+ Islam Ariful Project Calculation

扬州大学
YANGZHOU UNIVERSITY
Undergraduate's Graduation Design
DESIGN OF AN OFFICE BUILDING

Project title FOR BAOWA
COMPANY
Subtitle Scheme 3
School of Architecture Science and

College
Engineering
Major Civil Engineering(2019)
Name ISLAM ARIFUL
Student ID 198801186
Tutor Dr. HONGBO JIANG
Date 2023-09-15
Undergraduate’s graduation design of Yangzhou University
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摘要
该项目是扬州 Bawa 公司的办公楼。

该建筑上部结构采用纵横向承重的钢筋混凝土框架结构。由该工程抗
震设防烈度为 7 度，加速度为 0.15g，因此未考虑竖向地震影响。在用底部
剪力法求出水平地震作用后，利用 D 值法完成了水平地震作用下的一框架
的内力计算。然后，考虑地震和荷载的基本组合以及地震和荷载的基本组
合两种情况。并且，考虑结构构件的地震作用效应与其它荷载效应的基本
组合及无地震作用效应的其它荷载效应的基本组合两种情况，对框架内力
进行组合，得出框架梁柱的控制内力，进而完成了梁柱截面的配筋计算。
进行了基础的设计。采用 YJK 软件进行结构施工图设计。
关键词：建筑设计；结构设计；地震；框架结构；弯矩二次分配法；
荷载效应组合；截面设计。
III
Abstract
This project is an OFFICE BUILDING FOR BAWA COMPANY IN YANGZHOU.

The frame structure of supporting weight in lengthways and the transverse direction of
reinforced concrete is adopted for the superstructure of this building. As the seismic degree is
7 and acceleration is 0.15g, vertical earthquake is skipped. The horizontal earthquake is
calculated by the bottom-shear method, the D method is applied to calculate the stress of a
frame under a horizontal earthquake. Then the internal force under vertical dead load and the
most adverse-arrange live load and adverse circumstance one and two is calculated by the
double-moment-divided method considering the two cases: the basic combination of the
earthquake and the load and the basic combination of the load and no earthquake, the load
effect combination is carried off. So according to the stress of beams and columns, the section
design is finished. The design of the foundation is carried on. The software of YJK is applied
to design the pictures of the structure construction.
Keywords: architectural design; structural design; earthquake; frame structure; double-
moment-divided method; load effect combination; section design.
IV
Contents
Chapter 1 Project Overview and Design Basis 1

1.1 Design Basis 1
1.2 Architectural Design Instructions 2
Chapter 2 Structure Conceptual Design 5
2.1 Structure Scheme 5
2.2 Determination of Geometric Dimensions 7
Chapter 3 Calculation of Load Standard Values 9
3.1 Floor Roof Dead Load Standard Value 9
3.2 Standard Value of Live Load 10
3.3 Calculation of Load Between Beams 10
Chapter 4 Design of Slab and Secondary Beam 13
4.1 Design of Slab 13
4.2 Design of Secondary Beam 23
Chapter 5 Checking Calculation Under Lateral Earthquake 27
5.1 Gravity Representative Value Calculation 27
5.2 Lateral Stiffness 36
5.3 Calculation of Natural Vibration Period 39
5.4 Calculation of Lateral Seismic Actions 39
5.5 Deformations Calculation 41
Chapter 6 Analysis Of KJ-3 Frame Internal Force 43
6.1 Internal Force Analysis of Frame KJ-3 Under Horizontal Earthquake 43
6.2 Internal Force Analysis of KJ-3 Under Vertical Load 48
6.3 Internal Force Calculation of Frame KJ-3 Under Vertical Load 51
Chapter 7 Internal Force Combination of Structural Frame 59
7.1 Internal Force Combination Principle of Frame Beam 59
7.2 Internal Force Combination Principle of Frame Column 62
7.3 Combined Calculation of Internal Force of Frame Beam 67
7.4 Combined Calculation of Internal Force of Frame Column 72
7.5 Kj-3 Internal Force Combination Table 77
Chapter 8 Design of Concrete Beam and Column 80
8.1 Design of Frame Beam 80
8.2 Design of Frame Column 82
V
Chapter 9 Foundation Design 88

9.1 Dimensional Design 88
9.2 Materials 89
9.3 Calculation of Foundation Reaction Force 93
Chapter 10 Stair Design 96
10.1 Plan Drawing of The Stairs 97
10.2 The Design of The Slant Slab 97
10.3 The Design of The Platform Slab 99
10.4 The Design of The Platform Beam 101
Reference 106
VI
Chapter 1 Project overview and design basis
1.1 Design basis

1) Building owner’s design power of attorney
2) Approval from the planning department and architectural design red line.
3) Current national design codes.
4) Architectural reference drawing
1.1.1 Project summary

The project is an office building for Baowa Company. It is a small office building in
Yangzhou, with five reinforced concrete frame structure floors. The main body of the office building
is five floors; the building layout is a rectangular one, which is a reinforced concrete frame
structure.
The first floor of the office building is composed of Meeting Room, Reception Room,
Office Room, Hall, Men W/C and Women W/C. The second floor contains Meeting Room,
Office Room, Men W/C and Women W/C. The third floor, fourth floor and fifth floor contain
Office Room and men & women W/C, and balcony in fifth floor. There are two staircases and
two elevators.
1.1.2 Design raw data

Geological survey：
The engineering geological exploration report:
(1) Foundation engineering
Four layers of site soil are considered in the design. The depth of the first level surface
filling is 0.5m. The lower secondary level is a 2.8m-thick dense clayey layer with a design
bearing capacity of 180kN/m2; the lower third level is a 1.8m medium sand layer with a design
bearing capacity of 280kN/m2. For the remaining bottom gravel layer, the design value of
bearing capacity is 400kN/m2.
During the design, the engineering site category is Class II, the effect of groundwater is
not considered, and the design reference period is 50 years. According to building
characteristics, the foundation shall be designed as an independent foundation under the
column.
(2) The design service life of the structure is 50 years, while the seismic fortification
category of the building is Class C. The structural safety level is Class II, and the seismic action
and construction measures should meet the regional requirements of seismic fortification.
1
(3) Environmental categories: category two (a) for the foundation and category one for
the superstructure.
(4) The design load should be determined according to the “Load Code for the Design of
Building Structure”.
(5) Seismic fortification: the seismic fortification intensity is 7 degrees and the
acceleration is 0.15g.
1.2 Architectural Design Instructions

1.2.1 Construction area
The building area of multi-story buildings shall be calculated according to the building
area of each floor. The building area of the first floor is calculated according to the peripheral
plane area of the structure above the outer wall. The second floor and above shall be calculated
according to the peripheral horizontal area of the external wall structure. The channel, hall and
the lobby of the building, regardless of their height, are calculated according to the building
area of one floor. The building area of the project is 914.21 square meters.
1.2.2 Preliminary architectural design

1）The plan
Fig.1.2 First floor plan
2
The first floor of the office building is composed of Meeting Room, Reception Room, Hall,
Office Rooms and 1st men & women water W/C etc.
Fig.1.3 Second floor plan

The second floor contains Meeting Room, Office Rooms, men and women water W/C
m.
3
Fig.1.3 Third floor plan

The third floor contains Office Rooms and men & women W/C.
Fig.1.4 Fourth Floor Plan

The fourth floor contains office rooms and men & women water W/C.
4
1 2 3 4 5 6
E E
D D
C C
B B
5TH FLO OR PLAN

A A
1 2 3 44 55 6
Fig.1.5 Fifth Floor Plan

The fifth floor contains office rooms, balcony and men & women water W/C.
2）The facade
The facade shall be simple, bright, beautiful and modern.
3）Sectional view
In this project, the elevation difference between indoor and outdoor ground is 0.45m. The
height of each floor is 4.2m.
4）Construction Measure
4.1 Floor: Skid resistant tile floor is used (10 mm surface layer and 30 mm cement
mortar on the lower layer), reinforced concrete layer in the middle, 20 mm mixed mortar
ceiling plastering on the bottom. Besides, some other loads (such as ceiling, ventilation
equipment, etc.) should be considered 1.5kN/m2.
4.2 Wall: The outer wall is built by 200mm clay hollow brick (double-sided plastering),
and the inner wall is built by 200 thick aerated concrete blocks (double-sided plastering).
5
4.3 Roof: The construction of roof from top to bottom is as follows: 50mm aerated
concrete fragments, four layers of asphalt felt waterproof layer, 40mm thick slag
cement insulation layer, 20mm thick cement mortar leveling layer, 100mm reinforced
concrete structural layer, 20mm mixed mortar ceiling plastering.
4.4 Doors and Windows

Load values of doors and windows: the door is a steel door with deadweight of
0.5kN/m2, and the window is an aluminum alloy glass window with deadweight of
0.4kN/m2.
5）Building materials
C30 concrete is used for structural beams, slabs, columns. The longitudinal reinforcement
and stirrup in columns and beams are HRB400 steel, and the steel of longitudinal reinforcement
of cast-in-situ slab and foundation is also HRB400.
6
Chapter 2 Structure conceptual design
2.1 Structure Scheme

The structural layout is shown in Fig 2.1.
Fig. 2.1 Structural layout
2.1.1 Material selection

1) Concrete
According to "Code for Design of Concrete Structures" GB50010-2010(4.1.2): The
concrete grade of plain concrete structures cannot be lower than C15; The concrete grade of
reinforced concrete structure shall not be lower than C20; The strength grade of concrete shall
not be lower than C25 when the strength of reinforcement is not less 400 MPa. For reinforced
concrete members subjected to repeated loads, the concrete strength grade shall not be lower
than C30. The concrete strength grade of prestressed concrete structure should be not lower
than C40 and must be not lower than C30.
The foundation of this project chooses concrete C25, the superstructure chooses concrete
C30, the foundation cushion chooses concrete C15.
2) Reinforcement
According to "Code for Design of Concrete Structures" GB50010-2010 (4.2.1): HRB400,
7
HRB500, HRBF400 and HRBF500 steel bars could be used for longitudinal stress ordinary
steel bars, and HRB335, HRBF335, HPB300 and RRB400 steel bars can also be used; Stirrup
should be used HRB400, HRBF400, HPB300, HRB500, HRBF500 reinforcement, also can be
used HRB335, HRBF335 reinforcement; The prestressed steel wire, strand and thread should
be used.
The reinforcement of slab, beam, column main reinforcement, and stirrup are HRB400.
The structural reinforcements are all HRB400.
2.1.2 Seismic fortification intensity

(1) Foundation engineering
Four layers of site soil are considered in the design. The depth of the first level surface
filling is 0.5m. The lower secondary level is a 2.8m-thick dense clayey layer with a design
bearing capacity of 180kN/m2; the lower third level is a 1.8m medium sand layer with a design
bearing capacity of 280kN/m2. For the remaining bottom gravel layer, the design value of
bearing capacity is 400kN/m2.
During the design, the engineering site category is Class II, the effect of groundwater is
not considered, and the design reference period is 50 years. According to building
characteristics, the foundation shall be designed as an independent foundation under the
column.
(2) The design service life of the structure is 50 years, while the seismic fortification
category of the building is Class C. The structural safety level is Class II, and the seismic action
and construction measures should meet the regional requirements of seismic fortification.
(3) Environmental categories: category two (a) for the foundation and category one for
the superstructure.
(4) The design load should be determined according to the “Load Code for the Design of
Building Structure”.
(5) Seismic fortification: the seismic fortification intensity is 7 degrees and the
acceleration is 0.15g.
2.2 Determination of geometric dimensions

2.2.1 Thickness of the slab
According to the "Code for Design of Concrete Structures" GB50010-2010 (9.1.2): the
span thickness ratio of the slab: ratio of one-way reinforced concrete slab is not more than 30;
ratio of two-way plate is not more than 40. According to Table 9.1.2, the minimum thickness
8
of cast-in-place reinforced concrete slab: the minimum thickness of one-way roof slab and floor
slab of building is 60 mm, and the minimum thickness of two-way slab is 80 mm. Therefore,
the thickness of the slab is 100 mm, the thickness of the side span and bathroom slab is 100
mm, and the thickness of the middle aisle slab is 100 mm.
2.2.2 Section size of the column

The sectional dimension of column should comply with the following requirements:
• For columns assigned to Grade 4 or columns not exceeding 2 stories, the width or depth
of section should be not less than 300mm, the diameter of circular column should not
be less than 350mm; for columns exceeding 2 stories, assign to Grade 1, 2 or 3, the
width and depth should be not less than 400mm, the diameter of circular column should
not be less than 450mm.
• The shear span ratio should be greater than 2.
• The ratio of the longer cross sectional dimension to the perpendicular dimension should
not be longer than 3.
Size assessment according to the demand of axial load ratio:
N
Ac = bc hc  (1)
 N fc
N =  G qSn1 2  (2)
In which,
 G = Partial factor of vertical load, may be taken as 1.5
q= Standard value of vertical load per unit area on each floor, 12-14 kN/m2 for frame
structure;
n= the number of floors loaded on the column;
1 = Additional coefficients considering the horizontal load, 1.05 for wind load or seismic
grade 4, 1.05-1.15 for seismic grade 1, 2, and 3;
 2 = Increasing coefficient of axial force for edge column or corner column, 1.1 for edge
column. 1.2 For corner column, 1.0 for interior column;
 = Reduction factor for axial load when shear wall exist may be taken as 0.7-0.8
2) Axial compression ratio requirements
According to "Code for Seismic Design of Buildings" GB50011-2010(6.3.6) frame
structure, seismic grade is level 3; the limit of column axial compression ratio is 0.85.
According to YJK results shown in Fig 2.2, it can be seen that all columns meet the
9
requirements.
Fig. 2.2 The Axial compression ratio of 1st column layer
2.2.3 Section size of the beam

For simple supported beam, the section height of the main beam is estimated by 1/8 ~ 1/12
of the beam span, and the section width is estimated by 1/2 ~ 1/3 of the beam height. For
continuous beam, the section height of the main beam is estimated by 1/12 ~ 1/16 of the beam
span, and the section width is estimated by 1/2 ~ 1/3 of the beam height. Considering that the
main beam is also used as the lintel of doors and windows, the minimum height of the
secondary beam is 250 mm.
The beam section size of the project is as followed.
The first floor, second floor, third floor, fourth floor and fifth floor transverse main beam
(b × h): 350 mm × 950 mm.
The first floor, second floor, third floor, fourth floor and fifth floor longitudinal main beam
(b × h): 350 mm × 950 mm.
Secondary beam (b × h): 250 mm × 750 mm.
10
Chapter 3 Calculation of load standard values
3.1 Floor roof dead load standard value

See Table 3.1 for calculation of standard value of floor constant load.
Table 3.1 Standard values of floor & roof constant loads
Floor
Unit weight
Project Thickness/( m ) Load (kN/m2)
(kN/m3)
10mm surface layer 0.01 25 0.25
30mm cement mortar lower layer 0.03 20 0.6

100mm reinforced concrete layer 0.1 26 2.6
20mm mixed mortar ceiling plastering 0.02 20 0.4
Some other loads(Such as ceiling, ventilation,
- - 1.5
equipment)
Total 5.35
Roof
Unit weight
Project Thickness /(m) Load (kN/m2)
(kN/m3)
50mm aerated concrete fragments 0.05 25 1.25
4 layers of asphalt felt waterproof layer 0.4

40mm thick slag cement insulation layer 0.04 14.5 0.58
20mm thick cement mortar leveling layer 0.02 20 0.4
100mm reinforced concrete structural layer 0.1 26 2.6
20mm mixed mortar ceiling plastering 0.02 20 0.4
Total 5.63
3.2 Standard value of live load

(1) According to table5.1.1 of GB50009-2012, load code for building structures
Washroom 2.50kN/m2
For corridor (office building) 3.0kN/m2
11
Stairs 3.50kN/m2
Balcony 3.50kN/m2
Meeting room 3.0kN/m2
Office 2.5kN/m2
Elevator room 8.0kN/m2
(2) According toTable5.3.1 of Load Code for Building Structures GB50009-2012

Unmanned roof 0.50kN/m2
Manned roof 2.0kN/m2
3.3 Calculation of load between beams

3.3.1 Dead load of wall
See Table 3.2 for the calculation of wall dead load standard value.
Table 3.2 Standard value of wall dead load

Exterior wall
Bulk density
project Thickness /(m) Load /(kN/m2)
3
/(kN/m )
12mm face brick 0.012 19.8 0.24
25mm-thick insulation board 0.025 0.4 0.01
5mm mortar bond 0.005 20 0.10
5mm antic rack mortar 0.005 20 0.10
10mm mortar 0.01 20 0.20
Clay hollow brick 0.20 13 2.60
20mm cement lime mortar 0.02 17 0.34
Total 3.60
Interior wall
Bulk density
project Thickness /(m) Load /(kN/m2)
/(kN/m3)
15mm Cement lime mortar 0.015 17 0.255
200mm aerated concrete blocks 0.20 6.5 1.30
15mm Cement lime mortar 0.015 17 0.255
Total 1.81
12
3.3.2 Calculation of on-line load of beam
G = Area load of infill wall × [(H-hb) × L - area of windows)] + Area load of windows × area
of windows
g = G/L
Table 1: Second Floor-Opening
Area
Area Wall Window Number Area
Wall Wall Beam Window load of
Load( Heig or door of of g(KN/m
Axis Thickness Length Height( Height( windo G(KN)
KN/m ht(m Length( Window windo )
2 (m) (m) m) m) w(KN/
) m) or door w(m2)
m2)
E 1-2
E 5-6
3.6 0.2 9 4.2 0.9 1.2 2.4 3 2.88 0.4 79.272 8.808
E 2-3
3-4
3.6 0.2 9 4.2 0.9 3 2.4 2 7.2 0.4 60.84 6.76
E 4-5 3.6 0.2 9 4.2 0.9 1.2 2.4 2 2.88 0.4 88.488 9.832
B12
B2-3
5.7075
B3-4 3.6 0.2 9 4.2 0.9 1.4 3.1 4 4.34 0.4 51.368
B4-5 5556
B5-6
1C-E
6C-E
3.6 0.2 10 4.2 0.95 1.5 2.4 1 3.6 0.4 105.48 10.548
Table 2: Second Floor-No Opening
Area Wall Length of Height of Beam

Axis G(KN) g(KN/m)
load(KN/m2) Thickness(m) wall(m) floor(m) height(m)
1 B-C, 6 B-C 3.6 0.2 10 4.2 0.95 117 11.7
Table 3: Third Floor-Opening
Windo No of
Windo Area
Area Wall Wall Wall Beam w or Wind Area of
Ax w load of G(K g(KN/m
Load(KN Thicknes Length Height Height door ows window
is Height window N) )
/m2) s(m) (m) (m) (m) Length or (m2)
(m) (m)
(m) door
E1
-2
79.2
E 3.6 0.2 9 0.9 1.2 3 2.88 0.4 8.808
5- 72
6 4.2 2.4
E2
-3, 60.8
3-
3.6 0.2 9 0.9 3 2 7.2 0.4 6.76
4
4 4.2 2.4
E4 88.4
-5
3.6 0.2 9 0.9 1.2 2 2.88 0.4 9.832
4.2 2.4 88
B1
-2
B2
-3
B3 47.7 5.30933
-4
3.6 0.2 9 0.9 1.4 4 4.62 0.4
84 333
B4
-5
B5
-6 4.2 3.3
13
1C
-E 105.
6C
3.6 0.2 10 0.95 1.5 1 3.6 0.4 10.548
48
-E 4.2 2.4
Table 4: Third Floor- No Opening

Axis G(KN) g(KN/m)
1 B-C, 6 B-C 3.6 0.2 10 4.2 0.95 117 11.7
Table 5: Fourth Floor-Opening
Windo
Windo No of Area
Area Wall Wall Wall Beam w or Area of
Ax w Windo load of G(K g(KN/
Load(KN Thicknes Length Height Height door window(
is Height ws or window N) m)
/m2) s(m) (m) (m) (m) Length m2)
(m) door (m)
(m)
E1
-2, 79.2
E5
3.6 0.2 9 4.2 0.9 1.2 2.4 3 2.88 0.4 8.808
72
-6
E2
-3 60.8
E3
3.6 0.2 9 4.2 0.9 3 2.4 2 7.2 0.4 6.76
4
-4
E4 88.4
-5
3.6 0.2 9 4.2 0.9 1.2 2.4 2 2.88 0.4 9.832
88
1C
-E 105. 10.54
6C
3.6 0.2 10 4.2 0.95 1.5 2.4 1 3.6 0.4
48 8
-E
Table 6: Fourth Floor-No opening
Area Wall Length Height Beam

g(KN/m
Axis load(KN/m2 Thickness(m of of height(m G(KN)
)
) ) wall(m) floor(m) )
1 B-C, 6 B-C 3.6 0.2 10 4.2 0.95 117 11.7
Axis B1-2,B2-3, B3-4, B4-5, B5-6 3.6 0.2 9 4.2 0.9 106.92 11.88
Table 7: Fifth Floor- Opening
Windo
Windo No of Area
Area Wall Wall Wall Beam w or Area of
Ax w Wind load of G(KN g(KN/
Load(KN Thicknes Length Height Height door window
is Height ows or window ) m)
/m2) s(m) (m) (m) (m) Length (m2)
(m) door (m)
(m)
E1 88.99
-2
3.6 0.2 9 4.2 0.9 1.2 2.4 3 2.88 0.4 9.888
2
E 4.2
2-3
E
3.6 0.2 9 0.9 3 2.4 2 7.2 0.4 70.56 7.84
3-4
E4 4.2 98.20 10.91
-5
3.6 0.2 9 0.9 1.2 2.4 2 2.88 0.4
8 2
1C 4.2 116.2 11.62
-E
3.6 0.2 10 0.95 1.5 2.4 1 3.6 0.4
8 8
5C 4.2 112.4 11.24
-E
3.6 0.2 10 0.95 1.5 3.3 1 4.95 0.5
55 55
B2 4.2
-3 75.16
B3
3.6 0.2 9 0.9 2.7 2.4 2 6.48 0.4 8.352
8
-4
14
B4
-5
C1 4.2 101.2 11.25
-2
3.6 0.2 9 0.9 1.5 3.3 1 4.95 0.5
95 5
Table 8: Fifth Floor-No Opening

Axis G(KN) g(KN/m)
2 B-C, 5 B-C 3.6 0.2 10 4.5 0.95 127.8 12.78
15
Chapter 4 Design of Slab and Secondary beam
4.1 Design of Slab

Take the Slabs B13 and B14 of the second floor system, as shown in Fig. 4.1.
4500 4500
10000
B1 B2
Figure 4.1 Slab numbering

According to Articles 9.1.1 of the Code for Design of Concrete Structures (GB 50010-
2010):
1) Slabs supported by two opposite sides shall be calculated as one-way slab;
2) Slabs supported by four sides shall be calculated according to the following
stipulations:
① If the ratio of the longer edge to the shorter edge is greater than or equal to 3.0, it
should be calculated according to one-way slab along the shorter edge.
② If the ratio of the longer edge to the shorter edge is less than or equal to 2.0, it shall
be calculated according to two-way slab.
③ If the ratio of the longer edge to the shorter edge is greater than 2.0 and less than
3.0, it may be calculated as two-way slab. It can also be calculated according to one-way
slab along the shorter edge, but sufficient steel reinforcements shall be placed along the
longer edge.
4.1.1 Loads on slabs

(1) Slab B13 (passage slab)
16
The characteristic value of dead load: 𝑔𝑘 = 5.5kN/m2

The characteristic value of live load: 𝑞𝑘 = 3.5 kN/m2
Design Value of the 1m-wide slab:
1.3𝑔 + 1.5𝑞 = 1.3 × 5.5 + 1.5 × 3.5 = 7.15 + 5.25 = 12.4 kN/m
(12)Slab B14 (athletic field slab)
The characteristic value of dead load: 𝑔𝑘 = 5.5 kN/m2
The characteristic value of live load: 𝑞𝑘 = 2.5 kN/m2
Design Value of the 1m-wide slab:
1.3𝑔 + 1.5𝑞 = 1.3 × 5.5 + 1.5 × 2.5 = 7.15 + 3.75 = 10.9 kN/m
4.1.2 Internal forces calculation

(1) Slab B1
The Slab B1 is a two-way slab within the side span.
4500
10000
B1
Fig. 4.2 Slab B1 dimensions

1) Mid-span moment
In order to obtain the maximum positive moment of the slab, the live loads should be
placed on this span, and then apply loads on every two span of both sides, as illustrated in Fig.
4.3.
17
Fig. 4.3 Load arrangement

A. Under symmetric loading, three edges are fixed supported and one edge is simply
supported, as illustrated in Fig. 4.4. （Note: inner slab unit, 4 fixed edges; side slab unit, 3
fixed edges & 1 simple supported; corner slab unit, 2 adjacent edges fixed, 2 adjacent edges
simple supported）
Fig. 4.4 Support types of the slab under symmetric loading

𝑙𝑦 4.5
⁄𝑙 = = 0.45
𝑥 10
According to Appendix B of textbook Design of Concrete Structure and Software

Application, Select Mx as 0.0039, My as 0.0385
𝑞
𝑀𝑥1 = (𝑀𝑥 + µ𝑀𝑦 )(𝑔 + )𝑙02
2
5.25
= (0.0039 + 0.2 × 0.0385) × (7.15 + ) × 3.02
2
=1.02
𝑞
𝑀𝑦1 = (𝑀𝑦 + µ𝑀𝑥 )(𝑔 + )𝑙02
2
5.25
= (0.0385 + 0.2 × 0.0039) × (7.15 + ) × 3.02
2
=3.46
B. Under anti symmetric loading, four edges are simply supported, as illustrated in Fig.
18
4.5. （Note: 4 edges simple supported）
Fig. 4.5 Support types of the slab under anti symmetric loading
𝑙𝑦 4.5
⁄𝑙 = = 0.45
𝑥 10
Application, Select Mx as 0.0936, My as 0.0188
𝑞
𝑀𝑥2 = (𝑀𝑥 + µ𝑀𝑦 )( )𝑙02
2
5.25
= (0.0936 + 0.2 × 0.0188) × ( ) × 3.02
2
=2.30
𝑞
𝑀𝑦2 = (𝑀𝑦 + µ𝑀𝑥 )( )𝑙02
2
5.25
= (0.0188 + 0.2 × 0.0936) × ( ) × 3.02
2
=0.886
𝑀𝑥 = 𝑀𝑥1 + 𝑀𝑥2 = 1.02 + 2.30 = 3.32𝑘𝑁. 𝑚
𝑀𝑦 = 𝑀𝑦1 + 𝑀𝑦2 = 3.46 + 0.886 = 4.346𝑘𝑁. 𝑚
2) Support’s maximum bending moment
In order to obtain the maximum negative moment in the support section, the live loads
should be placed on each span, as illustrated in Fig. 4.6.
19
𝑙𝑦 4.5
⁄𝑙 = = 0.45
𝑥 10
Application, Select Mx0 as -0.0571, My0 as -0.0814.
𝑀𝑥 = 𝑀𝑥0 (𝑔 + 𝑞)𝑙02 = −0.0571 × (7.15 + 5.25) × 3.02
= -6.37kN.m
𝑀𝑦 = 𝑀𝑦0 (𝑔 + 𝑞)𝑙02 = −0.0571 × (7.15 + 5.25) × 3.02
= -9.08kN.m
1) Mid-span moment
In order to obtain the maximum positive moment of the slab, the live loads should be
placed on this span, and then apply loads on every two span of both sides, as illustrated in Fig.
4.7.

A. Under symmetric loading, three edges are fixed supported and one edge is simply
supported, as illustrated in Fig. 4.9.
20
Fig. 4.9 Support types of the slab under symmetric loading

𝑙𝑥 4.5
⁄𝑙 = = 0.45
𝑦 10
𝑙
Here, I got 𝑥⁄𝑙 value is 0.34 but in the appendix the value is start from 0.50. So in my design
𝑦
I take 0.50 as my design value. Then

Application, Select Mx as 0.0400, My as 0.0038.
𝑞
𝑀𝑥1 = (𝑀𝑥 + µ𝑀𝑦 )(𝑔 + )𝑙02
2
3.75
= (0.0400 + 0.2 × 0.0038) × (7.15 + 2 ) × 2.852 =2.98kN.m
𝑞
𝑀𝑦1 = (𝑀𝑦 + µ𝑀𝑥 )(𝑔 + )𝑙02
2
3.75
= (0.0038 + 0.2 × 0.0400) × (7.15 + 2 ) × 2.852 =0.86kN.m
B. Under anti-symmetric loading, four edges are simply supported, as illustrated in Fig.
4.10.
Fig. 4.10 Support types of the slab under anti-symmetric loading

𝑙𝑥 4.5
⁄𝑙 = = 0.45
𝑦 10
21
𝑙
𝑦
I take 0.50 as my design value. Then
Application, Select Mx as 0.0965, My as 0.0174.
𝑞
𝑀𝑥2 = (𝑀𝑥 + µ𝑀𝑦 )( )𝑙02
2
3.75
= (0.0965 + 0.2 × 0.0174) × ( ) × 2.852
2
=1.52 kN.m
𝑞
𝑀𝑦2 = (𝑀𝑦 + µ𝑀𝑥 )( )𝑙02
2
3.75
= (0.0174 + 0.2 × 0.0965) × ( ) × 2.852
2
=0.59 kN.m
𝑀𝑥 = 𝑀𝑥1 + 𝑀𝑥2 = 2.98 + 1.52 = 4.50 𝑘𝑁. 𝑚
𝑀𝑦 = 𝑀𝑦1 + 𝑀𝑦2 = 0.86 + 0.59 = 1.45 𝑘𝑁. 𝑚
2) Support’s maximum bending moment
In order to obtain the maximum negative moment in the support section, the live loads
should be placed on each span, as illustrated in Fig. 4.11.

𝑙𝑥 4.5
⁄𝑙 = = 0.45
𝑦 10
𝑙
𝑦
I
take 0.50 as my design value. Then
Application, Select Mx0 as -0.0829, My0 as -0.0570.
𝑀𝑥 = 𝑀𝑥0 (𝑔 + 𝑞)𝑙02 = −0.0829 × (7.15 + 3.75) × 2.852
= -7.34 kN.m
𝑀𝑦 = 𝑀𝑦0 (𝑔 + 𝑞)𝑙02 = −0.0570 × (7.15 + 3.75) × 2.852
= -5.04 kN.m
4.1.3 Reinforcement calculation
22
1) Slab B13（two-way slab within side span）

(1) Mid-span section
h=100mm b=1000mm ho=100-25=75mm
fc=14.3N/mm2 fy=360N/mm2 ft=1.43N/mm2
𝑀𝑥 3.32 × 106
𝛼𝑠𝑥 = = = 0.041
𝛼1 𝑓𝑐 𝑏ℎ02 1.0 × 14.3 × 1000 × 752
𝑦 𝑀𝑦 4.346 × 106
𝛼𝑠 = = = 0.042
𝛼1 𝑓𝑐 𝑏ℎ02 1.0 × 14.3 × 1000 × 852
𝜉𝑥 = 1 − √(1 − 2𝛼𝑠𝑥 ) = 1 − √(1 − 2 × 0.041) = 0.041
𝑦
𝜉𝑦 = 1 − √(1 − 2𝛼𝑠 ) = 1 − √(1 − 2 × 0.042) = 0.043
𝑓𝑐 14.3
𝐴𝑠𝑥 = 𝜉𝑥 𝑏ℎ0 = 0.041 × × 1000 × 75 = 123𝑚𝑚2
𝑓𝑦 360
𝑓𝑐 14.3
𝐴𝑠𝑦 = 𝜉𝑦 𝑏ℎ0 = 0.043 × × 1000 × 85 = 145𝑚𝑚2
𝑓𝑦 360
𝑓𝑡 1.43
𝜌𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 0.45 = 0.45 × = 0.18% > 0.15%, 𝑠𝑜 𝜌𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 0.18%
𝑓𝑦 360
𝐴𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 0.18% × 1000 × 100 = 180𝑚𝑚2
Reinforcement along x direction will be used as C8@200, Asx = 251mm2
Reinforcement along y direction will be used as C8@200, Asy = 251mm2
(2) Support’s section

h=100mm, b=1000mm, ho=100-25=75mm
fc=14.3N/mm2, fy=360N/mm2, ft=1.43N/mm2
𝑀𝑥 6.37 × 106
𝛼𝑠𝑥 = = = 0.079
𝛼1 𝑓𝑐 𝑏ℎ02 1.0 × 14.3 × 1000 × 752
𝑦 𝑀𝑦 9.08 × 106
𝛼𝑠 = = = 0.087
𝛼1 𝑓𝑐 𝑏ℎ02 1.0 × 14.3 × 1000 × 852
𝜉𝑥 = 1 − √(1 − 2𝛼𝑠𝑥 ) = 1 − √(1 − 2 × 0.079) = 0.079
𝑦
𝜉𝑦 = 1 − √(1 − 2𝛼𝑠 ) = 1 − √(1 − 2 × 0.087) = 0.087
𝑓𝑐 14.3
𝐴𝑠𝑥 = 𝜉𝑥 𝑏ℎ0 = 0.079 × × 1000 × 75 = 236𝑚𝑚2
𝑓𝑦 360
𝑓𝑐 14.3
𝐴𝑠𝑦 = 𝜉𝑦 𝑏ℎ0 = 0.087 × × 1000 × 85 = 294𝑚𝑚2
𝑓𝑦 360
23
𝑓𝑡 1.43
𝜌𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 0.45 = 0.45 × = 0.18% > 0.15%, 𝑠𝑜 𝜌𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 0.18%
𝑓𝑦 360
𝐴𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 0.18% × 1000 × 100 = 180𝑚𝑚2
The calculation is summarized as Table 4.1

Table 4.1 Design of Slab B13 reinforcement
Moment(kN·m) Mx=3.32 My=4.346 MOX=-6.37 Moy=-9.08
s 0.041 0.042 0.079 0.087
Ɛ 0.041 0.043 0.079 0.087
A（ 2 123 145 236 294

s mm ）
Reinforcement C8@200 C8@200 C8@150 C8@150
Slab B14（two-way slab within side span）

(1)Mid-span section
h=100mm b=1000mm ho=100-25=75mm
fc=14.3N/mm2 fy=360N/mm2 ft=1.43N/mm2
𝑀𝑥 4.50 × 106
𝛼𝑠𝑥 = = = 0.043
𝛼1 𝑓𝑐 𝑏ℎ02 1.0 × 14.3 × 1000 × 852
𝑦 𝑀𝑦 1.45 × 106
𝛼𝑠 = = = 0.018
𝛼1 𝑓𝑐 𝑏ℎ02 1.0 × 14.3 × 1000 × 752
𝜉𝑥 = 1 − √(1 − 2𝛼𝑠𝑥 ) = 1 − √(1 − 2 × 0.043) = 0.043
𝑦
𝜉𝑦 = 1 − √(1 − 2𝛼𝑠 ) = 1 − √(1 − 2 × 0.018) = 0.018
𝑓𝑐 14.3
𝐴𝑠𝑥 = 𝜉𝑥 𝑏ℎ0 = 0.043 × × 1000 × 85 = 146𝑚𝑚2
𝑓𝑦 360
𝑓𝑐 14.3
𝐴𝑠𝑦 = 𝜉𝑦 𝑏ℎ0 = 0.018 × × 1000 × 75 = 54𝑚𝑚2
𝑓𝑦 360
ft 1.43
 min = 0.45 = 0.45  = 0.18%  0.15% , so  min = 0.18%
fy 360
𝐴𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 0.18% × 1000 × 100 = 180
24
(2) Support’s section

h=100mm, b=1000mm, ho=100-25=75mm
fc=14.3N/mm2, fy=360N/mm2, ft=1.43N/mm2
𝑀𝑥 7.34 × 106
𝛼𝑠𝑥 = = = 0.071
𝛼1 𝑓𝑐 𝑏ℎ02 1.0 × 14.3 × 1000 × 852
𝑦 𝑀𝑦 5.04 × 106
𝛼𝑠 = = = 0.063
𝛼1 𝑓𝑐 𝑏ℎ02 1.0 × 14.3 × 1000 × 752
𝜉𝑥 = 1 − √(1 − 2𝛼𝑠𝑥 ) = 1 − √(1 − 2 × 0.091) = 0.071
𝑦
𝜉𝑦 = 1 − √(1 − 2𝛼𝑠 ) = 1 − √(1 − 2 × 0.063) = 0.065
𝑓𝑐 14.3
𝐴𝑠𝑥 = 𝜉𝑥 𝑏ℎ0 = 0.071 × × 1000 × 85 = 239𝑚𝑚2
𝑓𝑦 360
𝑓𝑐 14.3
𝐴𝑠𝑦 = 𝜉𝑦 𝑏ℎ0 = 0.065 × × 1000 × 75 = 193𝑚𝑚2
𝑓𝑦 360
ft 1.43
 min = 0.45 = 0.45  = 0.18%  0.15% , so  min = 0.18%
fy 360
𝐴𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 0.18% × 1000 × 100 = 180𝑚𝑚2
The calculation is summarized as Table 4.2.

Table 4.2 Design of Slab B14 reinforcement
Moment(kN·m) Mx=4.50 My=1.45 MOX=-7.34 Moy=-5.04
s 0.043 0.018 0.071 0.063
Ɛ 0.043 0.018 0.071 0.065
A（ 2 146 54 239 193

s mm ）
Reinforcement C8@200 C8@200 C8@150 C8@150
4.2 Design of Secondary Beam

Take the secondary beams between Axis 3 and Axis 4 for example, as shown in Fig. 4.12,
the sectional dimensions are250𝑚𝑚 × 750𝑚𝑚.
25
4500
10000
B1
Fig. 4.12 Secondary beam arrangement
4.2.1 Loads
(1)The characteristic value of dead loads
B-C secondary beam:
Trapezoidal distributed load transferred from slabs:5.5 × 2.25 × 2=24.75kN/m
Self-weight: 26×0.25×(0.750-0.100)=4.225kN/m
(2) The characteristic value of live loads
B-C secondary beam:
Trapezoidal distributed load transferred from slabs:2.50×2.25×2=11.25kN/m
2) The design value of loads
B-C secondary beam:
Trapezoidal distributed load: 1.3×24.75+1.5×11.25=49.05kN/m
Uniformly distributed load: 1.3  4.225=5.49kN/m
4.2.2 Internal Forces calculation

The calculating diagram of the secondary beam is as Fig. 4.13.
26
Fig. 4.13 Calculating diagram of the secondary beam

Calculation span: 𝑙𝐵𝐶 = 8.4𝑚
Use the structural design software TSSD to calculate the internal forces as:
B-C secondary beam: 𝑀𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 311.86𝑘𝑁. 𝑚, 𝑉𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 131.38𝑘𝑁
4.2.3 Reinforcement calculation

2) B-C secondary beam
(1) Flexural design
The mid-span section of the secondary beam is T-shaped. The effective flange width of
the T beam is:
1
𝑏𝑓 = × 9000 = 3000𝑚𝑚 < 𝑏 + 𝑆𝑛 = 250 + 2850
3
= 3100𝑚
Let, 𝑏𝑓 = 3000𝑚𝑚
b=250mm, h=750mm, h0=750-40=710mm
hf=100mm, fc=14.3 N/mm2 and fy=360 N/mm2
ℎ 100
fcbfhf(h0- 2𝑓 )=14.3×3000×100×(710- )
2
=2642.64 kN.m>M
Hence, the beam can be analyzed as if it were a rectangular beam of width equal to bf the
effective flange width.
𝑀 311.86 × 106
𝛼𝑠 = = = 0.015
𝛼1 𝑓𝑐 𝑏𝑓 ℎ02 1.0 × 14.3 × 3000 × 7102
𝜉 = 1 − √(1 − 2𝛼𝑠 ) = 1 − √(1 − 2 × 0.015) = 0.015
𝑓𝑐 14.3
𝐴𝑠 = 𝜉 𝑏𝑓 ℎ0 = 0.015 × × 3000 × 710 = 1185𝑚𝑚2
𝑓𝑦 360
Reinforcement will be used as 4C20, 𝐴𝑠 = 1256𝑚𝑚2
27
𝐴𝑠 1256
𝜌= = = 0.71% > 𝜌𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 0.2%
𝑏ℎ 250 × 710
According to Articles 9.2.6 of the Code for Design of Concrete Structures (GB 50010-
2010), the longitudinal constructional reinforcement should be placed on the upper part of the
support region. The cross-sectional area should be not less than 1/4 As, which is the entire steel
area within the midspan section, and the number of the steel bars is not less than 2.
𝐴𝑠,𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 𝜌𝑚𝑖𝑛 𝑏ℎ = 0.2% × 250 × 750 = 375𝑚𝑚2
1
𝐴𝑠,𝑚𝑖𝑛 = × 𝐴𝑠 = 0.25 × 1256 = 314𝑚𝑚2
4
Choose 2C16, 𝐴𝑠 = 402𝑚𝑚2
(2) Shear design
b = 250mm ℎ0 = 710𝑚𝑚, fc = 14.3N / mm2 ft = 1.43N / mm2
f yv = 360 N / mm2
1) Cross-section check
ℎ𝑤 = ℎ0 − ℎ𝑓 = 710 − 100 = 610𝑚𝑚
ℎ𝑤 610
= = 2.44 < 4
𝑏 250
0.25𝛽𝑐 𝑓𝑐 𝑏ℎ0 = 0.25 × 1.0 × 14.3 × 250 × 710 = 634𝑘𝑁 > 𝑉𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 131.38𝑘𝑁
Hence, the cross-section is satisfactory.
0.7𝑓𝑡 𝑏ℎ0 = 0.7 × 1.43 × 710 = 178𝑘𝑁 > 𝑉𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 131.38𝑘𝑁
Hence, 2-leg stirrups are chosen as C6@150.
2) Minimum web reinforcement ratio check

sv,min = 0.24ft / f yv = 0.24 1.43 / 360 = 0.095%
The actual reinforcement ratio  sv = Asv = 28.3  2 = 0.15%  0.12% .

bs 250 150
Hence, the web reinforcement amount is satisfactory.
28
Chapter 5 Checking calculation under lateral earthquake

The equivalent static force method can be used for the calculation of structures that is not
higher than 40m, the structural deformation must be primarily shear shaped, its stiffness must
be nearly uniform of stories, and it can be sampled as the system of single mass points in
vertical series.
The height of this subject is 7.0m, and matched all these requirements, thus its seismic
response can be calculated by the equivalent static force method.
5.1 Gravity representative value calculation\

Gravity of each story
1）permanent loads
Calculation of floor permanent loads is shown in Table 5.1, the gravity of beams,
columns, and walls are shown in Table 5.2, 5.3, and 5.4
Table 5.1 floor permanent loads

floor permanent loads
Story 1
Nominal
Length Width Slab Loads
Type value Function of calculation
（m）（m） number （kN）
（kN/m ） 2
Stair 4.2 x 3.1 x 8.0 x 4

4.2 3.1 8.0 4 416.64
case1
Corridor 9 2.4 5.5 5 9 × 2.4 × 5.5 × 5 594
Meeting 10 x 4.5 x 5.5 x 4

10 4.5 5.5 4 990
room
Reception 10 x 4.5 x 5.5 x 2
10 4.5 5.5 2 495
Room
Office 7.6 x 4.5 x 5.5 x 6
7.6 4.5 5.5 6 1128.6
Room
Hall 10 x 4.5 x 5.5 x 4
10 4.5 5.5 4 990
Room
7.6 x 2.95 x 5.5 x 2
Toilet 7.6 2.95 5.5 2 246.62
D1 2.4 2.1 5.5 1 2.4 x 2.1 x 5.5 x 1 ` 27.72
D2 2.4 0.7 5.5 1 2.4 x 0.7 x 5.5 x 1 9.24
Entrance 7.6 3.5 5.5 1 7.6 × 3.5 × 5.5 × 1 246.62
Sum 5044.12 kN

Story 2
Type Length Width Nominal Slab Function of calculation Loads
29
（m）（m） value number （kN）

（kN/m ） 2
Stair case 4.2 3.1 8.0 4 4.2 × 3.1 × 8.0 × 4 416.64
Corridor 9.0 2.4 5.5 5 9.0 × 2.4 × 5.5 × 5 594
Meeting
10.0 4.5 5.5 4 10.0 × 4.5 × 5.5 × 4 990
room
Office
10.0 4.5 5.5 6 10.0 × 4.5 × 5.5 × 6 1485
Room 1
Office
7.6 4.5 5.5 6 7.6 × 4.5 × 5.5 × 6 1128.6
Room 2
Office
9 10 5.5 1 8.4 × 5.7 × 5.5 × 2 526.68
Room 3
Axis D-E,
7.6 3.5 5.5 1 7.6 × 3.5 × 5.5 × 1 146.3
4/1-4/2
Toilet 7.6 2.95 5.5 2 7.6 × 2.95 × 5.5 × 2 246.62
D1 2.4 2.1 5.5 1 2.4 × 2.1 × 5.5 × 1 27.72
D2 2.4 0.7 5.5 1 2.4 × 0.7 × 5.5 × 1 9.24
Sum 5044.12 kN

Story 3
Nominal
（kN/m ）2
Stair case 4.2 3.1 8.0 4 4.2 × 3.1 × 8.0 × 4 416.64
Corridor 9.0 2.4 5.5 5 9.0 × 2.4 × 5.5 × 5 594
Meeting
10.0 4.5 5.5 4 10.0 × 4.5 × 5.5 × 4 990
room
Office
10.0 4.5 5.5 6 1485
Room 1
30
10.0 × 4.5 × 5.5 × 6
Office
7.6 4.5 5.5 6 7.6 × 4.5 × 5.5 × 6 1128.6
Room 2
Office
9 10 5.5 1 8.4 × 5.7 × 5.5 × 2 526.68
Room 3
Axis D-E,
7.6 3.5 5.5 1 7.6 × 3.5 × 5.5 × 1 146.3
4/1-4/2
Toilet 7.6 2.95 5.5 2 7.6 × 2.95 × 5.5 × 2 246.62
D1 2.4 2.1 5.5 1 2.4 × 2.1 × 5.5 × 1 27.72
D2 2.4 0.7 5.5 1 2.4 × 0.7 × 5.5 × 1 9.24
Sum 5044.12 kN

Story 4
Nominal
（kN/m ）2
Stair case 4.2 3.1 8.0 4 4.2 × 3.1 × 8.0 × 4 416.64
Corridor 9.0 2.4 5.5 5 9.0 × 2.4 × 5.5 × 5 594
Meeting
10.0 4.5 5.5 4 10.0 × 4.5 × 5.5 × 4 990
room
Office
10.0 4.5 5.5 6 10.0 × 4.5 × 5.5 × 6 1485
Room 1
Office
7.6 4.5 5.5 6 7.6 × 4.5 × 5.5 × 6 1128.6
Room 2
Office
9 10 5.5 1 8.4 × 5.7 × 5.5 × 2 526.68
Room 3
Axis D-E,
7.6 3.5 5.5 1 7.6 × 3.5 × 5.5 × 1 146.3
4/1-4/2
7.6 × 2.95 × 5.5 × 2
Toilet 7.6 2.95 5.5 2 246.62
31
D1 2.4 2.1 5.5 1 2.4 × 2.1 × 5.5 × 1 27.72
D2 2.4 0.7 5.5 1 2.4 × 0.7 × 5.5 × 1 9.24
Sum 5044.12 kN
roof
Nominal
（kN/m2）
Slab 1 4.2 3.1 6.0 2 4.2 × 3.1 × 6.0 × 2 156.24
Slab 2 9.0 2.4 6.0 4 9.0 × 2.4 × 6.0 × 4 518.4
Slab 3 10.0 4.5 6.0 6 10.0 × 4.5 × 6.0 × 6 1620
Slab 4 7.6 4.5 6.0 4 7.6 × 4.5 × 6.0 × 4 820.8
Slab 5 2.4 2.1 6.0 1 2.4 × 2.1 × 6.0 × 1 30.24
Slab 6 2.4 0.7 6.0 1 2.4 × 0.7 × 6.0 × 1 10.08
Axis D-
E, 4/1- 7.6 3.5 6.0 1 7.6 × 3.5 × 6.0 × 1 159.6
4/2
Slab 7 7.6 2.95 6.0 2 7.6 × 2.95 × 6.0 × 2 269.04
Sum 3584.4kN
Table5.2 Weight of beams

Beams of storey 1
Weight of
Weight of
Width（m） Height (m) Length（m） reinforcements Number
beams（kN）
（kN/m3）
32
0.350 0.95 10.0 25 12 997.5

0.350 0.95 9.0 25 15 1122.19
0.250 0.75 10.0 25 5 234.375
0.250 0.75 7.6 25 5 178.125
0.250 0.75 9.0 25 5 210.938
0.250 0.75 2.4 25 3 33.75
0.250 0.400 7.6 25 1 19.00
0.250 0.400 5.9 25 1 14.75
0.250 0.400 7.5 25 2 37.5
0.250 0.400 9.0 25 1 22.5
Sum 2870.628kN
Beams of storey 2
Weight of
Weight of
beams（kN）
（kN/m3）
0.350 0.95 10.0 25 12 997.5
0.350 0.95 9.0 25 15 1122.19
0.250 0.75 10.0 25 5 234.375
0.250 0.75 7.6 25 5 178.125
0.250 0.75 9.0 25 5 210.938
0.250 0.75 2.4 25 3 33.75
0.250 0.400 7.6 25 1 19.00
0.250 0.400 5.9 25 1 14.75
Sum 2810.628kN
Beams of storey 3
Weight of
Weight of
beams（kN）
（kN/m3）
0.350 0.95 10.0 25 12 997.5
0.350 0.95 9.0 25 15 1122.19
0.250 0.75 10.0 25 5 234.375
0.250 0.75 7.6 25 5 178.125
0.250 0.75 9.0 25 10 421.875
0.250 0.75 2.4 25 3 33.75
0.250 0.400 7.6 25 1 19.00
0.250 0.400 5.9 25 1` 14.75
Sum 3021.565kN
33
Beams of storey 4
Weight of
Weight of
beams（kN）
（kN/m3）
0.350 0.95 10.0 25 12 997.5
0.350 0.95 9.0 25 15 1122.19
0.250 0.75 10.0 25 5 234.375
0.250 0.75 7.6 25 5 178.125
0.250 0.75 9.0 25 5 210.938
0.250 0.75 2.4 25 3 33.75
0.250 0.400 7.6 25 1 19.00
0.250 0.400 5.9 25 1 14.75
Sum 2810.628kN
Beams of roof
Weight of
Weight of
beams（kN）
（kN/m3）
0.350 0.95 10.0 25 9 748.125
0.350 0.95 9.0 25 11 822.9375
0.250 0.75 10.0 25 3 140.625
0.250 0.75 7.6 25 4 142.5
0.250 0.75 9.0 25 4 168.75
0.250 0.75 2.4 25 3 33.75
0.250 0.400 7.6 25 1 19.00
0.250 0.400 5.9 25 1 14.75
Sum 2090.4375kN
Table5.3 Weight of columns

Story 1
Weight of
Section Column
Length reinforced Sum
size Function of calculation weight Number
（mm） concrete （kN）
（mm）（kN）
（kN/m ） 3
900×900 5150 25 0.90×0.90×5.150×25 104.2875 18 1877.175

500×500 4150 25 0.50×0.50×4.150×25 25.9375 2 51.875
Story 2
Weight of
Section Column
（mm）（kN）
（kN/m ） 3
34
900×900 4150 25 0.90×0.90×4.150×25 84.0375 18 1512.675

Story 3
Weight of
Section Column
（mm）（kN）
（kN/m ） 3
900×900 4150 25 0.90×0.90×4.150×25 84.0375 18 1512.675
Story 4
Weight of
Section Column
（mm）（kN）
（kN/m ） 3
900×900 4150 25 0.90×0.90×4.150×25 84.0375 18 1512.675
ROOF
Weight of
Section Column
（mm）（kN）
（kN/m ） 3
900×900 4150 25 0.90×0.90×4.200×25 85.05 14 1190.7

Sum 7657.775 kN
Table 5.4 Weight of walls

Storey 1
Distribution
Load integral
Grids load Length（m） Number Total（kN）
（kN）
（kN/m）
A 1.5 9.0 13.5 1 13.5
B 6 9.0 54 5 270
C 5.5 9.0 49.5 5 247.5
D 5.5 9.0 49.5 4 198
D 1/1-2, 64.9
5.5 5.9 32.45 2
D/2 1/1-2
D/1 4/2-5, 36
7.5 2.4 18 2
D/3 4/2-5
E 1-2, E 5-6 9 9.0 81 2 162
E 2-3, E 3-4 8 9.0 72 2 144
E 4-5 10 9.0 90 1 90
1B-C 12 10.0 120 1 120
1 C-E 11 10.0 110 1 110
1/1 D-E 7.5 7.6 57 1 57
35
1/2 D/2-E 7.5 5.8 43.5 1 43.5

2 D-E 7.5 7.6 57 1 57
3 B-C 7.5 10.0 75 1 75
4 A-B 1.5 7.5 11.25 1 11.25
4 B-C 7.5 10.0 75 1 75
4 D-E 7.5 7.6 57 1 57
4/1 D-E 5.5 7.6 41.8 1 41.8
4/2 D-E 5.5 7.6 41.8 1 41.8
5 A-B 1.5 7.5 11.25 1 11.25
5 B-C 7.5 10.0 75 1 75
5 D-E 7.5 7.6 57 1 57
6 B-C 12 10.0 120 1 120
6 C-E 11 10.0 110 1 110
Sum 2288.5 kN
Storey 2
Distribution
Load integral
（kN）
（kN/m）
B 6 9.0 54 5 270
C 5.5 9.0 49.5 5 247.5
D 5.5 9.0 49.5 4 198
D 1/1-2, 64.9
5.5 5.9 32.45 2
D/2 1/1-2
D/1 4/2-5, 36
7.5 2.4 18 2
D/3 4/2-5
E 1-2, E 5-6 9 9.0 81 2 162
E 2-3, E 3-4 8 9.0 72 2 144
E 4-5 10 9.0 90 1 90
1 B-C 12 10.0 120 1 120
1 C-E 11 10.0 110 1 110
1/1 D-E 7.5 7.6 57 1 57
1/2 D/2-E 7.5 5.8 43.5 1 43.5
2 D-E 7.5 7.6 57 1 57
4 D-E 7.5 7.6 57 1 57
4/1 D-E 5.5 7.6 41.8 1 41.8
4/2 D-E 5.5 7.6 41.8 1 41.8
5 B-C 7.5 10.0 75 1 75
5 D-E 7.5 7.6 57 1 57
6 B-C 12 10.0 120 1 120
6 C-E 11 10.0 110 1 110
Sum 2102.5 kN
36
Storey 3
Distribution
Load integral
（kN）
（kN/m）
B 6 9.0 54 5 270
B/1 7 9.0 63 5 315
C 5.5 9.0 49.5 5 247.5
D 5.5 9.0 49.5 4 198
D 1/1-2, 64.9
5.5 5.9 32.45 2
D/2 1/1-2
D/1 4/2-5, 36
7.5 2.4 18 2
D/3 4/2-5
E 1-2, E 5-6 9 9.0 81 2 162
E 2-3, E 3-4 8 9.0 72 2 144
E 4-5 10 9.0 90 1 90
1 B-C 12 10.0 120 1 120
1 C-E 11 10.0 110 1 110
1/1 D-E 7.5 7.6 57 1 57
1/2 D/2-E 7.5 5.8 43.5 1 43.5
2 D-E 7.5 7.6 57 1 57
4 D-E 7.5 7.6 57 1 57
4/1 D-E 5.5 7.6 41.8 1 41.8
4/2 D-E 5.5 7.6 41.8 1 41.8
5 B-C 7.5 10.0 75 1 75
5 D-E 7.5 7.6 57 1 57
6 B-C 12 10.0 120 1 120
6 C-E 11 10.0 110 1 110
Sum 2462.0kN
Storey 4
Distribution
Load integral
（kN）
（kN/m）
B 7 9.0 63 3 189
C 1-2 10 9.0 103.5 1 103.5
C 2-5 5.5 9.0 49.5 3 148.5
D 5.5 9.0 49.5 3 148.5
D 1/1-2, 64.9
5.5 5.9 32.45 2
D/2 1/1-2
D/1 4/2-5, 36
7.5 2.4 18 2
D/3 4/2-5
E 1-2 7 9.0 63 1 63
E 2-3, E 3-4 10 9.0 90 2 180
37
E 4-5 10 9.0 90 1 90
1 C-E 11 10.0 110 1 110
1/1 D-E 7.5 7.6 57 1 57
1/2 D/2-E 7.5 5.8 43.5 1 43.5
2 D-E 7.5 7.6 57 1 57
2 B-C 12 10.0 120 1 120
4 D-E 7.5 7.6 57 1 57
4/1 D-E 5.5 7.6 41.8 1 41.8
4/2 D-E 5.5 7.6 41.8 1 41.8
5 B-C 12 10.0 120 1 120
5 C-E 12 10.0 120 1 120
Sum 1791.5kN
2） Live loads
Floor live loads are shown in Table5.5.
Table5.5 floor live loads
floor live loads
Story 1
Nominal
（kN/m2）
Stair case 7.6 3.1 3.5 4 7.6 × 3.1 × 3.5 × 4 329.84

Corridor 9.0 2.4 3.0 5 9.0 × 2.4 × 3.0 × 5 324
Meeting
18.0 10.0 3.5 2 18.0 × 10.0 × 3.5 × 1 630
Room
Office
9.0 10.0 2.5 3 9.0 × 10.0 × 2.5 × 3 675
Room 1
Office
9.0 7.6 2.5 3 9.0 × 7.6 × 2.5 × 3 513
Room 2
Elevator
2.4 0.70 8 1 2.4 × 0.7 × 8 × 1 13.44
Room 1
Elevator
2.4 2.1 8 1 2.4 × 2.1 × 8 × 1 40.32
Room 2
DE 4/1-
3.5 7.6 3 1 3.5 × 7.6 × 3 × 1 79.8
4/2
Toilet 5.9 7.6 2.5 1 5.9 × 7.6 × 2.5 × 1 112.1
Porch 9.0 7.5 0.5 1 9.0 × 7.5 × 0.5 × 1 33.75

Sum 2751.25kN
Story 2
Length Width Nominal Slab Loads
Type Function of calculation
（m）（m） value number （kN）
38
（kN/m2）
Stair case 7.6 3.1 3.5 4 7.6 × 3.1 × 3.5 × 4 329.84

Corridor 9.0 2.4 3.0 5 9.0 × 2.4 × 3.0 × 5 324
Office
9.0 10.0 2.5 5 9.0 × 10.0 × 2.5 × 5 1125
Room 1
Office
9.0 7.6 2.5 3 9.0 × 7.6 × 2.5 × 3 513
Room 2
Elevator
2.4 0.70 8 1 2.4 × 0.7 × 8 × 1 13.44
Room 1
Elevator
2.4 2.1 8 1 2.4 × 2.1 × 8 × 1 40.32
Room 2
DE 4/1-
3.5 7.6 3 1 3.5 × 7.6 × 3 × 1 79.8
4/2
Toilet 5.9 7.6 2.5 1 5.9 × 7.6 × 2.5 × 1 112.1
Sum 2537.5kN
Story 3
Nominal
（kN/m2）
Stair
7.6 3.1 3.5 4 7.6 × 3.1 × 3.5 × 4 329.84
case
Corridor 9.0 2.4 3.0 5 9.0 × 2.4 × 3.0 × 5 324
Balcony 9.0 2.1 3.0 5 9.0 × 2.1 × 3.0 × 5 283.5
Office
9.0 7.9 2.5 5 9.0 × 10.0 × 2.5 × 5 1125
Room 1
Office
9.0 7.6 2.5 3 9.0 × 7.6 × 2.5 × 3 513
Room 2
Elevator
2.4 0.70 8 1 2.4 × 0.7 × 8 × 1 13.44
Room 1
Elevator
2.4 2.1 8 1 2.4 × 2.1 × 8 × 1 40.32
Room 2
DE 4/1-
3.5 7.6 3 1 3.5 × 7.6 × 3 × 1 79.8
4/2
Toilet 5.9 7.6 2.5 1 5.9 × 7.6 × 2.5 × 1 112.1
Sum 2497.32kN
Story 4
Nominal
（kN/m2）
39
Stair
7.6 3.1 3.5 4 7.6 × 3.1 × 3.5 × 4 329.84
case
Corridor 9.0 2.4 3.0 5 9.0 × 2.4 × 3.0 × 5 324
Office
9.0 7.9 2.5 5 9.0 × 10.0 × 2.5 × 5 1125
Room 1
Office
9.0 7.6 2.5 3 9.0 × 7.6 × 2.5 × 3 513
Room 2
Elevator
2.4 0.70 8 1 2.4 × 0.7 × 8 × 1 13.44
Room 1
Elevator
2.4 2.1 8 1 2.4 × 2.1 × 8 × 1 40.32
Room 2
DE 4/1-
3.5 7.6 3 1 3.5 × 7.6 × 3 × 1 79.8
4/2
Toilet 5.9 7.6 2.5 1 5.9 × 7.6 × 2.5 × 1 112.1
Sum 2213.82kN
Storey 5 ROOF
Nominal
（kN/m ）2
Slab 1 9.0 10.0 0.5 3 9.0 × 10.0 × 0.5 × 3 135

Slab 2 9.0 2.4 0.5 4 9.0 × 2.4 × 0.5 × 4 43.2
Slab 3 9.0 7.6 0.5 2 9.0 × 7.6 × 0.5 × 2 68.4
Slab 4 3.1 7.6 0.5 2 3.1 × 7.6 × 0.5 × 2 23.56
Slab 5 5.9 7.6 0.5 1 5.9 × 7.6 × 0.5 × 1 22.42
Slab 6 3.5 7.6 0.5 1 3.5 × 7.6 × 0.5 × 1 13.3
Sum 305.88kN
5.1.2 Summary of loads in each story

Summary of loads in each story is shown in Table5.6.
Table5.6 Summary of loads in each story
gravity
Stories Type value（kN） representative
value
slab weight 3584.4

beam weight 2090.4375
permanent load
Roof column weight 1190.7 8962.9175
wall weight 1791.5
live load Floor 305.88
40
Stair Case 1+2 0

5044.12（stair
slab weight
included）
permanent load beam weight 2810.628
4 column weight 1512.675 8658.463
wall weight 1791.5
Floor 2213.82
live load
Stair Case 1+2 329.84
5044.12（stair
slab weight
included）
Permanent Load beam weight 3021.565
3 column weight 1512.675 9823.4
wall weight 2462
Floor 2497.32
live load
5044.12 (Stair
slab weight
included)
Permanent Load
beam weight 2810.628
2 column weight 1512.675 9293.143
wall weight 2102.5
live load Floor 2537.5
slab weight 5044.12
Permanent beam weight 2870.628kN
Load column weight 1877.175+ 51.875
1 wall weight 2288.5
10413.71
Floor 2751.25
live load
5.1.3 Gravity representative value dead load + 0.5× live load

𝐺1 = 5044.12 + 2870.628 + 0.5(1929.05 + 1512.675) + 0.5(2288.5 + 2102.5) +
0.5(329.84 + 329.84)= 12161.1755kN
𝐺2 = 5044.12 + 2810.628 + 0.5(1512.675 + 1512.675) + 0.5(2102.5 + 2462.0) +
0.5(329.84 + 329.84)= 11979.513kN
𝐺3 = 5044.12 + 3021.565 + 0.5(1512.675 + 1512.675) + 0.5(2462.0 + 1791.5) +
0.5(329.84 + 329.84)= 12034.95kN
𝐺4 = 5044.12 + 2810.628 + 0.5 (1512.675 + 1190.7) + 0.5(1862 + 0) + 0.5(329.84 +
1883.98 + 0)=11244.3455kN
𝐺5 = 3584.4 + 2090.4375 + 0.5 (1190.7) + 0.5(0 + 0) + 0.5(305.88)=6423.1275kN
Digraph of gravity representative value is shown in Fig. 5.1.
41
G5= 6423.1275KN
4200
G4= 11244.3455KN
4200
G3= 12034.95KN
4200
G2= 11979.513KN
4200
G1= 12161.1755KN
5150
Fig. 5.1 Digraph of gravity representative value
5.2 Lateral stiffness

5.2.1 beam bending stiffness
bending stiffness K b = Ec I b / l
Ec —Modulus of elasticity of concrete
L —Calculation value of beam span
I b —Inertia of beam section, in the integrally poured floor， for middle beam I b =2.0 I 0 ,
for side beam I b =1.5 I 0
Beam bending stiffness is shown in Table5.7
section Middle beam Side beam

l (m)
No. b h I0(m4) Ib=1.5I0 Kb=EIb/l Ib=2I0 Kb=EIb/l
(m) (m) (m4) (kN·m) (m4) (kN·m)

1 0.35 0.95 10 2.63E-02 3.95E-02 1.18E+04 5.26E-02 1.58E+04
42
2 0.35 0.95 9 2.63E-02 3.95E-02 1.32E+04 5.26E-02 1.75E+04

3 0.25 0.75 10 1.17E-02 1.76E-02 5.27E+03 2.34E-02 7.03E+03
4 0.25 0.75 9 1.17E-02 1.76E-02 5.86E+03 2.34E-02 7.81E+03
5 0.25 0.75 7.6 1.17E-02 1.76E-02 6.94E+03 2.34E-02 9.25E+03
6 0.25 0.75 2.4 1.17E-02 1.76E-02 2.20E+04 2.34E-02 2.93E+04
7 0.25 0.4 5.9 3.33E-03 5.00E-03 2.54E+03 6.67E-03 3.39E+03
8 0.25 0.4 7.6 3.33E-03 5.00E-03 1.97E+03 6.67E-03 2.63E+03
9 0.25 0.4 7.5 3.33E-03 5.00E-03 2.00E+03 6.67E-03 2.67E+03
Table5.7 linear beam bending stiffness

section Middle beam Side beam
4
No. b h I0(m ) Ib=1.5I0 Kb=EIb/l Ib=2I0 Kb=EIb/l
l (m)
(m) (m) (m4) (kN·m) (m4) (kN·m)
1 0.35 0.95 10.0 25 × 10−3 50 × 10−3 6.88E+03 2.66E-03 9.17E+03
2 0.35 0.95 9.0 25 × 10−3 50 × 10−3 1.93E+04 2.66E-03 2.57E+04
3 0.25 0.75 10.0 8.79 × 10−3 17.58 × 10−3 2.49E+04 2.66E-03 3.33E+04
−3 −3
4 0.25 0.75 9.0 8.79 × 10 17.58 × 10 1.31E+05 3.06E-02 1.75E+05
5 0.25 0.75 7.6 8.79 × 10−3 17.58 × 10−3 9.56E+04 3.06E-02 1.28E+05
−3 −3
6 0.25 0.75 2.4 8.79 × 10 17.58 × 10 7.17E+04 3.06E-02 9.56E+04
7 0.25 0.40 5.9 1.34 × 10−3 2.68 × 10−3 6.30E+04 2.10E-02 8.40E+04
−3 −3
8 0.25 0.40 7.6 1.34 × 10 2.68 × 10 7.91E+04 3.06E-02 1.06E+05
9 0.25 0.40 7.5 1.34 × 10−3 2.68 × 10−3 9.41E+04 3.64E-02 1.25E+05
5.2.2 Shear Lateral stiffness of columns

12
𝐷 = 𝛼𝐾𝑐
ℎ2
𝐸𝑐 𝐼𝑐
𝐾𝑐 − − − −𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑒𝑎𝑟 𝑏𝑒𝑛𝑑𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑠𝑡𝑖𝑓𝑓𝑛𝑒𝑠𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑐𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑛，𝐾𝑐 =
𝐻
𝐻 − − − − − 𝑠𝑡𝑜𝑟𝑦 ℎ𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡
𝛼 − − − −𝑁𝑜𝑑𝑒 𝑟𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑖𝑛𝑓𝑙𝑢𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑐𝑜𝑒𝑓𝑓𝑖𝑐𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑡，𝑖𝑡 𝑟𝑒𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑒 𝑡𝑜 𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜 𝑜𝑓 𝑏𝑒𝑎𝑚𝑠 ′ 𝑎𝑛𝑑
𝑐𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑛′ 𝑠 𝑏𝑒𝑛𝑑𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑠𝑡𝑖𝑓𝑓𝑛𝑒𝑠𝑠
∑ 𝐾𝑏 ∑ 𝐾𝑏
𝐾= (1𝑠𝑡 𝑠𝑡𝑜𝑟𝑦）𝐾 = （𝑜𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑠）
𝐾𝑐 2𝐾𝑐
𝐾 + 0.5 𝐾
𝛼= （1𝑠𝑡 𝑠𝑡𝑜𝑟𝑦）𝛼 = （𝑜𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑠）
2+𝐾 2+𝐾
Shear stiffness of columns is shown in Table5.8.
Table5.8 Shear Lateral stiffness of columns

column bending stiffness
Elastic
Strength section section
modulus of column Ic
Stories level of width b height Kc（kN·m）
concrete length H(m) （m4)）
concrete (m) h(m)
（kN/m ） 3
43
1st C30 3 × 107 0.9 0.9 5.150 54.68 300.99

× 10−3 × 103
3 × 107 5.21
1st C30 0.5 0.5 5.150 28.68 × 103
× 10−3
3 × 107 54.68 368.63
2nd C30 0.9 0.9 4.150
× 10−3 × 103
3 × 107 54.68 368.63
3rd C30 0.9 0.9 4.150
× 10−3 × 103
3 × 107 54.68 368.63
4th C30 0.9 0.9 4.150
× 10−3 × 103
3 × 107 54.68 364.53
5th C30 0.9 0.9 4.200
× 10−3 × 103
Shear stiffness of columns in story 1

Columns Kc ΣKb
K α D（kN/m） Numbers Summary
No. （kN·m）（kN·m）
28.68 3.965
A4 8.04 × 103 0.2803 0.3422 1 3.965 × 103
× 103 × 103
28.68 3.965
A5 8.04 × 103 0.2803 0.3422 1 3.965 × 103
× 103 × 103
300.99 32.08 1
B1 11.25 × 103 0.03738 0.2638 32.08 × 103
× 103 × 103
300.99 0.03738 32.08 1
B2 11.25 × 103 0.2638 32.08 × 103
× 103 × 103
300.99 0.03738 32.08 1
B3 11.25 × 103 0.2638 32.08 × 103
× 103 × 103
300.99 0.04984 32.61 1
B4 15 × 103 0.2682 32.61 × 103
× 103 × 103
300.99 0.04984 32.61 1
B5 15 × 103 0.2682 32.61 × 103
× 103 × 103
300.99 0.03738 32.08 1
B6 11.25 × 103 0.2638 32.08 × 103
× 103 × 103
300.99 0.07475 0.2771 33.69 1
C1 11.25 × 103 33.69 × 103
× 103 × 103
300.99 0.09967 34.73 1 34.73 × 103
C2 15 × 103 0.2856
× 103 × 103
300.99 0.09967 34.73 1 34.73 × 103
C3 15 × 103 0.2856
× 103 × 103
300.99 0.09967 34.73 1 34.73 × 103
C4 15 × 103 0.2856
× 103 × 103
300.99 0.09967 34.73 1 34.73 × 103
C5 15 × 103 0.2856
× 103 × 103
44
300.99 0.07475 0.2771 33.69 1

C6 11.25 × 103 33.69 × 103
× 103 × 103
300.99 32.08 1
E1 11.25 × 103 0.03738 0.2638 32.08 × 103
× 103 × 103
300.99 32.08 1
E2 11.25 × 103 0.03738 0.2638 32.08 × 103
× 103 × 103
300.99 32.08 1
E3 11.25 × 103 0.03738 0.2638 32.08 × 103
× 103 × 103
300.99 32.08 1
E4 11.25 × 103 0.03738 0.2638 32.08 × 103
× 103 × 103
300.99 32.08 1
E5 11.25 × 103 0.03738 0.2638 32.08 × 103
× 103 × 103
300.99 32.08 1
E6 11.25 × 103 0.03738 0.2638 32.08 × 103
× 103 × 103
Sum 600.25 × 103
Columns Kc ΣKb
K α D（kN/m） Numbers Summary
No. （kN·m）（kN·m）
368.63 1
B1 11.25 × 103 0.0305 0.0151 3.37 × 103 3.37 × 103
× 103
368.63 1
B2 11.25 × 103 0.0305 0.0151 3.37 × 103 3.37 × 103
× 103
368.63 1
B3 11.25 × 103 0.0305 0.0151 3.37 × 103 3.37 × 103
× 103
368.63 1
B4 11.25 × 103 0.0305 0.0151 3.37 × 103 3.37 × 103
× 103
368.63 1
B5 11.25 × 103 0.0305 0.0151 3.37 × 103 3.37 × 103
× 103
368.63 1
B6 11.25 × 103 0.0305 0.0151 3.37 × 103 3.37 × 103
× 103
368.63 0.0610 1
C1 11.25 × 103 0.0296 6.61 × 103 6.61 × 103
× 103
368.63 3
0.0814 8.73 × 103 1 8.73 × 103
C2 15 × 10 0.0391
× 103
368.63 0.0814 8.73 × 103 1 8.73 × 103
C3 15 × 103 0.0391
× 103
368.63 0.0814 8.73 × 103 1 8.73 × 103
C4 15 × 103 0.0391
× 103
368.63 0.0814 8.73 × 103 1 8.73 × 103
C5 15 × 103 0.0391
× 103
368.63 0.0610 1
C6 11.25 × 103 0.0296 6.61 × 103 6.61 × 103
× 103
45
368.63 1
E1 11.25 × 103 0.0305 0.0151 3.37 × 103 3.37 × 103
× 103
368.63 1
E2 11.25 × 103 0.0305 0.0151 3.37 × 103 3.37 × 103
× 103
368.63 1
E3 11.25 × 103 0.0305 0.0151 3.37 × 103 3.37 × 103
× 103
368.63 1
E4 11.25 × 103 0.0305 0.0151 3.37 × 103 3.37 × 103
× 103
368.63 1
E5 11.25 × 103 0.0305 0.0151 3.37 × 103 3.37 × 103
× 103
368.63 1
E6 11.25 × 103 0.0305 0.0151 3.37 × 103 3.37 × 103
× 103
Sum 88.58 × 103

Columns Kc ΣKb D
K α Numbers Summary
No. （kN·m）（kN·m）（kN/m）
368.63 11.25 3.37 1
B1 0.0305 0.0151 3.37 × 103
× 103 × 103 × 103
368.63 11.25 3.37 1
B2 0.0305 0.0151 3.37 × 103
× 103 × 103 × 103
368.63 11.25 3.37 1
B3 0.0305 0.0151 3.37 × 103
× 103 × 103 × 103
368.63 11.25 3.37 1
B4 0.0305 0.0151 3.37 × 103
× 103 × 103 × 103
368.63 11.25 3.37 1
B5 0.0305 0.0151 3.37 × 103
× 103 × 103 × 103
368.63 11.25 3.37 1
B6 0.0305 0.0151 3.37 × 103
× 103 × 103 × 103
368.63 11.25 0.0610 6.61 1
C1 0.0296 6.61 × 103
× 103 × 103 × 103
368.63 0.0814 8.73 1 8.73 × 103
C2 15 × 103 0.0391
× 103 × 103
368.63 0.0814 8.73 1 8.73 × 103
C3 15 × 103 0.0391
× 103 × 103
368.63 0.0814 8.73 1 8.73 × 103
C4 15 × 103 0.0391
× 103 × 103
368.63 0.0814 8.73 1 8.73 × 103
C5 15 × 103 0.0391
× 103 × 103
368.63 11.25 0.0610 6.61 1
C6 0.0296 6.61 × 103
× 103 × 103 × 103
46
368.63 11.25 3.37 1

E1 0.0305 0.0151 3.37 × 103
× 103 × 103 × 103
368.63 11.25 3.37 1
E2 0.0305 0.0151 3.37 × 103
× 103 × 103 × 103
368.63 11.25 3.37 1
E3 0.0305 0.0151 3.37 × 103
× 103 × 103 × 103
368.63 11.25 3.37 1
E4 0.0305 0.0151 3.37 × 103
× 103 × 103 × 103
368.63 11.25 3.37 1
E5 0.0305 0.0151 3.37 × 103
× 103 × 103 × 103
368.63 11.25 3.37 1
E6 0.0305 0.0151 3.37 × 103
× 103 × 103 × 103
Sum 88.58 × 103
K=
Columns Kc Kb D
i2+i4/2ic, α Numbers Summary
i1+i2+i3+i4/2ic
368.63 11.25 3.37 1
B1 0.0305 0.0151 3.37 × 103
× 103 × 10 3
× 103
368.63 11.25 3.37 1
B2 0.0305 0.0151 3.37 × 103
× 103 × 10 3
× 103
368.63 11.25 3.37 1
B3 0.0305 0.0151 3.37 × 103
× 103 × 10 3
× 103
368.63 11.25 3.37 1
B4 0.0305 0.0151 3.37 × 103
× 103 × 103 × 103
368.63 11.25 3.37 1
B5 0.0305 0.0151 3.37 × 103
× 103 × 103 × 103
368.63 11.25 3.37 1
B6 0.0305 0.0151 3.37 × 103
× 103 × 103 × 103
368.63 11.25 0.0610 6.61 1
C1 0.0296 6.61 × 103
× 103 × 103 × 103
368.63 0.0814 8.73 1 8.73 × 103
C2 15 × 103 0.0391
× 103 × 103
368.63 0.0814 8.73 1 8.73 × 103
C3 15 × 103 0.0391
× 103 × 103
368.63 0.0814 8.73 1 8.73 × 103
C4 15 × 103 0.0391
× 103 × 103
368.63 0.0814 8.73 1 8.73 × 103
C5 15 × 103 0.0391
× 103 × 103
368.63 11.25 0.0610 6.61 1
C6 0.0296 6.61 × 103
× 103 × 103 × 103
47
368.63 11.25 3.37 1

E1 0.0305 0.0151 3.37 × 103
× 103 × 103 × 103
368.63 11.25 3.37 1
E2 0.0305 0.0151 3.37 × 103
× 103 × 103 × 103
368.63 11.25 3.37 1
E3 0.0305 0.0151 3.37 × 103
× 103 × 103 × 103
368.63 11.25 3.37 1
E4 0.0305 0.0151 3.37 × 103
× 103 × 103 × 103
368.63 11.25 3.37 1
E5 0.0305 0.0151 3.37 × 103
× 103 × 103 × 103
368.63 11.25 3.37 1
E6 0.0305 0.0151 3.37 × 103
× 103 × 103 × 103
Sum 88.58 × 103
K=
Columns Kc Kb D
i2+i4/2ic, α Numbers Summary
i1+i2+i3+i4/2ic
364.53 11.25 3.28 1
B2 0.0309 0.0152 3.28 × 103
× 103 × 10 3
× 103
364.53 11.25 3.28 1
B3 0.0309 0.0152 3.28 × 103
× 103 × 10 3
× 103
364.53 11.25 3.28 1
B4 0.0309 0.0152 3.28 × 103
× 103 × 103 × 103
364.53 11.25 3.28 1
B5 0.0309 0.0152 3.28 × 103
× 103 × 103 × 103
364.53 11.25 3.28 1
C1 0.0309 0.0152 3.28 × 103
× 103 × 103 × 103
364.53 0.0823 8.53 1 8.53 × 103
C2 15 × 103 0.0395
× 103 × 103
364.53 0.0823 8.53 1 8.53 × 103
C3 15 × 103 0.0395
× 103 × 103
364.53 0.0823 8.53 1 8.53 × 103
C4 15 × 103 0.0395
× 103 × 103
364.53 11.25 0.0617 6.46 1
C5 0.0299 6.46 × 103
× 103 × 103 × 103
364.53 11.25 3.28 1
E1 0.0309 0.0152 3.28 × 103
× 103 × 103 × 103
364.53 11.25 3.28 1
E2 0.0309 0.0152 3.28 × 103
× 103 × 103 × 103
364.53 11.25 3.28 1
E3 0.0309 0.0152 3.28 × 103
× 103 × 103 × 103
48
364.53 11.25 3.28 1

E4 0.0309 0.0152 3.28 × 103
× 103 × 103 × 103
364.53 11.25 3.28 1
E5 0.0309 0.0152 3.28 × 103
× 103 × 103 × 103
Sum 64.85 × 103
According to “Code for seismic design of buildings” GB50011-2919, rule 3.4.3, the lateral
shear stiffness of story should not be smaller than 70% that of the upper story close to it, or 80%
of the mean of upper 3 stories close to it. By the calculation, all have been matched.
5.3 Calculation of natural vibration period

For frame structures with uniform mass and height distribution, frame shear wall
structures, and shear wall structures, the vertex displacement method is generally used to
calculate the basic period of the structure, and the formula is:
T1 = 1.7ψT √ΔT
ψT ：Considering the influence of infilled wall on frame stiffness,
the basic period adjustment coefficient is taken
0.6~0.7 for frame structure, if there are many partition walls, take 0.6.
if there are few partition walls, take 0.7.
Gi ：Representative value of gravity load hypothetically
concentrated at each floor
ΔT (m): Horizontal load displacement, which is calculated according to the elastic method
Table5.9 Transverse frame vertex displacement (△T) calculationTable
Story 𝐺𝑖 (𝑘𝑁) Gi ( kN ) Di i − i −1 = Gi / D ( m ) i ( m )
5 6423.1275 6423.1275 64.85 × 103 0.0997 1.2498
4 11244.3455 17667.473 88.58 × 103 0.2013 1.1501
3 12034.95 29702.423 88.58 × 103 0.3512 0.9488
2 11979.513 41681.936 88.58 × 103 0.5010 0.5976
1 12161.1755 53843.1115 600.25 × 103 0.0966 0.0966
𝑇1 = 1.7 × 0.6~0.7 × √𝛥 𝑇 = 1.7 × 0.7 × √1.2498 = 1.3304𝑠
5.4 Calculation of lateral seismic actions

According to “Code for seismic design of buildings” GB50011-2919, seismic
precautionary intensity is 7 (0.15g), ground type is 2nd groupⅡ, Tg =0.40s，  max =0.08.
49
For T1 =0.52s<1.4Tg=0.56 s, the additional seismic action at the top is not considered.
By using the equivalent static load method
Tg 0.40
α1 = (T )γ η2 αmax =(0.52)0.9 × 1.0 × 0.08 = 0.063
1
𝐹𝐸𝐾 = 𝛼1 𝐺𝑒𝑞 = 0.063 × 0.85 × 19119.021 = 1023.82𝑘𝑁
50
Gi H i
Fi = FEK ,(results are shown Table5.10)
 j j
G H
Table5.10 Equivalent lateral static loads
Fi
Stories hi（m） Hi（m） Gi（kN） GiHi GiHi/ΣGiHi Vi（kN）
（kN）
5 4.2 21.8 6423.13 140024.18 0.21 212.75 212.75
4 4.15 17.6 11244.35 197900.48 0.29 300.69 513.44
3 4.15 13.45 12034.95 161870.08 0.24 245.94 759.39
2 4.15 9.3 11979.51 111409.47 0.17 169.27 928.66
1 5.15 5.15 12161.18 62630.05 0.09 95.16 1023.82
5.5 Deformations calculation

Deformations results are shown in Table5.11:
Table5.11 Seismic deformations
Story shear
ui-ui-1=Vi/Di Hi
force Vi inter-
stories (kN) Lateral stiffness Di (m) (m) stories
drift
5 212.75 3.473E+04 0.01 4.2 0.001459

4 513.44 3.208E+04 0.02 4.2 0.003811
3 759.39 3.261E+04 4.20.02 0.005544
2 928.66 3.473E+04 4.20.03 0.006367
1 1023.82 3.208E+04 5.150.03 0.006197
According to “Code for seismic design of buildings” GB50011-2919,rule 5.51, elastic
limit of inter-stories drift for the reinforced concrete frame is [  e ]=1/550, and based on the
calculation results in Table 5.11, the maximum drift appeared in the 1st story, the value is
1/570<1/550, this requirement is matched. And distribution of story shear force and inter-
stories drift are show in Fig. 5.2 and Fig. 5.3.
51
Fig.5.2 Distribution of story shear force
Fig.5.3 Distribution of inter-stories drift
52
Chapter 6 Analysis of KJ-3 Frame Internal force
As shown in Fig. 6.1, frame KJ-3 is selected as the internal force analysis frame.
Fig.6.1 Frame KJ-3
6.1 Internal force analysis of frame KJ-3 under horizontal earthquake

Reference:
1.《design of concrete structure & software application》
2. The documents sent to you
6.1.1 Determination of inter-storey shear force and column end bending moment
Using D-value method (modified inflection point method)
The inter-layer (storey) shear force is distributed according to the linear stiffness of the
interlayer column. Then the bending moment at the column end is obtained according to the
height of the reverse bending point (inflection point).
yH c = ( y0 + y1 + y2 + y3 ) H c
53
D-value method approximately considers the influence of frame joint rotation on lateral
displacement and reverse bending point height, which is more accurate and widely used.
The bending moment at the column end is shown in Table 6.1.

Vim = VDim / D
M 下 = yVim h
M 上 = (1 − y )Vim h
Dim — Linear stiffness of column D — Interlaminar linear stiffness
Vim — Shear force assigned to the column V — Theinter story shear force
y — Height of reverse bending point
M 下 — Lower bending moment of column M 上 — Upper bending moment of column
y: Height ratio of the inflection point.

y = y0+y1+y2+y3
(1) 1st floor，反弯点高度比 , y=y0+y2
(2) Roof ，反弯点高度比, y = y0 + y1 + y3
(3) Other floors，反弯点高度比, y = y0 + y1 + y2 + y3
y0 — Standard height ratio of the inflection point:
The standard inflection point height ratio is the inflection point height ratio of the frame under
horizontal load when the heights of all floors are equal, the spans are equal, and the stiffness
of beams and columns on each floor does not change.
y1—Modification value considering the difference of beam stiffness on the adjacent floors.
y2 and y3—modification value considering the difference of storey height of the adjacent
floors.
y0, y1, y2 and y3can be found form the table.
𝑉𝑖𝑚 = 𝑉𝐷𝑖𝑚 /𝐷
𝑀l = 𝑦𝑉𝑖𝑚 ℎ
𝑀u = (1 − 𝑦)𝑉𝑖𝑚 ℎ
𝐷𝑖𝑚 — Linear stiffness of column 𝐷— Inter-storey linear stiffness
𝑉𝑖𝑚 — Shear force assigned to the column 𝑉— The inter story shear force
𝑦— Height of reverse bending point
𝑀l — Lower bending moment of column 𝑀u — Upper bending moment of column
Table 6.1 The bending moment at the column end of KJ-3
54
Interlayer Interlayer KJ-3 Side column B

Floor Floor stiffness
shear
number height (D) M下 M上
force (V) Dim Vim(kN) y
（kN·m）（kN·m）
3
5 4.2 212.75 6.49E+04 32.08 × 10 61.42 0.42 116.08 160.30
4 4.2 726.19 8.85E+04 32.08 × 103 99.57 0.49 219.56 228.52
3 4.2 1485.58 8.85E+04 32.08 × 103 145.39 0.50 327.14 327.14
2 4.2 2414.24 8.85E+04 32.08 × 103 178.72 0.55 442.33 361.90
1 5.15 3438.06 6.00E+05 6.36E+04 195.92 0.55 587.28 480.50
Interlayer Interlayer KJ-3 Central column C
Floor Floor
shear stiffness M下 M上
number height Dim Vim(kN) y
force (V) (D) （kN·m）（kN·m）
5 4.2 212.75 6.49E+04 9.44E+04 83.66 0.45 169.41 207.06
4 4.2 726.19 8.85E+04 9.44E+04 135.64 0.50 305.19 305.19
3 4.2 1485.58 8.85E+04 9.44E+04 198.06 0.50 445.64 445.64
2 4.2 2414.24 8.85E+04 9.44E+04 243.45 0.55 602.54 492.99
1 5.15 3438.06 6.00E+05 7.45E+04 229.50 0.50 625.39 625.39
Floor Floor Interlayer Interlayer KJ-3Side column E

number height shear stiffness M下 M上
Dim Vim(kN) y
force
4.2 （kN·m）（kN·m）
5 212.75 6.49E+04 6.93E+04 61.42 0.42 116.08 160.30
4 4.2 726.19 8.85E+04 6.93E+04 99.57 0.49 219.56 228.52
3 4.2 1485.58 8.85E+04 6.93E+04 145.39 0.50 327.14 327.14
2 4.2 2414.24 8.85E+04 6.93E+04 178.72 0.55 442.33 361.90
1 5.15 3438.06 6.00E+05 6.36E+04 195.92 0.55 587.28 480.50
6.1.2 Determination of beam end bending moment and shear force

The beam end bending moment is solved according to the node balance principle, then the
value is distributed according to the beam linear stiffness, and then the shear force value is
obtained according to the internal force balance principle. The specific calculation is listed in
Table 6.2
Table6.2 The beam end bending moment
The column end bending moment at axis B & The beam end bending moment at axis B
Floor number E &E
M1（kN·m） M2（kN·m） Mb（kN·m）
5 0 160.30 160.30
4 116.08 228.52 344.60
55
3 219.56 327.14 546.70

2 327.14 361.90 689.04
1 442.33 480.5 922.83
Not e：M b = M 1 + M 2
M b — Beam end bending moment of the side span
M 1 — Bending moment at the lower end of side column
M 2 — Bending moment at the upper end of side column
Continued Table6.2
the column end bending the beam end bending moment at

Floor axis C
moment at axis C Kb1 Kb2
number
M1（kN·m） M2（kN·m） Mb1（kN·m） Mb2（kN·m）
5 0 207.06 1.56E+05 1.56E+05 103.53 103.53
4 169.41 305.19 1.56E+05 1.56E+05 237.30 237.30
3 305.19 445.64 1.56E+05 1.56E+05 375.42 375.42
2 445.64 492.99 1.56E+05 1.56E+05 469.32 469.32
1 602.54 625.39 1.56E+05 1.56E+05 613.97 613.97
Not e：M b1 =（M 1 + M 2）·K b1 / ( K b1 + K b 2 )
M b 2 =（M 1 + M 2）·Kb 2 / ( Kb1 + Kb 2 )
M b1 — left bending moment of side beam M b 2 — left bending moment of the central beam
M 1 — Bending moment at the lower end of side column M 2 — Bending moment at the upper end of side column
Kb1 — Linear stiffness of the side beam Kb 2 — Linear stiffness of the central beam
The calculation results of beam end shear and column axial force are shown in Table 6.3 and
table 6.4
Table6.3 The beam end shear force
Beam end bending moment Shear force of Beam end bending moment Shear force
Floor of span BC span BC of span CE of span CE
span span
number Mb1 Mb2
Mb（kN·m） Vb1（kN） Mb1（kN·m） Vb2（kN）
（kN·m）（kN·m）
5 160.30 103.53 27.48 103.53 160.30 27.48
4 344.60 237.30 60.61 237.30 344.60 60.61
3 546.70 375.42 9.6 96.05 375.42 546.7 9.6 96.05
2 689.04 469.32 120.66 469.32 689.04 120.66
1 922.83 613.97 160.08 613.97 922.83 160.08
56
Not e：Vb1 =（M b + M b1）/ L Vb 2 =（M b1 + M b 2）/ L

Vb1 — Beam end shear force of the side span Vb 2 — Beam end shear force of the central span
L — span
Table6.4 the column axial force
Beam end shear
Beam end shear Axial force of Axial force of Axial force of
Floor force of side
force of side span side column central column side column
number span
Vb1（kN） Vb2（kN） N1（kN） N2（kN） N3（kN）
5 27.48 27.48 -27.48 -27.48 27.48
4 60.61 60.61 -60.61 -60.61 88.09
3 96.05 96.05 -96.05 -96.05 184.14
2 120.66 120.66 -120.66 -120.66 304.8
1 160.08 160.08 -160.08 -160.08 464.88
The diagram of bending moment of frame KJ-3 under horizontal earthquake, (left
earthquake) is shown in Fig. 6.2.
Fig.6.2 The bending moment of frame KJ-3 under horizontal earthquake（kN·m）

The diagram of beam end shear force and column axis force under horizontal earthquake
57
(left earthquake) is shown in Fig. 6.3
Fig.6.3 The diagram of beam end shear force and column axis force under horizontal earthquake （kN）
58
6.2 Internal force analysis of KJ-3 under vertical load

6.2.1 Establishment of calculation diagram of frame KJ-3 under dead load
1）Selection of calculation unit
Taking KJ-3 as an example, the load transfer is shown in Fig. 6.4
Fig. 6.4 load transfer

2）Load calculation of dead load
（1）First floor load calculation
Concentrated force at column end of axis-B：
Load of main beam 1：
Beam load：0.35 × 0.95 × 25 × 4.5 × 2 = 74.81𝑘𝑁
Wall load：7 × 4.5 × 2 = 63𝑘𝑁
1
Plate load：2 × 2.25 × 4.5 = 5.06𝑚2 ，5.06 × 5.5 = 27.83𝑘𝑁
Load of main beam 1: 74.81 + 63 + 27.83 × 2 = 193.47𝑘𝑁

Beam load：0.35 × 0.95 × 25 × 10 = 83𝑘𝑁
Wall load：7.5 × 10 = 75𝑘𝑁
1
Plate load：2 × (10 + 5.5) × 2.25 = 17.44𝑚2 ，17.44 × 5.5 = 95.92𝑘𝑁
59
Load of main beam 2：83 + 75 + 95.92 = 253.92𝑘𝑁

1
Concentrated force at column end of axis-B：193.47 + 253.92 × 4 × 2 = 𝟑𝟐𝟎. 𝟒𝟑𝒌𝑵
Concentrated force at column end of axis-E：

Beam load：0.35 × 0.95 × 25 × 4.5 × 2 = 74.81𝑘𝑁
Wall load：8 × 4.5 × 2 = 72𝑘𝑁
1
Plate load：2 × 4.5 × 2.25 = 5.06𝑚2 ，5.06 × 5.5 = 27.83𝑘𝑁
Load of main beam：74.81 + 72 + 27.83 × 2 = 202.47𝑘𝑁

Load of main beam 2:
Beam load：0.35 × 0.95 × 25 × 7.6 = 63.18𝑘𝑁
Wall load：None
1
Plate load：2 × (7.6 + 3.1) × 2.25 = 12.04𝑚2 ，12.04 × 5.5 = 66.22𝑘𝑁
Load of main beam 2：63.18 + 66.22 = 129.4𝑘𝑁

1
Concentrated force at column end of axis-E：202.47 + 129.4 × 4 × 2 = 𝟐𝟔𝟕. 𝟏𝟕𝒌𝑵
Concentrated force at column end of axis-C：

First calculating concentrated force at point D (suppose), above column end of axis-C.
Load of main beam：
Main Beam 1:
Beam load：0.35 × 0.95 × 25 × 7.6 = 63.18𝑘𝑁
Wall load：None
1
Plate load：2 (7.6 + 3.1) × 2.25 = 12.04𝑚2 ，12.04 × 5.5 = 66.22𝑘𝑁
Load of Beam 1: 63.18 + 66.22 = 129.4𝑘𝑁

Main Beam 2:
Beam load：0.35 × 0.95 × 25 × 2.4 = 19.95𝑘𝑁
Wall load：None
1
Plate load：2 × 1.2 × 2.4 = 1.44𝑚2 ，1.44 × 5.5 = 7.92𝑘𝑁
Load of Beam 1: 19.95 + 7.92 = 27.87𝑘𝑁
60
Load of secondary beam：

Beam load：0.25 × 0.75 × 25 × 4.5 × 2 = 42.191𝑘𝑁
Wall load：5.5 × 4.5 × 2 = 49.5𝑘𝑁
1
Plate load 1：2 (9 + 6.6) × 1.2 = 9.36𝑚2 ，9.36 × 5.5 = 51.4𝑘𝑁
1
Plate load 2：2 × 2.25 × 4.5 = 5.06𝑚2 ，5.06 × 5.5 = 27.87𝑘𝑁
51.4
Load of secondary beam：42.19 + 49.5 + × 2 + 27.87 × 2 = 198.75𝑘𝑁
2
1
Concentrated force at point D above column end of axis-C ： 198.75 + 129.4 × 4 × 2 +
1
27.87 × 4 × 2 = 𝟐𝟕𝟕. 𝟑𝟗𝒌𝑵
Now, for concentrated force at column end of axis-C:

Beam load：0.35 × 0.95 × 25 × 4.5 × 2 = 74.81𝑘𝑁
Wall load：5.5 × 4.5 × 2 = 49.5𝑘𝑁
1
Plate load 1：2 (9 + 6.6) × 1.2 = 9.36𝑚2 ，9.36 × 5.5 = 51.4𝑘𝑁
1
Plate load 2：2 × 2.25 × 4.5 = 5.06𝑚2 ，5.06 × 5.5 = 27.87𝑘𝑁
1
Load of main beam 1: 74.81 + 49.5 + 27.87 × 2 + 51.4 × 2 × 2 = 231.45𝑘𝑁

Beam load：0.35 × 0.95 × 25 × 10 = 83.13𝑘𝑁
Wall load：7.5 × 10 = 75𝑘𝑁
1
Plate load ：2 (10 + 5.5) × 2.25 = 17.44𝑚2 ，17.44 × 5.5 = 95.92𝑘𝑁
Load of main beam 2：83.13 + 75 + 95.92 = 254.05𝑘𝑁

1 1
Concentrated force at column end of axis-C ： 277.39 × 2 + 231.45 + 254.05 × 4 × 2 =
𝟒𝟗𝟕. 𝟏𝟕𝒌𝑵
（2）Second floor load calculation

Beam load：0.35 × 0.95 × 25 × 4.5 × 2 = 74.81𝑘𝑁
Wall load：7 × 4.5 × 2 = 63𝑘𝑁
61
1
Plate load： × 2.25 × 4.5 = 5.06𝑚2 ，5.06 × 5.5 = 27.83𝑘𝑁
2
Load of main beam 1: 74.81 + 63 + 27.83 × 2 = 193.47𝑘𝑁

Beam load：0.35 × 0.95 × 25 × 10 = 83𝑘𝑁
Wall load：None
1
Plate load：2 × (10 + 5.5) × 2.25 = 17.44𝑚2 ，17.44 × 5.5 = 95.92𝑘𝑁
Load of main beam 2：83 + 95.92 = 178.92𝑘𝑁

1
Concentrated force at column end of axis-B：193.47 + 178.92 × 4 × 2 = 𝟐𝟖𝟐. 𝟗𝟑𝒌𝑵

Beam load：0.35 × 0.95 × 25 × 4.5 × 2 = 74.81𝑘𝑁
Wall load：8 × 4.5 × 2 = 72𝑘𝑁
1
Plate load：2 × 4.5 × 2.25 = 5.06𝑚2 ，5.06 × 5.5 = 27.83𝑘𝑁

Beam load：0.35 × 0.95 × 25 × 7.6 = 63.18𝑘𝑁
Wall load：None
1
Plate load：2 × (7.6 + 3.1) × 2.25 = 12.04𝑚2 ，12.04 × 5.5 = 66.22𝑘𝑁

1

Main Beam 1:
Beam load：0.35 × 0.95 × 25 × 7.6 = 63.18𝑘𝑁
Wall load：None
1
Plate load：2 (7.6 + 3.1) × 2.25 = 12.04𝑚2 ，12.04 × 5.5 = 66.22𝑘𝑁
62
Load of Beam 1: 63.18 + 66.22 = 129.4𝑘𝑁

Main Beam 2:
Beam load：0.35 × 0.95 × 25 × 2.4 = 19.95𝑘𝑁
Wall load：None
1
Plate load：2 × 1.2 × 2.4 = 1.44𝑚2 ，1.44 × 5.5 = 7.92𝑘𝑁
Load of Beam 1: 19.95 + 7.92 = 27.87𝑘𝑁

Beam load：0.25 × 0.75 × 25 × 4.5 × 2 = 42.191𝑘𝑁
Wall load：5.5 × 4.5 × 2 = 49.5𝑘𝑁
1
Plate load 1：2 (9 + 6.6) × 1.2 = 9.36𝑚2 ，9.36 × 5.5 = 51.4𝑘𝑁
1
Plate load 2：2 × 2.25 × 4.5 = 5.06𝑚2 ，5.06 × 5.5 = 27.87𝑘𝑁
51.4
2
1
1
27.87 × 4 × 2 = 𝟐𝟕𝟕. 𝟑𝟗𝒌𝑵

Beam load：0.35 × 0.95 × 25 × 4.5 × 2 = 74.81𝑘𝑁
Wall load：5.5 × 4.5 × 2 = 49.5𝑘𝑁
1
Plate load 1：2 (9 + 6.6) × 1.2 = 9.36𝑚2 ，9.36 × 5.5 = 51.4𝑘𝑁
1
Plate load 2：2 × 2.25 × 4.5 = 5.06𝑚2 ，5.06 × 5.5 = 27.87𝑘𝑁
1

Beam load：0.35 × 0.95 × 25 × 10 = 83.13𝑘𝑁
Wall load：None
1
Plate load ：2 (10 + 5.5) × 2.25 = 17.44𝑚2 ，17.44 × 5.5 = 95.92𝑘𝑁

1 1
63
𝟒𝟓𝟗. 𝟔𝟏𝒌𝑵
（3）Third floor load calculation

First calculating concentrated force at point B1/2 (suppose), above column end of axis-B.
Beam load：0.35 × 0.95 × 25 × 7.9 = 65.67𝑘𝑁
Wall load：None
1
Plate load：2 × 2.25 × (7.9 + 3.4) = 12.71𝑚2 ，12.71 × 5.5 = 69.91𝑘𝑁
Load of main beam 1: 65.67 + 69.91 = 135.58𝑘𝑁

Beam load：0.35 × 0.95 × 25 × 2.1 = 17.46𝑘𝑁
Wall load：None
1
Plate load：2 × 2.1 × 1.05 = 1.1𝑚2 ，1.1 × 5.5 = 6.05𝑘𝑁

Load of secondary beam:
Beam load：0.25 × 0.75 × 25 × 4.5 × 2 = 42.19𝑘𝑁
Wall load：7 × 4.5 × 2 = 63𝑘𝑁
1
Plate load 1：2 × 1.05 × (4.5 + 2.4) = 3.62𝑚2 ，3.62 × 5.5 = 19.91𝑘𝑁
1
Plate load 2：2 × 2.25 × 4.5 = 5.06𝑚2 ，5.06 × 5.5 = 27.83𝑘𝑁
Load of secondary beam:42.19 + 63 + 19.91 × 2 + 27.83 × 2 = 200.67𝑘𝑁

1
Concentrated force at point B1/2, above column end of axis-B: 135.58 × 4 × 2 +
1
23.51 × 4 × 2 + 200.67 = 𝟐𝟖𝟎. 𝟐𝟐𝒌𝑵
Now, concentrated force at column end of axis-B:

Beam load：0.35 × 0.95 × 25 × 4.5 × 2 = 74.81𝑘𝑁
Wall load：5.5 × 4.5 × 2 = 49.5𝑘𝑁
1
Plate load：2 × 1.05 × (4.5 + 2.4) = 3.62𝑚2 ，3.62 × 5.5 = 19.91𝑘𝑁
Load of main beam : 74.81 + 49.5 + 19.91 × 2 = 164.13𝑘𝑁
64
1
Therefore, concentrated force at column end of axis-B：164.13 + 280.22 × = 𝟑𝟎𝟒. 𝟐𝟒𝒌𝑵
2

Beam load：0.35 × 0.95 × 25 × 4.5 × 2 = 74.81𝑘𝑁
Wall load：8 × 4.5 × 2 = 72𝑘𝑁
1
Plate load：2 × 4.5 × 2.25 = 5.06𝑚2 ，5.06 × 5.5 = 27.83𝑘𝑁

Beam load：0.35 × 0.95 × 25 × 7.6 = 63.18𝑘𝑁
Wall load：None
1
Plate load：2 × (7.6 + 3.1) × 2.25 = 12.04𝑚2 ，12.04 × 5.5 = 66.22𝑘𝑁

1

Main Beam 1:
Beam load：0.35 × 0.95 × 25 × 7.6 = 63.18𝑘𝑁
Wall load：None
1
Plate load：2 (7.6 + 3.1) × 2.25 = 12.04𝑚2 ，12.04 × 5.5 = 66.22𝑘𝑁
Load of Beam 1: 63.18 + 66.22 = 129.4𝑘𝑁

Main Beam 2:
Beam load：0.35 × 0.95 × 25 × 2.4 = 19.95𝑘𝑁
Wall load：None
1
Plate load：2 × 1.2 × 2.4 = 1.44𝑚2 ，1.44 × 5.5 = 7.92𝑘𝑁
Load of Beam 1: 19.95 + 7.92 = 27.87𝑘𝑁

65
Beam load：0.25 × 0.75 × 25 × 4.5 × 2 = 42.191𝑘𝑁

Wall load：5.5 × 4.5 × 2 = 49.5𝑘𝑁
1
Plate load 1：2 (9 + 6.6) × 1.2 = 9.36𝑚2 ，9.36 × 5.5 = 51.4𝑘𝑁
1
Plate load 2：2 × 2.25 × 4.5 = 5.06𝑚2 ，5.06 × 5.5 = 27.87𝑘𝑁
51.4
2
1
1
27.87 × 4 × 2 = 𝟐𝟕𝟕. 𝟑𝟗𝒌𝑵

Beam load：0.35 × 0.95 × 25 × 4.5 × 2 = 74.81𝑘𝑁
Wall load：5.5 × 4.5 × 2 = 49.5𝑘𝑁
1
Plate load 1：2 (9 + 6.6) × 1.2 = 9.36𝑚2 ，9.36 × 5.5 = 51.4𝑘𝑁
1
Plate load 2：2 × 2.25 × 4.5 = 5.06𝑚2 ，5.06 × 5.5 = 27.87𝑘𝑁
1

Beam load：0.35 × 0.95 × 25 × 7.9 = 65.67𝑘𝑁
Wall load：None
1
Plate load：2 × 2.25 × (7.9 + 3.4) = 12.71𝑚2 ，12.71 × 5.5 = 69.91𝑘𝑁
Load of main beam 1: 65.67 + 69.91 = 135.58𝑘𝑁

1 1
𝟒𝟑𝟕. 𝟗𝟒𝒌𝑵
(4) Fourth floor load calculation

Beam load：0.35 × 0.95 × 25 × 4.5 × 2 = 74.81𝑘𝑁
Wall load：8.5 × 4.5 × 2 = 76.5𝑘𝑁
1
Plate load：2 × 2.25 × 4.5 = 5.06𝑚2 ，5.06 × 5.5 = 27.83𝑘𝑁
66
Load of main beam 1: 74.81 + 76.5 + 27.83 × 2 = 206.97𝑘𝑁

Beam load：0.35 × 0.95 × 25 × 10 = 83.13𝑘𝑁
Wall load：None
1
Plate load：2 × (10 + 5.5) × 2.25 = 17.44𝑚2 ，17.44 × 5.5 = 95.92𝑘𝑁

1
Concentrated force at column end of axis-B：206.97 + 179.05 × 4 × 2 = 𝟐𝟗𝟔. 𝟒𝟗𝒌𝑵

Beam load：0.35 × 0.95 × 25 × 4.5 × 2 = 74.81𝑘𝑁
Wall load：8 × 4.5 × 2 = 72𝑘𝑁
1
Plate load：2 × 4.5 × 2.25 = 5.06𝑚2 ，5.06 × 5.5 = 27.83𝑘𝑁
Load of main beam1：74.81 + 72 + 27.83 × 2 = 202.47𝑘𝑁

Beam load：0.35 × 0.95 × 25 × 7.6 = 63.18𝑘𝑁
Wall load：None
1
Plate load：2 × (7.6 + 3.1) × 2.25 = 12.04𝑚2 ，12.04 × 5.5 = 66.22𝑘𝑁

1
Concentrated force at column end of axis-C：202.47 + 129.4 × 4 × 2 = 𝟐𝟔𝟕. 𝟏𝟕𝒌𝑵

Main Beam 1:
Beam load：0.35 × 0.95 × 25 × 7.6 = 63.18𝑘𝑁
Wall load：None
1
Plate load：2 (7.6 + 3.1) × 2.25 = 12.04𝑚2 ，12.04 × 5.5 = 66.22𝑘𝑁
Load of Beam 1: 63.18 + 66.22 = 129.4𝑘𝑁
67
Main Beam 2:
Beam load：0.35 × 0.95 × 25 × 2.4 = 19.95𝑘𝑁
Wall load：None
1
Plate load：2 × 1.2 × 2.4 = 1.44𝑚2 ，1.44 × 5.5 = 7.92𝑘𝑁
Load of Beam 1: 19.95 + 7.92 = 27.87𝑘𝑁

Beam load：0.25 × 0.75 × 25 × 4.5 × 2 = 42.191𝑘𝑁
Wall load：5.5 × 4.5 × 2 = 49.5𝑘𝑁
1
Plate load 1： (9 + 6.6) × 1.2 = 9.36𝑚2 ，9.36 × 5.5 = 51.4𝑘𝑁
2
1
Plate load 2：2 × 2.25 × 4.5 = 5.06𝑚2 ，5.06 × 5.5 = 27.87𝑘𝑁
51.4
2
1
1
27.87 × 4 × 2 = 𝟐𝟕𝟕. 𝟑𝟗𝒌𝑵

Beam load：0.35 × 0.95 × 25 × 4.5 × 2 = 74.81𝑘𝑁
Wall load：5.5 × 4.5 × 2 = 49.5𝑘𝑁
1
Plate load 1：2 (9 + 6.6) × 1.2 = 9.36𝑚2 ，9.36 × 5.5 = 51.48𝑘𝑁
1
Plate load 2：2 × 2.25 × 4.5 = 5.06𝑚2, 5.06 × 5.5 = 27.83𝑘𝑁
1

Beam load：0.35 × 0.95 × 25 × 10 = 83.13𝑘𝑁
Wall load：None
1
Plate load ：2 (10 + 5.5) × 2.25 = 17.44𝑚2 ，17.44 × 5.5 = 95.92𝑘𝑁
Load of main beam 2：83.13 + 95.92 = 179.05

1 1
𝟒𝟓𝟗. 𝟔𝟕𝒌𝑵
68
(5) Fifth floor load calculation

Beam load：0.35 × 0.95 × 25 × 4.5 × 2 = 74.81𝑘𝑁
Wall load：None
1
Plate load：2 × 2.25 × 4.5 = 5.06𝑚2 ，5.06 × 6 = 30.36𝑘𝑁
Load of main beam 1: 74.81 + 30.36 × 2 = 135.53𝑘𝑁

Beam load：0.35 × 0.95 × 25 × 10 = 83.13𝑘𝑁
Wall load：None
1
Plate load：2 × (10 + 5.5) × 2.25 = 17.44𝑚2 ，17.44 × 6 = 104.64𝑘𝑁

1
Concentrated force at column end of axis-B：135.53 + 187.77 × 4 × 2 = 𝟐𝟐𝟗. 𝟒𝟐𝒌𝑵

Beam load：0.35 × 0.95 × 25 × 4.5 × 2 = 74.81𝑘𝑁
Wall load：None
1
Plate load：2 × 4.5 × 2.25 = 5.06𝑚2 ，5.06 × 6 = 30.36𝑘𝑁
Load of main beam1：74.81 + 30.36 × 2 = 135.53𝑘𝑁

Beam load：0.35 × 0.95 × 25 × 7.6 = 63.18𝑘𝑁
Wall load：None
1
Plate load：2 × (7.6 + 3.1) × 2.25 = 12.04𝑚2 ，12.04 × 6 = 72.24𝑘𝑁

1
Concentrated force at column end of axis-C：135.53 + 135.42 × 4 × 2 = 𝟐𝟎𝟑. 𝟐𝟒𝒌𝑵

69

Main Beam 1:
Beam load：0.35 × 0.95 × 25 × 7.6 = 63.18𝑘𝑁
Wall load：None
1
Plate load：2 (7.6 + 3.1) × 2.25 = 12.04𝑚2 ，12.04 × 6 = 72.24𝑘𝑁
Load of Beam 1: 63.18 + 72.24 = 135.42𝑘𝑁

Main Beam 2:
Beam load：0.35 × 0.95 × 25 × 2.4 = 19.95𝑘𝑁
Wall load：None
1
Plate load：2 × 1.2 × 2.4 = 1.44𝑚2 ，1.44 × 6 = 8.64𝑘𝑁
Load of Beam 2: 19.95 + 8.64 = 28.59𝑘𝑁

Beam load：0.25 × 0.75 × 25 × 4.5 × 2 = 42.19𝑘𝑁
Wall load：None
1
Plate load 1：2 (9 + 6.6) × 1.2 = 9.36𝑚2 ，9.36 × 6 = 57.6𝑘𝑁
1
Plate load 2：2 × 2.25 × 4.5 = 5.06𝑚2 ，5.06 × 6 = 30.36𝑘𝑁
57.6
Load of secondary beam：42.19 + × 2 + 30.36 × 2 = 160.51𝑘𝑁
2
1
Concentrated force at point D above column end of axis-C：160.51 + 135.42 × 4 × 2 +
1
28.59 × 4 × 2 = 𝟐𝟒𝟐. 𝟓𝟐𝒌𝑵

Beam load：0.35 × 0.95 × 25 × 4.35 × 2 = 74.81𝑘𝑁
Wall load：None
1
Plate load 1：2 (9 + 6.6) × 1.2 = 9.36𝑚2 ，9.36 × 6 = 57.6𝑘𝑁
1
Plate load 2：2 × 2.25 × 4.5 = 5.06𝑚2, 5.06 × 6 = 30.36𝑘𝑁
1
Load of main beam 1: 74.81 + 30.36 × 2 + 57.6 × 2 × 2 = 194.13𝐾𝑁

Beam load：0.35 × 0.95 × 25 × 10 = 83.13𝑘𝑁
70
Wall load：None
1
Plate load ：2 (10 + 5.5) × 2.25 = 17.44𝑚2 ，17.44 × 6 = 104.64𝑘𝑁

1 1
Concentrated force at column end of axis-C：242.52 × 2 + 194.13 + 187.77 × 4 × 2 =
𝟒𝟎𝟗. 𝟐𝟖𝒌𝑵
226.42KN/m 8.31KN/m 394.28KN/m 233.52KN/m 8.31KN/m 226.42KN/m

8.31KN/m
60KN/m 14.4KN/m 45.6KN/m

276.49KN/m 8.31KN/m 459.61KN/m 277.39KN/m 8.31KN/m
8.31KN/m 276.49KN/m
55KN/m 13.2KN/m 41.8KN/m

8.31KN/m 8.31KN/m
11.55KN/m 43.45KN/m 13.2KN/m 41.8KN/m

8.31KN/m
55KN/m 13.2KN/m 41.8KN/m

7.5KN/m
8.31KN/m
55KN/m 13.2KN/m 41.8KN/m
2100 7900 2400 7600
B B1/2 C D E
Fig.6.5 Calculation diagram of dead load layout of KJ-3
6.2.2 Establishment of calculation diagram of frame KJ-3 under live load

（1）First floor load calculation
1
Load of main beam 1 ： 2 × 2.25 × 4.5 = 5.06𝑚2 ， 5.06 × 2.5 = 12.65𝑘𝑁, 5.06 × 3 =
15.18𝑘𝑁
1
Load of main beam 2：2 (10 + 5.5) × 2.02 = 17.44𝑚2 ，17.44 × 2.5 = 43.6𝑘𝑁, 17.44 ×
3 = 52.32𝐾𝑁
1
Concentrated force at column end axis-B ： 12.65 + 15.18 + (43.6 + 52.32) × 4 =
𝟓𝟏. 𝟖𝟏𝒌𝑵
Concentrated force at column end axis-E：
1
Load of main beam 1：2 × 4.5 × 2.25 = 5.063𝑚2 ，5.063 × 2.5 = 12.65𝑘𝑁
1
Load of main beam 2：2 × (7.6 + 3.1) × 2.25 = 12.04𝑚2，12.04 × 2.5 = 30.1𝑘𝑁
71
1
Concentrated force at column end axis-E：12.66 × 2 + 30.1 × × 2 = 𝟒𝟎. 𝟑𝟓𝒌𝑵
4
Concentrated force at column end axis-C：
1
Load of main beam 1: × (7.6 + 3.1) × 2.25 = 12.04𝑚2 , 12.04 × 2.5 =30.1𝑘𝑁
2
1
Load of main beam 2: × 1.2 × 2.4 = 1.44𝑚2 , 1.44 × 3 = 4.32𝑘𝑁
2
1
Secondary Beam load：1. 2 × 1(9 + 6.6) × 1.2 = 9.36𝑚2, 9.36 × 3 = 28.08𝑘𝑁
1
2. 2 × 2.25 × 4.5 = 5.06𝑚2, 5.06 × 3 = 15.18𝑘𝑁
1
Concentrated force at point D above column end of axis-C：30.1 × 4 × 2 + 4.32 × 2 +
1
15.18 × 2 + 28.08 × 2 × 2 = 𝟖𝟐. 𝟏𝟑𝒌𝑵
1
Load of main beam 1: 1. 2 × (9 + 6.6) × 1.2 = 9.36𝑚2, 9.36 × 3 = 28.08𝑘𝑁
1
2. 2 × 2.25 × 4.5 = 5.06𝑚2, 5.06 × 3 = 15.18𝑘𝑁, 5.06 × 2.5 = 12.65
1
Load of main beam 2: 2 (10 + 5.5) × 2.02 = 17.44𝑚2，17.44 × 2.5 = 43.6𝑘𝑁,
17.44 × 3 = 52.32𝐾𝑁
1 1
Concentrated force at column end axis-C: 82.13 × 2 + 28.08 × 2 × 2 + 12.65 + 15.18 +
1
(43.6 + 52.32) × × 2 = 𝟏𝟒𝟒. 𝟗𝟒𝒌𝑵
4
(2) Second floor load calculation

1
Load of main beam 1 ： 2 × 2.25 × 4.5 = 5.06𝑚2 ， 506 × 2.5 = 12.65𝑘𝑁, 5.06 × 3 =
15.18𝑘𝑁
1
3 = 52.32𝐾𝑁
1
𝟓𝟏. 𝟖𝟏𝒌𝑵
1
1
1
Concentrated force at column end axis-E：12.66 × 2 + 30.1 × 4 × 2 = 𝟒𝟎. 𝟑𝟓𝒌𝑵
1
2
1
2
72
1
Secondary Beam load：1. × (9 + 6.6) × 1.2 = 9.36𝑚2, 9.36 × 3 = 28.08𝑘𝑁
2
1
2. 2 × 2.25 × 4.5 = 5.06𝑚2, 5.06 × 3 = 15.18𝑘𝑁
1
1
15.18 × 2 + 28.08 × 2 × 2 = 𝟖𝟐. 𝟏𝟑𝒌𝑵
1
1
2. 2 × 2.25 × 4.5 = 5.06𝑚2, 5.06 × 3 = 15.18𝑘𝑁, 5.06 × 2.5 = 12.65
1
17.44 × 3 = 52.32𝐾𝑁
1 1
1
(43.6 + 52.32) × × 2 = 𝟏𝟒𝟒. 𝟗𝟒𝒌𝑵
4
(3) Third floor load calculation

First calculating concentrated force at point B1/2 (suppose), above column end of axis-B.
1
Load of main beam 1: 2 × 2.25 × (7.9 + 3.4) = 12.71𝑚2 ，12.71 × 2.5 = 31.78𝑘𝑁,
12.71 × 2.5 = 31.78𝑘𝑁
1
Load of main beam 2：2 × 2.1 × 1.05 = 1.1𝑚2 ，1.1 × 2.5 = 2.75𝑘𝑁, 1.1 × 2.5 =
2.75𝑘𝑁
1
Load of secondary beam: 1. 2 × 1.05 × (4.5 + 2.4) = 3.62𝑚2 , 3.62 × 2.5 = 9.05KN
1
2. 2 × 2.25 × 4.5 = 5.06𝑚2 , 5.06 × 2.5 = 12.65
Concentrated force at point B1/2, above column end of axis-B: 31.78 × 2 + 2.75 × 2 +
1
9.05 × 4 × 2 + 12.65 × 2 = 𝟗𝟖. 𝟖𝟗𝒌𝑵
Now, concentrated force at column end of axis-B:
1
× 1.05 × (4.5 + 2.4) = 3.62𝑚2 , 3.62 × 2.5 = 9.05𝐾𝑁
2
1
Therefore, concentrated force at column end of axis-B: 9.05 × 2 + 98.89 × 2 = 𝟔𝟕. 𝟓𝟓𝒌𝑵
1
1
1
Concentrated force at column end axis-E：12.65 × 2 + 30.1 × 4 × 2 = 𝟒𝟎.35𝒌𝑵
1
2
73
1
2
1
1
2. 2 × 2.25 × 4.5 = 5.06𝑚2, 5.06 × 3 = 15.18𝑘𝑁
1
1
15.18 × 2 + 28.08 × 2 × 2 = 𝟗𝟕. 𝟔𝟖𝒌𝑵
1
1
2. 2 × 2.25 × 4.5 = 5.06𝑚2, 5.06 × 2.5 = 12.65
1
1 1
Concentrated force at column end axis-C: 97.68 × 2 + 28.08 × 2 × 2 + 12.65 +
1
43.6 × 4 × 2 = 𝟏𝟏𝟏. 𝟑𝟕𝒌𝑵
(4) Fourth floor load calculation

1
Load of main beam 1 ： 2 × 2.25 × 4.5 = 5.06𝑚2 ， 506 × 2.5 = 12.65𝑘𝑁, 5.06 × 3 =
15.18𝑘𝑁
1
3 = 52.32𝐾𝑁
1
𝟓𝟏. 𝟖𝟏𝒌𝑵
1
1
1
Concentrated force at column end axis-E：12.66 × 2 + 30.1 × 4 × 2 = 𝟒𝟎. 𝟑𝟓𝒌𝑵
1
2
1
2
1
1
2. 2 × 2.25 × 4.5 = 5.06𝑚2, 5.06 × 3 = 15.18𝑘𝑁
1
1
15.18 × 2 + 28.08 × 2 × 2 = 𝟖𝟐. 𝟏𝟑𝒌𝑵
74
1
Load of main beam 1: 1. × (9 + 6.6) × 1.2 = 9.36𝑚2, 9.36 × 3 = 28.08𝑘𝑁
2
1
2. 2 × 2.25 × 4.5 = 5.06𝑚2, 5.06 × 3 = 15.18𝑘𝑁, 5.06 × 2.5 = 12.65
1
17.44 × 3 = 52.32𝐾𝑁
1 1
1
(43.6 + 52.32) × × 2 = 𝟏𝟒𝟒. 𝟗𝟒𝒌𝑵
4
(5) Fifth floor load calculation
1
Load of main beam 1 ： 2 × 2.25 × 4.5 = 5.06𝑚2 ， 5.06 × 0.5 = 2.53𝑘𝑁, 5.06 × 0.5 =
2.53𝑘𝑁
1
0.5 = 8.72𝐾𝑁
1
Concentrated force at column end axis-B：(2.53 + 2.53) + (8.72 + 8.72) × = 𝟗. 𝟑𝟔𝒌𝑵
4
1
1
1
Concentrated force at column end axis-E：6.02 × 2 + 2.53 × 4 × 2 = 𝟏𝟑. 𝟑𝟏𝒌𝑵
1
2
1
Load of main beam 2: × 1.2 × 2.4 = 1.44𝑚2 , 1.44 × 0.5 = 0.72𝑘𝑁
2
1
Secondary Beam load：1. 2 × 1(9 + 6.6) × 1.2 = 9.36𝑚2, 9.36 × 0.5 = 4.68𝑘𝑁
1
2. 2 × 2.25 × 4.5 = 5.06𝑚2, 5.06 × 0.5 = 2.53𝑘𝑁
1
1
2.53 × 2 + 4.68 × 2 × 2 = 𝟏𝟒. 𝟏𝟗𝒌𝑵
1
Load of main beam 1: 1. 2 × (9 + 6.6) × 1.2 = 9.36𝑚2, 9.36 × 0.5 = 4.68𝑘𝑁
1
2. × 2.25 × 4.5 = 5.06𝑚2, 5.06 × 0.5 = 2.53𝑘𝑁, 5.06 × 0.5 = 2.53
2
1
17.44 × 0.5 = 8.72𝐾𝑁
1 1
Concentrated force at column end axis-C: 14.19 × 2 + 4.68 × 2 × 2 + 2.53 × 2 +
1
(8.72 + 8.72) × × 2 = 𝟐𝟓. 𝟓𝟔𝒌𝑵
4
75
3）Calculation of eccentric bending moment

If the eccentricity is less than 1/ 4 of the column width, its influence can be ignored.
The full vertical live load layout of KJ-3 is shown in Fig.6.6
8.40KN 1.75KN 25.56KN 14.19KN 1.75KN 11.7KN

1.2KN
52.54KN 10.52KN 144.94KN 82.13KN 10.52KN 37.11KN

7.2KN
37.11KN
63.15KN 98.89KN 111.37KN 97.68KN/m

10.52KN 10.52KN
5.25KN 7.2KN
37.11KN
47.39KN 10.52KN 144.94KN 82.13KN 10.52KN

7.2KN
37.11KN
63.15KN 10.52KN 144.94KN 82.13KN 10.52KN

7.2KN
2100 7900 2400 7600
B B1/2 C D E
Fig.6.6 The full vertical live load layout of KJ-3
6.3 Internal force calculation of frame KJ-3 under vertical load

1）The bending moment quadratic distribution method is adopted for internal force analysis
and calculation, as shown in the tables below
Specifically, the following four situations are considered:
① The calculation process of beam end and column end bending moment under dead load
is shown in Table6.5
②Calculation process of bending moment under full vertical live load layout is shown in
Table6.6
2）Bending moment diagram
The bending moment diagram of KJ-3 under dead load is shown in Fig.6.7,
The bending moment diagram of KJ-3 under full vertical live load layout is shown in
Fig.6.8.
NOTE: The calculation result I got here from the manual calculation is not correct. So I used
software to recalculate it and use software calculation result in my following calculation.
76
Table6.5 The calculation process of beam end and column end bending moment under dead load
Table6.6 Calculation process of bending moment under full vertical live load layout
77
software to recalculate it and use software calculation result in my following calculation. Here
I draw the bending moment diagram according to my software calculation result.
Fig.6.7 The bending moment diagram of KJ-3 under dead load（ kN  m ）
78
Fig.6.8 The bending moment diagram of KJ-3 under full vertical live load layout
（ kN  m ）
3）Shear calculation
（1）Under the dead load：
Calculation of BC beam on the fifth floor：

1
Under uniform loading：2 × 2.92×3.0=4.38kN
1
Under triangular loading：4 × 16.5 × 3.0=12.37kN
Under the action of bending moment：−(1.4 + 56.16) ÷ 3.0 = −19.18𝑘𝑁
Shear force at point A of AB beam：4.38+12.37-19.18=-2.43𝑘𝑁
Shear force at point B of AB beam：-4.38-12.37-19.18= − 35.93𝑘𝑁
Calculation of CE beam on the fifth floor：
1
1
Under trapezoidal loading：2 × 15.67 × 8.4×(1-0.2695)=48.07kN
Under the action of bending moment：−(−88.57 + 44.42) ÷ 8.4 = 5.25𝑘𝑁
Shear force at point B of BC beam：20.45+48.07+5.25=73.71𝑘𝑁
Shear force at point C of BC beam：-20.45-64.93+5.25=-80.13𝑘𝑁
Calculation of BC beam on the fourth floor：

1
79
1
Under triangular loading： × 16.5 × 3.0=12.37kN
4
Calculation of CE beam on the fourth floor：
1
1
Calculation of BC beam on the third floor：

1
1
Calculation of CE beam on the third floor：

1
1
Calculation of BC beam on the second floor：
1
1
Under triangular loading：4 × 16.5×3.0=12.37kN
Shear force at point A of AB beam：4.38+12.37-15.42=1.33𝑘𝑁
Shear force at point B of AB beam：-4.38-12.37-15.42=-32.17𝑘𝑁
Calculation of CE beam on the second floor：
1
Under uniform loading：2 × (4.87+4.87)×8.4=40.91kN
1
Under trapezoidal loading：2 × 15.67×8.4×(1-0.2695)=48.07kN
80

Calculation of BC beam on the first floor：
1
1
Under triangular loading：4 × 16.5×3.0=12.37kN
Shear force at point A of AB beam：4.38+12.37-16.66=0.09𝑘𝑁
Shear force at point B of AB beam：-4.38-12.37-16.66=-33.41𝑘𝑁
Calculation of CE beam on the first floor：
1
Under uniform loading：2 × (4.87+4.87)×8.4=40.91kN
1
Under trapezoidal loading：2 × 15.67×8.4×(1-0.2695)=48.07kN
Table6.7 Beam end shear force of KJ-3 under dead load

Floor number A Bleft B right C
5 19.84 -19.84 77.90 -77.90
4 19.84 -19.84 77.90 -77.90
3 19.84 -19.84 77.90 -77.90
2 19.84 -19.84 73.70 -73.70
1 19.84 -19.84 73.70 -73.70
（2）Under the live load (Full span)：

Calculation of BC beam on the fifth floor：
1
Under triangular loading：4 × 9 × 3.0=6.75kN
Under the action of bending moment：−(0.85 + 13.2) ÷ 3.0 = -4.68𝑘𝑁
Shear force at point A of AB beam：6.7-4.68=2.02𝑘𝑁
Shear force at point B of AB beam：-6.7-4.68=-11.52𝑘𝑁
Calculation of CE beam on the fifth floor：
1
Under the action of bending moment：−(−20.08+10.16)÷8.4=1.18𝑘𝑁
Shear force at point B of BC beam：13.11+1.18=14.29𝑘𝑁
Shear force at point C of BC beam：-13.11+1.18=-11.93𝑘𝑁
81
Calculation of BC beam on the fourth floor：

1
Calculation of CE beam on the fourth floor：
1
Calculation of BC beam on the third floor：
1
Calculation of CE beam on the third floor：

1
Calculation of BC beam on the second floor：
1
Under the action of bending moment：−(−0.81 + 17.43) ÷ 3.0 = -5.54𝑘𝑁
Shear force at point A of AB beam：7.875 − 5.54 = 2.33𝑘𝑁
Calculation of CE beam on the second floor：
1
Shear force at point A of BC beam：21.86+1.30=23.16𝑘𝑁
Calculation of BC beam on the first floor：
1
Under the action of bending moment：−(−0.38 + 17.97) ÷ 3.0 = -5.86𝑘𝑁
82
Shear force at point A of AB beam：7.875 − 5.86 = 2.01𝑘𝑁

Calculation of CE beam on the first floor：
1
Table6.8 Beam end shear force of KJ-3 under live load

Floor number A B left Bright C
5 8.43 -8.43 14.52 -14.52
4 8.43 -8.43 14.52 -14.52
3 8.43 -8.43 14.52 -14.52
2 9.84 -9.84 24.21 -24.21
1 9.84 -9.84 24.21 -24.21
4）Axial force calculation
Take the column A on the second floor under dead load as an example：
(wrong)Axial force at upper end of column A：282.91-2.43=280.48kN
Axial force at lower end of column A：280.48+27.3=307.78kN
Table6.9 The column axial force of KJ-3 under dead load

Concentrated Shear force Upper of Lower of
Floor number Floor height self-weight
force at beam end column A column A
5 4.20 27.3 282.91 19.84 302.75 330.05
4 4.20 27.3 282.91 19.84 632.8 660.1
3 4.20 27.3 282.91 19.84 302.75 330.05
2 4.20 27.3 282.91 19.84 632.8 660.1
1 5.15 33.47 282.91 19.84 962.85 996.32
force at beam end column B column B
5 4.20 27.3 211.88 97.74 309.62 336.92
83
4 4.20 27.3 211.88 93.54 642.34 669.64

3 4.20 27.3 211.88 97.74 309.62 336.92
2 4.20 27.3 211.88 93.54 642.34 669.64
1 5.15 33.47 211.88 93.54 975.06 1008.53

force at beam end column A column C
5 4.20 27.3 296.14 77.90 374.04 401.34
4 4.20 26.97 296.14 73.70 771.18 798.48
3 4.20 27.3 296.14 77.90 374.04 401.34
2 4.20 26.97 296.14 73.70 771.18 798.48
1 5.15 33.47 296.14 73.70 1141.02 1174.49
Table6.10 The column axial force of KJ-3 under live load

Floor number Concentrated force Shear force at beam end column A
5 48.03 8.43 56.46
4 48.03 9.84 114.33
3 48.03 8.43 56.46
2 48.03 9.84 114.33
1 48.03 9.84 172.2
Floor number Concentrated force Shear force at beam end column B
5 70.61 22.95 93.56
4 70.61 34.05 198.22
3 70.61 22.95 93.56
2 70.61 34.05 198.22
1 70.61 34.05 302.88
Floor number Concentrated force Shear force at beam end column C
5 22.57 14.52 37.09
4 22.57 24.21 83.87
3 22.57 14.52 37.09
2 22.57 24.21 83.87
1 22.57 24.21 130.65
84
The diagram of the beam end shear force and the column axial force of KJ-3 under dead load
is shown in Fig6.9,
The diagram of the beam end shear force and the column axial force of KJ-3 under the full live
load layout is shown in Fig.6.10.
Fig.6.9 The diagram of beam end shear force and column axial force of KJ-3 under dead
load（kN）
85
Fig.6.10 The diagram of the beam end shear force and the column axial force of KJ-3
under the full live load layout（kN）
86
Chapter 7 Internal force combination of structural frame
7.1 Internal force combination principle of frame beam

For the frame beam, under the combined action of horizontal load and vertical load, its
shear changes linearly along the beam axis. Therefore, in addition to taking both ends of the
beam as the control section, the section with the maximum positive moment between spans
should also be taken as the control section.
The most unfavorable internal force combinations for frame beams are:
For the beam end’s section： + M max 、 − M max 、 Vmax
For the middle section of beam： + M max 、 − M max
According to the latest provisions of the code for load of building structures, the partial
coefficient of dead load is 1.3 and the partial coefficient of live load is 1.5. Other coefficients
shall be selected according to the original specification.
According to 5.4.1 of code for seismic design of buildings gb50011-2010, the basic
combination of seismic action effect and other load effects of frame structure members shall
be calculated according to the following formula:
S =  G SGE +  Eh S EhK +  Ev S EvK + W  W SWK

Where S——The design value of internal force combination of structural members,
including the design value of combined bending moment, axial force and shear force;
 G ——The partial coefficient of gravity load shall generally be 1.3. When the effect of
gravity load is beneficial to the bearing capacity of members, it shall not be greater than 1.0;
 Eh 、  Ev ——the partial coefficients of horizontal and vertical seismic action
respectively, which shall be adopted according to Table 7.1；
 w ——the partial factor of wind load shall be 1.5；

S GE ——the effect of representative value of gravity load；
S EhK ——the effect of the standard value of horizontal seismic action shall also be
multiplied by the corresponding increase coefficient or adjustment coefficient；
S EvK ——the effect of the standard value of vertical seismic action shall be multiplied by
the corresponding increase coefficient or adjustment coefficient；
87
S wK ——the effect of standard value of wind load；
 w ——The coefficient of wind load combination value is 0.0 for general structures, and
0.2 for high-rise buildings with wind load control.
Table 7.1 Partial coefficients under horizontal and vertical seismic actions
Earthquake action  Eh  Ev
Only horizontal seismic action is calculated 1.4 0.0
Only vertical seismic action is calculated 0.0 1.4
Calculate horizontal and vertical seismic actions simultaneously (mainly horizontal
1.4 0.5
earthquake)
Calculate the horizontal and vertical earthquake actions at the same 0.5 1.4
time (mainly vertical earthquake)
According to article 5.4.2 of code for seismic design of buildings (gb50011-2010), the
following design expression shall be adopted for seismic checking calculation of section of
structural members:
S  R /  RE
Where  RE ——the seismic adjustment coefficient of bearing capacity shall be adopted
according to the table;
R ——Design value of bearing capacity of structural members.
Table 7.2 Seismic adjustment coefficient of bearing capacity

Material Structural member Bearing state  RE
Beam Bending 0.75
Columns with axial compression Eccentric
0.75
ratio less than 0.15 compression
Columns with axial compression Eccentric
0.80
Concrete ratio not less than 0.15 compression
Eccentric
Seismic structural wall 0.85
compression
Shear，Eccentric
Various components 0.85
compression
Then the combination coefficients of this project are as follows:

Non seismic combination: 1.3 dead load + 1.5 live load (combination without seismic
action)
88
Seismic combination: 1.3 (representative value of gravity load) + 1.4 horizontal seismic
load (left seismic action)
1.3 (representative value of gravity load) + 1.4 horizontal seismic load (right earthquake
action)
In the above three combinations, the influence of  RE should be considered in seismic

combination, and then compared with non-seismic combination, the maximum internal force
is selected.
In addition, when calculating the bending moment of beam support, the full span of live
load is required in the combination, and the bending moment in the beam span is the most
unfavorable arrangement of live load. The bending moment at the beam end needs to be
multiplied by 0.85 amplitude modulation coefficient, which reflects the principle of "strong
column and weak beam". At the same time, it should be noted that the design value of mid span
bending moment used in beam section design should not be less than half of the design value
of mid span bending moment calculated according to simply supported beam.
According to 6.2.4 of code for seismic design of buildings (gb50011-2010), the shear
design value of beam end section combination of frame beams of grade I, II and III of frame
structure and coupling beams with mid span height ratio greater than 2.5 of seismic wall shall
be adjusted according to the following formula:
V =  vb (M bl + M br ) / ln + VGb
Where V——Design value of shear force of beam end section combination；
ln
——Clear span of beam；
VGb ——Under the action of representative value of gravity load, the design value of
beam end section shear force analyzed according to simply supported beam；
M bl M r
、 b ——It is the design value of the combined bending moment of the left and
right end sections of the beam in the counterclockwise or clockwise direction. When the
bending moments at both ends of the primary frame are negative, the bending moment with
smaller absolute value shall be taken as zero；
vb ——The increase coefficient of shear force at the beam end, takeing 1.3 for level I,
1.2 for level II and 1.1 for level III。
Design value of beam end section shear force analyzed according to simply supported
89
beam under the action of representative value of gravity load
VGb ——Shear force under the action of (dead load + 0.5 times live load), and multiplied
by a partial factor of 1.2
7.2 Internal force combination principle of frame column

For frame columns, because the bending moment, axial force and shear force change
linearly along the column height, the upper and lower sections of each column can be taken as
the control sections.
The most unfavorable internal force combinations for frame columns are:
 M max
For the column end section: and the corresponding N、V；
N max
and the corresponding M、V；
N min and the corresponding M 、 V（ Symmetrical reinforcement is generally
adopted for columns，  M max only needs to take M max ）
Then the load combination formula of this project is:

Non seismic combination:
M = 1.3M GK + 1.5M QK，N = 1.3NGK + 1.5 NQK

Seismic combination:
M = 1.3M GE + 1.4M EK，N = 1.3NGE + 1.4 N EK

M = 1.0M GE + 1.4M EK，N = 1.0 NGE + 1.4 N EK
According to the seismic code, there are the following internal force adjustments:
Article 6.2.2: at the beam column joints of the tertiary frame, except for the joints where
the axial compression ratio of the top layer of the frame and the column is less than 0.15 and
the joints between the frame supported beam and the frame column, the design value of the
bending moment of the column end combination shall meet the following requirements:
M C = C  M b ， c = 1.3
Where M C
——The sum of the design value of the combined bending moment of the
sections at the upper and lower column ends of the joint in the clockwise or
counterclockwise direction, and the design value of the bending moment at the upper and
90
lower column ends can be distributed according to the elastic analysis.
M b
——The sum of the design bending moment of the combination of the left and
right beam end sections in the counterclockwise or clockwise direction
Article 6.2.3: the design value of the bending moment of the combination of the bottom
layer and the lower section of the column of the three-level frame structure shall be multiplied
by the amplification factor of 1.3. The longitudinal reinforcement of the bottom column should
be configured according to the adverse conditions of the upper and lower ends.
Article 6.2.5: the design value of shear force of three-level frame column and frame
column combination shall be adjusted according to the following formula:
V = vc (M b c +M t c ) / H n ，vc = 1.2

where V——Design value of shear force of column end section combination.
H n ——Clear height of column。
M b c M tc
——The bending moment design values of the combination of the upper
and lower ends of the column in the clockwise or counterclockwise direction shall comply
with the provisions of articles 6.2.2 and 6.2.3 of this section。
vc ——The increase coefficient of column shear force is 1.2 for the level 3 frame
structure.
Article 6.2.6: the design value of combined bending moment and shear force of the corner
column of the tertiary frame adjusted by the above specifications shall be multiplied by an
increase factor of not less than 1.10.
7.3 Combined calculation of internal force of frame beam

The internal force combination of the beam takes kj-3 third floor beam AB as an example
to illustrate the calculation process：
91
7.3.1 Negative moment combination of beam AB’s support

1）Non seismic design (beam end bending moment multiplied by amplitude modulation
coefficient of 0.85
𝑀 = 0.85 × (1.3𝑀𝐺𝐾 + 1.5𝑀𝑄𝐾 )
𝑀𝐵𝐶 = 0.85 × ((1.3 × (−384.87) + 1.5 × (−0.46)) = −425.87𝑘𝑁 ⋅ 𝑚
𝑀𝐶𝐵 = 0.85 × (1.3 × (−623.00) + 1.5 × (−13.62)) = −705.78𝑘𝑁 ⋅ 𝑚
2）Seismic design: if the earthquake provides adverse effect

𝑀 = 𝛾𝑅𝐸 (1.3 × 0.85𝑀𝐺𝐸 + 1.4 × 𝑀𝐸𝐾 ),
If the earthquake provides negative effect
𝑀 = 𝛾𝑅𝐸 (1.0 × 0.85𝑀𝐺𝐸 + 1.4 × 𝑀𝐸𝐾 )，For the level 5 frame, 𝛾𝑅𝐸 should take 0.75。
𝑀𝐵𝐶 = 0.75 × (1.3 × 0.85×(-385.1)+1.4×112.185))=-307.41𝑘𝑁 ⋅ 𝑚
𝑀𝐶𝐵 = 0.75 × (1.3 × 0.85×(-512.58)+1.4×(82.785))=-338.13𝑘𝑁 ⋅ 𝑚
𝑀𝐵𝐶 = 0.75 × (1.0 × 0.85×(-385.1)+1.4×(-112.185))=-363.29𝑘𝑁 ⋅ 𝑚
𝑀𝐶𝐵 = 0.75 × (1.0 × 0.85×(-512.58)+1.4×(-82.785)=-413.89𝑘𝑁 ⋅ 𝑚
7.3.2 Maximum positive moment combination in beam AB’s span
Take the combination of representative value of gravity load and left earthquake as an example
92
Fig 7.1 Internal force combination diagram under left earthquake
7.3.3 Shear combination of beam ends

1）Non seismic design
𝑉 = 1.3𝑉𝐺𝐾 + 1.5𝑉𝑄𝐾
𝑉𝐵𝐶 = 1.3 × (255.15) + 1.5 × (5.75) = 340.32𝑘𝑁
𝑉𝐶𝐵 = 1.3 × (-277.95)+1.5 × (-11.12)=-378.015𝑘𝑁
2）Seismic design：
Since the height of the frame structure is less than 30m and belongs to a five-level frame,
the design value of beam end shear should be adjusted according to the following formula:
(𝑀𝑏𝑙 + 𝑀𝑏𝑟 )
𝑉𝑏 = 1.1 + 𝑉𝐺𝑏
𝑙𝑛
𝑀 𝑙𝑏 = 1.3 × 0.85×(−385.1) + 1.4 × 112.185 = −268.48𝑘𝑁 ⋅ 𝑚
𝑀 𝑟𝑏 = 1.3 × 0.85×(-512.58)+1.4×(-82.785)=-682.27𝑁 ⋅ 𝑚
5
𝑔𝑘 = 8.31 + × 60 = 45.81 𝑘𝑁/𝑚
8
5
𝑞𝑘 = × 2.25 = 1.41 𝑘𝑁/𝑚
8
𝑙𝑛 = 10.0 − 0.9 = 9.1𝑚
𝑙𝑛
𝑉𝐺𝑏 = 1.3 × (𝑔𝑘 + 0.5 × 𝑞𝑘 ) ×
2
9.1
= 1.3 × (45.81 + 0.5 × 1.41) × = 275.14𝑘𝑁 ⋅ 𝑚
2
The adjusted design value of beam end shear force is：
(−268.48) − (−682.27)
𝑉𝐵𝐶 = −1.1 × + 275.14 = 225.12𝑘𝑁
9.1
(−268.48) − (−682.27)
𝑉𝐶𝐵 = −1.1 × − 275.14 = −325.16𝑘𝑁
9.1
7.4 Combined calculation of internal force of frame column

The internal force combination of the column takes the top-level column A as an example
to illustrate the calculation process.
93
7.4.1 M and N combination of column ends

1）Non seismic design
M top = 1.3  (-9.92) + 1.5  (−4.21) = −19.21kN  m
M bot = 1.3  (−3.014) + 1.5  (1.65) = −1.44kN  m
N top = 1.3  302.75 + 1.5  56.46 = 478.26kN
N bot = 1.3  27.3 + 478.26 = 513.75kN
Vtop = −Vbot = (19.21+1.44) / 4.2 = 4.91kN
2）Seismic design（Column A is controlled by right earthquake on the top floor, so only right
earthquake calculation is carried out here）
M top = 1.3  (-9.92 + 0.5  (−4.21)) + 1.4  35.19 = 33.63kN  m
M bot = 1.3  (−9.92 + 0.5  (1.65)) + 1.4  35.19 = 37.44kN  m
M b = 1.3  (−12.93 + 0.5  ( −3.26)) + 1.4  58.968 = 63.62 kN  m
Column end bending moment adjustment：

M top = 33.63kN  m
M bot = 1.3  (37.44 + 63.62) 1.52 104 / (1.52 104 + 1.52 104 ) = 65.68kN 
94
Seismic adjustment：
M top = 0.8  37.44 = 29.95kN  m
M bot = 0.8  65.68 = 52.54kN  m
N top = 0.8  (1.3  (302.75 + 0.5  (56.46)) + 17.40 = 361.61kN
N bot = 0.8  (1.3  27.3 + 361.61) = 317.68kN
Vtop = −Vbot = (33.63 + 65.68) / 4.2 1.3 = 18.18kN
7.5 KJ-3 internal force combination table

The internal force combination of frame kj-3 beam is shown in table
Combined internal force of beam's control section（M：kN·m，V：kN）
The internal force combination of frame kj-3 column is shown in table.
95
Internal force table of Column A under basic combination and earthquake combination
Internal force table of Column B under basic combination and earthquake combination
96
Internal force table of Column C under basic combination and earthquake combination
97
Chapter 8 Design of concrete beam and column
8.1 Design of frame beam

According to the 6.3.3 and 6.3.4 in “Code for seismic design of buildings (GB 50011-2010)”, The
reinforcement details in beam should satisfy the following requirements:
98
8.1.1 Calculation of flexural capacity

Table 8.1 Reinforcement at the beam support of KJ-3
M h0 Area
Floor Section b(mm) αs ξ As(mm2) ρ Reinforcement
(kN.m) (mm) (mm2)
B 320.57 350 910 0.09 0.09 1027.19 0.60% 7 14 1077

BC 372.61 350 910 0.08 0.08 1019.63 0.47% 7 14 1077
5
CE 464.71 350 910 0.09 0.09 1193.71 0.47% 4 20 1256
E 415.33 350 910 0.11 0.12 1508.46 0.43% 6 18 1527
B 562.65 350 910 0.10 0.11 1338.61 0.37% 9 14 1385
BC 504.93 350 910 0.14 0.15 1853.22 0.18% 6 20 1884
4
CE 596.34 350 910 0.12 0.13 1648.73 0.18% 7 18 1781
E 671.71 350 910 0.14 0.16 1974.39 0.13% 2 36 2036
B 857.77 350 910 0.16 0.18 2250.57 0.28% 6 22 2281
BC 744.95 350 910 0.21 0.23 2966.02 0.08% 8 22 3041
3
CE 663.12 350 910 0.18 0.20 2526.17 0.28% 7 22 2661
E 870.16 350 910 0.16 0.18 2218.73 0.08% 6 22 2281
B 921.79 350 910 0.21 0.24 3015.55 0.15% 8 22 3041
BC 751.00 350 910 0.22 0.25 3224.74 0.10% 4 32 3217
2
CE 837.51 350 910 0.18 0.20 2549.27 0.10% 7 22 2661
E 1026.82 350 910 0.20 0.23 2885.57 0.15% 6 25 2945
B 1192.32 350 910 0.25 0.29 3665.32 0.15% 6 28 3695
BC 947.88 350 910 0.29 0.35 4407.19 0.10% 9 25 4418
1
CE 999.37 350 910 0.23 0.26 3332.24 0.10% 9 22 3421
E 1253.84 350 910 0.24 0.28 3548.11 0.15% 6 28 3695
Table 8.2Reinforcement at the mid span of KJ-3 (positive moment)

Bea
Fl
m M h0 Reinforceme
oo bf (mm) αs ξ As(mm2) ρ Area
num (kN.m) (mm) nt
r
ber
BC 54.46 1650 910 0.00 0.00 166.47 0.50 6 6 170
5 3 2 %
CE 54.46 1650 910 0.00 0.00 166.47 0.50 6 6 170
BC 133.58 1650 910 2
0.00 2
0.00 409.16 %
0.50 4 12 452
4 7 6 %
CE 133.58 1650 910 0.00 0.00 409.16 0.50 4 12 452
BC 169.61 1650 910 7
0.00 6
0.00 520.00 %
0.50 7 10 550
3 9 8 %
CE 169.61 1650 910 0.00 0.00 520.00 0.50 7 10 550
BC 242.54 1650 910 9
0.01 8
0.01 745.01 %
0.50 2 22 760
2 2 2 %
CE 242.54 1650 910 0.01 0.01 745.01 0.50 2 22 760
BC 100.56 1650 910 2
0.00 2
0.00 307.75 %
0.57 4 10 314
1 5 5 %
CE 100.56 1650 910 0.00 0.00 307.75 0.57 4 10 314
5 5 %
99
Note:
M M
1) For the section at mid span  s = ; for the section at support  = ;
 1 f c b 'f h02 1 f c bh02
s
2)  = 1 - 1 - 2 s ；
fc f
3) For the section at support As =  bh0 ; for the section at mid span, As =  c b 'f h0
fy fy
Results show that: All  are less than b = 0.518 , which is complied with the requirement.
The minimum reinforcement ratio is:
f 1.43
0.45 t = 0.45  = 0.18% <0.2%,  1min = 0.2% , which is complied with the requirement.
fy 360
8.1.2 Calculation of shear capacity
With stirrup C8@100 (double leg hoops), then:
For the non-seismic combination:
𝐴𝑠𝑣 2 × 50.3
𝑉𝑢1 = 𝛼𝑐𝑣 𝑓𝑡 𝑏ℎ0 + 𝑓𝑦𝑣 ℎ0 = 0.7 × 1.43 × 350 × 910 + 360 × × 910
𝑠 100
= 648.38 𝑘𝑁
𝐴𝑠𝑣 2 × 50.3
𝑉𝑢2 = 𝛼𝑐𝑣 𝑓𝑡 𝑏ℎ0 + 𝑓𝑦𝑣 ℎ0 = 0.7 × 1.43 × 350 × 910 + 360 × × 910
𝑠 100
= 648.38 𝑘𝑁
For the seismic combination:
𝐴𝑠𝑣
𝑉𝑢1 = （0.6𝛼𝑐𝑣 𝑓𝑡 𝑏ℎ0 + 𝑓𝑦𝑣 ℎ ）/𝛾𝑅𝐸
𝑠 0
2 × 50.3
0.6 × 0.7 × 1.43 × 350 × 910 + 360 ×
= 100 × 910 = 612.78𝑘𝑁
0.85
𝐴𝑠𝑣
𝑉𝑢2 = （0.6𝛼𝑐𝑣 𝑓𝑡 𝑏ℎ0 + 𝑓𝑦𝑣 ℎ ）/𝛾𝑅𝐸
𝑠 0
2 × 50.3
0.6 × 0.7 × 1.43 × 350 × 950 + 360 ×
= 100 × 910
0.85
= 612.78𝑘𝑁
Results show that: all the Vu are larger than V, which is complied with the requirement.
100
8.2 Design of frame column

According to the 6.3.7 in Code for seismic design of buildings (GB 50011-2010), the
reinforcement details of columns in column should satisfy the following requirements:
101
8.2.1 Calculation of longitude bars

Taking the Column C on the fifth floor as an example, the calculation process is shown below:
1) Calculation data
Section dimension: b × h =900mm × 900mm as =40mm
h0 = h - as =900 - 40 = 860 mm
Concrete: C30, fc = 14.30N/mm2 ft = 1.43N/mm2
Longitude bar: fy = 360N/mm2 Stirrup bar: fyv = 360N/mm2
2) Calculation of the eccentricity increase coefficient and eccentricity
Three unfavorable internal load combinations need to be considered:
(1) Non seismic combination (live load control)
(2) Seismic combination (left earthquake)
(3) Seismic combination (right earthquake)
Take the fourth unfavorable combination as an example:
M1=281.05kN·m，M2=559.17kN·m，N=913.01kN
Effective height: 900-40=860mm
According to table 6.2.20-2 of Code for design of concrete structures, the calculated height of
columns on each floor of frame structure is as follows:
For the cast-in-situ floor, the effective length of the bottom column is l0=1.0H, and the effective
length of the columns of other floors is l0=1.25H.
l0=1.25H=1.25×4200=5250mm
Therefore, it is necessary to consider the additional moment generated by axial load in the
flexural column:
M1/M2=281.05/559.17=0.503<0.9
Axial load ratio N/fcB = 913.01×103/ (14.3×900×900) = 0.078<0.9
𝑙𝑐 /𝑖 = 5625/(0.289 × 900) = 32.44 > 34 − 12(𝑀1 /𝑀2 ) = 27.96
Therefore, the additional moment caused by the deflection of the column itself should be
considered.
h0=900-40=860mm
Because M1/M2<0.9,
M1
C m = 0.7 + 0.3   0.7 , thus Cm=0.7
M2
𝜁𝑐 =
0.5𝑓𝑐 𝐴
𝑁
=
0.5×14.3×900×900
913.01×103
= 6.34 > 1.0 ,, thus  c = 1 .0
ea = max(20，h/30=900/30=30)=30mm
102
1 𝑙0
𝜂𝑛𝑠 = 1 + ( )2 𝜁𝑐
1300(𝑀2 /𝑁 + 𝑒𝑎 )/ℎ0 ℎ
1 5625 2
= 1+ × ( ) × 1.0 = 1.04
1300 × (559.17 × 106 /913.01 × 103 + 30)/860 900
𝐶𝑚 𝜂𝑛𝑠 = 0.7 × 1.04 = 0.73 < 1.0，thus C m ns = 1.0
𝑀 = 𝐶𝑚 𝜂𝑛𝑠 𝑀2 = 1.0 × 559.17 = 559.17 𝑘𝑁 ⋅ 𝑚

e0=M/N=559.17×106/913.01×103=612.45mm
ei= e0+ea=612.45+30=642.45mm>0.3h0=0.3×860=258mm
N
x= =913.01×103/ (1.0×14.3×900) = 70.94mm < ξbh0=0.518×860=445.48mm
 1 fcb
So, the failure mode of the column is large eccentric compression state
e'=ei + h/2-as=642.45-450+40= 232.45mm
3) Calculation of the reinforcements
Because x<2as =80mm
𝑁𝑒 ′ 913.01 × 103 × 232.45
𝐴𝑠 = 𝐴′𝑠 = ′
= = 718.93𝑚𝑚2
𝑓𝑦 (ℎ0 − 𝑎𝑠 ) 360 × (860 − 40)
Symmetrical reinforcement: 2 22，𝐴𝑠 = 𝐴′𝑠 = 760𝑚𝑚2

4) Check of minimum reinforcement ratio
The minimum reinforcement ratio of columns with HRB400 is 0.75%, and the
reinforcement ratio on each side should not be less than 0.2%.
Asmin=As’min=ρmin bh=0.2%×900×900=1620mm2, which is complied with the requirement.
5) Check the detail requirement

Clear spacing of longitudinal reinforcement = (900-3×18-80)/2=183mm>50mm and
<200mm, which is complied with the requirement.
8.2.2 Calculation of column stirrups

Taking the column C on the first floor as an example, the calculation process is shown
below:
1) Check the shear capacity
Seismic combination: 0.20𝛽𝑐 𝑓𝑐 𝑏ℎ0 = 0.20 × 1.0 × 14.3 × 900 × 860 = 2213kN>𝑉
Non seismic combination: 0.25𝛽𝑐 𝑓𝑐 𝑏ℎ0 = 0.25 × 1.0 × 14.3 × 900 × 860 = 2767kN>𝑉
So the section is complied with the requirement.
103
2) Reinforcement detail
Length of critical region
Length of critical region of column at the bottom floor:
1
𝑚𝑎𝑥 {ℎ, 𝐻𝑛 , 900} = 1800𝑚𝑚
3
Maximum spacing of stirrups: 100mm
Minimum diameter of stirrup: 8mm
Stirrup leg distance: 𝑚𝑖𝑛{ 300,20𝑑} = 160 mm, double leg stirrup.
HRB400 steel is used in stirrup, f yv = 360N / mm

2
Therefore, the stirrup at the critical region of column B adopted C8@100（2）, the stirrup
at the non-critical region of column B adopted C8@200（2）
3) Check the maximum shear capacity

Seismic combination:
1 1.05 𝐴𝑠𝑣
𝑉𝑐 = [ 𝑓𝑡 𝑏ℎ0 + 𝑓𝑦𝑣 ℎ ]
𝛾𝑅𝐸 𝜆 + 1 𝑠 0
𝜆 = 𝐻𝑛 /2ℎ0 = 3.16 > 3,, thus  = 3
Adopt double leg stirrup C8.

1 1.05 2×50.3
𝑉𝐶 = 0.80 [3+1 × 1.43 × 900 × 860 + 360 × × 860] = 5578 𝑘𝑁 > 𝑉𝑚𝑎𝑥 This is
200
complied with the requirement.

4) Calculation of volume stirrup ratio at critical region of column end. Select the COLUMN
C with the largest axial load ratio for checking. With C8@100, the check of COLUMN C
at first floor is shown below

Axial load ratio=0.68，
𝑓𝑐 14.3
𝜆𝑉 = 0.13，𝜌𝑉 = 𝜆𝑉 = 0.13 × = 0.52%,
𝑓𝑦𝑣 360
50.3×2×（860+860）
𝜌𝑐 = = 0.23% > 𝜌𝑉 This is complied with the requirement.
860×860×100
The volume stirrup ratio of the non-critical region of column stirrup should not be less
than 50% of the critical region.
Therefore, the stirrup at the critical region of column a on the first floor adopted C8@100
(2), the non-critical region adopted C8@200 (2) 。
104
Calculation of column stirrup reinforcement and longitudinal reinforcement of KJ-3is

showed in Table 8.4 and 8.5.
Table 8.4 Stirrup bar in columns of KJ-3

COLUMN Floor Hn(m) h0(mm) λ ASV S n d
B 5.15 860 3.16 50.3 200 2 8
C 5 5.15 860 3.16 50.3 200 2 8
E 5.15 860 3.16 50.3 200 2 8
B 4.2 860 2.62 50.3 200 2 8
C 4 4.2 860 2.62 50.3 200 2 8
E 4.2 860 2.62 50.3 200 2 8
B 4.2 860 2.62 50.3 200 2 8
C 3 4.2 860 2.62 50.3 200 2 8
E 4.2 860 2.62 50.3 200 2 8
B 4.2 860 2.62 50.3 200 2 8
C 2 4.2 860 2.62 50.3 200 2 8
E 4.2 860 2.62 50.3 200 2 8
B 4.2 860 2.62 50.3 200 2 8
C 1 4.2 860 2.62 50.3 200 2 8
E 4.2 860 2.62 50.3 200 2 8
Note: C is grade 3 steel
Table 8.5 Longitude bar in columns of KJ-3

As As’ Reinf Area
Colu
Floor M N e0 ei x e e' (mm2 (mm2 orce (mm2
mn
) ) ment )
-
257. 3
5 559.17 913.01 612.45 642.45 70.94 162. 312.86 312.86 339
89 12
1
-
281. 316.00 316.00 3
4 662.72 2171.5 305.19 335.19 168.73 138. 339
5 2 2 12
5
C 487. 2069.8 2
3 881.27 3368.47 261.62 291.62 261.73 67.7 269.85 308
7 5 14
357. - 5
2 1062.73 4629.16 229.57 259.57 359.69 393.98 393.98 393
29 62.7 10
-
279. 3
1 1246.29 5992.27 207.98 237.98 465.60 140. 502.58 502.58 509
61 12
3
Note: C is grade 3 steel
x
Ne − 1 f cbx(h0 − )
Ne'
Note: 1. If x  2as x  2as
' ' 2
, As = As' = ; if , As = A =
'
f y (h0 − as' ) f y (h0 − as' )

s
105
2. e ' = ei − h / 2 + as '；e = ei + h / 2 − as
3. Minimum reinforcement ratio
Single side: 𝐴𝑠𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 𝐴𝑠 ′𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 𝜌𝑚𝑖𝑛 𝑏ℎ = 0.2% × 900 × 900 = 1620𝑚𝑚2
Double side: 𝐴𝑠 + 𝐴𝑠 ′ = 0.75% × 900 × 900 = 6075𝑚𝑚2
106
Chapter 9 Foundation Design
9.1 Basis of design

Take the 3-axis and B-axis cross column as an example. First, get two group bottom
loads of from YJK software:
（1）Standard values of column bottom load：
FK=6166.9kN，MK=52.7kN·m，VK=50.7kN
（2）Design values of column bottom load：
F=9586.8kN，M=324.4N·m，V=72.2kN
According to the design task, No. 2 soil layer is selected as the bearing layer, and its
characteristic value of bearing capacity fak =180kPa. Meanwhile, the sectional dimension of
frame column is 900mm×900mm; the indoor elevation is ±0.00m and the outdoor ground
elevation is -0.55m.
9.1.1 Design of independent foundation
1. Material selection
The foundation adopts C25 concrete and HRB400 reinforcing bar.
2. Embedded depth of foundation
In this design, No. 2 soil layer is taken as the bearing layer, and the foundation is
embedded into this layer by 1.0m. The schematic diagram of the foundation design is shown
here：
Fig. 1 Schematic diagram of foundation design
107
9.2 Characteristic value of subgrade bearing capacity

Since the bearing soil is full of clay, these coefficients can be obtained according to the
design code (GB50007-2011)：𝜂𝑏 =0.3，𝜂𝑑 =1.6.
The average volume weight of soil above the foundation is:
18.5 × 0.9 + 20 × 1 𝑘𝑁
𝛾𝑚 = = 18.79 3
1.95 𝑚
The characteristic value of subgrade bearing capacity fa（The correction of foundation
width is not considered here）is：
𝑓𝑎 = 𝑓𝑎𝑘 +𝛾𝑚 ηd（d-0.5) =180+1.6×18.79×(1.6-0.9)=201.04 kPa
Where d is the embedded depth of foundation.
9.2.1 Initial selection of foundation size

Take the standard value of column bottom load：FK=6166.9KN，MK=52.7KN，
VK=50.7KN.
The average depth of foundation’s backfill soil is：
1
d=2 (1.5 + 1.95) =1.72m
Then the estimated area of foundation bottom is:

𝐹 6166.9
𝐴0 = 𝑓 −𝛾𝑘 = 201.04−1.72×20=37.01 m2
𝑎 𝐺 𝑑
Since the eccentricity of load is small, the area of the foundation bottom can be
increased by 20%:
A=1.2A0=1.2×37.01=44.41m2
Then the selected foundation bottom area is 𝐴 = 𝑙𝑏 = 2.5 × 2.5 = 6.25𝑚2, and the fa is
unnecessary to be corrected, because b=2.5m<3m
9.2.2 Strength checking of the bearing layer

The weight of foundation and backfill soil is:
𝐺𝑘 = 𝛾𝐺 𝑑𝐴 = 1.77 × 20 × 44.41 = 1572.11𝑘𝑁
The eccentricity of load is:
𝑀𝑘 52.7+50.7×0.8 𝑙
𝑒𝑘 = = = 0.12𝑚<6 = 0.40𝑚
𝐹𝑘 +𝐺𝑘 6166.9+1572.11
𝑝𝑘𝑚𝑖𝑛 >0，meet the design requirements.
The maximum bottom pressure of foundation is：
𝐹𝑘 +𝐺𝑘 6𝑒𝑘 6166.9+1572.11 6×0.12
𝑃𝑘𝑚𝑎𝑥 = (1 + )= (1 + ) = 224.45<1.2fa=241.25kPa
𝐴 𝑙 44.41 2.5
Therefore, the length and width of the foundation bottom are determined as 2.5m and
2.5m, respectively.
108
4. The net pressure of foundation bottom

5.Take the design value of column bottom load：F=9586.8kN，M=324.4N·m，
V=72.2kN
6.The net eccentricity is:
𝑀 324.4+72.2×0.8
7.𝑒𝑛0 = = =0.039m
𝑁 9586.8
8.The maximum and minimum net pressure at the edge of the foundation is:
𝐹 6𝑒 9586.8 6×0.039
𝑛𝑚𝑎𝑥= (1± 𝑛0 )= (1± )= 1677.46𝑘𝑃𝑎
1390.32𝑘𝑃𝑎
𝑙𝑏 𝑙 2.5×2.5 2.5
9.𝑃
𝑛𝑚𝑖𝑛
4.Foundation section design
Fig. 2 Calculation diagram of the foundation
(1) Checking of punching resistance on the column side section
109
Fig.3 Diagram of punching resistance calculation (the column side section 1)
The design parameters are as follows:

l=2.5m, b=2.5m, 𝑎𝑡 = 𝑏𝑐 = 0.9𝑚, 𝑎𝑐 = 0.9𝑚.
The initial selection of foundation height is h=800mm. It is divided into two steps, each
of which has the height of 400mm. Considering the 10mm thickness cushion C15 and 40mm
protective layer of concrete, the calculation height of foundation is：
ℎ0 =800-(40+10) =750mm
and
𝑎𝑏 = 𝑎𝑡 + 2ℎ0 = 0.9 + 1.5 = 2.4𝑚 ≤ b=2.4m
𝑎𝑡 +𝑎𝑏 900+2400
then, 𝑎𝑚 = = = 1650𝑚𝑚
2 2
Because the foundation is eccentrically compressed，then take 𝑝𝑛 as 𝑝𝑛𝑚𝑎𝑥 =1677.46𝑘𝑃𝑎,
and the punching force on the oblique section 1 is:
2
𝑙 𝑎𝑐 𝑏 𝑎𝑐
𝐹𝑙 = 𝑃𝑛𝑚𝑎𝑥 {( − − ℎ0 ) b − ( − − ℎ0 ) }
2 2 2 2
2.5 0.9 2.5 0.9
= 1677.46[( − − 0.75) × 2.5 − ( − − 0.75)2 ]
2 2 2 2
= 205.49𝐾𝑁
while the resisting punching force on this section is:
0.7𝛽ℎ𝑝 𝑓𝑡 𝑎𝑚 ℎ0 =0.7×1×1.25×103×1.65×0.75=1082.81KN>205.49KN
Meet the design requirements.
(2) Checking of punching resistance on the step change section
Fig. 4 Diagram of punching resistance calculation (the step change section 1)
The design parameters are as follows:

at = b1 = 1.15m ， a1 = 1.15m ， h01 = 800 − (40 + 10) = 750mm
110
and
ab = at + 2h0 = 1.15 + 2  0.75 = 2.3m < b=2.4m
Take ab = 2.3m , then

at + ab 1.15 + 2.3
am = = = 1.72m
2 2
The punching force on the oblique section 1 is:
l a b b
Fl = Pn max [( − 1 − h0 )b − ( − 1 − h0 ) 2 ]
2 2 2 2
2.4 1.15 2.4 1.15
= 259.34 [( − − 0.75)  2.4 − ( − − 0.75) 2 ]
2 2 2 2
= −377.50kN
And the resisting punching force on this section is:
0.7  hp f t am h0 = 0.7×1×1.25×103×1.72×0.75=1128.75KN>377.80KN
9.3 Reinforcement calculation
Fig. 5 Cross sections of foundation reinforcement

The HRB400 reinforcement is selected and f y = 360 N mm2 .
As you can see above we got foundation section size is 2800mm X 2800mm. So it is a
square section foundation. So the calculation of reinforcement in both directions will be the
same.
（1）Design in the long side direction
111
For section I – I (column edge), the net reaction force is:

l + ac
pnI = pn min + ( pn max − pn min )
2l
2.4 + 0.5
= 111.14 +  (259.34 − 111.14)
2.4  2
= 201kPa
The average value of local cantilever bottom plate is:
1 1
( pn max + pnI ) = (259.34 + 201) = 230kPa
2 2
The design moment here is:
1 Pn max + PnI
MI = ( )(l − ac ) 2 (2b + bc )
24 2
230
=  ( 2.4 − 0.5 )  ( 2.4  2 + 0.5 ) = 210.25 KN  m
2
24
then the required reinforcement area is:
MI 210.25 106
AsI = = = 865mm 2
0.9 f y h0 0.9  360  750
For section III - III [step change section], the net reaction force is:
l + a1
p nIII = pn min + ( pn max − pn min )
2l
2.4 + 1.15
= 111.14 +  ( 259.34 − 114.10 )
2  2.4
= 221.51kPa
1 Pn max + PnIII
M III = ( )(l − a1 ) 2 (2b + b1 )
24 2
221.51 + 259.34
=  ( 2.4 − 1.15 )  ( 2  2.4 + 1.15 ) = 93.13KN  m
2
24  2
M III 93.13 106

AsIII = = = 450mm2
0.9 f y h01 0.9  360  750
Compare AsI with AsIII , reinforcements shall be arranged according to the larger value
AsI . The actual used reinforcement is C14@100, and the number of bars along the long side
is：
n=2400/100+1=25
Then the actual total reinforcement area is:
As=nAs1=25× (π×142/4) = 3848mm2 > 865mm2
112
(2) Design in the short side direction

Because the foundation is subject to one-way eccentric load, the foundation’s base
reaction in the short side direction can be calculated as the uniform distribution:
1
pn = ( pn max + pn min )
2
1
= (259.34 + 114.10)
2
= 186.72kPa
For section II- II (column edge), the design moment is:
pn
M II = (b − bc ) 2 (2l + ac )
24
186.72
= (2.4 − 0.5) 2  (2  2.4 + 0.5)
24
= 148.85kN  m
M II 148.85 106
AsII = = = 612mm2
0.9 f y h0 0.9  360  750
For section IV-IV (step change), the design moment is:

pn
M IV = (b − b1 ) 2 (2l + a1 )
24
186.72
= (2.4 − 1.5) 2  (2.4  2 + 0.5)
24
= 33.39kN  m
M IV 33.39 106
AsIV = = = 300mm 2
0.9 f y h01 0.9  360  350
Compare AsII with AsIV , the reinforcements shall be arranged according to the larger value
AsII . The actual used reinforcement is C14@100, and the number of bars along the short side
is：
n=2400/100+1=25
The actual total reinforcement area is:
As=nAs1=25×（π×142/4）=3848mm2>612mm2
113
10.Detail drawing of foundation reinforcement

The detail drawings of foundation reinforcement are as follows:
Fig. 6 Plan drawing of foundation reinforcement
Fig. 7 Sectional drawing of foundation reinforcement
114
Chapter 10 Stair design

In our project, the cast-in-place slab stairs are adopted, which mainly consists of the slant
（oblique, sloping slab/ladder plate/ladder slab/stair plate, platform slab and platform beam.
The design of this kind of stairs mainly includes the determination of cross-sectional size,
arrangement of reinforcement and the detailing requirements of these three components. Our
design should be based on the plan of stairs you have drawn in the architectural design.
115
10.1 Plan drawing of the stairs
10.2 The design of the slant slab

The depth of the slant slab (i.e. the height of the cross-section) is recommended to be
designed as 1/25 to 1/30 (one-twenty-fifth to one-thirtieth) of the effective span. And we use
a dimension of 130 mm, which is around 1/30 of the effective span. The width of each stair
116
step is 300mm and the height is 150mm. The cotangent of the angle  between slab and
horizontal plane is 300/sqrt (300^2+150^2) = 0.894,
We take 1m wide strip of the slant slab for calculation unit. The loads on the plate include
the dead load and the live load. The loads are uniformly distributed along the length of the plate.
The uniform live load on the floor is taken as 3.5kN/m. The dead load is the sum of the self-
weights of the surface layer, triangular step, 130mm RC slab, ceiling and rail (0.20kN/m). The
calculations of the dead load and live load are given as follows:
Table 10.1 Loads on the slant slab (kN/m)
(Load type) (Characteristic value of the load)
The self-weight of the 0.858

surface layer
0.15
25 × 2
=1.88
The self-weight of the
triangular step (26 is the volume-weight of concrete)
26×0.13=3.38
(Dead load) The self-weight of the (26 is the volume-weight of concrete, and 0.13
130mm RC slab is the depth)

ceiling

rail
6.40
Sum
(Live load) 3.5
Design value of total load： p = 1.3  6.4 + 1.5  3.5 = 13.57kN / m
We should consider two kinds of load effect combinations. In the case where the live load
governs, the partial factor of the live load is taken as 1.5, and the partial factor of the dead load
is 1.3, the total vertical design uniform load is P=1.3gk +1.5qk
2）Section design of stair plate
After determining the loads on the slant slab, we can then conduct the cross-sectional
bending moment design. The horizontal projection effective span ln (according to the
117
dimensions in the architectural design) of the slant slab equals the whole width of n (13 in this
project) stair steps summing the width of the platform beam (already be determined in the
above design of the beams). The horizontal projection effective span ln is 3.9m. The total height
of the plate cross-section is 130mm and the effective height h0 is taken as 130-15=1.15mm
(15mm is the concrete cover of the rebar’s).
The bending moment induced by the uniform vertical load of a pin-ended slab should be
pl2/8. However, the slant slab is not ideally simply supported by the platform beam and a certain
level of end restraint may be provided by the platform beam. The bending moment at the mid-
span cross-section of the plate is taken as pl2/10 rather than pl2//8.
We can design the bending moment capacity of the normal section of the ladder slab,
according to the formulae we have learned. First, calculate the coefficient s and then we can
get the coefficient  (the relative depth of the compressive region). Then the area of rebar’s
needed to resist the external bending moment is determined. Then examine the minimum
reinforcement ratio of the rebar. For the longitudinal bars, this ratio is the upper limit of 0.2%
and 0.45ft/fy.
The shear force caused by the external vertical load is smaller than the shear bearing
capacity provided by the plain concrete. According to the detailing requirements in the Chinese
design code, each stair step is assigned with a distributed reinforcement of a diameter of 8mm.
1 2 1
M1 = pln = 13.57  3.92 = 20.63kN  m
10 10
M1 20.63 106
s = = = 0.11
1 f cbh02 14.3 1000 1152
 =1 − 1 − 2 s = 1 1 − 2  0.11 = 0.11
1 takes 1.0 for below C50
1 f c 14.3
As =  bh0 = 0.11 1000 115 = 502mm2
fy 360
min= max (0.2%, 0.45ft/fy)=0.2%
Amin=minbh0=1000×115×0.2%=230mm2
ATb2 chooses C10@130， As = 604mm2
V=0.5plncos=0.5×13.57×3.9×0.894=23.65kN＜0.7ftbh0=120kN）
10.3 The design of the platform slab

The second section is the design of the platform slab. The depth of the plate cross-section
is chosen as 130 mm. Still, we take 1m wide of the platform slab as the calculation unit.
118
The loads on the platform slab include the dead load and the live load. The uniformly-
distributed live load on the plate is also 3.5kN/m. The dead load is the sum of the self-weight
loads of the surface layer, 130 mm RC slab and the ceiling. The dead load is distributed
uniformly along the length of the plate.
The calculations of the dead load and live load are given as follows:
Table 10.2 Loads on the platform slab (kN/m)
(Load type) (Characteristic value of the load)
0.858
(The surface layer)
(Dead load) 26×0.13=3.38

(The 130mm RC slab)
(The ceiling) 0.084

(Sum) 4.3
3.5
(Live load)
Translation： Similar to what we have done above, we should also consider two kinds of
load effect combinations. The live load governs and the dead load dominates.
To calculate the effective span of the platform slab between two ladder columns, the
section of the column should also be considered.
The design value of the bending moment at the mid-span section of the beam is also pl2/10.
The effective height of the platform slab is 115mm (130-15mm). Then the normal section
capacity design of the platform slab is similar to that done above for the slant slab. Calculating
the coefficient s, the coefficient . Then the rebar area needed to resist the external bending
moment is determined. Examine the minimum reinforcement ratio of the rebars.
Design value of total load： p = 1.3  4.3 + 1.5  3.5 = 10.84kN / m
For platform slab between two ladder columns: calculate span l0 = 2.4 + 0.20 / 2 = 2.50m
(0.20/2 is half of the wall thickness)

1
Design value of bending moment： M = 10.84  2.502 = 6.77kN  m
10
Effective thickness of plate h0 = 115mm
119
M 6.77 106
s = = = 0.035
1 f cbh0 2 14.3 1000 1152
 = 1- 1-2s = 1- 1-2  0.035 = 0.035

1 f c 14.3
As =  bh0 = 0.035  1000 115 = 160mm2
fy 360
Reinforcement according to structural requirements： C8@200 ， As = 251mm2

min= max (0.2%, 0.45ft/fy)=0.2%
Amin=minbh0=1000×115×0.2%=230mm
10.4 The design of the platform beam

1）Platform beamTL1
The section size of the platform is：250mm×400mm
Translation：There are two kinds of platform beams. For the beam TL1, we assume the
dimensions of 250mm×400mm (These two dimensions could be determined according to the
span to depth ratio and cross-sectional depth to width ratio of the beam)
The calculations of the dead load and live load are given as follows. We should consider two
kinds of load effect combinations. The live load governs and the dead load dominates.
Table 10.3 Loads on the platform beam TL1 (kN/m)

Load type Standard value of load
(Self-weight of the 0.25×(0.40-0.12)×26=1.82

beam)
(T shaped beam, 0.12 is the depth of the slab)
4.1×4.0/2=8.2
(Load transferred
from the platform slab) (4.1 is the total dead load on the platform slab,
(Dead load)
4.0 is the effective length of the platform slab)
6.14×4.2/2=12.894
(Load transferred
from the slant slab) (6.14 is the total dead load on the slant slab,4.2
is the effective length of the slant slab)
Total 22.914
3.5×（4.2/2+4.0/2）=14.35
(Live load)
(Half of the total live loads on the platform slab
and slant slab)
Design value of total load p = 1.3  20.146 + 1.5 11.23 = 43.03kN / m
120
Translation： According to the Chinese design code, for the elastic design theory, the
effective length of the beam (two ends supported on walls) is taken as 1.05 times of the net
span (2*1.9+0.12 in the plan drawing). The design of the platform beam includes the bending
moment capacity (at the end section and mid-span section) and shear force capacity.
The design value of the bending moment at the mid-span section is pl2/8 (moment of the
simply-supported beam). The shear force is pl/2. The opposite L shape section is assumed in
the mid-span of the beam, to consider the beneficial effect of the 130mm slab. The width of
the flange is the width of the rectangular section pulses 5 times of the slab depth. The effective
height of the beam is 500-40mm (40 is related to the concrete cover and the rebar diameter).
There are generally two kinds of T-shaped sections and the beam belongs to the first type T-
shaped section (the natural axial is located within the flange).
We can design the bending moment capacity in the procedure: calculate the coefficient s,
the coefficient s (the internal bending moment arm of the rebars) and the rebar area As. Finally,
examine the minimum reinforcement ratio (0.2%, 0.45ft/fy) of the rebars.
（2） Section design
The calculation span is： l0 = 1.05  2.8 = 2.94m
1 2 1
Design value of bending moment： M = pl0 =  43.03  2.942 = 46.49kN  m
8 8
1 1
Design value of shear force： V = pln =  43.03  2.80 = 60.24kN
2 2
The mid-span section is calculated as an inverted L-shape：
b'f = b + 5h'f = 250 + 120  5 = 850mm ， h0 = 500 − 40 = 460mm

It is determined that:
It belongs to the first type of T-section：
M 46.49 106
s = = = 0.018 ，by calculating:  s = 0.99
a1 f cb 'f h0 2 1.0 14.3  850  4602
M 46.49 106
As = = = 283mm2
 s f y h0 0.99  360  460
Choose 2C16，As=402mm2
AS 402
= = = 0.32%   min = 0.2%
bh 250  500
The beam is designed as a rectangular section at the end region. The width is 250mm and
121
the effective height is 460mm. The same design procedure as the mid-span section.
The bearing section is calculated as a rectangle： b = 250mm, h0 = 500 − 40 = 460mm
46.49 106
= 0.061 ，  s = 0.96
M
s = =
f cbh0 2 14.3  250  4602
M 46.49 106
As = = = 292mm 2
 s f y h0 0.847  360  460
Choose 2 C 16，As=402mm2
AS 402
= = = 0.32%   min = 0.2%
bh 250  500
As for the shear force design of the beam, the cross-section dimension should be larger
than the minimum valve, in order to avoid the diagonal compression failure. The ratio hw/b of
the beam is lower than 4, we examine the shear force against the capacity 0.25cfcbh0.
The shear force caused by the vertical load is larger than 0.7ftbh0 (the shear force capacity
provided by the plain concrete). The stirrup area should be calculated rather than designed
according to the detailing requirements. The total shear force capacity of the concrete and
stirrup is larger than the shear force caused by the vertical load.
（3） Shear checking calculation

hw 460
= = 1.84  4 It belongs to a normal beam section.
b 250
0.25 c f c bh0 = 0.25  1.0  1.43  250  460 = 411.12kN>60.24kN
The section size meets the requirements and there will be no compression failure.
Vcs = 0.7 f t bh0 = 0.7  1.43  250  460 = 115.15kN>60.24kN
Meet the safety requirements.

Arrange: 6@200, and then meet the design requirements.
Asv 2  28.3
Vcs = 0.7 ft bh0 + f yvh0 = 0.7 1.43  250  460 + 360   460
s 200
= 161.97kN  60.24kN
Meet the safety requirements.
ArrangeC6@200，and then meets the design requirements.
2）Platform beam TL2
122
Set the section size of the platform as 250mm  500mm

(1) See the table 10.4 for load calculation of platform beam：
Tab 10.4 Load table of TL2 platform beam（Unit：kN/m）
Load type Standard value of load
Dead weight of beam 0.25×0.50×26=3.25
Dead load
Load from platform
（kN/m） 4.1×2.50/2=5.16
slab
Load from flight slab 6.4×3.90/4=6.24
Sum 14.65
Live load（kN/m） 3.5×（2.52/2+3.9/4）=7.78
Design value of total load p = 1.3 14.65+1.5  7.78=30.71kN/m
（2） Section design

The calculation span is： l0 = 1.05  2.8 = 2.94m
1 2 1
Design value of bending moment： M = pl0 =  30.71 2.942 = 33.18kN  m
8 8
1 1
Design value of shear force： V = pln =  30.71 2.7 = 41.45kN
2 2
The mid-span section is calculated as an inverted L-shape：
b'f = b + 5h'f = 250 + 120  5 = 850mm ， h0 = 500 − 40 = 460mm

It is determined that:
It belongs to the first type of T-section：
M 33.18 106  s = 0.99

s = = = 0.012 ，by calculating
a1 f cb 'f h0 2 1.0 14.3  850  4602
M 33.18 106
As = = = 202mm 2
 s f y h0 0.99  360  460
Choose 2C16，As=402mm2
123
AS 402
= = = 0.32%   min = 0.2%
bh 250  500
The bearing section is calculated as a rectangle： b = 250mm, h0 = 500 − 40 = 460mm
M 33.18 106  s = 0.97

s = = = 0.043 ，by calculating
a1 f cbh0 2 1.0 14.3  250  4602
M 33.18 106
As = = = 206mm 2
 s f y h0 0.97  360  460
Choose 2 C 16，As=402mm2
AS 402
= = = 0.32%   min = 0.2%
bh 250  500
（3）Shear checking calculation
hw 460
= = 1.84  4 It belongs to a normal beam section.
b 250
Vcs = 0.7 f t bh0 = 0.7  1.43  250  460 = 115.11kN>41.15kN
The stirrup shall be configured according to the minimum stirrup ratio: C6@200
Asv 28.3  2 f 1.43

 sv = = = 0.12%  0.24 t = 0.24  = 0.10%
bs 250  200 f yv 360
124
Reference
[1] Load code for the design of building structures. (GB 50009-2012)
[2] Code for design of concrete structures. GB50010-2010 (2015 Edition)
[3] Technical specification for concrete structures of high rise buildings (JGJ 3-2010)
[4] Code for design of building foundation GB 50007-2011
[5] Code for seismic design of buildings (GB 50011-201) (2016 Edition)
[6] Technical standard for prefabricated concrete buildings (GB / T 51231-2016)
[7] Technical specification for prefabricated concrete structures (JGJ 1-2014)
[8] Unified standard for reliability design of building structures (GB 50068-2018)
[9] Drawing rules and structural details for overall plane representation method of concrete
structure construction drawings 16g101-1, 2 and 4
[10] Liang Xingwen, Shi Qingxuan Graduation design guidance of civil engineering [M]
Beijing: China Construction Industry Press, 2014
[11] Gao Xiangyang Graduation design guidance of civil engineering [M] Beijing: Peking
University Press.
[12] Relevant teaching materials: concrete structure, seismic design of building structure,
foundation engineering, etc.
125
Acknowledgement
The graduation project is a summary of my four-year study in university. Through the
graduation project, I gradually understand the shortcomings of my own learning, and constantly
improve my ability in the design process. During the completion of the project, I learned and
realized the following points: 1. Learn to apply the scattered knowledge in the past to
engineering practice. 2. Learned the ability to consult information and norms. 3. Recognize the
importance of teams.
During the completion of the design. I also came into contact with some software like
AutoCAD, YJK, SAP2000, TSSD, STAAD Pro, REVIT and some other software which are
related to building structures and architectural drawings, and basically understood their use
methods. Under the repeated guidance and good revision with care of the instructor, I have
gradually understood the drawing methods required by some specifications. I really hope that
it will be of great help to my study and work in the next stage. The graduation project is so
helpful and professional and also quite hard though, but it is also very fulfilling. This graduation
project was completed under very careful and kind guidance and with best instruction of my
honorable teacher Dr Hongbo Jiang. During my graduation project, my teacher and other
teachers provided me with professional, and best guidance and helped me to successfully
complete the graduation project. I would like to express my very deep gratitude to them! At the
same time, I would also like to express my special thanks to the students in the same group for
their help during my graduation project!
THE END
126

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扬州大学

DESIGN OF AN OFFICE BUILDING

School of Architecture Science and

Major Civil Engineering(2019)

Name ISLAM ARIFUL

Tutor Dr. HONGBO JIANG

该项目是扬州 Bawa 公司的办公楼。

This project is an OFFICE BUILDING FOR BAWA COMPANY IN YANGZHOU.

Chapter 1 Project Overview and Design Basis 1

Chapter 9 Foundation Design 88

Chapter 1 Project overview and design basis

1.1 Design basis

1.1.1 Project summary

1.1.2 Design raw data

1.2 Architectural Design Instructions

1.2.2 Preliminary architectural design

Fig.1.2 First floor plan

Fig.1.3 Second floor plan

Fig.1.3 Third floor plan

Fig.1.4 Fourth Floor Plan

5TH FLO OR PLAN

Fig.1.5 Fifth Floor Plan

4.4 Doors and Windows

Chapter 2 Structure conceptual design

2.1 Structure Scheme

Fig. 2.1 Structural layout

2.1.1 Material selection

2.1.2 Seismic fortification intensity

2.2 Determination of geometric dimensions

2.2.2 Section size of the column

Fig. 2.2 The Axial compression ratio of 1st column layer

2.2.3 Section size of the beam

Chapter 3 Calculation of load standard values

3.1 Floor roof dead load standard value

10mm surface layer 0.01 25 0.25

30mm cement mortar lower layer 0.03 20 0.6

50mm aerated concrete fragments 0.05 25 1.25

4 layers of asphalt felt waterproof layer 0.4

3.2 Standard value of live load

(2) According toTable5.3.1 of Load Code for Building Structures GB50009-2012

3.3 Calculation of load between beams

Table 3.2 Standard value of wall dead load

3.3.2 Calculation of on-line load of beam

Table 1: Second Floor-Opening

Table 2: Second Floor-No Opening

Area Wall Length of Height of Beam

Table 3: Third Floor-Opening

Table 4: Third Floor- No Opening

Area Wall Length of Height of Beam

Table 5: Fourth Floor-Opening

Table 6: Fourth Floor-No opening

Area Wall Length Height Beam

Table 7: Fifth Floor- Opening

Table 8: Fifth Floor-No Opening

Area Wall Length of Height of Beam

Chapter 4 Design of Slab and Secondary beam

4.1 Design of Slab

Figure 4.1 Slab numbering

4.1.1 Loads on slabs

The characteristic value of dead load: 𝑔𝑘 = 5.5kN/m2

4.1.2 Internal forces calculation

Fig. 4.2 Slab B1 dimensions

Fig. 4.3 Load arrangement

（m）（m） value number （kN）