JUMBLED

WORD
Your task is to unscramble the
letters of the jumbled word to
form the correct word.
 Round 1

N Z 0 E N
It is a gas used for sterilization.
 Round 1

O Z 0 N E
It is a gas used for sterilization.
Round 2

I L G B O I N
It is a simple and commonly used method
for sterilization.
Round 2

B O I L I N G
It is a simple and commonly used method
for sterilization.
 Round 3

G O N I T R E N
It is a gas commonly used for sterilization purposes.
 Round 3

N I T R O G E N
It is a gas commonly used for sterilization purposes.
Thank
You for
Playing
 Microbiology and Parasitology

PHYSICAL AND
CHEMICAL METHODS OF
STERILIZATION
GROUP II - BSE Science 3-2
Introduction
Each year in the US, about 46.5 million surgical procedures,
including 5 million gastrointestinal endoscopies, are
performed. These procedures involve contact with sterile
tissue or mucous membranes, posing infection risks from
pathogens. Failure to disinfect or sterilize equipment can
lead to infections, including person-to-person and
environmental pathogen transmission.
Disinfection and Sterilization are essential for ensuring
that medical and surgical instruments do not transmit
infectious pathogens to patients. Because sterilization of
all patient-care items is not necessary, health-care
policies must identify, primarily on the basis of the items’
intended use, whether cleaning, disinfection, or sterilization
is indicated.
Overview
Sterilization is a crucial process
used in various fields, including
healthcare, food processing, and
pharmaceuticals, to eliminate
microorganisms and prevent the
spread of infections and diseases.
There are two primary categories
of sterilization techniques: physical
and chemical methods.
Jercel Kristine Joy Laurence Bridget
Junio Solomon Macaraeg Sarmiento

Members
 Objetives

Define Compare the Explain the

different physical
important different
and chemical
terms related methods of factors
to sterilization sterilization as to affecting the
and classification, efficacy of a
disinfection. mechanism of action, chemical agent.
and indication for
use.
Sterilization and
Disinfection
WHAT IS STERILIZATION?
a process used in medical facilities to destroy or
eliminate all types of bacteria physically or chemically.
Heat under pressure, dry heat, ethylene oxide gas,
hydrogen peroxide gas plasma, and liquid chemicals are
medical facilities' most common sterilizing agents.
Sterilization is intended to convey an absolute meaning;
unfortunately, some health professionals and commercial
literature refer to “disinfection” as “sterilization” and
items as “partially sterile.”
How does Sterilization
works?
Sterilization works by using physical
or chemical methods to destroy or
deactivate all forms of microbial
life, including bacteria, viruses,
fungi, and spores.
Here's how some common Sterilization methods
work:

CHEMICAL STERILZATION HEAT STERILIZATION RADIATION STERILIZATION

FILTRATION STERILZATION
WHAT IS DISENFECTION?
process of reducing the number of viable microorganisms
to a level where they are no longer capable of causing
disease. Unlike sterilization, disinfection does not
necessarily kill all microorganisms, particularly bacterial
spores, but it significantly reduces their numbers.
How does Disinfection
works?
Disinfection works by using
chemicals or physical methods to
reduce the number of
microorganisms on surfaces and
objects to a level that is considered
safe for public health.
Here's how some common Disenfection methods
work:

CHEMICAL DISINFECTION HEAT DISINFECTION UV DISINFECTION

BOILING DISINFECTION
Physical Method
of Sterilization
 I. Heat Sterilization
Heat sterilization is the method of reducing and
eliminating microbial contamination by subjecting it
to high temperatures.

There are two main types of heat sterilization method:

moist heat and dry heat.
 Fractional
Boiling Distillation

Moist Inspissation
Heat
Autoclave

Pasteurization
Boiling
Autoclave
Fractional Distillation
Inspissation
Pasteurization
 Flaming
Red Heat

Dry Infrared

heat Radiation

Incineration

Hot air oven

Red Heat
Flaming
Incineration
Infrared radiation
Hot air oven
II. Filtration
 III. Irradiation
(Ionizing radiation)
 Irradiation
(Nonionizing radiation)
IV. Sound waves
vibration
V. Pascalization
VI. Solar disinfection
Chemical Method
of Sterilization
 What is Chemical
Sterilization?
Chemical Sterilization is the process of removal of
microorganisms by the use of chemical bactericidal
agents.

The chemical method of sterilization can be

categorized as liquid and gaseous sterilization.
 Chemical methods of sterilization can be
classified into two main categories:

Gaseous sterilization
This method involves the use of gases to sterilize equipment and
materials. One example is ethylene oxide gas, which is effective in
killing a wide range of microorganisms. It is commonly used for
sterilizing heat-sensitive medical devices and equipment.

Liquid sterilization
Liquid sterilization methods utilize liquid chemical agents to achieve
sterilization. One commonly used liquid sterilizing agent is hydrogen
peroxide. It is a strong oxidant that can destroy various
microorganisms. Hydrogen peroxide is especially useful for
sterilizing heat or temperature-sensitive equipment like
endoscopes.
 Chemical
Sterilization
GASEOUS LIQUID
STERILIZATION STERILIZATION

ETHYLENE OXIDE HYDROGEN PEROXIDE

FORMALDEHYDE GLUTARALDEHYDE
NITROGEN DIOXIDE (NO2) HYPOCHLORITE
OZONE
 GASEOUS
STERILIZATION

ETHYLENE OXIDE (EO) GAS IS A COMMON GAS

USED FOR CHEMICAL TREATMENT APPLIED TO
STERILIZE, PASTEURIZE, OR DISINFECT DIFFERENT
TYPES OF EQUIPMENT AND SURFACES BECAUSE
OF ITS WIDE RANGE OF COMPATIBILITY WITH
DIFFERENT MATERIALS.
Source:https://youtu.be/M3ZICe3Vwj8?si=xK3NZIb5CgNlAagQ
 GASEOUS
STERILIZATION

FORMALDEHYDE IS ANOTHER IMPORTANT HIGHLY

REACTIVE GAS WHICH IS USED FOR STERILIZATION.
IT POSSESSES BROAD-SPECTRUM BIOCIDAL ACTIVITY AND
HAS FOUND APPLICATION IN THE STERILIZATION OF
REUSABLE SURGICAL INSTRUMENTS, SPECIFIC MEDICAL,
DIAGNOSTIC AND ELECTRICAL EQUIPMENT, AND THE
SURFACE STERILIZATION OF POWDERS.
 GASEOUS
STERILIZATION

NO 2 BOILS AT ROOM TEMPERATURE, AND THE

CONCENTRATIONS USED IN STERILISATION ARE
TYPICALLY LESS THAN 1% OF THE SATURATED VAPOUR
PRESSURE. THIS ALLOWS NO 2 GAS TO READILY
PENETRATE PRIMARY PACKAGING AND COMPLEX
GEOMETRIES. IT ALSO AIDS IN RAPID REMOVAL OF
STERILANT FROM THE PRODUCT AND PACKAGING.
Source:https://youtu.be/M3ZICe3Vwj8?si=xK3NZIb5CgNlAagQ
 GASEOUS
STERILIZATION

DURING THAT ACTIVE PHASE AS OZONE, IT REACTS TO

ANY ORGANIC COMPOUND BY OXIDIZING DOUBLE
CARBON BONDS. SO, UNLIKE A LOT OF OTHER
DISINFECTION STERILIZATION TECHNOLOGIES, IN THE
ACT OF LITERALLY TAKING A CELL MEMBRANE APART,
IN DESTROYING THE CELL, IT CONVERTS ITSELF BACK
TO OXYGEN WHICH IS A VERY BENIGN WASTE
PRODUCT.
 Chemical
Sterilization
GASEOUS LIQUID
STERILIZATION STERILIZATION

ETHYLENE OXIDE HYDROGEN PEROXIDE

FORMALDEHYDE GLUTARALDEHYDE
NITROGEN DIOXIDE (NO2) HYPOCHLORITE
OZONE
 LIQUID
STERILIZATION

HYDROGEN PEROXIDE STERILIZATION, ALSO KNOWN AS

HYDROGEN PEROXIDE GAS STERILIZATION, IS A LOW
TEMPERATURE STERILIZATION PROCESS COMMONLY USED
TO STERILIZE HEAT-SENSITIVE DEVICES. A HYDROGEN
PEROXIDE STERILIZATION CYCLE TYPICALLY REQUIRES LESS
TIME THAN ALTERNATIVE FORMS OF STERILIZATION, SUCH
AS ETHYLENE OXIDE STERILIZATION.
Source:https://youtu.be/M3ZICe3Vwj8?si=xK3NZIb5CgNlAagQ
 LIQUID
STERILIZATION

GLUTARALDEHYDE IS USED AS A COLD STERILANT TO

DISINFECT A VARIETY OF HEAT-SENSITIVE INSTRUMENTS,
SUCH AS ENDOSCOPES, DIALYSIS EQUIPMENT, AND MORE. IT
IS USED AS A HIGH-LEVEL DISINFECTANT FOR THOSE
SURGICAL INSTRUMENTS THAT CANNOT BE HEAT
STERILIZED.
 LIQUID
STERILIZATION

HYPOCHLORITE SOLUTION, WHICH IS ALSO CALLED LIQUID

BLEACH, IS ANOTHER LIQUID CHEMICAL THAT CAN BE USED
AS A DISINFECTANT, EVEN THOUGH STERILIZATION IS
DIFFICULT TO OBTAIN WITH THIS CHEMICAL.
Chemical methods of sterilization are used in various settings, including healthcare
facilities, laboratories, and industries where sterilization is crucial to prevent the
transmission of infectious pathogens. Some indications for the use of chemical
sterilization methods include:

1. Sterilization of heat or temperature-sensitive

medical equipment and devices, such as
endoscopes.

2. Sterilization of laboratory instruments and

materials.

3. Sterilization of pharmaceutical products

and packaging materials.

4. Sterilization of certain industrial

equipment and materials.
 Number and Physical and
Location of Chemical
Microorganisms Factors

Innate Resistance Organic and

of Microorganisms Inorganic
Matter

Concentration Duration
and Potency of of
Disinfectants Exposure

Biofilms
Number and Location of
Microorganisms
Innate Resistance of
Microorganisms
 Concentration and
Potency of Disinfectants
Physical and Chemical
Factors
 Organic and
Inorganic Matter
Duration of Exposure
Biofilms
Thank you!