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THINK Social Psychology, Ce
Duff and Peace
1) ___________ is defined as having an evaluative component towards a stimulus that is

made up of affective, behavioural, and cognitive information.
a. An attitude
b. An ambivalent attitude
c. Aptitude
d. Observational learning
Answer: a
Diff: Easy
Type: MC
Page Reference: 98
Skill: Factual
2) Bob was recently in a car accident that paralyzed him from the waist down. He realizes
the driver that hit him was not to blame, but he has very mixed emotions towards this
person. Bob’s attitude is ___________.
a. ambivalent
b. indifferent
c. explicit
d. implicit
Answer: a
Diff: Moderate
Type: MC
Page Reference: 98
Skill: Applied
3) Possessing simultaneously strong contradictory emotions and motivations is defined

as:
a. an implicit attitude.
b. an explicit attitude.
c. an ambivalent attitude.
d. an attitude.
Answer: c
Diff: Easy
Type: MC
Page Reference: 98
Skill: Factual
4) Johnny was in a boating accident when he was little. Now he has an automatic fearful
reaction to the ocean. Johnny’s attitude towards the ocean represents a(n):
a. explicit attitude.
b. conscious attitude.
c. implicit attitude.
d. internal attitude.
Copyright © 2013 Pearson Canada Inc. 1

Chapter 6: Attitudes
Answer: c
Diff: Moderate
Type: MC
Page Reference: 98
Skill: Applied
5) Which of the following statements about implicit attitudes is most true?

a. Implicit attitudes are within our control.
b. Implicit attitudes are consciously activated.
c. Implicit attitudes are formed over a longer period of time.
d. Implicit attitudes are automatically activated.
Answer: d
Diff: Moderate
Type: MC
Page Reference: 98
Skill: Conceptual
6) An attitude that one recognizes and can control is known as a(n) __________.
a. explicit attitude
b. unconscious attitude
c. implicit attitude
d. internal attitude
Answer: a
Diff: Easy
Type: MC
Page Reference: 98
Skill: Factual
7) If our positive reaction is low and our negative reaction is low, it can be said that our
attitude is ________.
a. indifferent
b. negative
c. ambivalent
d. positive
Answer: a
Diff: Easy
Type: MC
Page Reference: 98
Skill: Factual
8) ________ show a greater negativity bias and greater arousal to negative information
relative to ________.

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a. Men; women
b. Women; men
c. Older people; younger people
d. Wealthier people; poorer people
Answer: a
Diff: Moderate
Type: MC
Page Reference: 99
Skill: Factual
9) Affective experiences are most closely associated with which of the following?
a. External attitudes
b. Implicit attitudes
c. Conscious attitudes
d. Explicit attitudes
Answer: b
Diff: Moderate
Type: MC
Page Reference: 99
Skill: Conceptual
10) Which of the following types of attitudes is most closely associated with cognitive
control?
a. Unconscious attitudes
b. Ambivalent attitudes
c. Implicit attitudes
d. Explicit attitudes
Answer: d
Diff: Moderate
Type: MC
Page Reference: 99
Skill: Conceptual
11) Why do affective experiences seem to have more of an affect on implicit attitudes
than on explicit attitudes?
a. Because affective experiences are related to cognitive control
b. Because affective experiences are related to controlled processing
c. Because affective experiences are related to automatic reactions
d. Because affective experiences are related to consciousness
Answer: c
Diff: Easy
Type: MC

Page Reference: 99
Skill: Conceptual
12) If George likes Italian food and he is invited by his friend to try a new Italian
restaurant, he most likely will hold a positive attitude toward these plans. This best
illustrates the notion of:
a. ambivalence.
b. an unconditioned response.
c. cognitive consistency.
d. cognitive strength.
Answer: c
Diff: Moderate
Type: MC
Page Reference: 99
Skill: Applied
13) Which of the following is NOT considered one of main components of an attitude?
a. Cognition
b. Affect
c. Behaviour
d. Aptitude
Answer: d
Diff: Easy
Type: MC
Page Reference: 99
Skill: Factual
14) Lisa has a positive attitude toward working out at the gym. She feels happy when she
is able to spend time exercising. This represents which component of her attitude?
a. Behaviour
b. Affect
c. Cognition
d. Both affect and cognition
Answer: b
Diff: Easy
Type: MC
Page Reference: 99
Skill: Applied
15) Lisa has a positive attitude toward working out at the gym. She believes that spending
time at the gym benefits her health. This represents which component of her attitude?
a. Behaviour
b. Affect

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c. Cognition
d. Both behaviour and cognition
Answer: c
Diff: Easy
Type: MC
Page Reference: 99
Skill: Applied
16) Lisa has a positive attitude toward working out at the gym. She goes to the gym to
workout five days a week. This represents which component of her attitude?
a. Behaviour
b. Affect
c. Cognition
d. Both behaviour and affect
Answer: a
Diff: Easy
Type: MC
Page Reference: 99
Skill: Applied
17) According to your textbook, what is one suggested reason why we are more likely to
pay attention to negative information over positive information?
a. Because we spend time with other people who focus on negative information
b. Because we learn this tendency from our peers
c. Because our culture teaches us to focus on the negative
d. Because paying attention to negative information would aid in our survival by helping
us to avoid potential dangers
Answer: d
Diff: Moderate
Type: MC
Page Reference: 99
Skill: Conceptual
18) When you are forming an attitude about an idea, object, or person you are more likely
to focus on the negative information over the positive information. This is termed
__________.
a. attitude ambivalence
b. mere exposure
c. negativity bias
d. the pessimism effect
Answer: c
Diff: Moderate

Type: MC
Page Reference: 99
Skill: Factual
19) What have researchers found with respect to how the brain responds to positive,
negative, and neutral stimuli?
a. Brain waves were larger when participants were exposed to negative stimuli compared
with positive stimuli.
b. Brain waves were larger when participants were exposed to neutral stimuli compared
with negative stimuli.
c. Brain waves were larger when participants were exposed to positive stimuli compared
with negative stimuli.
d. Brain waves were larger when participants were exposed to neutral stimuli compared
with positive stimuli.
Answer: a
Diff: Difficult
Type: MC
Page Reference: 99
Skill: Factual
20) Classical conditioning was first demonstrated by __________ in his famous

experiment with dogs.
a. Ivan Pavlov
b. Albert Bandura
c. B.F. Skinner
d. Edward Thorndike
Answer: a
Diff: Moderate
Type: MC
Page Reference: 100
Skill: Factual
21) A doctor administers a drug to a patient in a small room in the hospital. This drug
increases the heart rate of the patient. After a while, the patient’s heart rate increases just
by being in the small room before the drug is even given. In this example, what is the
unconditioned stimulus?
a. The drug
b. The increased heart rate
c. The small hospital room
d. The doctor
Answer: a
Diff: Moderate
Type: MC

Duff and Peace
Page Reference: 100

Skill: Applied
increases the heart rate of the patient. After awhile, the patient’s heart rate increases just
conditioned stimulus?
a. The drug
d. The doctor
Answer: c
Diff: Moderate
Type: MC
Page Reference: 100
Skill: Applied
increases the heart rate of the patient. After a while, the patient’s heart rate increases just
unconditioned response?
a. The drug
d. The doctor
Answer: b
Diff: Moderate
Type: MC
Page Reference: 100
Skill: Applied
increases the heart rate of the patient. After awhile, the patient’s heart rate increases just
conditioned response?
a. The drug
b. The increased heart rate in response to the drug
d. The increased heart rate in response to the small hospital room
Answer: d
Diff: Moderate
Type: MC
Page Reference: 100

Skill: Applied
25) ____________ is defined as a response that occurs automatically in response to some

stimulus, without learning taking place.
a. Conditioned response
b. Conditioned stimulus
c. Unconditioned stimulus
d. Unconditioned response
Answer: d
Diff: Easy
Type: MC
Page Reference: 100
Skill: Factual
26) ____________ is defined as a stimulus that elicits a response automatically, without

learning taking place.
a. Conditioned response
b. Conditioned stimulus
c. Unconditioned stimulus
d. Unconditioned response
Answer: c
Diff: Easy
Type: MC
Page Reference: 100
Skill: Factual
27) Jane tries on a new pair of shoes and thinks that they look just ‘ok.’ Jane finds that
after going back to the store and trying the shoes on again that she really likes the way
they look on her. Jane’s increased liking can be explained by which of the following?
a. The name–letter effect
b. Mere exposure effect
c. Operant conditioning
d. Observational learning
Answer: b
Diff: Moderate
Type: MC
Page Reference: 100
Skill: Applied
28) Mere exposure does not increase liking in all cases. Which of the following has been
identified as a time when mere exposure will likely not result in a more positive attitude?
a. When people have an initial highly negative reaction to a stimulus
b. When people are overexposed to a stimulus

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c. When people have an initial neutral response to a stimulus

d. When people are unfamiliar with a stimulus
Answer: a
Diff: Difficult
Type: MC
Page Reference: 100
Skill: Conceptual
29) According to the name–letter effect, Matthew Morrison will:

a. prefer the letter ‘M’ over other letters in the alphabet.
b. prefer the name Matthew over other names.
c. dislike his initials.
d. prefer the letter ‘M’ over other letters and prefer the name Matthew.
Answer: d
Diff: Easy
Type: MC
Page Reference: 101
Skill: Applied
30) Research shows that people with names like Tanya are more likely to live in Tampa
and people with names like Sarah are more likely live in Sarasota. What can we conclude
from this research?
a. We can conclude that having certain initials is correlated with certain outcomes.
b. We can conclude that living in a place that starts with an ‘S’ causes people choose
names that start with an ‘S.’
c. We can conclude that living in a place that starts with a ‘T’ causes people choose
names that start with a ‘T.’
d. We can conclude that having a name that starts with a ‘T’ causes people to live in
places that start with a ‘T.’
Answer: a
Diff: Moderate
Type: MC
Page Reference: 101
Skill: Conceptual
31) Which method of learning involves rewarding desirable behaviour and punishing
undesirable behaviour?
a. Observational learning
b. Classical conditioning
c. Operant conditioning
d. Explicit learning
Answer: c

Diff: Moderate
Type: MC
Page Reference: 101
Skill: Factual
32) A teacher rewards his students with a piece of candy every time they hand in their
homework on time. The number of students who turn their homework in on the due date
increases. This illustrates what type of learning?
b. Operant conditioning
c. Classical conditioning
d. Explicit learning
Answer: b
Diff: Moderate
Type: MC
Page Reference: 101
Skill: Applied
33) Operant conditioning was first discovered by:

a. Ivan Pavlov.
b. Albert Bandura.
c. B.F. Skinner.
d. Edward Thorndike.
Answer: d
Diff: Moderate
Type: MC
Page Reference: 101
Skill: Factual
34) A parent offers her child a toy every time he cleans his room. In this example,
offering a toy represents which of the following?
a. Negative reinforcement
b. Positive reinforcement
c. Positive punishment
d. Negative punishment
Answer: b
Diff: Difficult
Type: MC
Page Reference: 101
Skill: Applied
35) Tommy’s mom wants him to clean his room more often. She decides she will not
make him do the dishes if cleans his room. This is an example of:

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a. Negative reinforcement.
b. Positive reinforcement.
c. Positive punishment.
d. Negative punishment.
Answer: a
Diff: Difficult
Type: MC
Page Reference: 101
Skill: Applied
36) Your parents are trying to reduce the number of times you skip your high school
classes. They take away your phone privileges every time they find out you did not go to
class. This is an example of:
a. Negative reinforcement.
b. Positive reinforcement.
c. Positive punishment.
d. Negative punishment.
Answer: d
Diff: Difficult
Type: MC
Page Reference: 101
Skill: Applied
37) Operant conditioning occurs through the mechanisms of reinforcement and

punishment. What is a major difference between reinforcement and punishment?
a. Reinforcement involves increasing a behaviour, while punishment involves decreasing
a behaviour.
b. Reinforcement involves decreasing a behaviour, while punishment involves increasing
a behaviour.
c. Reinforcement involves stabilizing a behaviour, while punishment involves decreasing
a behaviour.
d. There is no major difference between reinforcement and punishment.
Answer: a
Diff: Difficult
Type: MC
Page Reference: 101
Skill: Conceptual
38) What do positive punishment and negative punishment have in common?

a. They are both designed to increase a desired behaviour.
b. They both involve the addition of an undesirable stimulus.
c. They are both designed to decrease the frequency of a behaviour.
d. They both involve the removal of something pleasurable.

Answer: c
Diff: Difficult
Type: MC
Page Reference: 101
Skill: Conceptual
39) Spanking is an example of:

a. negative reinforcement.
b. positive reinforcement.
c. positive punishment.
d. negative punishment.
Answer: c
Diff: Moderate
Type: MC
Page Reference: 101
Skill: Applied
40) How can operant conditioning influence our attitudes?

a. Our attitudes are likely to become more positive if a behaviour is ignored.
b. Our attitudes are likely to become more negative if a behaviour is reinforced.
c. Our attitudes are likely to become more positive if a behaviour is punished.
d. Our attitudes are likely to become more negative if a behaviour is punished.
Answer: d
Diff: Challenging
Type: MC
Page Reference: 101
Skill: Conceptual
41) During her childhood, Holly sees that her mother disapproves of same-sex marriages.
Through watching her mother, Holly ends up adopting a similar viewpoint. This could be
considered an example of what type of learning?
b. Operant conditioning
c. Classical conditioning
d. Observational learning, operant learning, and classical learning
Answer: a
Diff: Moderate
Type: MC
Page Reference: 101
Skill: Applied

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42) Which of the following statements regarding the affect of observational learning on
attitudes is true?
a. Attitudes formed through observational learning are never strong.
b. Attitudes formed through observational learning cannot be reversed.
c. Attitudes formed through observational learning can be reversed.
d. Attitudes formed through observational learning are not long-lasting.
Answer: c
Diff: Moderate
Type: MC
Page Reference: 101
Skill: Conceptual
43) Observational learning is another name for:

a. modelling.
b. unconscious learning.
c. classic conditioning.
d. operant conditioning.
Answer: a
Diff: Easy
Type: MC
Page Reference: 101
Skill: Factual
44) The use of a bogus pipeline in research can:

a. provide participants with a way to withdraw their consent from the survey.
b. increase participants’ honesty, even if responses are about negative behaviours.
c. increase the probability that participants will answer in a socially desirable fashion.
d. reduce participants’ honesty, especially if responses are about negative behaviours.
Answer: b
Diff: Moderate
Type: MC
Page Reference: 102
Skill: Conceptual
45) If a researcher wants to assess implicit attitudes, she should probably NOT use a self-
report measure because:
a. self-report measures are very difficult to administer to participants.
b. self-report measures are generally unreliable.
c. people are often unaware of their implicit attitudes.
d. self-report measures often take a long time for participants to fill out.
Answer: c
Diff: Difficult

Type: MC
Page Reference: 102
Skill: Conceptual
46) ___________ measures how easily we associate categories with positive or negative
attitudes.
a. The Implicit Association Test
b. The Intrinsic Association Test
c. The Non-conscious Association Test
d. The Basic Associations Test
Answer: a
Diff: Moderate
Type: MC
Page Reference: 102
Skill: Factual
47) What can researchers do to help minimize the tendency for participants to report
socially desirable responses and encourage answers that are truthful?
a. They can use self-report measures.
b. They can use explicit attitude measures.
c. They can threaten participants.
d. They can employ the ‘bogus pipeline’ strategy.
Answer: d
Diff: Moderate
Type: MC
Page Reference: 102
Skill: Conceptual
48) Which of the following represents a main criticism of the Implicit Associations Test
(IAT)?
a. The IAT only measures explicit attitudes.
b. The IAT measures associations of adjectives with specific groups but does not
necessarily reflect an individual’s real attitude.
c. The IAT only measures conscious attitudes.
d. The IAT does not capture associations between concepts.
Answer: b
Diff: Difficult
Type: MC
Page Reference: 103
Skill: Conceptual
49) Corey (1937) measured student’s attitudes toward academic cheating. He then had
students complete tests which were marked by a researcher, and then marked by

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themselves, which gave students the opportunity to cheat by covertly changing their test
mark. What were the findings?
a. Students cheated on the majority of tests, regardless of their previously stated attitudes
toward cheating.
b. Students did not cheat on any test, regardless of their previously stated attitudes toward
cheating.
c. Students did not cheat on any test, but only if they held negative attitudes towards
cheating.
d. Students cheated on every single test, by only if they held positive attitudes towards
cheating.
Answer: a
Diff: Challenging
Type: MC
Page Reference: 104
Skill: Factual
50) What did early research by LaPiere (1934) and Corey (1937) suggest about the
relationship between attitudes and behaviour?
a. Attitudes stem from behaviour.
b. Behaviour predicts attitudes.
c. Attitudes predict behaviour.
d. Attitudes do not always predict behaviour.
Answer: d
Diff: Easy
Type: MC
Page Reference: 104
Skill: Conceptual
51) Researchers have found that optimistic attitudes predict:

a. decreased life expectancy.
b. decreased immune functioning.
c. increased immune functioning.
d. decreased life expectancy and decreased immune functioning.
Answer: c
Diff: Moderate
Type: MC
Page Reference: 104
Skill: Factual
52) The theory of planned behaviour suggests that which of the following leads to
behaviour?
a. Intelligence, desire, and introversion
b. Collectivism, age, and status

c. Perceived expertise, introverson, and age

d. Perceived control, attitudes, and social norms
Answer: d
Diff: Easy
Type: MC
Page Reference: 105
Skill: Factual
53) James is trying to decide if he wants to exercise. He thinks exercise is important and
knows that his doctor, friends, and family want him to exercise. However, he is not sure
if he is too out of shape to initiate an exercise routine. His belief that he might not be able
to engage in exercise because of his fitness level best represents which component of the
theory of planned behaviour?
a. Attitudes
b. Perceived control
c. Social norms
d. Cultural norms
Answer: b
Diff: Moderate
Type: MC
Page Reference: 105
Skill: Applied
54) Emma is trying to decide if she wants to exercise. She thinks exercise is important
and knows that her doctor, friends, and family think it’s a good idea for her to exercise.
However, she is not sure if she is too out of shape to initiate an exercise routine. The
favourable attitude that her doctor, friends, and family hold regarding her exercise
behaviour best represents which component of the theory of planned behaviour?
a. Attitudes
b. Perceived control
c. Social norms
d. Cultural norms
Answer: c
Diff: Moderate
Type: MC
Page Reference: 105
Skill: Applied
55) Which theory states that attitudes, social norms, and perceived control will lead to the
intention to perform a behaviour?
a. Theory of planned behaviour
b. Social learning theory
c. Theory of reasoned action

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d. Cognitive dissonance theory
Answer: a
Diff: Moderate
Type: MC
Page Reference: 105
Skill: Factual
56) If a researcher wants to know whether university students’ attitudes toward recycling
predict their recycling behaviour, which of the following questions should she ask?
a. Is it important for citizens to recycle?
b. How do you feel about the environment?
c. Is recycling important to university students?
d. Do you feel it is important for you to recycle?
Answer: d
Diff: Difficult
Type: MC
Page Reference: 105
Skill: Applied
57) Personally relevant attitudes are argued to have what kind of effect on behaviour?
a. Personally relevant attitudes have no impact on behaviour.
b. Personally relevant attitudes decrease the likelihood of behaviour.
c. Personally relevant attitudes increase the likelihood of behaviour.
d. Personally relevant attitudes decrease the likelihood of behaviour through decreasing
the strength and accessibility of the attitude.
Answer: c
Diff: Moderate
Type: MC
Page Reference: 105
Skill: Conceptual
58) George works in a modelling agency and often must decide whether people are
attractive are not. According to ________, George are more likely to categorize other
individuals in terms of their ________.
a. specificity; status
b. chronic accessibility; beauty
c. cognitive dissonance; intelligence
d. attitudes; behaviour
Answer: b
Diff: Moderate
Type: MC
Page Reference: 106

Skill: Application
59) Bob is watching a news show on the issue of abortion. As a result, his attitude about
abortion is now active in his consciousness. This demonstrates the idea of __________.
a. attitude accessibility
b. attitude strength
c. attitude specificity
d. attitude generality
Answer: a
Diff: Moderate
Type: MC
Page Reference: 106
Skill: Applied
60) An attitude that is accessible all the time refers to ___________.

a. accessibility
b. chronic accessibility
c. acute accessibility
d. specificity
Answer: b
Diff: Easy
Type: MC
Page Reference: 106
Skill: Factual
61) Clark, Wegener, and Fabrigar (2008) found that persuasive messages in line with
participant’s pre-existing attitudes about a topic ________ the accessibility of the
attitude, and ________ the persuasiveness of the message.
a. increase; decrease
b. decrease; increase
c. decrease; decrease
d. increase; increase
Answer: d
Diff: Easy
Type: MC
Page Reference: 106
Skill: Factual
62) Festinger and Carlsmith (1959) asked participants to perform a boring task and then
paid them either $20 or $1 to lie to the next participant by telling them that the study was
enjoyable. Afterwards they asked participants to rate how much they liked the task. The
‘surprising’ finding from Festinger and Carlsmith’s study was:
a. the participants paid $20 reported liking the task more than those paid $1.

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b. the participants paid $1 reported liking the task more than those paid $20.
c. those paid $20 reported the same level of liking as participants paid $1.
d. the participants paid $20 really liked the task but lied to researchers about their level of
enjoyment.
Answer: b
Diff: Difficult
Type: MC
Page Reference: 108
Skill: Factual
63) Festinger and Carlsmith (1959) asked participants to perform a boring task and then
paid them either $20 or $1 to lie to the next participant, telling them that the task was
enjoyable. Afterwards they asked participants to rate how much they liked the task.
Participants who received $1 rated the task as more enjoyable than participants who
received $20. What has been proposed as a likely reason for this result?
a. The participants paid $20 actually liked the task but lied about how they felt.
b. The participants paid $1 actually disliked the task but lied about how they felt.
c. The participants paid $1 did not have sufficient justification for lying so changed their
attitude to match their behaviour.
d. The participants paid $20 experienced cognitive dissonance.
Answer: c
Diff: Moderate
Type: MC
Page Reference: 108
Skill: Conceptual
64) Glen spent four years in university, working very hard towards his degree in
journalism. After graduating, he has been unable to find a job in his field, and instead
works as a waiter. He often states that university was worthwhile because he met a lot of
new people and made some friends. Which of the following concepts is Glen
demonstrating?
a. Impression management
b. Self-affirmation
c. Post-decision dissonance
d. Effort justification
Answer: d
Diff: Difficult
Type: MC
Page Reference: 109
Skill: Application
65) Jill is trying to decide between a red prom dress that she really likes and a black prom
dress that she also really likes. Even though she likes both dresses about the same, she

decides to choose the red dress. Now she feels the red dress was actually a better choice
and that it looks much better on her than the black dress. Which of the following ideas
best accounts for her change in opinion?
a. Attitude accessibility
b. Post-decisional dissonance
c. Attitude strength
d. Attitude specificity
Answer: b
Diff: Moderate
Type: MC
Page Reference: 109
Skill: Applied
66) Cooper and Fazio (1984) postulate that four steps must occur for people to experience
and attempt to reduce cognitive dissonance. Which of the following was NOT mentioned
as one of those steps?
a. People have to feel very little guilt about the action.
b. People have to perceive personal responsibility for the action.
c. People have to perceive that there are negative consequences to their attitude-
discrepant action.
d. People have to attribute their arousal to the action in question.
Answer: a
Diff: Difficult
Type: MC
Page Reference: 109
Skill: Conceptual
67) Which of the following is true about the relationship between cognitive dissonance
and culture?
a. Cognitive dissonance and dissonance reduction techniques are the same in individualist
and collectivist cultures.
b. Japanese participants engage in dissonance-reduction only after being asked to
consider the preferences of a self-relevant other person.
c. Canadian participants engage in dissonance-reduction only after being asked to
consider the preferences of a self-relevant other person.
d. Dissonance-reduction techniques may not be utilized in individualistic cultures as
much as in collectivist cultures.
Answer: b
Diff: Challenging
Type: MC
Page Reference: 109
Skill: Conceptual

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68) Which of the following is a limitation of Cooper & Fazio’s (1984) four-step model of
attitude change?
a. It is only able to explain negative attitude change, but not positive attitude change.
b. Cognitive dissonance does not cause physical discomfort or tension.
c. It does not account for the ability of cognitive dissonance to change behaviour instead
of attitudes.
d. The model requires all four steps to be in place for attitude change to occur.
Answer: c
Diff: Challenging
Type: MC
Page Reference: 110
Skill: Conceptual
69) Valins (1966) exposed male students to “centrefolds” and mislead participants to
believe they experienced a greater response to a particular photograph. When given the
option, most men chose to take home the “centerfold” that they thought got their heart
rates up. What does this study demonstrate?
a. Emotions often follow behaviours
b. Cognitive dissonance reduction
c. Post-decision dissonance
d. Self-affirmation theory
Answer: a
Diff: Difficult
Type: MC
Page Reference: 110
Skill: Conceptual
70) Research suggests that an attitudinal shift as a result of cognitive dissonance is much
more likely to occur when the counter-attitudinal behaviour is conducted in front of
others. This finding supports which of the following statements?
a. People are more concerned with appearing consistent in their attitudes in the eyes of
others than they are with actually being consistent.
b. People are concerned with holding attitudes that are consistent with their behaviour.
c. People are never concerned with holding attitudes that are consistent with their
behaviour.
d. Attitudes often do not match behaviour.
Answer: a
Diff: Difficult
Type: MC
Page Reference: 110
Skill: Conceptual
71) Affect is one main component of an attitude.

a. True
b. False
Answer: a
Diff: Easy
Type: TF
Page Reference: 98
Skill: Factual
72) The statement that taking vitamins is good for your health represents the cognitive
component of an attitude.
a. True
b. False
Answer: a
Diff: Easy
Type: TF
Page Reference: 98
Skill: Applied
73) Positive punishment involves adding an undesirable stimulus in order to increase a

behaviour.
a. True
b. False
Answer: b
Diff: Moderate
Type: TF
Page Reference: 101
Skill: Factual
74) If we experience some form of reinforcement for a behaviour, our attitude should
become more positive toward that behaviour.
a. True
b. False
Answer: a
Diff: Moderate
Type: TF
Page Reference: 101
Skill: Conceptual
75) The Implicit Associations Test is a measure used to assess explicit attitudes.
a. True
b. False

Duff and Peace
Answer: b
Diff: Easy
Type: TF
Page Reference: 102
Skill: Factual
76) Attitudes, social norms, and perceived behavioural control comprise components of
self-affirmation theory.
a. True
b. False
Answer: b
Diff: Moderate
Type: TF
Page Reference: 105
Skill: Factual
77) According to your text, we are less likely to donate to charities for causes with which
we have direct experience.
a. True
b. False
Answer: b
Diff: Moderate
Type: TF
Page Reference: 106
Skill: Conceptual
78) If we paid people a great deal of money to perform a behaviour inconsistent with
their attitude, research suggests people would experience cognitive dissonance, and
therefore change their attitude to match their behaviour.
a. True
b. False
Answer: b
Diff: Moderate
Type: TF
Page Reference: 108
Skill: Conceptual
79) Anna will likely experience post-decisional dissonance after she chooses between two
equally attractive universities.
a. True
b. False
Answer: a

Diff: Easy
Type: TF
Page Reference: 109
Skill: Applied
80) Culture moderates the extent to which individuals experience dissonance.

a. True
b. False
Answer: a
Diff: mModerate
Type: TF
Page Reference: 109
Skill: Factual
81) Emotions often follow rather than precede behaviours.

a. True
b. False
Answer: a
Diff: Moderate
Type: TF
Page Reference: 110
Skill: Conceptual
82) Distinguish between implicit and explicit attitudes. Provide an example of each.
Answer:
Diff: Easy
Type: ES
Page Reference: 98
Skill: Conceptual
83) Define ambivalence and explain what it means to hold an ambivalent attitude.
Answer:
Diff: Moderate
Type: ES
Page Reference: 98
Skill: Factual
84) Briefly describe how classical conditioning can impact attitudes.

Duff and Peace
Answer:
Diff: Challenging
Type: ES
Page Reference: 100
Skill: Conceptual
85) Suppose you wanted to make people’s attitudes towards a new product more
favourable. Using the mere exposure effect, describe what you could do to increase
people’s liking of the product. How could this backfire on you?
Answer:
Diff: Moderate
Type: ES
Page Reference: 100–101
Skill: Applied
86) What is the name–letter effect? What impact might this effect have on your life?
Answer:
Diff: Moderate
Type: ES
Page Reference: 101
Skill: Factual
87) How can observational learning affect the formation of attitudes? Provide an
example.
Answer:
Diff: Challenging
Type: ES
Page Reference: 101
Skill: Conceptual
88) Briefly describe two ways in which attitudes can be assessed.
Answer:

Diff: Moderate
Type: ES
Page Reference: 102–103
Skill: Factual
89) Sari is afraid of horses. Describe how you could use modelling to reduce her fear.
Answer:
Diff: Moderate
Type: ES
Page Reference: 109
Skill: Applied
90) Describe self-affirmation theory and explain how it relates to attitude change.
Answer:
Diff: Challenging
Type: ES
Page Reference: 110
Skill: Factual
91) Provide the definition of an attitude and describe the three major components an
attitude.
Answer:
Diff: Moderate
Type: ES
Page Reference: 98
Skill: Factual
92) When evaluating objects and people, research suggests we pay more attention to
negative information over positive information. What have researchers proposed as a
reason for this tendency? Describe research evidence presented in your textbook to
support this view
Answer:
Diff: Moderate

Duff and Peace
Type: ES
Page Reference: 99
Skill: Conceptual
93) You try a new type of food and then you get sick because of the flu. You develop a
negative attitude toward that food and feel sick to your stomach every time you see or
smell it. Name the type of conditioning described in this example. Identify and describe
the unconditioned stimulus, unconditioned response, conditioned stimulus, and
conditioned response.
Answer:
Diff: Challenging
Type: ES
Page Reference: 100
Skill: Applied
94) An elementary school teacher would like to see his students reading more books.
Provide an example of how he could increase his studenst’ reading behaviour through
positive reinforcement. How would he do this if he were to utilize negative
reinforcement?
Answer:
Diff: Moderate
Type: ES
Page Reference: 101
Skill: Applied
95) Jane intends to get a flu shot. According to the theory of planned behaviour, how Jane
might have arrived at this decision? Be sure to describe all the components of the theory
in your answer.
Answer:
Diff: Challenging
Type: ES
Page Reference: 105
Skill: Applied
96) Dwayne knows smoking is bad for his health, yet continues to smoke. How can you
reduce Dwayne’s cognitive dissonance and get him to stop smoking? Be sure to include
the concept of effort justification in your answer.

Answer:
Diff: Challenging
Type: ES
Page Reference: 108
Objective: Application
97) Cooper and Fazio proposed a modification to cognitive dissonance theory. Name and
describe the four steps that they argue are involved in the arousal and reduction of
cognitive dissonance?
Answer:
Diff: Moderate
Type: ES
Page Reference: 109
Skill: Factual

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1) ___________ is defined as having an evaluative component towards a stimulus that is

3) Possessing simultaneously strong contradictory emotions and motivations is defined

Copyright © 2013 Pearson Canada Inc. 1

5) Which of the following statements about implicit attitudes is most true?

Copyright © 2013 Pearson Canada Inc. 2

Copyright © 2013 Pearson Canada Inc. 3

Copyright © 2013 Pearson Canada Inc. 4

Copyright © 2013 Pearson Canada Inc. 5

20) Classical conditioning was first demonstrated by __________ in his famous

Copyright © 2013 Pearson Canada Inc. 6

Page Reference: 100

Copyright © 2013 Pearson Canada Inc. 7

25) ____________ is defined as a response that occurs automatically in response to some

26) ____________ is defined as a stimulus that elicits a response automatically, without

Copyright © 2013 Pearson Canada Inc. 8

c. When people have an initial neutral response to a stimulus

29) According to the name–letter effect, Matthew Morrison will:

Copyright © 2013 Pearson Canada Inc. 9

33) Operant conditioning was first discovered by:

Copyright © 2013 Pearson Canada Inc. 10

37) Operant conditioning occurs through the mechanisms of reinforcement and

38) What do positive punishment and negative punishment have in common?

Copyright © 2013 Pearson Canada Inc. 11

39) Spanking is an example of:

40) How can operant conditioning influence our attitudes?

Copyright © 2013 Pearson Canada Inc. 12

43) Observational learning is another name for:

44) The use of a bogus pipeline in research can:

Copyright © 2013 Pearson Canada Inc. 13

Copyright © 2013 Pearson Canada Inc. 14

51) Researchers have found that optimistic attitudes predict:

Copyright © 2013 Pearson Canada Inc. 15

c. Perceived expertise, introverson, and age

Copyright © 2013 Pearson Canada Inc. 16

d. Cognitive dissonance theory

Copyright © 2013 Pearson Canada Inc. 17

60) An attitude that is accessible all the time refers to ___________.

Copyright © 2013 Pearson Canada Inc. 18

Copyright © 2013 Pearson Canada Inc. 19

Copyright © 2013 Pearson Canada Inc. 20

71) Affect is one main component of an attitude.

Copyright © 2013 Pearson Canada Inc. 21

73) Positive punishment involves adding an undesirable stimulus in order to increase a

Copyright © 2013 Pearson Canada Inc. 22

Copyright © 2013 Pearson Canada Inc. 23

80) Culture moderates the extent to which individuals experience dissonance.

81) Emotions often follow rather than precede behaviours.

84) Briefly describe how classical conditioning can impact attitudes.

Copyright © 2013 Pearson Canada Inc. 24

88) Briefly describe two ways in which attitudes can be assessed.

Copyright © 2013 Pearson Canada Inc. 25

Copyright © 2013 Pearson Canada Inc. 26

Copyright © 2013 Pearson Canada Inc. 27