Egyptian Informatics Journal 25 (2024) 100438

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Egyptian Informatics Journal

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Exploring business intelligence applications in the healthcare industry: A

comprehensive analysis
Sivajothi Ramalingam a, M. Subramanian a, Avula Sreevallabha Reddy b,
Nainaru Tarakaramu c, d, *, M. Ijaz Khan e, f, *, Sherzod Abdullaev g, h, i, Sami Dhahbi j
a
Department of Management Studies, R L Institute of Management Studies, (A Unit of Subbalakshmi Lakshmipathy College of Science), Madurai, Tamil Nadu-625022,
India
b
Department of Mathematics, M S Ramaiah Institute of Technology, Bangalore-560054, Karnataka, India
c
Department of Mathematics, School of Liberal Arts and Sciences, Mohan Babu University, Sree Sainath nagar, Tirupati-517102, A.P, India
d
Department of Mathematics, Basic Sciences and Humanities, Sree Vidyanikethan Engineering College, Sree Sainath Nagar, A Rangampeta, Tirupati-517102, A.P, India
e
Department of Mathematics and Statistics, Riphah International University I14, Islamabad 44000, Pakistan
f
Department of Mechanical Engineering, Lebanese American University, Kraytem, Beirut, 11022801, Lebanon
g
Faculty of Chemical Engineering, New Uzbekistan University, Tashkent, Uzbekistan
h
Engineering School, Central Asian University, Tashkent, Uzbekistan University
i
Scientific and Innovation Department, Tashkent State Pedagogical University Named After Nizami, Tashkent, Uzbekistan
j
Department of Computer Science, College of Science and Art at Mahayil, King Khalid University, Muhayil Aseer 62529, Saudi Arabia

A R T I C L E I N F O A B S T R A C T

Keywords: Business intelligence can play a significant role in improving the healthcare industry. Healthcare organizations
Health care generate massive amounts of data, including patient information, financial data, and operational data. The tools
Analytics can help healthcare organizations to analyze and utilize this data to improve their operations, reduce costs, and
Business intelligence
provide better patient care. Business intelligence technologies can be used to analyze this data and improve
Frame work
operational and clinical efficiency. However, healthcare organizations need to assess their readiness and develop
Maturity model
an overall the strategy to effectively use the data. This research proposes a framework for developing a domain
specific maturity model, that meets specific healthcare industry. The study demonstrates the effectiveness of this
framework by applying it to the development of maturity model in healthcare. The results indicate framework is
able to guide the development of a BI maturity model that is acceptable to expert practitioners field. Our research
is important because it addresses the need for a domain specific BI maturity model in healthcare. While there are
generic models available, they may not be suitable for the specific needs of the healthcare industry. The proposed
framework can be used by healthcare organizations to assess their BI readiness and develop a BI strategy that is
tailored to their specific needs. Overall, this research has practical implications for healthcare organizations
looking to leverage their data through Business intelligence technologies. By using the proposed framework to
develop a domain specific Business intelligence maturity model, organizations can improve their operational and
clinical efficiency and ultimately provide better patient care.

1. Introduction domain-specific BI maturity model. If the need is identified, the paper

The paper framework focuses on the development of a domain-
specific Business Intelligence (BI) maturity model, particularly within
the context of the healthcare industry. Develop a framework for creating
a domain-specific BI maturity model and demonstrate the effectiveness
of this framework in the healthcare industry. The work proposes a
methodological and systematic approach for assessing the need for a
provides a guide for developing such a model. Theoretical and Practical
Implications discussed in the paper is not just theoretical but also has
practical applications. The proposed model is not only conceptual but
has real-world relevance and applicability. Background on BI and
Maturity Models providing a background on Business Intelligence (BI)
and existing maturity models. Emphasis is placed on the limitations of
current models, particularly regarding their applicability to complex

* Corresponding authors.
E-mail addresses: nainaru143@gmail.com (N. Tarakaramu), scientificresearchglobe@gmail.com (M. Ijaz Khan).

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eij.2024.100438
Received 3 September 2023; Received in revised form 1 December 2023; Accepted 17 January 2024
Available online 30 January 2024
1110-8665/© 2023 THE AUTHORS. Published by Elsevier BV on behalf of Faculty of Computers and Artificial Intelligence, Cairo University. This is an open access
article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/).
S. Ramalingam et al.
industries like healthcare. The BI Focus on Healthcare Industry in
existing BI maturity models are discussed with a specific focus on their
inadequacy in addressing the needs of complex industries, such as
healthcare. The importance of having domain-specific BI maturity
models, especially in industries with unique complexities like health­
care. The need for tailored approaches rather than relying solely on
generic models.
Big data is a significant challenge in the current landscape. It refers to
the massive volume, velocity, and variety of data generated from various
sources. Dealing with Big Data requires specialized tools and techniques
to store, process, and analyze the vast amounts of information effec­
tively. In Memory technology is a new innovation in the field of Business
Intelligence. It involves storing data in the computer’s main memory,
enabling faster data retrieval and analysis compared to traditional disk
based storage systems. In Memory technology enhances the speed and
performance of data processing, enabling organizations to gain real time
insights and make quicker decisions.
Analytics is an essential use case in leveraging data for decision
making. It encompasses the techniques and methodologies used to
analyze data and extract meaningful insights. Analytics involves pro­
cesses such as data exploration, statistical analysis, data mining, pre­
dictive modeling, and machine learning. By applying analytics,
organizations can uncover patterns, trends, and correlations within their
data to make informed decisions and drive business growth. The chal­
lenges of Big Data, introduces the In Memory technology as a new
approach to Business Intelligence, and highlights the significance of
Analytics as a crucial use case in leveraging data for decision making
[1,2,3].
The global data production is projected to experience a remarkable
surge of 4,300 percent by the year 2020, escalating from 2.52 zettabytes
in 2010 to an estimated 73.5 zettabytes. This exponential growth in data
reflects the increasing digitalization of various sectors and the prolifer­
ation of connected devices, resulting in an unprecedented amount of
information generated and stored worldwide [4,6,7].
The study emphasizes the immense volume of data encountered
daily in a hospital setting such as Charité [5]. The perpetual influx of
data assumes paramount importance, underscoring the critical need to
methodically collect, filter, control, and repurpose this information for
multifaceted purposes such as patient care, education, and research.
Particularly within the medical field, there exists an imperative to shift
away from the overwhelming dependence on paper-based records,
which frequently inundate healthcare professionals. Instead, the pri­
mary emphasis should pivot towards the adoption of electronic data
Fig. 1. Healthcare Analytics.
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Egyptian Informatics Journal 25 (2024) 100438
capture methods [8,9,10].
The present paper represents an extended version of the research
initially presented at the 14th International Conference on Informatics
in Economy (IE 2015). The conference took place from April 30 to May
3, 2015, in Bucharest, Romania. The authors of this paper have
expanded upon their previous work, building upon the foundations and
findings presented during the conference. By providing an extended
version, the author’s likely aim to delve deeper into the topic, address
additional aspects, present further analysis, incorporate additional data
or case studies, or refine their methodology. The Deep matching
network and CT based work has developed [11,12,13]. The extended
version offers an opportunity to present a more comprehensive and
detailed account of their research, incorporating feedback and insights
gained from the conference presentation and subsequent discussions
[14,15,16]. China’s medical manufacture, surgical instrument localiza­
tion and three stage DEA model was introduced [17,18,19].
We see in Fig. 1 in big data analytics supports the emerging field of
precision medicine. By integrating genomics data, clinical data, and
patient characteristics, healthcare analytics models can enable tailored
treatment plans, personalized therapies, and targeted interventions
based on individual patient profiles.
Business analytics is increasingly being used in the healthcare sector
to improve patient outcomes, optimize operational efficiency, and
reduce costs. Here are a few examples of how business analytics can be
applied in the healthcare sector:
Patient analytics: By analyzing patient data, including electronic
health records, wearable device data, and other sources, healthcare
providers can gain insights into patient behavior, preferences, and
outcomes. For example, patient analytics can be used to identify patients
who are at high risk of developing a particular condition or to track
patient progress over time [20,21,22,23].
Operational analytics: Business analytics can be used to optimize
healthcare operations, including scheduling, resource allocation, and
inventory management. By analyzing data on patient flow, staffing
levels, and equipment usage, healthcare providers can identify in­
efficiencies and take steps to improve operational efficiency [24,25,26].
Clinical analytics: Clinical analytics can be used to improve the
effectiveness of medical treatment by analyzing data on patient out­
comes, treatment effectiveness, and medication adherence. By tracking
patient outcomes, healthcare providers can identify which treatments
are most effective and make datadriven decisions about patient care
[27,28,29]. To encompass diverse facets concerning the utilization of
artificial intelligence (AI) in the field of remote sensing, emphasizing
S. Ramalingam et al. Egyptian Informatics Journal 25 (2024) 100438

both the challenges and opportunities prevalent in this domain

[30,31,32].
The fusion of finance and technology, termed ’Embedded Finance,’
has been attracting significant attention due to its potential to democ­
ratize financial services, offering seamless and integrated solutions
within various industries, from ecommerce to transportation [33,34]. In
today’s technologically advanced healthcare ecosystem, the abundance
of data from various sources such as electronic health records (EHRs),
medical imaging, wearables, and genomics has catalyzed the emergence
of big data analytics as a crucial tool for deriving insights and improving
patient outcomes [35,36,37]. The convergence of cuttingedge digital
advancements and healthcare through the lens of the Vitruvian Man,
attributing principles of proportion, symmetry, and harmonious design
to the concept of digital twin technology in medicine [38,39,40].
The implications of such research could be substantial for healthcare
organizations, allowing them to better understand their data landscape,
improve decision making, and ultimately enhance patient care. The
development of a domain specific BI maturity model tailored to
healthcare could pave the way for more efficient utilization of data,
reduced costs, and improved operations within healthcare organiza­
tions. Edge computing handles data closer to the source, managing real-
time processing, while cloud computing deals with storage, analytics,
and heavy computational tasks at centralized data centers, providing
scalability and accessibility [41]. MongoDB is known for its ability to
horizontally scale across multiple nodes, handling large volumes of data
and high throughput. It offers high performance, especially for read- Fig. 2. Analytics is for People.
heavy workloads and complex queries due to its index-rich architec­
ture [42]. The advent of the digital era has ushered in an unprecedented 3. Pros of Big Data
era of data generation, storage, and analysis [43]. The exponential
growth of digital data has necessitated the development of robust and 1. Insights and Decision Making: Big Data offers the potential to derive
adaptive big data management platforms [44]. The relationship be­ meaningful insights from vast amounts of information, enabling
tween economic growth, economic complexity, and environmental better decision making and strategy formulation in various domains,
sustainability has been a subject of extensive research in the field of including business, healthcare, finance, and more.
environmental economics [45]. Cloud computing has become a ubiq­ 2. Innovation and Development: Analyzing large datasets facilitates
uitous paradigm for delivering computing resources and services, innovation. It helps to identify trends, preferences, and emerging
necessitating continual advancements in resource management to patterns, fostering the development of new products, services, and
address both performance and sustainability concerns [46,47,48]. solutions tailored to specific needs.
The study delves into the critical domain of cost accounting within 3. Enhanced Efficiency: Big Data analytics streamlines operations, op­
the healthcare sector and presents a comprehensive examination of the timizes resources, and improves efficiencies. It aids in predictive
authors’ innovative approach to implementing a Business Intelligence maintenance, resource allocation, and process improvements, lead­
solution [49]. The study focuses on the transformative role of Business ing to cost savings and increased productivity.
Intelligence in the healthcare sector, particularly its application in 4. Improved Customer Experience: Understanding consumer behavior
fostering a data-driven approach to enhance clinical decision-making through Big Data analytics allows companies to personalize services
processes [50]. The investigation transformative impact of Business In­ and offerings, leading to improved customer satisfaction and loyalty.
telligence on the healthcare landscape, specifically focusing on its role in
fostering a data-driven approach to bolster clinical decision-making 4. Cons of Big Data
processes [51].
1. Privacy and Security Concerns: With massive amounts of data being
2. Fraud detection collected, privacy concerns arise regarding the protection of personal
information. Data breaches and misuse pose significant risks.
Business analytics can be used to detect healthcare fraud, including 2. Quality and Integrity: Ensuring the quality and integrity of Big data is
fraudulent billing and prescription drug abuse. By analyzing large vol­ a challenge. Inaccurate or incomplete data can lead to flawed ana­
umes of healthcare data, including claims data, healthcare providers can lyses and misguided decisions
identify patterns of fraudulent behavior and take steps to prevent fraud 3. Complexity and Infrastructure Requirements: Managing, storing, and
before it occurs. From Fig. 2 analytics in big data helps people solve processing Big Data requires significant infrastructure and techno­
complex problems and foster innovation. By examining data patterns logical resources. Handling vast quantities of data and the associated
and trends, individuals can identify gaps, inefficiencies, and opportu­ complexities demands robust systems and expertise, which can be
nities for improvement. This insight can lead to innovative solutions, costly.
process optimizations, and the development of new products or services. 4. Ethical Challenges: Use of Big Data raises ethical questions around
Big Data presents a host of opportunities and challenges across bias, fairness, and accountability. Biased algorithms or decision-
various domains. It’s important to consider both its advantages and making based on Big Data analytics can perpetuate or even exacer­
drawbacks within its lifecycle: bate societal inequalities.

3
S. Ramalingam et al.
5. The lifecycle of Big data involves several stages
5.1. Data Collection
Pros: Collection of large, varied datasets from multiple sources offers
diverse information for analysis.
Cons: Collection might involve ethical and privacy concerns. Gath­
ering and processing diverse data formats can be challenging.
5.2. Data processing and Analysis
Pros: Advanced analytics tools and techniques enable deeper insights
and pattern recognition.
Cons: Ensuring data quality and dealing with the sheer volume and
velocity of data can be overwhelming.
5.3. Implementation and decision Making
Pros: Informed decision making, product innovation, and improved
services.
Cons: Ethical and privacy considerations, potential biases in decision
making.
5.4. Ongoing Challenges
Pros: Continuous improvement and innovation based on feedback
and analysis.
Cons: The need for ongoing data quality, security, and ethical con­
siderations persists.
From Fig. 2 we emphasizes the idea that the purpose of analytics is to
provide valuable insights and information to individuals or groups, ul­
timately benefiting people. Analytics involves the systematic analysis of
data to uncover patterns, trends, and meaningful information that can
inform decision-making and improve outcomes. Analytics in healthcare
can lead to personalized treatment plans, improved patient outcomes,
and more efficient healthcare delivery. By analyzing patient data,
healthcare professionals can make better-informed decisions and pro­
vide more personalized care.
Population health management: By analyzing data on entire pa­
tient populations, healthcare providers can identify trends, predict
healthcare needs, and develop targeted interventions to improve pop­
ulation health. For example, population health management analytics
can be used to identify areas of high risk for certain conditions, such as
diabetes or heart disease, and to develop targeted prevention programs
to reduce the risk of these conditions.
Overall, business analytics has the potential to transform the
healthcare sector, improving patient outcomes, reducing costs, and
increasing efficiency.
The Indian healthcare sector has immense potential to leverage
business analytics for improving patient outcomes, optimizing resource
utilization, and driving operational efficiency. Here are a few areas
where business analytics can contribute to the Indian healthcare sector:
Predictive Analytics: Healthcare organizations can use predictive
analytics to identify patients who are at high risk of developing chronic
diseases or other health conditions. By analyzing large volumes of pa­
tient data, hospitals and clinics can identify patterns and trends that can
help prevent illnesses and improve health outcomes.
Resource Optimization: Business analytics can help healthcare or­
ganizations optimize resource allocation by analyzing patient flow,
resource utilization, and demand patterns. This can help healthcare
providers make better decisions around staffing, equipment procure­
ment, and capacity planning, which can lead to improved efficiency and
cost savings.
Patient Satisfaction: By analyzing patient feedback and other data,
healthcare organizations can identify areas for improvement in their
operations, such as reducing wait times, improving patient
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Egyptian Informatics Journal 25 (2024) 100438
communication, and enhancing the overall patient experience.
Fraud Detection: With the help of business analytics, healthcare
organizations can identify and prevent fraud, waste, and abuse in their
operations. This can include detecting fraudulent claims, overbilling,
and other unethical practices. The use of business analytics in the Indian
healthcare sector has the potential to improve patient outcomes, in­
crease efficiency, and reduce costs. As the healthcare sector continues to
grow and evolve, the adoption of advanced analytics technologies will
become increasingly important for success. The Indian healthcare sector
has played a crucial role in responding to the COVID19 pandemic, both
in terms of managing the spread of the virus and in treating those who
have been infected. Here are some of the key contributions of the Indian
healthcare sector in the fight against COVID19.
Testing: The healthcare sector in India ramped up COVID19 testing
capabilities early on in the pandemic, with both government and private
labs working together to increase testing capacity. This has helped
identify those who are infected with the virus and isolate them to pre­
vent further spread.
Treatment: Healthcare facilities across India have treated COVID19
patients, providing critical care and support to those who have been
infected. In addition, healthcare providers have worked to adapt exist­
ing treatment protocols and develop new treatments to help improve
outcomes for patients.
The Fig. 3. Insights derived from the analytic pipelines are visualized
in a meaningful way using charts, graphs, dashboards, and other visual
representations. This makes it easier for healthcare professionals and
decision makers to interpret and understand the findings. The visualized
insights are used to inform decision making processes in healthcare.
They provide actionable information for healthcare providers, admin­
istrators, and policymakers to optimize healthcare options, improve
patient outcomes, and reduce costs.
The framework for developing a domain specific BI maturity model
in healthcare involves important key steps:
Scope and objectives of the BI maturity model: This involves
defining the specific domain (healthcare) and the objectives of the BI
maturity model. The scope should be broad enough to capture all rele­
vant aspects of BI in healthcare, but also focused enough to be
manageable.
This involves identifying the key BI capabilities that are required to
achieve the objectives of the BI maturity model. These capabilities
should be specific to the healthcare industry and may include data
quality, analytics, reporting, and data governance, among others. We
developing a tool that can be used to assess the maturity of healthcare
organizations in each of the identified BI capabilities. The tool should be
based on the maturity criteria and should be easy to use and interpret.
The validating the maturity model by testing it with expert practi­
tioners in the healthcare industry. The feedback from these experts can
be used to refine the model and ensure that it is both relevant and
effective. The proposed framework provides a structured approach for
developing a domain specific BI maturity model in healthcare. By
following these steps, healthcare organizations can assess their BI
readiness and develop a BI strategy that is tailored to their specific
needs. Overall, the paper has important implications for healthcare or­
ganizations and other industries looking to leverage BI technologies. By
following the proposed framework, organizations can assess their BI
readiness and develop a BI strategy that is tailored to their specific
needs. This can lead to improved operational and clinical efficiency and
ultimately better patient care.
5.5. Integration into Framework
From Table 1 encompass a diverse range of applications within the
healthcare sector. These use cases could be integrated into a compre­
hensive framework designed to optimize healthcare operations, enhance
patient care, and streamline administrative processes. A tailored
framework might encompass the following components:
S. Ramalingam et al. Egyptian Informatics Journal 25 (2024) 100438

Fig. 3. The workflow of big data analytics in healthcare typically involves several stages.

real time monitoring. Incorporating these aspects into the framework

Table 1
underscores the importance of patient centered care and the utilization
Comparative analysis of Healthcare use cases.
of realtime data for improved outcomes and satisfaction.
Use Cases Potential Customers Key Benefits

Optimization of key SAP Patient Healthcare Industry Optimizing 5.8. Financial Optimization and Fraud Prevention
Management transactions for Transaction
enhanced acceleration. Process Components such as Determination of Copayment Rates, Prevention
Comprehensive Support for Indian Government Increased patient
Clinical Research in Cancer hospitals satisfaction
of Fraud and Abuse, and Prevention of Claims Rejection emphasize the
Patient Care. financial aspects and fraud prevention within the healthcare system.
Segmentation of Patient Groups Healthcare Payers and Cost savings for Integrating these components into the framework aims to ensure effi­
Health Insurances hospitals cient financial planning, fraud detection, and claims management.
Analytics for Health Plan Healthcare Payers and Real time analysis
Optimization Health Insurances
Integrated Resource Planning Healthcare Service Time saving for 5.9. Clinical decision support and outcome management
Across Multiple Channels Providers planning
Outcome Analysis of Medical Healthcare Service Better outcome The Evidencebased Medicine, Treatment Outcome Analysis, and
Interventions Providers management Health Plan Analytics focus on evidence based decision making,
Evidence-Informed Healthcare Healthcare Service Improved clinical
Practices Providers decision making
outcome analysis, and realtime analytics. These aspects could be inte­
Product Recall for Healthcare Service Efficient recall grated into the framework to enhance clinical decision support, improve
Pharmaceuticals Providers procedures outcomes, and enable realtime data analysis for healthcare planning.
Surveillance and Tracking of Healthcare Service Efficient
Medical Product Logistics Providers counterfeit
5.10. Supply chain and risk Management
prevention
Fraud and Abuse Prevention Healthcare Payers Enhanced fraud
prevention The components related to Drug Recall and Track & Trace of Medical
Real-Time Patient Tracking and Healthcare Providers Real time Products highlight the importance of supply chain management and
Monitoring monitoring efficient recall and counterfeit prevention procedures. Incorporating
Setting Co-payment Rates Direct Health Insurance Streamlined
Coverage for Insured Budget Planning
these elements into the framework ensures enhanced risk management
Individuals or Patients and supply chain security.
Avoidance of Claims Rejections Healthcare Providers Efficient claims The integration of these use cases into a comprehensive framework
management would provide a structured approach to address various facets of
healthcare, emphasizing efficiency, patient satisfaction, financial opti­
mization, clinical decision making, and supply chain security.
5.6. DataDriven transactional efficiency
An additional use case has been included: “Investigation of Potential
Payer Investigation Cases.” This use case aims to help medical control­
The acceleration of transaction processing, as exemplified by the
lers or physicians identify cases that may be subject to a payer investi­
acceleration of SAP Patient Management transactions, could be inte­
gation, such as the MDK (Medizinischer Dienst der
grated into a framework focusing on optimizing and streamlining
Krankenversicherung) in Germany. The potential customers for this use
administrative and operational processes within healthcare organiza­
case are healthcare providers. The key benefit is the early identification
tions. This component emphasizes the importance of swift and efficient
of cases that exhibit discrepancies between claims and medical facts, as
data processing.
well as other characteristics like length of stay and age. This enables
proactive measures to be taken to address potential investigations and
5.7. PatientCentric care enhancement mitigate any issues.
The patients’ knowledge about their healthcare is often limited
The Clinical Research Support for cancer patients and real time Pa­ compared to their understanding of food choices during breakfast.
tient Monitoring highlight the significance of patient satisfaction and However, IT platforms have the potential to simplify healthcare

5
S. Ramalingam et al.
processes and empower patients to make informed decisions. A survey
conducted by the Health Research Institute reveals that the availability
of accurate and fast information can contribute to cost reduction and
quality improvement in healthcare. Many patients actively seek ways to
lower costs and enhance the quality of their healthcare.
The survey highlights that patients are open to nontraditional forms
of healthcare if they are more cost effective. For instance, patients ex­
press interest in utilizing at home healthcare analysis tests facilitated by
specific mobile applications or smartphone attachments. These alter­
natives offer convenience and affordability. Overall, the findings
emphasize the importance of providing patients with accessible and
transparent information about their healthcare options. By leveraging IT
platforms to simplify and streamline processes, healthcare providers can
support patients in making informed decisions that align with their
preferences for cost reduction and improved quality of care.
6. Conclusions
In conclusion, it is evident that the healthcare sector is in need of
change. The integration of analytics can play a crucial role in providing
people with access to the right data, leading to insights that can save
lives and enhance lifestyles. Big data presents revolutionary opportu­
nities for research advancements, improved patient care, and increased
efficiency in the healthcare industry, as highlighted in the Health Affairs
publication. The future of the healthcare industry is currently being
shaped, and it is evident that the design of tomorrow’s healthcare IT
platform must encompass not only data utilization but also the delivery
of healthcare itself. By leveraging big data analytics, healthcare research
can be significantly advanced, ultimately resulting in a better quality of
life for patients across various domains.
The potential for analytics to revolutionize healthcare is immense,
and it is important for stakeholders in the industry to embrace this
transformative power. By leveraging the insights derived from big data
analytics, healthcare providers, researchers, and policymakers can drive
positive changes and improve healthcare outcomes for individuals
around the world.
CRediT authorship contribution statement
Sivajothi Ramalingam: Methodology. M. Subramanian: . Avula
Sreevallabha Reddy: . Nainaru Tarakaramu: . M. Ijaz Khan: Meth­
odology. Sherzod Abdullaev: . Sami Dhahbi: Investigation.
Declaration of competing interest
The authors declare that they have no known competing financial
interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence
the work reported in this paper.
Acknowledgments
The authors extend their appreciation to the Deanship of Scientific
Research at King Khalid University for funding this work through large
group Research Project under grant number RGP2/383 /44.
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