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Chapter 6
Rational Expressions and Equations

14. 5 x  10  0
5 x  10
Exercise Set 6.1 x  2
1. A rational expression can be written as a quotient of
two polynomials. 15. x 2  25
2
x  3x  28
2. A rational expression is undefined when the Set the denominator equal to 0 and solve for x:
denominator is zero.
x 2  3 x  28  0
3. A rational expression is simplified when the  x  4 x  7   0
numerator and the denominator have no factors (other
x40 or x  7  0
than 1) in common.
x  4 or x7
4. When we cancel, we remove a factor equal to 1. The expression is undefined for x  4 and x  7.
5. t  1  0 when t  1 and t  4  0 when t  4, so
16. p 2  7 p  10  0
choice (a) is correct.
( p  2)( p  5)  0
6. 2t  1  0 when t  1 and 3t  4  0 when t   4 p = 2 or p = 5
2 3
so choice (c) is correct. 17. t 2  t  20
2t 2  11t  6
7. a 2  a  12  (a  4)( a  3); a  4  0 when a  4 Set the denominator equal to 0 and solve for t:
and a  3  0 when a  3, so choice (d) is correct. 2t 2  11t  6  0
(t  6)(2t  1)  0
8. m 2  2m  15  (m  5) (m  3); m  5  0 when t60 or 2t  1  0
m  5 and m  3  0 when m  3, so choice (b) is t  6 or 2t  1
correct. t  6 or t1
2
9. 18
11x The expression is undefined for t  6 and t  1 .
2
We find the real number(s) that make the denominator
0. To do so we set the denominator equal to 0 and 18. 3 x 2  x  14  0
solve for x: ( x  2)(3 x  7)  0
11x  0
x0 x  2 or x  7
3
The expression is undefined for x  0.
2
10. 0 19. 50a b3
40ab
y3 Factoring the numerator and
11.
y5  5a2 10ab denominator. Note the common
4b  10ab factor of 10ab.
Set the denominator equal to 0 and solve for y:
y5 0 Rewriting as a product of two
 5a2  10ab
y  5 4b 10ab rational expressions
The expression is undefined for y  5.  5a2  1 10ab  1
4b 10ab
12. 10  5a2 Removing the factor 1
4b
13. t 5
3t  15 2 4
24 x 4 y 3 4 y  6 x y 4 y 2
Set the denominator equal to 0 and solve for t: 20. 7
  3
3t  15  0 6x y x3  6 x 4 y x
3t  15
6 (t  2) (t  2)
t5 21. 6t  12  
The expression is undefined for t  5. 6t  18 6 (t  3) (t  3)
Copyright © 2018 Pearson Education, Inc.

Exercise Set 6.1 247
5 (n  6) n  6 Check: Let x  2 .
22. 5n  30  
5n  5 5 (n  1) n  1 2 y  6 2  2  6
  2  1
8 y 8  2 16 8
7 (3t  1) 7 y  3 2  3 1 1
23. 21t  7     
24t  8 8 (3t  1) 8 4y 42 8 8
The answer is probably correct.
5 (2n  5) 5
24. 10n  25   30. 4 x  12 
4( x  3) 2  2( x  3) 2( x  3)
 
8n  20 4 (2n  5) 4 6x 6x 2  3x 3x
Check: Let x  1.
25. a 2  9  (a  3)(a  3)
2
a  4a  3 (a  3)(a  1) 4 x  12  4( 1)  12  16  8
6x 6( 1) 6 3
 a3 a 3
a  3 a 1 2( x  3) 2( 1  3) 8 8
  
 1 a  3 3x 3( 1) 3 3
a 1 The answer is probably correct.
 a3
a 1 2 3 a (2a  1) 3(2a  1)
31. 6a2  3a  
2 (a  3) (a  2) a  2 7 a  7 a 7 a (a  1) 7(a  1)
26. a 2 5a  6   Check: Let a  1.
a 9 ( a  3) (a  3) a  3
6a 2  3a  6  12  3  1  6  3  9
8 3 5 7 a 2  7 a 7  12  7  1 7  7 14
27. 36 x5  2 x  185x 3(2a  1) 3(2  1  1) 3  3 9
54 x 3  18 x   
3 5 7(a  1) 7(1  1) 7  2 14
 2 x  18 x5
3 18 x The answer is probably correct.
3

 x2 2 4m ( m  1)
3 32. 4m2  4m   m 1
Check: Let x = 1. 8m  12m 4m (2m  3) 2m  3
36 x8  36  18  36  2 Check: Let m  1.
54 x5 54  15 54 3 4m 2  4m  4  12  4  1  4  4  0  0
2 x3  2  13  2 8m 2  12m 8  12  12  1 8  12 4
3 3 3 m 1  11  0  0
The answer is probably correct. 2m  3 2  1  3 1
4 4
28. 45a 6  3 2 15a 4  3 2
30a 2a  15a 2a 33. t 2  16  (t  4)(t  4)
2
Check: Let a = 1. t  t  20 (t  5)(t  4)
45a 4  45  14  45  3  t 4t4
t 5 t 4
30a 6 30  16 30 2
3  3 3  t  4 1
t 5
2a 2 2  12 2
 t4
The answer is probably correct. t 5
Check: Let t  1.
2 y  6 2( y  3)
29. 
8 y 2  4 y t 2  16  12  16  15  3
 y 3 t  t  20 12  1  20 20 4
2
 2 t  4  1 4  3
2 4 y
t  5 1 5 4
y 3
 1 The answer is probably correct.
4y
y3

4y

248 Chapter 6: Rational Expressions and Equations
34. a 2  4  (a  2)(a  2) 2
37. x 2 8 x  16 
( x  4)( x  4)
2
a  5a  6 (a  2)(a  3) x  16 ( x  4)( x  4)
 a2a2  x4 x4
a2 a3 x4 x4
 1 a  2  x  4 1
a3 x4
 a2  x4
a3 x4
Check: Let a  1. Check: Let x  1.
a 2  4  12  4  3   1 x 2  8 x  16  12  8  1  16  1  8  16  9   3
a  5a  6 12  5  1  6 12
2 4 x 2  16 12  16 1  16 15 5
a  2  1  2  1   1 x  4  1 4   3
a  3 1 3 4 4 x  4 1 4 5
The answer is probably correct. The answer is probably correct.
2 3(a 2  3a  4) x 2  25  ( x  5) ( x  5)  x  5
35. 3a2  9a  12  38.
6a  30a  24 6(a 2  5a  4) 2
x  10 x  25 ( x  5) ( x  5) x  5
3(a  4)(a  1) Check: Let x  1.

3  2(a  4)(a  1)
3(a  1) a  4 x 2  25  12  25  24
  2 2
x  10 x  25 1  10  2  25 1  10  25
3(a  1) 2(a  4)
 24  2
 1 a  4 36 3
2(a  4) x  5  1  5  4  2
 a4 x  5 1 5 6 3
2( a  4) The answer is probably correct.
Check: Let a  2.
2 (t  1)(t  1)
3a 2  9a  12  3  22  9  2  12  18   3 39. t  1 
t 1 t 1
6a 2  30a  24 6  22  30  2  24 12 2
a4  24  6  3  t 1 t 1
t 1 1
2(a  4) 2  2  4 4 2
 1 t  1
The answer is probably correct. 1
 t 1
2
36. 2t 2  6t  4  2(t  3t  2) Check: Let t  2.
4t  12t  16 4(t 2  3t  4)
2
t 2  1  22  1  3  1
2(t  2)(t  1) t 1 2 1 3

2·2(t  4)(t  1) t 1  2 1  1
2(t  1) t  2 The answer is probably correct.
 
2(t  1) 2(t  4) 2 ( a  1)(a  1)
40. a  1 
 1 t  2 a 1 a 1
2(t  4)
 a 1 a 1
 t2 a 1 1
2(t  4)
 1 a  1
Check: Let t  1. 1
2
 a 1
2t 2  6t  4  2( 1)  6( 1)  4  12   1 Check: Let a  2.
4t 2  12t  16 4( 1) 2  12( 1)  16 24 2
a 2  1  22  1  3  3
t  2  1  2  3   1 a 1 2 1 1
2(t  4) 2( 1  4) 6 2 a 1 2 1 3
y2  4
41. cannot be simplified.
y2
Neither the numerator nor the denominator can be
factored.

2 2 (2 x  3)(2 x  3)
42. m  9 cannot be simplified. 47. 4 x 2  12 x  9 
m3 10 x  11x  6 (2 x  3)(5 x  2)
Neither the numerator nor the denominator can be  2 x  3  2x  3
factored. 2x  3 5x  2
 1 2 x  3
2 2
5( x 2  4) 1·5 ·( x  4) 1 5x  2
43. 5 x 2  20     2x  3
10 x  40 10( x 2  4) 2·5 ·( x 2  4) 2 5x  2
Check: Let x  1. Check: Let t  1.
5 x 2  20  5  12  20  25  1 4 x 2  12 x  9  4  12  12  1  9  1   1
10 x 2  40 10  12  40 50 2 10 x 2  11x  6 10  12  11  1  6 7 7
11 2 x  3  2  1  3  1   1
2 2 5x  2 5 1  2 7 7
2 (2 x  1)(2 x  1) 2 x  1
2
44. 6 x 2  54 
2  3( x 2  9) 48. 4 x2  4 x  1  
4 x  36 2  2( x 2  9) 6 x  5 x  4 (2 x  1)(3x  4) 3x  4
2( x 2  9) 3 Check: Let x  1.
  4 x 2  4 x  1  4  12  4  1  1  1
2( x 2  9) 2
6 x 2  5 x  4 6  12  5  1  4 7
 1 3 2 x  1  2 1  1  1
2
3x  4 3  1  4 7
3
2 The answer is probably correct.
Check: Let x  1.  ( x  10) 1 x  10
49. 10  x     1  1  1
6 x 2  54  6  12  54  60  3 x  10 x  10 1 x  10
4 x 2  36 4  12  36 40 2 Check: Let x  1.
The answer is probably correct. 10  x  10  1  9  1
x  10 1  10 9
y2  6 y y ( y  6)
45. 2
 The answer is probably correct.
2 y  13 y  6 (2 y  1)( y  6)

y

y6 50. x  8  x  8  1  x  8  1  1  1
2y 1 y  6 8  x 1( x  8) 1 x  8
y Check: Let x  1.
 1
2y 1 1  8  7  1
y 8 1 7

2y 1 The answer is probably correct.
Check: Let y  1 . 7(t  2)
51. 7t  14 
y2  6 y 12  6  1 2t  (t  2)
  7 1
2 y  13 y  6 2(1) 2  13  1  6 21 3
2
 7 t2
y 1 t  2
 1 1  7 1
2 y  1 2 1  1 3 1
The answer is probably correct.  7
Check: Let t  1.
t 2  2t  t (t  2)
46. 7t  14  7  1  14  7  7
2t 2  t  6 (2t  3)(t  2) 2t 2 1 1
 t t2 The answer is probably correct.
2t  3 t  2
 t 1 52. 3  n  1(n  3)  1
2t  3 5n  15 5( n  3) 5
 t
2t  3 Check: Let n  1.
Check: Let t  1. 3  n  3  1  2  1
5n  15 5  1  15 10 5
t 2  2t  12  2  1  3  1
2t 2  t  6 2  12  1  6 3
t  1  1  1
2t  3 2  1  3 1

ab  ab 60. Writing Exercise. The degree of the denominator is at

53.
4b  4a 4(a  b) least 2 since x  5 and x  3 are both factors of the
 1 ab denominator.
4 a  b
 1 1 61. 3x3  15 x 2  x  5  3 x 2 ( x  5)  ( x  5)
4  ( x  5)(3 x 2  1)
 1
4
62. 3x 2  16 x  5  (3x  1)( x  5)
Check: Let a  2 and b  1.
a  b  2 1  1   1 63. 18 y 4  27 y 3  3 y 2  3 y 2 (6 y 2  9 y  1)
4b  4a 4  1  4  2 4  8 4
The answer is probably correct. 64. 25a 2  16b 2  (5a  4b)(5a  4b)
2 p  2q 2(q  p )
54.   2 65. m3  8m 2  16m  m(m 2  8m  16)
q p (q  p)
Check: Let p  1 and q  1.  m(m  4)2
2 p  2q 2  1  2( 1) 2  2 4
    2 66. 5 x 2  35 x  60  5( x 2  7 x  12)
q p 1  1 2 2  5( x  4)( x  3)
67. Writing Exercise. Although a rational expression has
3 x 2  3 y 2 3( x 2  y 2 ) been simplified incorrectly, it is possible that there are
55. 
2 y 2  2 x 2 2( y 2  x 2 ) one or more values of the variable(s) for which the
two expressions are the same. For example,
3( x 2  y 2 )
 x 2  x  2 could be simplified incorrectly as x  1 ,
2( 1)( x 2  y 2 )
x2  3x  2 x2
x2  y2
 3  2 but evaluating the expressions for x  1 gives 0 in
2( 1) x  y 2
each case. (The correct simplification is x  1 .)
 3 1 x 1
2( 1)
 3 68. Writing Exercise. Show that (a  b)  (b  a )  0.
2
Check: Let x  1 and y  2. 16 y 2  x 4
69.
3 x 2  3 y 2 3  12  3  22 9 ( x 2  4 y 2 )( x  2 y )
   3 (4 y 2  x 2 )(4 y 2  x 2 )
2 y 2  2 x 2 2  22  2  12 6 2 
The answer is probably correct. ( x 2  4 y 2 )( x  2 y )
(4 y 2  x 2 )(2 y  x)(2 y  x)
2 2 7(a 2  b 2 ) 2 2 
56. 7 a2  7b2  2 2
 7  a2  b2   7 ( x 2  4 y 2 )( x  2 y )
3b  3a 3( a  b ) 3 a  b 3
( x  4 y 2 )(2 y  x)( 1)( x  2 y )
2
Check: Let a  1 and b  2. 
( x 2  4 y 2 )( x  2 y )
7 a 2  7b 2  7  12  7  22  21   7 ( x  4 y 2 )( x  2 y ) (2 y  x)( 1)
2
3b 2  3a 2 3  22  3  12 9 3  2 
( x  4 y 2 )( x  2 y ) 1
The answer is probably correct.  2 y  x, or  x  2 y or  (2 y  x)
2 2
57. 7 s 2 28t 2 ( x  1)( x 4  1)( x 2  1)
28t  7 s 70.
Note that the numerator and denominator are ( x 2  1)( x  1) 2 ( x 4  2 x 2  1)
opposites. Thus, we have an expression divided by its ( x  1)( x 4  1)( x 2  1)
 2
opposite, so the result is –1. ( x  1)( x  1) 2 ( x 2  1) 2
2 2 ( x  1)( x 2  1)( x 2  1)( x  1)( x  1)
58. 9m2  4n 2  2
4 n  9m ( x  1)( x  1)( x  1)( x 2  1)( x 2  1)
Note that the numerator and denominator are ( x  1 )( x 2  1 )( x 2  1 )( x  1 )( x  1 )  1
opposites. Thus, we have an expression divided by its 
opposite, so the result is –1. ( x 2  1 )( x  1 )( x  1 )( x 2  1 )( x  1 )( x  1)
 1
59. Writing Exercise. Simplifying removes a factor equal x 1
to 1, allowing us to rewrite an expression a  1 as a.

5 3 2 x3 ( x 2  2)  4( x 2  2) 10 x 2  10 10( x 2  1)
71. x7  2 x 4  4 x 3  8  4 3 76.  2
x  2 x  4 x  8 x ( x  2)  4( x3  2) 3 2
5 x  30 x  5 x  30 5 x ( x  6)  5( x  6)
( x 2  2)( x3  4) 10( x  1)( x  1)
 3 
( x  2)( x 4  4) ( x  6)(5 x 2  5)
( x 2  2)( x3  4) 10( x  1)( x  1)
 3 
( x  2)( x 2  2)( x 2  2) 5( x  6)( x 2  1)
10( x  1)( x  1)
( x 2  2)( x3  4) 
 5( x  6)( x  1)( x  1)
2
( x3  2)( x 2  2) ( x  2) 10 ( x  1) ( x  1)

 x3  4 5( x  6) ( x  1) ( x  1)
( x3  2)( x 2  2)
 2
3
x6
4 3
72. 10t  8t  15 t  12  2t (5t  4)  3(5t  4)
2
8  10t  12t  15t 3
2(4  5t )  3t 2 (4  5t ) ( x 2  y 2 )( x 2  2 xy  y 2 )
77.
(5t  4)(2t 3  3) ( x  y ) 2 ( x 2  4 xy  5 y 2 )
 ( x  y )( x  y )( x  y )( x  y )
(4  5t )(2  3t 2 ) 
(5t  4) (2t 3  3) ( x  y )( x  y )( x  5 y )( x  y )
 ( x  y )( x  y )( x  y )( x  y )
( 1) (5t  4) (2  3t 2 ) 
( x  y )( x  y )( x  5 y )( x  y )
(2t 3  3) 3
 2
, or 2t 23 , ( x  y )3
(2  3t ) 2  3t 
3 ( x  y )2 ( x  5 y )
or 2t  3
2  3t 2
x 4  y 4 ( x 2  y 2 )( x 2  y 2 )
78. 
(t 4  1)(t 2  9)(t  9)2 ( y  x)4 [  ( x  y )]4
73.
(t 4  81)(t 2  1)(t  1) 2 ( x  y 2 )( x  y ) ( x  y )
2

(t 2  1)(t  1)(t  1)(t  3)(t  3)(t  9)(t  9) ( 1) 4 ( x  y ) ( x  y )3

(t 2  9)(t  3)(t  3)(t 2  1)(t  1)(t  1) ( x 2  y 2 )( x  y )

(t 2  1) (t  1) (t  1) (t  3) (t  3) (t  9)(t  9) ( x  y )3

(t 2  9) (t  3) (t  3) (t 2  1) (t  1) (t  1) 79. Writing Exercise.
(t  1)(t  9)(t  9) (t  1)(t  9) 2 5(2 x  5)  25 10 x  25  25 10 x
 , or   x
(t 2  9)(t  1) (t 2  9)(t  1) 10 10 10
You get the same number you selected.
(t  2)3 (t 2  2t  1)(t  1) (t  2)3 (t  1)2 (t  1) A person asked to select a number and then perform
74.  these operations would probably be surprised that the
(t  1)3 (t 2  4t  4)(t  2) (t  1)3 (t  2)2 (t  2)
result is the original number.
(t  2)3 (t  1)3
 1
(t  1)3 (t  2)3
Exercise Set 6.2
3 2 x 2 ( x  6)  4( x  6)
75. x  26 x  4 x  24  1. To simplify a rational expression, remove a factor
x  4 x  12 ( x  6)( x  2) equal to 1. Choice (d) is correct.
( x  6)( x 2  4) 2. To multiply rational expressions, multiply numerators

( x  6)( x  2) and multiply denominators. Choice (c) is correct.
( x  6)( x  2)( x  2)
 3. To find a reciprocal, interchange the numerator and
( x  6)( x  2) denominator. Choice (a) is correct.
( x  6) ( x  2) ( x  2)
 4. To divide by a rational expression, multiply by its
( x  6) ( x  2) reciprocal. Choice (b) is correct.
 x2
5. x  5  5 x Choice (d).
2 y 2y
y xy
6. x  5  x   Choice (c).
2 y 2 5 10

7. x  5  5x Choice (a). 3x 2 y 4 3  x  x  y  2  2 6x
y y 20.    2
2 xy 3 2  x  y  y2 y
8. x  y  x  1  x Choice (e).
2 2 y 2y y 2  16 y  3 ( y  4)( y  4)( y  3)
21.  
4 y  12 y  4 4( y  3)( y  4)
y xy
9. x  5  x   Choice (b). ( y  4) ( y  4) ( y  3)
y 1 5 5 
4 ( y  3) ( y  4)
y4
10. 5  x  5  2  10 Choice (f). 
y 2 y x xy 4
3 x( x  2) 2 2 (m  n)(m  n)(m  n)
11. 3x  x  2  22. m  n  m  n 
8 5 x  1 8(5 x  1) 4 m  4n m  n 4(m  n)(m  n)
( m  n) ( m  n ) ( m  n )
2 x(3 x  5) 
12. 2 x  3 x  5  4 ( m  n) ( m  n)
7 x 1 7( x  1)
 m  n
(a  4)(a  2) (a  4)( a  2) 4
13. a  4  a  2  , or
a  6 a  6 (a  6)(a  6) ( a  6) 2 2 ( x 2  3 x  10)( x  2)
23. x  3 x 210  x  2 
( x  2) x5 ( x  2) 2 ( x  5)
(a  3)(a  3) (a  3) 2
14. , or ( x  5)( x  2)( x  2)
(a  6)(a  1) (a  6)(a  1) 
( x  2)( x  2)( x  5)
(n  4)(n  4) ( x  5) ( x  2) ( x  2)
15. n2  4  n2  4  2 
n  4 n  4 ( n  4)(n 2  4) ( x  2) ( x  2) ( x  5)
 x2
(t  3)(t  3) (t  3) 2 x2
16. , or
(t 2  2)(t 4  4) (t 2  2)(t 2  4)
2 (t  2) (t  2) (t  3)
3 24. t  2  t  5t 2 6 
17. 8t  3 t  2 (t  2) (t  2) (t  2) (t  2)
5t 4t
3 Multiplying the numerators and  3
t
 8t  3 t2
5t  4t the denominators
2  4  t  t  t 3 Factoring the numerator 2 (n 2  6n  5)(n  6)

and the denominator 25. n  6n  5  n2  6 
5t  4t n6 n  36 (n  6)(n 2  36)
2  4  t  t  t  3 Removing a factor (n  5)( n  1)( n  6)
 
5 t  4  t equal to 1
(n  6)(n 2  36)
 6t
(No simplification is possible.)
5
2 (a  2)(a 2  4)
2 6  3  2  a2 26. a  2  2 a  4 
18. 185  2a   124 a  2 a  5a  4 (a  2)(a  4)( a  1)
a 3a a3  a 2  3  a a
2 (a  3)( a  3)  7  a
27. a  9 7a 
19. 3c2  8d3 a2 a 2  a  12 a  a (a  4)(a  3)
d 6c (a  3) (a  3)  7  a
Multiplying the numerators and 
 32c  8d3 a  a (a  4) (a  3)
d  6c the denominators
3  c  2  4 d Factoring the numerator 7(a  3)
 
d  d 3 2 c c c and the denominator a (a  4)
3  c  2 4 d

d d  3  2  c cc 2 3 ( x  1) ( x  11)  x  x 2
28. x  10 x  11  x 
 24 9x x  11 9  x  ( x  11)
c d
x 2 ( x  1)

9

2 2
y2  y y ( y  1)( y  4) 38. x 2  7 x  12  24  x
29.   y  4 
2
y  5y  4 ( y  4)( y  1) x  6x  8 x  x  6
( x  3)( x  4)(2  x)(2  x)
y ( y  1) ( y  4) 
 ( x  2)( x  4)( x  3)( x  2)
( y  4) ( y  1)
( x  3) ( x  4) ( x  2) ( 1) ( x  2)
y ( y  1) 
 ( x  2) ( x  4) ( x  3) ( x  2)
y 1
 1
2  n  3 n(n  4) n(n  4)
30.  n  3  2n  4n   2 2
39. t 2 4t  4  22t  7t  15
n  5n  6 (n  2)(n  3) n2
2t  7t  6 t  10t  25
(t 2  4t  4)(2t 2  7t  15)
2 (4v  8)15v 2 
31. 4v  8  2 15v  (2t 2  7t  6)(t 2  10t  25)
5v 4v  16v  16 5v(4v 2  16v  16)
(t  2)(t  2)(2t  3)(t  5)
4 (v  2)  5  3  v  v 
 (2t  3)(t  2)(t  5)(t  5)
5 v  4 (v  2) (v  2) (t  2) (t  2) (2t  3) (t  5)

 3v (2t  3) (t  2) (t  5)(t  5)
v2
(t  2)(t  5)

4a 2
2
3a  6  4a (3)(a  2)  2a (t  5)2
32. 
3a 2  12a  12 2a 3(a  2)(a  2)2a a  2
5 y2  4 y  1 y2  6 y  9
2 2
40. 
2 2 (t  2t  3)(t  3t  10) 3 y 2  5 y  12 y 2  2 y  1
33. t 2  2t  3  t 2  3t  10  2
t  4t  5 t  5t  6 (t  4t  5)(t 2  5t  6) (5 y  1) ( y  1) ( y  3) ( y  3)

(t  3)(t  1)(t  5)(t  2) (3 y  4) ( y  3) ( y  1) ( y  1)

(t  5)(t  1)(t  3)(t  2) (5 y  1)( y  3)
(t  3) (t  1) (t  5) (t  2) 
 (3 y  4)( y  1)
(t  5) (t  1) (t  3) (t  2)
2
 5
t 41. (10 x 2  x  2)  4 x2  8 x  3
t5 10 x  11x  6
(10 x 2  x  2)(4 x 2  8 x  3)
2 2 
34. x 2  5 x  4  x 2  5 x  14 (10 x 2  11x  6)
x  6x  8 x  8x  7 (5 x  2) (2 x  1)(2 x  1) (2 x  3)
( x  4) ( x  1) ( x  7) ( x  2) 
 (5 x  2) (2 x  3)
( x  4) ( x  2) ( x  7) ( x  1)
 (2 x  1) 2
 x4
x4 2
42. 2 x 2  5 x  3  (6 x 2  13 x  2)
2
12 y  12 3 y  75 (12 y  12)(3 y  75) 2 6x  5x  1
35.   (2 x  3) ( x  1) (6 x  1) ( x  2)
5 y  25 8 y 2  8 (5 y  25)(8 y 2  8) 
3  4 ( y  1) 3 ( y  5) ( y  5) (6 x  1) ( x  1)
  (2 x  3)( x  2)
5 ( y  5) 2  4 ( y  1) ( y  1)
9( y  5) 2 2

10( y  1) 43. 49 x  25  6 x  13 x  28
4 x  14 28 x  20
(7 x  5)(7 x  5)(3 x  4)(2 x  7)
2 
36. 9t 2  900  5t  10 2(2 x  7)  4(7 x  5)
5t  20 3t  30 (7 x  5) (7 x  5) (3x  4) (2 x  7)
3 (3) (t  10) (t  10) (5) (t  2) 
 2 (2 x  7)  4 (7 x  5)
5 (t  2) (t  2) (3) (t  10)
(7 x  5)(3 x  4)
3(t  10) 
 8
t2
44. 9t 2  4  10t  5  (3t  2)(3t  2)  5(2t  1)
2 2 ( x  2) 2 ( x  1) 2
37. x  4 x 2 4  x  2 x 2 1 
2
1 8t  10t  3 3t  2 (2t  1)(4t  3)(3t  2)
( x  1) ( x  2) ( x  1) 2 ( x  2) 2 5(3t  2)

4t  3

45.
8 x 2  14 xy  15 y 2 3x  y
 55. t  3  t  1  t  3  8
6 8 6 t 1
3 x3  x 2 y 4 xy  3 y 2 (t  3)(8)
(2 x  5 y )(4 x  3 y )(3 x  y ) 
 6  (t  1)
x 2 (3 x  y )  y (4 x  3 y ) (t  3)  4  2
(2 x  5 y ) (4 x  3 y ) (3 x  y ) 
 2  3(t  1)
x 2 (3x  y )  y (4 x  3 y ) 4(t  3)

2x  5 y 3(t  1)

x2 y
56. 10  15  10  a
2
2 x  xy 2
9 x  6 xy  8 y 2 a  3 a a  3 15
46.  2  5 (a)
6 x 2  7 xy  2 y 2 3xy  4 y 2   2a
3  5 (a  3) 3(a  3)
x(2 x  y )(3 x  2 y )(3 x  4 y )

(2 x  y )(3x  2 y )  y (3x  4 y ) 4 y  8 y  2 4 y  8 y2  4
x(2 x  y ) 57.   
 y  2 y2  4 y2 y2
y (2 x  y )
(4 y  8)( y 2  4)

( y  2)( y  2)
47. The reciprocal of 2 x is 9 because 2 x  9  1.
9 2x 9 2x 4 ( y  2) ( y  2) ( y  2)

2 ( y  2) ( y  2) (1)
48. x  4  4( y  2)
3 x
2 2
49. The reciprocal of a 4  3a is 1 because 58. x  1  x  1  x  1  2 x  2
a 4  3a x 2x  2 x x 1
( x 2  1)(2 x  2)
a 4  3a  1  1. 
1 a 4  3a x( x  1)
( x  1)( x  1)2( x  1)

50. a 2  b 2 x( x  1)
x  1 2( x  1)( x  1)
 
51. x  5 x 1 x
4 x 2( x  1) 2
Multiplying by the reciprocal of 
 xx x
4 5 the divisor
 x x 59. a  b  a ba
45 ab ba ab b
2
x a (b  a )
20 
(a  b)(b)
a ( 1) (a  b)
52. 5  x  5  12  602 
x 12 x x x (a  b) (b)
5 2 5  a   a
53. a4  a  a4  b2 b b
b b b a
5 x y yx x y
 a4  b2 60.    3  1  1
b a 6 3 6 y  x 2 2
2 3
 a  3a  b2 2 (n 2  5n  6) (n  3)
bb a 61. (n 2  5n  6)  n  4   2
2 3 n3 1 n 4
 a 2b  a3 2
a b b (n  5n  6)(n  3)
3 
 a3 n2  4
b (n  3) (n  2) (n  3)

(n  2) ( n  2)
5 2 5 y x5  y x 2  x3  y x 2 y x3
54. x 2  x  x 2  2  2 2   2  (n  3)2
y y y x y x y  y  x2 x y y 
3 n2
 x
y

2 2
(v  1)(v  3) (v 2  1) (v 2  9) 68. 2m2  59m  30  2m 2  21m  10
62. (v 2  1)   
2
v 9 1 (v  1)(v  3) m  10m  25 m  m  30
2 2
(v  1) (v  1)(v 2  9)  2m2  59m  30  m2  m  30
 m  10m  25 2m  21m  10
(v  1) (v  3)
(2m  1) (m  30)( m  6) (m  5)
(v  1)(v 2  9) 
 (m  5) (m  5) (2m  1) ( m  10)
v3 (m  30)( m  6)

( m  5)(m  10)
63. a  2  3a  6  a  2  a  5
a 1 a  5 a  1 3a  6
2
( a  2)(a  5) 69. c 2  10c  21  (5c 2  32c  21)

(a  1)(3a  6) c  2c  15
2
(a  2)( a  5)  c 2  10c  21  2 1

(a  1)  3  ( a  2) c  2c  15 5c  32c  21
(a  2) (a  5) (c 2  10c  21)  1
  2
(a  1)  3  ( a  2) (c  2c  15)(5c 2  32c  21)
(c  7)(c  3)
 a5 
3(a  1) (c  5)(c  3)(5c  3)(c  7)
(c  7)(c  3) 1
 
64. t  3  4t  12  t  3  t  1 (c  7)(c  3) (c  5)(5c  3)
t2 t 1 t  2 4t  12 1

(t  3) (t  1) (c  5)(5c  3)
  t 1
(t  2)(4) (t  3) 4(t  2)
2
70. z 2 2 z  1  (4 z 2  z  3)
2 2 z 1
65. (2 x  1)  2 x 211x  5  2 x  1  24 x  1 2
4x  1 1 2 x  11x  5  z 2 2 z  1  2 1
(2 x  1)(4 x 2  1) z 1 4z  z  3
 ( z  1) ( z  1)  1
1  (2 x 2  11x  5) 
(2 x  1)(2 x  1)(2 x  1) ( z  1) ( z  1) (4 z  3) ( z  1)
 1
(2 x  1)( x  5) 
(2 x  1) (2 x  1)(2 x  1) ( z  1)(4 z  3)

(2 x  1) ( x  5)
71. 3  3 x  x  1  3 x  3  5
(2 x  1)(2 x  1) 16 5 16 x  1
 (3 x  3)  5
x5 
16( x  1)
2 2
66. (a  7)  3a 2  14a  49  a  7  a2  8a  7 3( x  1)  5

a  8a  7 1 3a  14a  49 16( x  1)
(a  7) (a  7)(a  1) 3 ( x  1)  5
 
(3a  7) (a  7) 16 ( x  1)
(a  7)( a  1)
  15
3a  7 16
72. 4  2 x  x  2  4  2 x  3
2 2
67. w 2 14w  49  3w2  20 w  7
2 w  3w  14 w  6w  16 15 3 15 x2
2 2 2 ( x  2)  3
 w 2 14 w  49  w 2  6w  16 
2 w  3w  14 3w  20w  7 3  5 ( x  2)
( w2  14 w  49)( w2  6 w  16)  2

(2 w2  3w  14)(3w2  20 w  7) 5
( w  7) ( w  7) ( w  8) ( w  2)

(2 w  7) ( w  2) (3w  1) ( w  7)
( w  7)( w  8)

(2 w  7)(3w  1)

2 80. Graph 3x  2 y  12.

73. x  1  1  x2  x  1  4  x
x2 4 x x  2 1 x
( x  1)(4  x 2 )

( x  2)(1  x)
( x  1) ( x 2  4)

1( x  2) ( x  1)
81. Graph 3( x  1)  4.
2 2
  x  4 or  x  4
x2 x2
74. 12  4 x  6  2 x  12  4 x  6

12 6 12 6  2x
4( x  3)  2  3

4  3  2  1  ( x  3) 82. Graph y  2  ( x  4).
 1
x y x2  y 2
75. 
x 2  2 xy  y 2 x 2  5 xy  4 y 2
x y x 2  5 xy  4 y 2
 2 2

x  2 xy  y x2  y 2 83. Graph 3 y  5 x.
( x  y ) ( x  y )( x  4 y )

( x  y )( x  y )( x  y ) ( x  y )
( x  y )( x  4 y )

( x  y )3
76. a 2  b2 2
 a  3ab  2b
2
84. Graph 1 y  2.
2
a  4ab  4b 2 a  2b 2
2 2
 2 a b  a  2b
a  4ab  4b 2 a 2  3ab  2b 2
(a  b) ( a  b) (a  2b)

(a  2b) ( a  2b) (a  b) (a  2b)
 ab 2 85. Writing Exercise. Yes; consider the product
(a  2b) a  c  ac . The reciprocal of the product is bd .
b d bd ac
77. Writing Exercise. Parentheses are required to ensure
This is equal to the product of the reciprocals of the
that numerators and denominators are multiplied
correctly. That is, the product of ( x  2) and (3 x  1) two original factors: b  d  bd .
a c ac
and the product of (5 x  7) and ( x  4) in the
denominator. 86. Writing Exercise. The quotient is undefined for x  5,
x  1, and x  7 because x  3 is undefined for
78. Writing Exercise. The first step in dividing x by 7 x5
3 x
x  5, x  7 is undefined for x  1, and x  1 (the
is to multiply by the reciprocal of the divisor. That is, x 1 x7
x  7  x  x  x  x  x2 reciprocal of x  7 ). is undefined for x  7. It is
3 x 3 7 3  7 21 x 1
defined for x  3 because the dividend, the divisor,
79. Graph y  1 x  5. and the reciprocal of the divisor are all defined for
2 x  3.
87. The reciprocal of 2 1 x is

3
1  1  1  7 x  1 3  3 .
2 1 x 7x 3 7x 7x
3 3
88. The reciprocal of 7.25x is 1 , or 4 .

7.25x 29x

2 2 4 2 3
89. ( x  2a )  a 2x  4a3  x  2a  a2 x2  2a 4 (t  2)3 t 2  4t  4 t  1
94.  
a x  2a 1 a x  4a (t  1)3 t 2  2t  1 t  2
( x  2a )(a 2 x 2  2a3 ) (t  2)3 t 2  2t  1 t  1
   
( a 2 x 2  4a 4 ) (t  1)3 t 2  4t  4 t  2
( x  2 a ) a 2 ( x  2a ) (t  2)(t  2)(t  2)(t  1)(t  1)(t  1)
 
a 2 ( x  2 a ) ( x  2a ) (t  1)(t  1)(t  1)(t  2)(t  2)(t  2)
1
1
a 4  81b 4 2
 a2  3b 2  a  6ab  29b
2
3x 2  2 xy  y 2 95.
90.  (3 x 2  4 xy  y 2 ) 2 2 2
a c  6abc  9b c a  9b (a  3b)
x2  y2
( a 2  9b 2 )(a  3b)(a  3b) a  3b (a  3b) 2
3 x 2  2 xy  y 2 1   2 
  c( a  3b) 2 a  9b 2 (a  3b) 2
x2  y 2 (3 x 2  4 xy  y 2 ) 2
( a 2  9b 2 ) (a  3b) ( a  3b) a  3b (a  3b) 2
( 3 x  y )( x  y )  1   

( x  y )( x  y )( 3x  y )(3 x  y )( x  y )( x  y ) c (a  3b)2 a 2  9b 2 (a  3b) 2
 1  a  3b
( x  y )3 (3 x  y ) c
2 2 3 y3  6 y 2 y2  y y2  5 y  6
91. 3a  5ab  12b  (3b 2  ab) 2 96.  
3ab  b 2 y 2  y  12 y 2  2 y  8 y2
3 2 2 2
3 a 2
 5ab  12b 2  1 3y  6 y y  2y  8 y  5y  6
  2  
3ab  4b 2 (3b 2  ab) 2 y  y  12 y2  y y2

 3a  4b a  3b  3  y 2 ( y  2) ( y  4) ( y  2) ( y  3) ( y  2)
b(3a  4b)  [b(3b  a)]2 
( y  4) ( y  3) ( y )( y  1) ( y 2 )
(3a  4b)( 1)(3b  a )
 3( y  2)3
b(3a  4b)(b 2 )(3b  a )(3b  a ) 
(3a  4b) (  1) (3b  a) y ( y  1)

b (3a  4b) (b 2 ) (3b  a ) (3b  a ) xy  2 x  y  2 xy  y  4 x  4
97. 
 3 1 ,or 3 1 xy  4 x  y  4 xy  y  2 x  2
b (3b  a ) b ( a  3b ) x( y  2)  ( y  2) y ( x  1)  4( x  1)
 
2 2 2
x( y  4)  1( y  4) y ( x  1)  2( x  1)
92. a2  3b  a 2  2b  a 2  2b 
( y  2)( x  1)( x  1)( y  4)
a  2b a  3b a  3b ( y  4)( x  1)( x  1)( y  2)
2 2
Note that a2  3b  a 2  2b is the product of 
( y  2) ( x  1)( x  1) ( y  4)
a  2b a  3b ( y  4) ( x  1)( x  1) ( y  2)
reciprocals and thus is equal to 1. Then the product in
( x  1) 2
2 
the original exercise is the remaining factor, a 2  2b . ( x  1) 2
a  3b
2 2 2 2
2 ( z  4)5 3 z  12 98. ab  2b  a  2  ab  3b  a  3
93. z 2  8 z  16   ab  a  3b  3 ab  a  2b  2
z  8 z  16 ( z  4)5 z 2  16
b 2 (a  2)  ( a  2) b 2 (a  3)  (a  3)
( z  4) 2 ( z  4)5 ( z  4)( z  4)  
   a(b  1)  3(b  1) a(b  1)  2(b  1)
( z  4) 2 ( z  4)5 3( z  4)
(a  2)(b 2  1)(a  3)(b  1)(b  1)
( z  4 ) 2 ( z  4 )2 ( z  4)3 ( z  4 )( z  4 ) 
 (b  1)(a  3)(b  1)(a  2)
( z  4 ) 2 ( z  4 )2 ( z  4 )( z  4) 2 (3)( z  4 ) 2
 b 1
( z  4)3

3( z  4) 2

2 2
99. 3 x 2  12 x  bx  4b  3bx  b 2  6 x  2b 103. Enter y1  x  1  x 2  1 and
4 x  16 x  bx  4b 4bx  b  8 x  2b x  2 x  1 x2  5x  4
2
3x( x  4)  b( x  4) 4bx  b 2  8 x  2b 2
  y2  x  5 x 3 4 , display the values of y1 and y2 in
4 x( x  4)  b( x  4) 3bx  b 2  6 x  2b ( x  1)
( x  4)(3x  b) b(4 x  b)  2(4 x  b) a table, and compare the values. (See the Technology
 
( x  4)(4 x  b) b(3x  b)  2(3 x  b) Connection in the text.)
( x  4) (3 x  b) (4 x  b)(b  2)
 
( x  4) (4 x  b) (3 x  b)(b  2) Exercise Set 6.3
(3x  b)(4 x  b)(b  2)
 1. To add two rational expressions when the
(4 x  b)(3x  b)(b  2)
denominators are the same, add numerators and keep
(3x  b) (4 x  b) (b  2) the common denominator.

(4 x  b) (3 x  b) (b  2)
2. When a numerator is being subtracted, use
1 parentheses to make sure to subtract every term in that
numerator.
2 x 2 y  xy 2  6 x 2  3 xy 2 x3  x 2 y  8 x 2  4 xy
100. 
3 y 2  xy  9 y  3 x 3 xy  x 2  6 y  2 x 3. The least common multiple of two denominators is
2 2
usually referred to as the least common denominator
x(2 xy  y  6 x  3 y ) 3 xy  x  6 y  2 x and is abbreviated LCD.
 
3 y 2  xy  9 y  3 x x  2 x 2  xy  8 x  4 y 
4. The least common denominator of two rational
x  y (2 x  y )  3(2 x  y ) x(3 y  x)  2(3 y  x) expressions must contain every factor that is in either
 
y (3 y  x)  3(3 y  x) x  x(2 x  y )  4(2 x  y ) denominator.
x(2 x  y )( y  3)(3 y  x)( x  2)
 5. 3  5  8 Adding numerators
(3 y  x)( y  3) x(2 x  y )( x  4) t t t
x (2 x  y ) ( y  3) (3 y  x) ( x  2)

(3 y  x) ( y  3) x (2 x  y ) ( x  4) 6. 102
y
 2
x
x4
7. x  2 x  5  3 x  5 Adding numerators
2 2 2 12 12 12
101. 8n 2  10n  3  6n 2  5n  6  12n 2  17 n  6
4n  4n  3 6 n  7 n  5 6n  7 n  5 4(a  1)
2 2 2
8. 4a  4 
 8n 2  10n  3  6n2  5n  6  6n2  7 n  5 7 7
4n  4n  3 6n  7 n  5 12n  17 n  6
9. 4  5  9
2 2 6n 2  7 n  5
 n 2  10n  3  6n  5n  6 
8 a3 a3 a3
4n  4n  3 6n  7 n  5 12n 2  17 n  6
2
(2n  1)(4n  3)(2n  3)(3n  2) 10. 13

 x2
(2n  3)(2n  1)(4n  3)(3n  2)
(2n  1) (4n  3) (2n  3) (3n  2) 11  3  8
 11. Subtracting numerators
(2n  3) (2n  1) (4n  3) (3n  2) 4x  7 4x  7 4x  7
(2n  1)(3n  2)
 12. 9  5  4
(2n  1)(3n  2) 2x  3 2x  3 2x  3
2 p 2  p  6 12 p 2  13 p  35 12 p 2  43 p  35 3y  8 y  1
102.   13. 
16 p 2  25 4 p 2  12 p  9 2 p2  p  6 2y 2y
3 y  8  ( y  1)
2 p 2  p  6 12 p 2  13 p  35 2 p2  p  6 
   2y
16 p 2  25 4 p 2  12 p  9 12 p 2  43 p  35 3y  8  y  1
(2 p  3)( p  2) (4 p  5)(3 p  7) (2 p  3)( p  2)  Removing parentheses
 2y
(4 p  5)(4 p  5) (2 p  3)(2 p  3) (3 p  7)(4 p  5) 2y  7
( p  2)2 
 2y
(4 p  5) 2
14. 5  3t  2t  1  5  3t  2t  1  t  4
4t 4t 4t 4t

15. 5 x  7  x  11 24.
y 2  6 y 2 y  12 y 2  8 y  12
 
x3 x3 y2 y2 y2
 6 x  18 Adding numerators ( y  6)( y  2 )
x3   y6
6( x  3) y2
 Factoring
x3
6 ( x  3) 25. x6  9  x3
 Removing a factor equal to 1
x3 x2  5x  6 x2  5x  6 x2  5x  6
6  x3
( x  3)( x  2)
5 ( x  1) x3
16. 3x  4  2 x  9  5 x  5  5 
x 1 x 1 x 1 x 1 ( x  3 )( x  2)
 1
5 x  7  ( x  11) x2
17. 5 x  7  x  11 
x3 x3 x3
x5  2 x3
 5 x  7  x  11 26. 
x2  4 x  3 x2  4 x  3 x2  4 x  3
x3
x3
 4x  4   1
x3 ( x  3) ( x  1) x  1
4( x  1)

x3 3a 2  14  2
27. 2 2
13a  3a 2  14  13a
a  5a  6 a  5a  6 a  5a  6
18. 3x  4  2 x  9  3 x  4  2 x  9  x  13 (3a  7)( a  2)
x 1 x 1 x 1 x 1 
(a  6)(a  1)
19. a 2  a  20  a 2  a  20
a4 a4 a4 28. 2a 2  15  11a 2
 2a2  15  11a
2 2
( a  5)(a  4) a  7 a  12 a  7 a  12 a  7 a  12

a4 (a  3) (2a  5)

( a  5) (a  4) (a  3) (a  4)

a4  a5
2
 a5 a4
x 2  7 x  10  x 2  7 x  10  ( x  5) ( x  2)  x  2 29. t 2  5t  4t  12  t 2  t  12
20.
x5 x5 x5 x5 t  6t  9 t 2  6t  9 t 2  6t  9
2
(t  4)(t  3)

5 y  14 y   5 y  14 (t  3) 2
2
y2
21.   (t  4) (t  3)
y2 y2 y2 
2
y  5 y  14 (t  3) (t  3)

y2  4
t
 y  7  y  2 t3

y2 y2  7 y 6 y  20 y 2  y  20
 y  7   y  2 30. 2
 2  2
 y  8 y  16 y  8 y  16 y  8 y  16
y2 ( y  5) ( y  4)
 y7 
( y  4) ( y  4)
y 5
22. t 2  8t  15  t 2  8t  15 
t 3 t 3 t 3 y4
(t  3) (t  5)
 2 y2  3y y2  4 y  6
t 3 31. 
 t 5 y 2  7 y  12 y 2  7 y  12
2 y 2  3 y  ( y 2  4 y  6)
2 2 
23. t  5t  5t  t y 2  7 y  12
t 1 t 1
2 y2  3y  y2  4 y  6
Note that the numerators are opposites, so their sum is 
y 2  7 y  12
0. Then we have 0 , or 0.
t 1

y2  y  6 37. 15  3  5
 36  2  2  3  3
y 2  7 y  12
LCM  2  2  3  3  5  180
( y  3)( y  2)

( y  3)( y  4) 38. 18  2  3  3
( y  3 )( y  2) 30  2  3  5
 LCM  2  3  3  5  90
( y  3 )( y  4)
y2 39. 8  2  2  2

y4 9  3 3
LCM  2  2  2  3  3, or 72
32. 3a 2  7  7  3a 2
a  2a  8 a 2  2a  8
2 40. 12  2  2  3
Note that we are subtracting an expression from itself. 15  3  5
Thus the difference is 0. LCM  2  2  3  5, or 60
3  2x  7  3 x 41. 6  2  3
33.
x 2  6x  8 x 2  6 x  8 12  2  2  3
15  3  5
 210  5x
x  6x  8 LCM  2  2  3  5  60
5(2  x)
 42. 8  2  2  2
( x  4)( x  2)
32  2  2  2  2  2
5( 1)( x  2)
 50  2  5  5
( x  4)( x  2) LCM  2  2  2  2  2  5  5  800
5( 1)( x  2 )

( x  4)( x  2 ) 43. 18t 2  2  3  3  t  t
 5 , or  5 , or 5 6t 5  2  3  t  t  t  t  t
x4 x4 4 x
LCM  2  3  3  t  t  t  t  t  18t 5
34. 1  2t  4  3 t  5  5t
t 2  5t  4 t 2  5 t  4 t 2  5t  4 44. 8 x5  2  2  2  x  x  x  x  x
5(  1  t ) 5 (t  1) 24 x 2  2  2  2  3  x  x
 
(t  4)(t  1) (t  4) (t  1) LCM  2  2  2  3  x  x  x  x  x  24 x5
 5 , or  5 , or 5 45. 15a 4b7  3  5  a  a  a  a  b  b  b  b  b  b  b
t4 t4 4t
10a 2b8  2  5  a  a  b  b  b  b  b  b  b  b
x  9  2x  5 LCM  2  3  5  a  a  a  a  b  b  b  b  b  b  b  b,
35.
x 2  3x  4 x 2  3 x  4  30a 4b8
x  9  (2x  5)

x 2  3x  4 46. 6a 2b7  2  3  a  a  b  b  b  b  b  b  b
 2 9  2x  5
x 
9a5b 2  3  3  a  a  a  a  a  b  b
x  3x  4
LCM  2  3  3  a  a  a  a  a  b  b  b  b  b  b  b,
 2 x  4
x  3x  4  18a5b7
 ( x  4)
 47. 2(y  3)  2  (y  3)
( x  4)( x  1)
6(y  3)  2  3  (y  3)
1( x  4) LCM  2  3  (y  3)  6(y  3)

( x  4) (x  1)
48. 4(x  1)  2  2  (x  1)
 1 , or  1 , or 1
x 1 x 1 1 x 8(x  1)  2  2  2  (x  1)
LCM  2  2  2  (x  1)  8(x  1)
36. 5  3x  x  1  5  3x  x  1
x 2  2x  1 x 2  2 x  1 x 2  2x  1 49. x 2  2x  15  ( x  5)( x  3)
4(  1  x)
 24  4x  x 2  9  ( x  3)( x  3)
x  2x  1 ( x  1) 2 LCM  ( x  5)( x  3)( x  3)
4 ( x  1)
  4 , or  4 , or 4
( x  1) ( x  1) x  1 x 1 1 x 50. t 2  4  (t  2)(t  2)
t 2  7t  10  (t  2)(t  5)
LCM  (t  2)(t  2)(t  5)

51. t 3  4t 2  4t  t (t 2  4t  4)  t (t  2)(t  2) 62. 9 x3  9 x 2  18 x  9 x( x 2  x  2)

t 2  4t  t (t  4)  3  3  x( x  2)( x  1)
LCM  t (t  2)(t  2)(t  4)  t (t  2) 2 (t  4) 6 x5  24 x 4  24 x3  6 x3 ( x 2  4 x  4)
 2  3  x  x  x( x  2)( x  2)
52. y 3  y 2  y  y ( y  1) LCM  2  3  3  x  x  x( x  2)( x  2)( x  1)
y 4  y 2  y  y ( y  1)( y  1)  18x3 ( x  2) 2 ( x  1)
LCM  y  y ( y  1)( y  1)  y 2 ( y  1)( y  1)
63. 6t 4  2  3  t  t  t  t
53. 6xz 2  2  3  x  z  z 18t 2  2  3  3  t  t
8x 2 y  2  2  2  x  x  y The LCD is 2  3  3  t  t  t  t , or 18t 4 .
15y 3 z  3  5  y  y  y  z 5  3  15 and
LCM  2  2  2  3  5  x  x  y  y  y  z  z  120 x 2 y 3 z 2 6t 4 3 18t 4
s  t 2  st 2
54. 12s 3t  2  2  3  s  s  s  t 18t 2 t 2 18t 4
15sv 2  3  5  s  v  v
64. 10 y 2  2  5  y  y
6t 4v  2  3  t  t  t  t  v
5y 6  5  y  y  y  y  y  y
LCM  2  2  3  5  s  s  s  t  t  t  t  v  v  60 s 3t 4v 2
The LCD is 2  5  y  y  y  y  y  y, or 10 y 6 .
55. a  1  a  1 4 4
7  y  7y
(a  1) 2  (a  1)(a  1) 2 4
10 y y 10 y 6
a 2  1  (a  1)(a  1) x  2  2x
LCM  (a  1)(a  1)(a  1)  (a  1)(a  1) 2 5 y 6 2 10 y 6
56. x  2  x  2
65. 3x 4 y 2  3  x  x  x  x  y  y
( x  2) 2  ( x  2)( x  2)
9xy 3  3  3  x  y  y  y
x 2  4  ( x  2)( x  2)
The LCD is 3  3  x  x  x  x  y  y  y, or 9x 4 y 3.
LCM  ( x  2)( x  2)( x  2)  ( x  2)( x  2) 2
7 3y 21 y
4 2
  4 3 and
57. 2n  n  1   2n  1 n  1
2 3x y 3 y 9x y
2n 2  3n  2   2n  1 n  2 4  x3  4 x3
LCM   2n  1 n  1 n  2 9 xy 3 x3 9 x 4 y 3
58. m 2  2m  3   m  3 m  1 66. 2a 2b  2  a  a  b

2m2  3m  1   2m  1 m  1 8ab 2  2  2  2  a  b  b
LCM   2m  1 m  1 m  3 The LCD is 2  2  2  a  a  b  b, or 8a 2b 2 .
3  4b  12b and
59. t  3  t  3
t3t 3 2a 2b 4b 8a 2b 2
7  a  7a
t 2  9  (t  3)(t  3) 8ab 2 a 8a 2b 2
LCM  (t  3)(t  3)
67. x 2  4  ( x  2)( x  2)
60. a  5  a  5
x 2  5x  6  ( x  3)( x  2)
a 2  10a  25  (a  5)(a  5)
LCD is ( x  3)( x  2)( x  2)
LCM  (a  5)(a  5)  (a  5) 2
2x  2x  x3
x 2  4 ( x  2)( x  2) x  3
61. 6x3  24x 2  18x  6x( x 2  4x  3) 2 x( x  3)
 2  3  x( x  1)( x  3) 
( x  2)( x  2)( x  3)
4x5  24x 4  20 x3  4x3 ( x 2  6x  5) 4x  4x x2
 2  2  x  x  x( x  1)( x  5) x 2  5 x  6 ( x  3)( x  2) x  2
LCM  2  2  3  x  x  x( x  1)( x  3)( x  5) 4 x( x  2)

 12x3 ( x  1)( x  3)( x  5) ( x  3)( x  2)( x  2)

68. x 2  9  ( x  3)( x  3) 76. 2  3( x  7)  15

2  3 x  21  15
x 2  11x  24  ( x  3)( x  8)
3 x  23  15
LCD is ( x  3)( x  3)( x  8)
3 x  8
5x  5x  x8 x8
x 2  9 ( x  3)( x  3) x  8 3
5 x( x  8)
 77. Writing Exercise. The polynomials contain no
( x  3)( x  3)( x  8)
common factors other than constants.
2x  2x  x3
x 2  11x  24 ( x  3)( x  8) x  3 78. Writing Exercise. The binomial is a factor of the
2 x( x  3) trinomial.

( x  3)( x  8)( x  3) 3(2 x  5) 3(2 x  3)
79. 6 x  1  
69. Writing Exercise. If the numbers have a common x 1 x 1 x 1
 6 x  1  6 x  15  6 x 9
factor, their product contains that factor more than the
x 1
greatest number of times it occurs in any one
factorization. In this case, their product is not their  18 x  5
x 1
least common multiple.
70. Writing Exercise. The numbers have no common 80. 2 x  11  3  1  6 x  3
x3 x4 4 x x3
factors. 3(2 x  11) 1(6 x  3)
 
71. 2 x  7  5 x  3 ( x  3)( x  4) (4  x)( x  3)
7  3 x  3 3(2 x  11)  1(6 x  3)

10  3 x ( x  3)( x  4)
 10  x  6 x  33  6 x  3
3 ( x  3)( x  4)
30
The solution is  10 . 
3 ( x  3)( x  4)
72. 1 x  2 x 1
81. x2  2x  1
3 5 2
3x  5 x  2 3x  1 x  2
  
15 x  15 2 x  1
1
3 5   x2  2x
(3x  1)( x  2) (3 x  1)( x  2)
5 x  6 x  15
 x  15  x2  2 x
x  15 (3x  1)( x  2)
 x x  15 , or 15,   x ( x  2)

(3x  1) ( x  2)
73. x 2  8 x  20  x
x 2  8 x  20  0 3x  1
( x  2)( x  10)  0 x y x y
82.  2  2x
x20 or x  10  0 2
x y 2
x  y 2 x2  y 2
x  2 or x  10 x  y  x  y  2x
The solutions are –2 and 10. 
x2  y2
74.  x  16  x  2 0
2 x  16 x  y2
x  8 0
 x x  8 , or  , 8 83. The smallest number of strands that can be used is the
LCM of 10 and 3.
75. 2 x2  4 x  2  0 10  2  5
2( x 2  2 x  1)  0 33
LCM  2  5  3  30
2( x  1)2  0
The smallest number of strands that can be used is 30.
x 1 0
x  1
The solution is –1.

84. The smallest number of strands that can be used is the 92. The number of years after 2020 in which all three
LCM of 4, 6, and 8. appliances will need to be replaced at once is the
4  22 LCM of the average numbers of years each will last.
6  23 9  33
8  222 12  2  2  3
LCM  2  2  2  3  24 strands 15  3  5
LCM  2  2  3  3  5  180
85. If the number of strands must also be a multiple of 4, All three appliances will need to be replaced
we find the smallest multiple of 30 that is also a 180 years after 2020, or in 2200.
multiple of 4.
1  30  30, not a multiple of 4 93. Writing Exercise. Evaluate both expressions for some
2  30  60  15  4, a multiple of 4 value of the variable for which both are defined. If the
results are the same, we can conclude that the answer
The smallest number of strands that can be used is 60. is probably correct.
86. 80  2  2  2  2  5 94. Writing Exercise. The LCD can be found regardless
96  2  2  2  2  2  3 of the factorization selected, because it will be
108  2  2  3  3  3 multiplied by any factors of the other denominator(s)
LCM  2  2  2  2  2  3  3  3  5  4320 that it lacks. However, if the factorization selected
contains the other factorizations, then no
87. 4 x 2  25  (2 x  5)(2 x  5) multiplication is required to find the LCD.
6 x 2  7 x  20  (3x  4)(2 x  5)
(9 x 2  24 x  16) 2   (3x  4)(3 x  4)
2
Exercise Set 6.4
 (3 x  4)(3 x  4)(3 x  4)(3 x  4)
1. To add or subtract when denominators are different,
LCM  (2 x  5)(2 x  5)(3x  4) 4
first find the LCD.
88. 9n 2  9  32 (n  1)(n  1) 2. Multiply each rational expression by a form of 1 made
(5n 2  10n  5)2  [5(n  1)(n  1)]2  52 ( n  1) 4 up of the factors of the LCD that are missing from
15n  15  3  5(n  1) that expression’s denominator.
LCM  32  52 (n  1)(n  1)4  225(n  1)(n  1) 4 3. Add or subtract the numerators, as indicated. Write
the sum or difference over the LCD.
89. The first printer prints 24 pages per minute, which is
4. Simplify, if possible.
24  2 page per second. The second printer prints
60 5
5. 32  5  3  5 LCD  x  x, or x 2
15 pages per minute, which is 15 , or 1 page per x x x x x
60 4  3  5x
second. The time it takes until the machines begin x x x x
printing a page at exactly the same time again is the   25 x
3
LCM of their copying rates, 5 and 4. x
It takes 20 seconds. 6. LCD  x 2
90. The time it takes to replace both the vitamin D3 and 6  7  6  x  7  6x  7
fish oil bottles is the LCM of the times it takes to x x2 x x x2 x2
empty each bottle. Two vitamin D3 pills are taken
each day, so use 18  2  9. Four fish oil pills are
taken each day, so use 120  4  30.
7.
6r  2  3  r

8r  2  2  2  r
LCD  2  2  2  3  r , or 24r
9  33 1  3  1 4  3 3
30  3  5 6 r 8r 6 r 4 8r 3
LCM  3  3  5  90  9
4
24r
It takes 90 days.
 5 , or  5
91. The number of minutes after 5:00 A.M. when the 24r 24r
shuttles will first leave at the same time again is the 8. LCD  18t
LCM of their departure intervals, 15 minutes and 25 4  7  4  2  7  3  8  21  13 , or  13
minutes. 9t 6t 9t 2 6t 3 18t 18t 18t
15  3  5
25  3  5 9. uv 2  u  v  v  3 2
LCM  3  5  5  75  LCD  u  u  u  v  v, or u v
u 3v  u  u  u  v
Thus, the shuttles will leave at the same time 75
minutes after 5:00 A.M., or at 6:15 A.M. 3  4  3  u 2  4  v  3u 2  4v
uv 2 u 3v uv 2 u 2 u 3v v u 3v 2

10.
cd 2  c  d  d 
 LCD  c  c  d  d , or c d
c 2 d  c  c  d 
2 2 16.
22
4  22 
LCD  4
a2  a4  a22  a4

8  1  8 c  1 d
2 4 2 2 4
cd 2 c 2 d cd 2 c c 2 d d
 2a  4  a  4
 8c2 2d 4 4
c d 2a  4  (a  4)

4
11. 3xy 2  3  x  y  y  LCD  3  x  x  y  y  y, 2 a  4  a4
 
x 2 y 3  x  x  y  y  y  or 3 x 2 y 3 4
2  6  2  xy  6  3  2 xy  18  a8
4
3xy 2 x 2 y 3 3 xy 2 xy x 2 y 3 3 3x 2 y3
2  xy  9  15a  3  5  a  2
 17.  LCD  5  3  a  a, or 15a
3x2 y3 3a 2  3  a  a 
a  3  2 a  1  a  3  a  2a  1  5
9t 3  3  3  t  t  t  3 15a 3a 2 15a a 3a 2 5
12. 2  LCD  2  3  3  t  t  t , or 18t 2
6t  2  3  t  t   a  3a  10 a5
8  5  8  2  5  3t 15a 2
2
9t 3 6t 2 9t 3 2 6t 2 3t  a  13a2  5
 16  15t 15a
18t 3
2 
18. 2a  2  a  a  LCD  2  3  a  a, or 6a 2
13.
8  222
6  23 
LCD  2  2  2  3, or 24 6a  2  3  a 
5a  1  a  2  5a  1  3  a  2  a
x3  x2  x33  x 2 4 2a 2 6a 2a 2 3 6a a
8 6 8 3 6 4 3(5a  1)  a (a  2)
3( x  3)  4( x  2) 
 6a 2
24 2
 15a  3  2a  2a
 3x  9  4 x  8 6a
24 2
a  17 a3
 7x  1 
24 6a 2
14.
9  33
12  2  2  3 
LCD  2  2  3  3, or 36 19.
3z  3  z

4z  2  2  z
LCD  2  2  3  z , or 12 z
x4  x5  x44  x53 4 z  9  3z  8  4 z  9  4  3z  8  3

9 12 9 4 12 3 3z 4z 3z 4 4z 3

4( x  4)  3( x  5)  16 z  36  9 z  24
36 12 z 12 z
16 z  36  (9 z  24)
 4 x  16  3 x  15 
36 12 z
16 z  36  9 z  24
 7x  1 
36 12 z
 7 z  12
15.
6  23
33 
LCD  2  3, or 6
12 z
x  2  x 1  x  2  x 1  2
6 3 6 3 2
20.
xx 
4x  2  2  x
LCD  4x
x  1  2x  3  x  1  2x  3  4
 x  2  2x  2
6 6 4x x 4x x 4

x  2  (2x  2)  x  1  8 x  12
6 4x 4x
x  1  (8 x  12)
 x  2  2x  2 
6 4x
  x  4 , or
 ( x  4)  x  1  8 x  12
6 6 4x
 7 x  13
4x

cd 2  c  d  d  25. The denominators cannot be factored, so the LCD is

2 2
21.  LCD  c  c  d  d , or c d their product, ( x  2)( x  2).
c 2 d  c  c  d 
3  3  3  x2 3  x2
3c  d  c  d  3c  d  c  c  d  d x2 x2 x2 x2 x2 x2
cd 2 c 2d cd 2 c c 2 d d 3( x  2)  3( x  2)
c(3c  d )  d (c  d ) 
 ( x  2)( x  2)
c 2d 2 3 x  6  3x  6
2 2 
 3c  cd2 2cd  d ( x  2)( x  2)
c d  6x
 3c 2
 2 cd  d 2 ( x  2)( x  2)
2 2
c d
(3c  d )(c  d ) 26. The denominators cannot be factored, so the LCD is
 their product, ( x  1)( x  1).
c 2d 2
5  5  5  x 1  5  x 1
u 2v  u  u  v  2 2 x 1 x 1 x 1 x 1 x 1 x 1
22.  LCD  u  u  v  v, or u v 5( x  1)  5( x  1)
uv 2  u  v  v  
( x  1)( x  1)
u  v  2u  v  u  v  v  2u  v  u
 5 x  5  5x  5
u 2v uv 2 u 2v v uv 2 u ( x  1)( x  1)
v(u  v)  u (2u  v)
  10 x
u 2v 2 ( x  1)( x  1)
2 2
 uv  v 2 22u  uv
u v 27. t  1 LCD  (t  3)(t  1)
2
 2u  22 uv  v2 t  3 t 1
u v2  t  t 1  1  t  3
t  3 t 1 t 1 t  3
3xt 2  3  x  t  t  2 2  t2  t  t 3
23.  LCD  3  x  x  t  t , or 3 x t (t  3)(t  1) (t  3)(t  1)
x 2t  x  x  t 
t 2  t  (t  3)
4 x  2t  5 x  3t  4 x  2t  x  5 x  3t  3t 
(t  3)(t  1)
3xt 2 x 2t 3 xt 2 x x 2t 3t 2
 4 x 2
 2 tx  15 xt  9t 2  t t 3
t
3x t2 2 2 2
3x t (t  3)(t  1)
2 (t  3)(t  1)

4 x 2  2tx  (15 xt  9t 2 )  t  2t  3 
(t  3)(t  1) (t  3)(t  1)
3x 2t 2
2
 4 x  2tx 215 xt  9t 2 (Although t 2  2t  3 can be factored, doing so will
2 not enable us to simplify the result further.)
3x t
2
 4 x  13 xt  9t 2
2 2 28. The denominators cannot be factored, so the LCD is
3x t their product, ( y  1)( y  1).
(Although 4 x 2  13xt  9t 2 can be factored, doing so y
will not enable us to simplify the result further.)  12 LCD (y  3)(y  4)
y 3 y 4
y y4 y 3
2 x 2 y  2  x  x  y  2 2    12 
24.  LCD  2  x  x  y  y, or 2 x y y 3 y 4 y 4 y 3
xy 2  x  y  y  y (y  4) 12(y  3)
 
5 x  3 y 3x  4 y 5 x  3 y y 3x  4 y 2 x (y  3)(y  4) (y  3)(y  4)
    
2 x2 y xy 2 2x2 y y xy 2 2x y 2  4 y  12 y  36
2 2 
5 xy  3 y 6 x  8 xy (y  3)(y  4)
 
2x2 y2 2 x2 y 2 y 2  16 y  36 ( y  2)( y  18)
 
5 xy  3 y 2  (6 x 2  8 xy ) (y  3)(y  4) ( y  3)( y  4)

2x2 y2 (Although y 2  16 y  36 can be factored, doing so
5 xy  3 y 2  6 x 2  8 xy will not enable us to simplify the result further.)

2x2 y2
3 y 2  3 xy  6 x 2

2 x2 y 2
3( y  2 x)( y  x)

2 x2 y 2

29.
3x  3  x
x 1  x 1LCD  3x( x  1)
34. LCD  ( p  4)( p  4)
5p

p
2
3  2  3  3x  2  x  1 p  16 p  4
x  1 3x x  1 3x 3x x  1 5p p
9 x  2( x  1)  
 ( p  4)( p  4) p  4
3 x( x  1) 5p p p4
  
 9x  2x  2 ( p  4)( p  4) p  4 p  4
3 x( x  1) 5p  p ( p  4)
11 x2 
 ( p  4)( p  4)
3 x( x  1)
5p  p 2  4p

=
x5 x5 ( p  4)( p  4)
30. LCD  4x( x  5)
4x  4  x p 2  9p

2  3  2  4x  3  x  5 ( p  4)( p  4)
x  5 4x x  5 4x 4x x  5
2  4 x  3( x  5) 35. LCD  3( z  4)

4 x( x  5) 6  2  6  2
 8 x  3x  15 z  4 3 z  12 z  4 3( z  4)
4 x( x  5)
 6 3 2
 x  15
11 z  4 3 3( z  4)
4 x( x  5)
 18  2
3( z  4) 3( z  4)
2 
31. 2t  2t  2t (t  1)  LCD  2t (t  1)  16
2t  2  2(t  1)  3( z  4)
3  5  3  5 36. LCD  4(t  3)
2t 2  2t 2t  2 2t (t  1) 2(t  1)
3 t  5  t  5
  5 t
2t (t  1) 2(t  1) t t  3 4t  12 t  3 4(t  3)
 3  5t  t 4 5
2t (t  1) t  3 4 4(t  3)
 4t  5
2  4(t  3)
32. 3t  15t  3t (t  5) LCD  6t (t  5)
2t  10  2(t  5) 
5  2 q 1
8 3 8 37.  5   2
  2 3  3t q  1 (q  1)2 q  1 q  1 ( q  1) 2
3t (t  5) 2(t  5) 3t (t  5) 2 2(t  5) 3t 5(q  1)  2

 16  9t (q  1)2
6t (t  5) 6t (t  5)
5q  5  2
 16  9t 
6t (t  5) (q  1) 2
5q  3

33. LCD  (a  3)(a  3) (q  1) 2
3a  a
a2  9 a  3 38. LCD  ( w  2)2
 3a  a 3  7
(a  3)(a  3) a  3
w  2 ( w  2) 2
 3a  a  a3
(a  3)(a  3) a  3 a  3  3  w2  7
3a  a(a  3) w  2 w  2 ( w  2) 2
 3( w  2)  7
(a  3)(a  3) 
2 ( w  2)2
 3a  a  3a
(a  3)(a  3)  3w  6 27
( w  2)
 a2
(a  3)(a  3)  3w  132
( w  2)

3a  9a 10 (a  1)
39. 
4a  20 6a  30
3a 9a (a  2) (a  1) (a  3)
  LCD  2  2  3(a  5)
2  2( a  5) 2  3(a  5)  10
3a (a  2)(a  3)
 3 9a 2
2  2( a  5) 3 2  3(a  5) 2 x 1
44. 
 9a  18a x2  2 x  1 x2  5x  4
2  2  3(a  5) x 1
27 a  
 ( x  1)( x  1) ( x  1)( x  4)
2  2  3(a  5)
LCD  ( x  1) 2 ( x  4)
3 9a
  x x4 1  x 1
2  2  3(a  5) ( x  1)( x  1) x  4 ( x  1)( x  4) x  1
 9a x( x  4)  1  ( x  1) x 2  4 x  x  1
4(a  5)  
( x  1) 2 ( x  4) ( x  1) 2 ( x  4)
2
40. 4a  3a  4a  3a  x  25 x  1
5a  10 10a  20 5( a  2) 2  5(a  2) ( x  1) ( x  4)
 4a  2  3a
x 4
5( a  2) 2 2  5(a  2) 45. 
x 2  9 x  20 x 2  7 x  12
 8a  3a
10(a  2)  x  4
 11a ( x  4)( x  5) ( x  3)( x  4)
10(a  2) LCD  ( x  3)( x  4)( x  5)
 x  3
x 4  x5
y y 1 ( x  4)( x  5) x  3 ( x  3)( x  4) x  5
41.  LCD  y ( y  1)
y 1 y x( x  3)  4( x  5)

y y y 1 y 1 ( x  3)( x  4)( x  5)
   
y 1 y y y 1 2
 x  3 x  4 x  20
y 2  ( y 2  2 y  1) ( x  3)( x  4)( x  5)

y ( y  1)  x 2  x  20
2y 1 ( x  3)( x  4)( x  5)

y ( y  1) ( x  4) ( x  5)

( x  3) ( x  4) ( x  5)
42. x  4  x  x  4  x  4  x  x x5
x x4 x x4 x4 x 
( x  3)( x  5)
( x  4)2  x 2

x( x  4) 46. x  2
x 2
 8 x  16  x 2 x2  5 x  6 x2  3x  2

x( x  4)  x  2
2 x 2
 8 x  16 ( x  3)( x  2) ( x  2)( x  1)

x( x  4) LCD  ( x  3)( x  2)( x  1)
2( x 2  4 x  8)  x  1 
x 2  x3
 ( x  3)( x  2) x  1 ( x  2)( x  1) x  3
x( x  4)
 x2  x  2x  6
6 4 ( x  3)( x  2)( x  1) ( x  3)( x  2)( x  1)
43. 
a 2  a  2 a 2  4a  3 x 2  x  (2 x  6)

6 4 ( x  3)( x  2)( x  1)
 
(a  2)(a  1) (a  3)(a  1) 2
 x  x  2x  6
LCD  ( a  2)(a  1)(a  3) ( x  3)( x  2)( x  1)
 6 a3  4 a2  x2  x  6
(a  2)(a  1) a  3 (a  3)(a  1) a  2 ( x  3)( x  2)( x  1)
6( a  3)  4(a  2) ( x  3)( x  2)
 
(a  2)(a  1)(a  3) ( x  3)( x  2)( x  1)
 6a  18  4a  8 ( x  3) ( x  2)
(a  2)(a  1)(a  3) 
10a  10 ( x  3) ( x  2) ( x  1)

(a  2)(a  1)(a  3)  x3
( x  3)( x  1)

47. 3z  10 52. 2  1  2 5  x  1
z2  4z  4 z2  z  6 5 x 5 x 5 x
 3z 2  10  10  2 x  1
( z  2) ( z  2)( z  3) 5 x
LCD  ( z  2) 2 ( z  3)  11  2 x
5 x
 3z  z  3  10  z2
( z  2) 2 z  3 ( z  2)( z  3) z  2 53. 3  2  3 4  x  2
3 z ( z  3)  10( z  2) 4 x 4 x 4 x

( z  2) 2 ( z  3)  12  3 x  2
2 4 x
 3 z  9 z  10 z  20 10  3x

( z  2)2 ( z  3) 4 x
2
 3 z  19 z  20
54. 4  3  4  3x  2  3
( z  2) 2 ( z  3) 3x  2 3x  2 3x  2
3  2  12 x  8  3
48. 3x  2
x2  9 x2  x  6
3 2  12 x  5
  3x  2
( x  3)( x  3) ( x  2)( x  3)
LCD  ( x  3)( x  3)( x  2) 5 x  x  2  5 x  x  2  1
55.
4 4 1
x2  x3
3 2 4 4

( x  3)( x  3) x  2 ( x  2)( x  3) x  3  5x  2  x
3( x  2)  2( x  3) 4 4
 5 x  (2  x)
( x  3)( x  3)( x  2) 
4
 3x  6  2 x  6  5x  2  x
( x  3)( x  3)( x  2) 4
5 x  12
  6x  2
( x  3)( x  3)( x  2) 4
2(3 x  1)
7 0 
49.  22
x 2  25 x  24 x 2  11x  10 2 (3 x  1)

Note that 2 0  0 , so the difference is 2 2
x  11x  10  3x  1
7 2
.
x 2  25 x  24 x  2 x  3  x  2 x  3  1
56.
x 1 6 6 6 6 1

50.
x 2  17 x  72 x 2  15 x  56  x  2 x  3
x 1 6 6
  x  ( 2 x  3)
( x  8)( x  9) ( x  8)( x  7) 
LCD  ( x  8)( x  9)( x  7) 6
 x  2x  3
 x  7 
x 1  x9 6
( x  8)( x  9) x  7 ( x  8)( x  7) x  9
 3x  3
 x2  7 x  x9 6
( x  8)( x  9)( x  7) ( x  8)( x  9)( x  7) 3 ( x  1)

x 2  7 x  ( x  9) 2 3

( x  8)( x  9)( x  7)  x 1
2 2
 x  7x  x  9
( x  8)( x  9)( x  7) x  x
57.
 x2  6x  9 x5 5 x
( x  8)( x  9)( x  7) Note that the denominators are opposites, so the sum
is 0.
51. 3  4  3  2x  1  4
2x  1 2x  1 2x  1 y y y y 2y
58.    
 6x  3  4 y2 2 y y2 y2 y2
2x  1
 6x  7
2x  1

y2 y2 y2 3 y
59.  9   9  1 64. 
y  3 3  y y  3 3  y 1 y  7 49  y 2
y2 y2 3 y
  9  
y  7 (7  y )(7  y )
y  3 3  y
y2 3 y
y2  9    1
 y  7 (7  y )(7  y ) 1
y 3
y2 y 3
( y  3) ( y  3)   LCD  ( y  7)( y  7)
 y  7 ( y  7)( y  7)
y 3 y2 y7 y3
  
 y3 y  7 y  7 ( y  7)( y  7)
y 2  9 y  14  y  3
t 2  4  t 2  4  1 
60. ( y  7)( y  7)
t  2 2  t t  2 2  t 1
2 y 2  10 y  11
 t  4 
t  2 2  t ( y  7)( y  7)
2
 t 4 x  3
t2 65.
(t  2) (t  2) x  4 16  x 2
  x  3
t2 x  4 (4  x)(4  x)
t2
 x  1  3
c  5  c  5  c  5  c  5  1 x  4 1 (4  x)(4  x)
61.
c 2  64 64  c 2 c 2  64 64  c 2 1  x  3 LCD  (4  x)(4  x)
4  x (4  x)(4  x)
 2c  5  25  c
c  64 c  64   x 4 x  3
4  x 4  x (4  x)(4  x)
 c  25  5  c
c  64  x(4  x)  3

 20 (4  x)(4  x)
c  64 2
0  4 x  x  3
(4  x)(4  x)
2
62. b  4  b  4  b  4  b  4  1  x  4x  3
b 2  49 49  b 2 b 2  49 49  b 2 1 (4  x)(4  x)
 b2  4  2b  4 ( x  3)( x  1)
2
 x  4x  3 
b  49 b  49 ( x  4)( x  4) ( x  4)( x  4)
 b  42  b  4
b  49 x  2
66.
 20 3  x x2  9
b  49
0  x  2
3  x ( x  3)( x  3)
4 p p 1  x  1  2
63.  3  x 1 ( x  3)( x  3)
25  p 2 p  5
4 p p 1  x  2 LCD  ( x  3)( x  3)
  x  3 ( x  3)( x  3)
(5  p )(5  p) p  5
4 p p 1  x  x3 2
  1  ( x  3) x  3 ( x  3)( x  3)
(5  p )(5  p) 1 p  5  x( x  3)  2
p4 p 1 
  LCD  ( p  5)( p  5) ( x  3)( x  3)
( p  5)( p  5) p  5 2
p4 p 1 p  5   x  3x  2
   ( x  3)( x  3)
( p  5)( p  5) p  5 p  5 2
  x  3x  2
p  4  p2  6 p  5 ( x  3)( x  3)

( p  5)( p  5) ( x  2)( x  1)

p2  7 p  1 ( x  3)( x  3)

( p  5)( p  5)

a  2a 2
67. 70. 4 2 a  a  2
a2  1 a  a2 a 9 3 a
2 a
 2a  4  a2
a  1 a (1  a )   a2
a (a  3)(a  3) 3  a
  2
(a  1)(a  1) 1  a  4  a2  a  2  1
(a  3)(a  3) 3  a 1
 a  2  1
(a  1)(a  1) 1  a 1  4  a2  2  a LCD  ( a  3)(a  3)
 a  2 LCD  (a  1)(a  1) (a  3)(a  3) a  3
(a  1)(a  1) a  1 4  a2
  2aa3
 a  2  a  1 (a  3)(a  3) a  3 a  3
(a  1)(a  1) a  1 a  1
4  a 2  (2a  6  a 2  3a )
 a  2a  2 
(a  1)(a  1) (a  3)(a  3)
 a  2 , or a2  4  a 2  2a  6  a 2  3a

(a  1)(a  1) (1  a )(1  a ) (a  3)( a  3)
 a2
3x  2  x (a  3)(a  3)
68.
3x  6 4  x 2
 3x  2  x LCD  3( x  2)(2  x ) 71. x  3  x  3  x  62
3( x  2) (2  x)(2  x) 2 x x2 4 x
 3x  2  2  x  x 3  x3  x3  x6 LCD  (2  x)(2  x)
3( x  2) 2  x (2  x)(2  x) 3 2  x x  2 (2  x)(2  x)
(3x  2)(2  x)  x  3
  x3 2 x  x3 2 x  x6
3( x  2)(2  x) 2  x 2  x x  2 2  x (2  x)(2  x)
3 x 2
 4 x  4  3x ( x  3)(2  x)  ( x  3)(2  x)  ( x  6)
 
3( x  2)(2  x) (2  x)(2  x)
2
 3 x  7 x  4 , or x 2  x  6  (  x 2  x  6)  x  6

3( x  2)(2  x) (2  x)(2  x)
3x 2  7 x  4 2 2
 x  x6 x  x6 x6
3( x  2)( x  2) (2  x)(2  x)
2
4x  6  2x  x  6
69. (2  x)(2  x)
x2  y 2 y  x
(2 x  3)( x  2 )
 4x  6 
( x  y )( x  y ) y  x ( 2  x )(2  x)
 4x  6  1  x3
2
( x  y )( x  y ) y  x 1 2 x
 4x  6 LCD  ( x  y )( x  y )
( x  y )( x  y ) x  y 72. t  5  t  4  t2 2
1 t t 1 t 1
x y
 4x  6   t  5  1  t  4  t2
( x  y )( x  y ) x  y x  y 1  t 1 t  1 (t  1)(t  1)
4 x  (6)( x  y )
  5t  t 4  t2 LCD  (t  1)(t  1)
( x  y )( x  y ) t  1 t  1 (t  1)(t  1)
4x  6x  6 y (5  t )(t  1)  (t  4)(t  1)  t  2
 
( x  y )( x  y ) (t  1)(t  1)
10 x  6 y  t 2
 4t  5  t 2  3t  4  t  2
 
( x  y )( x  y ) (t  1)(t  1)
2(5 x  3 y )  2 t 2
 2 t  11
 
( x  y )( x  y ) (t  1)(t  1)

73. 2 x  5  x  7  5 x  17 LCD  ( x  1)( x  5) 77. 1  2  3

x  1 x  5 ( x  1)( x  5) x 2  7 x  12 x 2  4 x  3 x 2  5 x  4
(2 x  5)( x  5)  ( x  7)( x  1)  (5 x  17)  1  2  3
 ( x  3)( x  4) ( x  1)( x  3) ( x  1)( x  4)
( x  1)( x  5)
2 LCD is ( x  1)( x  3)( x  4)
 2 x  15 x  25  x 2  8 x  7  5 x  17
( x  1)( x  5)  1  x 1  2  x4
2 ( x  3)( x  4) x  1 ( x  1)( x  3) x  4
 3 x  18 x  15
( x  1)( x  5)  3  x3
( x  1)( x  4) x  3
3 ( x  1) ( x  5)
 x  1  2( x  4)  3( x  3)
( x  1) ( x  5) 
( x  1)( x  3)( x  4)
3
 x  1  2 x  8  3x  9
( x  1)( x  3)( x  4)
x  5  x  7  7 x  19
74.  2x  2
x  3 x  2 ( x  3)( x  2)
( x  1)( x  3)( x  4)
LCD is ( x  3)( x  2)
2 ( x  1)
 x  5  x  2  x  7  x  3  7 x  19 
x  3 x  2 x  2 x  3 ( x  3)( x  2) ( x  1) ( x  3)( x  4)
( x  5)( x  2)  ( x  7)( x  3)  (7 x  19) 2
 
( x  3)( x  2) ( x  3)( x  4)
2
 x  7 x  10  x 2  10 x  21  7 x  19
( x  3)( x  2) 78. 4  2  5
2 x2  x  2 x2  4 x  3 x2  x  6
 2 x  10 x  12 4 2 5
( x  3)( x  2)   
( x  2)( x  1) ( x  1)( x  3) ( x  2)( x  3)
2( x 2  5 x  6) LCD is ( x  2)( x  1)( x  3)

( x  3)( x  2)
 4  x3  2  x2
2 ( x  3) ( x  2) ( x  2)( x  1) x  3 ( x  1)( x  3) x  2

( x  3) ( x  2)  5  x 1
( x  2)( x  3) x  1
2
4( x  3)  2( x  2)  5( x  1)

75. 1  1  2x ( x  2)( x  1)( x  3)
x  y x  y x2  y2  4 x  12  2 x  4  5 x  5
LCD  ( x  y )( x  y ) ( x  2)( x  1)( x  3)
1 x y x y  x3
   1   2x
( x  2)( x  1)( x  3)
x  y x  y x  y x  y ( x  y )( x  y )
( x  y)  ( x  y)  2 x  1
 ( x  2)( x  1)
( x  y )( x  y )
0 79. Writing Exercise. Using the least common
2r  1  1 denominator usually reduces the complexity of
76. 2 computations and requires less simplification of the
r  s2 r  s r  s
2r sum or difference.
  1  1
(r  s )(r  s ) r  s r  s 80. Writing Exercise. If the denominators are the same,
LCD  (r  s )(r  s ) add the numerators and keep the same denominator.
 2r  1 rs  1 rs Simplify, if possible. If the denominators are
(r  s )(r  s ) r  s r  s r  s r  s different, follow the steps in the box on page 392 of
2r  ( r  s )  ( r  s ) the text.

(r  s )(r  s )
81. 3  12  ( 4)  3  3  6
 2 r  2s
(r  s )(r  s ) 82. 6  1  7  7
2( r  s )

(r  s )( r  s ) 83. (1.2  108 )(2.5  106 )  (1.2  2.5)(108  106 )
 2  3  1014
rs
4
84. (2a 3b 5 )( 3ab 4 )  6a 4b 1  6a
b

92. 2 x  11  3  2 x  1  3
2
85. (3a 1b) 2  32 a 2b 2  a 2
9b x 3 x 4 4 x 3 x
 6 x  33  6x  3
86.  ( 12)  12 ( x  3)( x  4) (4  x)(3  x)
 6 x  33  6x  3  1
87. Writing Exercise. Their sum is zero. Another ( x  3)( x  4) (4  x)(3  x) 1
explanation is that  1 
3 x   1  1 .
 (3  x) x  3
 6 x  33  6 x  3
( x  3)( x  4) ( x  4)( x  3)
88. Writing Exercise. No; when adding, no sign changes  6 x  33  6 x  3

( x  3)( x  4)
are required so the result is the same regardless of 30
parentheses. When subtracting, however, the sign of 
( x  3)( x  4)
each term of the expression being subtracted must be
changed and parentheses are needed to make sure this 2 x  16  x2  x6
is done. 93.
x2  x  2 x2  5x  6 x2  2 x  3
 x 3 4   2  x 2 5   2 x  16  x2  x6
89. P  2 ( x  2)( x  1) ( x  2)( x  3) ( x  3)( x  1)
6  4 LCD  ( x  1)( x  2)( x  3)
 LCD  ( x  4)( x  5)
x 4 x 5  2 x  16  x  3  x2  x 1
 6  x5  4  x4 ( x  2)( x  1) x  3 ( x  2)( x  3) x  1
x4 x5 x5 x4  x6 x2
 6 x  30  4 x  16 ( x  3)( x  1) x  2
( x  4)( x  5)
2 x 2  22 x  48  ( x 2  3 x  2)  ( x 2  4 x  12)
10 x  14  2(5 x  7) 
 ( x  1)( x  2)( x  3)
( x  4)( x  5) ( x  4)( x  5)
 
    29 x 58
A 3 2  6 ( x  1)( x  2)( x  3)
x4 x5 ( x  4)( x  5)
29 ( x  2)

90. P  2l  2w ( x  1) ( x  2) ( x  3)
2 x 2 x
x4  
x5
 29
( x  1)( x  3)
 2 x  2 x LCD  ( x  4)( x  5)
x4 x5 94. 2x  8  x2  x2
 2x  x  5  2x  x  4 x2  3x  2 x2  5 x  6 x 2  4 x  3
x4 x5 x5 x4  2x  8  x2  x2
2 2
 x  10 x  2 x  8 x
2 ( x  1)( x  2) ( x  2)( x  3) ( x  1)( x  3)
( x  4)( x  5) LCD  ( x  1)( x  2)( x  3)
2
 18 x 8  x3 x2  x 1
 4 x 2 x

( x  4)( x  5) ( x  1)( x  2) x  3 ( x  2)( x  3) x  1
2 x(2 x  9)  x2 x2

( x  4)( x  5) ( x  1)( x  3) x  2
A  lw 2 x 2  14 x  24  ( x 2  x  2)  ( x 2  4 x  4)

 x   
x4 x5
x
 11x  22
( x  1)( x  2)( x  3)
x2 ( x  1)( x  2)( x  3)

( x  4)( x  5) 11( x  2)

( x  1)( x  2)( x  3)
91. x2  2x  1  11
2
3x  5 x  2 3x  1 x  2 ( x  1)( x  3)
 x2  2x
(3x  1)( x  2) (3 x  1)( x  2) 95. We recognize that this is the product of the sum and
x2  2 x difference of two terms ( A  B)( A  B)  A2  B 2 .


(3x  1)( x  2)
x( x  2)  x x 7  x 3 2  x x 7  x 3 2 
(3x  1)( x  2)  x2  9 LCD  ( x  7) 2 ( x  2)2
 x  x2 ( x  7) 2 ( x  2) 2
3x  1 x  2 ( x  2)2 2
 x 2
2
 9  ( x  7)
 x ( x  7) ( x  2)2 ( x  2) ( x  7)2
3x  1

Mid-Chapter Review 273
x 2 ( x  2) 2  9( x  7) 2 5 (a  b) (a 2  2ab  b 2 )
 
( x  7) 2 ( x  2) 2 (a  b) (a  b) (3a  b)(3a  b)
x ( x  4 x  4)  9( x 2  14  49)
2 2
5(a 2  2ab  b 2 )
 
( x  7)2 ( x  2) 2 (a  b)(3a  b)(3a  b)
2 3 2 2
 x  4 x  4 x 2 9 x  126 x  441
2 2
( x  7) ( x  2) 2 98. 2 x2  5 x  3  x  1  4 x  8 x  3  x  32
4 3 2 2x  9x  9 3  2x x3 9  4x
 x  4 x  5 x2  126 2x  441 2 (4 x 2
 8 x  3)( x  3)
( x  7) ( x  2)  2 x  5x  3  x  1 
(2 x  3)( x  3) 3  2 x ( x  3)(3  2 x)(3  2 x)
1 xy  ay  1  2 2
96.  2  2 x  5 x  3  1  x  1
ay  3a  2 xy  6 x a  4 x 2  y  3  (2 x  3)( x  3) 1 3  2 x
3 2
1 xy  ay  4 x  20 x  27 x  9
  2 ( x  3)(3  2 x)(3  2 x)
ay  3a  2 xy  6 x (a  4 x 2 )( y  3) 2 2
  2 x  5 x  3  x  1  4 x3  20 x 2  27 x  9
1 xy  ay
  (3  2 x)( x  3) 3  2 x ( x  3)(3  2 x)(3  2 x)
a( y  3)  2 x ( y  3) (a  2 x)(a  2 x)( y  3) 2 LCD  ( x  3)(3  2 x)(3  2 x)
1 xy  ay 2 ( x  3)(3  2 x)
 
( y  3)(a  2 x) (a  2 x)(a  2 x)( y  3) 2  2 x  5 x  3  3  2 x  x  1 
(3  2 x)( x  3) 3  2 x 3  2 x ( x  3)(3  2 x)
LCD  ( y  3) 2 (a  2 x)(a  2 x) 3 2
 4 x  20 x  27 x  9
1 ( y  3)(a  2 x) ( x  3)(3  2 x)(3  2 x)
  
( y  3)(a  2 x) ( y  3)(a  2 x) ( 4 x3  16 x 2  9 x  9  2 x3  x 2  12 x  9
xy  ay 
( x  3)(3  2 x)(3  2 x)
( y  3) 2 (a  2 x)(a  2 x) 4 x3  20 x 2  27 x  9)
ay  2 xy  3a  6 x  xy  ay 
 ( x  3)(3  2 x)(3  2 x)
( y  3) 2 (a  2 x)(a  2 x) 3
 2 x  3x 2  6 x  9
3 xy  3a  6 x ( x  3)(3  2 x)(3  2 x)
 ,
( y  3)2 (a  2 x)(a  2 x) x 2 (2 x  3)  3(2 x  3)
3( xy  a  2 x) 
or ( x  3)(3  2 x)(3  2 x)
( y  3) 2 (a  2 x)(a  2 x)
(2 x  3) ( x 2  3)

97.  a a b  a b b   3a1 b  92aa 6bb 
2 2

( x  3) (2 x  3) (3  2 x)
x2  3 , or  x2  3
a a (2a  6b) ( x  3)(3  2 x) ( x  3)(2 x  3)
 
(a  b)(3a  b) (a  b)(9a 2  b 2 )
b(2a  6b) 99. Answer mays vary. a  3b
 b  ab ba
(a  b)(3a  b) (a  b)(9a 2  b 2 )
a 2a 2  6ab 100.
  
(a  b)(3a  b) (a  b)(3a  b)(3a  b) 101. Writing Exercise. Both y1 and y2 are undefined when
 b  2ab  6b 2 x  5.
(a  b)(3a  b) (a  b)(3a  b)(3a  b)
LCD  (a  b)(a  b)(3a  b)(3a  b)
[a( a  b)(3a  b)  (2a 2  6ab)(a  b) Mid-Chapter Review

(a  b)( a  b)(3a  b)(3a  b)
1. a 2  a 2  5a
b(a  b)(3a  b)  (2ab  6b 2 )( a  b)] a  10 a 2  100

(a  b)(a  b)(3a  b)(3a  b) 2 2
 a  a 2  100
(3a3  2a 2b  ab 2  2a3  8a 2b  6ab 2 a  10 a  5a

(a  b)(a  b)(3a  b)(3a  b) a  a  (a  10)  (a  10)

b3  4ab 2  3a 2b  4ab 2  6b3  2a 2b) (a  10)  a  (a  5)
 a (a  10) a (a  10)
(a  b)(a  b)(3a  b)(3a  b)  
3 2 2 3 a (a  10) a5
 5a  15a b  5ab  5b a (a  10)
(a  b)(a  b)(3a  b)(3a  b) 
a5

2. 2  2 1 11. 5  10
x x x 2x  1 1  2x
 2 1  5  10 x  1 LCD  2 x  1
x x( x  1) 2 x  1 1  2 x 1
 2  x 1  1  5  10 x
x x  1 x( x  1) 2x  1
5(2 x  1)
 2x  2  1 
2x  1
x( x  1) x( x  1)
 5
 2x  3
x( x  1) 3  2  3  2  5
12.
x4 4 x x4 x4 x4
3. 3  2  3  x  2 5 LCD  5 x 2
5x x2 5x x x2 5 ( x  2)(2 x  3) ( x  2)( x  1)
13. 
 3x 210 ( x  1)( x  5) ( x  5)( x  3)
5x ( x  2)(2 x  3) ( x  5)( x  3)
 
( x  1)( x  5) ( x  2)( x  1)
4. 3  22  63
5x x 5x (2 x  3)( x  3) ( x  2)( x  5)
 
( x  1)( x  1) ( x  2)( x  5)
2
5. 3  22  3  x  3x  x  3 x (2 x  3)( x  3)

5x x 5 x 2 10 x 10 ( x  1)2
6. 3  22  3  x  22  5 LCD  5 x 2 14. a  b
5x x 5x x x 5 6a  9b 4a  6b
 3 x 210  a 2 b  3 LCD  6(2a  3b)
5x 3(2a  3b) 2 2(2a  3b) 3
2 ( x  3) ( x  2)  2a  3b
7. 2 x  6  x  2  6(2a  3b)
5 x  10 6 x  12 5 ( x  2)  2  3( x  2) 1
( x  3) 6

15( x  2) 2 2 ( x  4)( x  4) x 2
15. x 2  16  2 x 
8. 2  6  2  x5 x  x x  5 x  4 x( x  1)( x  4)( x  1)
x5 x5 x5 6 x( x  4)

2( x  5) ( x  1) 2
 1
3 2( x  5)
1 16. x 1  3 LCD  ( x  1)( x  2)( x  5)
3 x 2  7 x  10 x 2  x  2
x  1  x 1  x 1  3  x5
9. ( x  5)( x  2) x  1 ( x  2)( x  1) x  5
x  2 x 1
2
 x  x  1  1  x  2 LCD  ( x  2)( x  1)  x  2 x  1  3 x  15
x  2 x 1 x 1 x  2 ( x  1)( x  2)( x  5)
x( x  1)  ( x  2) x 2  5 x  14
 
( x  2)( x  1) ( x  1)( x  2)( x  5)
2
 x xx2 ( x  7) ( x  2)
( x  2)( x  1) 
2
( x  1) ( x  2) ( x  5)
 x  2x  2  x7
( x  2)( x  1) ( x  1)( x  5)
10. 2  3 2 3(u 2  1)
x3 x4 17. 3u  3  4u  4   3
 2  x  4  3  x  3 LCD  ( x  3)( x  4) 4 3 4 4(u  1)
x3 x4 x4 x3 9 (u  1) (u  1)
2( x  4)  3( x  3) 
 16 (u  1)
( x  3)( x  4)
9(u  1)
 2 x  8  3x  9 
16
( x  3)( x  4)
 5 x  17
( x  3)( x  4)

(t  5) (t  4) (t  5) 8. The LCD is x( x  1)( x  1).

18. (t 2  t  20)  t  5  x 1 x 1
t4 t4
x  x  x( x  1)( x  1)
 (t  5)2
x2 x2 x( x  1)( x  1)
2 2
2 x 1 x 1
19.  a 2 2a  1  (a 2  3a  2) Choice (b) is correct.
a 4
(a  1) ( a  1) 1 11
 
( a  2)( a  2) ( a  2) ( a  1) 9. 2 3
11
 a 1 4 6
( a  2)( a  2)2 13 12
Getting a common denominator
 2 3 3 2
2(2 x  7) x(3x  5) 1312 in numerator and in denominator
20. 2 x  7  3x  5   LCD  2 x 4 3 6 2
x 2 2x 2x
2 32
 4 x  14  3 x  5 x  6 6
2x 3  2
2
 3 x  9 x  14 12 12
2x 5
Adding in the numerator;
 6
1 subtracting in the denominator
Exercise Set 6.5 12
Multiplying by the reciprocal
 5  12
1. The expression given above is a complex rational 6 1 of the divisor
expression.  56 2
6
2. The expression 5 is the denominator of the above 
5 6  2
x 6
expression.  10
3. The least common denominator of the rational
expressions within the expression above is 3x. 2 1 4  1
10. 5 10  10 10  3  60  18
7  4 21  16 10 5 5
4. To simplify, we can multiply by the reciprocal of 5 . 20 15 60 60
x
5. The LCD is the LCM of x, 2, and 3. It is 6x. 1 1
11. 4 LCD is 4.
11 11
2 3
x 2  x 2  6x 4
1  1 1  1 6x
3 x 3 x 1 1
 4  4 Multiplying by 4
Choice (b) is correct. 2 3 4 4
4
6. We get a single rational expression in the numerator
and another in the denominator.

 
1  1 4 Multiplying numerator and
4
11 121x
x 2 x 2 2 x
 
2  3 4 denominator by 4
4
11 1 x  13 1 4  1  4
3 x 3 x x 3  4
Choice (a) is correct. 2 4  3  4
4
7. We get a single rational expression in the numerator  4 1
and another in the denominator. 83
x 1  5
11
x  x  1  x2
x2 x x2  1 3 1 3 1
2
x 1 12. 4 4  4  12  1  13
Choice (a) is correct. 1 1 1 1 4 4  2 6
2 2

xx xx a5

13. 4  4  4 x LCD is 4 x
2 3(a  5)
4  x 4  x 4x 20. a  a 2 5  3a 
a2 a a  2 a(a  2)
x x 3a
 4  
x  x (4 x)
x3 x3

4  x (4 x)
x  21. 6 x  6 x  6 x
1  1 1  1 6x
LCD is 6 x
x 2
 4x2 3 x 3 x
 x  6x  3  6x
16  4 x 2
2  6 x
 5x 2 1  6x  1  6x
16  4 x 3 x
2
 x  18
2
 5x 2
4(4  x ) 2x  6
2
 x  18
12 12 2( x  3)
14. c  c  c  1  2c
1  5 1  5 c 1  5c 2 x 2 x
c c
22. x 4  x 4  4 x  8  x2
3 2 3  2 4 x 3x  8
15. Multiply by the reciprocal of the divisor. 4 x 4 x
x2
x  1  x  2  x  3  ( x  2)( x  3) 11 11
x  4 x  1 x  4 ( x  1)( x  4) 23. s 5  s 5  5s LCD is 5s
x3 s5 s  5 5s
s s
x 1 1  5s  1  5s
16.  3  x  1  x  2 
( x  1)( x  2)  s 5
 
x
x  6 x  3 x  6 ( x  3)( x  6) s  5 (5s )
x2 s
 5s
10 10 ( s  5)(5)
17. t  t  t2  ( s  5)
2 5 2  5 t2 
t ( s  5) (5)
t 2
t2 t
10  t 2  1
 t 5

2  5 t2
t2 t  11 11
 10t 24. 9 n  9 n  9n  n  9
2  t2  5  t2 n  9 n  9 9n (n  9)(n)
t 9 9
t2
 10 t , or 10t 1 1 1 1
2  5t 5t  2 2
t2 2
25. t   t2 LCD is t 2
1 1 1 1 t
5 2 5 2 t t
x x2 x x2 x2 5x  2 1  t 2  1 t 2
18.   2
2 2 x 2 2
2 2 t
x x 1  t 2  1 t 2
t
19. Multiply by the reciprocal of the divisor. 2
2a  5  1  t2
3a  2a  5  6a t t
2
a7 3a a  7  1 t
6a t (1  t )
(2a  5)  2  3a

3a  (a  7) 2 1 2 1
(2a  5)  2  3a 26. x  x  x2
 2  12 2  12 x
2
3a  (a  7)
x x
2(2a  5) 2

a7  2x 2  x
2x  1
x(2 x  1)

2 x2  1

27. Multiply by the reciprocal of the divisor. 5  3 5  2  3  x2

x2 32. 4 x 3 8x
4
 x
3 2 8x
x2
x  y2
2 2 x y 3  3 2
3  2x  3
 2x 2  2x 4x
x x y x 2 x 2 x 2 4 x3
x y
10  3 x 2
x2 ( x  y) 3
 2  82x
( x  y 2 )( x) 6x  3
x  x  ( x  y) 4 x3
 2 3
( x  y )( x  y )( x)  10  33 x  42x
x  x  ( x  y) 8x 6x  3

( x  y )( x  y )( x ) 4 x3 (10  3 x 2 )

 x 2  4 x3  3(2 x 2  1)
x y 2
 10 23 x
6(2 x  1)
a 2  b2
28. ab  a 2  b 2  b x  3
ab ab ab 5 y 3 10 y
b 33.
3  x
( a  b) ( a  b )  b 10 y 5 y 3

a  b  ( a  b) Observe that, by the commutative law of addition, the
 a  b numerator and denominator are equivalent, so the
a result is 1.
7 4 7 4 a  4 a  4
2 c c 2 c c3 3
9b 2  6b3 9b 2  18b3  3a  8b
29. c   LCD is c3 34. 6b
6 3 6  3 c3 5  1 5  1 18b3 15b 2  2
c c3 c c3 6b 9b3 6b 9b3
7  c3  4  c3
c 2 c 3  4 3  a 2  4  b3
 4
6  c3  3  c3
35. ab a b  ab 4 a 2 a 3b b3
3
c c3 5  3 5  3  a2
 7 c  4 c 2
a 3b ab a3b ab a 2
6c 2  3
c (4c  7) 3a 2  4b3
 3 4
3(2c 2  1)  ab 2
5  3a
4 1 4  1 a3b
2 3 3
30. t
3
t 2  t3 t 2  t3  4  t  4  t  3a 3 44b  a b 2
3 5 3  5 t 3 3t 2  5t t (3t  5) ab 5  3a
t t2 t t2 a3b (3a 2  4b3 )

a3b  b3 (5  3a 2 )
2  1 2  2  1  a3 2 3
31. 7 a
4 14a
 7a
4 2 14a
a3  33a  4b2
3  2 3 3 2 a b (5  3a )
5a 2 15a 5a 2 3 15a a
2  3
4  a3
4 x 2 y xy 2
 14a 36.
3  2
9  2a
xy 2 x 2 y
15a 2
3 2 Observe that, by the commutative law of addition, the
 4  a4  15a numerator and denominator are equivalent, so the
14a 9  2 a
result is 1.
2
15  a (4  a 3 )

14a 2  a 2 (9  2a )
15(4  a3 )

14a 2 (9  2a )

t 9 1 1 1 a  1ah
t  9 tt 
37. t  t 41. a  h a  a  h a a ah
t 4 tt  4 h h
t t t a  ( a  h)
t2  9 a ( a  h)

 2t h
t 4 h
t a ( a  h)
t 2
 9 t 
 h
t t2  4 h
2  1
t (t  9) a ( a  h) h

t (t 2  4)  1
2 a ( a  h)
 t2  9
t 4
(t  3)(t  3) 1 1 1  x  1 xh
 x  h x x  h x x xh
t2  4 42. 
h h
2
x  ( x  h)
s 2 s s  2 s 2 x ( x  h)
38. s  s s  2s 
h
s  3 s s  3 s 3 h
s s s s
2 x( x  h)
 s  2  2 s 
s s 3 h
h
1
2
s ( s  2) 
 x ( x  h) h
s ( s 2  3)
2  1
 s2  2 x ( x  h)
s 3
11
y x 1  y 1
1 y  1 y  1 43.  2
x y xy
 LCD  xy
y y y y y 2
x y 2
x  y 2 xy
39.  
y  y 1 y 1 y
y  1 xy xy
y y y yx
 2
y2  1 x  y2
y x y
 2 
y 1 ( x  y) ( x  y)
y
y2  1 y  1
  2 x y
y y 1
y ( y 2  1) 11
1 1
 44. a 2  b 2  a2 b2  ab LCD  ab
y ( y 2  1) a b a  b ab
y2  1 ab ab

y2  1  b2  a 2
a b
 ab
1 x 1 x x  1 ( a  b)( a  b)
40. x  x  x  x x
x  x 1 x  1 x  x  1  1
x x x ab
x2  1
 2x
x 1
x
2
 x 2
 1  x  x ( x  1)
x 2 2
x  1 x ( x  1)
2
 x2  1
x 1

t 5 3 t 5 3 x  2 1
t  t  t LCD is t 2
45. 51. x  3 x  4 x  3x  4
t 2 1 t 2 t 1 x 3
t t 
x2  6 x  8 x2  6 x  8
t t  5t  3 t
 t x 1
2
t t  2t  1t  x  3x  4
t x3
2
t
 2  5t  3 x2  6 x  8
t  2t  1 x 1 ( x  4)( x  2)
2 = 
 t  5t 2 3 ( x  4)( x  1) x3
(t  1) ( x  1) ( x  4) ( x  2)
=
( x  4) ( x  1) ( x  3)
a 3 2 a 3 2
46. a= a  a  a 2  3a  2  (a  1)(a  2)  x2
a  2  5 a  2  5 a a  2a  5 a  2a  5
2 2 x3
a a
x  2 6
2
x2 1 x2 1 52. x  5 x  6 x  5x  6
47. x= xx x 2

x5 4 x5 4 x x2  5x  4 x2  5x  4
x x
x x  2 x  1  x x6
x 2
  x  5x  6
x x  5 x  4  x x2
x x2  5x  4
2
x
 2  2 x  1 x6 ( x  1)( x  4)
= 
x  5x  4 ( x  6)( x  1) x2
( x  6) ( x  1) ( x  4)
x  3  2 x  x  3 x  2 =
48. x= x x x ( x  6) ( x  1) ( x  2)
x4 3 x  4 x  3
x
x x x x  x4
x2  3x  2 x2
 2 x 53. Writing Exercise. Yes; Method 2, multiplying by the
x  4x  3 LCD, does not require division of rational
x expressions.
2
 x  3 x2 x
x x2  4 x  3 54. Writing Exercise. In Method 2, if there is a sum or a
2 difference in the numerator or denominator, the
 x2  3x  2 distributive law is used when we multiply by a factor
x  4x  3
equal to 1. The distributive law is also used when we
a2  4 simplify by removing a factor equal to 1.
2 (a  2)(a  2) (a  1)(a  7)
49. a 2  3a  2 =  55. 6 x3  9 x 2  4 x  6  3 x 2 (2 x  3)  2(2 x  3)
a  5a  6 ( a  2)(a  1) (a  1)(a  6)
a 2  6a  7  (2 x  3)(3 x 2  2)
(a  2) (a  2) (a  1) (a  7)
= 56. 12a 2b  4ab 2  8ab  4ab(3a  b  2)
(a  2) (a  1) (a  1)(a  6)
(a  2)(a  7) 57. 30n3  3n 2  9n  3n(10n 2  n  3)

(a  1)(a  6)  3n(2n  1)(5n  3)
x 2  x  12 58. 25a 2  40ab  16b 2  (5a  4b) 2

2 ( x  3)( x  4) ( x  2)( x  7)
50. 2  2 x  15 =
x 
x  8 x  12 ( x  3)( x  5) ( x  6)( x  2) 59. n 4  1  (n 2  1)(n 2  1)
x 2  5 x  14  (n 2  1)(n  1)(n  1)
( x  3) ( x  4) ( x  2) ( x  7)
=
( x  3) ( x  5)( x  6) ( x  2) 60. p 2 w2  2 pw  120  ( pw  10)( pw  12)
( x  4)( x  7)
 61. Writing Exercise. Although either method could be
( x  5)( x  6)
used, Method 2 requires fewer steps.

62. Writing Exercise. Since there is a single rational 2x  7  0

expression in the numerator and in the denominator, 2x  7
Method 2 would be used. x7
2
x5
63. x 6 Then we find the value of x for which 4 x  8  0 :
x7 5 15
x 8 4x  8  0
This expression is undefined for any value of x that 5 15
makes a denominator 0. We see that x  6  0 when
x  6, x  7  0 when x  7, and x  8  0 when
15 4

x
5 15 
 8  15  0
12 x  8  0
x  8, so the expression is undefined for the x-values 12 x  8
6, 7, and 8.
x 2
x 1 3
x2 The expression is undefined for the
64.
x3 x-values 7 and 2 .
x4 2 3
This expression is undefined for any value of x that 67. For the complex rational expression
makes a denominator 0. We see that x  2  0 A A  BD
when x  2, x  3  0 when x  3, and x  4  0 B  B LCD is BD.
C C  BD
when x  4, so the expression is undefined for the D D
x-values –2, –3, and –4. ABD
ABD
B
2x  3  B 
5 x4 CBD BC D
65. D
3  x2 D
7 21  AD
This expression is undefined for any value of x that BC
makes a denominator 0. First we find the value of x  A D
for which 5 x  4  0. B C
 
2  2   2 
5x  4  0 P 1 i P 1  i  i  P 1  i  i 
5 x  4 12  6 144    6 144 
68. 
 
2
x 4 
1  i  1 1  i  i   1
2  i  i2
5 12  6 144  6 144
2 i i i
Then we find the value of x for which 3  x  0 : 12 12 12
7 21
 2   2 
3  x2  0 P 1  i  i  P 1  i  i 
7 21   6 144    6 144 
 3 x2 
21    21  0
 7 21 
i
 
i 2  12
 6 144  i
   2 i
12
 2   2 
2
21   21  x  0
3 P 1  i  i  144 P 1  i  i 
7 21  6 144  144  6 144 
  
9  x2  0 2 i 144 144  2  i 
(3  x)(3  x)  0 12  12 
x  3 or 3 P (144  24i  i 2 )

The expression is undefined for the 288  12i
x-values  4 , –3 and 3. P (12  i )2 P(i  12) 2
 , or
5 12(24  i ) 12(i  24)
3x  5 x  3 x  3
66. 2 x  7 69. x  5 x  2  x  5 x  2  ( x  5)( x  2)
4x  8 2  x 2  x ( x  5)( x  2)
5 15 x2 x5 x2 x5
This expression is undefined for any value of x that x( x  2)  3( x  5)

makes a denominator 0. First we find the value of x 2( x  5)  x( x  2)
2
for which 2 x  7  0.  x  2 x  32x  15
2 x  10  x  2 x
2
 x  25 x  15
 x  10

Connecting the Concepts 281
z  2z z  2z 1  1  12  13 1  1  12  13 4
1 z 2  2z  z y y y y y y y
2  2z 74.   4 LCD  y 4
70.  2  2z 1 41 1 4 1 y
2z  3 2 z  15 z  6
y y
5z  2 5z  2
z  2z y 4  y3  y 2  y
2 z 
y4  1
  2z
2
y ( y  1)( y 2  1)
13 z  6  2
5z  2 ( y  1)( y 2  1)
z  2  2z  2z y ( y  1)( y 2  1)
 2 z  2
13z  6 ( y  1)( y  1)( y  1)
5z  2 
y
z (2  2 z )  2 z (2  z ) y 1
 2 z
13 z  6 1 1 ( x  1)(3 x  2)
75.  
5z  2 2  1 2  1 ( x  1)(3 x  2)
2z  2z2  4z  2z2 x  1 3x  2 x  1 3x  2
 2 z ( x  1)(3 x  2)

2 z
13z  6
5z  2  
2  1 ( x  1)(3 x  2)
x  1 3x  2
( x  1)(3 x  2)

 2  z  2 z  5 z  2 2 ( x  1)(3 x  2)  1 ( x  1)(3x  2)
13z  6 2  z 13z  6
x 1 3x  2
5z  2 ( x  1)(3 x  2)
2 z (5 z  2) 
 2(3 x  2)  ( x  1)
(2  z )(13 z  6)
( x  1)(3 x  2)

5 6x  4  x  1
 x  1  1 ( x  1)(3 x  2)
  
71.  x  1  5x  3
x 1 1
 x  1 
76. Writing Exercise. When a variable appears only in the
Consider the numerator of the complex rational numerator(s) of the rational expression(s) that are in
expression: the numerator of the complex rational expression,
x 1 1  11  0 there will be no restrictions on the variable.
x 1
Since the denominator, x  1  1 is not equal to 0, the Connecting the Concepts
x 1
simplified form of the original expression is 0.
1. Expression; 2  3
72. 1  1 1 1 1 1 5n 2 n  1
1 1 1 1 1 x 2  3
1 1 x 1 x 1 5n 2 n  1
x x 2(2n  1)  
1 1 1 1   3 5n LCD  5n(2n  1)
x 1 x 2x  1 5n(2n  1) 5n(2n  1)
x 1 x 1  4n  2  15n
 1  x  1  2x  1  x  1 5n(2n  1)
2x  1 2x  1 2x  1  19n  2
 3x  1 5n(2n  1)
2x  1
2. Equation;
1  252 1  252 2
3  1  1 Note y  0
73. x  x  x2 LCD  x 2 y 4 y
1  2  152 1  2  152 x
x x x x 4 y   1   4 y  1 
 3 LCD  4 y
2  y 4  y
 2  25
x
12  y  4
x  2 x  15  y  8
( x  5) ( x  5)
 y8
( x  5) ( x  3) The solution is 8.
 5
x
x3

3. Equation; 3  2  x , LCD = 30
5  3 Note that x  2, 3 5 3 6
x3 x2
( x  2)( x  3)  5  ( x  2)( x  3)  3
 
30 3  2  30  x
5 3 6
x3 x2 30  3  30  2  30  x
LCD is ( x  2)( x  3) 5 3 6
5( x  2)  3( x  3) 18  20  5 x
5 x  10  3 x  9 2  5 x
5 x  3x  1 2  x
2 x  1 5
x 1 Check:
2 32 x
5 3 6
4. Expression;
32 2
8t  8  t 2  1  8(t  1)(t  1)(t  1) 5
5 3
2t 2  t  1 t 2  2t  1 (2t  1)(t  1)(t  1)(t  1) 6
8(t  1)
 18  20 2  1
(2t  1)(t  1) 30 30 5 6
?
5. Expression 2 
  2 TRUE
30 30
2a  4 a  2a  4 a
a  1 1  a2 a  1 a2  1 This checks, so the solution is  2 .
2a (a  1)  4a 5
 LCD  (a  1)(a  1)
( a  1)( a  1) 6. Because no variable appears in a denominator, no
2 restrictions exist.
 2 a  2a  4 a
(a  1)(a  1) 5  3  x , LCD = 40
2 8 5 10
 2a  2a
(a  1)(a  1)
2a (a  1)
 
40 5  3  40  x
8 5 10
 40  5  40  3  40  x
(a  1)(a  1) 8 5 10
 2a 25  24  4 x
a 1 1  4x
1x
6. Equation; 20  x Note x  0 4
x 5
20 Check:
5x   5 x  x LCD  5 x
x 5 53 x
100  x 2 8 5 10
0  x 2  100 53 1
4
0   x  10 x  10 8 5
10
x  10  0 or x  10  0 25  24 1  1
x  10 or x  10 40 40 4 10
The solutions are –10 and 10. ?
1  1 TRUE
40 40
Exercise Set 6.6 This checks, so the solution is 1 .
4
1. The statement is false. See Example 2(c).
7. Note that t cannot be 0.
2. The statement is true. See Example 2(b). 1  1  1 , LCD  48t
3. The statement is true. 8 12 t
4. The statement is true. The examples in this section  1

8 12 
48t  1  48t  1
t
demonstrate this. 48t  1  48t  1  48t  1
8 12 t
5. Because no variable appears in a denominator, no 6t  4t  48
restrictions exist. 10t  48
t  24
5

Check: 10. Note that x cannot be 0.

1 1 1 x  7  0, LCD  7 x
8 12 t 7 x
1 1
8 12
1
24  
7x x  7  7x  0
7 x
5 7x   7x  7  7x  0
x
3  2 1 5 7 x
24 24 24 x 2  49  0
?
5  5 TRUE ( x  7)( x  7)  0
24 24 x70 or x  7  0
This checks, so the solution is 24 . x  7 or x7
5
Check:
8. Note that t cannot be 0. x70 x70
1  1  1 , LCD  30t 7 x 7 x
6 10 t 7  7 0 77 0
7 7 7 7
30t  1  1   30t  1 1  1 11
 6 10  t
? ?
30t  1  30t  1  30t  1 0  0 TRUE 0  0 TRUE
6 10 t Both of these check, so the two solutions are –7 and 7.
5t  3t  30
8t  30 11. Note that x cannot be 0.
t  15 2  5  1 , LCD  4 x
4 x x 4
Check:
1 1 1 x  
4x  2  4x 5  1
x 4
6 10 t 4x  2  4x  5  4x  1
1 1 1 x x 4
6 10 15 8  20  x
4 12   x
5  3 1 4 12  x
30 30 15
? Check: 2  5  1
4  4 TRUE x x 4
15 15 2 5 1
12 12 4
This checks, so the solution is 15 . 5  3
4
12 12
9. Note that x cannot be 0. ?
2  2 TRUE
x  6  0, LCD  6 x 12 12
6 x This checks, so the solution is 12.
6 x  x  6   6 x  0 12. Note that t cannot be 0.
 6 x
3  4  1 , LCD  5t
x
6x   6x  6  6x  0
6 x t t 5
x 2  36  0
( x  6)( x  6)  0 t  
5t  3  5t 4  1
t 5
x60 or x  6  0
5t  3  5t  4  5t  1
t t 5
x  6 or x6 15  20  t
Check: 5  t
x60 x60 t5
6 x 6 x Check:
6  6 0 66 0 3 41
6 6 6 6 t t 5
1  1 11 3 41
? ? 5 5 5
0  0 TRUE 0  0 TRUE ?
3  3 TRUE
Both of these check, so the two solutions are –6 and 6.
5 5
This checks, so the solution is 5.

13. Note that t cannot be 0. 16. Note that x cannot be 0.

5  3  1, LCD  3t x  18 , LCD  2 x
3t t 2 x
 
3t 5  3  3t  1
3t t
2 x  x  2 x  18
2 x
3t   3t  3  3t  1
5 x 2  36
3t t x 2  36  0
5  9  3t
 x  6 x  6  0
14  3t
14  t x60 or x  6  0
3 x  6 or x6
5  3 1 This checks, so the solutions are –6 and 6.
Check:
3t t
17. Note that y cannot be 0.
5  3 1
3  14 14 y  4  5, LCD is y.
3 3 y
5  9
14 14 y  y    y  ( 5)
 4
?  y
1 1 TRUE y  y  y  4  5 y
y
This checks, so the solution is 14 .
3 y 2  4  5 y
14. Note that x cannot be 0. y2  5 y  4  0
3  5  1, LCD  4 x ( y  4)( y  1)  0
4x x y40 or y  1  0
 
4x 3  5  4x 1
4x x
y  4 or y  1
Both numbers check, so the solutions are –4 and –1.
4 x  3  4x  5  4x 1
4x x 18. Note that n cannot be 0.
3  20  4 x
n  3  4, LCD is n.
23  4 x n
23  x
4   3
n n   n  ( 4)
n
Check: 3  5 1 n  n  n  3  4n
4x x n
3  5 1 n 2  3  4n
4  23 23 n 2  4n  3  0
4 4
3  20 (n  3)(n  1)  0
23 23 n3 0 or n  1  0
?
1 1 TRUE n  3 or n  1
Both numbers check, so the solutions are –3 and –1.
4 19. To avoid the division by 0, we must have n  6  0,
15. Note that x cannot be 0. or n  6.
12  x , LCD  3 x n  2  1 , LCD  2(n  6)
x 3 n6 2
12
3x   3x  x 2(n  6)  n  2  2(n  6)  1
x 3 n6 2
36  x 2 2(n  2)  n  6
0  x 2  36 2n  4  n  6
0   x  6 x  6 n  10
Check:
x60 or x  6  0
n2  1
x  6 or x6
n6 2
This checks, so the solutions are –6 and 6. 10  2 1
10  6 2
8
16
?
1  1 TRUE
2 2
This checks, so the solution is –10.

20. To avoid division by 0, we must have 25. Because no variable appears in a denominator, no
a  6  0, or a  6. restrictions exist.
a  4  1 , LCD  3(a  6) a  a  1 , LCD  30
a6 3 6 10 6
3(a  6)  a  4  3(a  6)  1
a6 3 6 10 
30 a  a  30  1
6
3(a  4)  a  6
3a  12  a  6 30  a  30  a  30  1
6 10 6
2a  18 5a  3a  5
a9 2a  5
This checks.
a5
21. Note that x cannot be 0. 2
x  12  7, LCD is x This checks, so the solution is 5 .

x 2
 
x x  12  x  (7)
x 26. Because no variable appears in a denominator, no
restrictions exist.
x  x  x  12  7 x
x t  t  1 , LCD  24
x 2  12  7 x 8 12 8
x 2  7 x  12  0
( x  4)( x  3)  0
8 12 
24 t  t  24  1
8
x40 or x  3  0 24   24   24  1
t t
x  4 or x  3 8 12 8
3t  2t  3
Both numbers check, so the solutions are –4 and –3. t3
22. Note that x cannot be 0. This checks.
x  8  9 27. Because no variable appears in a denominator, no

x restrictions exist.
 x
x x  8  x  (9) x  1  1  x  1 , LCD  6
3 2
 
x 2  8  9 x
x2  9 x  8  0 6 x 1 1  6 x 1
3 2
( x  8)( x  1)  0 
6 x 1  6 1  6   1
x
x8 0 or x  1  0 3 2
x  8 or x  1 2( x  1)  6  3( x  1)
Both numbers check, so the solutions are –8 and –1. 2 x  2  6  3x  3
2 x  4  3x  3
23. To avoid division by 0, we must have x  4  0 and 1  x
x  1  0, or x  4 and x  1. This checks, so the solution is –1.
3  5 , LCD  ( x  4)( x  1) 28. Because no variable appears in a denominator, no
x  4 x 1 restrictions exist.
( x  4)( x  1)  3  ( x  4)( x  1)  5 x  2  1  x  2 , LCD  20
x4 x 1 5 4
 
3( x  1)  5( x  4)
20 x  2  1  20  x  2
3 x  3  5 x  20 5 4
23  2 x x  2 x  2
23  x 20   20  1  20 
5 4
2 4( x  2)  20  5( x  2)
This checks, so the solution is 23 . 4 x  8  20  5 x  10
2 4 x  12  5 x  10
2  x
24. To avoid division by 0, we must have x  3  0 and This checks, so the solution is –2.
1  4 , LCD  ( x  3)( x  1)
x  3 x 1
( x  3)( x  1)  1  ( x  3)( x  1)  4
x3 x 1
x  1  4( x  3)
x  1  4 x  12
13  3 x
13  x
3
This checks.

29. To avoid division by 0, we must have y  3  0, or n  1  n  3 , LCD  (n  2)(n  1)

y  3. n  2 n 1
y3 (n  2)(n  1)  n  1  ( n  2)(n  1)  n  3
 6 , LCD  y  3 n2 n 1
y3 y3 (n  1)(n  1)  ( n  2)(n  3)
y3 n 2  2n  1  n 2  n  6
( y  3)   ( y  3)  6
y3 y 3 3n  7
y3 6
n 7
y3 3
Because of the restriction y  3, the number 3 must This checks, so the solution is  7 .
be rejected as a solution. The equation has no 3
solution.
34. To avoid division by 0, we must have n  3  0 and
30. To avoid division by 0, we must have n  2  0, or n  3 and n  2 .
a  7  0, or a  7. n  2  n  1 , LCD  (n  3)(n  2)
3  a  10 , LCD  a  7 n3 n2
a7 a7 (n  3)(n  2)  n  2  (n  3)(n  2)  n  1
(a  7)  3   a  7   a  10 n3 n2
a7 a7 (n  2)(n  2)  (n  3)(n  1)
3  a  10 n 2  4  n 2  2n  3
7  a 1  2n
Because of the restriction a  7, the number –7 1n
must be rejected as a solution. The equation has no 2
solution.
31. To avoid division by 0, we must have 2
x  4  0 and x  0, or x  4 and x  0. 35. To avoid division by 0, we must have t  2  0 , or
3  5 , LCD  x( x  4) t  2.
x4 x 5  3t  4 , LCD is (t  2) 2
x( x  4)  3  x( x  4)  5 t  2 t  2 t 2  4t  4
 
x4 x
3 x  5( x  4) (t  2) 2 5  3t  (t  2)2  4 2
t2 t2 (t  2)
3 x  5 x  20
2 x  20 5(t  2)  3t (t  2)  4
x  10 5t  10  3t 2  6t  4
This checks, so the solution is –10. 3t 2  t  10  4
32. To avoid division by 0, we must have 3t 2  t  14  0
x  3  0 and x  0, or x  3 and x  0. (t  2)(3t  7)  0
2  7 , LCD  x( x  3) t20 or 3t  7  0
x3 x t  2 or 3t  7
x( x  3)  2  x( x  3)  7 t  2 or t7
x3 x 3
2 x  7( x  3)
Both numbers check. The solutions are –2 and 7 .
2 x  7 x  21 3
21  5 x
36. To avoid division by 0, we must have t  3  0 , or
 21  x
5 t  3.
This checks, so the solution is  21 . 4  2t  12 , LCD is (t  3) 2
5 t  3 t  3 t 2  6t  9
33. To avoid division by 0, we must have n  2  0 and (t  3)2  4  2t   (t  3) 2  12 2
 t  3 t  3 (t  3)
n  1  0, or n  2 and n  1. 4(t  3)  2t (t  3)  12
4t  12  2t 2  6t  12
2t 2  2t  24  0
2(t  3)(t  4)  0
t3 0 or t  4  0
t  3 or t4
Both numbers check. The solutions are –3 and 4.

37. To avoid division by 0, we must have x  5  0 and 6  2 x

x  5  0, or x  5 and x  5. 3  x
x  5  14 , LCD  ( x  5)( x  5) This checks, so the solution is –3.
x  5 x  5 x 2  25 41. To avoid division by 0, we must have t  3  0 and

 x  5 x  5 x  5
x5 x5  t  3  0, or t  3 and t  3.
5  30  1, LCD is (t  3)(t  3)
 14  x  5 x  5 t  3 t2  9
 x  5 x  5
 
x( x  5)  5( x  5)  14 (t  3)(t  3)   5  230   (t  3)(t  3) 1
 t  3 t  9
x 2  5 x  5 x  25  14 5(t  3)  30  (t  3)(t  3)
x 2  10 x  39  0 5t  15  30  t 2  9
 x  3 x  13  0
0  t 2  5t  6
x3 0 or x  13  0 0  (t  3)(t  2)
x  3 or x  13
t 3 0 or t20
Both numbers check. The solutions are –3 and 13.
t3 or t2
38. To avoid division by 0, we must have x  1  0 and Because of the restriction t  3, we must reject the
x  1  0 , or x  1 and x  1. number 3 as a solution. The number 2 checks, so it is
5  2x  1 , the solution.
x  1 x2  1 x  1
LCD is ( x  1)( x  1) 42. To avoid division by 0, we must have y  3  0 and
 5  y  3  0, or y  3 and y  3.
( x  1)( x  1)    2 x  ( x  1)( x  1)  1
 x  1 x 2  1 x 1 1  1  1 ,
5( x  1)  2 x  x  1 y 3 y 3 y2 9
5x  5  2 x  x  1 LCD is ( y  3)( y  3)
7x  5  x  1 
( y  3)( y  3) 1  1   ( y  3)( y  3) 1
6x  4  y  3 y  3 ( y  3)( y  3)
x 2 y  3 y  3 1
3 2 y 1
This checks, so the solution is . 2 y 1
3 2
39. To avoid division by 0, we must have x  3  0 and 43. To avoid division by 0, we must have 6  a  0 (or
x  2  0, or x  3 and x  2. equivalently a  6  0 ) or a  6.
3  5  5x , 7  a 1
x  3 x  2 x2  x  6 6a a6
LCD is ( x  2)( x  3) 1  7  a  1
 
1 6  a a  6
( x  2)( x  3) 3  5  5x ( x  2)( x  3) 7  a  1 , LCD  a  6
x  3 x  2  x  2 x  3 a6 a6
3( x  2)  5( x  3)  5 x
3 x  6  5 x 15  5 x (a  6)  7  (a  6)  a  1
8x  9  5x a6 a6
7  a  1
9  3 x
8  a
3 x This checks, so the solution is –8.
Thus, we have x  3, but because of the restriction
x  3, this cannot be a solution. The equation has no 44. To avoid division by 0, we must have t  10  0 (or
solution. equivalent 10  t  0 ), or t  10.
t  12  1
40. To avoid division by 0, we must have x  2  0 and t  10 10  t
x  4  0 , or x  2 and x  4. t  12  1  1
2  1  x t  10 1 10  t
, t  12  1 , LCD  t  10
x  2 x  4 x 2  2 x 8
LCD is ( x  4)( x  2) t  10 t  10
 t  10  t  12   t  10  1 .
( x  4)( x  2)  2 
x2 x4
1
 ( x  4)( x  2) x
( x  4)( x  2)
t  10
t  12  1
t  10
2( x  4)  x  2  x t  11
2 x 8 x  2  x This checks.
3x  6  x

2  x and then proceed to find the value(s) of the variable

45.
x2 x2 for which the equation is true.
To avoid division by 0, we must have x  2  0 , or 51. To find x-intercept, set y = 0 and solve for x.
x  2 . Now observe that the denominators are the 6 x  0  18
same, so the numerators must be the same. Thus, we 6 x  18
have 2  x , but because of the restriction x  2 x3
this cannot be a solution. The equation has no The x-intercept is (3, 0).
solution. To find y-intercept, set x = 0 and solve for y.
3  x 6  0  y  18
46. y  18
2x  6 2x  6
To avoid division by 0, we must have 2 x  6  0 , or The y-intercept is (0, –18).
x  3 . Now observe that the denominators are the
same, so the numerators must be the same. Thus, we 52. m  1  0  1
3  6 9
have 3  x , but because of the restriction x  3 this
cannot be a solution. The equation has no solution. 53. 2 x  y  5
y  2 x  5
47. To avoid division by 0, we must have 3x  3  0 and From slope-intercept form, slope is –2, and y-intercept
2 x  2  0, or x  1 and x  1. is (0, 5).
5  1  1 , LCD is 6( x  1)( x 1)
3 x  3 2 x  2 x 2 1 54. Yes. Since y  2  x has slope –1, and 3x  3 y  7
has slope –1, then the lines are parallel.
6( x  1)( x 1)  5  1 
 3( x  1) 2( x 1)  55. Using slope-intercept form,
 1 6( x  1)( x  1) y  mx  b
 x  1 x  1
y 1x2
2(5)( x  1)  3( x  1)  6 3
10 x  10  3x  3  6
13 x  7  6 56. y   5  4  x  1
13x  13
57. Writing Exercise. Begin with an equation. Then
x 1
divide on both sides of the equation by an expression
Thus, we have x  1, but because of the restriction whose value is zero for at least one solution of the
x  1, this cannot be a solution. The equation has no equation. See Exercises 45–48 for examples.
solution.
58. Writing Exercise. Graph each side of the equation and
48. To avoid division by 0, we must have x  2  0 and determine the number of points of intersection of the
x  2  0, or x  2 and x  2. graphs.
4  1  2  0, 59. To avoid division by 0, we must have x  3  0 , or
x 2  4 x  2 3x  6 x  3.
LCD is 3( x  2)( x  2)
1  x  1  2  x, LCD  x  3
3( x  2)( x  2)  4  1  2  0 x3 x3
 ( x  2)( x  2) ( x  2) 3( x  2) 
3(4)  3( x  2)  2( x  2)  0   
( x  3) 1  x  1  ( x  3) 2  x
x3 x3 
12  3 x  6  2 x  4  0 ( x  3)  1  ( x  3)  x  1  ( x  3)  2  ( x  3) x
5 x  10  0 x3 x3
5 x  10 x  3  x  1  2  x 2  3x
x  2 2 x  4  2  x 2  3x
2
Thus, we have x  2, but because of the restriction x  x6  0
x  2, this cannot be a solution. The equation has ( x  2)( x  3)  0
no solution. x20 or x3 0
x  2 or x3
49. Writing Exercise. When solving rational equations,
we multiply each side by the LCM of the Because of the restriction x  3 , we must reject the
denominators in order to clear fractions. number 3 as a solution. The number –2 checks, so it is
the solution.
50. Writing Exercise. When adding rational expressions,
we use the LCD to write an expression equivalent to
the sum of the given expressions. When solving
rational equations, we use the LCD to clear fractions

60. To avoid division by 0, we must have y  2  0 and x( x  2)  ( x  1)( x  1)  2 x( x  4)

y  2  0, or y  2 and y  2. x2  2 x  x2  1  2 x2  8x
4  3  5  2y , 2 x2  2 x  1  2 x2  8x
y  2 y2  4 y  2 y2  4 1  6 x
LCD is ( y  2)( y  2) 1  x
6
( y  2)( y  2)  4  3 
 y  2 ( y  2)( y  2)  This checks, so the solution is  1 .
6
 2y 
 ( y  2)( y  2)  5 
 y  2 ( y  2)( y  2)  63. To avoid division by 0, we must have a  3  0 , or
4( y  2)  3  5( y  2)  2 y a  3 .
4 y  8  3  5 y  10  2 y 2
4 y  11  7 y  10 7  a  2  a  4  5, LCD  a  3
a3 a3
 
21  3 y  2 
7 y (a  3) 7   2  (a  3)  a  4  5
a
a3  a3 
This checks. 2
7(a  3)  (a  2)  a  4  5(a  3)
61. To avoid division by 0, we must have x  2  0 and 7 a  21  a  2  a 2  4  5a  15
x  2  0, or x  2 and x  2. 6a  23  a 2  5a  11
12  6 x  3x  3  2 x 0  a 2  a  12
x2  4 x  2 2  x 0  (a  3)(a  4)
12  6 x  3x  3  2 x  1 a30 or a  4  0
( x  2)( x  2) x  2 2  x 1
a  3 or a4
12  6 x  3x  2 x  3
( x  2)( x  2) x  2 x  2 Because of the restriction a  3 , we must reject the
LCD is ( x  2)( x  2) number –3 as a solution. The number 4 checks, so it is
the solution.
( x  2)( x  2)  12  6 x
( x  2)( x  2) 64. To avoid division by 0, we must have x  2  0 and

 ( x  2)( x  2) 3 x  2 x  3
x2 x2  x  2  0 , or x  2 and x  2.
x2  x  2 x
12  6 x  3 x( x  2)  ( x  2)(2 x  3) 2
x 4 x2 2 x
12  6 x  3 x 2  6 x  2 x 2  x  6 x 2  x  2 x  1
2
0  x2  x  6 x  4 x  2 2  x 1
0  ( x  2)( x  3) x2  x  2 x ,
x20 or x3 0 ( x  2)( x  2) x  2 x  2
x  2 or x3 LCD  ( x  2)( x  2)
Because of the restriction x  2 , we must reject the
number –2 as a solution. The number 3 checks, so it is
( x  2)( x  2) x2
( x  2)( x  2) 
 ( x  2)( x  2) x  2 x
x2 x2 
the solution. x 2  x( x  2)  ( 2 x)( x  2)
62. To avoid division by 0, we must have x  4  0 and x2  x2  2 x  2 x2  4 x
x  1  0 and x  2  0 , or x  4 and x  1 and x2  3x2  2 x
x  2. 0  2x2  2x
x x 1 2x 0  2 x( x 1)
 
x 2  3x  4 x 2  6 x  8 x 2  x  2 2 x  0 or x  1  0
x  x 1  2x x  0 or x  1
( x  4)( x  1) ( x  2)( x  4) ( x  2)( x  1) Both of these check, so the solutions are –1
LCD is ( x  4)( x  1)( x  2) and 0.
( x  4)( x  1)( x  2)  x  x 1 
 ( x  4)( x  1) ( x  2)( x  4) 
 ( x  4)( x  1)( x  2)  2x 
 ( x  2)( x  1) 

65. To avoid division by 0, we must have x  1  0. or 69.

x  1. 70. Let x = the number. Then,
1  x  5  5 x  4  6, LCD  x  1 1x
x 1 x 1 x
  
( x  1) 1  x  5  ( x  1) 5 x  4  6
x 1 x 1  1  x2
1  x( x  1)  5( x  1)  5 x  4  6( x  1) 0  x2  1
1  x2  x  5x  5  5x  4  6x  6 0  ( x  1)( x  1)
x  1 or 1
x2  6 x  6   x  2
The numbers that fit the requirements are –1 or 1.
x2  5x  4  0
( x  1)( x  4)  0
x 1  0 or x40
Exercise Set 6.7
x 1 or x4 1. False. To find the time that it would take two people
Because of the restriction x  1 , we must reject the working together, we need to solve 1  1  1 for t,
number 1 as a solution. The number 4 checks, so it is a b t
the solution. where a and b represent the time needed for each
person to complete the work alone.
66. To avoid division by 0, we must have a  3  0 and
a  1  0, or a  3 and a  1. 2. True
5  3a  2a  2  3  a LCD  (a  3)( a  1) 3. True
a 2  4a  3 a  3 a 1
5  3a  ( a  1)(2a  2)  (a  3)(3  a ) 4. True
5  3a  2a 2  4a  2  3a  a 2  9  3a 5. True
2a 2  7 a  3   a 2  9 6. False. If two triangles are similar, then their
0  a2  7a  6 corresponding sides are proportional.
0  (a  6)(a  1)
7. Time needed to complete the job: 2 hr
a60 or a 1 0
a  6 or a  1 Hourly rate: 1 cake per hour
2
Because of the restriction a  1 , we must reject the
number –1 as a solution. The number –6 checks, so it 8. 1 cake per hour
is the solution. 3
67. Note that x cannot be 0. 9. Time needed for Sandy to complete the job: 2 hr
1 1 1 Sandy’s hourly rate: 1 cake per hour
x 2
 x
x 2 Time needed for Eric to complete the job: 3 hr
 
1 1  1  1  1
x x x 2 Eric’s hourly rate: 1 cake per hour
3
1  1  1 , LCD  2 x 2
x2 x 2 x Hourly rate working together: 1  1  5 cake per
2  2x  x 2 3 6
2  x hour
2  x 10. 1 lawn per hour
This checks so the solution is –2.
11. Time needed for Lisa to complete the job: 3 hr
68. Note that x cannot be 0.
1 1 1 Lisa’s hourly rate: 1 lawn per hour
3
3 x
x x
12. 1  1  1
3 x  
1  1  1 1  1
x x
3 b
1  1  1 , LCD  3 x 2 b  3 hours to complete 1 lawn
3x x x2 2
3x 2· 1  3 x 2  1  12  So, 1.5 hr  1 hr
3x 1 lawn x
x x 
x  3x  3 x  2 lawn per hour
3
2 x  3
x 3
2
This checks.

13. Familiarize. The job takes Kelby 10 hours working

alone and Natalie 15 hours working alone. Then in 1  
Working together they can do 2 1  2 1 , or 7 of
8 6 12
hour Kelby does 1 of the job and Natalie does 1
10 15 the job in 2 hours. In 6 hours, Bryan does 6 
1
8
of the

of the job. Working together they can do 1 1
 , or
10 15 job and Armando does 6 1 of the job. Working
6
1 of the job in 1 hour. In 4 hours, Kelby does 4 1
6  
10 together they can do 6  
1
8
 6 1 , or 7 of the job
6 4
of the job and Natalie does 4  
1
15
of the job. which is more of the job than needs to be done. The
answer is somewhere between 2 hr and 6 hr.
   
Working together they can do 4 1  4 1 , or 2 Translate. If they work together t hours, then Bryan
 
10 15 3
does t 1 of the job and Armando does t 1 of the
of the job in 4 hours. In 7 hours, Kelby does 7  1
10
of 8
job. We want some number t such that
6
 
the job and Natalie does 7 1 of the job. Working
15  
1  1 t  1, or 7 t  1.
8 6 24
together they can do 7    
1
10
 7 1 , or 7 of the job
15 6
Carry out. We solve the equation.
7 t 1
which is more of the job than needs to be done. The 24
answer is somewhere between 4 hr and 7 hr. 24  7 t  24  1
Translate. If they work together t hours, then Kelby 24
t  24 , or 3 3 hr
does t  1  of the job and Natalie does t  1  of the 7 7
 10   15 
job. We want some number t such that Check. We repeat computations. The answer checks.
 
We also expected the result to be between 2 hr. and
1  1 t  1, or 1 t  1. 6 hr.
10 15 6
State. Working together, it takes Bryan and Armando
1t 1 3 3 hr.
7
6
6  1 t  6 1 16. Let t = the number of hours it takes to do the job,
6 working together.
 
t6
Solve: 1  1 t  1
Check. We repeat computations. The answer checks. 6 9
We also expected the result to be between 4 hr. and 5 t  1
7 hr. 18
State. Working together, it takes Kelby and Natalie t  18 , or 3 3 hr
6 hrs. 5 5
14. Let t = the number of hours it takes to do the job, 17. Familiarize. The pool can be filled in 12 hours by
working together. only the pipe and in 30 hours with only the hose. Then

Solve: 1  1 t  1
20 30  in 1 hour the pipe fills 1 of the pool, and the hose
1
12
1 t 1 fills . Working together, they fill 1  1 of the
12 30 12 30
t  12 hr pool in an hour. Let t equal the number of hours it
takes them to fill the pool together.
15. Familiarize. The job takes Bryan 8 hours working
alone and Armando 6 hours working alone. Then in 1 Translate. We want some number t such that
hour Bryan does 1 of the job and Armando does 1

8 6
   
t 1  t 1  1, or t  t  1.
12 30 12 30
1 1 Carry out. We solve the equation. LCD = 60
of the job. Working together they can do  , or
8 6
 
60 t  t  60  1
7 of the job in 1 hour. In 2 hours, Bryan does 2 1
24 8  12 30
5t  2t  60

7t  60
of the job and Armando does 2 1 of the job.
6 t  60 , or 8 4 hr
7 7

Check. The pipe fills 1  60 , or 5 and the hose fills 21. Familiarize. The imageRUNNER does 1 of the job
12 7 7 5
1  60 , or 2 . Working together, they fill 5  2  1, in 1 minute, and the Xerox 4112 does 1 of the job.
30 7 7 7 7 2
60 1 1
Working together, they can do  of the job in 1
or the entire pool in hr. 5 2
7
minute. Let t equal the number of minutes it takes
State. Working together, the pipe and hose can fill the them working together.
pool in 60 hr, or 8 4 hr. Translate. We want some number t such that
 
7 7
t 1  t 1  1, or t  t  1.
18. Let t = the number of hours it takes to do the job, 5 2 5 2
working together. Carry out. We solve the equation. LCD = 10
 
Solve: 1  1 t  1
18 22
 
10 t  t  10  1
5 2
10  t  1 2t  5t  10
99 7t  10
t  99 , or 9 9 hr t  10 , or 1 3 min
10 10 7 7
19. Familiarize. The ABS Robusta does 1 of the job in Check. In 10 minutes the imageRUNNER copies
7
70
1  10 , or 2 of the dissertation, and the Xerox 4112
1 minute, and the Little Giant does 1 of the job. 5 7 7
30
copies 1  10 , or 5 of the dissertation. Together, they
Working together, they can do 1  1 of the job in 2 7 7
70 30
2 5
copy   1 dissertation. The answer checks.
1 minute. Let t equal the number of minutes it takes 7 7
them working together.
Translate. We want some number t such that State. It will take 10 , or 1 3 min for the machines
7 7
   
t 1  t 1  1, or t  t  1.
70 30 70 30
working together to copy the dissertation.
22. Let t = the number of hours it takes to do the job,
Carry out. We solve the equation. LCD = 210 working together.
 
210 t  t  210  1
70 30 
Solve: 1  1 t  1
10 7 
3t  7t  210 17  t  1
10t  210 70
t  210  21 t  70 , or 4 2 min
10 17 17
Check. In 21 minutes the ABS Robusta empties 23. Familiarize. We complete the table shown in the text.
1  21, or 3 of the basement, and the Little Giant
Distance Speed Time
70 10
CSX 330 r  14 330
empties 1  21, or 7 of the basement. Together, r  14
30 10 400
AMTRAK 400 r
they remove water from 3  7  1 basement. The r
10 10 Translate. Since the time must be the same for both
answer checks. trains, we have the equation
State. It will take 21 minutes for the machines 330  400 .
working together to remove the water. r  14 r
20. Let t = the number of hours it takes to do the job, Carry out. We first multiply by the LCD, r ( r  14) .
working together.
r (r  14)  330  r (r  14)  400
 
Solve: 1  1 t  1
12 10
r  14
330r  400( r  14)
r
11  t  1 330r  400r  5600

60 70r  5600
t  60 , or 5 5 min r  80
11 11 If the speed of the AMTRAK train is 80 km/h, then
the speed of the CSX train is 80 – 14, or 66 km/h.

Check. The speed of the CSX train is 14 km/h slower Then r  5  16.
than the speed of the AMTRAK train. At 66 km/h the Ada travels at 16 km/h, and Elin travels at 21 km/h.
CSX train travels 330 km in 330/66, or 5 hr. At
80 km/h the AMTRAK train travels 400 km in 27. Familiarize. Let r = Tau’s speed, in km/h. Then
400/80, or 5 hr. The times are the same, so the answer Baruti’s speed is r  4 . We organize the information
checks. in a table.
State. The speed of the AMTRAK train is 80 km/h, Distance Speed Time
and the speed of the CSX freight train is 66 km/h. Tau 7.5 r 7.5
r
24. We complete the table shown in the text. Baruti 13.5 r4 13.5
d  r  t r4
Distance Speed Time Translate. Since the times must be the same, we have
Truck 350 r 350 the equation
r 7.5  13.5
Train 150 r  40 150 r r4
r  40
Carry out. We first multiply by the LCD, r (r  4) .
Solve : 350  150
r r  40 r ( r  4)  7.5  r (r  4)  13.5
r  70 r r4
7.5(r  4)  13.5r
Then r  40  70  40  30. 7.5r  30  13.5r
The speed of the truck is 70 mph, and the speed of the 30  6r
train is 30 mph. 5 r
25. Familiarize. Let r = the speed of Rita’s Harley, in Then r  4  5  4  9.
mph. Then r  15  the speed of Sean’s Camaro. We Check. At 5 km/h, Tau traveled 7.5 km in
organize the information in a table using the formula 7.5  1.5 hr. At 9 km/hr, Baruti travels 13.5 km in
time = distance/rate to fill in the last column. 5
Distance Speed Time 13.5  1.5 hr. Since the times are the same, the
Harley 120 r 120 9
r answer checks.
Camaro 156 r  15 156
r  15 State. Tau’s speed is 5 km/h, and Baruti’s speed is
9 km/h.
Translate. Since the times must be the same, we have
the equation 28. Distance Speed Time
120  156 Lea 18 r 18
r r  15 r
Carry out. We first multiply by the LCD, r (r  15). Luca 24 r4 24
r4
r (r  15)  120  r (r  15)  156
r r  15 Solve: 18  24
120(r  15)  156r r r4
120r  1800  156r r  12
1800  36r Then r  4  16.
50  r Lea's speed is 12 km/h, and Luca's speed is
16 km/h.
Then r  15  50  15  65.
Check. At 50 mph, the Harley travels 120 mi in 29. Familiarize. Let t = the time it takes Caledonia to
120/50, or 2.4 hr. At 65 mph, the Camaro travels drive to town and organize the given information in a
156 mi in 156/65, or 2.4 hr. The times are the same, table.
so the answer checks. Distance Speed Time
State. The speed of Rita’s Harley is 50 mph, and the Caledonia 15 r t
speed of Sean’s Camaro is 65 mph. Manley 20 r t 1
26. We complete the table. Translate. We can replace each r in the table above
Distance Speed Time using the formula r  d / t .
48 Distance Speed Time
Ada 48 r 5
r 5 Caledonia 15 15 t
Elin 63 r 63 t
r Manley 20 20 t 1
t 1
Solve: 48  63 Since the speeds are the same for both riders, we have
r 5 r

the equation Check. Since speed cannot be negative in this

15  20 . problem, –30 cannot be a solution of the original
t t 1 problem. If the speed is 20 mph, it takes 120 , or 6 hr
20
Carry out. We multiply by the LCD, t (t  1).
to travel 120 mi. If the speed is 10 mph faster, or 30
t (t  1)  15  t (t  1)  20
t t 1 mph, it takes 120 , or 4 hr to travel 120 mi. Since 4 hr
15(t  1)  20t 30
15t  15  20t is 2 hr less time than 6 hr, the answer checks.
15  5t State. The speed was 20 mph.
3t
32. Distance Speed Time
If t  3 , then t  1  3  1 , or 4.
Actual speed 60 r t
Check. If Caledonia’s time is 3 hr and Manley’s time Faster speed 60 r5 t 1
is 4 hr, then Manley’s time is 1 hr more than
Caledonia’s. Caledonia’s speed is 15/3, or 5 mph.
Manley’s speed is 20/4, or 5 mph. Since the speeds

Solve: 60  (r  5) 60  1
r 
are the same, the answer checks. r  15 mph
State. It takes Caledonia 3 hr to drive to town. 33. We write a proportion and then solve it.
b7
30. Distance Speed Time
6 4
40
Tory 40
t
t b  7 6
4
100 t2
Emilio 100
t2 b  42 , or 10.5
4
Solve: 40  100 (Note that the proportions 6  4 , b  6 , or 7  4
t t2 b 7 7 4 b 6
t  4 , or 1 1 hr, or 1 hr, 20 min could also be used)
3 3
31. Familiarize. Let r = the speed at which the train 34. Solve: 9  8
a 6
actually traveled in mph, and let t = the actual travel a  6.75
time in hours. We organize the given information in a One of the following proportions could also be used:
table.
a  6,9  a,8  6 .
Distance Speed Time 9 8 8 6 9 a
Actual speed 120 r t
Faster speed 120 r  10 t  2 35. We write a proportion and then solve it.
4 6
Translate. From the first row of the table, we have
f 4
120  rt , and from the second row we have
120  (r  10)(t  2) . Solve the first equation for t, we 4f  4  4f 6
f 4
have t  120 . Substituting for t in the second 16  6 f
r 8 f Simplifying

equation, we have 120  (r  10) 120  2 .
r  3
One of the following proportions could also be used:
Carry out. We solve the equation. f 4 4 9 f 6 4 f 9 6
 ,  ,  ,  ,  .

120  (r  10) 120  2
r  4 6 f 6 4 9 9 6 4 f
120  120  2r  1200  20 36. Solve: r  6

r 10 8
r  7.5
0  2r  1200  20 One of the following proportions could also be used:
r

r  0  r  2r  1200  20
r  10  8 , r  10 , 6  8 , r  12 , 10  16 , r  10 ,
r 6 6 8 r 10 10 16 r 12 12 16
0  2r 2  1200  20r 12  16
0  2r 2  20r  1200 r 10
0  2(r 2  10r  600) 37. Consider the two similar right triangles in the
0  2(r  30)(r  20) drawing. One has legs 5 and 7. The other has legs 9
r  30 or r  20

and r. We use a proportion to find r. 45. Let w = the wing width of the white stork. Then:
59 24 cm width  w cm width
7 r 180 cm span 200 cm span
7r  5  7r  9 w  24  200  26.7 cm
7 r 180
5r  63
r  63 , or 12.6 46. Let w = the wing width of the airplane. Then:
5 1.8 in. width  w ft width
10 in. span 35 ft span
38. Solve: 2  s w 1.8  35  6.3 ft
5 11 10
s  22 , or 4.4
5 47. Let x = the amount spent on coffee. Then:
39. From the blueprint we see that 9 in. represents 36 ft $17.40  x
and that p in. represent 15 ft. We use a proportion to 8 days 30 days
find p. x  17.40  30  $65.25
8
9  p
36 15 48. Let d = the distance to burn 100 calories. Then:
p
180  9  180  10 mi  d mi
36 15 380 calories 100 calories
45  12 p
d  10  100  2 12 mi
15  p, or p  3 3 380 19
4 4
3 49. Let p = the number of photos taken. Then:
The length of p is 3 in. 234 photos p photos
4 
14 days 42 days
40. Solve: 9  s p 234  42  702 photos
36 5 14
s  1 1 in.
4 50. Let g = the gallons of gas used. Then:
4 gal g gal
41. From the blueprint we see that 9 in. represents 36 ft 
and that 5 in. represents r ft. We use a proportion to 204 mi 714 mi
find r. g  4  714  14 gal
204
9 5
36 r 51. Familiarize. Let D = the number of defective bulbs in
36r  9  36r  5 a batch of 1430 bulbs. We can use a proportion to find
36 r D.
9r  180
r  20 Translate.
defective bulbs  8  defective bulbs
The length of r is 20 ft.  D
batch size  220 1430  batch size
42. Solve: 9  3 Carry out. We solve the proportion.
36 n
n  12 ft 2860  8  2860  D
220 1430
43. Consider the two similar right triangles in the 104  2 D
drawing. One has legs 4 ft and 6 ft. The other has legs 52  D
10 ft and l ft. We use a proportion to find l.
Check. 8  0.036 , 52  0.036
4  10 220 1430
6 l
The ratios are the same, so the answer checks.
6l  4  6l  10
6 l State. In a batch of 1430 bulbs, 52 defective bulbs can
4l  60 be expected.
l  15 ft
52. Solve : 7  D
44. Solve: 1.5  h 150 2700
18 32 D  126 flash drives
h  8  2 2 ft 53. Familiarize. Let z = the number of ounces of water
3 3
needed by a Bolognese. We can use a proportion to
solve for z.

Translate. We translate to a proportion. 61. (3 y 2 z  2 yz 2  y 2 )  (4 yz 2  5 y 2  6 yz )

dog weight  8 5  dog weight
  3 y 2 z  2 yz 2  4 yz 2  y 2  5 y 2  6 yz
water  12 z  water
 3 y 2 z  2 yz 2  6 y 2  6 yz
Carry out. We solve the proportion.
12 z  8  12 z  5
2 3 2 2
62. 6a b  12ab  3a b  2ab 2  4b  a
12 z 3ab
8 z  60
z  60  15  7 1 oz 63. (8n3  3)(8n3  3)  64n6  9
8 2 2
Check. 8  0.6 , 5  0.6 64. ( x3  x  7)  ( x  1)

12 71 1 1 0 1 7
2 1 1 0
1 1 0 7
State. For a 5-lb Bolognese, approximately 7 12 oz of ( x3  x  7)  ( x  1)  x 2  x  7
water is required per day. x 1
16,000 M 65. Writing Exercise. Yes, in the time that it takes the
54. Solve :  slower steamroller to do half of the job alone, the
1 12 4
faster steamroller can do more than half of the job.
M  42,666.6 mi
66. Writing Exercise. The faster fuel line will take less
Emmanuel will not exceed the 45,000 mi allowance.
than twice as long to fill the freighter by itself than the
55. Familiarize. Let p = the number of whales in the pod. slower one by itself. Each time the slower fuel line
We use a proportion to solve for p. fills half the tank, the faster fuel line fills more than
Translate. half the tank.
sighted   sighted
12  40 67. Familiarize. If the drainage gate is closed, 1 of the
pod  27 p  pod 9
Carry out. We solve the proportion. bog is filled in 1 hr. If the bog is not being filled, 1
11
27 p  12  27 p  40 of the bog is drained in 1 hr. If the bog is being filled
27 p
12 p  1080 with the drainage gate left open, 1  1 of the bog is
p  90 9 11
filled in 1 hr. Let t = the time it takes to fill the bog
Check. 12  4 , 40  4 with the drainage gate left open.
27 9 90 9 Translate. We want to find t such that
 
State. There are 90 whales in the pod.
t 1  1  1, or t  t  1.
9 11 9 11
Carry out. We solve the equation. First we multiply
56. Solve: 25  4
F 36 by the LCD, 99.
F  225 foxes
57. Writing Exercise. No. If the workers work at different
 
99 t  t  99  1
9 11
11t  9t  99
rates, two workers will complete a task in more than
2t  99
half the time of the faster person working alone but in
less than half the slower person’s time. This is t  99 , or 49 1 hr
illustrated in Example 1. 2 2
Check. In 99 hr, we have
58. Writing Exercise. Yes; corresponding angles have the 2
 
same measure and corresponding sides are 99 1  1  11  9  2  1 full bog
proportional. (The ratio of each pair of corresponding 2 9 11 2 2 2
sides is equivalent to 1.)
The answer checks.
59. ( x3  3 x  7)  ( x 2  4 x  8) State. It will take 99 , or 49 1 hr to fill the bog.
 x3  3 x  7  x 2  4 x  8 2 2
 x3  x 2  x  15
60. (2 x3  7)( x  3)  2 x 4  6 x3  7 x  21

68. Let t = the time it takes to empty the hot tub. 1  476 , or 14 of the dissertation. Together, they
 
Solve: 1  1 t  1
8 10
34 31 31
wire 17  14  1 house. The answer checks.
1 t 1 31 31
40
t  40 min State. It will take 2  476 , or 30 22 hr for Janet and
31 31
Linus working together to wire two houses.
69. Equation 1: 1  t  1  t  1;
a b 72. We will begin by finding how long it will take Alma
 
Equation 2: 1  1 t  1;
a b
and Kevin to grade a batch of exams, working
together. Then we will find what percentage of the job
was done by Alma.
Equation 3:  t  1;
t
a b
Equation 4:  1  1 ;
1

3 4 
Solve: 1  1 t  1, or 7  t  1
12
a b t t 12 hr
1  t  1  t  1 Equation 1 7
a b Now, since Alma can do the job alone in 3 hr, she
 
t 1  1  1 Factoring out t  Equation 2
a b
does 1 of the job in 1 hr and in 12 hr she does
3 7
t  1  t  1  1 Using the distributive law 12  1  0.57  57% of the job.
a b 7 3
t  t  1 Multiplying; Equation 2=Equation 3
a b 73. Familiarize. Let t = the number of seconds for a net
 
1  t  t  1  1 Multiplying both sides by 1
t a b t t
gain of one person. The rate of birth is 1 , the rate of
8
1  t  1  t  1  1 Using the distributive law death is  1 and the rate of new migrant is 1 .
t a t b t 11 27
1  1  1 Multiplying; Equation 3=Equation 4 Translate. We use the information above to write an
a b t equation.
70. Let t = the time it takes Ricki, working alone. Then
t + 6 = the number of hours for Maura working alone.

t 1  1  1 1
8 11 27 

Solve 1  1 4  1
t t6  Carry out. We solve the equation.
 
t 1  1  1  1; LCD = 2376
Ricki: t = 6 hr 8 11 27
Maura: t + 6 = 12 hr 2376t  1  2376t  1  2376t  1  2376  1
8 11 27
71. Familiarize. Janet does 1 of the job, and Linus 297t  216t  88t  2376
28 169t  2376
does 1 of the job. Working together, they can do t  14.1
34
Check. 14.1  14.1  14.1  1. The answer checks.
1  1 of the job. Let t equal the number of hours it 8 11 27
28 34
State. It will take approximately 14 sec for a net gain
takes them working together.
of one person.
Translate. We want some number t such that
   
t 1  t 1  1, or t  t  1.
28 34 28 34
74. Familiarize. The correct ratio of oil to gasoline is
3.2/160, or 0.02. The ratio in Gus’ original mixture is
5.6/200, or 0.028. Since this is a larger number than
Carry out. We solve the equation. LCD = 476 0.02, Gus needs to add more gasoline to make the

476 t  t  476  1
28 34  ratio lower. Let g = the number of ounces of gasoline
Gus should add.
17t  14t  476
31t  476 Translate. We translate to an equation.
Oil  5.6
t  476 , or 15 11 hr  0.02
31 31 Gasonline  200  g
Check. In 476 hours the Janet wires Carry out. We solve the equation.
31
(200  g )  5.6  (200  g )(0.02)
1  476 , or 17 of the house, and Linus wires 200  g
28 31 31 5.6  4  0.02 g
1.6  0.02 g
80  g

Check. If Gus adds an additional 80 oz of gasoline, of the position of the minute hand when they are first
5.6  5.6  0.02, perpendicular.
the ratio of oil to gasoline is
200  80 280
the correct ratio. The answer checks.
State. Gus should add 80 oz of gasoline.
75. It helps to first make a drawing.
The minute hand moves 60 units per hour while the

hour hand moves 5 units per hour, where one unit
represents one minute on the face of the clock. When Translate.
the hands are in the same position the first time, the Position of position of
hour hand will have moved x units and the minute hour hand is minute hand plus 15  
min

hand will have moved x + 20 units. The times are the after t min after t min
   
same.
    
Distance Speed Time
Minute x  20 60 t 525  t  30  t  15
12
Hour x 5 t Carry out. We solve the equation.
Solve x  20  x  52.5  t  30  t  15
60 5 12
9
x  1 , so the hands will first be in the same 52.5  t  45  t , LCM is 12
11 12
position at 20  1 9 , or 21 9 min, after 4:00. 12  52.5  t   12(45  t )
11 11  12 
630  t  540  12t
76. Familiarize. Express the position of the hands in terms 90  11t
of minute units on the face of the clock. At 90  t , or 8 2  t
11 11
10:30 the hour hand is at 105 hr  60 min , or 52.5
12 1 hr Check. At 90 min after 10:30, the position of the
minutes, and the minute hand is at 30 minutes. The rate 11
of the minute hand is 12 times the rate of the hour hour hand is at 525  90  11 , or 53 2 min. The
hand. (When the minute hand moves 60 minutes, the 12 11
hour hand moves 5 minutes.) Let t = the number of minute hand is at 30  90 , or 38 2 min. The hour
minutes after 10:30 that the hands will first be 11 11
perpendicular. After t minutes the minute hand has hand is 15 minutes ahead of the minute hand so the
hands are perpendicular. The answer checks.
moved t units, and the hour hand has moved t units.
12 State. After 10:30 the hands of a clock will first be
The position of the hour hand will be 15 units “ahead” perpendicular in 8 2 min. The time is 10:38 2 , or
11 11
9
21 min before 11:00.
11
77. Traveling 100 km at 40 km/h takes 100 , or 5 hr.

40 2
Traveling 100 km at 60 km/h takes 100 5
, or hr.
60 3
The total time of the trip is 5  5 , or 25 hr. We use
2 3 6
the formula

Total distance 79. Familiarize. We organize the information in a table.

Average speed  Let r = the speed on the first part of the trip and t =
Total time
200 the time driven at that speed.

25  6 Distance Speed Time
 48 First part 30 r t
The average speed was 48 km/h. Second part 20 r  15 1  t
78. Familiarize. Let r  the speed in mph Garry would Translate. From the rows of the table we obtain two
have to travel for the last half of the trip in order to equations:
average a speed of 45 mph for the entire trip. We 30  rt
organize the information in a table. 20  (r  15)(1  t )
Distance Speed Time We solve each equation for t and set the results equal:
First half 50 40 t1
Last half 50 r t2 Solving 30  rt for t : t  30
r
The total distance is 50  50 , or 100 mi. Solving 20  (r  15)(1  t ) for t : t  1  20
r  15
The total time is t1  t2 , or 50  50 , or 5  50 . The
40 r 4 r 30 20
Then  1 .
average speed is 45 mph. r r  15
Translate.
Carry out. We first multiply the equation by the LCD,
Total distance
Average speed  r (r  15).
Total time
45  100
5  50 r 
r ( r  15)  30  r (r  15) 1  20
r  15 
4 r 30( r  15)  r (r  15)  20r
Carry out. We solve the equation. 30r  450  r 2  15r  20r
45  100 0  r 2  35r  450
5  50
0  (r  10)(r  45)
4 r
45  100 r  10  0 or r  45  0
5r  200 r  10 or r  45
4r
Check. Since the speed cannot be negative, we only
45  100  4r
5r  200 check 45. If r  45, then the time for the first part is
45  400r 30 , or 2 hr. If r  45, then r  15  60 and the
5r  200 45 3
(5r  200)(45)  (5r  200)  400r
5r  200 time for the second part is 20 , or 1 hr. The total
225r  9000  400r 60 3
9000  175r 2 1
time is  , or 1 hour. The value checks.
360  r 3 3
7 State. The speed for the first 30 miles was 45 mph.
Check. Traveling 50 mi at 40 mph takes 50 , or 80. Find a second proportion:
40
5 hr. Traveling 50 mi at 360 mph takes 50 , or AC Given
4 7 360  7 B D
35 hr. Then the total time is 5  35  80  20 hr. D  A  D  C Multiplying by D
36 4 36 36 9 A B A D A
DC
The average speed when traveling 100 mi for 20 hr B A
9 Find a third proportion:
is 100  45 mph. The answer checks. AC
20  9 Given
B D
State. Garry would have to travel at a speed of 360 , B  A  B  C Multiplying by B
7 C B C D C
A B
or 51 3 mph for the last half of the trip so that the C D
7
average speed for the entire trip would be 45 mph. Find a fourth proportion:
AC Given
B D
DB  A  DB  C Multiplying by DB
AC B AC D AC
DB
C A

81. Let p = the width of the quarry. We have similar 84. Writing Exercise.
triangles: A B  C  D
B D
A B  C  D
B B D D
A 1 C 1
B D
AC
B D
We write a proportion and solve it. The equations are equivalent.
p 40

10 6 Chapter 6 Review
p  40  10 Multiplying by 10
6 2
p  400 1. False; some rational expressions like x  4 cannot
6 x2
be simplified.
p  200 , or 66 2
3 3
2. True; when t  2, the denominator is zero. Thus, the
2
The quarry is 66 ft wide. expression is undefined.
3
82. Familiarize. Let x = the numerator in the equivalent 3. False; when t  3, then t2  3  32  3  0  0.
t 4 3 4 5
ratio. Then 104  x  the denominator.
4. True
Translate. The ratios 9 and x are equivalent,
17 104  x 5. True
so we write a proportion.
9  x 6. False; a common denominator is required to add
17 104  x rational expressions.
Carry out. We solve the proportion. We multiply by 7. False; a common denominator is required to subtract
the LCD, 17(104  x). rational expressions.
17(104  x)  9  17(104  x)  x 8. False; for example, 0 is the solution to x  3  x  6 .

17 104  x x 1 x  2
9(104  x)  17 x
936  9 x  17 x 9. 172
936  26 x x
36  x Set the denominator equal to 0 and solve for x.
Then 104  x  104  36  68.  x2  0
Check. 36  4  9  9 , so the ratios are equivalent. x0
68 4  17 17 The expression is undefined for x  0.
State. The numerator will be 36, and the denominator
10. x5
will be 68.
x 2  36
83. Writing Exercise. No; consider similar right triangles Set the denominator equal to 0 and solve for x.
with sides a, b, c, and ka, kb, kc, for example, where
x 2  36  0
k  1. Their areas are 1 ab and 1  ka  kb, or ( x  6)( x  6)  0
2 2
1 k 2 ab. The perimeters of these triangles are x60 or x60
2 x  6 or x6
a  b  c and ka  kb  kc, or k (a  b  c), The expression is undefined for x  6. and x  6.
1 ab 2
respectively. The ratio of the areas is 2 , or 11. x 2  3 x  2
1 k 2 ab x  x  30
2 Set the denominator equal to 0 and solve for x.
1 , but the ratio of the perimeters is a  b  c , or x 2  x  30  0
k2 k (a  b  c) ( x  6)( x  5)  0
1 . Since the ratios are not equal, the areas and x60 or x5 0
k x  6 or x5
perimeters are not proportional.
The expression is undefined for x  6 and x  5.

Chapter 6 Review 301
6 2 (t  4)
12. 22. (t 2  3t  4)  t  1  (t  4)(t  1) 
(t  2)2 t4 (t  1)(t  1)
Set the denominator equal to 0 and solve for t. (t  4)2 t  1
 
(t  2) 2  0 t 1 t 1
2
t20 (t  4)

t  2 t 1
The expression is undefined for t  2.
23. 10a3b8  2  5  a  a  a  b  b  b  b  b  b  b  b
2 3 x ( x  3) x  3
13. 3 x2  9 x   12a5b  2  2  3  a  a  a  a  a  b
3x  15 x 3 x( x  5) x  5 LCM  2  2  3  5  a  a  a  a  a  b  b  b  b  b  b  b  b
2 (2 x  1)(7 x  3) 7 x  3  60a 5a8
14. 14 x2  x  3  
2 x  7 x  3 (2 x  1)( x  3) x3
24. x 2  x  x( x  1)
6 y 2  36 y  54 6( y 2  6 y  9) x5  x3  x3 ( x 2  1)  x  x  x  ( x  1)( x  1)
15.  x4  x  x  x  x
4 y 2  36 4( y 2  9)
3( y  3)( y  3) 3( y  3) LCM  x  x  x  x  ( x  1)( x  1)  x 4 ( x  1)( x  1)
 
2( y  3)( y  3) 2( y  3)
25. y 2  y  2  ( y  2)( y  1)
2
5 x  20 y 2 2
5(4 y  x ) 2 y 2  4  ( y  2)( y  2)
16.  LCM  ( y  1)( y  2)( y  2)
2y  x (2 y  x)
5(2 y  x)(2 y  x)
  5(2 y  x) 26. x  6  9  4 x  x  6  9  4 x  3 x  15
(2 y  x) x3 x3 x3 x3
2 (a  6)( a  6)(2a)
17. a  36  2a  27. 6 x  3  2 x  15  6 x  3  2 x  15
10a a  6 10a (a  6) x 2  x  12 x 2  x  12 x 2  x  12
2a (a  6) 4 x  12
 a6 
 x  4 x  3
5 2a (a  6)
 
 a6  4 x3
5 x  4  x  3
 4
6 y  12 y2  4 6( y  2)( y  2)( y  2) x4
18. 2
 
2 y  3 y  2 8 y  8 (2 y  1)( y  2)(8)( y  1)
28. 3x  1  x  3  3 x  1  x  3  2 LCD  2 x
3( y  2) 2 2( y  2) 2x x 2x x 2
   x  3
4(2 y  1)( y  1) 2( y  2)  3 x  1  2
3( y  2) 2 2x

4(2 y  1)( y  1)  3x  1  2 x  6
2x
 x  5
8(2  t ) 12t
19. 16  8t  t  2  · 2x
3 12t 3 t2
 8( 1)(4t )
3(t  2) 29. 2a  42 b  5a 2 3b  2a  42 b  a  5a 2 3b  5b
3(t  2) 5ab a b 5ab a a b 5b
 32t LCM is 5a 2b 2
2 2
( x  1)( x  1)  2a  4ab 2252ab  15b
20. 4 x4  2 x3  4x4  5a b
2 2
x  1 x  2x  1 ( x  1)( x  1) 2 x3 2
 15b 2
3  2a  21ab
2 x( x  1) 2 x ( x  1) 5a b2 2
 
x  1 2 x3 ( x  1)
2 x( x  1) y2 6y  8 y2 8  6y
 30.   
x 1 y2 2 y y2 y2
y2  6 y  8
2 ( x 2  1)(2 x  1) 
21. x  1  2 x  1  y2
x  2 x 1 ( x  2)( x  1) ( y  4)( y  2)

No simplification is possible. y2
 y4

31. t  t  t 1 t  t 1 1 1 1
2
t  1 1  t 2 t  1 1  t (1  t )(1  t ) 36. z  z  z 2 LCD  z 2
2 1 1 1 1 z
 t t t z 2 z
(1  t )(1  t ) 2
2   z2
z
 t  2t 1 z
(1  t )(1  t ) z (1  z )
t (t  2) t (t  2) 
 or (1  z )(1  z )
(1  t )(1  t ) (t  1)(t  1)
 z
1 z
32. d2  4  d2  4
d 2 2d d 2 d 2 5 5
2
2 2 x 2 x 2  4 x3
 d 4 37.
3  4

3  4 4 x3
LCD  4 x3
d 2
(d  2)(d  2) 4 x x3 4 x x3

d 2  10 x
d 2 3 x 2  16
33. 1  x5  1  x5 cd cd

x 2  25 x 2  4 x  5 ( x  5)( x  5) ( x  5)( x  1) 38. d c  d c  cd LCD  cd
x  1  ( x  5)( x  5) 1 1 1  1 cd
 c d c d
( x  1)( x  5)( x  5) 2 2
2  c d
 x  1  x  25 d c
( x  1)( x  5)( x  5) (c  d )(c  d )

 x 2  x  26 cd
 cd
( x  1)( x  5)( x  5)
39. 3  1  1 , Note x  0
34. 3x  x  8 LCD  ( x  2)( x  2) x 4 2
  
x  2 x  2 x2  4
4 x 3  1  4 x 1 , LCD  4 x
 3x  x  2  x  x  2  8 x 4 2
x  2 x  2 x  2 x  2 ( x  2)( x  2) 12  x  2 x
2 2 12  3x
 3x  6 x  x  2 x  8
( x  2)( x  2) 4x
2 The solution is 4.
 2 x 2
 8 x  8  2( x  4 x  4)
( x  2)( x  2) ( x  2)( x  2) 3  1
40. Note x  1, 4
2( x  2)( x  2) x  4 x 1

( x  2)( x  2) ( x  1)( x  4) 3  ( x  1)( x  4) 1
2( x  2) x4 x 1
 LCD is ( x  1)( x  4)
x2
3( x  1)  x  4
3x  3  x  4
35. 3  3 LCD  4t (3t  2)
4t 3t  2 3x  x  7
 3  3t  2  3  4t 2x  7
4t 3t  2 3t  2 4t x7
 9t  6  12t 2
4t (3t  2)
 21t  6 41. x  6  7 Note x  0
4t (3t  2) x

3(7t  2)
4t (3t  2)
 
x x 6
x
 7 x
2
x  6  7 x
2
x  7x  6  0
( x  6)( x  1)  0
x60 or x  1  0
x  6 or x  1
The solution are –6 and –1.

Chapter 6 Review 303
Check. If Elizabeth’s speed is 62 mph, then Jennifer’s

42. 1 2 + 2 Note x  2, 1
x 1 x  2 speed is 62 + 8, or 70 mph. Traveling 93 mi at 62 mph

( x  2)( x  1)1  ( x  2)( x  1) 2 + 2
x 1 x  2  93
takes 62
105
 1.5 hr . Traveling 105 mi at 70 mph takes
LCD is ( x  2)( x  1) 70
 1.5 hr . Since the times are the same, the answer
x2  x  2  2x  4  2 x  2 checks.
x2  3x  4  0 State. Elizabeth’s speed is 62 mph; Jennifer’s speed is
( x  1)( x  4)  0 70 mph.
x 1 0 or x40 45. Familiarize. The ratio of seal tagged to the total
x  1 or x4 number of seals in the harbor, T, is 33 . Of the 40 seals
T
43. Familiarize. The job takes Jackson 12 hours working caught later, 24 were tagged. The ratio of tagged seals
alone and Charis 9 hours working alone. Then in 1 to seals caught is 24 .
40
1
hour Jackson does 12 of the job and Charis does 19
Translate. We translate to a proportion.
of the job. Working together, they can do Seals originally Tagged seals
1 7
 1 , or 36 of the job in 1 hour. tagged  33 24  caught later
9 12 
Seals in  T 40  Seals
Translate. If they work together t hours, then Jackson
harbor caught later
does t  19  of the job and Charis does t  121  of the job. Carry out. We solve the proportion.
We want some number t such that
40T  33  40T  24

9 12 
1  1 t  1, or 7 t  1.
36
T
1320  24T
40
Carry out. We solve the equation. 55  T

7 t 1 Check. 33  0.6, 24  0.6
36 55 40
36  7 t  36  1 The ratios are the same, so the answer checks.
7 36 7 State. We estimate that there are 55 seals in the
t  36 or 5 1 harbor.
7 7
Check. The check can be done by repeating the 46. We write a proportion and then solve it.
computation. x  2.4
8.5 3.4
State. Working together, it takes them 5 17 hrs to x6
complete the job. 47. Familiarize. Let D  the number of defective radios
44. Familiarize. Let r = Elizabeth’s speed in mph. you would expect in a sample of 540 radios. We use a
Then r + 8 = Jennifer’s speed in mph. We organize the proportion to solve for D.
information in a table. The time is the same for both so Translate.
we use t for each time. Defective  4  Defective
 D
Distance Speed Time Radios  30 540  Radios
Elizabeth 93 r t
Jennifer 105 r 8 t Carry out. We solve the proportion. We multiply by
the LCD, 540.
Translate. Using the formula Time = Distance/Rate in
each row of the table and the fact that the times are the 540  4  540  D
same, we can write an equation. 30 540
72  D
93  105
r r 8 Check. 4  2 , 72  2
Carry out. We solve the equation. 30 15 540 15
93  105 , LCD is r (r  8) The ratios are the same, so the answer checks.
r r 8 State. You would expect 72 defective radios in a
r (r  8)  93  r (r  8)  105 batch of 540.
r r 8
93(r  8)  105r 48. Writing Exercise. The LCM of denominators is used
93r  744  105r to clear fractions when simplifying complex rational
744  12r
expressions using the method of multiplying by the
62  r
LCD, and when solving rational equations.

49. Writing Exercise. Although multiplying the 2 (3x  7)(2 x  1)

denominators of the expressions being added results 3. 6 x 2  17 x  7 
2x  7 x  3 ( x  3)(2 x  1)
in a common denominator, it is often not the least
(3x  7) (2 x  1)
common denominator. Using a common denominator 
other than the LCD makes the expressions more ( x  3) (2 x  1)
complicated, requires additional simplifying after the  x7
3
addition has been performed, and leaves more room x3
for error.
2 2 (t  3)(t  3) 8t 2
2 3 2 2 4. t  9  2 8t  
50. 2a  52 a  3  5a2  30a  2a  6a 12t t  4t  3 12t (t  3)(t  1)
a 2a  7 a  4 a  7 a  12 (t  3)(t  3)  2  2  2  t  t

(2a  1) (a  3) 5 a 2 (a  6) (a  3) (a  4) 2  2  3  t (t  3)(t  1)
  
a 2 (2 a  1) ( a  4 ) a ( a  6) (t  3) (t  3)  2  2  2  t  t

5(a  3) 2 2  2  3  t (t  3) (t  1)

a 2t (t  3)

3(t  1)
51. 12a  2a  12a  2a
(a  b)(b  c) (b  a)(c  b) (a  b)(b  c) 25 y 2  1 5 y 2  9 y  2
Since (b  a)(c  b)  (a  b)(b  c) 5. 
9 y2  6 y 3y2  y  2
 10a
(a  b)(b  c) 25 y 2  1 3 y 2  y  2
 2 
9 y  6 y 5 y2  9 y  2
5 ( x  y) 5 ( x  3 y) (5 y  1)(5 y  1) (3 y  2)( y  1)
52.   
( x  y) ( x  2 y) ( x  2 y) ( x  3 y) 3 y (3 y  2) (5 y  1)( y  2)
(5 y  1) (5 y  1) (3 y  2) ( y  1)
 5  5 0 
x  2y x  2y 3 y (3 y  2) (5 y  1) ( y  2)
(5 y  1)( y  1)
53. We write a proportion and solve it. 
total hits  153  x 3 y ( y  2)
 4  total average at-bats
total at-bats  395  125 10 2 2 2 2
153  x  4 6. 4a 2  1  2 4a  4a 2  1  4a  42a  1
4 a  1 4 a  4 a  1 4a  1 4a
520 10 2 (2a  1)(2a  1)
4 a  1
520  153  x  520  4 
(2a  1)(2a  1)

4a 2
520 10
2
153  x  208 (4a  1) (2a  1) (2a  1)
x  55 more hits 
4a 2 (2a  1) (2a  1)
new hits  55
 0.44 or 44% (2a  1)(4a 2  1)
new at-bats  125 
He must hit at 44% of the 125 at-bats. 4a 2 (2a  1)
( x  3) 2
Chapter 6 Test 7. ( x 2  6 x  9) 
x2  9
( x  3)( x  3) ( x  3)( x  3)
1. 2  x 
1

( x  3)( x  3)
5x
We find the number which makes the denominator 0. ( x  3) ( x  3) ( x  3) ( x  3)

5x  0 ( x  3) ( x  1)
x0  ( x  3)( x  3)
The expression is undefined for x  0.
2 8. y 2  9  ( y  3)( y  3)
2. x 2  x  30 y 3  10 y  21  ( y  7)( y  3)
x  3x  2
We find the number which makes the denominator 0. y 2  4 y  21  ( y  7)( y  3)
LCM  ( y  3)( y  3)( y  7)
x2  3x  2  0
( x  2)( x  1)  0
9. 2 3 x  7 34 x  2  x 34 x  7  3x3 9
x20 or x 1  0 x x x x
x2 or x 1
The expression is undefined for x  1 and x  2.

Chapter 6 Test 305
5  t  (t  3) 1  4  2
10. 52  t  t2 3  15.
t 1 t 1 t2  1 x  1 x2  1 x2  2 x  1
 5  t t 3 1  4 2

t2  1 x  1 ( x  1)( x  1) ( x  1)( x  1)
 22t  8 LCD is ( x  1)( x  1)( x  1)
t 1 ( x  1)( x  1)
 1   4  x 1
x  1 ( x  1)( x  1) ( x  1)( x  1) x  1
11. 2 x  4  x  1  2 x  4  x  1 2( x  1)
x 3 3 x x  3 1(3  x) 
1( x  1) ( x  1)( x  1) 2
 x4 
2
( x  1)( x  1) 4( x  1) 2( x  1)
x3 x3   
 2x  4  x  1 ( x  1)( x  1)2 ( x  1)( x  1) 2 ( x  1)( x  1) 2
x3 ( x  1)( x  1)  4( x  1)  2( x  1)

 x3 ( x  1)( x  1) 2
x3
2
1  x  1  4 x  4  22x  2
( x  1)( x  1)
12. 2 x  4  x  1  2 x  4  x  1 2
x 3 3 x x  3 1( x  3)  x  2 x  72
( x  1)( x  1)
 2x  4  x  1
x3 x3
 2x  4  x  1 9  12
x3 y
16. LCD is y 2
 3x  5 3 1
x3 y
2
7  4 LCD is t (t  2)  9  1  9 y2  y
13. 2
y  2
y  y2
t2 t  2  

 7 t  4t 2 y  3 1  2 y2
t2 t t t2  y  3y 
y
4(t  2)
 7t  2
9 y  1 (3 y  1)(3 y  1)
t (t  2) t (t  2)  2 
3y  y y (3 y  1)
 7t  4t  8  11t  8
t (t  2) t (t  2) (3 y  1) (3 y  1) 3 y  1
 
y (3 y  1) y
y 1
14. 
y  6 y  9 y2  2 y  3
2
x8
y 1 17. 8 x LCD is 8 x
  11
( y  3)( y  3) ( y  3)( y  1) 8 x
LCD is ( y  3)( y  3)( y  1) x  8 8 x 2  64 x
y y 1 1 ( y  3)  8 x  8 x  8 x
  
( y  3)( y  3) y  1 ( y  3)( y  1) ( y  3) 8x 1  1 8x  8x
8 x 8 x
y ( y  1) ( y  3)
  x 2
 64 ( x  8)( x  8) ( x  8) ( x  8)
( y  3)( y  3)( y  1) ( y  3)( y  1)( y  3)   
x8 x 8 x8
y2  y y3  x 8
 
( y  3)( y  3)( y  1) ( y  3)( y  1)( y  3)
y2  y  y  3 18. Note that t  0.
 1  1  1 , LCD  6t
( y  3)( y  3)( y  1)
t 3t 2
y2  3

( y  1)( y  3) 2   
6t 1  1  6t 1
t 3t 2
6t  1  6t  1  6t 1
t 3t 2
6  2  3t
8  3t
8t
3
The solution is 8 .
3

19. To avoid division by 0, we must have x  0 and Carry out. We solve the proportion.
x  2  0, or x  0 and x  2. 4m  320  4m  100
15  15  2 LCD  x( x  2) 4 m
320m  400
x x2
 
x( x  2) 15  15  x( x  2)( 2)
x x2
m  5  11
4 4
15( x  2)  15 x  2 x( x  2)
Check. 320  80, 100  80 The ratios are the same
15 x  30  15 x  2 x 2  4 x 4 5/4
so the answer checks.
2 x 2  4 x  30  0
2( x 2  2 x  15)  0 State. Walking 1 14 mi corresponds to burning 100
2( x  5)( x  3)  0 calories.
x  5  0 or x  3  0 22. Familiarize. Let r = Alicia’s speed in km/h. Then
x  5 or x  3 r + 20 = Ryan’s speed. We organize the information
The solutions are –3 and 5. in a table using the formula time = distance/rate to fill
in the last column.
20. Familiarize. The job takes the first copier 20 min
working alone and the second copier 30 min working Distance Speed Time
1
alone. In 1 min, the first copier does 20 of the job and 225
Alicia 225 r
1 r
the second copier does of the job. Working
30 325
Ryan 325 r  20
together they can do 1
20
1
 30 , or 5
60
1
, or 12 of the job r  20
1
in 1 min. In 10 min, the first copier does 10  30 of the Translate. Since the times must be the same, we have
1 1 the equation 225  325 .
job. Working together they can do 10  20  10  30 , or r r  20
5
, of the job in 10 min. In 15 min, the first copier Carry out. We first multiply by the LCD, r ( r  20).
6
1
does 15  20 of the job and the second copier does r (r  20)  225  r ( r  20)  325
r r  20
1
15  30 of the job. Working together they can do 225(r  20)  325r
225r  4500  325r
1 1
15  20  15  30 , or 1 14 of the job which is more of the 4500  100r
job than needs to be done. The answer is somewhere 45  r
between 10 min and 15 min. Then r  20  45  20  65.
Translate. If they work together t minutes, then the Check. Then, Ryan’s speed is 20 km/h faster than
1
first copier does t  20 of the job and the second Alicia’s speed. At 45 km/h, Alicia travels 225 km in
225/45, or 5 hr. At 65 km/h, Ryan travels 325 km in
1
copier does t  30 of the job. We want a number t such 325/65, or 5 hr. The times are the same, so the answer
1 1 1 checks.
that ( 20  30 )t  1, or 12
t  1.
State. Ryan’s speed is 65 km/h and Alicia’s speed is
Carry out. We solve the equation. 45 km/h.
1 t 1
12 23. 1  1 1 1
1 1 1 1
12 1  t  12  1 a 1
12 1 1
t  12 a a
1 1
Check. We repeat the computations. We also 1 a
expected the result to be between 10 min and a 1
15 min as it is. 1 1
a 1 a
State. Working together, it takes the two copiers a 1
12 min to do the job. 1 1
1
21. Familiarize. Burning 320 calories corresponds to a 1
walking 4 mi, and we wish to find the number of  1 a 1
miles m that corresponds to burning 100 calories. We a
can use a proportion.
Translate.
calories burned  320 100  calories burned

miles walked  4 m  miles walked

Chapter 6 Test 307
24. Familiarize. Let x  the number. Then  1 is the

x
opposite of the numbers reciprocal.
Translate. The square of the number, x 2 is
equivalent to  1 , so we write an equation.
x
2
x  1
x
 
x  x2  x   1
x
x 3  1
x  3 1  1
Check. ( 1) 2  1,  1  1, so the values are

1
equivalent.
State. The number is –1.

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Full Elementary Algebra Concepts and Applications 10Th Edition Bittinger Solutions Manual Online PDF All Chapter

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Elementary Algebra Concepts and

Applications 10th Edition Bittinger

Elementary Algebra Concepts and Applications 10th

Elementary and Intermediate Algebra Concepts and

Elementary and Intermediate Algebra Concepts and

Intermediate Algebra Concepts and Applications 10th

Elementary and Intermediate Algebra Graphs and Models

Elementary Algebra Graphs and Authentic Applications

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Rational Expressions and Equations

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ab  ab 60. Writing Exercise. The degree of the denominator is at

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2 80. Graph 3x  2 y  12.

74. 12  4 x  6  2 x  12  4 x  6

87. The reciprocal of 2 1 x is

88. The reciprocal of 7.25x is 1 , or 4 .

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(2n  1)(4n  3)(2n  3)(3n  2) 10. 13

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51. t 3  4t 2  4t  t (t 2  4t  4)  t (t  2)(t  2) 62. 9 x3  9 x 2  18 x  9 x( x 2  x  2)

58. m 2  2m  3   m  3 m  1 66. 2a 2b  2  a  a  b

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68. x 2  9  ( x  3)( x  3) 76. 2  3( x  7)  15

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a2  a4  a22  a4

x4  x5  x44  x53 4 z  9  3z  8  4 z  9  4  3z  8  3

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cd 2  c  d  d  25. The denominators cannot be factored, so the LCD is

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73. 2 x  5  x  7  5 x  17 LCD  ( x  1)( x  5) 77. 1  2  3

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88. Writing Exercise. No; when adding, no sign changes  6 x  33  6 x  3

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(t  5) (t  4) (t  5) 8. The LCD is x( x  1)( x  1).

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xx xx a5

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