NATIONAL UNIVERSITY BALIWAG

SCHOOL OF ENGINEERING, ARCHITECTURE

AND TECHNOLOGY

THEORY OF STRUCTURES
CETHOS30/CETHOS1D

PLATE TITLE
CONJUGATE BEAM METHOD
PLATE NO: 7

2022-xxxxxx
SEAT NO.: XX

SUBMITTED TO:
ENGR. MIKE ANGELES VILLAFUERTE

CONJUGATE BEAM METHOD

Slope on real beam = Shear on conjugate beam

Deflection on real beam = Moment on conjugate beam

Properties of Conjugate Beam

1. The length of a conjugate beam is always equal to the length of the

actual beam.
2. The load on the conjugate beam is the M/EI diagram of the loads on
the actual beam.
3. A simple support for the real beam remains simple support for the
conjugate beam.
4. A fixed end for the real beam becomes free end for the conjugate
beam.
5. The point of zero shear for the conjugate beam corresponds to a point
of zero slope for the real beam.
6. The point of maximum moment for the conjugate beam corresponds to
a point of maximum deflection for the real beam.

Supports of Conjugate Beam

Knowing that the slope on the real beam is equal to the shear on
conjugate beam and the deflection on real beam is equal to the moment
on conjugate beam, the shear and bending moment at any point on the
conjugate beam must be consistent with the slope and deflection at that
point of the real beam. Take for example a real beam with fixed support;
at the point of fixed support there is neither slope nor deflection, thus, the
shear and moment of the corresponding conjugate beam at that point
must be zero. Therefore, the conjugate of fixed support is free end.
 NATIONAL UNIVERSITY BALIWAG

SCHOOL OF ENGINEERING, ARCHITECTURE

AND TECHNOLOGY

THEORY OF STRUCTURES
CETHOS30/CETHOS1D

PLATE TITLE
METHOD OF SUPERPOSITION
PLATE NO: 8

2022-xxxxxx
SEAT NO.: xx

SUBMITTED TO:
ENGR. MIKE ANGELES VILLAFUERTE

METHOD OF SUPERPOSITION
The method of superposition, a popular method for finding slopes and
deflections, is based on the principle of superposition:

If the response of a structure is linear, then the effect of several loads

acting simultaneously can be obtained by superimposing (adding) the
effects of the individual loads.

By ‘‘linear response’’ we mean that the relationship between the cause

(loading) and the effect (deformations and internal forces) is linear. The
two requirements for linear response are (1) the must obey Hooke’s law;
and (2) the deformations must be sufficiently small so that their effect on
the geometry is negligible.

The method of superposition permits us to use the known displacements

and slopes for simple loads to obtain the deformations for more
complicated loadings. To use the method effectively requires access to
tables that list the formulas for slopes and deflections for various
loadings, such as Tables 6.2 and 6.3. More extensive tables can be found
in most engineering handbooks.
 NATIONAL UNIVERSITY BALIWAG

SCHOOL OF ENGINEERING, ARCHITECTURE

AND TECHNOLOGY

THEORY OF STRUCTURES
CETHOS30/CETHOS1D

PLATE TITLE
THREE MOMENT EQUATION
PLATE NO: 9

2022-xxxxxx
SEAT NO.: xx

SUBMITTED TO:
ENGR. MIKE ANGELES VILLAFUERTE

THREE MOMENT EQUATION

 IN THIS CHAPTER, WE CONSIDER TWO ALTERNATE
FORMULATIONS OF THE FORCE (FLEXIBILITY) METHOD OF
ANALYSIS OF STATICALLY INDETERMINATE STRUCTURES: (1) THE
THREE-MOMENT EQUATION AND (2) THE METHOD OF LEAST WORK.

THE THREE-MOMENT EQUATION, WHICH WAS INITIALLY

PRESENTED BY CLAPEYRON IN 1857, PROVIDES A CONVENIENT
TOOL FOR ANALYZING CONTINUOUS BEAMS. THE THREE-MOMENT
EQUATION REPRESENTS, IN A GENERAL FORM, THE COMPATIBILITY
CONDITION THAT THE SLOPE OF THE ELASTIC CURVE BE
CONTINUOUS AT AN INTERIOR SUPPORT OF THE CONTINUOUS
BEAM. SINCE THE EQUATION INVOLVES THREE MOMENTS—THE
BENDING MOMENTS AT THE SUPPORT UNDER CONSIDERATION AND
AT THE TWO ADJACENT SUPPORTS—IT COMMONLY IS REFERRED
TO AS THE THREE-MOMENT EQUATION. WHEN USING THIS
METHOD, THE BENDING MOMENTS AT THE INTERIOR (AND ANY
FIXED) SUPPORTS OF THE CONTINUOUS BEAM ARE TREATED AS
THE REDUNDANTS. THE THREE-MOMENT EQUATION IS THEN
APPLIED AT THE LOCATION OF EACH REDUNDANT TO OBTAIN A
SET OF COMPATIBILITY EQUATIONS WHICH CAN BE SOLVED FOR
THE UNKNOWN REDUNDANT MOMENTS.

ANOTHER FORMULATION OF THE FORCE METHOD, CALLED

THE METHOD OF LEAST WORK, IS ALSO DISCUSSED IN THIS
CHAPTER. THIS METHOD, WHICH IS BASED ON CASTIGLIANO’S
SECOND THEOREM, ESSENTIALLY IS SIMILAR TO THE METHOD OF
CONSISTENT DEFORMATIONS, EXCEPT THAT THE COMPATIBILITY
EQUATIONS IN THE METHOD OF LEAST WORK ARE ESTABLISHED
BY MINIMIZING THE STRUCTURE’S STRAIN ENERGY EXPRESSED IN
TERMS OF THE UNKNOWN REDUNDANT INSTEAD OF BY
DEFLECTION SUPERPOSITION, AS IN THE METHOD OF CONSISTENT
DEFORMATIONS.