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Functions and Graphs

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 Grade 11 Maths Essentials
Functions and Graphs SCIENCE CLINIC 2023 ©

Hyperbolas EXAMPLE
FLASHBACK: Revising Grade 10 Functions a
2
y= +q q = asymptote
x Sketch the graph with the equation: f (x) = +2
Straight line graphs
No gradient x
y
y
y = mx + c y-intercept ‘a’ determines shape
y=2 • Shape: a > 0 ∴ • Use a table and plot at least 2 other points
a a x

y2 − y1 x y = +q y = +q
x x y • x-intercept (y = 0)
Gradient: 1) y x -2 -1 0 1 2
x 2 − x1 Undefined gradient a > 0; q > 0 a < 0; q > 0 2
0 = +2
2) ∥ lines m1 = m 2
y
y=q
y=q x y 1 0 ε 4 3
x 2
3) ⊥ lines m1 × m 2 = − 1
x=2 x −2 = Asymptote!
x x
y y −2x = 2 • Asymptotes NOTE:
a a x =0 Start with the asymp-
y = +q y = +q x =−1
x y = mx +c x y = mx +c x x
totes when sketching
m > 0; c > 0 m < 0; c > 0
y y
• y-intercept (x = 0) y =2
a > 0; q < 0 a < 0; q < 0
2 y
y=q y=q
y = → undefined
y y 0
x x
No y-intercept (1;4)
y = mx +c x
y = mx +c (2;3)
x
m > 0; c < 0 m < 0; c < 0
y=2
(-2;1)
Parabolas (Quadratic functions) Exponential Graphs
y = a x2 + q y-intercept y = bx + q OR y = a (b x ) + q q = asymptote (-1;0)
x

a>0 OR a<0 ‘b’ determines shape

EXAMPLE EXAMPLE
Sketch the graph with the equation: Sketch the graph with the equation: EXAMPLE
y = + a . bx + q; b > 1 y = + a . bx + q; 0 < b < 1 y = − a . bx + q; b > 1 y = − a . bx + q; 0 < b < 1
f (x) = x 2 − 4 f (x) = 2x 2 Sketch the graph with the equation
y y y y f (x) = 2x − 1 y

• Shape: a > 0 ∴ • Shape: a > 0 ∴ x

• Shape: a > 0 ∴
x
x
y=q
y=q y=q y=q y=q
y=q
• x-intercept (y = 0) • Use a table (on your calculator) x x x x • x-intercept (y = 0)
0 = x2 − 4 y y
0 = 2x − 1
x -2 -1 0 1 2
Option 1: Factorise
1 = 2x
0 = (x + 2)(x − 2) y 8 2 0 2 8 • Asymptote (y = q)
y 20 = 2 x
y =−1
x = − 2 OR x = 2 y
y =+a . bx − q; b > 1 y = + a . bx − q; 0 < b < 1 y = − a . bx − q; b > 1 y = − a . bx − q; 0 < b < 1 0=x
Option 2: Solve for x
y y
• y-intercept (x = 0)
y y
0 = x2 − 4 y
(-2;0) (2;0) (-2;8) (2;8) y = 20 − 1
4 = x2 x x x y =0
x x x x
± 4=x y=q y=q y=q yy =
= qq
(0;0)
y=q

(0;-4) (-1;2) (1;2) x

x = − 2 OR x = 2 y = -1
y
x
y
• y-intercept (x = 0)
y =−4

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Grade 11 Maths Essentials
Functions and Graphs SCIENCE CLINIC 2023 ©

Grade 11 Functions: Quadratic Functions

Steps for sketching y = a x 2 + b x + c Finding the equation in the form y = a (x − p)2 + q Finding the equation in the form y = a x 2 + b x + c
2
y = a(x − p) + q Given the x-intercepts and another point
1. Determine the shape (‘a’) Given the turning point and another point
2. Find the x- and y-intercepts 1. Substitute the turning point into y = a (x − p)2 + q 1. Substitute the x-intercepts into
Shape: Horizontal shift: Vertical shift: −b y = a (x − x1)(x − x 2 )
3. Find the turning point ( ) 2. Substitute the other point into the equation to
• a>0 • x-value of 2a find ‘a’ 2. Substitute the other point in to find ‘a’
• y-value of
turning pt turning pt 4. Plot points and sketch graph 3. Determine the equation of the graph 3. Write/simplify your final equation
• a<0
• axis of EXAMPLE 2 EXAMPLE 1 EXAMPLE 2
symmetry
Sketch f (x) = x 2 − 4x + 3 Find the equation of the following graph: Find the equation of the following graph:
Steps for sketching y = a (x − p)2 + q
• Shape: a > 0 ∴ y y
1. Determine the shape (‘a’)
2. Find the x- and y-intercepts • x-intercept (y = 0)
3. Find the turning point Option 1: 0 = x 2 − 4x + 3
4. Plot points and sketch graph 0 = (x − 3)(x − 1) (0;3)
(-1;0) x
EXAMPLE 1 x = 3 OR x = 1
Sketch f (x) = (x + 1)2 − 9 −b ± b 2 − 4a c (1;0) (3;0) x
Option 2: x =
2a
(1;-9)
• Shape: a > 0 ∴ y
−(−4) ± (−4)2 − 4(1)(3)
• x-intercept (y = 0) x =
2(1)
0 = (x + 1)2 − 9 4±2
(-4;0) (2;0) x = • Turning point (p;q) • x-intercepts
9 = (x + 1)2 2 x = 1 OR x = 3
x p = 1 and q = − 9
± 9 = x +1 x = 3 OR x = 1
y = a (x − 1)2 − 9 Formula: y = a (x − x1)(x − x 2 )
+3 = x + 1 OR − 3 = x + 1 • y-intercept (x = 0)
y =3 • Other point y = a (x − 1)(x − 3)
2 = x OR − 4 = x
• Turning point (p;q)
(−1; 0) • Other point
(0;8)
(0;–8)
• y-intercept (x = 0) −b −(−4)
1) x-value of TP = = 0= a (−1 − 1)2 − 9 (0; 3)
(-1;-9) 2a 2(1)
y = (0 + 1)2 − 9 9 = 4a 3 = a (−1)(−3)
x =2
y =−8 2) Subst. into original eq: 9 1=a
a =
• Turning point (p;q) y = (2)2 − 4(2) + 3 4
Remember: • Equation
y =−1
(−1; − 9) (x − (−1))2 − 9 y • Equation
TP (2; − 1) y = 1(x − 1)(x − 3)
(x − p)2 + q 9
• Axis of symmetry • Axis of symmetry y = (x − 1)2 − 9 y = x 2 − 4x + 3
4
x =−1 x =2 (0;3)
NOTE: NOTE:
• Domain f (x) = x 2 • Domain
If you need to write this equation in the
x ∈R (3;0)
x ∈R → moved 1 unit to the left form y = a (x − p)2 + q complete the square
→ moved 9 units down • Range (1;0)
• Range y ≥−1 y = (x − 2)2 + 3 − 4
(2;-1)
y ≥−9 y = (x − 2)2 − 1

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Grade 11 Maths Essentials
Functions and Graphs SCIENCE CLINIC 2023 ©

Exponential Graphs Hyperbola

a
Finding the equation in the form y = a b x−p + q Finding the equation in the form y = +q
a x −p
y = a b x−p + q y= +q
Given the asymptote and another point x −p Given the asymptotes and another point
1. Substitute the asymptote into the equation
Vertical shift: 1. Substitute the asymptotes into the equation
Shape: Shape: Horizontal shift: Vertical shift:
y
y

2. Substitute the other point in

• asymptote
x
2. Substitute the other point into the equation
• b>1
x

3. Write/simplify your final equation • a>0 • asymptote • asymptote to find ‘a’

y
y

• 0<b<1 • a<0
x x
3. Write/simplify your final equation
EXAMPLE 2
Find the equation of the following graph given a EXAMPLE 2
Steps for sketching y = a b x−p + q Steps for sketching y = +q
y = b x+1 + q : x −p Find the equation of the following graph:
y
1. Determine the asymptote (‘q’) 1. Determine the asymptotes (y = ‘q’ and x = ‘p’)
y
1. Determine the shape (‘a’) 1. Determine the shape (‘a’)
2. Find the x- and y-intercepts 2. Find the x- and y-intercepts y=1
3. Plot points (at least 2 others) and sketch graph 3. Plot points (at least 2 others) and sketch graph (2;0) x
(-3;2)
EXAMPLE 1 EXAMPLE 1
Sketch f (x) = 2x+1 + 1 −1
x Sketch f (x) = −1
y = -2 x −2
x = -1
• Asymptote • Asymptote
• Asymptotes
y =1 y y = 1 and x = − 1
x =2 a
• Shape: a > 0 ∴ x
f (x) = +1
• Asymptote y =−1 x − (−1)
• x-intercept (y = 0)
y

q =−2 a
• Shape: a < 0 ∴ f (x) = +1
0 = 2 x+1 + 1
x

x +1
y = b x+1 − 2 • x-intercept (y = 0)
−1 = 2 x+1 • Other point
• Other point −1
Not possible to solve for x 0= −1 (2; 0)
x −2
(−3; 2) a
∴ No x-intercept −1 0= +1
2= b −3+1 − 2 1= 2+1
x −2
• y-intercept (x = 0) a
4 = b −2 x −2 =−1 −1 =
y = 20+1 + 1 3
1 x =1
y =3 4= −3 = a
y b2
• y-intercept (x = 0) y
• Domain 1 • Equation
b2 = −1
4 y = −1 −3
x ∈R f (x) = +1
(1;5) 1 1 −2 x +1
• Range b =± b ≠− 1
(0;3) 2 2 y =− (1;0)
(-1;2) 2 x
y >1 y=1 1 Lines of Symmetry:
b =+ y = -1
2 • Domain (0;-½) Use point of intersection of asymptotes. (-1;1)
x (3;-2)
• Equation x ∈ R; x ≠ 2 y = x +c (−1; 1) y =−x +c (−1; 1)
1 1=−1+c 1=1+c
y = ( ) x+1 − 2 • Range
2 x=2 2=c 0=c
y ∈ R; y ≠ − 1 y = x +2 y =−x

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 Grade 11 Maths Essentials
Functions and Graphs SCIENCE CLINIC 2023 ©

Deductions from Graphs

DISTANCE NOTATION EXAMPLE 1
A f (x) = a x 2 + bx + c and g(x) = k x are sketched. D is the turning point of f(x) with the axis of symmetry at x=2.
Steps for determining VERTICAL DISTANCE • f (x) > 0
(above the line y = 0) AB is 6 units.
1. Determine the vertical distance B
y
y y
Vertical distance = top graph − (bottom graph)
2. Substitute the given x-value to derive your answer (-2;9)
x x
D
F
Steps for determining HORIZONTAL DISTANCE (i.e. where y is positive)
A E B x
1. Find the applicable x-values • f (x) < 0
A B
A B = xB − xA (largest − smallest) (below the line y = 0)
y y

Steps for determining MAXIMUM DISTANCE

x x
1. Determine the vertical distance
Vertical distance = top graph − bottom graph Questions: Solutions:
(i.e. where y is negative)
2. Complete the square a. Determine the value of k. a. (−2; 9) 1 2 4
d. y = − (2) + (2) + 1
y = a (x − p)2 + q A 9 = k −2 5 5
• f (x) ⋅ g (x) ≤ 0 b. Determine the x-values of A and B. 1 9 9
3. State the maximum distance 9= y = ∴ D = (2; )
B −1 4 k2 5 5
y = a (x − p)2 + (q) → q is the max distance c. Show that a = and b = . 1
(one graph lies above y = 0 and 5 5 k =±
NOTE: one graph lies below y = 0) 3
d. Determine the coordinates of D. 1
k = 9
• Distance is always positive 3 e. units (y-value of co-
• f (x) ≥ g (x) e. Determine the maximum distance of DE. 5
• Distance on a graph is measured in units top bottom ordinate D is also TP)
(i.e. f(x) lies above g(x)) f. Determine the values of p for which:
INTERSECTION OF GRAPHS −1 2 4 b. E = (2; 0) and A B = 6 u n i t s
• f (x) = g (x) x + x +p <0
Steps for determining POINTS OF INTERCEPTION 5 5 A = (−1; 0) x = − 1
(point of intersection) 1 4
g. Determine for which values of x: B = (5; 0) x = 5 f. − x 2 + x + p < 0
1. Equate the two functions ROOTS & PARABOLAS 5 5
f (x) = g (x) i. f (x) ≥ 0 4
p <−
• Equal, real roots f (x) c. y = a (x − x1)(x − x 2 ) 5
2. Solve for x (look for the applicable x-value: A or B) y y ii. >0
g (x) (−1; 0) and (5; 0) NOTE:
3. Substitute the applicable x-value into any of the
y = a (x + 1)(x − 5) • Interpret question as:
two equations to find ‘y’ x x iii. f (x) is increasing
f(x)
Use F (0; 1) How many units must the
1 = a (+1)(−5) graph move for the max.
g(x)
1 value to be < 0
A
• Non-real/ No real roots − =a
y y 5
B 1
y = − (x + 1)(x − 5)
5 g.
x x
1
INCREASING/DECREASING y = − (x 2 − 4x − 5) i. x ∈ [−1; 5]
5
1 4 ii. x ∈ (−1; 5)
• Real, unequal roots y = − x2 + x + 1
5 5
Dec

y y
g

iii. x ∈ (−∞; 2)
Dec

4
asin
g
asin

b =
rea
rea

5
re

s
re

x x
Inc

ing
s
ing

Inc

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Grade 11 Maths Essentials
Functions and Graphs SCIENCE CLINIC 2023 ©

Deductions from Graphs

EXAMPLE 2 Solutions:
f (x) = m x + c and g(x) = a(x − p)2 + q are sketched below. T is the turning point of g(x).
a. y = a (x + 2)2 + 8 (0; 0) g. −2x 2 − 8x = − 2x − 8
−8 = 4a 0 = 2x 2 + 6x − 8
−2 = a and p = − 2 and q = 8 0 = 2(x − 1)(x + 4)
y ∴ g (x) = − 2(x + 2)2 + 8 x =1 or x = − 4 (NA)
D (−4; 0) y = − 2(1) − 8
8
(-2;8) T ∴ m =
−4
= − 2 and c = − 8 y = − 10
∴ FP = 10 units
B
b. OD = 4 units
G
A P h. Max length is given by TP of parabola (L (x))
J O x c. TR = 8 units
D R given by L (x) = g (x) − f (x). Find the TP by
completing the square.
M -8 F ∴ Max BM = g (x) − f (x)
d. TR: x = − 2
= − 2x 2 − 8x − (−2x − 8)
H f = − 2x 2 − 6x + 8
g e. g (x) = − 2(x + 2)2 + 8 = − 2(x 2 + 3x − 4)
3 9
= − 2(x 2 + 4x + 4) + 8 = − 2[(x + )2 − 4 − ]
2 4
= − 2x − 8x − 8 + 8 3 2 25
= − 2[(x + ) − ]
2 4
= − 2x 2 − 8x 3 25
= − 2(x + )2 +
Questions: BM = g (x) − f (x) 2 2
25
Determine: BM = − 2x 2 − 8x − (−2x − 8) ∴ Max of BM = units
2
a. The value of a , p, q, m and c. = − 2x 2 − 6x + 8
BM = − 2(−1)2 − 6(−1) + 8
b. The length of OD.
BM = 12 units i. k = -8
c. The length of TR.
d. The equation of TR.
f. 28 = − 2x − 8 − (−2x 2 − 8x) j. x ∈ (−∞; 0); x ≠ − 4
e. BM if OA = 1 unit. 28 = − 2x − 8 + 2x 2 + 8x
f. OJ if GH = 28 units. 0 = 2x 2 + 6x − 36
0 = 2(x 2 + 3x − 18)
g. The length of FP.
0 = 2(x + 6)(x − 3)
h. The maximum length of BM. x =−6 or x = 3 (NA)
i. The value of k for which −2x 2 − 8x + k has two equal roots. ∴ OJ = 6 units
f (x)
j. For which value(s) of x will < 0?
g (x)

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