WL 1
F3 cos45º – F2 = 0 2 L 2
F1
F2
= tan 45º = 1 2
WL /8
Which is not possible as given F1  F2 for any B C

BMD
value of F3
As given,
Alternative
Max (–) ve BM = Max (+) ve BM
From sine rule 2
wL21 wL2 wL1
F1 F2 F3 = 
2 8 2
= =
sin135 sin135 sin 90
2wL21 wL2
 F1 = F2 But F1  F2 =
2 8
So for different value of F1 and F2 system will
not be in equilibrium. L L
L1 = 
8 2 2
2. (a)
6. (c)
2 kN
There is roller at support B so reaction at B, RB
will be perpendicular to support.
2m 1m 2m
L 0 R A and R B should be such that, their vertical
M N component should balance the external vertical
2 2 load, and horizontal components cancels out
RA = 2 × = 0.8 kN RB = × 3 = 1.2 kN
5 5 each other.
B.M. at L = RA × 0 = 0 7. (d)
B.M. at left of M = RA × 2 = 0.8 × 2 = 1.6 kNm M
B.M. at right of M = 1.6 + 2 = 3.6 kNm
M L M
B.M. at 0 = RB × 0 = 0
L L
3. (d)
2t 4t 2t M
2t-m 2t-m L SFD
A C E D B
M/2
RA RB BMD
Due to symmetry M/2
2 42 BM diagram is linear.

RA = RB = = 4t
2 Thus 1 & 3 are correct.
B.M at E = –2 + RA × 2 – 2 × 1 8. (b,d)
= –2 + 4 × 2 – 2 If force polygon is not closed then the system
= 4t-m (sagging) will not be in equilibrium.
5. (d) 9. (a)
B w/m C Let us assume point of contraflexure lies at a
A D distance x from end A.
L1 L L1
M(x) = 8(0.75 – x) – 5(1 – x)
Maximum negative BM will occur at support and
max positive BM will occur at the centre: At point of contraflexure moment is zero

 0 = 6 – 8x – 5 + 5x  wL 
0   
1 VCB =  4 W
x = = 0.333 m L /2 2
3
10. (d) 12. (c)
w/unit length Taking moment about Q

A B C
D  MQ = 0
L/2 L L/2 12 × 2 = W × 8 + RR × 6
As loading is udl, so SFD will be linear and BMD Given RR = 0
will be parabolic in shape.
12  2
 W =  3 kN
2wL 8
Due to symmetry RB = RC = = wL
2 13. (d)
2
wl l wl Bending moment at A,
BM at B =   Hogging
2 4 8
MA =force × lever arm = 10 × 0 = 0
Bending moment at mid point of BC
14. (a)
wx2 L
MBC =   RB  In part CB only moment is in action so SF in
2 2
part CB is zero so, only load 2 kN will cause
w(L)2 wL2 reaction support so SF = 2 kN
=   = 0
2 2 15. (b)
Hence option (d) is correct.
A B w/length
11. (c)
x (l – 2l) x
wL/4 E B C l
A D
wL/4 BMD
At support A and B maximum hogging moment
will be generated and at mid span of AB maximum
L/4 L/2 L/4 L/2 sagging moment will be generated (If and B are
not very close)
W for maximum moment to be as small as possible
SFD Hogging bending moment at A or B = Sagging
–W
bending moment at mid span of AB
W/2
2W w (l  2x)2 wx2
wx2
= 
2 8 2
loading
W W W/2 (l  2x)2
x2 =
dM 8
= V = Shear force
dx 8x = l –2x
wL 8x2 = l2 + 4x2 – 4xL
0
VAD = 4 W On Solving
L/4
wL wL l
  x =
4 4  W (2  8)
VDE =
L/2
= 0.207 l
VEB = 0

16. (d) Bending moment @ left support = 20 kN-m

For given SFD loading diagram can be drawn as (Hogging)
shown below. Bending moment at mid span from left
800 N 2000 N 1000 N
 w
D B = –10 × 4 +  10 +  × 2
 2
A E C
If both of them have to be equal then:
1600 N 2200 N
Total  Force = 3800 N  w

20 = –10 × 4 +  10 +  × 2
17. (b)  2
10 kN w 10 kN
w = 40 kN
2m 4m 2m
w w
10 kN + 10 kN +
2 2

PRACTICE SET-3
1. A cantilever of span ‘L’ has a load P acting at 5. The rate of change of shear force is equal to:
the free end. The bending moment at the free
(a) Bending moment
end will be:
(a) 0 (b) PL (b) Curvature
(c) –PL (d) PL/2 (c) Deflection

[SSC-2008] (d) Intensity of loading
2. Shear force at the mid-span point D in the [SSC-2005]
following beam is :
6. The slope of a bending moment diagram gives
A D B M _____.
C
L/2 L/2 L/2 (a) Shear force
2M (b) Couple
(a) Zero (b)
L (c) Tensile force
M 3M (d) Compressive force
(c) (d)
L L
[SSC-(2018) 23 Sep 2019-Evening]
[SSC-2013]
7. A cantilever beam of span l carries a uniformly
3. A uniformly distributed load w (in kN/m) is
acting over the entire length of a 3 m long varying load of zero intensity at the free end
cantilever beam, If the shear force at the mid– and ‘w’ per metre length at the fixed end. What
point of cantilever is 6 kN, what is the value of does the integration of the ordinate of the
w? load diagram between the limits of free and
fixed ends of the beam give?
(a) 2 (b) 3
(c) 4 (d) 5 (a) Bending moment at the fixed end.
[IES-2009] (b) Shear force at the fixed end

4. A lever is supported on two hinges at A and C. (c) Bending moment at the free end
It carries a force of 3 kN as shown in the
figure below. The bending moment at B will be (d) Shear force at the free end.
8. In a cantilever beam with u.d.l. the shear force
3 kN
varies following
1m C
B (a) Linear law (b) Parabolic law
A
(c) Both (a) and (b) (d) None of the above

1m 1m 1m
[SSC-2009]
(a) 3 kN–m (b) 2 kN–m 9. If the cantilever beam carries a uniformly
(c) 1 kN–m (d) Zero distributed load over its entire length, then
[IES-1998] shape of bending moment diagram is :

(a) Linear (a) 15 kN (b) 20 kN

(b) Quadratic parabola (c) 7.5 kN (d) Zero
(c) Cubic parabola [SSC-2007]
(d) Triangle 15. The maximum shear force in a simply supported
beam of span L, subjected to a central point, W
[SSC-2004]
is given by the following expression :
10. The shear diagram for a cantilever beam
subjected to concentrated load at the free end W
(a) (b) WL
is given by a/an: 2
(a) Triangle (b) Rectangle WL2 WL2

(c) (d)
2 4
(c) Parabola (d) Ellipse
[SSC-2014 (Evening)]
[SSC-2013]
16. In a simply supported beam of span, ‘L’ subjected
11. A simple supported beam is carrying distributed to Uniformly Distributed Load (UDL) of intensity
load of ‘Zero’ intensity over one support to W kN/m over its entire length the maximum
linearly varying nature of intensity ‘W’ over the bending is given by the expression:
other support. The shape of BMD will be:
wL2 wL
(a) Linear (b) Parabolic (a) (b)
8 2
(c) Cubical parabolic (d) Zero
wL2
[SSC-2013] (c) (d) wL
2
12. For a Cantilever beam of a length L subjected [SSC-2014 (Morning)]
to a moment M at its free end, the shape of
17. The point of contraflexure is a point where:
shear force diagram is:
(a) Shear force is maximum
(a) Rectangular with a constant value of
(M/L) (b) Bending moment is maximum
(b) Parabolic (c) Shear force change sign
(c) No shear force at any part of beam (d) Bending moment change sign
(d) Linearly varying with zero at free end and [SSC-2012]

maximum at the support 18. The shear force at the point of contraflexure
[SSC-(2018) 25 Sep 2019-Morning] in the following beam is :
M
13.
A B
a b
0.55 2kN-m
L=a+b
L
2.0m
M M
For the above cantilever beam, the absolute (a) (b)
b L
value of shear force at A is :
M
(a) 1.0 kN (b) 4.0 kN (c) 0 (d)
a
(c) 0 kN (d) 2.0 kN
[SSC-2012]
[SSC-2011]
19. A simply supported beam carries a varying load
14. Simply supported beam having a span of 3 m from zero to one end and ‘w’ at the other end.
and carrying a uniformly distributed load of 10 If the length of the beam is ‘a’, the maximum
kN/m has a shear force, at mid-span of: bending moment will be :

equals the sagging moment at its centre, the

wa wa2
A. B. distance of the points of suspension from either
27 27
end is
w2 a wa2 (a) 0.107 L (b) 0.207 L

C. D.
27 9 3 (c) 0.307 L (d) 0.407 L
(a) A only (b) B only [SSC-(2017) 23 Jan 2018-Evening]
(c) C only (d) D only 22. For the beam having a uniformly distributed
[SSC-(2017) 22 Jan 2018-Evening] load of w per unit length as shown in the given
figure, the maximum positive bending moment
20. A hori zontal beam c arrying uni form ly is equal to the maximum negative bending
distributed load is supported with equal moment. The ratio of L1 to L for this condition
overhangs is shown in the figure below. The is:
resultant bending moment at the mid-span will
udl = w/m
be zero if (a/b) is:
L1 L L1
a b a
1
(a) (b) 2
(a) 0.75 (b) 0.66 2
(c) 0.5 (d) 0.33 1 1

(c) (d)
[SSC-(2017) 03 Mar 2017-Morning] 2 2 2
21. To ensure that the hogging bending moment at
two points of suspension of a pile of length L
ANSWER KEY
1. (a) 7. (b) 13. (c) 19. (d)
2. (c) 8. (a) 14. (d) 20. (c)
3. (c) 9. (b) 15. (a) 21. (b)
4. (c) 10. (b) 16. (a) 22. (d)
5. (d) 11. (c) 17. (d)
6. (a) 12. (c) 18. (b)

SOLUTION
1. (a) A 3 kN B C
P
A B 3 kN-m
L x RA
RC
P
(+)
B
M A
= 0
A
SFD  3+RA × 0 – Rc × 3 = 0
Px
B  Rc = 1 kN
(–)
PL BMD Bending moment at B, MB = Rc × 1
At free end, B, Bending Moment = 0 = 1 × 1 = 1 kN–m
At fixed end A, Bending Moment = – PL 5. (d)
2. (c)
dV
w=  Rate of change of shear force at
A D B dx
M
L/2 L/2 L/2 C point is equal to load intensity at that point.
D M M
A B dM
M V=  Rate of change of bending moment
C dx
B at any point is equal to shear force at that
point.
M
M M d2 y M 1
L L 2
  K
dx EI R
M M
(+) L SFD
L Here, R = Radius of curvature
A B
D
K = Curvature
M
SFD = M = Bending Moment.
L
3. (c) 6. (a)
W (kN/m)
Slope of bending moment diagram gives shear
force.
A
L = 3m dM
= V
Shear force at the mid point dx
WL Slope of shear force diagram give load intensity.
= 6 kN
2 dV
W 3 = q
= 6 dx
2 7. (b)
W = 4 kN/m
4. (c)
3 kN
1m C
B
A l
dV
= wx
1m 1m 1m dx

Note:
 V = w x
dx
w/unit length
l
 Vfixed – Vfree =  w dx
0
x
x
M
Vfree = 0 1
SFD wL
l 2
 Vfixed =  wxdx BMD
SFD
(+) 2°curve
0
1 wx2
Hence, the integration of loading diagram
2 L
between the limits of free and fixed end gives M M BMD
shear force at fixed end. (–) 3°curve
2
wL w x3
8. (a)
6 6 L
w
Cubic parabola
P
x
Rate of change of shear force at any point is

equal to the load intensity at that point.
SFD P
(+)
dV
 w =
dx BMD
x V
  wdx
0
= V
0
PL (–)
Straight line
 wx =V 10. (b)
 P
Shear force varies linearly.
w
L
wL SFD P
(+)
SFD (+)
BMD
BMD
(–) (–)
wL2 2°curve
2 {Quadratic
PL Straight line
parabola shape}
11. (c)
9. (b)
Quadratic parabola A B
w
L/ 3
L w0  2°Curve
WL
6
(+)
SFD (+) SFD
(–)
BMD 3°Curve w0 
(cubic 3
(–) 2°curve parabola)
wL2
{Quadratic w 0 2
2 (+)
parabola shape} BMD 9 3

wkN/m 13. (c)

w’
x A B
2kN-m
A B
wl 2kNm
L 3
Bending moment is constant over entire length.
At distance x from A, 2 2
(+) BMD
Wx A B
w =
L
A B SFD
wx wLx 1 wx x2
B.M = = – ×
L 6 2 L 3 dM
V = =0
w x  3 dx
=  Lx –  14. (d)
6 L 
10kN/m
This is a equation of cubic parabola.
Note: SFD and BMD for other loading condition
P 15kN 3m
15kN
A B 1.5m
15
P/2 (+)
+
SFD (–) –15
–
P/2 SFD
PL
At mid-span,
4
Shear force = 15 – (10 × 1.5) = 0 kN
BMD (+) 15. (a)
W
M per unit length
W
L/2 L/2
W W
2
2
M M W
+
SFD 2
W
WL (+) SFD – –
(–) SFD 2
2
(–) M M
2°Curve WL W
 Max-shear force =
W l 2 (parabola) 2 2
8 16. (a)
BMD (+)
BMD w kN/m
Line BMD
Wl 2 wl2
12. (c) Mmax =
8 8
(+)
BMD
L
P
M
M
PL
Mmax =
Here, no reaction will generate BMD 4
PL
So, shear force at any part is zero. 4

w kN/m Point ‘O’ is the point of contraflexure S.F at O

M
L =
wl 2
wL2 L
BMD
24 Mmax = 19. (d)
+ 12
– – w
wL2 wL2
12 12
A B
P
a
PL RA RB
8 PL
BMD Mmax =
+ 8 Step 1 : Find Reaction
– –
From F y
0,
PL PL
8 8 1
RA + RB = wa
17. (d) 2
The point of contraflexure is a point where 1

[ Area of loading diagram = Wa ]
Bending moment is zero and its sign changes. 2
For example: From M A
0
w
1 2
× wa × a – RB × a = 0
L1 L L1 2 3
wL
wL1 wa wa
2 RB = , RA =
(+) (+) 3 6
SFD
(–) (–) Bending moment at any section is given by
–wL1 wL
– 1 w  x
2 Mx = RAx –  × x  × x ×
2 a  3
(+)
(–) A B (–) BMD wa w 3
= x– x
6 6a
Points A & B are contraflexure points. For maximum bending moment
18. (b) Mx
= 0
M x
A B Mx wa w
0 = – × 3x2 = 0
a b x 6 6a
Reaction
L a
x= (Remember)
M M 3
L L
SFD M a
(+) At x = , maximum bending moment will occur
L 3
Ma
L wa a wa3
BMD (+) 0 Mmax = × –
6 3 6a × 3 3
(–)
Mb wa2
L Mmax = (Remember)
9 3

Note: b2
 –a2 + = 0
Shear force diagram: 4
wa b
C  a= (Remember)
6 (+) 2
21. (b)
a 3 (–)
wa
 L
3
a
a
Bending Moment diagram:
Cubic curve +
C BMD
– +
wa2
(+) To ensure the hogging bending moment at two
9 3
points of suspension of a pile of length equals
the sagging moment at its centre,
a 3
20. (c) L – 2a
a =
2 2
w
B C D
 L 
A E  a =  
a b a 2+2 2 
 b  b = 0.207 L
wa   w a  
 2  2
22. (d)
wb
2 w/m
wa
+
D + L1 L L1
A E SFD
– B C
– To ensure the hogging bending moment at two
wa wb points of suspension is equal to sagging bending
2 moment.
A
B C D E
BMD
 L  2L   2L
1 1
So, L1 =
2 2
L
=
2 2
wa 2 wa 2
2 2 L1 1
 =
L 2 2
MC – MA = Area under SFD between A & C
1 1  wb  b
0 – 0 = – 2 (wa)  a + 2  2  2
 

PROPERTIES OF MATERIAL &
AXIAL STRESSES
PRACTICE SET-1
1. Normal stresses act perpendicular to the 7. Stress tensor is a symmetric matrix and
surface where as shear stresses at tangential symmetry of stress tensor is an account of
to the surface. force equilibrium.
8. magnitude of any number is 1st order tensor

2. Bending moment causes normal stresses only
and direction vector is 3rd order tensor.
where as torsional moment causes shear
stresses only. True False
True False 9. Stress is not a vector quantity.
True False
3. Under general loading condition at any section
there are 6 internal forces but out of them 10. Stress is a fundamental quantity and strain is
the different types are 4. derived concept.
11. In a simple tension test Hooke’s law is valid

4. Shear stresses on opposite faces are equal but
upto the elastic limit.
opposite in direction and this follows force
equilibrium. True False
True False 12. The failure of mild steel specimen is on the

plane subjected to maximum shear stress as
5. Shear stress on adjacent faces are equal & same mild steel is relatively weak in shear.
in direction, this follows moment equilibrium.
True False
True False 13. In a tension test on cast iron specimen, the
6. Under general loading condition at any point failure of the specimen is on the cross section
there is 6 different stresses component. perpendicular to the axis of specimen.

CIVIL ENGINEERING PROPERTIES OF MATERIAL & AXIAL STRESSES 35
14. Brittle material like cast iron fractures at very 22. Creep effect due to loading reduces with
small strain and the fracture strain is elastic in increase in temperature and increase in stress
nature. level.
15. The tensile strength of brittle material is 23. Resilience is the maximum strain energy that a
generally more than that of compressive material can strore before failure.
strength.
True False
True False
24. Toughness is the ability to absorb mechanical
True False energy upto fracture, it is desirable property
against impact loading.
16. In a tension test on a mild steel specimen the
failure of the specimen is along a plane at 45° True False
to the cross section.
25. Hardness is the ability of material to resist
True False gradual crushing load.
17. Brittleness and ductility of materials are not True False

absolute properties of material that depends
26. The property of material which permits a
on rate of loading, temperature stress condition.
material to drawn out longitudinally to a reduce
True False section is called malleability.
18. The correct sequence in which salient points in True False

a stress-strain curve of mild steel bar occurs
is: 27. Limit of proprotionality depends upon type of
loadings type of material, and cross sectional
Proportionality limit  yield point  yield area of member.
plateau  ultimate point  breaking point.
True False
True False
28. In general the true stress-strain curve is above
19. Malleability is the property due to which and right when compared with the conventional
material can be spread in different directions stress-strain curve.
due to compressive loading.
True False
True False
29. Modulus of elasticity of steel is 2.0 × 105 kg/
20. Material which is malleable is also ductile but
cm2.
reverse mass not be true.
True False
True False
21. Creep strain is a plastic strain that is not 100% 30. At yield point of a test piece the material
recoverable. regains its original shape on removal of load.

31. The area under stress strain curve represent 40. Elongation due to self weight in a bar of
toughness of material. consta nt c ross section throughout is
independent of the shape & size of the cross
True False section.
32. Rubber is an example of brittle material.

True False
True False 41. Principle of superposition is valid which effect

of temperature change & support settlement
33. Tensile test performed on universal testing
are not considered.
machine (UTM) actually measures load and
elongation. True False
True False 42. Poisson’s ratio is the ratio of longitudinal stress

to lateral strain.
34. A universal testing machine can be used to
perform tensile, compression and shear test on True False
steel.
43. Bulk modulus is the ratio of volumetric stress
True False to volumetric strain.
35. A bar of uniform cross section ‘A’ and length ‘L’ True False
free to expand from both end is heated to a
t emperat ur e T : The thermal stresses induced 44. For most of engineering materials poisson’s ratio
varies between 0 to 0.5.
in bar is ‘ ET ’.
True False
True False
45. Generally in anisotropic material normal strains
36. Fatigue failure is the formation and propagation are dependent on shear stresses also.
of cracks due to a repeatitive or cyclic load.
True False
True False
46. Bulk modulus of engineering material varies
37. Endurance limit is defined as the stress range
below which there is no crack growth and E
between to .
material shows an infinite life against cyclic 3
loading.
True False
True False
47. Elastic constant matrix is always a square
38. The principle of superposition is valid only when symmetric matrix.
loading on material is with elastic limit.
True False
True False
48. Number of independent elastic constant in the
39. Endurance limit for ferrous material is elastic constant matrix in anisotropic material
approximately equal to half of ultimate stress. is 9.

49. An orthotropic m ateri al has d ifferent 55. Rate of loading has no influence on changing
properties in 3 perpendicular directions. the behaviour of a metal from ductile to brittle
at low temperature.
True False
True False
50. The ratio of stress induced due to sudden 56. Tensile stresses results in tensile strains in
applied axial loading to stress induced due to linear and lateral directions.
gradually applied axial load is 2.5.
True False
True False 57. As per venants principle stress in the immediate
vicinity of load application is not constant
51. A cast iron specimen under tension has cup and
throughout the section.
cone fracture at failure.
True False
True False 58. During strain hardening material undergoes
change in atomic & crystaline structures and
52. The poisson’ s ra tio for a perfectly material shows increased resistance to further
incompressible elastic material is 0. deformation.
59. If stiffness of a material increases its ductility

53. If the material has identical properties in all
also increases.
the direction, it is said to be homogeneous.
True False
True False
60. In a composite bar, the load distribution among
54. Under hydrostatic loading a material may change different materials of which it is made is based
into ductile one. on the assumption that all materials will have
equal stress.
True False
True False

ANSWER KEY
5. (True) 20. (False) 35. (False) 50. (False)
6. (False) 21. (True) 36. (True) 51. (False)
7. (False) 22. (False) 37. (True) 52. (False)
8. (False) 23. (False) 38. (False) 53. (False)
12. (True) 27. (False) 42. (False) 57. (True)
14. (True) 29. (False) 44. (True) 59. (False)

PRACTICE SET-2
1. Given that for an element in a body of

(c)
homogeneous isotropic material subjected to
plane stress;  x ,  y and z are normal strains in (d)
x, y, z directions respectively and  is the
Poisson’s ratio, the magnitude of unit volume 5. If E = 2.06 × 105 N/mm2, an axial pull of 60 kN
change of the element is given by suddenly applied to a steel rod 50 mm in
diameter and 4 m long, causes an instantaneous
(a)  x   y  z (b)  x   (  y  z ) elongation of the order of
(c)  (x   y  z ) (d) 1/εx  1/εy  1/εz (a) 1.19 mm (b) 2.19 mm
(c) 3.19 mm (d) 11.9 mm
2. The stress-strain curve for an ideally plastic
material is 6. The lists given below refer to a bar of length
L, cross sectional area A, Young’s modulus E,
Poisson’s ratio  and subjected to axial stress
Stress
Stress
(a) (b) ‘p’. Match List-I with List-II and select the
correct answer using the codes given below the
Strain Strain lists:
List-I
Stress
Stress
(c) (d) A. Volumetric strain
Strain
B. Strain energy per unit volume
Strain
3. Two bars one of material A and the other of C. Ratio of Young’s modulus to bulk modulus
material B of same length are tightly secured D. Ratio of Young’s modulus to modulus of
between two unyielding walls. Coefficient of rigidity
thermal expansion of bar A is more than that List-II
of B. When temperature rises the stresses
1. 2(1 +  ) 2. 3(1 – 2  )
induced are
p p2
(a) tension in both materials 3. (1  2) 4.
E 2E
(b) tension in material A and compression in 5. 2(1 –  )
material B
Codes:
(c) compression in material A and tension in
A B C D
material B
(a) 3 4 2 1
(d) compression in both materials
(b) 5 4 1 2
4. When a mild-steel specimen fails in a torsion-
(c) 5 4 2 1
test, the fracture looks like
(d) 2 3 1 5
(a)
7. If ‘A’ be the area of cross-section of a bar, the
gauge length for the measurement of ductility
(b)
will be

(a) 5.65 × A1/2 (b) 5.65 × A (a) RA = – 10 kN and RC = – 15 kN

(c) 6.56 × A1/2 (d) 6.56 × A (b) RA = 10 kN and RC = – 35 kN
8. For a linear, elastic, isotropic material, the (c) RA = –15 kN and RC = – 10 kN
number of independent constant is
(d) RA = 15 kN and RC = – 40 kN
(a) 1 (b) 2
13. A steel rod, 2 m in length, 40 mm in diameter,
(c) 3 (d) 4
is subjected to a pull of 70 kN as shown in the
9. The bulk modulus of elasticity of a material is
figure
twice its modulus of rigidity. The Poisson’s ratio
of the material is 70 kN 70 kN
(a) 1/7 (b) 2/7 2m
(c) 3/7 (d) 4/7 To what length should the bar be bored centrally
from one end so that total extension will increase
10. A brass bar of solid section is encased in a
by 20% under the same force (the bore diameter
steel tube shown in figure. The coefficient of
is 25 mm and E is 2 × 105 N/mm2)?
expansion of steel is 11.2 × 10–6 per °C and the
coefficient of expansion of brass is 16.5 × 10– (a) 0.46 m (b) 0.55 m
6 per°C. The composite bar is heated through
(c) 0.87 m (d) 0.62 m
60°C. Now consider the following statements :
14. What is the ratio of the strain energy in bar X
to that in bar Y when the material of the two
bars is the same? The cross-sectional areas are
as indicated over the indicated lengths.
l
1. The stress in the brass will be tensile A
l/2 A
2. The stress in the steel will be tensile
3. The stress in the steel will be compressive A/2
Bar X
4. The stress in the brass will be compressive l/2
Bar Y
Which of the statements given above are
correct?
P
(a) 1 and 2 (b) 1 and 3 P
(c) 2 and 4 (d) 2 and 3 (a) 1/3 (b) 2/3

11. If modulus of elasticity of a material is 189.8 (c) 4/3 (d) 1/6
GN/m2 and its Poissons ratio is 0.30, what is
15. For an elastic material, Poisson’s ratio is µ,
the approximate value of shear modulus of the
Modulus of Elasticity is E, Modulus of Rigidity
material?
is C and Bulk Modulus is K. µ is expressible in
(a) 73 GN/m2 (b) 93.3 GN/m2
terms of K and C as
(c) 103.9 GN/m2 (d) 123.3 GN/m2
6K  2C 6K  2C
12. A prismatic bar ABC is subjected to an axial (a) (b)
3K  2C 3K  2C
load of 25 kN; the reactions RA and RC will be
C 3K  2C 3K  2C
A B (c) (d)
6K  2C 6K  2C
+ 25 kN
16. The principal stresses at a point in a stressed
RA RC material are
2L 3L

1  200 N / mm2 , 2  150 N / mm2 , 21. A bar of uniform rectangular section of area A
is subjected to an axial tensile load P; its Young’s
and 3  200 N / mm2 . E = 210 kN/mm2 1
modulus is E and its Poisson’s ratio is . Its
m
and   0.3 . The volumetric strain will be
volumetric strain, v is
(a) 8.954 × 10–4 (b) 8.954 × 10–2
P  3 P  2
(c) 6.54 × 10–3 (d) 6.54 × 10–4 1  1 
AE  AE 
(a) (b)
m m
17. What is the stress at the section x – x for the
bar ABCD with uniform cross-section 1000 mm2? P  2 P  1 
1  1
AE  AE  
(c) (d)
m 2m 
22. If a member is subjected to tensile stress of
60 kN 20 kN 30 kN 110 kN
x , compressive stress of y and tensile stress
of z along the x, y and z directions
(a) 20 N/mm² (Tensile)
respectively, then the resultant strain ‘ex’ along
(b) 30 N/mm² (Compressive) the ‘x’ direction would be (E is Young’s modulus
of elasticity,  is Poisson’s ratio)
(c) 80 N/mm² (Tensile)
(a) 1 / E ( x   y  z )
(d) 50 N/mm² (Compressive)
18. The total elongation of the structural element (b) 1 / E ( x   y  z )
(fixed at one end, free at the other end, and of (c) 1 / E ( x   y  z )
varying cross-section) as shown in the figure,
(d) 1 / E ( x  y  z )
when subjected to load 2P at the free end is
l l l 23. A bar of uniform section is subjected to axial
tensile loads such that the normal strain in the
axial direction is 1.25 mm per m. If the Poisson’s
A 3A A/2 2P
ratio of the material of the bar is 0.3, the
volumetric strain would be
Pl Pl (a) 2 × 10–4 (b) 3 × 10–4

(a) 6.66 (b) 5.55
AE AE (c) 4 × 10–4 (d) 5 × 10–4
Pl Pl 24. A square plate (a × a) rigidly held at three edges
(c) 4.44 (d) 3.33
AE AE is free to move along the fourth edge. If
19. For material, the modulus of rigidity is 100 GPa tem pera ture of the pl ate is ra ised by
and the modulus of elasticity is 250 GPa. The temperature ‘t’, then the free expansion at the
value of the Poisson’s ratio is fourth edge will be (coefficient of thermal
expansion of the material =  , modulus of
(a) 0.20 (b) 0.25
elasticity of the material = E and its Poisson
(c) 0.30 (d) 0.35
ratio =  )
20. When a round bar material with diameter of
(a) a  t (b) a  t(1  )
37.5mm, length of 2.4 m, Young’s modulus of
110 GN/m2 and shear modulus of 42 GN/m2 is  t 
(c) at    (d) a  t 1   
stretched for 2.5 mm, its bulk modulus will be  E 
nearly 25. A member having length L, cross-sectional areas
(a) 104 GN/m2 (b) 96 GN/m2 A and modulus of elasticity E is subjected to an
axial load W. The strain energy stored in this
(c) 84 GN/m2 (d) 76 GN/m2 member is

(a) WL2 / AE (b) (a) 0.25 (b) 0.28

WL2 / 2AE
(c) 0.33 (d) 0.37
(c) W2 L / 2AE (d) W2L / AE
27. What is the nature of stress in a ceiling fan
26. A bar of 40 mm diameter and 400 mm length is rod?
subjected to an axial load of 100 kN. It
elongates by 0.150 mm and that the diameter (a) Bending (b) Tensile
decreases by 0.005 mm. What is the Poisson’s (c) Compressive (d) Shear
ratio of the material of the bar?
ANSWER KEY
1. (a) 8. (b) 15. (c) 22. (a)
2. (c) 9. (b) 16. (*) 23. (d)
3. (d) 10. (c) 17. (c) 24. (b)
4. (a) 11. (a) 18. (a) 25. (c)
5. (a) 12. (c) 19. (b) 26. (c)
6. (a) 13. (d) 20. (b) 27. (b)
7. (a) 14. (b) 21. (c)
SOLUTION
3. (d) 2AL 2AL PL

= P.L  
As the temperature rises, both the bars will 2E 2E E
have tendency to expand but they are fixed
between two unyielding walls so they will not be 2P
  =
allowed to expand. Hence in both the bars A
compressive stress will develop.
 2PL
4. (a)  L = L 
E AE
In ductile material failure is due to shear which
in case of torsion occurs at 90° to the axis. 2  60  103  4000
=  1.19 mm

5. (a)  502  2.06  105
4
2AL
Energy stored in body = Instantaneous elongation is double that under
2E
Load is applied suddenly static loading.
9. (b)
P 3k – 2G 3 × 2G – 2G 2
 = = =
6k + 2G 6 × 2G + 2G 7


12. (c) 2Pl 2Pl 2Pl 2Pl 2Pl 4Pl

=   =  
–25 × 3 AE 3AE AE AE 3AE AE
RA = = –15 kN 2
5
6PL 2Pl Pl
–25 × 2 =  = 6.66
RB = = –10 kN AE 3 AE AE
5
20. (b)
16. (*)
E = 110 GN/m2
1 – 2 G = 42 GN/m2
x = × (1 + 2 + 3 )
E
E
 G =
1 – 2 × 0.3
× (200 + 150 + 200) 2 1   
= 5
2.1 × 10
110
 42 =
= 1.047 × 10–3 2 1   
17. (c)  = 0.309

A B x C D
60 kN 20 kN 30 kN
Hence,
110 kN
x E
Bulk modulus (K) =
60 kN 80 kN
x
110 kN 110 kN
C D 3 1   
60 kN 110 kN
20 kN 30 kN
x 110
 k =
x 3 1  2  0.309 
80 kN 80 kN
(Tensile force)
 k = 96.25 GN/m2
x
21. (c)
P
 = A
A
P P
80kN
= (uniform cross section) 1
1000mm2 E,  
m
80  103 N (x   y  z )(1  2µ)
=
1000mm2 Volumetric strain (eV) =
E
= 80 N/mm 2 (tensile)
P
x =
18. (a) A
l l l y = 0
z = 0
A 3A A/2 2P P  2
 v = 1  
AE  m
24. (b)
2P 2P 2P 2P 2P a
A 3A
2P
l l y
l a
1 2 3
Total = 1  2  3 x

Free expansion in x-direction = Lt Note: Where  y is calculated as

Plate is rigidly fixed in y-direction due to y
temperature rise plate will try to expand by an
amount  at, but due to fixed support expansion
is not allowed we can think in a way that plate .
has expanded by an amount a  t due to
temperature and due to support it has been y
contracted by same amount a  t.
Net elongation in y direction = 0.
So, expansion in x-direction due to contraction
in y-direction y × a
a  t =
= a t E
 y = E  t
 Total expansion in x-direction = a  t +  a  t
= a  t(1 +  ) 25. (c)
Alternatively: 1
Strain energy stored = load × Deformation
Total elongation in x-direction = Elongation due 2
to stress in y-direction + Elongation due to 1 WL W 2L
temperature = W =
2 AE 2AE
 l = at   x .a 26. (c)
  y    Lateral strain
= at   x        z  a Poisson’s ratio = 
Longitudinal strain
 E  E   E  
   0.005 
 E t   
= at  0       0 a  40 
  E   =   0.33
 0.15 
= at  at = at  (1  )  
 400 

PRACTICE SET-3
1. Shear stress is ______ stress. 7. Which of the following materials is expected

to have the least value of Young’s modulus of
(a) Bending (b) Tangential
elasticity?
(c) Normal (d) Proof
(a) Wood (b) Copper
[SSC-(2018) 23 Sep 2019-Evening]
(c) Glass (d) Aluminium
2. The forces acting normally on the cross section
of a bar shown in the figure below introduce
8. At yield point of a test place, the material
_____.
(a) Compressive stress (b) Tensile stress
(a) Obey Hooke’s law
(c) Shear stress (d) None of these
(b) Behaves in an elastic manner
(c) Regains its original shape on removal of
3. Which of the following is a dimensionless the load
quantity?
(d) Undergoes plastic deformation
(a) Shear force
(b) Stress
9. In a tensile test, when the material is stressed
(c) Strain beyond elastic limit, the tensile strain ____ as
(d) Modulus of elasticity compared to the stress.
[SSC-2014-Morning] (a) Decreases slowly
4. The ratio between stress and strain is called as (b) Increases slowly
(a) Modulus of elasticity (c) Decreases more quickly
(b) Modulus of rigidity (d) Increases more quickly
(c) Bulk modulus [SSC-(2016) 03 Mar 2017-Morning]
(d) None of the above 10. With a percentage increase of carbon in steel
decreases its _________.
[SSC-2009]
(a) Strength (b) Hardness
5. The modulus of elasticity of steel is :
(c) Brittleness (d) Ductility
(a) 2 × 104 MPa (b) 1.2 × 105 MPa
(c) 2 × 105 MPa (d) 2 × 10 MPa
11. In compression test, the fracture in cast iron
[SSC-2011]
specimen would
6. Identify the erroneous statement, mild steel:
(a) Occur along the axis of load
(a) Has two yield points.
(b) Occur along an oblique plane
(b) Is a ductile material.
(c) Occur at right angles to the axis of
(c) Has small percent elongation at failure. specimen
(d) Shows strain hardening. (d) Not occur
[SSC-2011] [SSC-(2016) 03 Mar 2017-Morning]

12. A material is said to be perfectly elastic 19. Ductility of which of the following is the
(a) It regains its original shape on removal of maximum?
the load (a) Mild steel (b) Cast iron
(b) It regains its original shape partially on (c) Wrought iron (d) Pig iron
removal of the load
[SSC-2010]
(c) It does not regain its original shape at all
20. The property of a material by which it can be
(d) None of these beaten or rolled into plates, is called :
[SSC-(2016) 04 Mar 2017-Morning] (a) Malleability (b) Ductility
13. The modulus of elasticity of steel is more than (c) Plasticity (d) Elasticity
of concrete. It indicates that steel is:
[SSC-2014-Evening]
(a) Less elastic (b) More elastic
21. The ability of a material to absorb strain energy
(c) More plastic (d) Less plastic till the elastic limit is known as :
[SSC-2011] (a) Resilience (b) Ductility
14. Out of the following, which is least elastic? (c) Elasticity (d) Malleability
(a) Silver (b) Rubber [SSC-2012]
(c) Iron (d) Copper 22. Creep of a material is
[SSC-2012] (a) Not being ductile
15. The property of a material by which it gets
(b) to become brittle
permanent deformation under a load which is
not recovered after removal of load is called: (c) Disappearance of deformation on removal
of load
(a) Elasticity (b) Brittleness
(d) Continued deformation with time under
(c) Ductility (d) Plasticity
sustained loading.
[SSC-2014-Morning]
[SSC-2015]
16. The property of a material by which it can be
23. Consider the following factors :
drawn into smaller section by application of
tension is called A. Large number of loading cycles
(a) Plasticity (b) Ductility B. Large variations in stress
(c) Elasticity (d) Malleability C. Large stress concentrations
[SSC-2007] Those associated with fatigue failure would
17. A material is called ductile if it: include ______.
(a) Has little plastic elongation range. (a) A and B (b) A and C
(b) Has long plastic elongation range. (c) B and C (d) A, B and C
(c) Could be hammered into a very thin sheet. [SSC-(2016) 01 Mar 2017-Evening]
(d) Shows large elastic strain. 24. The area under stress strain curve represents
_____.
[SSC-2011 CWC]
(a) Breaking strength of material
18. Which of the following is a relatively ductile
material? (b) Toughness of material
(a) High carbon steel (b) Bronze (c) Hardness of material
(c) Mild steel (d) Cast iron (d) Energy required to cause failure
[SSC-2015] [SSC-(2016) 02 Mar 2017-Morning]

25. In Brinell hardness test, the type of indentor (a) A only (b) B only
used is
(c) C only (d) None of these
(a) Hard steel ball (b) Diamond cone
(c) Mild steel ball (d) Hard steel cone
31. If all the dimensions of a prismatic bar are
[SSC-2015] double, the maximum stress produced in it under
26. The specimen in a Charpy impact test is its weight will
supported as a : (a) Decrease
(a) Cantilever beam (b) Increase to two times
(b) Simply supported beam
(c) Increase to three times
(c) Fixed beam
(d) None of these
(d) Continuous beam
[SSC-2004]
32. For the validity of principle of super position,
27. Hooke’s law is valid up to : materials should behave in which manner.
(a) Limit of proportionality (a) Linear elastic (b) Nonlinear elastic
(b) Ultimate point (c) Nonlinear inelastic (d) Linear-inelastic
(c) Elastic limit [SSC-(2017) 25 Jan 2018-Morning]
(d) Yield point
33. A steel rod of sectional area 25 sq. mm connects
[SSC-2012] two parallel walls 5 m apart. The nuts at the
28. A load of 1960 N is raised at the end of a steel ends were tightened when the rod was heated
wire. The minimum diameter of the wire so that at 100°C. If  steel  0.000012C , Esteel = 0.2
stress in the wire does not exceed 100 N/mm2 MN/mm2. The tensile force developed at a
is _____ temperature of 50°C is _______
(a) 4.0 mm (b) 4.5 mm (a) 80 N/mm2 (b) 120 N/mm2
(c) 5.0 mm (d) 5.5 mm (c) 130 N/mm2 (d) 150 N/mm2
[SSC-(2016) 04 Mar 2017-Morning] [SSC-(2016) 02 Mar 2017-Evening]
29. A 1-m-long steel rod with a cross-section of 20 34. Ab and Ac are the cross sections of bronze and
mm × 20 mm is subjected to tensile forces of copper bars of equal length. b , c are their
40 kN. Determine the elongation of the rod if respective stresses due to load P. If Pb and Pc
the modulus of elasticity is 200 GPa.
are the loads shared by them, then _____.
(a) 50 mm (b) 0.5 mm b Eb
(a) =
(c) 5 mm (d) 0.005 mm c Ec
[SSC-(2018) 23 Sep 2019-Morning] (b) P = Pb + Pc
30. Two bars of different materials are of the same
(c) P = Ab b  Ac b
size and are subjected to same tensile forces.
If the bars have unit elongations in the ratio (d) All options are correct
of 4:7, then the ratio of modulus of elasticity
of the two material is
35. In a concrete column 200 × 200 mm in cross-
A. 4:7 B. 4:10
section is reinforced with four steel bars of
C. 16:49 1200 mm2 total cross-sectional area. What is

the safe load for the column if permissible  1  1

(a) E = 2N  1   (b) E = 2N  1  
stress in concrete is 5 N/mm2 and En = 15 Ec?  m  m
(a) 264 MN (b) 274 MN 2N 1
(c) E= (d) E=
(c) 284 MN (d) 294 MN  1  1
1   2N  1  
 m   m 
[SSC-2008]
36. A composite beam is composed of two equal
strips one of brass and other of steel. If the 42. The relation between bulk modulus (K) and
temperature is raised. Young’s modulus (E) and Poisson’s ratio (1/m) is
given by:
(a) Steel experiences tensile forces
(a) K = mE/[3(m – 2)] (b) K = mE/(3m)
(b) Brass experiences compressive forces
(c) K = E/[3(m – 2)] (d) K = mE/3
(c) Composite beam gets subjected to a couple
(d) All of these
43. Match List-1 with List-2
[SSC-(2017) 25 Jan 2018-Morning] List-1
37. Poisson’s ratio µ is defined as the ratio of : 1. Young’s Modulus 2. Poisson’s ratio
(a) Axial strain to transverse strain 3. Bulk Modulus 4. Rigidity Modulus
(b) Axial strain to shear strain List-2
(c) Transverse strain to axial strain A. Lateral strain to linear strain within elastic
unit
(d) Shear strain to axial strain
B. Stress/strain within elastic limit
[SSC-2013]
C. Shear stress to shear strain within elastic
38. Limiting values of Poisson’s ratio are :
limit
(a) –1 and 0.5 (b) –1 and –0.5
D. Direct stress to corresponding volumetric
(c) 1 and –0.5 (d) 0 and 0.5 strain
[SSC-2004] (a) 1-B, 2-A, 3-D, 4-C
39. Which material has the highest value of (b) 1-C, 2-A, 3-D, 4-B
poisson’s ratio? (c) 1-C, 2-D, 3-A, 4-B
(a) Rubber (b) Wood (d) 1-B, 2-D, 3-A, 4-C
(c) Copper (d) Steel [SSC-(2016) 02 Mar 2017-Morning]
[SSC-(2016) 03 Mar 2017-Evening] 44. The ratio of young’s modulus to modulus of

rigidity for a material having Poisson’s ratio 0.2
40. Poisson’s ratio for steel within elastic limit
is –
ranges from –
(a) 2.4 (b) 0.416
(a) 0.15 to 0.20 (b) 0.25 to 0.24
(c) 0.357 (d) 2.8
(c) 0.25 to 0.33 (d) 0.33 to 0.35
45. What will be the relation between E (Young’s
41. The relation between Young’s modulus (E) and modulus of Elasticity) and K (bulk modulus), when
modulus of rigidity (N) is given as : Poisson’s ratio is 0.25?

(a) E = K (b) E = 2K W2L W2L

(a) (b)
(c) E = 1.5 K (d) E = K = 0 AE 2AE
[SSC-(2016) 02 Mar 2017-Morning] WL WL

(c) (d)
2AE AE
46. Total number of elastic constant of an isotropic [SSC-2012]
material are
50. If a uniform bar is supported at one end in a
(a) 2 (b) 3 vertical direction and loaded at the bottom end
(c) 4 (d) 5 by a load equal to the weight of the bar, the
strain energy as compared to that due to self
[SSC-2015] weight will be:
47. For an isotropic, homogeneous and elastic (a) Same (b) Half
material obeying Hook’s law , number of
(c) Twice (d) Thrice
independent elastic constant is
[SSC-2008]
(a) 3 (b) 1
51. Strain energy due to sudden axial load is given
(c) 9 (d) None of these
by : (  : Resultant stress, P : Axial load,  :
[SSC-(2017) 29 Jan 2018-Morning] Deformation,  : Strain, E : Modulus of
elasticity)
48. Strain energy stored in a solid is given as :
1
(a)  ×  × volume (a) P (b) .
2
(b)  ×  × area of cross section 2
(c) P (d)
2E
(c) 0.5 ×  ×  × I
[SSC-2014-Evening]
(d) 0.5 ×  ×  × volume
52. The ratio of the stresses produced by suddenly
[SSC-2010] applied and gradually applied loads on a bar is
49. A bar, L meter long and having its area of cross- (a) 0.25 (b) 0.5
section A, is subjected to gradually applied (c) 1 (d) 2
tensile load W. The strain energy stored in the
bar is given by :

ANSWER KEY
1. (b) 14. (b) 27. (a) 40. (c)
2. (b) 15. (d) 28. (c) 41. (a)
3. (c) 16. (b) 29. (b) 42. (a)
4. (a) 17. (b) 30. (d) 43. (a)
5. (c) 18. (c) 31. (b) 44. (a)
6. (c) 19. (c) 32. (a) 45. (c)
7. (a) 20. (a) 33. (b) 46. (c)
8. (d) 21. (a) 34. (d) 47. (d)
9. (d) 22. (d) 35. (c) 48. (d)
10. (d) 23. (d) 36. (d) 49. (b)
11. (b) 24. (b) 37. (c) 50. (d)
12. (a) 25. (a) 38. (d) 51. (c)
13. (b) 26. (b) 39. (a) 52. (d)
SOLUTION
1. (b) 3. (c)
Quantity Dimensions
Shear force – N  (MLT–2)
V l
h Stress – N/mm2  (ML–1T–2)
b
  
Shear force = V Strain    – Dimensionless (M0L0T0)
  
Area = A = b × l Modulus of elasticity – N/mm2  (ML–1T–2)
V
 =
A 4. (a)
2. (b)
Normal stress
P P Young’s modulus (E) = Normal strain
Normal Volumetric  stress

Bulk modulus (K) =
Volumetric strain
Shear stress
Shear Shear modulus (G) =
Stress
Shear strain
P P
Tensile Compressive Lateral strain
Poisson’s ratio (  ) = 
Stress Stress Longitudinal strain

5. (c) Therefore, Wood has the least value of Young’s

The modulus of elasticity, E of steel modulus of elasticity.
= Esteel = 2 × 105 MPa. 8. (d)
Material Elasticmodulus  E   MPa   Before yield point, material behaves in an

Steel 2  10 5 elastic manner.
Copper 1.1  105  At and beyond yield point, material under-
Aluminium 0.7  10 5 goes plastic deformation.
Tungsten 3.5  105
Timber  wood 0.1  105
9. (d)
Cast Iron 1.7  105 Beyond elastic limit, the tensile strain increases
6. (c) more quickly as compared to stress, when a
tensile stress is applied.
 Stress-strain curve of mild steel in tension:
Stress MS
F
F C E G
Stress C B
B D E G A D
Yield A
stress
Strain
O 0.12% 1.2-1.8% 10-15% 20-30%
O
i.e. 0.0012
Strain 10. (d)
P
As the carbon content in steel increases, yield
strength also increases, but strain at fracture
P
L0 = gauge length Stress = decreases, hence ductility decreases.
A0
= initial length s

A0 = initial area Strain =
L0
fy4 Quenched or
P
tempered alloy steel
 Mild steel has 2 yield points: fy3 High strength
alloy steel
 Upper yield point (C)
fy2
 Lower yield point (D) Carbon steel
 It is a ductile material & shows strain- fy1

hardening. Pure iron
e
 Percentage elongation at failure is 20–30%
11. (b)
(it is large compair to brittle material (1–
5%)) Cast iron is very strong in compression, but
weak in shear. When a cast iron specimen is
7. (a)
subjec ted to compression test, the
Young’s modulus of elasticity of perpendicular cross-section bears the direct
Wood = 0.12 × 105 N/mm2 compressive stress. But a plane inclined at 45°
to the normal plane has shear stresses due to
Copper = 1.17 × 105 N/mm2
resolved compression force. Thus this plane is
Glass = 0.8 × 105 N/mm2 subjected to shear stress and failure occurs
Aluminium = 0.69 × 105 N/mm2 along this plane.

 Elasticity  Modulus of elasticity (E)

  1
45°
 Elasticity  [For given stress]
strain
12. (a)
 The initial slope in stress-strain diagram is
A material is said to be perfectly elastic if it called modulus of elasticity.
regains its original shape on removal of the load,
Stress strain curves for different materials:
i.e., it will trace curve OABAO at any time of
Copper
loading or unloading. C.I. Mild steel
A : proportionality limit i.e., it obeys Hooke’s Stress AL.
law till point A   = E 
B : elastic limit, beyond point B, curve BAO will Concrete Rubber
not be traced.
Cork

B
A
Strain
From graph, least slope for rubber so rubber is
having least modulus of elasticity therefore it
E is least elastic.
O
13. (b) 15. (d)
Modulus of elasticity (E) of : Plasticity: The characteristic of material by
Esteel = 2×105 N/mm2 which the material undergoes inelastic strain
(i.e. permanent deformation) beyond the strain
Econcrete = 5000 fck at the elastic limit is known as plasticity.

Elastic limit
For M25 (fck = 25N/mm2),
Econcrete = 5000 25 = 25000N/mm2
Esteel > Econcrete
Elasticity of material  Modulus of elasticity
Hence, steel is more elastic than concrete. 
14. (b) Elastic Plastic strain

 Material which has maximum value of strain
modulus of elasticity will be most elastic 16. (b)
material. Plasticity: The characteristic of the material
 In other words for same stress applied by virtue of which it undergoes inelastic strain
material which has least strain will be most beyond the strain at elastic limit is called
elastic. plasticity.
 Thus, for same normal stress applied, Ductility: The property of a material by which
rubber will deform the most of all these a material can be drawn out in tension before
materials. Therefore rubber is least elastic. it fracture. Ductility measurement can be done
by using tension test.
Note:
Elasticity: It is that property of material by
 It is general misconception that the virtue of which it returns to its original
material which stretches maximum will be dimensions during unloading.
most elastic. Malleability: It is a physical property of metals
 Elasticity may be defined as resistance to that defines their ability to be hammered,
stretch. Material which resist more against pressed or rolled into thin sheets without
stretching will be more elastic. breaking.

17. (b) 21. (a)

 Ductile materials Has long plastic elongation Resilience is the property of material by virtue
range. of which it absorbs energy when deformed
elastically i.e. upto elastic limit and upon
 Materials that undergo large strains before
failure are classified as ductile. unloading releases this energy.
18. (c) 22. (d)
 Mild steel is more ductile material because  Creep of material is defined as continued
it undergoes large elastic deformation deformation with time under sustained
before failure. loading.
 If post elastic strain is greater than 5%,  Due to effect of creep stress relaxation
it is called ductile material. takes place.
 Due to high carbon content ductility  It is time dependent deformation.

reduces, so cast iron and high carbon steel
1000
are brittle in nature.
800
 The order of ductility of above option are:
Micro strain 600 Elastic recovery
Mild steel > Bronze > High carbon steel > Creep strain
400 Creep
Cast iron
200 recovery
Type of material Percentage of carbon Elastic strain Unloading Permanent

done here deformation
Wrought Iron < 0.1%
20 40 60 80 100
Mild Steel 0.1% – 0.25%
Time after loading (day)
Cast Iron 2.5 – 4%
23. (d)
High carbon steel 0.55% – 0.95%
 Deterioration of material under repeated
19. (c) cycles of stress or strain (even within
elastic limits) resulting in progressive
As the carbon content increases in iron, its
cracking that eventually produces fracture
ductility decreases.
is called fatigue.
Carbon content in composite of Iron.
 Fatigue failure is usually initiated at a site
(i) Mild steel = < 0.3% of stress concentration. (Example : a notch
(ii) Cast iron = 2–5% in the specimen or an acicular inclusion)
(iii) Wrought iron < 0.08% (purest form of iron) 24. (b)
(iv) Pig iron  4% Area under stress-strain curve upto fracture,

is called modulus of toughness.
Decreasing order of ductility 
A1
Wrought iron > Mild steal > Cast iron > Pig iron.
Cast Iron
N ote: As carbon content increases:
(i) Ductility decrease
(ii) Ultimate strength of steel increases MS
(iii) Corrosion resistance reduce. A2
20. (a)

Malleability: The property of a material by
A2 > A1
which it can be beaten or rolled into plates is
called malleability. i.e., mild steel is tougher than cast iron.

25. (a)  2
1960 = 100× d
 Brinell hardness test uses hardened steel 4
ball as an indentor.  d = 5 mm
 It is 10 mm diameter ball. 29. (b)
 Diamond indentor is used in Rockwell test. 40 kN
 Brinell hardness test is used for checking

the hardness of a material. Here, a
hardened steel or tungsten carbide ball
1m
indentor is forced into the surface of metal
to be tested. 40 kN
E = 200 × 103 N/mm2
26. (b)
The Charpy impact test measures the energy P.L 40  103  1  103
 = = mm
absorbed by a standard notched specimen while EA 200  103  20  20
breaking under an impact load. The Charpy = 0.5 mm
impact test continues to be used as an 30. (d)
economical quality control method to determine
the notch sensitivity and impact toughness of For Bar of uniform Section
engineering materials. Area = A
Striker direction P P
Area = A
Specimen
P P
Notch Support
L
Note: There is another method that also
measures the impact resistance of any material; E B = Modulus of Elasticity
Izod impact test. This is different from charpy Ratio of elongation of two bars
test. A 4
 In Izod test the specimen is supported = [Given]
B 7
as cantilever beam while in charpy test
PL
it is supported as simply supported beam.  =
AE
 Notch face in Izod test is facing the
A PL AEB 4
striker while in charpy test, the notch face So, = AE × PL = 7
is positioned away from the striker. B A
 In Izod test, only V-notch is used while EB 4 EA 7

in charpy test both V-notch and U- EA = 7 E =4
B
notch can be used.
31. (b)
27. (a)
Hooke’s Law: In homogeneous, Isotropic &
elastic material under uniaxial loading in the
L
direction of load, stress is directly proportional
to strain. 2L
dx
x
Hooks law valid upto proportionality limit.
d
28. (c)
Load = Stress × Area of cross-section
2d

Let the unit weight of the material be  . P32L

Strain energy = SF3 =
Let A1 and A2 be the area of cross section 2AE
before and After. SF3  SF1 + SF1
A2 = 4A1
Hence super position theorem is not valid for
Before change in dimensions. strain energy.
AL 33. (b)
Maximum stress, b =
A A = 25 mm2
b = L
After change in dimension
5m
2L
KA2 dx A(2L)
=  A = Change in temperature,
Maximum stress,  A A
0 2
t = 50°C
A = 2L Est = 0.2 MN/mm2
Hence, there is twice increase in maximum = 0.2 × 106 N/mm2
stress in prismatic bar.
 steel = 0.000012 per °C
32. (a)
For the validity of principle of super position, = 12 × 10–6 per °C
material should behave as linearly elastic Restricted deformation due to temperature
material. change
Note: Super Position principle = Lt
 If there is a linear relation between load This restricted deformation results in thermal
and stress function then resultant stress stresses. Let it be  .
function at a point due to multiple loading
L
is equal to the algebraic sum of effect of Lt =
E
individual loading.
L×
 Stress functions which have linear relation  L×12×10–6×50 =
with load, are deflection, angle of twist, 0.2 × 106
slope, stress-strain, shear force and   = 120 N/mm2
bending moment.
34. (d)
 Since load v/s energy relation is non linear
(quadratic) hence super position theorem All options are correct.
is not valid for energy. A
Bronze, Ab
P1
l
P
2
PL
Strain energy = SF1 = 1
Copper, Ac
2AE
l
A’
P2 F.B.D. at A-A’ :
P22L Bronze, A b Pb Pb
Strain energy = SF2 =
2AE l
P
P3=P1+P2
Copper, Ac Pc Pc
l

P = Pb + Pc ...(i) restrained by steel because both will move

together by same amount (composite bar).
Pb = bAb  Thus a couple will form against the
expansion and produce compression in bars
Pc = cAc
and tension in steel.
 P = bAb + cAc ...(ii) L1T
Strains in both the rods will be same 1 Final position

of compound
 b =  c 2 bar
L 2T
b c 1 L
i.e., Eb = E 1. Brass
c E1
2. Steel
b Eb
 = ...(iii) 1
c Ec
2
35. (c)
L 2L
Total area = 200 × 200 mm2
E2
Area of steel, Ast = 1200 mm2
Coefficient of thermal expansion
En
and m = E = 15 mild steel = 12 × 10–6/°C
c
 copper = 16 × 10–6/°C
Permissible stress in concrete,
Brass = 19 × 10–6/°C
c = 5 N/mm2
Permissible stress in steel, Aluminium = 23 × 10–6/°C
37. (c)
st = m  c = 15 × 5
 = – Lateral strain/longitudinal strain
= 75 N/mm2
38. (d)
 Safe load for column
The ratio of lateral strain to longitudinal strain
= Ac c  Ast st
is known as poisson’s ratio (  ).
= (200 × 200 – 1200) × 5 + 1200 × 75
Lateral strain
= 284000 N = 284 kN  = –
Longitudinal strain
200 mm For engineering materials, the value of poisson’s
ratio range between 0 to 0.5.
Material Poisson’sratio   
A st 200 mm Cork 0
Concrete 0.1 – 0.2
Aluminium 0.33
Castiron 0.2 – 0.3
As per given option, option (c) may be assumed
correct. Steel 0.27 – 0.3
36. (d) Perfectly elasticrubber 0.5
 Coefficient of thermal expansion of brass Note: Generally for metal such as (Steel,
is more than steel, so brass will try to Copper, Aluminium etc.) the poisson’s ratio value
expand more but its expansion will be in the range of 0.25 to 0.40.

39. (a) Direct stress

 Bulk modulus =
Volumetric strain
Material Poisson's ratio
Rubber 0.5 Shear stress
 Rigidity modulus =
Shear strain
Copper 0.33
44. (a)
Steel 0.27 – 0.30
E = 2G(1 + µ)
Wood 0.25
where µ = Poisson ratio = 0.2 (given)
Metal
0.25 – 0.4
(Al, Cu, Steel, etc) E
 = 2(1 + 0.2) = 2.4
Cork 0.0 G
45. (c)
Concrete 0.1 – 0.2
E = 3K (1 – 2µ),
Cast iron 0.2 – 0.3
where, µ = 0.25 (given)
40. (c)
= 3K(1 – 0.5) = 1.5K
Material Poisson's Ratio 46. (c)
Steel 0.27 – 0.30
 For istropic material elastic constants are
Stainless Steel 0.30 – 0.31 E, G, µ and K.
Aluminium 0.33  Isotropi c ma teria l properti es a re
Cast Iron 0.2 – 0.30 independent of direction. Such material
Concrete 0.1 – 0.2 have only 2 independent variables.
Cork 0  The 2 elastic constants of isotropic
Perfectly elastic rubber 0.5 materials are young’s modulus (E) and
poisson’s ratio (  ).
41. (a)
No. of independent
 1  2 Material
E = 2N  1 +  = 3k  1 –  elastic constant
 m  m
Isotropic 2 (E and )
1 Orthotropic 9
K = Bulk modulus,  Poisson's ratio
m Anisotropic or
42. (a) 21
Non  isotropic
Relation between E and K is
47. (d)
E = 3K(1 – 2µ)
 For homogeneous and isotropic material
 1 there are only 2 independent and distinct
or E = 3K  1 – 2 m  elastic constants.
 
Em  For isotropic material, normal strain does
K = not depend on shear strain.
3(m – 2)
48. (d)
43. (a)
Strain energy stored in a solid
 Stress 
 Young’s modulus =   within elastic 1
 Strain  = (Strain × stress × Volume of the solid)
limit 2
Lateral strain 1
 Poisson’s ratio =  = ×  ×  × volume
Linear strain 2

1 2
= × volume
2 E
1 2
=  E × volume L
2
P
Here, E = Modulus of elasticity.
49. (b)
For gradually applied load, the stress-strain
1 PL P2L
diagram will be: Thus, U1 = P. =
2 2AE 4AE

W Case–2: Strain energy due to self weight and
A applied load
L
 P
W
AE
Strain energy=(Area under stress-strain P

curve) × Volume U2 = Strain energy due to self weight + strain
energy due to P at end
1 
=  Stress × Strain  × Volume P2 L P2L 3P2L
2  =  = = 3U1
4AE 2AE 4AE
1 W WA W2L
= × × × AL = 51. (c)
2 A E 2AE
Strain Energy due to sudden axial load
Note: For sudden application of load, the
stress-strain diagram will be: = (Area under load-deformation curve)
 = Load × Deformation
W U = P.
A Load

W
AE
Strain energy = (Area under stress-strain curve)  Deformation

× Volume Note: For Gradual loading
=  ×  × Volume Strain energy, (U) = Area under load
W WA WL 2 deformation curve
= × × AL =
A E AE 1
U= P.
50. (d) 2
1 Load
Strain energy in a axially loaded bar, U = P
2 P
Case–1: Strain energy due to self weight
PL
Due to self weight , =
2AE
 Deflection

52. (d)
W 2hAE 
Impact Stress, i = A 1 + 1 + Wl 
 
A We will consider a special case when the weight
is applied instantaneously without any initial
velocity.
l
W Impact Load h = 0
Substituting in equation
h W
i = 2  
A
This means that the stress in the bar is double
 when the load is suddenly applied compared with
a gradually applied load.
P

BENDING STRESSES IN BEAM
PRACTICE SET-1
1. At neutral axis of beam the layers are subjected 8. Unit of section modulus is kg-m2.
to maximum bending stress.
True False
True False
9. A prismatic bar when subjected to pure bending
2. A beam of uniform strength has same cross assumes the shape of catenary.
section throughout the beam span.
True False
True False
10. I section is preferred to resist bending moment.
3. When a cantilever beam is loaded at its free
end the maximum compressive stress shall True False
develope at bottom fibre. 11. Strain developed in any fibre is directly
True False proportional to the distance of fibre from
neutral axis.
M  E
4. The bending equation is = = .
I y R True False
True False 12. For flexural loading and linearly elastic action
5. The ratio of moment of inertia to extreme fibre the neutral axis passes through the centroid of
distrance from neutral axis is called section cross section.
modulus.
True False
True False 13. The assumption that plane section remains plane
6. A beam is said to be subjected to pure bending does not hold good during inelastic action.
when shear force is constant throughout.
True False
True False
14. A beam of fixed length and for given weight of
7. Bending stresses induced in beam are directly material, a rectangular c/s provides the greatest
proportional to modulus of elasticity and possible moment of resistance.
inversely proportional to radius of curvature.
True False
True False
CIVIL ENGINEERING BENDING STRESSES IN BEAM 61
15. In case of I section more than 80% of BM is 17. During transformation of one material into other
resisted by web only. for bending analysis of composite beam width
is modified but depth is kept intact.
True False
True False
16. In unsymmetrical bending of beams the Neutral
axis is usually not perpendicular to plane of
applied load.
True False
ANSWER KEY
1. (False) 6. (False) 11. (True) 16. (True)
2. (False) 7. (True) 12. (True) 17. (True)
5. (True) 10. (True) 15. (False)

PRACTICE SET-2
2. If the rate of interest is 6% per annum then 5. A flitched beam shown in the figure is subjected
the year’s purchase is ________ . to a bending moment. The strain variation across
(a) 0.06 (b) 166.67 the cross-section will be as in
(c) 1.667 (d) 16.67

[DMRC JE 13.4.2018 2nd Shift]
1. A steel wire of 20 mm diameter is bent into a
circular shape of 10 m radius. If E, the modulus
of elasticity is 2 × 106 kg/cm2 then the maximum
stress induced in the wire is
(a) 103 kg/cm2 (b) 2 × 103 kg/cm2
(c) 4 × 103 kg/cm2 (d) 6 × 103 kg/cm2
(a) (b)
2. For a square-section beam bent as shown in the
given figure, the exaggerated view of the
deformed cross-section is
(c) (d)
Beam
6. A cantilever of constant depth carries a

(a) (b) uniformly distributed load on the whole span.
To make the maximum stress at all sections the
same, the breadth of the section at a distance
x from the free end should be proportional to
(c) (d)
(a) x (b) x
3. Given that, m = Es/Et, It = Moment of Inertia (c) x2 (d) x3
of Timber portion and Is = Moment of inertia
of steel portion, the equivalent moment of inertia 7. A rectangular timber beam is cut out of a
of a flitched beam made of steel and timber is cylindrical log of diameter ‘D’. The depth of the
given by strongest timber beam will be
(a) It + IS/m (b) Is + It/m 1 2

(a) .D (b) .D
(c) IS + m I t (d) It + m IS 2 3
4. Assertion (A): I-Section is preferred to 5 3
(c) .D (d) .D
rectangular section for resisting bending 8 4
moment.
8. For the flitched beams shown in the above
Reason (R): In I-Section more than 80% of figures I and II, for the same value of maximum
bending moment is resisted by flanges only. bending stress in timber,

(a) Stresses in the beam

5 5
5 (b) Stresses and reduces the weight of the
beam
(c) The moment of inertia of the beam
200 100 200
(d) The section modulus
11. Asserstion (A) : The strength of a beam does
5 100 not depend upon the sectional area provided.
Reason (R) : It depends upon the (disposition)
(a) MR1 > MR2 (b) MR2 > MR1 of the sectional area of the beam in relation to
its neutral axis.
(c) MR1 = MR2 (d) MR1 and MR2
12. A square beam laid flat is then rotated in such
9. The cross-section of a beam is shown in figure a way that one of its diagonal becomes
I. Its Ixx is equal to 3 × 106 mm4. It is subjected horizontal. How is its moment capacity affected?
to a load as shown in figure II. The maximum
tensile stress in the beam would be (a) Increases by 41.4%
(b) Increases by 29.27%
(c) Decreases by 29.27%
y1 = 70 mm
0.3 kN 0.3 kN (d) Decreases by 41.4%
X X 13. A steel beam is replaced by a corresponding
aluminium beam of same cross-sectional shape
y2 = 50 mm 3m 4m 3m and dimensions, and is subjected to same loading.
Fig.-II The maximum bending stress will
Fig.-I (a) be unaltered
(a) Indeterminable as data is insufficient
(b) increase
(b) 21 MN/m2
(c) decrease
(c) 21 kN/m2
(d) vary in proportion to their modulus of
(d) 21N/m2 elasticity
10. In the case of a square beam subjected to 14. Two beams carrying identical loads, simply
couples acting about X-X axis, it is advisable to supported, are having same depth but beam A
cut off the edges and keep the section as shown has double the width as compared to that of
in the given figure because it increases beam B. The ratio of the strength of beam A to
Y that of beam B is
Cut off 1 1
(a) (b)
2 4
X X (c) 2 (d) 4
Cut off

ANSWER KEY
1. (b) 5. (d) 9. (b) 13. (a)
2. (c) 6. (c) 10. (d) 14. (c)
3. (b, d) 7. (b) 11. (d)
4. (a) 8. (a) 12. (c)
SOLUTION
1. (b)  bt3  2t  d  

2

From flexure formula Ieq = It  m 2 ×   bt    = It  mIs
  12  2  
f E  
M 
=
I y R Timber to Steel
f E b
=
y R Steel t
b
fmax 2  10 6 for y  ymax  Steel t
=  
(2 / 2) 1000  f  fmax  Timber b
Steel d
fmax = 2 ×10 3 kg/cm 2
b/m
3. (b, d) Steel t
Steel t b
b
Steel t b
bd3 bt3  2t  d  
2
Timber Ieq =   bt    ×2
b m.12  12  2  
 
It
Steel t Ieq =  Is
m
b
5. (d)
 bt3  2t  d  
2
Is =   bt    ×2 Because the strain variation is assume to be
 12  2   linear across the cross-section.
(i) Transformed from steel to timber
6. (c)
mb
Timber t w/m
x
Timber d
Maximum stress at every section = constant (K)
Timber t
mb  My 
 =  I  K
 
 2
Ieq = bd   mbt  mbt  2t  d   × 2
3 3
at distance x from free end
12  12  2  

 wx2  d  MR = per  z
  
 2  2   K y
 =
d3  per =
b. FOS
12
The larger the value of section modulus stronger
 Given constant depth
is beam
x2 So, ratio of strength of beam A to that of
= K1
b beam B.
 b  x2 (Section Modulus)A
14. (c) =
(Section Modulus)B
Maximum bending moment resisted by a section Let b and D be width & depth respectively
without undergoing failure is MR (Moment of
Resistance) ZA 2bD2 / 6
=  2
ZB bD2 / 6

PRACTICE SET-3
1. In a section under going pure bending, the 6. The yield moment of a cross section is defined
neutral surface is subjected to as the moment that will just produce the yield
stress at
(a) Compression strain
(a) The outer most fiber of the section
(b) Tensile strain
(b) The inner most fiber of the section
(c) Zero strain
(c) The neutral fiber of the section
(d) None of the above
(d) The fiber everywhere
[SSC JE 2013] [SSC JE (2017) 25 Jan 2018-Evening]
2. The assumption in the theory of bending of 7. Of the several prismatic beam of equal length
beams is _____. and of same material the beam that can carry
(a) Materials is homogeneous maximum load in flexure is the one having
maximum.
(b) Material is isotropic
(a) Depth of section
(c) Young’s modulus is same in tension as well
(b) Area of cross-section
as in compression
(c) Section modulus
(d) All options are correct
(d) Moment of inertia
[SSC JE(2016) 04 Mar 2017-Morning]
[SSC JE 2013]
3. The intensity of direct longitudinal stress in
8. Two beam one of the circular cross-section and
the cross-section at any point distant r from the other of square cross-section, have equal
the neutral axis, is proportional to area of cross-section, if subjected to bending
(a) 1/r2 (b) 1/r then
(c) r (d) r2 (a) Both section are equally economical

(b) Both sections are equally stiff
[SSC-2015]
(c) Circular cross-section is more economical
4. For a beam, the term M/EI is :
(d) Square cross-section is more economical
(a) Stress (b) Rigidity
[SSC JE 2012]
(c) Curvature (d) Shear force
9. For a given stress, the ratio of moment of
[SSC JE 2010] resistance of a beam of square cross-section
5. The ratio of flexural rigidity of a beam (b × d) when placed with its two side horizontal to the
moment of resistance with is diagonal horizontal
to another one (b × 2d) of similar material will
is given by
be
(a) 1/2 (b) 1/4 (a) 1 2 (b) 2
(c) 1/8 (d) 1/16 (c) 1/2 (d) 1
[SSC JE 2011] [SSC JE 2012]

10. For a strongest rectangular beam cut from a 13. Keeping the depth ‘d’ constant, the width of a
circular log, the ratio of the width and depth cantilever of length ‘ l ’ of uniform strength
is–
loaded with a uniformly distributed load W
(a) 0.303 (b) 0.404 varies from zero at the free end and
(c) 0.505 (d) 0.707 (a) 2W d2   l 2 at the fixed end
[SSC JE (2016) 04 Mar 2017-Evening]
(b)  6W d2   l2 at the fixed end
11. The ratio of the length and diameter of a simply
supported uniform c ircular beam w hich (c) 3W d2   l2 at the fixed end
experiences maximum bending stress equal to
tensile stress due to same load at its mid span
(d)  5W d2   l2 at the fixed end
is [SSC JE (2017) 23 Jan 2018-Morning]

(a) 1/8 (b) 1/4 14. Beam composed of more than one material,
(c) 1/2 (d) 1/3 rigidily connected together so as to behave as
one piece, are known as
[SSC JE (2017) 23 Jan 2018-Evening]
(a) Compound beams
12. A rectangular beam of uniform strength and
subjected to a bending moment ‘M’ has a (b) Indeterminate beams
constant width. The variation in depth will be
(c) Determinate beams
proportional to –
(d) Composite beams
(a) 1/M (b) M
[SSC JE (2017)29 Jan 2018-Morning]
(c) M (d) M2
ANSWER KEY
1. (c) 5. (c) 9. (b) 13. (c)
2. (d) 6. (a) 10. (d) 14. (d)
3. (c) 7. (c) 11. (c)
4. (c) 8. (d) 12. (c)

SOLUTION
1. (c) E  Young’s modulus

Compressive strain R  Radius of curvature
M 4. (c)
Flexural formula:
N 4
M  E
= 
Strain Stress I y R
variation variation
From figure it is clear that strain at neutral M 1
 = = K = curvature
surface will be zero. EI R
Section dimension is chosen such that ratio of 5. (c)
distance from nutral axis to extreme fibre in Flexural rigidity = E.I
tension and compression is exactly same as the
Beam–1
ratio of allow able stress in tension and
compression under this provision section will be b
most economically utilised.
2. (d) N A
d
Assumptions in the theory of pure bending:
 A plane section of a beam before bending
remains plane after bending. Beam–2
 Material in the beam is homogenous and b
isotropic.
 Modulus of elasticity is same for tension N A
and compression. 2d
 Beam is initially straight and has constant

cross-section throughout its length INA = M.O.I. about neutral axis
(prismatic beam).
bd3
 The plane of loading must contain a principle (INA) for beam – 1 =
12
axis of the beam cross-section and the
b. 2d 
3
load must be perpendi cula r to the bd3
longitudinal axis of the beam. (INA) for Beam – 2 =  8.
12 12
3. (c) Since, material is same for both the beams.
According to bending formula:  E-value for both beam will be same
M  E
= y =R  bd3 
I EI 1 E 
 12   1
 EI 2 =
  y or   r  bd3  8
E.  8 
 12 
where, M  Bending moment
6. (a)
I  Moment of inertia
Yield Moment
  Bending stress
 Within the elastic limit, the moment that
y  Distance from neutral axis to
cause extreme fibre yield and produce yield
the point where bending stress
stress is called as yield moment.
to be found

 Within the elastic limit, bending moment 3

    
3/2
has a relation with bending stress fy as M  d   d
3
= fyz, where z.  4  = 4

=
6 6
B fy
= 0.166d3
 Zsquare > ZCircular (Remember)

D
Hence, square section is more economical.
Note: If EI for both section will be same then
both sections are equally stiff.
7. (c)
9. (b)
Maximum bending moment resisted by a section
without undergoing failure is called moment of Case : 1 Case : 2
resistance of the section.
a 2 a

MOR = per .Z N
2 2
a/4 N
where, per (permissible bending stress) a 3
 a 
a 4  2a   
Z = Section modulus INA  INA  2   2
12 12
Thus, larger the value of section modulus, a4

stronger is the beam in flexural and maximum 12
load it can carry in bending (flexure). INA  Moment of inertia about Neutral axis.
8. (d)
Moment of resistance MOR = per .Z
Case : 1 Case : 2
 (MOR)  Z
d A2 b
A1
 a 4 12 
 
Area 
 2
d
b  MOR 1 Z1  a 2 
Area  b2 = =
A1  A2
4
 MOR 2 Z2  a 4 12 
(given ) s  
 2 a 2
d  b2  
4
a

b d 2 = 2 = 2
4 =
a 2
Now, INA = Moment of inertia about neutral
2
axis.
 MOR 1
d4 d  = 2 (Remember)
(INA)Circular = ; ymax =  MOR 2
64 2
10. (d)
INA d4 64
(Z)Circular = y = d2
max b
d3
= = 0.0982d3 D d
32
b4 b
(INA)Square = ; ymax =
12 2
INA b4 12 b3 Section modulus of rectangular section
(Z)Square = y = b2 = 6
max
bd2
= =z
6
D2 = d2 + b2 W W
d = D2  b2
W
b(D2  b2 ) T =
z = A
6
4W
For strongest section, T =
D2
dz  Ratio of length to diameter of uniform
= 0
db circular beam.
( for strongest section z should be maximum) Maximum bending stress,
d  bD2 – b3 
   = 0 ( b ) = Tensile stress ( T ) (given)
db  6 
8WL 4W
D2 – 3b2 =
= = 0 D3 D2
6
L 1
D =
 b= (Remember) D 2
3
12. (c)
2 For uniform strength of beam subjected to
d= D (Remember)
3 bending moment, M
1 Section modulus (z) is given as

b = 0.707
 =
d 2 bdx3
11. (c) I
Z =  12
y dx
Length and diameter of uniform circular beam
be ‘L’ and ‘D’ respectively. 2
 Ma xi mum bend ing stress a t si mply bdx2

 Z =
supported beam. 6
W M 6M
A B max = Z = 2
bdx
 dx  M
L
WL (as width & strength is kept constant)
M =
4 x
[ Max. bending moment at mid span] x
dx
 D4 b
I =
64
x
D Side View Top View
y =
2
Note: Depth is constant and width varying, then
My WL × 64 × D
b = I = M 6M
4 ×  D 4  × 2 max = =
Z bx d2
8WL
b = [ max , d constant]
D3
 Tensile stress due to same load W
bx  M

13. (c) 14. (d)

W Beam composed of more than one material
connected rigidily so as to behave as one piece
d are known as composite beam
L b=0
Tube (A2, E2)
Front view
L
WL2
Bending moment at fixed end, M =
2
Rod (A1, E2)
bd3
Moment of inertia at fixed end, I =
12
d L
Distance from centre to extreme fibre, y =
2 Note:
WL2  M   Determinate beam is that beam whose


 =  I = y  unknow n support reac ti ons ca n be
 bd3 
2× 
 2
d   calculated by using static equilibrium
 12  equations only.
3Wl2
= 
bd2
3W 2 Cantilever beam
b = ×l
d2
Note: Beam of constant strength or Fully
stressed beam: Simply Supported beam
To minimise the quantity of material and thereby  Indeterminate beam is that beam whose
unknown support reactions cannot be
to have the lighest possible beam. We can vary
calculated by using static equilibrium
the dimensions of cross-section such that max
equations only.
stress at every X-section of the beam is equal
 In this case additional equations known as
to max allowable bending stress in beam. The
compatibility equations are needed to
beam so obtained is called fully stressed beam obtain the relation between the applied
or a beam of constant strength. loads and reactions to the displacement or
slope known at different points on the
structure.

TRANSVERSE SHEAR STRESS
IN BEAMS & TORSION
PRACTICE SET-1
1. Transverse loading applied to a beam normally 7. The shear stress on a beam of triangular cross
results in normal stress and shear stresses both. section is maximum at the neutral axis of the
beam section.
True False
True False
VA y
2. Shear stress formula    = has been 8. For a given shear force across a symmetrical I
Ib
section the intensity of shear stress is maximum
derived using flexure formula.
at the junction of flange & web but on the web
True False side.
3. Variation of shear stress is parabolic across True False

the rectangular section but linear for triangular 9. Maximum shear stress in beam of triangular
cross section. section occurs at mid-depth and max = 1.5 avg .
4. For beam of given cross-section, shear stress 10. Maximum shear stress in beam of Thin walled
variation is parabolic below NA and normal hollow circular section is 1.5 times the average
bending stress variation is linear below NA. shear stress.
True False
True False
11. Two beams of same material have equal cross
5. Maximum shear stress in beam of circular cross sectional area. If one beam has square cross
section is 1.33 times the average stress. section and the other has circular cross section
than square section will resist lesser shear force
True False compared to circular cross sectional beam.
6. Moment of inertia of a triangular cross section True False

of height ‘d’ and base width ‘b’ about its centroid 12. The shear centre of a section is defined as
bd3 that point at which either shear force is
axis parallel to base is . maximum or minimum.
12

CIVIL ENGINEERING TRANSVERSE SHEAR STRESS IN BEAMS & TORSION 73
13. Shear centre of section consisting of two 21. Magnitude of shear stress induced in shaft due
intersecting narrow rectangles always lies at to applied torque varies from maximum at centre
the intersection of centre line of two rectangles. to zero at circumference.
14. A beam of channel cross section with vertical 22. The shear stress at a point in a shaft subjected
web loaded with a concentrated load at mid to a torque is directly proportional to the polar
span in a plane r to the plane of symmetry moment of inertia and to the distance of the
point from axis.
passing through the centroid is subjected to
bending moment, shear force and twisting True False
moment.
GJ
23. Torsional rigidity of shaft is .
True False 
15. Shear centre of a semi circular arc strip of True False
4R
radius R will be at a distance of from centre 24. The torque that produces a twist of one radian

of arc. in a shaft per unit length is called torsional
rigidity.
True False
True False
16. Shear flow is the product of shear stress at
any level and the corresponding width ‘b’ of the 25. For the same material, length and given torque,
section. a hollow shaft weights less than a solid shaft
to resist same amount of torque.
True False
True False
17. Pure torsion will produce shear stress only on
the cross section of circular shaft. 26. Box section should be used preferably at places
where torsion occurs.
True False
18. Plane section perpendicular to longitudinal axis True False

before d eform ation rema ins pla ne a nd
2max
perpendicular to the longitudinal axis after 27. Total strain energy stored in shaft (U) =
4G
deformation holds true for shaft having circular
× volume of shaft
or elliptical cross section.
True False
True False
19. Non circular sections generally warps on 28. Higher frequency of shaft will results in lower
twisting. troque requirement to transmit same amount
of power.
True False
True False
20. The shear stress distribution across the section
29. The maximum shear stress occurs at the
of a circular shaft subjected to twisting moment
centreli ne of the shorter sid e of the
varies parabolically. rectangular cross section.

ANSWER KEY
3. (False) 11. (True) 19. (True) 27. (True)
5. (True) 13. (True) 21. (False) 29. (False)
6. (False) 14. (True) 22. (False)

PRACTICE SET-2
1. In a thin-walled T-section, the shear centre C R 2R

(a) (b)
is located at the point shown in 2 
4R R
(c) (d)
 4
C.G  5. The shear stress distribution shown in figure-I
(a) (b) 
represents a beam with cross-section
(c) (d)

Fig. I
2. Consider the following statements :

A beam of channel cross-section with vertical (a) (b)
web loaded with a concentrated load at mid-
span in a plane perpendicular to the plane of
symmetry passing through the centroid is
subjected to (c) (d)
1. bending moment 2. twisting moment
3. shear force 4. axial thrust 6. A simply supported I beam with its web
horizontal is shown in the given figure. It is
Which of these statements are correct? subjected to a vertical load.
(a) 2, 3 and 4 (b) 1, 2 and 3
(c) 1 and 2 (d) 1 and 3

3. The shear centre of a section is defined as
that point The shape of the shear stress distribution in
the cross-section of the beam under the load
(a) Through which the load must be applied to
would be
produce zero twisting moment on the
section
(b) At which the shear force is zero (a) (b)
(c) At which the shear force is a maximum
(d) At which the shear force is a minimum
4. Shear centre of a semi-circular arc strip of (c) (d)

radius ‘R’ will be at a distance of X from the
centre of the arc, ‘X’ is equal to

7. A rectangular beam of width 100 mm is 11. A simply supported beam of length 4 m is

subjected to a maximum shear force of 60 kN. subjected to a uniformly distributed load of 2
The corresponding maximum shear stress in the kN/m. What is the maximum shear stress if the
cross-section is rectangular, 100 mm wide and
cross-section is 4 N/mm2. The depth of the
200 mm deep?
beam should be
(a) 0.2 N/mm2 (b) 0.1 N/mm2
(a) 150 mm (b) 225 mm
(c) 0.4 N/mm2 (d) 0.3 N/mm2
(c) 200 mm (d) 100 mm
12. Which one of the following statements specifies
8. In the symmetrical channel section shown in the shear flow?
figure, which point is likely to be the shear (a) Flow of shear force along the beam
center?
(b) It is the product of the shear stress at
Centoridal axis any level and the corresponding width b
(of the section)
(c) Unbalanced force on any side of given
section divided by area of section
A D C
B (d) The deformation at any level due to sudden
Centoridal axis variation in shear stress
13. A beam of triangular cross-section is subjected
to a shear force of 50 kN. The base width of
the section is 250 mm and the height is 200
(a) A (b) B
mm. The beam is placed with its base horizontal.
(c) C (d) D The shear stress at neutral axis will be nearly
9. What is the ratio of maximum shear stress to (a) 2.2 N/mm2 (b) 2.7 N/mm2
average shear stress for a circular section?
(c) 3.2 N/mm2 (d) 3.7 N/mm2
3 14. If the diameter of a shaft subjected to torque
(a) 2 (b)
2 alone is doubled, then the horse power P can be
4 3 increased to
(c) (d)
3 4 (a) 16 P (b) 8 P
10. Consider the following statements : (c) 4 P (d) 2 P
1. In a beam, the maximum shear stress 15. Two shafts of solid circular cross-section are
occurs at the neutral axis of the beam identical except for their diameters ‘d1’ and ‘d2’.
cross-section. They are subjected to the same torque ‘T’. The
ra tio of the strai n energies stored
2. The maximum shear stress in a beam of U1/U2 will be
circular cross section is 50% more than 4 2
the average shear stress.  d1   d1 
(a)   (b)  
3. The maximum shear stress in a beam of  d2   d2 
triangular cross-section, with its vertex  d2 
2
 d2 
4
upwards occurs at b/6 above the neutral (c)   (d)  

axis.  d1   d1 
16. Consider the following statements:
Which of the statements given above are
correct? If a solid circular shaft and a hollow circular
shaft have the same torsional strength, then
(a) 1, 2 and 3 (b) 2 and 3 only
1. The weight of the hollow shaft will be less
(c) 1 and 2 only (d) 1 and 3 only than that of the solid shaft.

2. The external diameter of the hollow shaft D4 D4  d4

will be greater than that of the solid shaft. (a) (b)
D4  d4 D4
3. The stiffness of the hollow shaft will be
D3  d3 D3
equal to that of the solid shaft. (c) (d)
D3 D3  d3
Of these statements. 22. Two shafts having same length and material are
(a) 1, 2, and 3 are correct joined in series and subjected to a torque of 10
kNm. If the ratio of their diameters is
(b) 2 and 3 are correct 2 : 1, then the ratio of their angles of twist is
(c) 1 alone is correct (a) 16 : 1 (b) 2 : 1
(d) 1 and 2 are correct (c) 1 : 2 (d) 1 : 16
17. A shaft turns at 150 rpm under a torque of 23. A bar of circular cross-section of diameter D is
1500 Nm. Power transmitted is subjected to a torque T at B as shown in the
figure given below. What is the angle of twist
(a) 15kW (b) 10kW at A?
(c) 7.5kW (d) 5kW

D C
18. A solid circular shaft is subjected to a torque A B
“T” Nm, which produces a maximum shear stress l
2
of fs N/mm2 in the shaft. The required diameter l
of the shaft would be (a) Same as that at B (b) Zero
1/3 1/3
 16T   f  (c) Twice as that at (d) Half as that at B
10  10  s 
(a)  f  (b)  16T  24. A stepped circular shaft is fixed at A and C as
 s   
shown in the above figure. The diameter of the
1/2 1/2
 16T   f  shaft along BC is twice that of as along AB. The
10  10  s 
(c)  f  (d)  16T  torsional rigidity of AB is GJ. The torque
 s    required for unit twist at B is
19. A solid shaft has diameter 80 mm. It is C
A B
subjected to a torque of 4 kNm. The maximum
shear stress induced in the shaft would be
l l
2 2
(a) 75 /  N / mm (b) 250 /  N / mm
2GJ 5GJ
(a) (b)
L L
(c) 125 /  N / mm2 (d) 150 /  N / mm2
9GJ 17GJ
(c) (d)
20. Strain energy in torsion of a shaft per unit L L
volume is given by (q is shear stress, E - modulus 25. What is the diameter d of a solid circular shaft
of Elasticity and G is modulus of rigidity) w hen subjected to a torque T w ith a
corresponding maximum shear stress of
(a) q2 / 2G (b) q2 / 2E magnitude fs?
(c) q2 / 4G (d) q2 / 4E
16T  fs
21. The ratio of the torsional moments of resistance (a)  fs (b)
16T
of a solid circular shaft of diameter D, and a
hollow circular shaft having external diameter 16T 16T
3
(c)  fs (d)  fs
D and internal diameter d is given by

ANSWER KEY
1. (b) 8. (a) 15. (d) 22. (d)
2. (b) 9. (c) 16. (d) 23. (a)
3. (a) 10. (d) 17. (c) 24. (d)
4. (c) 11. (d) 18. (a) 25. (d)
5. (a) 12. (b) 19. (c)
6. (d) 13. (b) 20. (c)
7. (b) 14. (b) 21. (a)
SOLUTION
7. (b) If shear centre is right side of point B, then all

In rectangular beam the three forces will generate moment in same
direction so shear centre has to be left of B.
Max. shear stress = 1.5 Avg. shear stress
Hence A is the most likely to be a shear centre.
V
4 = 1.5 10. (d)
bd
4
1.5  60  103 In circular beam max = 
4 = 3 avg.
100  d
= 33% more than the average shear stress
d = 225 mm
Hence statement 2 is wrong.
8. (a)
F1
b
A
N
A B C D b/3
z z
F2
3
Maximum shear stress at N.A max = ( )
F3 2 av
In case of triangles, shear stress is maximum
The three forces acting on the cross-section at mid depth of section
have a resultant vertical force F2 that intersect
the z-axis at the shear centre S. b b b
So distance from N.A. =  
The moment of the three forces about any point 2 3 6
in the cross-section must be equal to the moment 11. (d)
of the force F2 about that same point.
Maximum shear force is at support and is equal
Now, taking moment about shear centre itself. to

w.L 2  4 T0r
Vmax =   4 kN  =
2 2 J
max = 1.5avg T0 d/2
 =
d4
4  103 32
= 1.5 
100  200 Given:  = fs
= 0.3 N/mm 2 T0 = T Nm = T × 103 Nmm
12. (b)
16T  103
VAy VAy  fs =
  = and Shear flow, q = d3
I b I 1/3
 16T 
 q =  b d = 10  
 fs 
13. (b) 21. (a)
250 mm
J
Torsional moment resistance T =
r
N
A
200 mm
Tsolid (   J/r)solid
=
Thollow ( J/r)hollow
 D4   D 
s    
4  32   2 
N.A. =  =
3 av (D4  d4 )  D 
s   
32 2
 50  103 N  4
=  
 1  250  20  3 D4
=
2  D4  d4
= 2.67 MPa 22. (d)
15. (d) Shafts are joined in series so applied torque
Strain energy stored due to torsion will be same on both the shafts (T1 = T2).
From torsion formula
T 2L
U =
2GJ  T G
= 
4 r J L
U1 J2 d 
d24 / 32
=  4   2 
U2 J1 d1 / 32  d1  TL
  =
GJ
17. (c)
1 (T1L1 /G1 J1 )
Power = Torque × Angular velocity = (T L /G J )
2 2 2 2 2
= 1500 × 2  n
Given L1 = L2 and for same material G1 = G2
150
= 1500  2    Watt 1 J2 d4 /32 1
60  
 2
=
J1 (2d) /32
4 16
= 7.5  kW
18. (a) 1
= 1:16
2
Max. shear stress in the shaft due to torque T

24. (d) FBD:

Let the Torque is ‘T’
TA TA TA
B C (T A – T)
 T
A
T
d 2d  AC = 0 = AB + BC
GJ
16GJ TA   (TA – T)  
 0 = +
Given that dBC = 2dAB = 2d GJ 16GJ
 Torsional rigidity = (GJ) T

 TA =
17
d4
and given that (T.R)AB = GJ = G 
32 TA  
Hence, BA =
GJ
 (T.R.)BC = G.JBC
1 0
T 
(2d) 4
B - A =
= G 17GJ
32
G.d4 17GJ
= 16  T=
32 
= 16(G.J)

PRACTICE SET-3
1. With usual notations of the letters, the shear (a) F/A (b) F/2A
stress fsat any point of the cross section is (c) 3F/2A (d) 2F/3A
given by:
F Ft 5. For a triangular section, shear stress is
(a) fs = (b) fs =
It I maximum
It (a) at a height of H/4 from base
(c) fs = (d) None of these
F
(b) at a height of 2H/3 from base
[SSC JE (2017) 29 Jan 2018 Evening]
(c) at a height of H/3 from base
2. For a given shear force across a symmetrical ‘I’
(d) at a height of H/2 from base
section the intensity of shear stress is maximum
[BMRCL JE 2018, DFCCIL JE 2018]
at the
6. The ratio of maximum shear stress to average
(a) At the junction of the flange and web, but
shear stress of a circular beam is :
on the web
2 3
(b) At the junction of the flange and the web, A. B.
3 2
but on the flange 3 4
C. D.
(c) Extreme fiber 4 3
(a) A only (b) B only
(d) Centroid of the section
(c) C only (d) D only
[SSC JE 2012]
[SSC JE (2017) 22 Jan 2018-Morning]
3. Shear stress distribution of a beam of
7. If width of rectangular cross section beam is
rectangular cross-section, subjected to
increased by ten folds and keeping cross
transverse loading will be :
sectional area unchanged then maximum shear
stres will be:
d
(a) Increased by 10 times
d
(a) (b) (b) Reduced by 1/10th
(c) Increased by five times
(d) Remains unaltered
[Rajasthan JEn (Diploma) 2016 Shift-I]
d d
(c) (d) 8. Shear centre of a Tee section is located
(a) at the centroid of Tee section
(b) in the flange of Tee section
[SSC JE (2016) 2017 Mar 03 Morning]
(c) at the centre of the web of Tee section
4. The maximum magnitude of shear stress due to
(d) outside the flange of Tee section
shear force F on a rectangular section of area
A at the neutral axis is – [GWSSB Class 1-2, 04.07.2021]

9. The figure (all dimensions are in mm) below 16T 16T

shows an I-section of the beam. The shear (a) (b)
D4 D3
stress at point P (Very close to the bottom of
the flange) is 12 MPa. The stress at point Q in 32 T 32 T
(c) (d)
the web (very close to the flange) is D4 D3
100 [SSC JE 2011]
13. Angle of twist of a circular shaft under the
P action of a torsional moment ‘T’ is given by
Q
40 GJ TL
20 80 (a) (b)
TL GJ
N
TJ TG
(c) (d)
20 GL JL
100 [SSC JE 2013]
(a) Indeterminable due to incomplete data 14. For a hollow shaft of external and internal
(b) 60 MPa diameters 10 cm and 5 cm respectively, the
torsiona l sectional m od ul us w il l be
(c) 18 MPa
approximately–
(d) 12 MPa
(a) 184 cm3 (b) 275 cm3
[SSC JE 2017 March 03 Morning Shift]
(c) 368 cm3 (d) 536 cm3
10. Shear center of a half circular section of radius
r and of constant thickness, lies at a distance [SSC JE (2016) 01 Mar 2017-Morning]
of X from the center, where X is 15. Which of the following sections will be best in
r 2r torsion?
(a) (b)
  (a) Solid circular (b) Hollow circular
3r 4r
(c) (d) (c) Triangular (d) Rectangular
 
[SSC JE (2017) 23 Jan 2018-Morning] [SSC JE (2016) 01 Mar 2017-Evening]
11. The statement that a section plane before the 16. A hollow shaft is subjected to torsion. Which
application of twisting moment continue to of the following diagrams shows the shear
remain plane after the application of twisting stress variation in the shaft along its radius?
moment is valid for ____
(a) All types of cross section
(b) All types of cross section with curved

(i) (ii) (iii) (iv)
boundaries
(c) Only solid circular cross sections (a) (i) (b) (ii)
(d) Only hollow or solid circular cross section (c) (iii) (d) (iv)
[SSC JE (2016) 2017 Mar 03 -Evening] [SSC JE (2016) 03 Mar 2017-Morning]
12. Maximum shear stress produced on a solid 17. In a shaft, the shear stress is not directly
circular shaft under torque is proportional to

(a) Radius of the shaft 1 1

(a) (b)
2 3
(b) Angle of twist
1 1
(c) Length of the shaft (c) (d)
4 5
(d) Modulus of rigidity [SSC-(2017) 27 Jan 2018-Morning]
[SSC JE (2017) 23 Jan 2018-Evening] 21. For permissible shear stress ‘fs’ the torque
transmitted by a thin tube of mean diameter D
18. A circular shaft fixed at A has diameter D for
and wall thickness ‘t’ is :
half of its length and diameter D/2 over the
other half. What is the rotation of C relative (a)  D  2 tf
2
s
(b)  D  2 tf
s
to B if the rotation of B relative to A is 0.1

radians?
(c)  D  tf
2
s
(d)  D t  4 f
2 2
s

A
B 22. A rectangular bar has been subjected to torsion.
T The maximum shear stress will occur _____.
C
D D/2
(a) At the centre
1/2 1/2 (b) At the corner
(a) 0.4 radians (b) 0.8 radians- (c) At the middle of longer side
(d) Along the diagonal
(c) 1.6 radians (d) 3.2 radians
23. A circular shaft is subjected to a bending
19. A torsion member is fabricated from two
moment Mb and a twisting moment Mt. What is
concentric thin tubes. At the ends, the tubes the ratio of maximum shear stress and the
are welded to rigid discs so that both the tubes maximum bending stress?
are twisted as a unit. The radius of the outer
2M t Mt
tube is 2r and that of the inner tube is r. If (a) (b)
Mb Mb
the shear stresses developed in the outer tube
is '  ' , then the shear stress in the inner tube Mt 1.5M t
(c) 2M b (d) Mb
will be _____.
(a)  (b) 0.25 [UPSC IES 2008]

24. Maximum shear stress developed on the surface
(c) 0.75 (d) 0.5  of a solid circular shaft under pure torsion is
[SSC-(2016) 01 Mar 2017-Evening] 320 MPa. If the shaft diameter is doubled then
maximum shear stress developed corresponding
20. If the strain energy stored per unit volume in
to same torque will be
a hollow shaft subjected to a pure torque
(a) 120 MPa (b) 60 MPa
when it attains maximum shear stress fs is
(17fs)/(64N). the ratio of the inner diameter (c) 40 MPa (d) 20 MPa
to outer diameter is [MH PWD 2019]

ANSWER KEY
1. (a) 7. (d) 13. (b) 19. (d)
2. (d) 8. (b) 14. (a) 20. (c)
3. (d) 9. (b) 15. (b) 21. (a)
4. (c) 10. (d) 16. (c) 22. (c)
5. (d) 11. (d) 17. (c) 23. (c)
6. (d) 12. (b) 18. (c) 24. (c)
SOLUTION
1. (a) V D2 – d2 
V D2 – d2   B 
8I  
8I t
w Area = A
C D t
Vd2
y 8I
H y M d
N A D
N A
b
t
x-section
x B Parabolic
Parabolic
Shear stress at the level y from N.A., max
Note: Normally for I-section, approx (80-85%)

FAy F of shear is resisted by web.
fs = 
It It 3. (d)
Cross-section Shear stress Remarks
where,  = Ay = Moment of area of section
distribution
about the level at which shear stress is to be Rectangle avg
found out. 3
max   avg
2
d
I = Moment of inertia of complete section about Shear stress will
2 3
N.A. d max be equal to average
d shear stress at
t = With of section of the level where shear 2 3 distance d / 2 3
stress is to be found out. V from neutral axis
b avg 
bd
F = Shear force at the section where shear
stress is to be found. 4. (c)
2. (d) Min. shear stress at y
Variation of shear stress of symmetrical I- = h/2, min = 0

section subjected to a shear force. y = 0

3 3F 4r
Max. shear stress at y = 0, max = avg = e=
2 2A 
Note: 11. (d)
A Basic Assumptions in deriving torsional formula:
b
T  G
= =
y y J r L
y
h  Material is isotropic, homogeneous and
1.5avg = max elastic in which Hook’s law is valid.
 The plane section before twisting remains
Rectangular Shear Stress plane after twisting. It means the radii
Section Distribution which are straight before twisting will
Shear stress at a distance y from N.A. remain straight after twisting.
F  h2 2
Note: In circular section (hollow or solid) shear
y =  –y  stress distribution is symmetrical about polar
2I  4 
axis therefore there wil be twisting but no
6. (d) warping.
Whereas in non-circular section (square,
y
y rectangular, triangular etc.) shear stress
N max
distribution. Non-symmetrical hence warping will
occurs, if warping occurs then plane section will
not remain plane section.
Circular beam Shear stress variation
Shear stress distribution in non-circular section.
 y2 
 y =
4
3
 
avg  1 – 2 
 R  T
max
d
Maximum shear stress occur at y - 0 i.e. Neutral d
axis. b
4 b
max =  (Remember)
3 avg Torsional Shear Stress Distribution
10. (d) Maximum shear stress occurs at middle
surface of longer side (b > d).
Due to this unsymmetrical distribution of shear
stress warping will occur and warping will occurs
e
first at the point of max . It means plane section
r  will not remain plane after twisting.

2
12. (b)
Shear centre of an arc section making ‘ 2 ’ angle Varying of torsional shear stress through solid
at centre by circular
 2r  max
e =   ×  sin  –  cos  
  – sin  cos  

where  =
2
 2r 
e =   × 1 – 0 
  – 0 
2  From torsional formula.

 T G 
= = × 125 × 75 cm4
=
r J L 32
For maximum shear stress Torsional section modulus
r = R J J
= y = (d /2)
max 1
max T
= 
R  D4  × 125 × 75
  = 32 cm3
 32 
5
max T = 184 cm3
=
D  D4 
  15. (b)
2  32 
T 
16T =
max = 3 J r
D
For a given amount of torsional moment, the
13. (b) section which develops least value of max
From torsion formula : (maximum shear stress) will be best.
T  G Jsolidcircular < Jhollow circular

= =
J r L (considering same weight of solid & hollow
sections)
TL
 =  solid circular > hollow circular
GJ
Also, square, rectangular, triangular and other
where,   Angle of twisting polygonal sections have sharp edges or fillets
which reduce surface area, thus increasing the
T  Applied Torque stress in those places. Hence, they are not very
J  Polar moment of inertia effective in resisting stress against the torque.
Therefore, hollow circular section will be best
  Shear stress at a distance r from
in torsion.
centre
16. (c)
r  Distance from centre where shear
TR
stress is to be found TR Tr max =
max = min = J1
J J1
G  Shear Modulus
L  Length of shaft
14. (a) R
ymax = 5 cm
5cm 10cm
N A Torsional Shear Stress Torsional Shear Stress
distribution of solid distribution of a hollow
circular section circular section
17. (c)
Torsional moment of inertia,
T max
 4
J = (d – d24 )
32 1

= (10 4 – 54 ) Variation of torsional
32 shear stress

Using Torsion Formula :

= C – B = 1.7 – 0.1
T  G
= = = 1.6 radians
J r L
19. (d)
 Torsional shear stress () is inversely
T T
proportional to polar moment of inertia,
and length of the shaft.
2r
r
1 1 r r
  , 2r
J L 2r
Torsional shear stress is A L B
 Directly proportional to
TL
  T,   G,   ,   r A – B = 1
(for outer shaft)
GJ1
18. (c)
T2L
A A – B = GJ (for inner shaft)
2
B
T
T1 T2
D D/2
C  J1 = J2
J1
L/2 L/2  T1 = J T2 ...(i)
2
T1 1
T T T T = ...(ii)
D D/2 J1 r1
B C
T2 2
A B and = ...(iii)
J2 r2
T(L 2) From (i), (ii) & (iii), we get
B  A =
GJ1
1 2
r1 = r2
T(L 2)
 0.1 – 0 =
 D4 
...(i)
G   
 32   = 2  2 = 0.5
2r r
T(L 2) 20. (c)
Now, C – B =
GJ2 Strain energy stored per unit volume in a hollow
shaft is given by :
T(L 2)
C – 0.1 = ...(ii) fs2  D02 + Di2 
 (D 2) 4  = × 
G   4 N  Do2 
 32 
where, fs = Maximum shear stress
Dividing (ii) by (i), we get N = Modulus of rigidity
C – 0.1 D4 D0 = Outer diameter of hollow shaft
= = 16
0.1 (D 2)4 Di = Inner diameter of hollow shaft
Strain energy per unit volume (U1) should be
 C = 1.6 + 0.1 = 1.7 radian
17fs2
=
 Rotation of C relative to B 64N

17fs 2max 4 L
Note: In question Ui =
64N
but it should be =
D 2
×
64 × G 0

D4 – Di4 
0
17fs2
2max 4 L
64N =
D 2
×
64 × G

D04 – Di4 
0
17fs2 fs2  Do2 + Di2 

= 4N ×  D2  2max L 2
64N  0  =
D02
×
16G 0
 
D – Di2 D02 + Di2 
17 D02 Di2 Di2
 2
16
= +
D02 D02
= 1 +
D02 Volume of hollow shaft, Vol =
4

D0 – Di2 × L 
1 Di2 2max  D02 + Di2 
1+ = 1 + ×
D02 U=  ×V
16 4G  D02  (Remember)
Di2 1 V = Volume
= +
D02 16 21. (a)
Di 1 Thin Walled Hollow Shaft:
D0 =
4 D
Mean radius of thin tube, R =
Note: 2
Proof : Total strain energy stored in hollow Polar moment of inertia for thin walled hollow
shaft. shaft,
J =  2Rt  R2 = 2R3t
For thin walled section, maximum shear stress
Di D0 D0 is taken corresponding to mean radius.
From torsion formula :
dr TR T
max = =
Using Torsional formula J 2R2t
T  max
= =
J r R R
maxr
  =
R
D0 /2
2 t
Strain energy, U = 
Di /2 2G
Volume Area = Am
T
D0 /2
2maxr2 1 max = fs = 2
=  R 2
×
2G
× 2rdr × L D
2 ×   × t
Di /2 2
2max
D /2 T
1 0
fs =
= × × 2L  r3dr D2
R2 2G Di /2 2 ×t
4
D0 /2
2max 1  r4   D2 
= ×   Torque, T =  t f
R2 2G  4 Di /2  2  s
T
2max L  D0 D4 
4
× × 4 – 4i  Note: max =
2R2t
=
D 2  G 2 × 4 2 × 4 
2
0

T The shear stress is maximum on the boundary

max
.t  =
2R2 and zero at the centre of the rectangle. The
maximum shear stress occurs at the middle of
T
.t = 2A  A
m
= R2  long side.
m 23. (c)
T The maximum shear stress will be:
2Am = w = shear flow (constant)
16M t
   t = shear flow  max =
D3
 Above formula valid for all types of thin The maximum bending stress will be:
walled hollow section.
32M b
 Shear stress at any section in the thin max =
walled section can be found out by dividing D3
shear flow with thickness of section.
max 16M t / D3 Mt
 T 1  = =
 =   max 32M b / D3 2M b
 2Am  t
24. (c)
Thus thicker section will have smaller shear
stress as compared to thinner section. Maximum torsion shear stress on circular shaft
22. (c) 16T
Shear stress distribution in a bar with solid
 max  =
d3
rectangular cross-section subjected to end
1
torsion shown as below. max 
d3
 max
 max 1 d 
3
=  2
d  max 2 d 
 1
320
= 23
b max
2
Torsional Shear Stress Distribution
(b > d) max = 40 MPa
2

TRANSFORMATION OF
STRESS & STRAIN
PRACTICE SET-1
1. In plane stress condition there exist 4 number 7. According to maximum strain energy theory the
of stresses and 3 number of strains. yield locus is an ellipse.

2. Principal planes are subjected to normal stresses 8. Maximum shear stress theory of failure of
only where as maximum shear stress plane is
material is also known as st. venant’s theory.
subjected to both normal stress as well as
tangential stresses. True False
True False
9. Maximum strain energy theory of failure of
3. Maximum shearing stress occur at 45° to the material is also known as guest or Tresca
principal planes of stress. Theory.
True False
True False
4. Maximum shearing stress will be equal to the
intensity of shear stress acting on the major 10. The angle between maximum shear plane and
principal plane. the principal plane is 90°.
5. The sum of the normal stresses in mutually 11. Pure tension is produced by tension in one
perpendicular planes is equal to the sum of direction and equal compression in perpendicular
principal stresses. direction.

6. The angle between the radii to selected points
12. If there is a state of pure shear stress at a
on Mohr circle is twice the angle between the
point then the mohr circle will be tangential to
normals to the actual planes represented by
the y-axis.
these points.
True False
True False
CIVIL ENGINEERING TRANSFORMATION OF STRESS & STRAIN 91
13. For brittle material maximum principal stress 17. According to maximum shear stress theory, the
theory and for ductile material maximum shear failure occurs when  1 – 2    y .
strain energy theory is most suitable.
True False
True False
14. All the failure theories will give similar result 18. Stra in rosette a re genera ll y used for
under uniaxial loading. measurement of longitudinal strains only.

15. Failure theories takes into account the both
19. According to rankines hypothesis the criteria
failure due to materialistic as well as failure
of failure of brittle material is maximum
due to instability.
principle stress.
True False
True False
16. According to maximum shear stress failure
criteria yielding in material starts when
 = 0.57 fy.
True False
ANSWER KEY
1. (False) 6. (True) 11. (True) 16. (False)
2. (True) 7. (True) 12. (False) 17. (True)
3. (True) 8. (False) 13. (True) 18. (True)
4. (False) 9. (False) 14. (True) 19. (True)

PRACTICE SET-2
1. In a plane stress problem there are normal stress 1   40 MPa  . The minor principal stress
t ensile st r esses x and y accompanied by ‘ 2 ’ is
shear stress xy at a point along orthogonal y
Cartesian co-ordinates x and y respectively. If xy
it is observed that the minimum principal stress
on a certain plane is zero then y xy
x x
(a) xy  x   y (b) xy  x   y xy x
xy
(c) xy  x . y (d) xy  x / y
y
2. Consider the following statements: (a) –22 MPa
1. On planes having maximum and minimum (b) –18 MPa
principal stresses, there w ill be no
tangential stress. (c) 22 MPa
2. Shear stresses on mutually perpendicular (d) Indeterminable due to insufficient data

planes are numerically equal.
5. The radius of Mohr’s circle of stress of a
3. Maximum shear stress is equal to half the strained element is 20 N/mm2 and minor tensile
sum of the maximum and minimum principal stress is 10 N/mm2. The major principal stress
stresses. is
Of these statements (a) 30 N/mm2 (b) 50 N/mm2
(a) 1, 2 and 3 are correct (c) 60 N/mm2 (d) 100 N/mm2
(b) 1 and 2 are correct 6. A bar of square cross-section, having an area of
cross-section ‘A’ is subjected to a compressive
(c) 2 and 3 are correct
force ‘P’ as shown in the figure. The intensity of
(d) 1 and 3 are correct the tangential stress on the oblique plane is given
by
3. In a rectangular element subjected to like
principal tensile stresses p1 and p2 in two mutually
perpendicular directions x and y, the maximum
shear stress would occur along the
(a) plane normal to x-axis
P P
(b) plane normal to y-axis (a) sin 2 (b) cos2
A A
(c) plane at 45° to y-direction P P
(c) sin2 (d) cos2
(d) planes at 45° and 135° to y-direction 2A 2A
4. The state of stresses on an element is shown 7. p1 and p2 are two equal tensile principal stresses.
in the given figure. The values of stresses are On the plane AB inclined at 45° to the plane of
x   32MPa  ;  y   10 MPa  and major principal p1

P2 
A

 O 
(a) (b)
P1 O
P1
45º
B 
P2 
(a) the shear stress is a maximum (c)  O (d)

(b) the normal stress is zero 
O
(c) the shear stress is zero 12. An element of a certain material in plane strain
(d) the normal stress is maximum has
x = 800 × 10–6 ;  y = 400 × 10–6
8.  x ,  y and xy are normal and shear stresses on
the x and y faces. What is the radius of Mohr’s xy  300  10 6
circle in terms of their stress?
What is the maximum shearing strain?
x   y (a) 150 × 10–6 (b) 355 × 10–6
(a)
2 (c) 250 × 10–6 (d) 500 × 10–6
x  y 13.
(b)  xy
2

2
 x   y 
(c)    2xy
 2 

2
 x   y 
(d)    2xy
 2  1000 MPa 1000 MPa
9. In a plane strain situation in xy plane, the The Mohr’s circle given above corresponds to
displacement at a point are given as : which one of the following stress conditions :
u   2x  8y   10 6 unit
2000 MPa
2000 MPa
2000 MPa
1000 MPa
1000 MPa
v   3x  5y   10 6 unit (a) (b)
What is the shearing strain? 500 MPa

2000 MPa
(a) 9 × 10–6 (b) 7 × 10–6
1000 MPa
(c) 5 × 10–6 (d) 3 × 10–6
500 MPa
1000 MPa
10. In a bi-axial strain system x and  y , what is (c) (d)

the maximum engineering shearing strain ?
1000 MPa
(a) x   y (b) x   y
14. At a point in a structure, there are two mutually
x   y x  y perpendicular tensile stresses of 800 kg/cm2
(c) (d)
2 2 and 400 kg/cm2. If the Poisson’s ratio is  =
11. Which one of the following Mohr’s Circles 0.25, what would be the equivalent stress in
represents the state of pure shear ? simple tension according to Maximum Principal
Strain Theory?

(a) 1200 kg/cm2 (b) 900 kg/cm2 kg/cm2 (tensile) and 300 kg/cm2 (compressive).
The factor of safety according to maximum
(c) 700 kg/cm2 (d) 400 kg/cm2
shear stress theory is
15. A certain steel has proportionality limit of 3000
(a) 1.50 (b) 1.75
kg/cm2 in simple tension. It is subjected to
principal stresses of 1200 kg/cm2 (tensile), 600 (c) 1.80 (d) 2.00
ANSWER KEY
1. (c) 5. (b) 9. (c) 13. (c)
2. (b) 6. (c) 10. (b) 14. (c)
3. (d) 7. (c, d) 11. (b) 15. (d)
4. (b) 8. (c) 12. (d)

SOLUTION
1. (c) So Mohr’s circle will reduce to a point, all planes

Minimum principal stress will be principal plane and shear stress will be
zero on each plane.
2
x   y  x  y  Hence shear stress on plane AB is zero and
min =     2xy normal stress is maximum.
2  2 
2
Note: However, if we have to chose single option
x   y  x  y  than option (c) is more appropriate.
0 =     2xy
2  2  10. (b)
In biaxial strain system,  xy is shearing strain

2 2
 x   y   x   y 
   2xy =  
 2   2  and x and  y are principal strain, then
 = x  y
2
xy  xy x   y
=
xy =  x y 2 2
 xy = x –  y
4. (b)
We know that 12. (d)
1 + 2 = x +  y x = 800 × 10–6
 y = 400 × 10 –6
40 + 2 = 32 – 10
2 = –18 MPa  xy = 300 × 10 –6
6. (c) Maximum shear strain

2 2
 (, )  max  x   y    xy 
=    
2  2   2 
2
1   2 2 
 800  400   300  
=        10
6
  2   2  
= 250 × 10 –6
From Mohr’s circle
 max = 500 × 10 –6
Tangential stress on a plane inclined at an angle
13. (c)
 from major principal plane
Principal stresses are 1000 MPa, – 1000 MPa.
1 P
= sin2 = sin2 It may be the case of pure shear with shear
2 2A
stress equal to radius of Mohr’s circle i.e. T =
7. (c, d) 1000 MPa which is represented by option (c).
As, p1 = p2  Hydrostatic condition

PRACTICE SET-3
1. The plane carrying maximum shear stress are: (a) Numerically equal but of opposite sign
(a) Principal planes (b) Numerically unequal and of opposite sign
(b) Inclined at 90° to those of principal planes (c) Numerically equal and of same sign
(d) Numerically unequal but of same sign
(c) Inclined at 45° to principal planes
[MH PWD 2018]
(d) Parallel to principal planes
6. If normal stresses due to longitudinal and
[SSC JE 2005]
transverse loads on a bar are 1 and 2
2. In a Mohr’s circle of  –  plane (  = normal respectively, the normal component of the
stress,  = shear stress), the vertical diameter stress on an inclined plane  to the longitudinal
represents: load is
(a) Maximum shear stress (a)   sin    

1 2
cos  
(b) Maximum normal stress (b) 1 sin   2 cos2 

2
(c) Principal stress (c) 1

 2   sin2  2
(d) Minimum normal stress (d) 1

 2   sin2  2
[SSC JE 2013] [SSC JE (2017) 22 Jan 2018-Evening]

7. When a member is subjected to axial tensile
3. Which of the following statement is true?
load, the greatest normal stress is equal to –
(a) The sum of normal stresses is constant
(a) Half the maximum shear stress
(b) The sum of normal stresses is variable (b) Maximum shear stress
(c) The sum of normal stresses is depends on (c) Twice the maximum shear stress
the plane. (d) None of these
(d) None of these [SSC JE (2016) 03 Mar 2017-Evening]
[SSC-(2017) 24 Jan 2018-Morning] 8. The ratio of tangential and normal components
4. Mohr’s circle for the state of stress defined of a stress on an inclined plane through  to
the direction of the force is _____.
30 0 
by   MPa is a circle with (a) sin  (b) cos 
 0 30 
(a) center at (0, 0) and radius 30 MPa (c) tan  (d) cosec 
(b) center at (0, 0) and radius 60 MPa [SSC JE (2016) 02 Mar 2017-Evening]
(c) center at (30, 0) and radius 30 MPa 9. The normal and tangential components of stress
on an inclined plane through  to the direction
(d) center at (30, 0) and zero radius of the force will be equal if  is –
[PGCIL DET 15.1.2016] (a) 45° (b) 30°
5. In Mohr Circle shear stresses on planes at right (c) 60° (d) 90°
angles to each other are [SSC JE (2016) 04 Mar 2017-Evening]

10. Maximum allowable shear stress in a section is condition. If the value of minimum principle
100 kg/cm2. If bar is subjected to tensile force stress is found to be zero on a certain plane,
of 5000 kg and if the section is square shaped, then which one of the following condition is
what will be dimension of sides of the squares? correct?
(a) 10 cm (b) 5 cm y
(a) xy = x . y (b) xy =
(c) 12 cm (d) 12 cm x
[SSC JE (2016) 01 Sep 2017-Evening] x
(c) xy = (d) xy = x +  y
11. In case of biaxial stress, the maximum value of y
shear stress is given by :
[MH PWD 2019]
(a) Difference of the normal stresses
16. The state of pure shear stress is produced by
(b) Half the difference of the normal stresses
(a) Tension in one direction and equal
(c) Sum of the normal stresses compression in perpendicular direction.
(d) Half the sum of the normal stresses (b) Equal tension in two directions at right
[SSC JE 2013] angle
12. At a point in a strained material, if two mutually (c) Equal compression in two direction at right
perpendicular tensile stresses of 2000 kg/cm2 angle.
and 1000 kg/cm2 are acting, then the intensity (d) None of these
tensile stress on a plane inclined at 15° to the
axis of the minor stress will be –
17. For such element only under normal stresses,
(a) 125 kg/cm2 (b) 250 kg/cm2
the radius of Mohr circle is:
(c) 500 kg/cm2 (d) 1000 kg/cm2
[SSC JE (2016) 01 Mar 2017-Morning]
13. At a point in two-dimensional stress system 
fx = 120 N/mm2, fy = 40 N/mm2 and q = 30 N/
mm2. What is the radius ofthe Mohr circle for
stress drawn with a scale of 1 cm = 10 N/mm2 
? (fx & fy) are like stresses (a)  (b) 2
(a) 3 cm (b) 4 cm (c) 2 (d) 0.6 

(c) 5 cm (d) 6 cm [SSC JE 2011]
[RPSC Lect. (Tech. Edu.) Paper-I 2021] 18. A solid circular shaft has been subjected to a
14. If the principal stresses at a point in a strained pure torsion moment. The ratio of maximum
body are P1 and P2 (P1 > P2), then resultant stress shear stress to maximum normal stress at any
on a plane carrying maximum shear stress is point would be –
equal to, (a) 1 : 2 (b) 2 : 3
(c) 1 : 1 (d) 2 : 1
P12 + P22
(a) P12 + P22 (b) [SSC JE (2016) 01 Mar 2017-Morning]
2
19. In the Mohr’s circle for strains, radius of Mohr’s
P12 – P22 circle give that:
(c) (d) P12 – P22
2 (a) minimum value of normal strain
[Nagaland PSC 2017 Paper-II] (b) maximum value of normal strain
15. Consider x and  y as normal tensile stresses (c) maximum value of shear strain
accompanied by xy along orthogonal cartesian (d) half of maximum value of shear strain
co-ordinate x and y respectively in a plane stress [ESE 2003]

20. A square block is subjected to a state of simple 25. A material fail if _____.
shear. The linear strain of the diagonal shall be (a) Maximum principal stress exceeds the
equal to : direct stress, 0
(a) Two times the shear strain
(b) Maximum strain exceeds 0 E
(b) The shear strain
(c) Maximum shear stress exceeds 0 2
(c) Half the shear strain
(d) All option are correct
(d) One-fourth the shear strain
[SSC JE (2017) 25 Jan 2018-Evening]
[SSC JE 2005] 26. According to the maximum strain energy theory,
21. Maximum principle stress theory for the failure yield locus is _________.
of a material at elastic limit is known as : (a) A rectangle (b) A circle
(a) Guest’s or Tresce theory (c) A hexagon (d) An ellipse
(b) St. Venant’s theory [SSC JE (2016) 03 Mar 2017-Evening]
(c) Rankine’s theory 27. The locus of the moment of inertia about
inclined axis to the principal axis is ______
(d) Haigh’s theory
(a) Straight line (b) Parabola
(c) Circle (d) Ellipse
22. Maximum shear stress theory for the failure
of a material at the elastic limit is known as [SSC JE (2016) 02 Mar 2017-Evening]
(a) Guest’s or Tresca’s theory 28. A shaft is subjected to a maximum bending

stress of 80 N/mm2 and maximum shearing
(b) St. Venant’s theory
stress equal to 30 N/mm 2 at a particular
(c) Rankine’s theory section, If the yield point the tension of
material is 280 N/mm2, and the maximum shear
(d) Haigh’s theory.
stress theory of failure is used, then the factor
[SSC JE (2017) 22 Jan 2018-Evening] of safety obtained will be
23. Maximum strain energy theory for the failure (a) 2.5 (b) 2.8
of a material at the elastic limit is known as
(c) 3.0 (d) 3.5
(a) Guest’s or Tresca’s theory [RPSC Lect. (Tech. Edu.) Paper-I 2021]
(b) St. Venant’s theory 29. All the theories of failure gives nearly the same
(c) Rankine’s theory result
(d) Haigh’s theory (a) When one of the principal stresses at a

point is large in comparison to other
(b) When shear stresses act
24. Shear strain energy theory for the failure of
(c) When both the principal stresses are
a material at elastic limit is due to
numerically equal
(a) Rankine (b) Guest or Tresca
(d) For all situations of stress
(c) St. Venant (d) Von Mises
[Odisha SSC JE 2014]

ANSWER KEY
1. (c) 9. (a) 17. (a) 25. (d)
2. (a) 10. (b) 18. (c) 26. (d)
3. (a) 11. (b) 19. (d) 27. (d)
4. (d) 12. (d) 20. (c) 28. (b)
5. (a) 13. (c) 21. (c) 29. (a)
6. (b) 14. (b) 22. (a)
7. (c) 15. (a) 23. (d)
8. (c) 16. (a) 24. (d)
SOLUTION
1. (c) max + min

Here, avg =
Plane of maximum 2
 shear
(max) 2. (a)
Principal plane (Shear stress)

90° max, avg Represents max.
 shear stress
(min,0) (max,0)
45°
A B  (Normal
(max) min max stress)
In mohr circle, plane of max. shear stress is
inclined at 90° from principal planes.
 On an element, plane of max. shear stress –max, avg
is inclined at 45° from principal planes.
Mohr’s Circle
min
Plane of max + min
Max. shear avg =
avg stress 2
Note:
max 45°
 In actual the diameter of Mohr circle =
max min 2max and Radius of Mohr circle = max .
 Every point on circle represent a state of
stress. At point at A & B shear stress are
Plane of max. normal shear zero and normal stresses are max. and min.
max
avg
 The maximum & minimum normal stresses
min are called principal stresses.
Small stress element

3. (a) x ×  –  1 Asin   sin  –  2Acos   cos  = 0

In case of plane stress, the sum of normal
stresses exerted on two mutually perpendicular x = 1 sin2  + 2 cos2 
planes of material is independent of the
orientation of planes etc. Note:  F y = 0
Proof: xy A + 2 sin   Acos   – 1 cos   Asin   = 0

y x
y xy = 1 cos  sin  – 2 sin  cos 
xy  x y
, A 
 x A  xy = cos  sin   1 – 2 
xy
x  x  , A cos  
sin2
x
xy xy Acos 

 xy  A sin  
xy =  1 – 2  sin2 = 2cos  sin 
xy 2
y  y  A sin  
7. (c)
Let x and xy be the normal and shear stress
 
acting on plane AC the normal to which is (+)ve
X' direction.
Mohr circle:
Thus
 
  , 
x +  y x –  y 2 2
x = + cos2 + xy sin2 ...(A)
2 2
xy =
 x
– y  sin2 +  cos2 ... (B)   (, 0)

xy  ,0
2a 2 
As  y is obtained by replacing  with  + 90°

in the above equation (A) and 
max =
2
x + y x – y
 y = – cos2 – xy sin2 ... (C) Greatest normal stress =  = 2max .
2 2
8. (c)
From A and C
A A
x +  y = x +  y . Hence proved.
6. (b)
n
y´ x´   
1 
A
xy  A  x  A

2 2 2 A A
Acos  
C We know, normal stress at plane A-A,
1 B
1  Asin  
n =  cos2 
Let the area of plane AC be A
Shear stress at plane A-A’,
Area of plane BC be Asin 
 =  sin  cos 
From equilibrium equations.
  sin  cos 
= tan 
F x
= 0  n =  cos2 

9. (a) 11. (b)


A (Shear stress)
max, avg
P
2
P P
 P P A B  (Normal
( P , 0)
1
( P , 0) stress)
1
2
A 1
P –max, avg
At plane A-A : 2
n =  cos2   Max. value of shear stress = Radius of

mohr circle.
 =  sin  cos 
p – p
As per question, = 1 2
2
 cos2  =  sin  cos   Half the difference of the normal stresses
 tan  = 1 ( P1 and P2 value should be put with sign).

 = 45° 12. (d)
The value of stress (both normal & shear) on Axis of minor stress
plane A-A 15° A
=  cos2 45 1000
 75°
=
2 2000 2000
10. (b)
 
1000
max = 100 kg/cm2 A
= Radius of Mohr circle Normal stress are plane A–A
x +  y x –  y
 
 , max  n = + cos2 + xy sin2
2  2 2
2000 + 1000 2000 – 1000

= + cos(2 × 75) + 0
2 2
  (, 0)
 , 0 = 1066.98 kg/cm2
2 
Closest opton is (d)
13. (c)

= max = 100  fx – fy 
2
2
Radius of Mohr’s circle =   + q2
 2 
P  
  = 200 kg/cm2 =
A
2
 120 – 40  2
5000 =   + (30) = 50 N/mm2
A = = 25 cm2  2 
200
= 5cm × 5cm Since, 20 N/mm2 = 1 cm
Side of square = 5cm  Radius of Mohr circle = 5 cm.

14. (b)
 xy = x .y
Shear stress on plane of maximum shear
max =
 P1 – P2  16. (a)
2 The state of pure shear stress will occur when
Normal stress, acting on the plane of maximum tension in one direction and equal compression
shear
in perpendicular direction.
n =
P1 + P2  xy = 
2
The resultant stress  r  = 

2
n
+ 2max  45°  = 
xy
xy =  –  (Tensile)
2
 P1 + P2   P1 – P2 
=   +  
 2   2  (Compressive)
 
P12 + P22 + 2P1P2 + P12 + P22 – 2P1P2 (0, )
=
4
=

2 P12 + P22  (– , 0) (, 0)
4
P12 + P22
r = (0, –)
2
Proof:
15. (a)

We know that minimum principal stress,
2 
x + y  x –  y  
2 = –   + 2xy
2  2 

It is given that minimum principle stress,
2 = 0 For x = 0,  y = 0, xy = 
Hence,
2 x +  y x –  y
x + y  x –  y  x = + cos2 + xy sin2
–   + 2xy = 0 2 2
2  2 
2 For  = 45  x1 = 0 + 0 + xy sin2  45 
 x + y   x – y 
  =   + 2
 2   2  xy
 x1 = 
2 2
  +  y   x – y 
2xy =  x  –  For  = 135 x = 0 + 0 +  sin2 135
 2   2 
 2 + 2 + 2   2 + 2 – 2   x2 = 
=   
x y x y x y x y

 2  2  Note: If equal tension or equal compression
occurs in two direction at right angle then “point
= x . y Mohr circle” will develop

  anywhere in the shaft and for state of pure

   
shear max = max =  .
  max 
Equal tensile force Equal compressive force  = =1
max 
Radius of mohr circle is given by For both direction compression
For both direction tensien 20. (c)
1
 
2
 y –  x + 42y
1
  R=
2
R=  y –  x + 4xy
2
2 a b
2
1
– – –  + 0 = 0
2
1 
 –  + 0 = 0
2 =
= 2
2
Point mohr circle Point mohr circle h
 –
Mohr point circle for equal Mohr point circle for equal 2h
tension compression d c
h
17. (a)
 
= 1 max =  a b
 
  
 4 2
= 2 = 2  R=

Comp. – O 
stress 
e 
Compressive
= 1 tensile 
principal
stress
stress = –tensile  
 – 
principal stress =  2 
d c Lbd
 Radius of mohr circle  R
1 – 2  –  – 
= = = Lbd
2 2
2
max = 
Let,  = Normal strain along bd.
Centre = (0, 0)
18. (c) bd = 2h × ...(i)
T Lbd
  2
In ade, cos  –  =
 4 2 h
Pure Torsion : M = 0 and in abd , Lbd = 2 h +  bd
16 
max = M ± M2 + T 2    2h + bd
D3   cos  –  =
 4 2 2h
16T
=     1 bd
D3 cos .cos + sin .sin = +
4 2 4 2 2 2h
max =
16
D3
 M +T 2 2
 =
16T
D3 cos
  
 1 and sin    = small
2 2 2
max
 max = 1 1   1 bd
 1 +  = +
2  2 2 2h
Alternatively:
Since, the shaft is subjected to torque only, 2 h
 bd =
hence, the state of pure shear will exist 2

From (i),  max = 0

2 h Note:
2h × =
2  Maximum principal stress theory (Rankine
 theory, Lame’s theory).
 = (Remember)
2  Max principal strain theory (St. Venant
21. (c) theory).
 Maximum principal stress theory (Rankine  Max strain energy theory (Beltrami-Haigh
theory, Lame’s theory or max stress theory).
theory”).  Maximum shear strain energy theory
 For no failure, max principal stress should (Distortion Energy theory or Huber Hencky
be less than or equal to the yield stress Von - Mises theory).
under uniaxial loading i.e. max  fy 23. (d)
Max strain energy theory (Beltrami-Haigh
fy
 For design purpose   . Theory)
F.O.S.
 Total strain energy per unit volume
 This theory is applicable for brittle absorbed at a point should be less than or
material because brittle material fail under equal to total strain energy per unit volume
tension leading to fracture. under unaxial loading, when the material is
 Not suitable for ductile material in which subjected to stress upto elastic limit.
strength is limited by shear.  Total strain energy per unit volume is given
 Not suitable for pure shear case. by :
1
22. (a)
U = 2 + 22 + 23 – 2  12 + 23 + 31  
Maximum Shear Stress Theory : 2E  1 
 Max strain energy per unit volume under

 Maximum shear stress theory is also known
as “Tresca, Guest, Coulomb Theory”. uniaxial loading = fy2 2E
 This theory states that “Maximum shear
1 fy2
stress should be less than or equal to  + 2 + 3 – 2  1 2 + 23 + 31   
2 2 2
maximum shear stress under uniaxial 2E  1  2E
loading”. 21 + 22 + 23 – 2  12 + 2 3 + 31   fy2

 Max shear stress under uniaxial loading like
For design purpose:
fy fy is fy 2 2
 fy 
 +  +  – 2  1 2 + 2 3 + 3 1   
2 2 2

  – min max min  fy 1 2 3
 F.O.S. 
 Max of  max , , 
 2 2 2  2  This theory is applicable for ductile
 This theory is applicable for ductile material.
material.  Not suitable for Brittle material.
 This method gives the most conservative  Not suitable for pure shear case.
design out of various other theories of
24. (d)
failure.
Maximum shear strain energy theory
 Not suitable for hydrostatic loading
because under hydrostatic loading when (Distortion Energy theory or Huber Hencky
max = min =  Von - Mises Theory)

 Max shear strain energy in a body should 1 2

be less than or equal to max shear strain U = [  22  23  2( 12  23  13 )]
2E 1
energy under uniaxial loading. 2
1  fy 
  
1
 1 – 2  +  2 – 3  +  3 – 1    fy2
2 2 2
2E  FOS 
2 
 Yield locus as per max. strain energy
For design
theory:
2
1  fy  2
 1 – 2  +  2 – 3  +  3 – 1    
2 2 2
  fy Failure by yielding
2  F.O.S. 
No yielding
 This theory is applicable for ductile
1
material.
fy
 For 2D case
21 + 22 – 12  fy

2
Note: Yield locus for other failure theory.

For pure shear 1 = , 2 = 
 Ma xi mum princi pal stress theory
2
3 2
 fy 1  2  3
fy
  fy
3  1 
F.O.S.
Hence, this theory is in perfect agreement with
the case of pure shear. 2
25. (d) fy
A material may fail if

1
i. Maximum principal stress exceeds the fy
No yielding
direct stress 0 .
Failure yielding
ii. Maximum strain exceeds 0 E (i.e. design
strain)  Maximum principal strain theory
fy
iii. Maximum shear stress exceeds 0 2 1 – 2 – 3 
F.O.S.
 1 – 2 0 – 0 0  2
 maximum shear stress max = = = 
fy
 2 2 2
20 1
iv. Total strain energy exceeds × Volume
2E fy
26. (d)
According to maximum strain energy theory,
for no failure maximum strain energy per unit  Maximum shear stress theory
volume should be less than or equal to strain fy
energy per unit volume under uniaxial loading 1 – 3 
F.O.S.
when the material is stressed to yield stress,
fy. where 1  2  3

2 Let, x = max , y  0
fy
 yx = max
1
2
fy max  
1,2 =   max 2
 + max
Hexagon 2  2
 
 Ma xi mum di storti on energy theory 80  80 

2
 + 30 
2
(maximum shear strain energy theory) 1 = + 
2  2 
2
 f  1 = 90 N/mm2
(1 – 2 )2 + (2 – 3 )2 + (3 – 1 )2  2  y 
 F.O.S. 
  2
80  80 
 + 30  = –10 N/mm
2 2
2 2 = – 
fy
2  2 
As per maximum shear stress theory
1
fy fy
max 
Elliptical 2 × F.O.S
28. (b)  1 – 0 2 – 0 1 – 2  fy
 Max.  , , 
Given, maximum bending stress  2 2 2  2 × F.O.S.
max = 80 N/mm2
 90 – 0 –10 – 0 90 – (–10) 
Maximum shearing stress, max = 30 N/mm2  Max.  , , 
280
 2 2 2  2 × F.O.S.
Principal stress, 1 and 2 can be calculated
as:
90 + 10 280
2 2  
   y   x   y  2 2 × F.O.S.
1,2 =  x      2xy
 2   2 
 F.O.S. = 2.8

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INTRODUCTION

CONCEPTUAL THEORETICAL QUESTIONS (TRUE/FALSE)

True False True False

True False 20. Number of restraint moment required at a joint

True False True False

True False True False

True False True False

1. (True) 7. (True) 13. (False) 19. (True)

2. (True) 8. (False) 14. (True) 20. (True)

3. (True) 9. (False) 15. (True) 21. (False)

4. (True) 10. (True) 16. (False) 22. (False)

5. (True) 11. (False) 17. (False)

6. (False) 12. (True) 18. (True)

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CONCEPTUAL NUMERICAL QUESTIONS

3. Centre of gravity of a thin hollow cone lines on

(d) None of these (a) 12 (b) 14

4. Pick up the incorrect statement from the (c) 20 (d) 22

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(c) 2 (d) Zero

I1 3. The frame is internally as well as externally

(c) 5 (d) 2 Which of the above statements is/are correct?

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1. (a) 7. (b) 13. (b) 19. (b)

2. (b) 8. (a) 14. (c) 20. (a)

3. (b) 9. (c) 15. (a) 21. (b)

4. (d) 10. (c) 16. (c) 22. (b)

5. (c) 11. (c) 17. (a)

6. (b) 12. (b) 18. (a)

1. (a) Cross sectional area of hollow cylinder

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No. of inextensible members, n = 11  DS = 3 + 1 + 1= 5

From the concept of open tree 1 52 2 3

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21. (b) C = No. of cuts required to make open tree like

R = No. of restraints applied to make all joints

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PREVIOUS YEARS QUESTIONS

(a) Tee section [SSC-(2016) 02 Mar 2017-Morning]

(b) Symmetrical I section 8. The ratio of moments of inertia of a triangular

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[SSC-2010] (a) 1 (b) 2

13. (c) 3 (d) 4

30kN [SSC JE -2009]

14. Reaction at support A is : (i) (ii)

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(d) The beam is supported on three supports (a) Stable

22. The degree of indeterminacy of the beam given (b) Indeterminate

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30. How many cases out of the following are Options:

1. (d) 9. (c) 17. (c) 25. (a)

2. (b) 10. (d) 18. (c) 26. (c)

3. (c) 11. (c) 19. (c) 27. (d)

4. (b) 12. (c) 20. (c) 28. (c)

5. (b) 13. (d) 21. (c) 29. (b)

6. (c) 14. (a) 22. (b) 30. (b)

7. (b) 15. (d) 23. (b)

8. (d) 16. (c) 24. (c)

1. (d) A1x1 + A2x2

1.5cm Since, centroid divides AD or BE in 2 : 1 ratio.

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a i.e. IX X = INA + A.y 2