Ministry of Higher Education &

Scientific Research
Sulaimani Polytechnic University
Technical Collage Of Informatics Sulaimani
Information Technology Department

“Logic gates”

Prepared By:
Ozan Kamal

2023-2024
 Contents
Sr.no Title Page no.
1

2
Introduction
Principle
Introduction 1

3 be definedBasic
A logic gate can Gatescircuit which3 either allows a
as digital
signals to pass 4through or stops it. These
The OR Gategates are related
5 to Boolean
Algebra. These gates allow signals to pass through them only when
5 The AND Gate 7
some logic is satisfied. A semiconductor diode (P-N junction) acts as a
6
closed switch when The NOT
it is forward Gate
biased, 9 current to pass
i.e. it allows
7 as an open
through it. It acts Thecircuit
NORwhen
Gateit is reversed
11 biased, i.e. it
allows very little
8 or no current to pass through
The NAND Gate it. This 13unique property
of diode is employed in the design of logic gates and the circuits.
9 The EX-OR Gate 15
The logic gates are building blocks of electronic devices. Logic gate
10 The EX-NOR Gate 17
may have one or more inputs but can only have one output.
Possible values11of input and output
Conclusion
of logic gates are 19
expressed in form
of tables called12
truth tables. Reference 20
Two values of logic statement are denoted by binary numbers 1 and 0
where 1 represent higher value.
 Principle
Any Boolean algebraic operation can be associated with the input
and output, which represents the statement of Boolean algebra.
Although these circuits may be complex, they may all be
constructed from three basic
Devices like a P- junction diode, a resistance and an N-P- N
transistor.
We have three different type of logic gates and they are the AND
gate, the OR gate and the NOT gate.

L O G I C A L S TAT E M E N T S
1 0
High Low
On off
Close Open
True False
Right wrong
Yes No
 Basic Gates
The OR Gates: - It is a devise that combines A and B to give Y as the
result. The OR gates has two or more inputs and one output. In Boolean
algebra, addition symbol (+), is referred as the OR
The Boolean expression: A+B=Y
This indicates that Y equals to A or B.

The AND Gate: - It is device that combines A with B to give Y as the

result. The AND gate has two or more inputs and one output. In Boolean
algebra, Multiplication sign is referred as the AND.
The Boolean expression: A.B=Y or A X B =Y
This indicates that Y equals to A and B.
The NOT Gate: - It is a device that inverts the inputs.
The NOT has one input and has one output. In Boolean algebra, bar
symbol is referred as the NOT.
The Boolean expression:
This indicates that Y is not equal to A.

-Making of logic gates was started by binary numbers.

-Logic gates can also store information.

 The OR Gate
Aim:
To design and stimulate the OR gate circuit.

Components:
Two ideal p-n junction diode (D1 and D2).

Theory and Construction:

an OR gate can be realized by the electronic circuit,
Making use of two diodes D1 and D2.

Hear the negative terminal of the battery is grounded and corresponds to the
0 level, And the positive terminal of the battery corresponds to level 1.The
output Y is voltage at C with respect to earth.
T h e f o l l o w i n g conclusion c a n b e d r a w n f r o m t h e
a b o v e circuit:
(i) If the switch A and B are kept open (A=0, B=0), then bulb does
not glow, hence Y=0

(ii) If switch A is kept closed and B is kept open (A=0, B=1), then
bulb does not glow, hence Y=1

(i) If switch A is kept open and B is kept closed (A=1, B=0), then
bulb does not glow, hence Y=1

(i) If switch A and B both are kept closed (A=1, B=1), then bulb
glows, hence Y=1

TRUTH TABLE:
Input A Input B OUTPUT
0 0 0
0 1 1
1 0 1
1 1 1
 The AND Gate
Aim:
To design and stimulate the AND Gate circuit.

Componens:
Two ideal p-n junction diode (D1 and D2) and resistance R.

Theory and construction:

An AND gate can be realized by the electronic circuit, making use of two
diodes D1 and D2.
The resistance R is connected to the positive terminal of a 5V battery
permanently.

Here the negative terminal of the battery is grounded and corresponds to

the 0 level, and the positive terminal of the battery corresponds to the
level 1. The output Y is the voltage at C with respect to earth.
The following conclusion can be easily drawn from the working of
this circuit:

(i) If the switch A and B are kept open (A=0, B=0), then bulb does

not glow, hence Y=0

(i) If switch A is kept closed and B is kept open (A=0, B=1), then
bulb does not glow, hence Y=0
(ii) If switch A is kept open and B is kept closed (A=1, B=0), then
bulb does not glow, hence Y=0
(iii) If switch A and B both are kept closed (A=1, B=1), then bulb
glows, hence Y=1

TRUTH TABLE:
Input A Input B OUTPUT
0 0 0
0 1 0
1 0 0
1 1 1
 The NOT Gate
Aim:
to design and simulate the NOT Gate circuit.

Components:
An ideal n-p-n transistor.

Theory and construction:

A NOT gate cannot be realized by using diodes. However, an electronic
circuit of NOT gate can be realized by making use a n-p-n transistor.

The base of the transistor is connected to the input A through a resistance

Rb and the emitter is earthed.
The collector is connected to 5V battery. The output Y is voltage at C with
respect to earth.
The following inference can be easily drawn from the working
of circuit:
(i) If the switch A is kept open (A=0) then bulb glows,
(ii) hence Y=1

(iii) If the switch A is kept closed (A=1) then bulb does not glow,
hence Y=0

TRUTH TABLE:

Input A OUTPUT Y
0 1
1 0
 The NOR Gate
Aim:
To design and simulate the nor gate circuit.

Component:
Two ideal p-n junction diode (D1 and D2).
An ideal n-p-n transistor.

Theory and Construction:

If we connect the output Y’ of or gate to the input of a not gate, then the
gate obtained is the nor gate. The output Y is voltage at C with respect to
earth.
In Boolean expression, NOR gate is expressed as:

The following inference can be easily drawn from the working of

electrical circuit:
(i) If the switch A and B is kept open (A=0,B=0) then bulb glows,
hence Y=1.
(ii) If the switch A is kept closed and B is kept open (A=0, B=1)
then the bulb glows, hence Y=0.
(iii) If switch A is kept open and B is kept closed (A=1, B=0), then
the bulb does not glow, hence Y=0.
(iv) If the both switch A and B are kept closed (A=1, B=1) then bulb
does not glow, hence Y=0.

TRUTH TABLE:

Input A Input B OUTPUT

0 0 1
0 1 0
1 0 0
1 1 0
 The NAND Gate
Aim:
To design and simulate the NAND Gate circuit.

Component:
Two ideal p-n junction diode (D1 and D2)
A resistance R
An ideal n-p-n transistor.

Theory and Construction:

If we connect the output Y’ of the AND gate to the input of a NOT gate
then the gate obtained is the NAND gate. The output Y is voltage at C
with respect to earth.
In Boolean expression, the NAND gate is expressed as:

The following inference can be easily drawn from the working of circuit:
(i) If the switch A and B are kept closed (A=0, B=0) then bulb
glows, hence Y=1.
(ii) If the switch A is kept open and B is kept closed (A=0, B=1), then
bulb glows, hence Y=1.
(iii) If switch A is kept closed and B is kept open (A=1, B=0), then
bulb glows, hence Y=1.
(iv) If both switch A and B are kept closed (A=1, B=1) then bulb
does not glow, hence Y=0.

TRUTH TABLE:
Input A Input B OUTPUT
0 0 1
0 1 1
1 0 1
1 1 0
 The EX-OR Gate
Aim:
To design and stimulate the EX-OR Gate circuit.

Components:
1) Two AND gates
2) An OR gate
3) Two NOT gate

Theory and construction:

The operation EX-OR checks for the exclusivity in the value of the two
signals A and B. It means if A and B are not identical, the output Y=1, and
if both are identical, then output Y=0. This operation is also called
excusive OR gate, designated EX-OR.
In Boolean expression, the EX-OR gate is expressed as:

The following inference can be easily drawn from working of

electrical circuit:
(i) If the switch A and B are kept open (A=0, B=0) then bulb
does not glow, hence Y=0.

(i) If the switch A is kept open and B is kept closed (A=0, B=1)
then bulb glows, hence Y=1.

(iii) If the switch A is kept closed and B is kept open (A=1, B=0)
then the bulb will glow, hence Y=1.

(i)
If the switch A and B are kept closed (A=1, B=1) then bulb
will not glow, hence Y=0.
TRUTH TABLE:
Input A Input B OUTPUT
0 0 0
0 1 1
1 0 1
1 1 0
 The EX-NOR Gate
Aim:
To design and stimulate the EX-NOR Gate circuit.

Components:
1) Two AND gates
2) And OR gate
3) Three Not gates

Theory and Components:

The operation EX-NOR checks for the exclusively in the value of the two
signals A and B. It means if A and B are not identical, the output Y=0, and
if both are identical, then the output Y=1. This operation is also called
exclusive NOR gate, designated EX-NOR.
In Boolean expression, the EX-NOR gate is expressed as:

The following inference can be easily drawn from working of

electrical circuit:
(i) If the switch A and B are kept open (A=0, B=0), then bulb
glows, hence Y=1

(ii) If the switch A is kept open and B is kept closed (A=0, B=1)
then bulb does not glow, hence Y=0.

(iii) If the switch A is kept closed and B is kept open (A=1, B=0)
then bulb does not glow, hence Y=0.
(i) If the switch A and B are kept closed (A=1, B=1) then bulb will
glow, hence Y=1.
TRUTH TABLE:

Input A Input B OUTPUT

0 0 1
0 1 0
1 0 0
1 1 1
Conclusion
Logic gates are used to develop many IC circuits or

microchips in today’s modern world.

NAND gate and NOR gate are known as universal gates

because we can construct all the three basic gates using

NAND & NOR gates.

Without logic gates, electronic world

Would be nearly incomplete!
Reference:
 www.wikipedia.com

 Encarta Encyclopaedia

 Britannica Encyclopaedia

 www.wikihow.com

 www.answers.com