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`j MV‡bi gva¨‡g mn‡hvwMZvc~Y© wkLb: `jxq KvR Ges ÷vwW `j:
wk¶v_x©‡ì wkLb
ZLbB me‡P‡q fv‡jv
nq hLb Zviv
mwµqfv‡e cv‡V
AskMÖnY K‡i _v‡K|
M‡elYvq †`Lv †M‡Q
Ab¨ †h †Kvb wk¶Y
c×wZ A‡c¶v †QvU
†QvU `‡j KvR
Kiv‡bvi gva¨‡g
wk¶v_x©‡ì †Kvb
welqe¯‘ wkLv‡bv n‡j
Zv Zviv fv‡jvfv‡e
wkL‡Z cv‡i Ges wk¶v_©x‡ì `jxq Kv‡Ri GKwU `„k¨|
101
GBfv‡e wkLb A‡bK w`b ¯’vqx nq| wk¶v_x©iv mn‡hvwMZvc~Y© `‡j KvR Ki‡j wk¶Y-
wkL‡b AwaK Z…wß jvf K‡i|
GB cÖKvi wk¶Y‡K GKvwaK bv‡g AwfwnZ Kiv nq, hwÌ GB kãvewji g‡a¨ wKQzUv
cv_©K¨ i‡q‡Q| †hgb: mn‡hvwMZvc~Y© wkLb, †hŠ_ wkLb, mgwóMZ wkLb,
wkLb`j/m¤cÖ`vq, mZx_© wk¶Y, mZx_© wkLb, mg‡SvZvg~jK wkLb, `jxq wkLb, ÷vwW
Pµ, ÷vwW `j Ges `jxq KvR| (Rbmb, Rbmb Ges w¯§_, 1991)1
wewfbœfv‡e mn‡hvwMZvc~Y© wkLb n‡q _v‡K| †hgb: AbvbyôvwbK wkLb `j, AvbyôvwbK
wkLb `j I ÷vwW `j MV‡bi gva¨‡g|
AbvbyôvwbK wkLb `j n‡”Q GKK K¬vm †mk‡bi Rb¨ A¯’vqxfv‡e wk¶v_x©‡ì `‡j
(K¬v÷vi) wef³ KiY| AbvbyôvwbK wkLb `j MVb K‡i wk¶v_©x‡ì wkL‡b D‡`¨vMx Kiv
hvq, D`vniY¯îƒc wk¶v_x©‡ì GKwU cÖkœ wRÁvmv K‡i Zvi cv‡kiR‡bi mv‡_ `yB wgwbU
Av‡jvPbvi Rb¨ mgq †`qv| A_ev wZbRb †_‡K cvPuRb wb‡qI †Kvb cÖ‡kœi DËi`vb ev
†Kvb wel‡q Av‡jvPbvi Rb¨ `j MVb Kiv †h‡Z cv‡i| †h †Kvb welq m¤ú‡K© wk¶v_x©‡ì
†evaMg¨Zv hvPvB‡q ev wk¶v_x©iv wK wk‡L‡Q Zv cÖ‡qv‡Mi my‡hvM m„wó‡Z †kªwY‡Z †h †Kvb
mg‡qB †h †Kvb msL¨K wk¶v_x©‡K wb‡q AbvbyôvwbK `j MVb Kiv hvq|
AvbyôvwbK wkLb `j mvaviYZ †Kvb we‡kl wbw`ó© KvR m¤ú~Y© Kivi Rb¨ MVb Kiv nq|
†hgb cÖwZ‡e`b cÖYqb, j¨ve‡iUix cix¶v ev GKwU cÖKí cwiPvjbv Kivi Rb¨ MwVZ `j|
GB `jmg~n GKwUgvÎ K¬vm †mk‡b ev K‡qK mßvn a‡i KvR K‡i Zv‡ì KvR m¤ú~Y©
K‡i| cÖK…Zc‡¶ cÖ`Ë KvRwU †kl nIqv I g~j¨vwqZ nIqv ch©šG
Í B `j GK‡Î KvR K‡i|
÷vwW `j n‡”Q `xN© †gqv‡ì (mvaviYZ GKwU m¤ú~Y© †Kv‡m© ev wbw`ó© wm‡g÷v‡i weivRgvb
_v‡K) Rb¨ MwVZ nq| `‡ji m`m¨‡ì g‡a¨ mn‡hvwMZv A‡c¶vK…Z ¯’vqx †gqv‡ì Rb¨
n‡q _v‡K, †hLv‡b `‡ji m`m¨‡ì cÖv_wgK `vwqZ¡ n‡”Q Ab¨vb¨ m`m¨‡ì mnvqZv cÖ`vb,
Drmvn `vb, Ges †Kvm© m¤ú~Y©Ki‡Y †h †Kvb ai‡bi mnvqZv cÖ`vb K‡i _v‡K| hLb †Kvb
GKRb m`m¨ †Kvb K¬vm ev †mkb G Abycw¯’Z _v‡K †m †¶‡Î `‡ji Ab¨ m`mïv Zv‡K
1 Johnson, D.W., Johnson, R.T., and Smith, K.A. Cooperative Learning: Increasing College faculty
Instructional Productivity. ASHE-FRIC Higher Education Report No.4. Washington, D.C.: School of
Education and Human Development, George Washington University, 1991.
102
H K¬vm m¤ú‡K© AewnZ K‡i Ges K¬v‡m cwVZ welqe¯‘ eywS‡q †`q| †kªwYi wk¶v_x© msL¨v
hZ †ewk n‡e, welqe¯‘ hZ KwVb n‡e, ÷vwW `j wk¶Y-wkL‡b ZZB ¸iæZ¡c~Y© n‡q I‡V|
hw` †Kvb wk¶v_x© †Kvb w`b †Kvb `‡j Z_v mn‡hvwMZvg~jK KvR K‡i bv _v‡K †m‡¶‡Î
cÖ_‡g Zv‡K GKwU AbvbyôvwbK `‡j AšÍfy©³ Ki‡Z n‡e| Zvici Zv‡K AvbyôvwbK `‡j
AšÍfy©³ Ki‡Z nq| hw` GKvwaK ÷vwW `j MVb m¤¢e nq, Z‡e wk¶v_x©‡ì wkLb A‡bK
mnR nq Ges wk¶‡Ki KvR A‡bKvs‡k K‡g hvq|
`jxq Kv‡Ri mvaviY †KŠkj:
1. `jxq Kv‡Ri cÖwZwU ¯Í‡ii Rb¨ cwiKíbv cÖYqb: wk¶v_x©‡ì w`‡q `jxq KvR
Kiv‡bvi Rb¨ cÖwZ ¯Í‡i wk¶‡Ki cwiKíbv _vKv DwPZ| Kxfv‡e wk¶v_x©‡ì `‡j
wef³ Kiv n‡e, Kxfv‡e wk¶v_x©iv KvR Ki‡e, `jmg~n‡K Kxfv‡e djveZ©b cÖ`vb
Kiv n‡e BZ¨vw` m¤ú‡K© cwiKíbv _vKv cÖ‡qvRb|
2. wb‡`©kbv cÖ`vb I e¨vL¨v Kiv: Kxfv‡e `jmg~n cwiPvwjZ n‡e Ges Kxfv‡e wk¶v_x©iv
g~j¨vwqZ n‡e †m m¤ú‡K© †kªYx‡Z mZK©fv‡e wb‡`©kbv cÖ`vb Ki‡Z n‡e| GKB mv‡_
`‡ji Kv‡Ri welqe¯‘ ¯úófv‡e e¨vL¨v Ki‡Z n‡e| Kv‡Ri D‡Ïk¨ m¤ú‡K©
cwi®‹vifv‡e aviYv cÖ`vb Ki‡Z n‡e| `‡ji m`mïv Kxfv‡e Kv‡R AskMÖnY Ki‡e
Ges Kxfv‡e Zv‡ì‡K g~j¨vwqZ Kiv n‡e ev †MÖW cÖ`vb Kiv n‡e †m m¤ú‡K©
¯úófv‡e e¨vL¨v cÖ`vb Ki‡Z n‡e|
3. `‡j mdj nIqvi Rb¨ wk¶v_x©‡ì cÖ‡qvRbxq `¶Zv wbiƒcY: A‡bK wk¶v_x© i‡q‡Q
hviv nqZ KL‡bvB `‡j mn‡hvwMZvg~jK Kv‡R RwoZ nq bvB| ZvB `‡j KvR Kivi
Rb¨ KZ¸‡jv `¶Zv cÖ‡qvRb| †hgb Aci‡K †kvbv, GKmv‡_ GKvwaK Rb K_v bv
ejv, Ac‡ii gZvg‡Zi cÖwZ kª×vkxj nIqv, `‡j cÖ‡qvR‡b GKRb `j‡bZv wbe©vPb
Kiv BZ¨vw`| GB `¶Zvmg~n AR©‡bi Rb¨ wk¶v_©x‡Zi cÖwZ wk¶‡Ki we‡kl
g‡bv‡hvM cÖ`vb Ki‡Z n‡e| Gi d‡j wk¶v_x©‡ì g‡a¨ †bZ…‡Z¡i ¸Yvewj weKwkZ
n‡e|
4. wjwLZfv‡e `vwqZ¡ cÖ`vb: †Kvb †Kvb †¶‡Î wk¶K `‡ji m`m¨‡ì KvR Kx n‡e Zv
wjwLZfv‡e eÈb Ki‡Z cv‡ib|
103
5. `j MVb: Kxfv‡e `j MwVZ n‡e Ges `‡ji m`m¨ msL¨v KZ n‡e Zv c~e© †_‡K
†kªwYi wk¶v_©xi msL¨v mv‡c‡¶ wba©viY Ki‡Z nq| wk¶K G e¨vcv‡i h_vh_ f~wgKv
cvjb Ki‡eb|
`jxq Kv‡Ri iƒc‡iLv cÖYqb:
1. `‡ji m`m¨‡ì cvi¯úwiK wbf©ikxjZv: Ggbfv‡e `jxq KvR wba©viY Ki‡Z n‡e
hv‡Z `‡ji m`mïv G‡K Ac‡ii Dci cvi¯úwiK wbf©ikxj nq Ges Kv‡Ri Rb¨
†hb `‡ji cÖwZ m`m¨B mgvbfv‡e `vwqZ¡kxj _v‡K|
2. `‡ji KvR‡K cÖvmw½KxKiY: `‡ji KvR hv‡Z †Kv‡m©i wel‡qi mv‡_ cÖvmw½K nq,
ïaygvÎ wk¶v_x©‡ì e¨¯Í ivLvi Rb¨ bv nq|
3. wk¶v_©x‡ì `¶Zv I mvg_©¨ we‡ePbv: wk¶v_x©‡ì `¶Zv I mvg_©¨ we‡ePbvc~e©K

`jxq Kv‡Ri welq wba©viY Ki‡Z n‡e| hv‡Z wk¶v_x©iv Zv‡ì `¶Zv eënvi Ki‡Z
cv‡i Ges KvRwU Zv‡ì mv‡aï g‡a¨ _v‡K|
4. `jxq KvR wbe©vPb: Ggbfv‡e `jxq KvR wbe©vPb Kiv DwPZ hv‡Z `‡ji m`m¨‡ì
g‡a¨ mgfv‡e Kv‡Ri eÈb Kiv hvq Ges mK‡ji mg AskMÖnY wbwðZ nq|
5. `jmg~‡ni g‡a¨ cÖwZ‡hvwMZvi g‡bvfve m„wó: `jmg~‡ni g‡a¨ cÖwZ‡hvwMZv ‰Zwi Kiv
m¤¢e n‡j `jxq KvR AwaK djcÖm~ nq|
 g~j¨vqb
1. wkL‡bi †¶‡Î `jMZ KvR ej‡Z Kx †evSvq? `jMZ Kv‡Ri myweav-Amyweav wPwýZ Kiæb|
2. `jMZ Kv‡Ri Amyweav Kxfv‡e `~i Kiv hvq?
104
m¤¢ve¨ DËi:
ce©- K
KvR- 1
K¬v‡m hviv fv‡jv MÖvgvi ey‡S Zv‡ì kbv³ K‡i GB PviRb‡K Zv‡ì MÖÆ‡c emv‡Z n‡e|
G‡¶‡Î Rvjvj I cwi‡Zvl‡KI eënvi Kiv †h‡Z cv‡i | KviY A‡bK welq wk¶K‡Ki
†P‡q mncvVx‡ì Kv‡Q mn‡R I evi evi wR‡Ám K‡i Rvbv hvq| Gfv‡e hviv fv‡jv cv‡i
I hviv Kg cv‡i Zv‡ì‡K wgwj‡q MÖÆc Kiv †h‡Z cv‡i| G‡Z wk¶‡Ki mgq I kªg
DfqB Kg e¨q n‡e I wk¶v_©xiv mn‡R wkL‡Z cvi‡e| wk¶K mgq evPv‡bvi Rb¨ Kg©cÎ
eënvi Ki‡Z cv‡ib|
KvR- 2
wb‡R Kiæb|
ce©- L
 `jMZ Kv‡Ri gva¨‡g †kªwY wkL‡bi g~j welq n‡”Q mwVK cwiKíbv|
 wk¶‡Ki cÖ‡qvRbxq Áv‡bi Afve- _vK‡Z cv‡i| G‡¶‡Î Zv‡K Dchy³ cÖ‡qvM †KŠkj
AvqË Ki‡Z n‡e| `‡ji †Kvb GKRb m`‡mï dvuwK †`qvi cÖeYZv _vK‡Z cv‡i|
†m‡¶‡Î mK‡ji AskMÖnY wbwðZ Kivi e¨vcv‡i wk¶K mRvM _vK‡eb| cÖwZwU `‡ji
m`m¨‡K ch©vqµ‡g `vwqZ¡ eÈb K‡i w`‡j Zv‡ì g‡a¨ dvuwK †`qvi cÖeYZv _vK‡e
bv| G‡Z Zviv AviI mwµq n‡e wbR wbR f~wgKv myôf
z v‡e cvj‡bi Rb¨| wk¶‡Ki
wb‡`©kbv I eëüZ Kg©cÎ cÖvmw½K n‡Z n‡e, bv n‡j Kvw•¶Z DËi cvIqv hv‡e bv|
105
mZx_© wk¶Y
f~wgKv
AskMÖnYg~jK wk¶Y-wkLb Kvh©µ‡g mZx_© wk¶Y c×wZi Kvh©KvwiZv Acwimxg| mZx_©
wk¶Y n‡jv GKwU wbw`©ó wel‡q GK ev GKvwaK wk¶v_x© KZ©„K Ab¨vb¨ wk¶v_x©‡ì
wk¶v`vb| A_©vr wk¶v_x©‡ì cvi¯úwiK Avjvc Av‡jvPbv Ges gZ wewbg‡qi gva¨‡g wk¶v
MÖn‡Yi cÖwµqv‡K mZx_©-wk¶Y ejv nq| GLv‡b wk¶K mnvq‡Ki f~wgKv cvjb K‡ib|
wk¶‡Ki mv‡_ wk¶v_x©i M‡o D‡V eÜzZ¡c~Y© m¤úK©| cvV`vb Kvh©µg nq AwaK cÖvYešÍ|
D‡Ïk¨
 †kªwYK‡¶ mZx_© wk¶Y †KŠkj cÖ‡qvM Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|
 GB c×wZi myweav I Amyweavmg~n kbv³ Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|
 wgkª †hvM¨Zv wewkó †kªwYK‡¶i Rb¨ GB c×wZ eënv‡ii h_v_©Zv wbiƒcY Ki‡Z
cvi‡eb|
 mZx_© wk¶‡Y wk¶‡Ki f~wgKv wbY©q Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|
ce©mg~n
 ce©- K: †kªwYK‡¶ mZx_© wk¶Y †KŠkj Abykxjb
wcÖq wk¶v_x©, Avgiv mZx_© wk¶‡Yi †KŠkj Abykxjb Ki‡Z †Póv Kwi| Avcwb †kªwYK‡¶
cÖ‡ek K‡i ï‡f”Qv wewbg‡qi ci †Rvovq †Rvovq Av‡jvPbv K‡i wbgœewY©Z cÖkœwUi DËi
LvZvq wjL‡Z ejyb|
cÖkœ: wkL‡bi cÖwZ wk¶v_x©‡K AvMÖnx Kivi Dcvq¸‡jv Kx?
AZ:ci cvk¦eZx© †Rvovi mv‡_ Avjvc Av‡jvPbvi gva¨‡g ms‡hvRb I we‡qvRbc~e©K

`jxqfv‡e Dc¯’vcb Ki‡Z ejyb| h_vixwZ Avcbvi wb‡`©k gZ KvRwU m¤úbœ Ki‡jb| GB
†h ci¯ú‡ii mv‡_ gZ wewbgqc~e©K ms‡hvRb I we‡qvR‡bi gva¨‡g `jxqfv‡e Dc¯’vcb
106
Kiv n‡jv GUvB n‡jv mZx_© wk¶‡Yi GKwU †KŠkj|
 ce©- L: mZx_© wk¶Y c×wZi myweav I Amyweav

wcÖq wk¶v_x©e„›`, mZx_© wk¶‡Y †hgb myweav i‡q‡Q, †Zgwb wKQz AmyweavI i‡q‡Q| wb‡gœ
KZ¸‡jv wee„wZg~jK evK¨ i‡q‡Q, hv mZx_© wk¶Y c×wZi myweav I mgm¨v wb‡`k© K‡i| G
evK¨¸‡jv w`‡q wb‡gœi QKwU c~iY Kiæb|
1| mZx_©‡ì g‡a¨ mn‡hvwMZv e„w× cvq|

2| Av‡jvPbvi gva¨‡g welqe¯‘ AwaK ¯úó I †evaMg¨ nq|
3| wk¶v_x©‡ì Dci e¨w³MZfv‡e AwaK Pvc c‡o|
4| †Kvb GKUv cwiw¯’wZ‡K wewfbœ `„wó‡Kvb †_‡K †`Lv hvq|
5| AwaK mgq cÖ‡qvRb|
6| GKUv wbw`©ó cwim‡ii e¨w³i mv‡_ KvR Kiv hvq|
7| †hvMv‡hv‡Mi `¶Zvmg~n kw³kvjx nq|
8| welqe¯‘i Dci wk¶v_x©‡ì AbvMÖn _vK‡j mZx_© wk¶Y c×wZ Kvh©Ki nq bv|
9| `‡j KvR Kxfv‡e Ki‡Z nq Zv wk¶v_x©iv wkL‡Z cv‡i|
10| wkLb cÖwµqvq mwµqfv‡e AskMÖnY wbwðZ nq|
11| †kªwYK‡¶i wk¶Y-wkLb cwi‡ek DbœZ nq|
12| wk¶K I wk¶v_x©‡ì gv‡S wk¶‡Yi `vwq‡Z¡i Askx`vwiZ¡ ˆZwi nq|
13| wcwQ‡q cov wk¶v_x©‡ì mgm¨v m¤ú‡K© wk¶K we‡klfv‡e g‡bv‡hvMx n‡Z cv‡ib|
14| cvV`v‡b wk¶‡Ki cwikªg Kg nq Ges cv‡V êwPÎ¨ G‡b cvV`vb Avb›``vqK Kiv
hvq|
15| jvRyK ev `ye©j Z_v wcwQ‡q cov wk¶v_x©†ì †kªwYcvV`vb Kvh©µ‡g AwaK mwµq Kiv
hvq|
16| wk¶v_x©‡ì mZx_© wbe©vP‡b A‡bK †¶‡Î mgm¨v nq ev AmgZv †`Lv †`q|
17| mKj wk¶v_x©B fvj wk¶K n‡e bv|
18| me mgq me mZx_© KZ©„K
© †h wk¶Y cÖ`vb Kiv nq, Zv gvbm¤§Z bvI n‡Z cv‡i|
19| `jxq Kv‡Ri mgq wk¶v_x©‡ì g‡a¨ Ø›Ø n‡Z cv‡i|
107
mZx_© wk¶Y c×wZi myweav mZx_© wk¶Y c×wZi mgm¨v/Amyweav

D`vniY: D`vniY:
1| mZx_©‡ì g‡a¨ mn‡hvwMZv e„w× cvq| 1| me mgq me mZx_© KZ©©„K †h wk¶Y
cÖ`vb Kiv nq, Zv gvbm¤§Z bvI n‡Z
cv‡i|
wPwýZ mgm¨vmg~n `~ixKi‡Y †kªwY wk¶‡Ki f~wgKv:
 ce©- M: wgkª †hvM¨Zv wewkó †kªwYK‡¶ GB c×wZi h_v_© eënvi

c~‡e© kbv³K…Z K‡qKRb jvRyK, ¯^ífvlx ev wcwQ‡q cov wk¶v_©xiv mZx_© wk¶Y c×wZi
gva¨‡g cvV`v‡bi d‡j Kxfv‡e Ges KZUzKz jvfevb n‡q‡Q wb‡gœ Zv‡ì AwfÁZv I
AR©‡bi K_v eY©bv Kiv n‡jv|
dwi`v: cvV`v‡bi mgq Avgvi g‡b A‡bK cÖkœ RvM‡Zv, ms‡Kv‡Pi Kvi‡Y Avwg wk¶K‡K
wR‡Ám Ki‡Z cviZvg bv| GLb Avwg eÜz‡ì mnvqZvq A‡bK cÖ‡kœi mgvavb
Ki‡Z cvwi| GLb Avwg Av‡Mi †P‡q AvZ¥wek¦vmx n‡qwQ| GLb Avgvi gb †_‡K
fq `~i n‡q‡Q Ges cvV`vb Kvh©µ‡g mwµq _vK‡Z cvwi|
Avkivd: Av‡M Avwg †Kvb welq mwVKfv‡e wPšÍv Ki‡Z cviZvg bv| mZx_©‡ì mnvqZvq
GLb Avwg †Kvb wel‡q myôf
y v‡e wPšÍv Kivi `¶Zv AR©b K‡iwQ|
Zvmwbg: Avwg Av‡M wk¶‡Ki cvV mn‡R AbymiY Ki‡Z cviZvg bv| †Kbbv ZLb wk¶K
ïaygvÎfv‡jv wk¶v_x©‡ì cÖwZ bRi w`‡Zb| mg‡qi Afv‡e nq‡Zv Avgv‡ì
w`‡K Lye †Lqvj w`‡Z cvi‡Zb bv| wKš‘ mZx_© wk¶Y c×wZ‡Z Avgiv LyeB
DcK…Z n‡qwQ| KviY cÖ_g wk¶K hLb cvV`vb K‡i‡Qb AciRb (mZx_©
wk¶K) ZLb Avgv‡ì w`‡K †Lqvj K‡i‡Qb|
108
mv_x: mZx‡_©i cvV`vb AbymiY K‡i Avwg GLb Avgvi wb‡Ri `ye©jZv¸‡jv eyS‡Z
cvwi| GQvov wewfbœ mZx‡_©i wk¶Y †KŠkj †`‡L fv‡jv w`Kmg~n AvqË K‡i
wb‡Ri `¶Zv Dbœqb Ki‡Z cvwi| ZvB eZ©gv‡b Avgvi K¬v‡m wk¶v_x©i Dcw¯’wZ
Av‡iv †ewk| G‡Z Avgvi AvZ¥wek¦vm Av‡iv †e‡o †M‡Q|
wcÖq cÖwk¶Yv_x©, Avcwb Kx mZx_© wk¶‡Yi gva¨‡g cvV MÖn‡Yi Dc‡iv³ PviRb wk¶v_x©i
AwfÁZv I AR©‡bi mv‡_ GKgZ? †Kb GKgZ Zv wb‡Pi Q‡K cuvPwU ev‡Kï gva¨‡g
cÖKvk Kiæb|
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
109
ce©- N: mZx_© wk¶Y c×wZ‡Z cvV`v‡bi mgq †kªwYK‡¶ wk¶‡Ki f~wgKv

 mZx_© wk¶Y c×wZ‡Z cvV`v‡bi mgq †kªwY wk¶‡Ki †hme wel‡qi cÖwZ j¶¨ ivLv
cÖ‡qvRb Zv n‡jv `j MV‡bi mgq wk¶v_x©‡ì mv‡_ Av‡jvPbv, wk¶v_x©‡ì cÖ‡qvRbxq
Drmvn `vb, mK‡ji cÖwZ mgvb bRi †`qv, mKj‡K mgvbfv‡e mwµq ivL‡Z †Póv Kiv,
hv‡Z `‡ji †Kvb m`m¨ duvwK w`‡Z bv cv‡i †mw`‡K bRi ivLv BZ¨vw`|
wcÖq wk¶v_x©, Dc‡i D‡jøwLZ welq Qvov mZx_© wk¶Y c×wZ‡Z cvV`v‡bi mgq Avcwb Avi
Kx Kx wel‡qi Dci ¸iæZ¡ w`‡Z Pvb Zv Kx (Key) c‡q‡›Ui gva¨‡g D‡jøL Kiæb|
110
g~j wkLbxq welq

mZx_© wk¶Y
mZx_© wk¶Y: mZx_© wk¶Y ej‡Z GKwU wbw`©ó wel‡q GK ev GKvwaK wk¶v_x© KZ…©K
 Ab¨vb¨ wk¶v_x©‡ì wk¶v`vb‡K †evSvq| A_©vr GKB †kªwYi GKB êwk‡óï wKsev
mg‡hvM¨Zvm¤úbœ wk¶v_x©‡ì Øviv cvi¯úwiK Avjvc Av‡jvPbv I gZwewbg‡qi gva¨‡g
A_ev †hŠ_ Kvh©Kjv‡ci wfwË‡Z wk¶v`vb Ges wk¶v MÖn‡Yi cÖwµqv‡K mZx_© wk¶Y e‡j|
Gi gva¨‡g mej wk¶v_x©i mn‡hvwMZvq †kªwYK‡¶ `ye©j mncvVx‡ì wk¶Y cwiPvwjZ nq|
GKUv wbw`©ó welqe¯‘‡Z GUv wewfbœfv‡e n‡Z cv‡i| †hgb †Rvovq GKRb mej wk¶v_x©
KZ…K
© GKRb `ye©j wk¶v_©xi wk¶Y, †mwgbvi I wUD‡Uvwiqvj G wk¶v_x©‡ì AvbyôvwbK
Dc¯’vcbv, wk¶v_x©‡ì Kvh©µg hv Ab¨ wk¶v_x©‡ì mnvqZv K‡i; GUv n‡Z cv‡i ¶z`ª `‡j
KvR Kivi mgq ev †kªwYi Kvh©µ‡gi evB‡i AbvbyôvwbKfv‡e eÜz‡ì Øviv wk¶Y Gi
gva¨‡g| mZx_© wk¶Y‡K bvbv bv‡g AwfwnZ Kiv nq| †hgb: mZx_© cov‡bv (Peer
Tutoring), eB e›Üz (Book Buddies), †Rvovq cVb (Paired Reading), wk¶v_x©‡ì
mv¶iZv cÖwk¶K (Student Literacy Coaches), mn‡hvwMZvg~jK wkLb

(Cooperative Learning), wewfbœ eq‡mi wUDUwis (Cross Age Tutoring), ¶z`ª
wkLb `j (Small Learning Groups) BZ¨vw`|
 “Peer teaching involves students learning from and with each other in
ways which are mutually beneficial and involve sharing knowledge,
ideas and experience between participants. The emphasis is on the
learning process, including the emotional support that learners offer
each other, as much as the learning itself”.

Boud.D, Cohen, R.and Sampson,J(2001) Peer learning in higher education:learning from
and with each other, London,Kagan Press.
111
 cv‡Vi AvKl©Yxq Dc¯’vcb, wk¶‡Ki my›ì evPbfw½, DcKi‡Yi mv_©K eënvi,

wel‡qi AwfbeZ¡, wk¶‡Ki eÜzmyjf eënvi, wk¶‡Ki KvQ †_‡K cÖvß cÖksmv,
†kªwYK‡¶i cwi‡ek, wk¶‡Ki e¨w³Z¡ wk¶v_x©‡ì‡K cv‡Vi cªwZ AvMªnx K‡i †Zv‡j|
 mZx_© wk¶‡Yi gva¨‡g ARvbv welq m¤ú‡K© mK‡j cwic~Y© aviYv †c‡Z cv‡i|
†bZ…‡Z¡i ¸Yvewj weKvk nq| wel‡qi Dc¯’vcb AvKl©Yxq Kiv hvq| mK‡ji
AskMÖn‡Yi my‡hvM m„wó nq| wk¶v_x©iv AvZ¥œwek¦vmx n‡q D‡V| eÜz‡Z¡i m¤úK© weKwkZ
nq| Dc¯’vc‡bi RoZv n«vm cvq| cvi¯úwiK kª×v‡eva I mgm¨v m¤ú‡K© wk¶K
we‡klfv‡e g‡bv‡hvMx nb| mZx_©‡ì mvnv‡h¨ †Kvb KwVb wel‡q Av‡jvPbvi gva¨‡g
mnR mgvavb cvIqv hvq|
 wgkª †hvM¨Zvi †¶‡Î GKRb wcwQ‡q cov wk¶v_x© Ac‡ii mnvqZvq mn‡R GKwU welq
AvqË K‡i AvZ¥œwek¦vmx n‡q D‡V, Gi d‡j †kªwY cvV`vb Kvh©µgwU mKj wk¶v_x©i
Rb¨ GKBfv‡e djcÖm~ nq| wk¶v_x©i ARvbv cÖkœwU eÜy‡ì KvQ †_‡K mn‡R Rvbv
m¤¢e| jvRyK I wcwQ‡q cov wk¶v_x©‡ì eÜz mnvqZv cv‡Vi mv‡_ m¤ú„³ Ki‡j
wk¶v_x©i gb †_‡K A‡nZzK fq `~i nq I †kªwYK‡¶ Kv‡R mwµq n‡Z cv‡i|
 mZx_© wk¶Y c×wZ‡Z cvV`v‡bi †¶‡Î wk¶K eÜzZ¡c~Y© g‡bvfve ivL‡eb| wk¶K
mnvqK f~wgKv cvjb K‡i cÖ‡qvRbxq Drmvn cÖ`vb K‡i _v‡Kb| `jMZ Kv‡Ri
cwi‡ek m„wó K‡i †`b| mK‡ji cÖwZ mRvM `„wó iv‡Lb| mKj‡K mgvbfv‡e mwµq
ivLvi †Póv K‡ib| `ye©j wk¶v_x©i cÖwZ we‡klfv‡e g‡bv‡hvM w`‡q _v‡Kb
myweav: myweavmg~n‡K wk¶K I wk¶v_x© Df‡qi `„wó‡KvY †_‡K e¨vL¨v Kiv hvq|
112
K) wk¶v_x©‡ì `„wó‡Kvb †_‡K mZx_© wk¶‡Yi myweav:

†gj‡evb© wek¦we`¨vj‡qi GKwU M‡elYvbyhvqx wk¶v_x©‡ì †cÖw¶‡Z mZx_© wk¶‡Yi
myweavmg~n‡K myweavi µgvbyhvqx wbgœwjwLZfv‡e wPwýZ Kiv nq|
1| mZx_©‡ì g‡a¨ mn‡hvwMZv e„w× cvq|
2| Av‡jvPbvi gva¨‡g welqe¯‘ AwaK ¯úó I †evaMg¨ nq|
3| †Kvb GKUv cwiw¯’wZ‡K wewfbœ `„wó‡Kvb †_‡K †`Lv hvq|
4| GKUv wbw`©ó cwim‡i e¨w³i mv‡_ KvR Kiv hvq|
5| wk¶vµ‡gi Dcv`vbmg~n wba©viY Kivi my‡hvM ‰Zwi nq|
6| †hvMv‡hv‡Mi `¶Zvmg~n kw³kvjx nq|
7| `‡j KvR Kxfv‡e Ki‡Z nq Zv wk¶v_x©iv wkL‡Z cv‡i|
8| wkLb cÖwµqvq mwµqfv‡e AskMÖnY wbwðZ nq|
L) wk¶‡Ki `„wó‡Kvb †_‡K mZx_© wk¶‡Yi myweavmg~n n‡”Q:

1| †kªwYK‡¶i wk¶Y- wkLb cwi‡ek wk¶v_x©‡ì wkLb DbœZ K‡i|
2| wk¶K I wk¶v_x©‡ì gv‡S wk¶‡Yi `vwq‡Z¡i Askx`vwiZ¡ ˆZwi nq|
3| wcwQ‡q cov wk¶v_x©‡ì mgm¨v m¤ú‡K© wk¶K we‡klfv‡e g‡bv‡hvMx n‡Z
cv‡ib|
4| cvV`v‡b wk¶‡Ki cwikªg Kg nq Ges cv‡V êwPÎ¨ G‡b cvV`vb Avb›``vqK
Kiv hvq|
5| wk¶‡Ki c‡¶ eo AvKv‡ii †kªwYK‡¶ h_vh_fv‡e cvV`vb Ges mKj
wk¶v_x©‡ì AskMÖnY wbwðZKiY m¤¢e nq|
6| wk¶K jvRyK ev `ye©j Z_v wcwQ‡q cov wk¶v_x©‡ì †kªwY cvV`vb Kvh©µ‡g
AwaK mwµq Ki‡Z cv‡ib|
113
Amyweav:
G c×wZi wKQz Amyweav i‡q‡Q| †hgb:-
1| wk¶v_x©‡ì mZx_© wbe©vP‡b A‡bK †¶‡Î mgm¨v nq ev AmgZv †`Lv †`q|
2| AwaK mgq cÖ‡qvRb|
3| G‡Z wk¶v_x©‡ì Dci e¨w³MZfv‡e AwaK Pvc c‡o|
4| mKj wk¶v_x©B fvj wk¶K n‡Z cv‡ibv|
5| me mgq me mZx_© KZ©©„K †h wk¶Y cÖ`vb Kiv nq, Zv gvbm¤§Z bvI n‡Z cv‡i|
6| `jxq Kv‡Ri mgq wk¶v_x©‡ì g‡a¨ Ø›Ø n‡Z cv‡i|
7| welqe¯‘i Dci wk¶v_x©‡ì AbvMÖn _vK‡j mZx_© wk¶Y c×wZ Kvh©Ki nq bv|
mZx_© wk¶Y cÖwµqv‡K DbœZ Z_v mv_©K Kivi †KŠkj:

1| GB c×wZ eënv‡ii Rb¨ wk¶K‡K Aek¨B `¶ n‡Z n‡e|
2| `jxqfv‡e Kv‡Ri `¶Zv mK‡ji g‡a¨ mgfv‡e AwR©Z nq, GUv g‡b Kiv wVK n‡e
bv| Z‡e `‡j wKQz m`m¨ _vK‡Z cv‡i hv‡ì g‡a¨ duvwK †èvi cÖeYZv †`Lv hvq|
†m wel‡q wk¶K‡K j¶¨ ivL‡Z n‡e|
3| `j MV‡bi mgq wk¶v_x©‡ì mv‡_ Av‡jvPbv Ki‡Z n‡e| hLb `jmg~n GK‡Î
`‡ji cÖwµqv wb‡q Av‡jvPbv Ki‡Z em‡e ZLb Zviv `‡ji Kv‡Ri wewfbœ ch©v‡qi
wg_w¯Œqv m¤ú‡K© m‡PZb _vK‡e hv‡Z Ø›Ø wbim‡bi Dcvq I ¸iæZ¡ eyS‡Z mnR
nq|
4| `‡ji m`m¨ msL¨v h_vm¤¢e †QvU ivL‡Z n‡e hv‡Z `‡ji mKj m`‡mï g‡a¨
mivmwi †hvMv‡hvM m¤¢e nq|
5| wk¶K KZ…©K wb‡`wk©Z n‡q mZx_©‡ì Øviv AvZ¥g~j¨vq‡bi Dci †Rvi cÖ`vb Ki‡Z
n‡e|
6| †Kvb Ø›Ø D™¢~Z n‡j wk¶K mv‡_ mv‡_ Zv wbim‡bi cÖqvm wb‡eb|

Bellance & Fogarty 1993, Johnson, Johnson & Holubec, 1994
114
7| mZx_© wk¶Y c×wZ I †kªwYK‡¶ Abykxj‡bi g‡a¨ GKwU ¯^”Q †hvMm~Î ˆZwi Ki‡Z
n‡e|
8| cvV`v‡bi †gvU mgq †_‡K `jxq Av‡jvPbvi GKwU mgq wba©viY Ges mZx_© wk¶Y
welq `jxq Av‡jvPbvi Dci wfwË K‡i D™¢veb Kiv| mgq wba©viY AZ¨šÍ¸iæZ¡c~Y©
weavq G e¨vcv‡i mZK© _vK‡Z n‡e|
 g~j¨vqb
1. mZx_© wk¶Y ej‡Z Kx †evSvq? mZx_© wk¶‡Yi myweav-Amyweav eY©bv Kiæb|
m¤¢ve¨ DËi:
ce©- K
1| cv‡Vi AvKl©Yxq Dc¯’vcb| 2| wk¶‡Ki my›ì evPbfw½|
3| DcKi‡Yi mv_©K eënvi| 4| wel‡qi AwfbeZ¡|
5| wk¶‡Ki eÜzmyjf eënvi| 6| wk¶‡Ki KvQ †_‡K cÖvß cÖksmv|
7| †kªwYK‡¶i cwi‡ek| 8| wk¶‡Ki e¨w³Z¡|
115
ce©- L
myweav Amyweav
mZx_©‡ì g‡a¨ mn‡hvwMZv e„w× cvq wk¶v_x©‡ì Dci e¨w³MZfv‡e AwaK

Pvc c‡o|
Av‡jvPbvi gva¨‡g welqe¯‘ AwaK ¯úó I AwaK mgq cÖ‡qvRb|

†evaMg¨ nq|
jvRyK ev `ye©j Z_v wcwQ‡q cov wk¶v_x©†ì welqe¯‘i Dci wk¶v_x©‡ì AbvMÖn
†kªwYcvV`vb Kvh©µ‡g AwaK mwµq nq| _vK‡j mZx_© wk¶Y c×wZ Kvh©Ki nq
bv|
GKUv wbw`©ó cwim‡ii GKvwaK e¨w³i mv‡_ mKj wk¶v_x©B fvj wk¶K n‡eb bv|
KvR Kiv hvq|
†hvMv‡hv‡Mi `¶Zvmg~n kw³kvjx nq| wk¶v_x©‡ì mZx_© wbe©vP‡b A‡bK †¶‡Î

mgm¨v nq ev AmgZv †`Lv †`q|
`‡j KvR Kxfv‡e Ki‡Z nq Zv wk¶v_x©iv me mgq me mZx_© KZ©©„K †h wk¶Y

wkL‡Z cv‡i| cÖ`vb Kiv nq, Zv gvbm¤§Z bvI n‡Z
cv‡i|
†kªwYK‡¶i wk¶Y-wkLb cwi‡ek DbœZ nq| `jxq Kv‡Ri mgq wk¶v_x©‡ì g‡a¨ Ø›Ø
n‡Z cv‡i|
wPwýZ mgm¨v mgvav‡b †kªwY wk¶‡Ki f~wgKv: wb‡R Kiæb
ce©- M
wb‡R Kiæb|
ce©- N
wb‡R Kiæb|
116
weg~Z© Ávbg~jK `¶Zv- 1

f~wgKv
weg~Z© Ávb ev †eva n‡jv wPšÍv m¤ú‡K© wPšÍv Kiv| GKR‡bi wbR¯^ wPšÍvi wfwË‡Z bK&kv
cÖYqb, hvPvB Ges cwiex¶Y †KŠkjB n‡”Q weg~Z©‡eva ev Metacognition A_©vr gvbwmK
Kg©¶gZvB n‡”Q weg~Z© Ávb| AvZ¥ch©‡e¶Y, AvZ¥g~j¨vqb Ges AvZ¥cÖwZwµqv Dcv`vb
wZbwU †kLvi `¶Zv AR©‡bi Rb¨ AZ¨šÍ¸iæZ¡c~Y©|
D‡Ïk¨
 mv_©K wkL‡bi Rb¨ mnvqK `¶Zvmg~n wbY©q Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|
 weg~Z© Ávbg~jK `¶Zv‡K msÁvwqZ Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|
 wkL‡Z †kLvi †KŠkjmg~n kbv³ Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|
ce©mg~n
 ce©- K: mv_©K wkL‡bi Rb¨ mnvqK `¶Zv
wkLb `¶Zv¸‡jv‡K (Learning Skill) mvaviYZ wZbwU †¶‡Î fvM Kiv hvq- Ávbg~jK
`¶Zv (Cognitive), Abyf~wZg~jK `¶Zv (Effective), g‡bv‡ckxR `¶Zv
(Psychomotor)| Ávbg~jK (Cognitive) `¶Zv‡K Avevi 6 fv‡M fvM Kiv hvq|
†hgb: Ávb, Abyaveb, cÖ‡qvM, ms‡kølY, we‡kølY I g~j¨vqb| Ab¨fv‡e ejv hvq, mv_©K
wkLb n‡e ZLbB hLb †Kvb wel‡q Ávb Avni‡Yi ci Zv Kv‡R jvwM‡q wb‡Ri g‡bvfv‡ei
(Attitude) cwieZ©b n‡e|
117
wcÖq wk¶v_x©e„›`, wb‡gœi e„‡Ë cÖ`Ë welq¸‡jv †_‡K Dchy³wU wb‡q wb‡gœi QKwU c~iY
Kiæb|
cÖ¯‘wZ †cÖlYv wk¶‡Y g‡bv‡hvM †`qv cv‡V g‡bv‡hvM

AvMÖn Dcjw× AbyKzj cwi‡ek c×wZ eje„w×
cyi¯‹vi †bvU ‰Zwi ÎæwU `~iKiY nv‡Z Kj‡g wkLb PPv©
cybive„wË djvdj cÖZ¨¶Y wkLb mÂvjb welqe¯‘
j¶¨ wba©viY ˆ`wnK I gvbwmK my¯’Zv AeKvk we‡bv`b
wkL‡b BwZevPK Abyf~wZ KwVb welqvw` e¨vL¨v cix¶v
†`qv we‡kølY ms‡kølY g~j¨vqb cÖ‡qvM Ki‡Z cviv
wbqwgZ Aa¨qb ¯^xq `vwqZ¡ m¤ú‡K© m‡PZbZv
wkL‡b `¶Zv wb‡`©k wkL‡bi Rb¨ Rvb‡Z n‡e | wkL‡bi Rb¨ n‡Z n‡e ev
K‡i | (Ávbg~jK/Knowledge) _vK‡Z n‡e|
(`¶Zvg~jK/SKill) (Abyf~wZg~jK/Attitude)
†hgb: †bvU ‰Zwi †hgb: welqe¯‘ †hgb: ¯^xq `vwqZ¡ m¤ú‡K©
m‡PZbZv
118
 ce©- L: weg~Z© Ávbg~jK `¶Zvi aviYv I msÁv

weg~Z© Ávb (Metacognition) ev †eva ej‡Z †evSvq wPšÍv m¤ú‡K© wPšÍv Kiv A_v©r
ÒThinking about Thinking”. GKR‡bi wbR¯^ wPšÍvi wfwË‡Z bK&kv cÖYqb, hvPvB
Ges cwiex¶Y †KŠkjB n‡”Q weg~Z© †eva ev Metacognition; A_v©r P~ovšÍgvbwmK
Kg©¶gZvB n‡”Q weg~Z© Ávb| weg~Z© Ávbg~jK `¶Zv AvZ¥m‡PZbZvi Dbœqb Ges
AvZ¥g~j¨vq‡bi m¶gZv ˆZwii GKwU cÖwµqv e‡j ¯^xK…Z|
Av‡iv mywbw`©ó msÁv wn‡m‡e ejv hvq Ávb (†eva) Ges wkLb Kvh©µg‡K cÖfvweZ K‡i
Ggb Dcv`vb¸‡jv‡K wbqš¿Y, †hgb wb‡Ri m¤ú‡K© Ávb, †h KvR Kiv n‡”Q, Ges Kvh©
m¤úv`‡bi Rb¨ †h †KŠkj Aej¤^b Kiv n‡”Q †m¸‡jv‡K wbqš¿Y| weg~Z© Ávbg~jKfv‡e
Kg©m¤úv`‡bi mgq wk¶v_x©‡K Aek¨B Zv‡ì wbR¯^ Ávbg~jK Kvh©µg m¤ú‡K© m‡PZb
_vK‡Z n‡e| G Qvov H mg¯Í Kvh©µ‡gi cwiex¶Y I m¤úwK©Z Dcv`vb¸‡jv‡K wbqš¿‡Yi
†hvM¨Zv _vK‡Z n‡e|
wk¶v_x©‡ì †evaRvZ Kg©Kv‡Ûi g~j¨vqb A‡bK mgq jyKvwqZ †eva Øviv weåvšÍev evavcÖvß
nq| †Kvb GKRb wk¶v_x© weg~Z© Ávbg~jK AvPiY Ki‡Q wKbv Zv †`‡L †evSv AZ¨šÍKwVb
e¨vcvi| †mB Kvi‡Y M‡elKMY weg~Z© Ávb ev †eva‡K Kvh©Kifv‡e msÁvwqZ K‡i‡Qb †h
Òwewfbœ AvPiY hv wk¶v_©x©‡ì g‡a¨ j¶¨ Kiv hvqÓ|
A‡bK M‡elK g‡b K‡ib: KvR m¤ú‡K© m‡PZbZv, e¨w³MZ êwkó¨ GgbwK cÖwZdjb
cÖwµqv A_ev Kvh©KvwiZv cwiex¶Y, AbymÜvb cÖwµqv Ges cÖ‡qvRb Abyhvqx Zv cwi‡kvab
Kivi Rb¨ cwiewZ©Z †KŠkj eënv‡ii †hvM¨ZvB n‡”Q weg~Z© Ávbg~jK `¶Zv ev
Metacognitive Skill.
wcÖq wk¶v_x©e„›`, wUD‡Uvwiqvj K¬v‡mi w`b cÖwZ 4 R‡b wg‡j GKwU `j MVb Kiæb| wb‡Pi
cÖkœ¸‡jv †_‡K cÖwZ`‡j 1wU K‡i cÖkœ wPšÍv K‡i DËi cÖ_‡g wbR wbR LvZvq wjLyb Ges
c‡i `‡ji m`m¨‡ì mv‡_ wewbgq Kiæb|
wb‡Pi cÖkœ¸‡jv wb‡q wk¶v_x©iv my²fv‡e wPšÍv K‡i DËi †ei Ki‡j Zv Zv‡ì
Metacognitive Skill weKv‡k mnvqK n‡e|
1| Avgiv MZKvj BGm- 102 wel‡q Kx wk‡LwQ?

2| Avgiv †kªwYK‡¶i evB‡i hv wKQz wkLwQ Zv Avgiv Kxfv‡e eënvi KiwQ?
3| †Kb Avgiv weGW G AskMÖnYg~jK c×wZ Abykxjb KiwQ? GUv Kxfv‡e Avgv‡ì
mvnvh¨ Ki‡e?
4| bZzb wKQz Ki‡Z hvIqvi gyn~‡Z© Avcbvi Kx Abyf~wZ nq?
119
5| †Kvb KvR Kivi mgq hw` †Kvbfv‡e evavcÖvß nb ZLb Avcwb Kx K‡ib?
6| DËi‡Yi Rb¨ cÖwZeviB wK (ivbœv Kiv, covïbv Kiv, Aemi hvcb, mvB‡Kj/Mvwo
Pvjbv BZ¨vw`) Avcwb GKB c_ AbymiY K‡ib? †Kb Avgiv c_ cwieZ©b Kwi ev
Kxfv‡e KvRwU Kwi?
1 bs cÖ‡kœi
DËi
2bs cÖ‡kœi
DËi
3bs cÖ‡kœi
DËi
4bs cÖ‡kœi
DËi
5bs cÖ‡kœi
DËi
6bs cÖ‡kœi
DËi
120
ce©- M: wkL‡Z †kLvi †KŠkjmg~n


cÖ‡Z¨K wk¶v_x©B cVb `¶Zv I ¯^vaxb wkL‡bi †KŠk‡ji m‡½ cwiwPZ| G¸‡jv †hgb Zvi
wbR¯^ wk¶vq †Zgwb Zvi wk¶v_x©‡ì hZœ wb‡Z mvnvh¨ Ki‡e| wkL‡Z †kLvi `¶Zv
AR©‡bi (Learning to Learn Skill) Rb¨ wb‡gœi wZbwU Dcv`vb AZ¨šÍ¸iæZ¡c~Y©| h_v:
K) AvZ¥ch©‡e¶Y (Self-Observation)– wb‡Ri †h †Kvb GKwU wbw`ó© AvPi‡Yi cÖwZ
cwiKwíZfv‡e g‡bv‡hvM †`qv|
L) AvZ¥g~j¨vqb (Self-Judgment)– Kvw•¶Z j‡¶¨ †cŠQvi AMÖMwZ g~j¨vqb|
M) AvZ¥ cÖwZwµqv (Self-Reaction)– wb‡Ri cvi`wk©Zv‡K g~j¨vqb K‡i cÖwZwµqv e¨³
Kiv|
wkL‡Z †kLv c×wZi g~j welq wb‡P †`qv n‡jv:
1) mg‡qi myweb¨¯ÍKiY (Organize Time)|

2) cwiex¶Y AMÖMwZ (Monitoring Progress)|
3) mej Ges `ye©j Ask ev ¯’vb wPwýZKiY (Identifying areas of strength and
weakness)|
4) wewfbœ wkLb †KŠkj Ges wkL‡b G¸‡jvi Ae`vb kbv³ Kiv (Recognizing
different learning techniques and their contributions to Learning)|
cÖK…Zc‡¶ wkL‡Z †kLvi A_© Rvbvi ci cÖwk¶Yv_x©iv c×wZ¸‡jv bgbxqfv‡e I
m„RbkxjZvi mv‡_ eënvi Kivi †hvM¨Zv AR©b Ki‡e|
wkL‡Z †kLvi ¸iæZ¡c~Y© †KŠkjmg~n n‡”Q:

1| g‡bv‡hvM wbqš¿Y (Attention Control)
2| j¶¨ wba©viY (Goal Setting)
3| Ávbxq cybM©Vb (Cognitive Restructuring)
4| AvZ¥g~j¨vqb (Self Evaluation)|
wcÖq wk¶v_x©e„›`, Gevi Avmyb Avgiv wb‡gœ D‡jøwLZ NUbv `ywU we‡kølY K‡i wkL‡Z †kLvi
†KŠkjmg~n wbY©q Kwi Ges wb‡gœi QKwU c~iY Kwi|
121
†KBm- 1
iwng GKwU eB co‡Q| G mgq nVvr K‡i c~‡e©i w`‡b eÜzi evmvq hvIqvi K_v g‡b
co‡jv| iwng †Kvbfv‡eB g‡bi wPšÍv ev` w`‡q cv‡V g‡bvwb‡ek Ki‡Z cviwQ‡jv bv, hwÌ
iwng covi †Uwe‡jB wQ‡jv| G‡Z wK †m IB eB †_‡K †ewk wKQy wkL‡Z mg_© n‡e?
†KB- 2
Kwig GKwU †gvUv M‡íi eB meUv Lye fv‡jv K‡i co‡e e‡j `xN©‡gqv`x j¶¨ wba©viY
K‡i| Gici †m GB `xN©‡gqv`x j¶¨‡K c~iY Kivi Rb¨ mÜ¨vq co‡Z e‡m ¯^í‡gqv`x
j¶¨ wba©viY Ki‡jv †h, AvR †m cÖ_g Aa¨vq †kl bv K‡i †Uwej †_‡K DV‡e bv| Gfv‡e
cÖwZw`‡bi Rb¨ †m wKQy ¯^í‡gqv`x j¶¨ wba©viY Ki‡jv Ges G‡Z Zvi wkLb h_vh_ n‡jv|
wkL‡Z †kLvi †KŠkjmg~n:

†KBm- 1:
†KBm- 2:
GQvov Avi wK wK †KŠkj i‡q‡Q:
1.
2.
3.
4.
122
g~j wkLbxq welq

mv_©K wkL‡bi Rb¨ mnvqK `¶Zvmg~n n‡jv- Ávbg~jK `¶Zv (Cognitive) Abyf~wZg~jK
 `¶Zv (Effective) I g‡bv‡ckxR `¶Zv (Psychomotor), Ávbg~jK `¶Zv
(Cognitive) †K Avevi 6 fv‡M fvM Kiv hvq| †hgb Ávb (knowledge), Abyaveb
(Understanding), cÖ‡qvM (Application), ms‡kølY (Synthesis), we‡kølY
(Analysis) I g~j¨vqb (Evaluation).
Metacognitive Skill ev weg~Z© Ávbg~jK `¶Zv
Metacognition ev weg~Z© Ávb ev †eva ej‡Z †evSvq wPšÍv m¤ú‡K© wPšÍv Kiv A_v©r
ÒThinking about thinking”.
GKR‡bi wbR¯^ wPšÍvi wfwË‡Z bK&kv cÖYqb, hvPvB Ges cwiex¶Y †KŠkjB n‡”Q weg~Z©
†eva ev Metacognition; A_v©r P~ovšÍgvbwmK Kg©¶gZvB n‡”Q weg~Z© Ávb| A_©vr weg~Z©
Ávbg~jK `¶Zv AvZ¥m‡PZbZvi Dbœqb Ges AvZ¥g~j¨vq‡bi m¶gZv ˆZwii GKwU cÖwµqv
e‡j ¯^xK…Z| Ally Dog Gi g‡Z, ÒThe definition of Metacognition is the act of
Thinking about Thinking, or the Cognition of Cognition. It is the ability to
control one’s own thoughts”.
Av‡iv mywbw`©ó msÁv wn‡m‡e ejv hvq Ávb (†eva) Ges wkLb Kvh©µg‡K cÖfvweZ K‡i
Ggb Dcv`vb¸‡jv‡K wbqš¿Y, †hgb- wb‡Ri m¤ú‡K© Ávb, †h KvR Kiv n‡”Q, Ges Kvh©
m¤úv`‡bi Rb¨ †h †KŠkj Aej¤^b Kiv n‡”Q †m¸‡jv‡K wbqš¿Y| weg~Z© Ávbg~jKfv‡e
Kg©m¤úv`‡bi mgq wk¶v_x©‡K Aek¨B Zv‡ì wbR¯^ Ávbg~jK Kvh©µg m¤ú‡K© m‡PZb
_vK‡Z n‡e| G Qvov H mg¯Í Kvh©µ‡gi cwiex¶Y I m¤úwK©Z Dcv`vb ¸‡jv‡K wbqš¿‡Yi
†hvM¨Zv _vK‡Z n‡e|
wk¶v_x©‡ì †evaRvZ Kg©Kv‡Ûi g~j¨vqb A‡bK mgq jyKvwqZ †eva Øviv weåvšÍev evavcÖvß
nq| †Kvb GKRb wk¶v_x© weg~Z© Ávbg~jK AvPiY Ki‡Q wKbv Zv †`‡L †evSv AZ¨šÍKwVb
e¨vcvi| †mB Kvi‡Y M‡elKMY weg~Z© Ávb ev †eva‡K Kvh©Kifv‡e msÁvwqZ K‡i‡Qb †h

Ally Dog (2004) Psychology Glossary. Online resource Accessed on December 4th,2004
at: http://www.allydog.com/glossary/definition.cfm?term=Metacognition
123
ÔÔwewfbœ AvPiY hv wk¶v_©x©‡ì g‡a¨ j¶¨ Kiv hvqÓ| A‡bK M‡elK g‡b K‡ib: KvR
m¤ú‡K© m‡PZbZv, e¨w³MZ ‰ewkó¨ GgbwK cÖwZdjb cÖwµqv A_ev Kvh©KvwiZv cwiex¶Y,
AbymÜvb cÖwµqv Ges cÖ‡qvRb Abyhvqx Zv cwi‡kvab Kivi Rb¨ cwiewZ©Z †KŠkj
eënv‡ii †hvM¨ZvB n‡”Q Metacognitive Skill.
wkL‡Z †kLv (Learning to Learn):

cÖ‡Z¨K wk¶v_x©B cVb `¶Zv I ¯^vaxb wkL‡bi †KŠk‡ji m‡½ cwiwPZ| G¸‡jv †hgb Zvi
wbR¯^ wk¶vq †Zgwb Zvi wk¶v_x©‡ì hZœ wb‡Z mvnvh¨ Ki‡e| wkL‡Z †kLvi `¶Zv
AR©‡bi (Learning to Learn Skill) Rb¨ wb‡gœi wZbwU Dcv`vb AZ¨šÍ¸iæZ¡c~Y©| h_v:
K) AvZ¥ch©‡e¶Y (Self-Observation)– wb‡Ri †h †Kvb GKwU wbw`©ó AvPi‡Yi cÖwZ

cwiKwíZfv‡e g‡bv‡hvM †`qv|
L) AvZ¥g~j¨vqb (Self-Judgment)– Kvw•¶Z j‡¶¨ †cuŠQvi AMÖMwZ g~j¨vqb|
M) AvZ¥cÖwZwµqv (Self-Reaction)– wb‡Ri cvi`wk©Zv‡K g~j¨vqb K‡i cÖwZwµqv
e¨³ Kiv|
wkL‡Z †kLv c×wZi g~j welq wb‡P †`qv n‡jv:

1| mg‡qi myweb¨¯ÍKiY (Organize time)|
2| cwiex¶Y AMÖMwZ (Monitoring Progress)|
3| mej Ges `ye©j Ask ev ¯’vb wPwýZKiY (Identifying areas of strength and
weakness)|
1) wewfbœ wkLb †KŠkj Ges wkL‡b G¸‡jvi Ae`vb kbv³ Kiv (Recognizing
different learning techniques and their contributions to learning).
GQvov wkL‡Z †kLvi Rb¨ wb‡gœv³ welqmg~n (`¶Zv) mnvqK f~wgKv iv‡L| h_v:
1| wkLb Ges Kvw•¶Z d‡ji g~j¨vqb|
2| cvi`wk©Zvi j¶¨ wba©viY|
3| cwiKíbv I mgq eë¯’vcbv|
4| A‡bï cviMZv (Ability) m¤ú‡K© BwZevPK aviYv|
5| wb‡`©kbvi cÖwZ g‡bvms‡hvM|
6| AbyK~j Kv‡Ri cwi‡ek m„wó|
124
7| mvgvwRK m¤ú`mg~‡ni (Social Resources) eënvi|

8| BwZevPK djvd‡ji Dci cÖvavb¨|
9| mvdj¨ I e¨_©Zv m¤ú‡K© mwVK gšÍe¨ Kiv|
wkL‡Z †kLvi A_© Rvbvi ci cÖwk¶Yv_x©iv c×wZ¸‡jv bgbxqfv‡e I m„RbkxjZvi mv‡_

eënvi Kivi †hvM¨Zv AR©b Ki‡e|
cÖ‡qvM I ev¯Íevq‡bi †KŠkj:
 wk¶vi ga¨ w`‡q cÖwk¶Yv_x©iv Zv‡ì wbR¯^ wkLb ixwZ (Style) m¤ú‡K© AwaKZi
m‡PZb n‡q DV‡e Ges wbR¯^ wkL‡bi Rb¨ c×wZ¸‡jv ev¯Íevqb Ki‡Z cvi‡e|
 wk¶KMY wk¶v_©x‡ì Pvwn`v Abyhvqx wewfbœ wk¶Y ixwZ ev wUwPs ÷vBj eënvi K‡i
†kªwYK‡¶ AwaK †cÖlYv wbwðZ Ki‡e hv Kvh©Ki wkL‡bi Rb¨ we‡kl cÖ‡qvRb|
 cÖwk¶KMY †kªwYK‡¶ †mB me wkLb c×wZi Dci †Rvi w`‡eb hv‡Z ÔÔKx wkL‡QÓ-Gi
mv‡_ mv‡_ ÔÔKxfv‡e wkL‡QÓ-Gi cÖwZ cÖwk¶Yv_x©‡ì m‡PZbZv e„w× cvq|
 †kªwYK¶wfwËK wk¶Y Abykxj‡bi mgq wk¶v_x©‡ì wkLb †KŠkj we‡køl‡Yi wel‡qI

cÖwk¶Yv_x©‡ì †kLv‡bv nq| Zviv Wv‡qwi‡Z Gi †iKW© msi¶Y Ki‡e|
 Self-Study c×wZ m¤ú‡K©I cÖwk¶Yv_©x‡ì‡K AewnZ Kiv nq hv‡Z Zviv Zv‡ì

wk¶v_x©‡ì‡K h_vh_fv‡e jvjb Ki‡Z cv‡i/cÖ‡qvM Ki‡Z cv‡i|
wkL‡Z †kLvi ¸iæZ¡c~Y© †KŠkjmg~n n‡”Q:
1| g‡bv‡hvM wbqš¿Y (Attention Control)

2| j¶¨ wba©viY (Goal Setting)
3| Ávbxq cybM©Vb (Cognitive Restructuring)
4| AvZ¥g~j¨vqb (Self Evaluation)|
125
 g~j¨vqb
1. weg~Z© Ávbg~jK `¶Zv ej‡Z Kx †evSvq? weg~Z© Ávbg~jK `¶Zvi Dcv`vbmg~‡ni
weeiY w`b|
m¤¢ve¨ DËi:
ce©- K
wb‡R Kiæb|
ce©- L
wb‡Riv Kiæb|
ce©- M
wb‡R Kiæb|
126

f~wgKv
weg~Z© Ávbg~jK `¶Zv AR©‡bi gva¨‡g GKRb wk¶K wk¶Y-wkLb Kvh©µg‡K AwaK
djcÖm~ Ki‡Z cv‡ib| GB `¶Zv AR©‡bi Rb¨ GKRb wk¶K‡K †hme welq AvqË Ki‡Z
nq Zv n‡jv AvZ¥cwiex¶Y Ávbg~jK cÖwµqv, mvdj¨RbK †KŠkj wbY©q, Acwinvh© Áv‡bi
wfwË wba©viY, D‡Ïk¨ ¯’vcb I Ávbg~jK †KŠkj Aej¤^b, bZzb cwiw¯’wZ‡Z †KŠkj
¯’vbvšÍi cÖf„wZ| Gme weg~Z© Ávbg~jK `¶Zv Dbœq‡bi †KŠkj AR©bc~e©K GKRb wk¶K
†kªwYK‡¶ wk¶v_x©‡ì wPšÍb `¶Zv weKv‡k h_vh_ eë¯’v MÖnY Ki‡Z cv‡ib|
D‡Ïk¨
 weg~Z© Ávbg~jK `¶Zvi iƒc‡iLv cÖYqb Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|
 weg~Z© Ávbg~jK `¶Zvi Dbœqb †KŠkj cÖ‡qvM Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|
 weg~Z© Ávbg~jK `¶Zvi myweav I Amyweavmg~n wPwýZ Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|
 wk¶v_x©‡ì weg~Z© Ávbg~jK `¶Zvi Dbœq‡b wk¶K‡ì f~wgKv e¨vL¨v Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|
ce©mg~n
ce©- K: weg~Z© Ávbg~jK `¶Zvi iƒc‡iLv cÖbqb
 wcÖq wk¶v_x©e„›`, hw` wk¶v_x©iv weg~Z© Ávbg~jK `¶ZvcÖvß nq A_ev Zviv hw` Zv‡ì
cviMZv, AvPiY‡K m‡ev©”P Kg©m¤úv`‡bi Rb¨ cwieZ©b Ki‡Z mg_© nq Z‡e Zviv Aek¨B
A‡bK¸‡jv KvR Ki‡Z mg_© n‡e|
Vockell Gi g‡Z wk¶v_x©‡ì Rb¨ weg~Z© Ávbg~jK `¶Zvi iƒc‡iLv wbgœiƒc:
1) Zviv Aek¨B Zv‡ì Ávbg~jK cÖwµqv gwbUi Kivi †hvM¨ n‡e|

2) fvmvfvmvfv‡e KvR †kl n‡q‡Q g‡b Kivi m‡½ Avw`g ev mv`vgvUv †KŠkj eënvi

Vockell, E (2004) Development of Thinking Skill, Chapter 7 of Educational Psychology: A
Practical Approach. Online Resource Accessed on December 4th 2004
http://education.calumet/purdue.edu/vockell/EdPsyBook/Edpsy7_development.htm
127
†_‡K wb‡R‡ì weiZ ivLvi †hvM¨ n‡e|

3) Zv‡ì Avewk¨Kfv‡e ch©vß Áv‡bi wfwË _vK‡Z n‡e|
4) wk¶v_x©iv Aek¨B GKUv j¶¨ wbav©iY Ki‡e Ges wKQz wbqg Kvbyb Av‡ivc Ki‡e hv
Ávbg~jK †KŠkj eënv‡i mnvqK n‡e|
5) bZzb cwiw¯’wZ‡Z mwVK †KŠkj cÖ‡qv‡Mi wbwg‡Ë Zv‡ì wPšÍb †KŠkj ¯’vbvšÍ‡ii
(Transfer) †hvM¨Zv/gvbwmKZv _vK‡Z n‡e
wcÖq wk¶v_x©, Avcwb Kx Vockell KZ©„K cÖ`Ë Ávbg~jK `¶Zvi iƒc‡iLvi mv‡_ GKgZ?
hw` GKgZ nb/bv nq Zvn‡j wb‡gœi Q‡K KviY D‡jøL Kiæb|
GKgZ - KviY GKgZ bB - KviY
128
ce©- L: weg~Z© Ávbg~jK `¶Zvi Dbœqb †KŠkj

 weg~Z© Ávbg~jK `¶Zvi Dbœqb
(K) AvZ¥cwiex¶Y Ávbg~jK cÖwµqv (Self Monitoring Cognitive Process):
wewfbœ Dcv‡q wk¶v_x©‡ì wb‡R‡ì wPšÍb cÖwµqv‡K cwiex¶‡Yi my‡hvM w`‡Z n‡e|
1| wk¶YKvh©µg PjvKv‡j Zviv †bvU wb‡Z cv‡i|

2| cÖwk¶Y Kvjxb mg‡qi g‡a¨ wbqwgZ Rvb©vj nvj bvMv` Kiv|
3| Ab jvBb ey‡jwUb †ev‡W©i g‡a¨ AskMÖnY Ki‡Z cv‡i|
4| Ab¨vb¨ wk¶v_x©‡ì fvebv I Kvh©µ‡gi Dci cÖwZdjb|
5| wbw`©ó gvb`Û m¤^wjZ ZvwjKv hv weavb Øviv wb‡R‡ì AvPiY I Kv‡Ri Ges
Zv‡ì mgK¶ mncvVx‡ì (Peer) AvPiY I Kv‡Ri Zzjbv Kiv|
L) mvdj¨ RbK †KŠkj †eiKiv/Dbœqb: (Developing Successful technique):

wk¶v_x©‡ì GKUv ¯^vfvweK cÖeYZv i‡q‡Q †h †Kvb mgm¨v mgvav‡bi| wKš‘
A‡bKmgq †`Lv hvq mgvavb¸‡jv wbgœgv‡bi ev †gŠwjK cÖvmw½KZv weewR©Z|
M) Acwinvh© Ávb hvPvB: (Assessing Requisite Knowledge):

`¶Zv Ges Z_¨vewj (Information) wk¶v_x©‡ì‡K †Kvb wbw`©ó KvR m¤úv`b Ki‡Z
mvnvh¨ K‡i hvi Rb¨ cÖ‡qvRb `¶Zv ev Áv‡bi GKUv b~¨bZg wfwË, hvi Dci wbf©i
K‡i KvRwU m¤úvw`Z n‡e| hw` wk¶v_x©iv wb‡`©kbvmg~n wkL‡Z ˆZwi _v‡K Z‡e
cÖwk¶KMY Zv‡ì Áv‡bi wfwË‡K 3 fv‡e wba©viY Ki‡Z DrmvwnZ Ki‡Z cv‡ib|
G¸‡jv n‡jv:
* Zzjbvg~jK AMÖMvgx msMVK (Comparative Advance Organizer): DbœZ wPšÍv

Ki‡Z cviv A_ev Z_¨ Avni‡Yi ci Zv `¶Zvi mv‡_ msMwVZ Kivi †hvM¨Zv m¤úbœ
e¨w³|
* e¨vL¨v`vqK AMÖMvgx msMVK (Expository Advance Organizer): †Kvb wel‡q

ïaygvÎ mvaviY e¨vL¨v †Ìqvi †hvM¨Zv m¤úbœ e¨w³|
* cÖ¯Ívebvg~jK mgm¨v Av‡jvPbv (Introductory Problem Discussions): †h †Kvb

mgm¨v mgvav‡bi Rb¨ ïaygvÎ Av‡jvPbvq AskMÖnY Kivi †hvM¨Zv m¤úbœ e¨w³|
129
msMVKMY wk¶v_x©‡ì ej‡eb †h Kxfv‡e `¶Zv I Z_¨mg~n G‡K Ac‡ii mv‡_ m¤úwK©Z|
N) D‡Ïk¨ ¯’vcb Ges Ávbg~jK †KŠkj Aej¤^b (Setting goals and adopting
Cognitive Strategies):
hw` wk¶v_x©iv wb‡RivB mgm¨v mgvavb Ki‡Z cvivi g‡Zv Ae¯’vq †cŠu‡Q _v‡K Z‡e
Zviv wewfbœ †KŠkj Aej¤^‡bi gva¨‡g cwiw¯’wZi †gvKv‡ejv Ki‡Z cvi‡e|
O) bZzb cwiw¯’wZ‡Z †KŠkj ¯’vbvšÍi: (Transferring Strategies to new situation):
hw` wk¶v_x©iv 6 c¨vUv©b wewkó †KŠkj Gi aviYv AvqË K‡i _v‡K Z‡e Zviv †h †Kvb
mgm¨v mgvav‡bi Rb¨ Gi g‡a¨B †h †KvbwU‡K mgm¨v mgvav‡bi Rb¨ cÖ‡qvM Ki‡Z AvMÖnx
n‡e|
ce©- M: weg~Z© Ávbg~jK `¶Zvi myweav I Amyweavmg~n


wcÖq wk¶v_x©e„›`, wb‡gœi Dw³¸‡jv g‡bv‡hvM w`‡q coyb Ges wb‡gœi Dw³mg~n †_‡K
wk¶v_x©‡ì wkL‡b weg~Z© Ávbg~jK `¶Zvi myweav I Amyweavmg~n wb‡gœi Q‡K wjLyb|
1| weg~Z© Ávbg~jK `¶Zvq wk¶v_x©‡ì wPšÍb kw³ weKwkZ nq|
2| wk¶v_x©iv ¯^xq Ávbg~jK cÖwµqv gwbUi ev cwiex¶Y Ki‡Z m¶g nq|
3| wk¶v_x©‡ì g‡a¨ Áv‡bi kw³kvjx wfwË ‰Zwi nq|
4| †Kvb KwVb wel‡qi mgm¨v mgvavb Kiv mnR nq|
5| cv‡Vi cÖwZ AwaK g‡bv‡hvMx nq|
6| A‡bK mgq wPšÍb mwVKfv‡e bv n‡j wk¶v_x©iv mgm¨vi mgvav‡b †cuŠQv‡Z cv‡i bv|
7| mwVK wb‡`©kbv jv‡f e¨_© n‡j wPšÍ‡bi j¶¨ weP~¨Z nq|
8| †Kvb wel‡q Ávbg~jK `¶Zvi cÖ‡qvM †Kv_v †_‡K ïiæ Ki‡Z n‡e Zv wk¶v_x©iv
A‡bK †¶‡Î wPwýZ Ki‡Z cv‡ib bv|
9| wk¶v_x©iv ¯^xq Kv‡Ri j¶¨ wba©viY Ki‡Z †k‡L|
10| wPšÍb `¶Zvi weKvk wk¶v_x©‡ì cÖvwZôvwbK cvi`wk©Zvi Dbœqb NUvq|
11| G `¶Zvi Abymi‡Y †kªwYK‡¶ wb‡`©kbv cÖ`v‡b AwaK mgq cÖ‡qvRb|
12| `‡j KvR Kivi mgq gZ‰ØZZv ˆZwi n‡Z cv‡i|
13| BwZevPK wPšÍv Kiv bv n‡j D‡Ïk¨ e¨vnZ n‡Z cv‡i|
130
weg~Z© Ávbg~jK `¶Zvi myweav weg~Z© Ávbg~jK `¶Zvi Amyweav

†hgb:
1| 1|
2| 2|
3| 3|
4| 4|
5| 5|
6| 6|
131
ce©- N: wk¶v_x©‡ì weg~Z© Ávbg~jK `¶Zvi Dbœq‡b wk¶‡Ki f~wgKv

 wcÖq wk¶v_x©e„›`, g~j wkLbxq wel‡qi weg~Z© Ávbg~jK `¶Zvi weKv‡k †kªwYK‡¶ wk¶‡Ki
f~wgKv kxl©K AskwU g‡bv‡hvM mnKv‡i co–b Ges Kx (Key) c‡q‡›Ui gva¨‡g weg~Z©
Ávbg~jK `¶Zvi weKv‡k †kªwYK‡¶ wk¶‡Ki f~wgKv kxl©K QKwU c~iY Kiæb|
weg~Z© Ávbg~jK `¶Zv

weKv‡k †kªwYK‡¶ wk¶‡Ki
f~wgKv
132
g~j wkLbxq welq

weg~Z© Ávbg~jK `¶Zv eySvi Rb¨ wk¶v_x©‡ì cÖ_‡g Ôweg~Z©Õ welqwU Kx †m m¤ú‡K© aviYv
 _vKv ìKvi| wk¶v Awfavb Abyhvqx weg~Z© ev Abstract ej‡Z eySvq|
Abstract considered apart from any particular or concrete object;
expressing a quality as independent of any particularly qualified object.
†hgb: mZZv n‡”Q mr AvPi‡Yi weg~Z© ewntcÖKvk|

weg~Z© wkLb (Abstract Learning): Learning not associated with any particular
object or any concreate experience, involving adequate responses in

situations concerned with concepts & symbols . A_©vr weg~Z© wkLb †Kvb wbw`ó©
e¯‘ ev mywbw`ó© †Kvb AwfÁZvi mv‡_ mshy³ bq, †h †Kvb aviYv ev cÖZxK m¤ú‡K© †Kvb
D™¢yZ cwiw¯’wZ‡Z ch©vß cÖwZwµqv (my² wPšÍ‡bi gva¨‡g) e¨³ Kivi mv‡_ m¤úwK©Z|
weg~Z© Ávbg~jK `¶Zvi iƒc‡iLv (Outline of Metacognitive Skill):
hw` wk¶v_x©iv weg~Z© Ávbg~jK `¶ZvcÖvß nq A_ev Zviv hw` Zv‡ì cviMZv, AvPiY‡K
m‡ev©”P Kg©m¤úv`‡bi Rb¨ cwieZ©b Ki‡Z mg_© nq Z‡e Zviv Aek¨B A‡bK¸‡jv KvR
Ki‡Z mg_© n‡e|
Vockell Gi g‡Z wk¶v_x©‡ì Rb¨ weg~Z© Ávbg~jK `¶Zvi iƒc‡iLv wbgœiƒc:
 Zviv Aek¨B Zv‡ì Ávbg~jK cÖwµqv gwbUi Kivi †hvM¨ n‡e|
 fvmvfvmvfv‡e KvR †kl n‡q‡Q g‡b Kivi m‡½ Avw`g ev mv`vgvUv †KŠkj eënvi
†_‡K wb‡R‡ì weiZ ivLvi †hvM¨ n‡e|
 Zv‡ì Avewk¨Kfv‡e ch©vß Áv‡bi wfwË _vK‡e|

 wk¶v_x©iv Aek¨B GKUv j¶¨ wbav©iY Ki‡e Ges wKQz wbqg Kvbyb Av‡ivc Ki‡e hv

Dictionary of Education, NewYork, Princeton Hall, 1948.
133
Ávbg~jK †KŠkj eënv‡i mnvqK n‡e|
 bZzb cwiw¯’wZ‡Z mwVK †KŠkj cÖ‡qv‡Mi wbwg‡Ë Zv‡ì wPšÍb †KŠkj ¯’vbvšÍ‡ii
(Transfer) †hvM¨Zv/ gvbwmKZv _vK‡e|
weg~Z© Ávbg~jK `¶Zvi Dbœqb:

(K) AvZ¥cwiex¶Y Ávbg~jK cÖwµqv (Self Monitoring Process):
wewfbœ Dcv‡q wk¶v_x©‡ì wb‡R‡ì wPšÍb cÖwµqv‡K cwiex¶‡Yi my‡hvM w`‡Z n‡e| †hgb:-
1| wk¶Y Kvh©µg PjvKv‡j Zviv †bvU wb‡Z cv‡i|

2| cÖwk¶YKvjxb mg‡qi g‡a¨ wbqwgZ Rvb©vj nvj bvMv` Kiv|
3| AbjvBb ey‡jwUb †ev‡W©i g‡a¨ AskMÖnY Ki‡Z cv‡i|
4| Ab¨vb¨ wk¶v_x©‡ì fvebv I Kvh©µ‡gi Dci cÖwZdjb|
5| wbw`©ó gvb`Û m¤^wjZ ZvwjKv ev weavb Øviv wb‡R‡ì AvPiY I Kv‡Ri Ges
Zv‡ì mgK¶ mncvVx‡ì (Peer) AvPiY I Kv‡Ri Zzjbv Kiv|
G mg¯Í Kv‡Ri A‡bK¸‡jv mn‡RB wkLb cwi‡e‡ki g‡a¨ AšÍfy©³ Kiv hvq| Z‡e wKQz
wKQz cÖwk¶K Av‡Qb hviv g‡b K‡ib mbvZb †kªwYK‡¶ †_‡KB wk¶v_x©iv mwVK †bvU wb‡Z
cv‡i| Avevi †KD †KD g‡b K‡ib †h wk¶v_x©‡ì AMÖMwZi wPšÍvkxj cÖwZdj‡bi Rb¨
†Kvb we‡kl cwi‡ek ˆZwii cÖ‡qvRb †bB| wk¶v_x©‡ì Zv‡ì wb‡R‡ì I Ab¨vb¨‡ì
Kv‡Ri mgv‡jvPbv I wewfbœ †KŠk‡ji Zzjbv Kivi Rb¨ Avgš¿Y Rvbv‡bv †h‡Z cv‡i hv‡Z
†Kvb wbw`©ó gvb`‡Ûi †Kvb we‡kl êwk‡óï mv‡_ Zv‡ì KvR gvbvbmB ev Zv Qvwo‡q
†M‡Q wKbv Zv Lyu‡R †ei Ki‡Z cv‡i|
L) mvdj¨ RbK †KŠkj †eiKiv/Dbœqb (Developing Successful Technique):

†h †Kvb mgm¨v mgvav‡bi Rb¨ wk¶v_x©‡ì GKUv ¯^vfvweK cÖeYZv i‡q‡Q| wKš‘
A‡bKmgq †`Lv hvq mgvavb¸‡jv wbgœgv‡bi ev †gŠwjK cÖvmw½KZv weewR©Z n‡q
_v‡K| †Kvb we‡kl wb‡`©kK gva¨g (Instructional Media) ‰Zwi K‡i GB
cwiw¯’wZ A_ev cÖ‡qvM welqK mgm¨v¸‡jv mgvavb Kiv hvq| †hgb: Flash Card-G
GKwU mgm¨vi A‡bK mgvavb wj‡L ivLv n‡j wk¶v_x©iv wbR †hvM¨Zv e‡j †mLvb
134
†_‡K mwVK mgvavbwU †e‡Q wb‡Z cvi‡e Ges wk¶v_©x‡ì cieZx© Kv‡Ri Rb¨ †m me
DË‡ii ga¨ †_‡K mwVK DËiwU †e‡Q wb‡Z cvi‡e|
M) Acwinvh© Áv‡bi wfwË wbav©iY: `¶Zv (Skill) Ges Z_¨vewj (Information)

wk¶v_x©‡ì‡K †Kvb wbw`©ó KvR m¤úv`b Ki‡Z mvnvh¨ K‡i| Gi Rb¨ cÖ‡qvRb
`¶Zv ev Áv‡bi GKUv b~¨bZg wfwË hvi Dci wbf©i K‡i KvRwU m¤úvw`Z n‡e| hw`
wk¶v_x©iv wb‡`©kbvmg~n wkL‡Z ‰Zwi _v‡K Z‡e cÖwk¶KMY Zv‡ì Áv‡bi wfwË‡K
wZbfv‡e wba©viY Ki‡Z DrmvwnZ Ki‡Z cv‡ib|
G¸‡jv n‡jv:
* Zzjbvg~jK AMÖMvgx msMVK (Comparative advance Organizer): DbœZ wPšÍv
Ki‡Z cviv A_ev Z_¨ Avni‡Yi ci Zv `¶Zvi mv‡_ msMwVZ Kivi †hvM¨Zv m¤úbœ
e¨w³|
* e¨vL¨v`vqK AMÖMvgx msMVK (Expository advance organizer): †Kvb wel‡q
kyaygvÎ mvaviY e¨vL¨v †Ìqvi †hvM¨Zv m¤úbœ e¨w³|
* cÖ¯Ívebvg~jK mgm¨v Av‡jvPbv (Introductory Problem discussions): †h †Kvb
mgm¨v mgvav‡bi Rb¨ ïaygvÎ Av‡jvPbvq AskMÖnY Kivi †hvM¨Zvm¤úbœ e¨w³|
msMVKMY wk¶v_x©‡ì ej‡eb †h Kxfv‡e `¶Zv I Z_¨mg~n G‡K Ac‡ii mv‡_ m¤úwK©Z|
N) D‡Ïk¨ ¯’vcb Ges Ávbg~jK †KŠkj Aej¤^b (Setting goals and adopting
Cognitive Strategies): hw` wk¶v_x©iv wb‡RivB mgm¨v mgvavb Ki‡Z cvivi g‡Zv
Ae¯’vq †cŠu‡Q _v‡K Z‡e Zviv wewfbœ †KŠkj Aej¤^‡bi gva¨‡g cwiw¯’wZi †gvKv‡ejv
Ki‡Z cvi‡e|
ÔClarkÓ mgm¨v mgvav‡bi Rb¨ 6 wU c¨vUv©bhy³ GKwU gvBÛ‡mU (Mindset) Gi iƒc‡iLv
cÖYqb K‡i‡Qb| †hgb: cvV, we‡kølY, AbymÜvb, cwiKíbv, ev¯Íevqb Ges hvPvB| GKwU
wel‡q GKRb `¶ I A`¶ e¨w³i g‡a¨ Zzjbv Ki‡j †`Lv hv‡e †h `¶ e¨w³ mgm¨v
mgvav‡bi Rb¨ 6wU c¨vUvb©‡KB eënvi Ki‡eb wKš‘ A`¶ e¨w³ 2/3 wU c¨vUvb© Gi †ewk
eënvi Ki‡Z cvi‡eb bv|
O) bZzb cwiw¯’wZ‡Z †KŠkj ¯’vbvšÍi: (Transferring Strategies to New
Situation): hw` wk¶v_x©iv 6 c¨vUv©b wewkó †KŠkj Gi aviYv AvqË K‡i _v‡K Z‡e
Zviv †h †Kvb mgm¨v mgvav‡bi †¶‡Î Gi g‡a¨ †h †KvbwU‡K cÖ‡qvM Ki‡Z AvMÖnx n‡e|

Clark, R (2003) Building Expertise: Cognitive Methods for Training and Performance
Improvement. International Society for Performance Improvement.
135
wk¶v_x©‡ì‡K †QvU `‡j fvM K‡i cÖ‡Z¨K‡K wbw`©ó KvR fvM K‡i w`‡Z n‡e| 6 R‡bi
`j n‡j cÖ‡Z¨‡K c¨vUv‡b©i 1wU K‡i Ask wb‡q KvR Ki‡e| Avi hw` 3 R‡bi `j nq
Z‡e cÖ‡Z¨‡K c¨vUv‡b©i 2 wU K‡i Ask wb‡q KvR Ki‡e|
weg~Z© Ávbg~jK `¶Zv weKv‡k wk¶‡Ki f~wgKv:
weg~Z© Ávbg~jK `¶Zv g~jZ weKwkZ nq e¨w³i wPšÍb `¶Zvi weKv‡ki gva¨‡g| ZvB
cÖwk¶K‡K †kªwYK‡¶ wk¶v_x©‡ì wPšÍb `¶Zv weKv‡k h_vh_ eë¯’v MÖnY Ki‡Z n‡e| G
†¶‡Î wk¶v_x©iv wPšÍ‡bi Dcv`vbmg~n wKfv‡e eënvi Ki‡e †m m¤ú‡K© wk¶K Zv‡ì‡K
cwi¯‹vifv‡e wb‡`©kbv cÖ`vb Ki‡eb|
wPšÍ‡bi
`„wó‡KvY D‡Ïk¨
(we‡ePbvi welq, (j¶¨, D‡Ïk¨)
m~Î)
mgm¨v m¤úw©KZ
cÖ‡qvM I cÖkœ
cÖfve (mgm¨v, Bmy¨)
wPšÍ‡bi Dcv`vb
mg~n Z_¨
(DcvË, NUbv,
Abygvb (ch©‡e¶Y, AwfÁZv)
e¨vL¨v I c~e©vbygvb
aviYv (Dcmsnvi, mgvavb)
(ZË¡, msÁv,
bxwZ, AvBb,
wPÎ: wPšÍ‡bi Dcv`vbmg~‡ni Pµ|
136
my² Ávbg~jK `¶Zvi weKv‡k wPšÍb PvU© (Thinking Chart) eënvi Kiv †h‡Z cv‡i| G
†¶‡Î wk¶K wk¶v_x©‡K †Kvb ai‡bi cwiw¯’wZ‡Z †Kvb ai‡bi wPšÍb Gi eënvi Ki‡Z
n‡e †m m¤ú‡K© wk¶v_x©‡K h_vh_ Ávb I wb‡`©kbv cÖ`vb Ki‡eb|
wewfbœ ai‡bi wPšÍb:
1| weg~Z© wPšÍb (Abstract Thinking)
2| aviYvMZ wPšÍb (Conceptual Thinking)
3| MVbg~jK wPšÍb (Constructive Thinking)
4| m„RbkxjZv g~jK wPšÍb (Creative Thinking)
5| my² wPšÍb (Critical Thinking)
6| wb‡`©wkZ wPšÍb (Directed Thinking)
7| Kvh©Kix wPšÍb (Functional Thinking)
8| AfvlvMZ wPšÍb (Non-Verbal Thinking)
9| cÖwZdjbg~jK wPšÍb (Reflective Thinking)
10| m¤úK©hy³ wPšÍb (Relational Thinking)
11| ev¯Íeagx© wPšÍb (Realistic Thinking)
12| êÁvwbK wPšÍb (Scientific Thinking)
13| cÖZxwK wPšÍb (Symbolic Thinking)
14| wbe©vwPZ wPšÍb (Selective Thinking)
15| we‡kølYagx© wPšÍb (Analogical Thinking)|
wk¶Y-wkLb Kvh©µ‡g wk¶K weg~Z© Ávbg~jK `¶Zvi eënv‡ii gva¨‡g wk¶v_x©‡ì

wkLb‡K djcÖm~ Kivi Rb¨ wb‡gœi avcmg~n AbymiY Ki‡Z cv‡ib, hv weg~Z© wPšÍb `¶Zvi
g‡Wj wnmv‡e KvR K‡i|
137
weg~Z© Ávbg~jK wPšÍb `¶Zvi g‡Wj:

wk¶v_x©‡ì weg~Z© Ávbg~jK `¶Zv Dbœq‡b wk¶K wb‡gœi g‡WjwU eënvi Ki‡Z cv‡ib|
g‡WjwUi g~j we‡eP¨ welq n‡”Q wewfbœ cÖKvi wPšÍb I cÖwZdjbg~jK cÖwµqvi mgš^‡qi
gva¨‡g weg~Z© Ávbg~jK wPšÍb KvR K‡i| G‡K cvPuwU g~L¨ Dcv`v‡b fvM Kiv hvq| h_v:-
1| wkL‡bi Rb¨ cwiKíbv I cÖ¯‘wZ: Dchy³ cwiKíbv I cÖ¯‘wZ wk¶v_x©‡ì wkLb

Dbœq‡b mnvqZv Ki‡Z cv‡i| ZvB wk¶K wk¶v_x©‡ì wkL‡bi Rb¨ cÖ_‡g j¶¨
wba©vi‡Y mnvqZv Ki‡eb| Gi ci GB j¶¨ AR©‡bi Rb¨ cÖ‡qvRbxq cwiKíbv I
cÖ¯‘wZ †bqvi welqwU wba©viY Ki‡Z mnvqZv Ki‡eb| wk¶v_©xiv GBfv‡e ¯^xq wkLb
j¶¨ (Goal) AR©‡b mg_© n‡eb Ges Zv‡ì wkL‡bi AMÖMwZ eyS‡Z m¶g n‡eb|
2| wkLb †KŠkj wbe©vPb Ges eënvi: wk¶v_x©‡ì e¨w³¯^vZ‡š¿ï wfwË‡Z wkL‡bi Rb¨
†Kvb †KŠkj h_vh_ n‡e Ges G †KŠkj Kxfv‡e wbe©vPb Ki‡Z n‡e Zv wkLvi Rb¨
mg_© K‡i Zzj‡Z n‡e| cÖK…Zc‡¶ wk¶‡Ki wb‡`©kbvi Øviv weg~Z© Ávbg~jK `¶Zv
wk¶v_x©‡ì A‡bK ai‡bi wkLb †KŠkj †_‡K Dchy³ †KŠkj wbe©vPb I eënv‡i `¶
K‡i †Zv‡j|
3| cwiex¶‡Yi (Monitoring) †KŠkj eënvi: wk¶v_x©iv wkLb j¶¨ AR©‡b h_vh_

†KŠkj eënvi Ki‡Q wKbv Zv gwbUwis Gi gva¨‡g wk¶K Zv‡ì mwVK c‡_
cwiPvwjZ Ki‡Z cv‡ib| D`vniY ¯îƒc ejv hvq †Kvb Kv‡R wk¶v_x©iv GKwU †KŠkj
eënvi Kiv ïiæ Ki‡jv, G‡Z †`Lv †M‡jv Zviv Zv‡ì wkLb j‡¶¨ †cuŠQ‡Z cvi‡Q
bv| G¶‡Î wk¶K gwbUwis Ki‡eb Ges mwVK †KŠk‡ji wel‡q wb‡`©kbv cÖ`vb
Ki‡eb|
4| wewfbœ ai‡Yi †KŠk‡ji g‡a¨ mgš^q (Orchestrating Various Strategies):

wkL‡b G‡Ki AwaK †KŠk‡ji mgš^q mvab Ki‡Z cviv n‡”Q GKwU ¸iæZ¡c~Y© weg~Z©
Ávbg~jK `¶Zv| mej I `ye©j wk¶v_x©i g‡a¨ cv_©K¨ ˆZwi nq g~jZ wewfbœ wkLb
†KŠkj Gi mgš^q, msMVb Ges ms‡hvM ‰Zwi Ki‡Z cvivi Dci| ZvB wk¶K
wk¶v_x©‡ì wkLv‡eb †h, Kxfv‡e Zviv GKvwaK †KŠk‡ji mgš^q Ki‡Z cv‡ib|
138
wk¶K‡K Aek¨B wk¶v_x©‡ì †`Lv‡Z n‡e †h GKwU wkLb †KŠkj e¨_© n‡j Kxfv‡e
Av‡iKwU †KŠkj wPwýZ Ki‡Z ev eënvi Ki‡Z nq|
5| g~j¨vqb †KŠkj eënvi Ges wkLb: wk¶K wk¶v_x©‡ì wkL‡b Zv‡ì †KŠkj g~j¨vq‡b
mnvqZv Ki‡Z cv‡ib| wk¶v_x©iv hv Ki‡Q Zv mwVK I Kvh©Kix wKbv Zv g~j¨vq‡bi
Rb¨ wb‡gœv³ wPšÍb cÖkœmg~n wb‡q wk¶v_x©‡ì wPšÍv Ki‡Z ej‡eb
K) Avwg Kx AR©‡bi Rb¨ †Póv KiwQ?

L) Avwg Kx †KŠkj eënvi KiwQ?
M) Avwg KZ fvjfv‡e Zv eënvi Ki‡Z cviwQ?
N) Gi evB‡i Avwg Avi Kx Ki‡Z cvwi?
wk¶‡Ki wb‡`©kbvq Dc‡iv³ cÖkœmg~n wPšÍ‡bi gva¨‡g wk¶v_x©iv Zv‡ì cwVZe¨ wel‡qi
g~j welqe¯‘ wbe©vPb Ki‡Z cv‡i| Zviv Kx wkL‡Z Pv‡”Q †m m¤ú‡K© cwi®‹vi aviYv jvf
Ki‡e| †Kvb †KŠkj eënvi Zvi Rb¨ Kvh©Ki n‡e †m m¤ú‡K© cwic~Y© †evaMg¨Zv m„wó
n‡e| A_©vr Gi gva¨‡g wk¶v_x©‡ì weg~Z© Ávbg~jK `¶Zvi Dbœqb m¤¢e n‡e Ges wkLb
djcÖm~ n‡e|
GUv †`Lv †M‡Q †h, wb‡`©kbv AvwkªZ weg~Z© Ávb (Instruction Covering
Metacognition) wk¶v_x©‡ì K‡g© mwµqZv I hyw³`v‡bi ¶gZv Dbœq‡bi c_ myMg
K‡i| GLb ch©šwÍ eg~Z© Ávb n‡”Q GKwU me©Rbxb fvebv hv mxgvi g‡a¨ †_‡K meiKg
mgm¨v mgvav‡bi Rb¨ eënvi Kiv †h‡Z cv‡i| GB Kvi‡Y eZ©gvb wk¶v eë¯’vq wk¶Y-
wkL‡bi †¶‡Î GB fvebv AZ¨šÍ¸iæZ¡ cv‡”Q|
Avgiv †`wL wk¶K cÖwk¶‡Y (wUPvi †UªBwbs K‡¤úv‡b‡›U) Ges †kªYxK‡¶i Kvh©vewji Rb¨
†Lvjv‡gjv, DÏxcbvg~jK, mnvqK cwiw¯’wZi Dci †Rvi †`qv nq| wbgœwjwLZ welq¸‡jv
wPšÍvkw³ Dbœq‡bi Rb¨ mnvqK cwiw¯’wZ wbwðZ Ki‡Z cv‡i| ZvB wk¶v_x©i weg~Z©
Ávbg~jK `¶Zvi weKv‡k wk¶K‡K g‡b ivL‡Z n‡e:-
* c~e© †_‡K MÖvDÛ (Ground) iæj wbav©iY Kiv|
* h_vh_ cwiKwíZ Kvh©vewji eë¯’v Kiv|
139
* cÖwZwU wk¶v_x©i cÖwZ kª×v ivLv|

* SzuwKc~Y© bq Ggb Kvh©vewji eë¯’v Kiv|
* Zv‡ì cÖwZ bgbxq _vKv|
* e¨w³MZ êlg¨‡K ¯^xKvi Kiv|
* AbyKzj g‡bvfve cÖ`k©b Kiv|
* cÖ‡Z¨K DËi`vZv‡K cÖksmv Kiv|
* mwµq AskMÖn‡Yi my‡hvM †`qv|
* Kv‡Ri mgq cÖwZwU wk¶v_x©i KvQvKvwQ hvIqv|
* wewfbœ ai‡bi wUwPs ev wk¶YixwZ eënvi Kiv BZ¨vw`|
 g~j¨vqb
1. weg~Z© Ávbg~jK `¶Zvi Dbœqb †KŠkj eY©bv Kiæb|
2. weg~Z© Ávbg~jK `¶Zvi myweav-Amyweav eY©bv Kiæb|
140
m¤¢ve¨ DËi:
ce©- K
wb‡R Kiæb|
ce©- M
weg~Z© Ávbg~jK `¶Zvi myweavmg~n n‡jv:
1| weg~Z© Ávbg~jK `¶Zvq wk¶v_x©‡ì wPšÍb kw³ weKwkZ nq|
2| wk¶v_x©iv ¯^xq Ávbg~jK cÖwµqv gwbUi ev cwiex¶Y Ki‡Z m¶g nq|
3| wk¶v_x©‡ì g‡a¨ Áv‡bi kw³kvjx wfwË ‰Zwi nq|
4| †Kvb KwVb wel‡qi mgm¨v mgvavb Kiv mnR nq|
5| cv‡Vi cÖwZ AwaK g‡bv‡hvMx nq|
6| wk¶v_x©iv ¯^xq Kv‡Ri j¶¨ wba©viY Ki‡Z †k‡L|
7| wPšÍb `¶Zvi weKvk wk¶v_x©‡ì cÖvwZôvwbK cvi`wk©Zvi Dbœqb NUvq|
weg~Z© Ávbg~jK `¶Zv cÖ‡qv‡M wKQz Amyweav i‡q‡Q| †hgb:
1| A‡bK mgq wPšÍb mwVKfv‡e bv n‡j wk¶v_x©iv mgm¨vi mgvav‡b †cuŠQv‡Z cv‡i bv|
2| mwVK wb‡`©kbv jv‡f e¨_© n‡j wPšÍ‡bi j¶¨ weP~¨Z nq|
3| †Kvb wel‡q Ávbg~jK `¶Zvi cÖ‡qvM †Kv_v †_‡K ïiæ Ki‡Z n‡e Zv wk¶v_x©iv
A‡bK †¶‡Î wPwýZ Ki‡Z cv‡ib bv|
4| G `¶Zvi Abymi‡Y †kªwYK‡¶ wb‡`©kbv cÖ`v‡b AwaK mgq cÖ‡qvRb|
5| `‡j KvR Kivi mgq gZ‰ØZZv ˆZwi n‡Z cv‡i|
6| BwZevPK wPšÍv Kiv bv n‡j D‡Ïk¨ e¨vnZ n‡Z cv‡i|
141
ce©- N
wk¶‡Ki f~wgKv:
1| wk¶v_x©‡ì wPšÍb `¶Zv weKv‡k h_vh_ eë¯’v MÖnY (wPšÍb Pµ Abyhvqx)|
2| h_vh_ wb‡`©kbv cÖ`vb|
3| h_vh_ cwiKwíZ Kvh©vewji eë¯’v Kiv|
4| g~j¨vqb †KŠkj m¤ú‡K© h_vh_ cÖkœ DÌvcb Kiv|
5| Kvh©Kix wjLb †KŠkj (Written Strategy) AvqËKi‡Y wPšÍ‡bi eënvi Ges
D‡Ïk¨ ¯úwóKiY|
142

Bdwbu 4: Evsjv ' Ki Gva WGK WK V Gi J Ges D Ï K Mvbev'X Aviyvi Cö QVM

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Bdwbu 4: Evsjv ' Ki Gva WGK WK V Gi J Ges D Ï K Mvbev'X Aviyvi Cö QVM

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gva¨wgK wkÿK cÖwkÿY- weGW

Awa‡ekb- 1 : AskMÖnYg~jK wk¶Y-wkLb c×wZ

AskMÖnYg~jK wk¶Y-wkLb c×wZ

ce©- L: wkL‡bi †¶‡Î AskMÖnYg~jK c×wZi cÖ‡qvRbxqZv

GKwU †kªwYcvV`v‡bi wPÎ:

ce©- M: †kªwYK‡¶ AskMÖnYg~jK c×wZ cÖ‡qv‡Mi myweav wPwýZKiY|

ce©- N: †kªwYK‡¶ AskMÖnYg~jK c×wZ cÖ‡qv‡Mi Amyweav I mgvavb|

AskMÖnYg~jK c×wZi Amyweav AskMÖnYg~jK c×wZi Amyweavi †cÖw¶‡Z

g~j wkLbxq welq

 eZ©gvb mg‡q †kªwY cvV`v‡b GB c×wZi cª‡qvRbxqZv me©RbwfwËK| cvV`vb Kvh©µg‡K

AskMÖnYg~jK c×wZ AskMÖnYg~jK ‡KŠkj

Av‡jvPbv c×wZ GKK KvR

†mwgbvi c×wZ †Rvovq KvR

¸ÄY `j (Buzz Group) Av‡jvPbv `jxq KvR

Kg©kvjv c×wZ DÏxß KiY

wm‡¤úvwRqvg c×wZ gv‡K©U †cøm

cÖ‡kœvËi c×wZ †eªBb ÷wg©s

Míejv c×wZ mgvR Rixc

cÖ‡R± c×wZ aviYv gvbwPÎ/gvBÛ g¨vwcs

wk¶v ågY c×wZ †bvU †bIqv

Awfbq c×wZ Rvb©vj †jLv

weZK© ej‡Z †`qv

Av‡ivwcZ KvR wjL‡Z †`qv

Avwe®‹vi c×wZ mv¶vrKvi

Drm c×wZ †cv÷ e·

AskMÖnYg~jK c×wZ AskMÖnYg~jK ‡KŠkj

†cv÷ e· c×wZ AvuK‡Z †`qv

wWMm c×wZ MvB‡Z †`qv

5| `j MVb wVK gZ bv nIqv|

wkL‡bi †¶‡Î `jMZ KvR, mn‡hvwMZvg~jK wkLb

ce©- L: `jMZ Kv‡Ri mgm¨vi mgvavb

`jMZ Kv‡Ri mgm¨v mgvav‡b wk¶‡Ki f~wgKv

g~j wkLbxq welq

`j MV‡bi gva¨‡g mn‡hvwMZvc~Y© wkLb: `jxq KvR Ges ÷vwW `j:

`jxq Kv‡Ri mvaviY †KŠkj:

`jxq Kv‡Ri iƒc‡iLv cÖYqb:

3. wk¶v_©x‡`i `¶Zv I mvg_©¨ we‡ePbv: wk¶v_x©‡`i `¶Zv I mvg_©¨ we‡ePbvc~e©K

2. `jMZ Kv‡Ri Amyweav Kxfv‡e `~i Kiv hvq?

cÖkœ: wkL‡bi cÖwZ wk¶v_x©‡K AvMÖnx Kivi Dcvq¸‡jv Kx?

AZ:ci cvk¦eZx© †Rvovi mv‡_ Avjvc Av‡jvPbvi gva¨‡g ms‡hvRb I we‡qvRbc~e©K

Kiv n‡jv GUvB n‡jv mZx_© wk¶‡Yi GKwU †KŠkj|

 ce©- L: mZx_© wk¶Y c×wZi myweav I Amyweav

1| mZx_©‡`i g‡a¨ mn‡hvwMZv e„w× cvq|

mZx_© wk¶Y c×wZi myweav mZx_© wk¶Y c×wZi mgm¨v/Amyweav

wPwýZ mgm¨vmg~n `~ixKi‡Y †kªwY wk¶‡Ki f~wgKv:

 ce©- M: wgkª †hvM¨Zv wewkó †kªwYK‡¶ GB c×wZi h_v_© e¨envi

ce©- N: mZx_© wk¶Y c×wZ‡Z cvV`v‡bi mgq †kªwYK‡¶ wk¶‡Ki f~wgKv

g~j wkLbxq welq

mv¶iZv cÖwk¶K (Student Literacy Coaches), mn‡hvwMZvg~jK wkLb

 cv‡Vi AvKl©Yxq Dc¯’vcb, wk¶‡Ki my›`i evPbfw½, DcKi‡Yi mv_©K e¨envi,

K) wk¶v_x©‡`i `„wó‡Kvb †_‡K mZx_© wk¶‡Yi myweav:

L) wk¶‡Ki `„wó‡Kvb †_‡K mZx_© wk¶‡Yi myweavmg~n n‡”Q:

mZx_© wk¶Y cÖwµqv‡K DbœZ Z_v mv_©K Kivi †KŠkj:

1. mZx_© wk¶Y ej‡Z Kx †evSvq? mZx_© wk¶‡Yi myweav-Amyweav eY©bv Kiæb|

1| cv‡Vi AvKl©Yxq Dc¯’vcb| 2| wk¶‡Ki my›`i evPbfw½|

3| DcKi‡Yi mv_©K e¨envi| 4| wel‡qi AwfbeZ¡|

5| wk¶‡Ki eÜzmyjf e¨envi| 6| wk¶‡Ki KvQ †_‡K cÖvß cÖksmv|

7| †kªwYK‡¶i cwi‡ek| 8| wk¶‡Ki e¨w³Z¡|

mZx_©‡`i g‡a¨ mn‡hvwMZv e„w× cvq wk¶v_x©‡`i Dci e¨w³MZfv‡e AwaK

Av‡jvPbvi gva¨‡g welqe¯‘ AwaK ¯úó I AwaK mgq cÖ‡qvRb|

†hvMv‡hv‡Mi `¶Zvmg~n kw³kvjx nq| wk¶v_x©‡`i mZx_© wbe©vP‡b A‡bK †¶‡Î

`‡j KvR Kxfv‡e Ki‡Z nq Zv wk¶v_x©iv me mgq me mZx_© KZ©©„K †h wk¶Y

wPwýZ mgm¨v mgvav‡b †kªwY wk¶‡Ki f~wgKv: wb‡R Kiæb