AHL 3.13 Scalar Product

AHL 3.
13 Scalar Product [279

marks]
1a. [3 marks]
Markscheme
* This sample question was produced by experienced DP mathematics senior
examiners to aid teachers in preparing for external assessment in the new
MAA course. There may be minor differences in formatting compared to
formal exam papers.
⎛2⎞⎛ 2 ⎞
attempts to calculate ⎜ 1 ⎟⋅⎜ −5 ⎟ (M1)
⎝ m ⎠ ⎝ −m ⎠
= −1 − m2 A1
since m 2 ≥ 0, − 1 − m 2 < 0 for m ∈ R R1
so l1 and l2 are never perpendicular to each other AG
[3 marks]
1b. [2 marks]
Markscheme
(since l1 is parallel to Π , l1 is perpendicular to the normal of Π and so)
⎛2⎞⎛ 1 ⎞
⎜ 1 ⎟⋅⎜ 4 ⎟= 0 R1
⎝ m ⎠ ⎝ −1 ⎠
2+4−m = 0
m = 6 A1
[2 marks]
1c. [2 marks]
Markscheme
since there are no points in common, (3, −2, 0) does not lie in Π
EITHER
substitutes (3, −2, 0) into x + 4y − z(≠ p) (M1)
OR
⎛ 3 ⎞⎛ 1 ⎞
⎜ −2 ⎟⋅⎜ 4 ⎟(≠ p) (M1)
⎝ 0 ⎠ ⎝ −1 ⎠
THEN
p ≠ −5 A1
[2 marks]
2a. [2 marks]
Markscheme
* This sample question was produced by experienced DP mathematics senior
examiners to aid teachers in preparing for external assessment in the new
MAA course. There may be minor differences in formatting compared to
formal exam papers.
−−→ ⎛
0 ⎞⎛ ⎛ 0 ⎞⎞
AB =⎜ 6 ⎟⎜= 6⎜ 1 ⎟⎟ A1
⎝ −6 ⎠⎝ ⎝ −1 ⎠⎠
−−→ ⎛
−6 ⎞⎛ ⎛ −1 ⎞⎞
AC =⎜ 0 ⎟⎜= 6⎜ 0 ⎟⎟ A1
⎝ −6 ⎠⎝ ⎝ −1 ⎠⎠
[2 marks]
2b. [3 marks]
Markscheme
−−→ −−→
AB ⋅AC
attempts to use cos BÂC = ∣ −−→ ∣ ∣ −−→ ∣
(M1)
∣ AB ∣ ∣ AC ∣
∣ ∣∣ ∣
⎛ 0 ⎞ ⎛ −6 ⎞
⎜ 6 ⎟⋅⎜ 0 ⎟
⎝ ⎠ ⎝ ⎠
−6 −6
= A1
√72×√72
1
= 2 A1
so BÂC = 60° AG
[3 marks]
2c. [3 marks]
Markscheme
attempts to find a vector normal to Π M1
−−→ −−→ ⎛
−36 ⎞⎛ ⎛ −1 ⎞⎞
for example, AB × AC = ⎜ 36 ⎟⎜= 36⎜ 1 ⎟⎟ leading to A1
⎝ 36 ⎠⎝ ⎝ 1 ⎠⎠
⎛ −1 ⎞
a vector normal to Π is n = ⎜ 1 ⎟
⎝ 1 ⎠
EITHER
substitutes(5, −2, −5) (or (5, 4, −1) or (−1, −2, −1)) into
−x + y + z = d and attempts to find the value of d
for example, d = −5 − 2 + 5(= −2) M1
OR
attempts to use r ⋅ n = a ⋅ n M1
⎛ x ⎞ ⎛ −1 ⎞ ⎛ 5 ⎞ ⎛ −1 ⎞
for example, ⎜ y ⎟⋅⎜ 1 ⎟= ⎜ −2 ⎟⋅ ⎜ 1 ⎟
⎝z⎠ ⎝ 1 ⎠ ⎝ 5 ⎠ ⎝ 1 ⎠
THEN
leading to the Cartesian equation of Π as −x + y + z = −2 AG
[3 marks]
2d. [1 mark]
Markscheme
⎛ 7 ⎞ ⎛ −1 ⎞
r =⎜ −4 ⎟+λ⎜ 1 ⎟(λ ∈ R) A1
⎝ −3 ⎠ ⎝ 1 ⎠
[1 mark]
2e. [4 marks]
Markscheme
substitutesx = 7 − λ, y = −4 + λ, z = −3 + λ into −x + y + z = −2 (M1)
−(7 − λ)+(−4 + λ)+(−3 + λ)= −2(3λ = 12)
λ = 4 A1
shows a correct calculation for finding dmin , for example, attempts to find
∣ ⎛ −1 ⎞∣
∣ ⎜ ⎟∣
∣4 1 ∣ M1
∣ ⎝ 1 ⎠∣
dmin = 4√3(= 6. 93) A1
[4 marks]
2f. [4 marks]
Markscheme
let the area of triangle ABC be A
EITHER
∣−−→ −−→∣
attempts to find A = 12 ∣AB × AC ∣, for example M1
∣ ∣
∣⎛ −36 ⎞∣
A = 12 ∣∣⎜ 36 ⎟∣∣
∣⎝ 36 ⎠∣
OR
∣−−→∣∣−−→∣
attempts to find 12 ∣AB ∣∣AC ∣sin θ, for example M1
∣ ∣∣ ∣
1 √3 π √3
A= 2 × 6√2 × 6√2 × 2 (where sin 3
= 2 )
THEN
A = 18√3(= 31. 2) A1
uses V = 13 Ah where A is the area of triangle ABC and h = dmin M1
1
V = 3
× 18√3 × 4√3
= 72 A1
[4 marks]
3a. [2 marks]
Markscheme
|a|= √122 + (−5)2 (= 13) (A1)
2 ≤|a + b|≤ 28 (accept min 2 and max 28) A1
Note: Award (A1)A0 for 2 and 28 seen with no indication that they are
the endpoints of an interval.
[2 marks]
3b. [2 marks]
Markscheme
recognition that p or b is a negative multiple of a (M1)
12
p = −2â OR b = − 15
13
a(= − 15
13
( ))
−5
12 −1. 85
2
p = − 13 ( )(=( )) A1
−5 0. 769
[2 marks]
3c. [5 marks]
Markscheme
METHOD 1
12
q is perpendicular to ( )
−5
5
⇒ q is in the direction ( ) (M1)
12
5
q = k( ) (A1)
12
(|q|=)√(5k)2 + (12k)2 = 15 (M1)

15
k= 13
(A1)
75
)=(
5 5. 77
q= 15
13
( )(=( 180
13
)) A1
12 13. 8
13
METHOD 2
12
q is perpendicular to ( )
−5
attempt to set scalar product q. a = 0 OR product of gradients = −1
(M1)
12x − 5y = 0 (A1)
(|q|=)√x2 + y 2 = 15
attempt to solve simultaneously to find a quadratic in x or y (M1)
2
OR ( 12 )
2 5y
x2 + ( 125x ) = 15 2
+ y 2 = 152
75
)(=(
5. 77
q =( 13
)) A1A1
180 13. 8
13
75
Note: Award A1 independently for each value. Accept values given as x= 13
180
and y= 13
or equivalent.
[5 marks]
4a. [2 marks]
Markscheme
let ϕ be the required angle (bearing)
EITHER
ϕ = 90° − arctan 12 (= arctan 2) (M1)
Note: Award M1 for a labelled sketch.
OR
0 4
( )⋅( )
cos ϕ = 1 2
(= 0. 4472 … , = 1
) (M1)
√1×√20 √5
ϕ = arccos(0. 4472 …)
THEN
063° A1
Note: Do not accept 063. 6° or 63. 4° or 1. 10c .
[2 marks]
4b. [2 marks]
Markscheme
METHOD 1
let |bA| be the speed of A and let |bB | be the speed of B
attempts to find the speed of one of A or B (M1)
|bA|= √(−6)2 + 22 + 42 or |bB |= √42 + 22 + (−2)2
Note: Award M0 for |bA|= √192 + (−1)2 + 12 and |bB |= √12 + 02 + 122 .
|bA|= 7. 48 … (= √56) (km min-1) and |bB |= 4. 89 … (= √24) (km min-

1) A1
|bA|>|bB | so A travels at a greater speed than B AG
METHOD 2
attempts to use speed = distance
time
| rA ( t2 ) −rA ( t1 ) | | rB ( t2 ) −rB ( t1 ) |
speedA = t2−t1
and speedB = t2−t1
(M1)
for example:
| rA ( 1 ) −rA ( 0 ) | | rB ( 1 ) −rB ( 0 ) |
speedA = 1 and speedB = 1
√ ( −6 ) 2+22+42 √42+22+22
speedA = 1 and speedB = 1
speedA = 7. 48 …(2√14) and speedB = 4. 89 …(√24) A1
speedA > speedB so A travels at a greater speed than B AG
[2 marks]
4c. [4 marks]
Markscheme
attempts to use the angle between two direction vectors formula (M1)
( −6 ) ( 4 ) + ( 2 ) ( 2 ) + ( 4 ) ( −2 )
cos θ = (A1)
√ ( −6 ) 2+22+42√42+22+ ( −2 ) 2
cos θ = −0. 7637 … (= − 7 ) or

√84
θ = arccos(−0. 7637 …) (= 2. 4399 …)
attempts to find the acute angle 180° − θ using their value of θ (M1)
= 40. 2° A1
[4 marks]
4d. [5 marks]
Markscheme
for example, sets rA (t1 )= rB (t2 ) and forms at least two equations (M1)
19 − 6t1 = 1 + 4t2
−1 + 2t1 = 2t2
1 + 4t1 = 12 − 2t2
Note: Award M0 for equations involving t only.
EITHER
attempts to solve the system of equations for one of t1 or t2 (M1)
3
t1 = 2 or t2 = 2 A1
OR
attempts to solve the system of equations for t1 and t2 (M1)
3
t1 = 2 or t2 = 2 A1
THEN
substitutes their t1 or t2 value into the corresponding rA or rB (M1)
P(7, 3, 9) A1
−−→ ⎛ ⎞
7
Note: Accept OP = ⎜ 3 ⎟. Accept 7 km east of O , 3 km north of O and 9 km
⎝9⎠
above sea level.
[5 marks]
4e. [2 marks]
Markscheme
attempts to find the value of t1 − t2 (M1)
3
t1 − t2 = 2 − 2
0. 5 minutes (30 seconds) A1
[2 marks]
4f. [5 marks]
Markscheme
EITHER
attempts to find rB − rA (M1)
⎛ −18 ⎞ ⎛ 10 ⎞
rB − rA =⎜ 1 ⎟+t⎜ 0 ⎟
⎝ 11 ⎠ ⎝ −6 ⎠
attempts to find their D(t) (M1)
D(t) = √(10t − 18)2 + 1 + (11 − 6t)2 A1
OR
attempts to find rA − rB (M1)
⎛ 18 ⎞ ⎛ −10 ⎞
rA − rB =⎜ −1 ⎟+t⎜ 0 ⎟
⎝ −11 ⎠ ⎝ 6 ⎠
attempts to find their D(t) (M1)
D(t) = √(18 − 10t)2 + (−1)2 + (−11 + 6t)2 A1
Note: Award M0M0A0 for expressions using two different time parameters.
THEN
either attempts to find the local minimum point of D(t) or attempts to find the
value of t such that D'(t) = 0 (or equivalent) (M1)
123
t = 1. 8088 … (= 68
)
D(t) = 1. 01459 …
D(t) is 1. 01 (= ) (km)
√1190
minimum value of 34
A1
Note: Award M0 for attempts at the shortest distance between two lines.
[5 marks]
5a. [2 marks]
Markscheme
−−→ −−→
AB or AC
attempts to find either (M1)
−−→ ⎛
−3 ⎞
−−→ ⎛
−2 ⎞
AB =⎜ −2 ⎟ and AC =⎜ 1 ⎟ A1
⎝ 0 ⎠ ⎝ −7 ⎠
[2 marks]
5b. [5 marks]
Markscheme
METHOD 1
−−→ −−→
AB × AC
attempts to find (M1)
−−→ −−→ ⎛
14 ⎞
AB × AC =⎜ −21 ⎟ A1
⎝ −7 ⎠
EITHER
equation of plane is of the form 14x − 21y − 7z = d (2x − 3y − z = d)
(A1)
substitutes a valid point e.g (3, 0, 0) to obtain a value of d M1
d = 42 (d = 6)
OR
r⋅n= a⋅n
attempts to use (M1)
⎛ 14 ⎞ ⎛ 3 ⎞ ⎛ 14 ⎞ ⎛ ⎛ 14 ⎞ ⎞
r ⋅⎜ −21 ⎟=⎜ 0 ⎟⋅⎜ −21 ⎟ ⎜r ⋅⎜ −21 ⎟= 42⎟ A1
⎝ −7 ⎠ ⎝ 0 ⎠ ⎝ −7 ⎠ ⎝ ⎝ −7 ⎠ ⎠
⎛ 2 ⎞ ⎛3⎞ ⎛ 2 ⎞ ⎛ ⎛ 2 ⎞ ⎞
r ⋅⎜ −3 ⎟=⎜ 0 ⎟⋅⎜ −3 ⎟ ⎜r ⋅⎜ −3 ⎟= 6⎟
⎝ −1 ⎠ ⎝ 0 ⎠ ⎝ −1 ⎠ ⎝ ⎝ −1 ⎠ ⎠
THEN
14 − 21 − 7 = 42 (2 − 3 − = 6)
14x − 21y − 7z = 42 (2x − 3y − z = 6) A1
METHOD 2
⎛ x ⎞ ⎛ 3 ⎞ ⎛ −3 ⎞ ⎛ −2 ⎞
equation of plane is of the form ⎜ y ⎟= ⎜ 0 ⎟+s⎜ −2 ⎟+t⎜ 1 ⎟
⎝ z ⎠ ⎝ 0 ⎠ ⎝ 0 ⎠ ⎝ −7 ⎠
A1
attempts to form equations for x, y, z in terms of their parameters
(M1)
x = 3 − 3s − 2t , y = −2s + t , z = −7t A1
eliminates at least one of their parameters (M1)
for example, 2x − 3y = 6 − 7t(⇒ 2x − 3y = 6 + z)
2x − 3y − z = 6 A1
[5 marks]
5c. [2 marks]
Markscheme
METHOD 1
⎛ 0 ⎞ ⎛ 1 ⎞
substitutes r = ⎜ −2 ⎟+λ⎜ 1 ⎟ into their Π 1 and Π 2 (given) (M1)
⎝ 0 ⎠ ⎝ −1 ⎠
Π1 : 2λ − 3(−2 + λ)−(−λ)= 6 and Π2 : 3λ − 3(−2 + λ)+2(−λ)= 2
A1
Note: Award (M1)A0 for correct verification using a specific value of λ.
⎛ 0 ⎞ ⎛ 1 ⎞
so the vector equation of L can be written as r = ⎜ −2 ⎟+λ⎜ 1 ⎟
⎝ 0 ⎠ ⎝ −1 ⎠
AG
METHOD 2
EITHER
⎛ 2 ⎞ ⎛ 3 ⎞
⎛ 2 ⎞ ⎛ 3 ⎞
attempts to find ⎜ −3 ⎟× ⎜ −1 ⎟ M1
⎝ −1 ⎠ ⎝ 2 ⎠
⎛ −7 ⎞
=⎜ −7 ⎟
⎝ 7 ⎠
OR
⎛ 2 ⎞⎛ 1 ⎞ ⎛ 3 ⎞⎛ 1 ⎞
⎜ −3 ⎟⋅⎜ 1 ⎟=(2 − 3 + 1)= 0 and ⎜ −1 ⎟⋅⎜ 1 ⎟=(3 − 1 − 2)= 0
⎝ −1 ⎠ ⎝ −1 ⎠ ⎝ 2 ⎠ ⎝ −1 ⎠
M1
THEN
substitutes (0, −2, 0) into Π1 and Π2
Π1 : 2(0)−3(−2)−(0)= 6 and Π2 : 3(0)−(−2)+2(0)= 2 A1
⎛ 0 ⎞ ⎛ 1 ⎞
⎝ 0 ⎠ ⎝ −1 ⎠
AG
METHOD 3
attempts to solve2x − 3y − z = 6 and 3x − y + 2z = 2 (M1)
for example, x = −λ, y = −2 − λ, z = λ A1
Note: Award A1 for substituting x = 0 (or y = −2 or z = 0) into Π 1 and Π2

and solving simultaneously. For example, solving −3y − z = 6 and
−y + 2z = 2 to obtain y = −2 and z = 0.
⎛ 0 ⎞ ⎛ 1 ⎞
⎝ 0 ⎠ ⎝ −1 ⎠
AG
[2 marks]
5d. [2 marks]
Markscheme
substitutes the equation of L into the equation of Π3 (M1)
2λ + 2λ = 3 ⇒ 4λ = 3 A1
3
λ= 4
AG
[2 marks]
5e. [1 mark]
Markscheme
P has coordinates ( 34 , − 54 , − 34 ) A1
[1 mark]
5f. [7 marks]
Markscheme
⎛ 2 ⎞
normal to Π 3 is n = ⎜ 0 ⎟ (A1)
⎝ −2 ⎠
Note: May be seen or used anywhere.
considers the line normal to Π 3 passing through B(0, −2, 0) (M1)

⎛ 0 ⎞ ⎛ 2 ⎞
r =⎜ −2 ⎟+μ⎜ 0 ⎟ A1
⎝ 0 ⎠ ⎝ −2 ⎠
EITHER
finding the point on the normal line that intersects Π 3
attempts to solve simultaneously with plane 2x − 2z = 3 (M1)
4μ + 4μ = 3
3
μ= 8
A1
3 3
point is ( 34 , − 2, − 34 )
OR
⎛⎛ 2μ ⎞ ⎛ 4 ⎞⎞ ⎛ 2 ⎞
3
⎜ ⎜− 5 ⎟⎟⋅⎜ 0 ⎟= 0
⎜⎜ −2 ⎟−⎜
⎜ ⎜ 4 ⎟
⎟⎟
⎟⎝ (M1)
⎝
⎝ −2μ ⎠ ⎝− 3 ⎠⎠ −2 ⎠
4
3 3
4μ − 2 + 4μ − 2 =0
3
μ= 8
A1
OR
attempts to find the equation of the plane parallel to Π 3 containing
B' (x − z = 3) and solve simultaneously with L (M1)
2μ' + 2μ' = 3
3
μ' = 4
A1
THEN
so, another point on the reflected line is given by
⎛ 0 ⎞ ⎛ 2 ⎞
r =⎜ −2 ⎟+ 34 ⎜ 0 ⎟ (A1)
⎝ 0 ⎠ ⎝ −2 ⎠
⇒ B'( 32 , −2, − 32 ) A1
[7 marks]
5g. [2 marks]
Markscheme
EITHER
attempts to find the direction vector of the reflected line using their P and B'
(M1)
−−→ ⎛ 4 3 ⎞
3
PB' =⎜
⎜
⎜− 4
⎟
⎟
⎟
⎝− 3 ⎠
4
OR
attempts to find their direction vector of the reflected line using a vector
approach (M1)
−−→ −→ −−→ ⎛ 1 ⎞ ⎛ 1 ⎞
PB' = PB + BB' = − 34 ⎜ 1 ⎟+ 32 ⎜ 0 ⎟
⎝ −1 ⎠ ⎝ −1 ⎠
THEN
⎛ ⎞ ⎛ 4 ⎞
3 3
r =⎜ ⎟+λ⎜
⎜ −2 ⎟ ⎟
2
⎜
⎜− 4 ⎟
⎟ (or equivalent)
3
A1
⎝− 3 ⎠ ⎝− 3 ⎠
2 4
⎛x⎞
Note: Award A0 for either 'r = ' or '⎜ y ⎟= ' not stated. Award A0 for 'L' = '
⎝z⎠
[2 marks]
6. [4 marks]
Markscheme
METHOD 1
use of |a × b|=|a||b|sin θ on the LHS (M1)
|a × b|2 = |a|2 |b|2 sin2 θ A1
= |a|2 |b|2 (1 − cos2 θ) M1
= |a|2 |b|2 −|a|2 |b|2 cos2 θ OR = |a|2 |b|2 −(|a||b| cos θ)2 A1
= |a|2 |b|2 − (a ⋅ b)2 AG
METHOD 2
use of a ⋅ b =|a||b|cos θ on the RHS (M1)
= |a|2 |b|2 −|a|2 |b|2 cos2 θ A1
= |a|2 |b|2 (1 − cos2 θ) M1
= |a|2 |b|2 sin2 θ OR = (|a||b| sin θ)2 A1
= |a × b|2 AG
Note: If candidates attempt this question using cartesian vectors, e.g
⎛ a1 ⎞ ⎛ b1 ⎞
a =⎜ a2 ⎟ and b =⎜ b2 ⎟,
⎝a ⎠ ⎝b ⎠
3 3
award full marks if fully developed solutions are seen.
Otherwise award no marks.
[4 marks]
7a. [3 marks]
Markscheme
METHOD 1
setting at least two components of l1 and l2 equal M1
3 + 2λ = 2 + μ(1)
2 − 2λ = −μ(2)
−1 + 2λ = 4 + μ (3)
attempt to solve two of the equations eg. adding (1) and (2) M1
gives a contradiction (no solution), eg 5 = 2 R1
so l1 and l2 do not intersect AG
Note: For an error within the equations award M0M1R0 .
Note: The contradiction must be correct to award the R1.
METHOD 2
l1 and l2 are parallel, so l1 and l2 are either identical or distinct. R1
Attempt to subtract two position vectors from each line,
⎛ 3 ⎞ ⎛ 2 ⎞⎛ ⎛ 1 ⎞⎞
e.g. ⎜ 2 ⎟− ⎜ 0 ⎟⎜= ⎜ 2 ⎟⎟ M1
⎝ −1 ⎠ ⎝ 4 ⎠⎝ ⎝ −5 ⎠⎠
⎛ 3 ⎞ ⎛ 1 ⎞
⎜ 2 ⎟≠ k⎜ −1 ⎟ A1
⎝ −1 ⎠ ⎝ 1 ⎠
[3 marks]
7b. [5 marks]
Markscheme
METHOD 1
⎛ 2 ⎞ ⎛ 1 ⎞
l1 and l2 are parallel (as ⎜ −2 ⎟ is a multiple of ⎜ −1 ⎟)
⎝ 2 ⎠ ⎝ 1 ⎠
let A be (3, 2, −1) on l1 and let B be (2, 0, 4) on l2
⎛ ⎛ −1 ⎞⎞
−−→⎛ ⎛
−1 ⎞⎞
Attempt to find vector AB ⎜= ⎜ −2 ⎟⎟ (M1)
⎝ ⎝ 5 ⎠⎠
∣ −−→ ∣
∣ v×AB ∣
∣ ∣
Distance required is M1
|v|
∣⎛ 1 ⎞ ⎛ −1 ⎞∣
= 1 ∣∣⎜ −1 ⎟×⎜ −2 ⎟∣∣ (A1)
∣⎝ 1 ⎠ ⎝ 5 ⎠∣
√3
∣⎛ 3 ⎞∣
= 1 ∣∣⎜ 6 ⎟∣∣ A1
∣⎝ 3 ⎠∣
√3
minimum distance is √18(= 3√2) A1

METHOD 2
⎛ 2 ⎞ ⎛ 1 ⎞
l1 and l2 are parallel (as ⎜ −2 ⎟ is a multiple of ⎜ −1 ⎟)
⎝ 2 ⎠ ⎝ 1 ⎠
let A be a fixed point on l1 eg (3, 2, −1) and let B be a general point on l2
(2 + μ, −μ, 4 + μ)
−−→
attempt to find vector AB (M1)
−−→ ⎛
−1 ⎞ ⎛ 1 ⎞
AB =⎜ −2 ⎟+μ⎜ −1 ⎟(μ ∈ R) A1
⎝ 5 ⎠ ⎝ 1 ⎠
∣−−→∣ √
∣AB ∣= (−1 + μ) + (−2 − μ) + (5 + μ) (= √3μ2 + 12μ + 30) M1
2 2 2
∣ ∣
EITHER
null A1
OR
∣−−→∣ √ 2
∣AB ∣= 3(μ + 2) + 18 to obtain μ = −2 A1
∣ ∣
THEN

( )
METHOD 3
let A be (3, 2, −1) on l1 and let B be (2 + μ, −μ, 4 + μ) on l2 (M1)
(or let A be (2, 0, 4) on l2 and let B be (3 + 2λ, 2 − 2λ, −1 + 2λ) on l1 )
−−→ ⎛
−1 ⎞ ⎛ 1 ⎞
−−→ ⎛
2λ + 1 ⎞
AB =⎜ −2 ⎟+μ⎜ −1 ⎟(μ ∈ R) (or AB =⎜ −2λ + 2 ⎟) A1
⎝ 5 ⎠ ⎝ 1 ⎠ ⎝ 2λ − 5 ⎠
⎛ μ−1 ⎞ ⎛ 1 ⎞ ⎛ 2λ + 1 ⎞ ⎛ 1 ⎞
⎜ −μ − 2 ⎟⋅⎜ −1 ⎟= 0 (or ⎜ −2λ + 2 ⎟⋅⎜ −1 ⎟= 0) M1
⎝ μ+5 ⎠ ⎝ 1 ⎠ ⎝ 2λ − 5 ⎠ ⎝ 1 ⎠
μ = −2 or λ = 1 A1
[5 marks]
8a. [2 marks]
Markscheme
−−→ −−→ −−→ −−→
correct substitution into either OA ∙ OC or into OB ∙ OC (in (ii)) (A1)
eg −2 × (−1) + 4 × k, 6 × (−1) + 8 × k
correct expression A1 N1
eg 2 + 4k, 4k + 2
[2 marks]
8b. [1 mark]
Markscheme
correct expression A1 N1
eg 8k − 6, −6 + 8k
[1 mark]
8c. [8 marks]
Markscheme
finding magnitudes (seen anywhere) A1A1
eg √(−2)2 + (4)2 + (−4)2 (= 6), √(6)2 + (8)2 + 02 (= 10)

correct substitution of their values into formula for angle AOC (A1)
2+4k
eg cos θ = ∣−−→∣
√(−2)2+(4)2+(−4)2∣OC ∣
∣ ∣
correct substitution of their values into formula for angle BOC (A1)
8k−6
eg cos θ = ∣−−→∣
√(6)2+(8)2+02∣OC ∣
∣ ∣
recognizing that cos AÔC = cos BÔC (seen anywhere) (M1)

2+4k 8k−6 2+4k 8k−6
eg
∣−−→∣
= ∣−−→∣
,
6√ 1+k2
= 10√ 1+k2
∣OC ∣√(−2)2+(4)2+(−4)2 ∣OC ∣√6 +(8) +0
2 2 2
∣ ∣ ∣ ∣
correct working (without radicals) (A2)
eg 10 (2 + 4k) = 6 (8k − 6), 11k2 − 79k + 14 = 0
correct working clearly leading to the required answer A1
2
eg 20 + 36 = 48k − 40k, 56 = 8k, k = 7 and k = 11 ,
(k − 7) (11k − 2) = 0
k=7 AG N0
[8 marks]
8d. [6 marks]
Markscheme
−−→
finding magnitude of OC (seen anywhere) A1
eg √(−1)2 + 72 + 02 , √50
valid attempt to find cos θ (M1)
2+28 56−6
eg cos θ = 2
, cos θ = ,
6√(−1) +72+02 10√(−1)2+72+02
2 2
(√26) = 62 + (√50) − 2 (6) √50 cos θ
finding cos θ A1
eg cos θ = 5
(= 1
)
√50 √2
valid approach to find sin θ (seen anywhere) (M1)
eg θ= π
4
, sin θ = cos θ, sin θ = √1 − 25
50
, sin θ = √1 − cos2 θ,
√2
sin θ = 2
correct substitution of their values into 12 ab sin C (A1)
eg 1
2 × 6 × √50 × √1 − 25
50
, 12 × 6 × √50 × 5
√50
area is 15 A1 N3
[6 marks]
9. [7 marks]
Markscheme
* This question is from an exam for a previous syllabus, and may contain
minor differences in marking or structure.
METHOD 1 (cosine rule)
diagram including u, v and included angle of π6 (M1)
eg
sketch of triangle with w (does not need to be to scale) (A1)

eg
choosing cosine rule (M1)

eg a2 + b2 − 2ab cos C
correct substitution A1
2
eg 42 + (√3) − 2 (4) (√3) cos π6
√3
cos π6 = 2 (seen anywhere) (A1)
correct working (A1)
eg 16 + 3 − 12
| w | = √7 A1 N2
METHOD 2 (scalar product)

valid approach, in terms of u and v (seen anywhere) (M1)
eg | w |2 = (u − v)•(u − v), | w |2 = u•u − 2u•v + v•v, | w |2 =
(u1 − v1 )2 + (u2 − v2 )2 ,
|w| = √(u1 − v1 )2 + (u2 − v2 )2 + (u3 − v3 )2

correct value for u•u (seen anywhere) (A1)
eg | u |2 = 16, u•u = 16, u1 2 + u2 2 = 16
correct value for v•v (seen anywhere) (A1)
eg | v |2 = 16, v•v = 3, v1 2 + v2 2 + v3 2 = 3
√3
cos ( π6 ) = 2 (seen anywhere) (A1)
√3
u•v = 4 × √3 × 2 (= 6) (seen anywhere) A1
correct substitution into u•u − 2u•v + v•v or
u1 2 + u2 2 + v1 2 + v2 2 − 2 (u1 v1 + u2 v2 ) (2 or 3 dimensions) (A1)
eg 16 − 2(6) + 3 (= 7)
| w | = √7 A1 N2
10a. [2 marks]
Markscheme
valid approach (M1)
eg b = 2a, a = kb, cos θ = 1, a•b = −|a||b|, 2p = 18
p=9 A1 N2
[2 marks]
10b. [4 marks]
Markscheme
evidence of scalar product (M1)
eg a•b, (0)(0) + (3)(6) + p(18)
recognizing a•b = 0 (seen anywhere) (M1)
eg 18 + 18p = 0, 18p = −18 (A1)
p = −1 A1 N3
[4 marks]
11. [4 marks]
Markscheme
⎛ 2 ⎞ ⎛ −3 ⎞
a•b = ⎜ k ⎟ ∙ ⎜ k + 2⎟
⎝ −1 ⎠ ⎝ k ⎠
= −6 + k (k + 2) − k A1
a • b = 0 (M1)
k2 + k − 6 = 0
attempt at solving their quadratic equation (M1)
(k + 3) (k − 2) = 0
k = −3, 2 A1
Note: Attempt at solving using |a||b| = |a × b| will be M1A0A0A0 if neither
answer found M1(A1)A1A0
for one correct answer and M1(A1)A1A1 for two correct answers.
[4 marks]
12. [6 marks]
Markscheme
METHOD 1 (Distance between the origin and P)
correct position vector for OP (A1)
−−→ ⎛
−1 + 4t ⎞
eg OP = ⎜ 3 + 5t ⎟ , P = (−1 + 4t, 3 + 5t, 8 − t)
⎝ 8−t ⎠
correct expression for OP or OP2 (seen anywhere) A1
eg √(−1 + 4t) + (3 + 5t) + (8 − t) , (−1 + 4x) + (3 + 5x) + (8 − x)

2 2 2 2 2 2
valid attempt to find the minimum of OP (M1)

eg d ′ = 0, root on sketch of d ′ , min indicated on sketch of d
1
t = − 14 , − 0.0714285 (A1)
substitute their value of t into L (only award if there is working to find t) (M1)
1
1
eg one correct coordinate, −1 + 4 (− 14 )
(−1.28571, 2.64285, 8.07142)
(− 97 , 37 113
14
, 14 ) = (−1.29, 2.64, 8.07) A1 N2
METHOD 2 (Perpendicular vectors)
recognizing that closest implies perpendicular (M1)
−−→
eg OP⊥ L (may be seen on sketch), a ∙ b = 0
−−→
valid approach involving OP (M1)
−−→ ⎛
−1 + 4t ⎞ ⎛ 4 ⎞
−−→ ⎛
4 ⎞
−−→
eg OP = ⎜ 3 + 5t ⎟ , ⎜ 5 ⎟ ∙ OP, ⎜ 5 ⎟ ⊥ OP
⎝ 8 − t ⎠ ⎝ −1 ⎠ ⎝ −1 ⎠
correct scalar product A1
eg 4 (−1 + 4t) + 5 (3 + 5t) − 1 (8 − t) , −4 + 16t + 15 + 25t − 8 + t = 0,
42t + 3
1
t = − 14 , − 0.0714285 (A1)
−−→
substitute their value of t into L or OP (only award if scalar product used to
find t) (M1)
1
eg one correct coordinate, −1 + 4 (− 14 )
(−1.28571, 2.64285, 8.07142)
(− 97 , 37 113
14
, 14 ) = (−1.29, 2.64, 8.07) A1 N2
[6 marks]
13. [6 marks]
Markscheme
METHOD 1 (eliminating k)
recognizing parallel vectors are multiples of each other (M1)
3 p+1
eg a = kb, ( ) = k( ), 8
p+1
3
= 2p
, 3k = p + 1 and 2kp = 8
2p 8
correct working (must be quadratic) (A1)
p2+p
eg 2p2 + 2p = 24, p2 + p – 12, 3 = 4
valid attempt to solve their quadratic equation (M1)
eg factorizing, formula, completing the square
evidence of correct working (A1)
−2±√4−4(2)(−24)
eg (p + 4)(p – 3), x = 4
p = –4, p = 3 A1A1 N4
METHOD 2 (solving for k)
recognizing parallel vectors are multiples of each other (M1)
3 p+1
eg a = kb, ( ) = k( ), 3k = p + 1 and 2kp = 8
2p 8
correct working (must be quadratic) (A1)
eg 3k2 – k = 4, 3k2 – k – 4, 4k2 = 3 – k
one correct value for k (A1)
eg k = –1, k = 43 , k = 34
substituting their value(s) of k (M1)
3 p+1
eg ( ) = 34 ( ), 3 ( 43 ) = p + 1 and 2 ( 43 ) p = 8,
2p 8
3 p+1
(−1) ( ) = ( )
2p 8
p = –4, p = 3 A1A1 N4
METHOD 3 (working with angles and cosine formula)
recognizing angle between parallel vectors is 0 and/or 180° M1
eg cos θ = ±1, a ∙ b = |a| |b|
correct substitution of scalar product and magnitudes into equation (A1)
3(p+1)+2p(8)
eg = ±1, 19p + 3 = √4p2 + 9√p2 + 2p + 65
√3 +(2p) √(p+1) +8
2 2 2 2
correct working (must include both ± ) (A1)
eg 3 (p + 1) + 2p (8) = ± √32 + (2p) √(p + 1) + 82 ,

2 2
19p + 3 = ±√4p2 + 9√p2 + 2p + 65

correct quartic equation (A1)
eg 361 p2 + 114p + 9 = 4p4 + 8p3 + 269p2 + 18p + 585,
4p4 + 8p3 − 92p2 − 96p + 576 = 0, p4 + 2p3 − 23p2 − 24p + 144 = 0,
(p + 4)2 (p − 3)2 = 0
p = –4, p = 3 A2 N4
[6 marks]
14a. [2 marks]
Markscheme
a • b = (1 × 0) + (1 × −t) + (t × 4t) (M1)
= −t + 4t2 A1
[2 marks]
14b. [4 marks]
Markscheme
recognition that a • b = |a||b|cos θ (M1)
a • b < 0 or −t + 4t2 < 0 or cos θ < 0 R1
Note: Allow ≤ for R1.
attempt to solve using sketch or sign diagram (M1)

1
0<t< 4
A1
[4 marks]
15a. [2 marks]
Markscheme
Note: There may be slight differences in answers, depending on which
combination of unrounded values and previous correct 3 sf values the
candidates carry through in subsequent parts. Accept answers that are
consistent with their working.
valid approach (M1)
⎛ 8 ⎞ ⎛ −3 ⎞
eg B − A, AO + OB, ⎜ −1 ⎟ − ⎜ 4 ⎟
⎝ 5 ⎠ ⎝ 2 ⎠
−−→ ⎛
11 ⎞
AB = ⎜ −5 ⎟ A1 N2
⎝ 3 ⎠
[2 marks]
15b. [2 marks]
Markscheme
correct substitution into formula (A1)
eg √112 + (−5) + 32
2
12.4498
∣−−→∣
∣AB ∣ = √155 (exact), 12.4 A1 N2
∣ ∣
[2 marks]
15c. [3 marks]
Markscheme
valid approach to find t (M1)
⎛5⎞ ⎛ 2 ⎞ ⎛ 1 ⎞
eg ⎜ y ⎟ = ⎜ 0 ⎟ + t ⎜ −2 ⎟, 5 = 2 + t, 1 = −5 + 2t
⎝ 1 ⎠ ⎝ −5 ⎠ ⎝ 2 ⎠
t = 3 (seen anywhere) (A1)
attempt to substitute their parameter into the vector equation (M1)
⎛5⎞ ⎛ 2 ⎞ ⎛ 1 ⎞
eg ⎜ y ⎟ = ⎜ 0 ⎟ + 3 ⎜ −2 ⎟, 3 ⋅ (−2)
⎝ 1 ⎠ ⎝ −5 ⎠ ⎝ 2 ⎠
y = −6 A1 N2
[3 marks]
15d. [2 marks]
Markscheme
correct approach A1
⎛ 5 ⎞ ⎛ −3 ⎞
eg ⎜ −6 ⎟ − ⎜ 4 ⎟, AO + OC, c − a
⎝ 1 ⎠ ⎝ 2 ⎠
−−→ ⎛
8 ⎞
AC = ⎜ −10 ⎟ AG N0
⎝ −1 ⎠
Note: Do not award A1 in part (ii) unless answer in part (i) is correct and does
not result from working backwards.
[2 marks]
15e. [5 marks]
Markscheme
finding scalar product and magnitude (A1)(A1)
scalar product = 11 × 8 + −5 × −10 + 3 × −1 (=135)
−−−→
|AC| = √82 + (−10)2 + (−1)2 (= √165, 12.8452)
evidence of substitution into formula (M1)
−−→ −−→
11×8+−5×−10+3×−1 AB ∙AC
eg cosθ = , cosθ =
∣ →∣
−−
√155×√82+(−10)2+(−1)2
∣AB ∣×√82+(−10)2+(−1)2
∣ ∣
correct substitution (A1)
11×8+−5×−10+3×−1 135
eg cos θ = , cos θ = 159.921…
,
2 2 2
√155×√8 +(−10) +(−1)
cos θ = 0.844162 …
0.565795, 32.4177°
A^ = 0.566, 32.4° A1 N3
[5 marks]
15f. [2 marks]
Markscheme
correct substitution into area formula (A1)
eg 12 × √155 × √165 × sin (0.566 …), 12 × √155 × 165 × sin (32.4)
42.8660
area = 42.9 A1 N2
[2 marks]
16. [6 marks]
Markscheme
METHOD 1 (using |p| |2q| cosθ)
finding p + q + r (A1)
eg 2q,
| p + q + r | = 2 × 3 (= 6) (seen anywhere) A1
correct angle between p and q (seen anywhere) (A1)
π
3
(accept 60°)
substitution of their values (M1)

eg 3 × 6 × cos ( π3 )
correct value for cos ( π3 ) (seen anywhere) (A1)
eg 12 , 3 × 6 × 12
p•(p + q + r) = 9 A1 N3
METHOD 2 (scalar product using distributive law)

correct expression for scalar distribution (A1)
eg p• p + p•q + p•r
three correct angles between the vector pairs (seen anywhere) (A2)
eg 0° between p and p, π3 between p and q, 23π between p and r
Note: Award A1 for only two correct angles.
substitution of their values (M1)
eg 3.3.cos0 +3.3.cos π3 + 3.3.cos120
one correct value for cos0, cos ( π3 ) or cos( 23π ) (seen anywhere) A1
eg 12 , 3 × 6 × 12
p•(p + q + r) = 9 A1 N3
METHOD 3 (scalar product using relative position vectors)

valid attempt to find one component of p or r (M1)
3√3 −3√3
eg sin 60 = x3 , cos 60 = x3 , one correct value 32 , 2 , 2
one correct vector (two or three dimensions) (seen anywhere) A1
⎛ ⎞
3
⎛ ⎞
3
⎜ ⎟
2
eg p = ⎜
2 ⎟ ⎜
q = ( ) , r = ⎜ 3√3
3 ⎟
⎟
⎜ ⎟, ⎜ ⎟
⎝
3√3
⎠
0 ⎜− 2 ⎟
2 ⎝ 0 ⎠
three correct vectors p + q + r = 2q (A1)
6 ⎛6⎞
p + q + r = ( ) or 0
⎝0⎠
(seen anywhere, including scalar product) (A1)
0

( 2
3√3
eg ( 32 × 6) + × 0) , 9 + 0 + 0
p•(p + q + r) = 9 A1 N3
[6 marks]
17a. [1 mark]
Markscheme
correct approach A1
⎛ 2 ⎞ ⎛ −4 ⎞
→ + OB,
eg AO → B − A , −4 − −12
⎝ −4 ⎠ ⎝ 1 ⎠
⎛ 6 ⎞
→ =
AB
⎝ −5 ⎠
8 AG N0
[1 mark]
17b. [2 marks]
Markscheme
any correct equation in the form r = a + tb (any parameter for t) A2 N2
⎛ 2 ⎞ ⎛ −4 ⎞ ⎛ 6 ⎞
⎝ −4 ⎠ ⎝ 1 ⎠ ⎝ −5 ⎠
where a is −4 or −12 and b is a scalar multiple of 8
⎛ −4 ⎞ ⎛ 6 ⎞
eg r =
⎝ 1 ⎠
−12 + t
⎝ −5 ⎠
8 , (x, y, z) = (2, −4, −4) + t (6, 8, −5) , r
⎛ −4 + 6t ⎞
= −12 + 8t
⎝ 1 − 5t ⎠
Note: Award A1 for the form a + tb, A1 for the form L = a + tb, A0 for the
form r = b + ta.
[2 marks]
17c. [4 marks]
Markscheme
METHOD 1 (solving for t)
valid approach (M1)
⎛ k ⎞ ⎛ 2 ⎞ ⎛ 6 ⎞ ⎛ k ⎞ ⎛ −4 ⎞ ⎛ 6 ⎞
⎝ −k ⎠ ⎝ −4 ⎠
12 = −4 + t
⎝ −5 ⎠ ⎝ −k ⎠ ⎝ 1 ⎠
8 , 12 = −12 + t
⎝ −5 ⎠
eg 8
one correct equation A1

eg −4 + 8t = 12, −12 + 8t = 12
correct value for t (A1)
eg t = 2 or 3
eg 2 + 6(2), −4 + 6(3), −[1 + 3(−5)]
k = 14 AG N0
METHOD 2 (solving simultaneously)
valid approach (M1)
⎛ k ⎞ ⎛ 2 ⎞ ⎛ 6 ⎞ ⎛ k ⎞ ⎛ −4 ⎞ ⎛ 6 ⎞
⎝ −k ⎠ ⎝ −4 ⎠
12 = −4 + t
⎝ −5 ⎠ ⎝ −k ⎠ ⎝ 1 ⎠
8 , 12 = −12 + t
⎝ −5 ⎠
eg 8
two correct equations in A1

eg k = −4 + 6t, −k = 1 −5t
EITHER (eliminating k)
correct value for t (A1)
eg t = 2 or 3
eg 2 + 6(2), −4 + 6(3)
OR (eliminating t)
correct equation(s) (A1)
eg 5k + 20 = 30t and −6k − 6 = 30t, −k = 1 − 5( k 6 )

+4
correct working clearly leading to k = 14 A1

eg −k + 14 = 0, −6k = 6 −5k − 20, 5k = −20 + 6(1 + k)
THEN
k = 14 AG N0
[4 marks]
17d. [2 marks]
Markscheme
correct substitution into scalar product A1
eg (2)(6) − (4)(8) − (4)(−5), 12 − 32 + 20
→ ∙ AB
OB → = 0 A1 N0
[2 marks]
17e. [1 mark]
Markscheme
∧
3π
OBA = π
2, 90∘ (accept 2 , 270∘ ) A1 N1
[1 marks]
17f. [6 marks]
Markscheme
METHOD 1 ( 12 × height × CD)
recognizing that OB is altitude of triangle with base CD (seen anywhere) M1
eg 12 × ∣∣OB
→ ∣∣ × ∣∣CD
→ ∣∣ , OB⊥CD, sketch showing right angle at B
⎛ −6 ⎞ ⎛ 6 ⎞
→ = −8 or DC
CD → =
⎝ 5 ⎠ ⎝ −5 ⎠
8 (seen anywhere) (A1)
correct magnitudes (seen anywhere) (A1)(A1)
→ ∣∣ = √(2)2 + (−4)2 + (−4)2 = (√36)

∣∣OB
→ ∣∣ = √(−6)2 + (−8)2 + (5)2 = (√125)

∣∣CD
correct substitution into 12 bh A1

1
2
eg 12 × 6 × √125
area = 3√125, 15√5 A1 N3
METHOD 2 (subtracting triangles)
recognizing that OB is altitude of either ΔOBD or ΔOBC(seen anywhere) M1
eg 12 × ∣∣OB
→ ∣∣ × ∣∣BD
→ ∣∣ , OB⊥BC, sketch of triangle showing right angle at B
BD
→ or DB
one correct vector → or CB
→ or BC → (seen anywhere) (A1)
⎛ 6 ⎞ ⎛ −12 ⎞
eg BD
→ = → = −16
⎝ −5 ⎠
8 , CB
⎝ 10 ⎠
→ ∣∣ = √(2)2 + (−4)2 + (−4)2 = (√36) (seen anywhere) (A1)

∣∣OB
one correct magnitude of a base (seen anywhere) (A1)
→ ∣∣ = √(6)2 + (8)2 + (5)2 = (√125) , ∣∣BC

∣∣BD → ∣∣ = √144 + 256 + 100 = (√500)
correct working A1
eg
1 1 1 1
2 × 6 × √500 − 2 × 6 × 5√5, 2 × 6 × √500 × sin90 − 2 × 6 × 5√5 × sin90
area = 3√125, 15√5 A1 N3
METHOD 3 (using 12 ab sin C with ΔOCD)
two correct side lengths (seen anywhere) (A1)(A1)
→ ∣∣ = √(8)2 + (4)2 + (−9)2 = (√161) , ∣∣CD

∣∣OD → ∣∣ = √(−6)2 + (−8)2 + (5)2 = (
→ ∣∣ = √(14)2 + (12)2 + (−14)2 = (√536)

∣∣OC
attempt to find cosine ratio (seen anywhere) M1

536−286
eg , OD∙DC
|OD ||D C|
−2√161√125
correct working for sine ratio A1
(125)2
eg 161×125 + sin2 D = 1
correct substitution into 12 ab sin C A1

6
eg 0.5 × √161 × √125 ×
√161
= 3√125, 15√5
√161
area = 3√125, 15√5 A1 N3
[6 marks]
18a. [2 marks]
Markscheme
any correct equation in the form r = a + tb (accept any parameter for t)
⎛2⎞ ⎛1⎞
⎝3⎠ ⎝1⎠
where a is 1 , and b is a scalar multiple of 3 A2 N2
⎛2⎞ ⎛1⎞
⎝3⎠
1 = t 3 , r = 2i + j + 3k + s(i + 3j + k)
⎝1⎠
eg r =
form r = b + ta.
[2 marks]
18b. [3 marks]
Markscheme
METHOD 1
correct scalar product (A1)
eg (1 × 2) + (3 × p) + (1 × 0), 2 + 3p
evidence of equating their scalar product to zero (M1)
eg a•b = 0, 2 + 3p = 0, 3p = −2
p = − 23 A1 N3
METHOD 2
valid attempt to find angle between vectors (M1)
correct substitution into numerator and/or angle (A1)
(1×2)+(3×p)+(1×0)
eg cos θ = , cos θ = 0
|a||b|
p = − 23 A1 N3
[3 marks]
19. [4 marks]
Markscheme
(3i−4j−5k)∙(5i−4j+3k)
cos θ = (M1)
|3i−4j−5k||5i−4j+3k|
16
= A1A1
√50√50
Note: A1 for correct numerator and A1 for correct denominator.
8
= 25
(= 16
50
= 0.32) A1
[4 marks]
20a. [2 marks]
Markscheme
valid approach (M1)
eg (7, 4, 9) − (3, 2, 5) A − B
⎛ ⎛ 4 ⎞⎞
→ = 4i + 2j + 4k = 2
PQ
⎝ ⎝ 4 ⎠⎠
A1 N2
[2 marks]
20b. [2 marks]
Markscheme
correct substitution into magnitude formula (A1)
eg √42 + 22 + 42
∣∣PQ
→ ∣∣ = 6 A1 N2
[2 marks]
20c. [4 marks]
Markscheme
finding scalar product and magnitudes (A1)(A1)
scalar product = (4 × 6) + (2 × (−1) + (4 × 3) (= 34)
magnitude of PR = √36 + 1 + 9 = (6.782)
∧
correct substitution of their values to find cos Q P R M1
∧ 24−2+12
eg cos Q P R = , 0.8355
(6)×(√46)
0.581746
∧ ∧
Q P R = 0.582 radians or Q P R = 33.3° A1 N3
[4 marks]
20d. [2 marks]
Markscheme
eg 12 × ∣∣PQ
→ ∣∣ × ∣∣PR
→ ∣∣ × sin P , 12 × 6 × √46 × sin 0.582
area is 11.2 (sq. units) A1 N2
[2 marks]
20e. [3 marks]
Markscheme
recognizing shortest distance is perpendicular distance from R to line through
P and Q (M1)
eg sketch, height of triangle with base [PQ] , 12 × 6 × h, sin 33.3 ∘ = h
√46
eg 12 × 6 × d = 11.2, ∣∣PR
→ ∣∣ × sin P , √46 × sin 33.3∘
3.72677
distance = 3.73 (units) A1 N2
[3 marks]
21a. [1 mark]
Markscheme
correct approach A1
⎛ −1 ⎞ ⎛ −3 ⎞ ⎛ 3 ⎞ ⎛ −1 ⎞
eg ⎜ 3 ⎟ − ⎜ 4 ⎟ , ⎜ −4 ⎟ + ⎜ 3 ⎟
⎝ 3 ⎠ ⎝ 2 ⎠ ⎝ −2 ⎠ ⎝ 3 ⎠
−−→ ⎛
2 ⎞
AB = ⎜ −1 ⎟ AG
⎝ 1 ⎠
N0
[1 mark]
21b. [2 marks]
Markscheme
any correct equation in the form r = a + tb (any parameter for t)
⎛ −3 ⎞ ⎛ −1 ⎞ ⎛ 2 ⎞
where a is ⎜ 4 ⎟ or ⎜ 3 ⎟ and b is a scalar multiple of ⎜ −1 ⎟
⎝ 2 ⎠ ⎝ 3 ⎠ ⎝ 1 ⎠
A2
N2
eg
⎛ −3 ⎞ ⎛ 2 ⎞ ⎛ −3 +
r = ⎜ 4 ⎟ + t ⎜ −1 ⎟ , (x, y, z) = (−1, 3, 3) + s(−2, 1, − 1), r = ⎜ 4 −
⎝ 2 ⎠ ⎝ 1 ⎠ ⎝ 2+
form r = b + ta.
[2 marks]
21c. [5 marks]
Markscheme
METHOD 1 – finding value of parameter
valid approach (M1)
⎛ −3 ⎞ ⎛ 2 ⎞ ⎛3⎞
eg ⎜ 4 ⎟ + t ⎜ −1 ⎟ = ⎜ 1 ⎟ , (−1, 3, 3) + s(−2, 1, − 1) = (3, 1, p)
⎝ 2 ⎠ ⎝ 1 ⎠ ⎝p⎠
one correct equation (not involving p) (A1)

eg −3 + 2t = 3, − 1 − 2s = 3, 4 − t = 1, 3 + s = 1
correct parameter from their equation (may be seen in substitution) A1
eg t = 3, s = −2
⎛ −3 ⎞ ⎛ 2 ⎞ ⎛3⎞
eg ⎜ 4 ⎟ + 3 ⎜ −1 ⎟ = ⎜ 1 ⎟ , 3 − (−2)
⎝ 2 ⎠ ⎝ 1 ⎠ ⎝p⎠
⎛ ⎛ 3 ⎞⎞
p = 5 ⎜accept ⎜ 1 ⎟⎟
⎝ ⎝ 5 ⎠⎠
A1 N2
METHOD 2 – eliminating parameter

valid approach (M1)
⎛ −3 ⎞ ⎛ 2 ⎞ ⎛3⎞
eg ⎜ 4 ⎟ + t ⎜ −1 ⎟ = ⎜ 1 ⎟ , (−1, 3, 3) + s(−2, 1, − 1) = (3, 1, p)
⎝ 2 ⎠ ⎝ 1 ⎠ ⎝p⎠
one correct equation (not involving p) (A1)

eg −3 + 2t = 3, − 1 − 2s = 3, 4 − t = 1, 3 + s = 1
correct equation (with p) A1
eg 2 + t = p, 3 − s = p
correct working to solve for p (A1)
eg 7 = 2p − 3, 6 = 1 + p
⎛ ⎛ 3 ⎞⎞
p = 5 ⎜accept ⎜ 1 ⎟⎟
⎝ ⎝ 5 ⎠⎠
A1 N2
[5 marks]
21d. [7 marks]
Markscheme
−−→ −−→
valid approach to find DC or CD (M1)
⎛3⎞ ⎛q ⎞ ⎛q ⎞ ⎛3⎞ ⎛q ⎞ ⎛3⎞

2 2 2
eg ⎜ 1 ⎟ − ⎜ 0 ⎟ , ⎜ 0 ⎟ − ⎜ 1 ⎟ , ⎜ 0 ⎟ − ⎜ 1 ⎟
⎝5⎠ ⎝ ⎠ ⎝ ⎠ ⎝5⎠ ⎝ ⎠ ⎝p⎠
q q q
−−→ −−→
correct vector for DC or CD (may be seen in scalar product) A1
⎛3 − q ⎞ ⎛q − 3⎞ ⎛3 − q ⎞
2 2 2
eg ⎜ 1 ⎟ , ⎜ −1 ⎟ , ⎜ 1 ⎟
⎝ 5−q ⎠ ⎝ q−5 ⎠ ⎝ p−q ⎠
−−→ −−→
recognizing scalar product of DC or CD with direction vector of L is zero
(seen anywhere) (M1)
⎛3−q ⎞ ⎛ 2 ⎞ ⎛ ⎞ ⎛ 2 ⎞
2 3 − q 2
−−→ −−→
eg ⎜ 1 ⎟ ∙ ⎜ −1 ⎟ = 0, DC ∙ AC = 0, ⎜ 1 ⎟ ∙ ⎜ −1 ⎟ = 0
⎝ p−q ⎠ ⎝ 1 ⎠ ⎝ 5−q ⎠ ⎝ 1 ⎠
correct scalar product in terms of only q A1

eg 6 − 2q 2 − 1 + 5 − q, 2q 2 + q − 10 = 0, 2(3 − q 2 ) − 1 + 5 − q
correct working to solve quadratic (A1)
−1±√1−4(2)(−10)
eg (2q + 5)(q − 2),
2(2)
q = − 52 , 2 A1A1 N3
[7 marks]
22a. [2 marks]
Markscheme
eg√42 + 12 + 22
4.58257
∣−−→∣
∣AB ∣ = √21 (exact), 4.58 A1 N2
∣ ∣
[2 marks]
22b. [4 marks]
Markscheme
∣−−→∣
finding scalar product and ∣AC ∣ (A1)(A1)
∣ ∣
scalar product = (4 × 3) + (1 × 0) + (2 × 0)(= 12)
∣−−→∣ √ 2
∣AC ∣ = 3 + 0 + 0(= 3)
∣ ∣
substituting their values into cosine formula (M1)
^C=
eg cos BA
4×3+0+0
, 4 , cos θ = 0.873
√3 ×√21 √21
2
0.509739 (29.2059°)
^ = 0.510 (29.2°) A1 N2
BAC
[4 marks]
23a. [2 marks]
Markscheme
valid approach (M1)
⎛0⎞ ⎛3⎞
eg A − B, − 1 + 5
⎝8⎠ ⎝2⎠
−−→ ⎛ 3 ⎞
AB =
⎝ −6 ⎠
4 A1 N2
[2 marks]
23b. [2 marks]
Markscheme
⎛0⎞ ⎛3⎞ ⎛ 3 ⎞
⎝8⎠ ⎝2⎠ ⎝ −6 ⎠
where a is 1 or 5 , and b is a scalar multiple of 4
⎛0⎞ ⎛ 3 ⎞ ⎛ 3 + 3t ⎞
egr = ⎜ 1 ⎟ + t ⎜ 4 ⎟, r = ⎜ 5 + 4t ⎟, r = j + 8k + t(3i + 4j – 6k)
⎝8⎠ ⎝ −6 ⎠ ⎝ 2 − 6t ⎠
form r = b + ta.
[2 marks]
23c. [3 marks]
Markscheme
valid approach (M1)
ega ∙ b = 0
choosing correct direction vectors (may be seen in scalar product) A1
⎛ 3 ⎞ ⎛p⎞ ⎛ 3 ⎞ ⎛p⎞
eg⎜ 4 ⎟ and ⎜ 0 ⎟ , ⎜ 4 ⎟ ∙ ⎜ 0 ⎟ = 0
⎝ −6 ⎠ ⎝ 1 ⎠ ⎝ −6 ⎠ ⎝ 1 ⎠
correct working/equation A1
eg3p − 6 = 0
p=2 AG N0
[3 marks]
23d. [5 marks]
Markscheme
valid approach (M1)
⎛9 ⎞
egL1 = ⎜ 13 ⎟ , L1 = L2
⎝ z⎠
one correct equation (must be different parameters if both lines used) (A1)
eg3t = 9, 1 + 2s = 9, 5 + 4t = 13, 3t = 1 + 2s
one correct value A1
egt = 3, s = 4, t = 2
valid approach to substitute their t or s value (M1)
eg8 + 3(−6), − 14 + 4(1)
z = −10 A1 N3
[5 marks]
23e. [2 marks]
Markscheme
∣∣d→∣∣ = √22 + 1 (= √5) (A1)
2⎞ ⎛ ⎛ ⎞⎞
2
⎛ ⎜ ⎜ ⎟⎟
√5
⎜ ⎟ ⎜
⎜ ⎜
⎜ ⎟
⎟⎟
⎟⎟
1 0
⎜
accept
⎜ ⎟
0
⎝1⎠
A1 N2
√5 √5
⎝ ⎝ 1
⎠⎠
√5
[2 marks]
23f. [3 marks]
Markscheme
METHOD 1 (using unit vector)
valid approach (M1)
⎛ 9 ⎞
eg⎜ 13 ⎟ ± √5d^
⎝ −10 ⎠
⎛ 9 ⎞ ⎛2⎞ ⎛ 9 ⎞ ⎛2⎞
eg⎜ 13 ⎟ + ⎜ 0 ⎟ , ⎜ 13 ⎟ − ⎜ 0 ⎟
⎝ −10 ⎠ ⎝ 1 ⎠ ⎝ −10 ⎠ ⎝ 1 ⎠
one correct point A1 N2
eg(11, 13, − 9), (7, 13, − 11)
METHOD 2 (distance between points)
attempt to use distance between (1 + 2s, 13, − 14 + s) and (9, 13, − 10)
(M1)
eg(2s − 8)2 + 02 + (s − 4)2 = 5
solving 5s2 − 40s + 75 = 0 leading to s = 5 or s = 3 (A1)
one correct point A1 N2
eg(11, 13, − 9), (7, 13, − 11)
[3 marks]
24a. [4 marks]
Markscheme
evidence of scalar product M1
eg a ∙ b, 4(k + 3) + 2k
recognizing scalar product must be zero (M1)
eg a ∙ b = 0, 4k + 12 + 2k = 0
correct working (must involve combining terms) (A1)
eg 6k + 12, 6k = −12
k = −2 A1 N2
[4 marks]
24b. [3 marks]
Markscheme
attempt to substitute their value of k (seen anywhere) (M1)
−2 + 3 2
eg b = ( ), 2b = ( )
−2 −4
4 2 4 + 2k + 6
eg ( ) + ( ), ( )
2 −4 2 + 2k
6
c=( ) A1 N2
−2
[3 marks]
25a. [3 marks]
Markscheme
−−→ −−→
AB × AD = −i +10j – 7k M1A1
∣−−→ −−→∣
area = ∣AB × AD ∣ =√12 + 102 + 72
∣ ∣
= 5√6 (√150) A1
[3 marks]
25b. [4 marks]
Markscheme
METHOD 1
−−→ −−→
AB ∙ AD = −4 − 2 − 6 M1A1
= −12
considering the sign of the answer
−−→ −−→
AB ∙ AD < 0, therefore angle DAB ^ is obtuse M1
^ C is acute A1
(as it is a parallelogram), AB
[4 marks]
METHOD 2
−−→ −−→
BA ∙ BC = +4 + 2 + 6 M1A1
= 12 considering the sign of the answer M1
−−→ −−→
BA ∙ BC > 0 ⇒ AB ^ C is acute A1
[4 marks]
26a. [3 marks]
Markscheme
−−→
BC = (i + 3j + 3k) − (2i − j + 2k) = −i + 4j + k (A1)
r = (2i − j + 2k) + λ(− i + 4j + k)
(or r = (i + 3j + 3k) + λ(− i + 4j + k) (M1)A1
Note: Do not award A1 unless r = or equivalent correct notation seen.
[3 marks]
26b. [6 marks]
Markscheme
attempt to write in parametric form using two different parameters AND
equate M1
2μ = 2 − λ
μ = −1 + 4λ
−2μ = 2 + λ A1
attempt to solve first pair of simultaneous equations for two parameters M1
solving first two equations gives λ = 49 , μ = 7
9
(A1)
substitution of these two values in third equation (M1)
since the values do not fit, the lines do not intersect R1
Note: Candidates may note that adding the first and third equations
immediately leads to a contradiction and hence they can immediately deduce
that the lines do not intersect.
[6 marks]
26c. [3 marks]
Markscheme
METHOD 1
plane is of the form r ∙ (2i + j − 2k) = d (A1)
d = (i + 3j + 3k) ∙ (2i + j − 2k) = − 1 (M1)
hence Cartesian form of plane is 2x + y − 2z = −1 A1
METHOD 2
plane is of the form 2x + y − 2z = d (A1)
substituting (1, 3, 3) (to find gives 2 + 3 − 6 = −1) (M1)
hence Cartesian form of plane is 2x + y − 2z = −1 A1
[3 marks]
26d. [2 marks]
Markscheme
METHOD 1
attempt scalar product of direction vector BC with normal to plane M1
(− i + 4j + k) ∙ (2i + j − 2k) = −2 + 4 − 2
=0 A1
hence BC lies in Π1 AG
METHOD 2
substitute eqn of line into plane M1
⎛ 2 ⎞ ⎛ −1 ⎞
line r = ⎜ −1 ⎟ + λ ⎜ 4 ⎟ . Plane π1 : 2x + y − 2z = −1
⎝ 2 ⎠ ⎝ 1 ⎠
2(2 − λ) + (−1 + 4λ) − 2(2 + λ)
= −1 A1
hence BC lies in Π1 AG
Note: Candidates may also just substitute 2i − j + 2k into the plane since
they are told C lies on π1 .
Note: Do not award A1FT.
[2 marks]
26e. [3 marks]
Markscheme
METHOD 1
−−→ −−→
applying scalar product to OA and OB M1
(2j + k) ∙ (2i + j − 2k) = 0 A1
(2j + k) ∙ (2i − j + 2k) =0 A1
METHOD 2
−−→ −−→
attempt to find cross product of OA and OB M1
−−→ −−→
plane Π2 has normal OA × OB = − 8j − 4k A1
since −8j − 4k = −4(2j + k), 2j + k is perpendicular to the plane Π2 R1
[3 marks]
26f. [1 mark]
Markscheme
−−→ −−→
plane Π3 has normal OA × OC = 9i − 8j + 5k A1
[1 mark]
26g. [4 marks]
Markscheme
attempt to use dot product of normal vectors (M1)
(2j+k)∙(9i−8j+5k)
cos θ = |2j+k||9i−8j+5k|
(M1)
−11
= (= −0.377 …) (A1)
√5√170
11
Note: Accept . acute angle between planes = 67.8∘ ( = 1.18∘ )
√5√170
A1
[4 marks]
27a. [4 marks]
Markscheme
valid attempt to find direction vector (M1)
−−→ −−→
egPQ, QP
correct direction vector (or multiple of) (A1)
eg6i + j − 3k
where a is i + 2j − k or 7i + 3j − 4k , and b is a scalar multiple of 6i + j −
3k
egr = 7i + 3j − 4k + t(6i + j − 3k), r
⎛ 1 + 6s ⎞ ⎛ 1 ⎞ ⎛ −6 ⎞
= ⎜ 2 + 1s ⎟ , r = ⎜ 2 ⎟ + t ⎜ −1 ⎟
⎝ −1 − 3s ⎠ ⎝ −1 ⎠ ⎝ 3 ⎠
Notes: Award A1 for the form a + tb, A1 for the form L = a + tb, A0 for the
form r = b + ta.
[4 marks]
27b. [3 marks]
Markscheme
correct expression for scalar product (A1)
eg6 × 2 + 1 × 0 + (−3) × n, − 3n + 12
setting scalar product equal to zero (seen anywhere) (M1)
egu ∙ v = 0, − 3n + 12 = 0
n = 4 A1 N2
[3 marks]
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AHL 3.13 Scalar Product

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AHL 3.

13 Scalar Product [279

2 ≤|a + b|≤ 28 (accept min 2 and max 28) A1

(|q|=)√(5k)2 + (12k)2 = 15 (M1)

Note: Award M1 for a labelled sketch.

Note: Do not accept 063. 6° or 63. 4° or 1. 10c .

|bA|= √(−6)2 + 22 + 42 or |bB |= √42 + 22 + (−2)2

|bA|= 7. 48 … (= √56) (km min-1) and |bB |= 4. 89 … (= √24) (km min-

speedA = 7. 48 …(2√14) and speedB = 4. 89 …(√24) A1

speedA > speedB so A travels at a greater speed than B AG

cos θ = −0. 7637 … (= − 7 ) or

Note: Award M0 for equations involving t only.

D(t) = √(10t − 18)2 + 1 + (11 − 6t)2 A1

D(t) = √(18 − 10t)2 + (−1)2 + (−11 + 6t)2 A1

Note: Award (M1)A0 for correct verification using a specific value of λ.

Note: Award A1 for substituting x = 0 (or y = −2 or z = 0) into Π 1 and Π2

Note: May be seen or used anywhere.

considers the line normal to Π 3 passing through B(0, −2, 0) (M1)

minimum distance is √18(= 3√2) A1

minimum distance is √18(= 3√2) A1

eg √(−2)2 + (4)2 + (−4)2 (= 6), √(6)2 + (8)2 + 02 (= 10)

recognizing that cos AÔC = cos BÔC (seen anywhere) (M1)

correct substitution of their values into 12 ab sin C (A1)

sketch of triangle with w (does not need to be to scale) (A1)

choosing cosine rule (M1)

METHOD 2 (scalar product)

|w| = √(u1 − v1 )2 + (u2 − v2 )2 + (u3 − v3 )2

eg √(−1 + 4t) + (3 + 5t) + (8 − t) , (−1 + 4x) + (3 + 5x) + (8 − x)

valid attempt to find the minimum of OP (M1)

correct working (must include both ± ) (A1)

eg 3 (p + 1) + 2p (8) = ± √32 + (2p) √(p + 1) + 82 ,

19p + 3 = ±√4p2 + 9√p2 + 2p + 65

attempt to solve using sketch or sign diagram (M1)

substitution of their values (M1)

correct value for cos ( π3 ) (seen anywhere) (A1)

METHOD 2 (scalar product using distributive law)

METHOD 3 (scalar product using relative position vectors)

correct working (A1)

one correct equation A1

two correct equations in A1

eg 5k + 20 = 30t and −6k − 6 = 30t, −k = 1 − 5( k 6 )

correct working clearly leading to k = 14 A1

correct magnitudes (seen anywhere) (A1)(A1)

→ ∣∣ = √(2)2 + (−4)2 + (−4)2 = (√36)

→ ∣∣ = √(−6)2 + (−8)2 + (5)2 = (√125)

correct substitution into 12 bh A1

→ ∣∣ = √(2)2 + (−4)2 + (−4)2 = (√36) (seen anywhere) (A1)

one correct magnitude of a base (seen anywhere) (A1)

→ ∣∣ = √(6)2 + (8)2 + (5)2 = (√125) , ∣∣BC

→ ∣∣ = √(8)2 + (4)2 + (−9)2 = (√161) , ∣∣CD

→ ∣∣ = √(14)2 + (12)2 + (−14)2 = (√536)

attempt to find cosine ratio (seen anywhere) M1

correct substitution into 12 ab sin C A1

one correct equation (not involving p) (A1)

METHOD 2 – eliminating parameter

one correct equation (not involving p) (A1)

⎛3⎞ ⎛q ⎞ ⎛q ⎞ ⎛3⎞ ⎛q ⎞ ⎛3⎞

correct scalar product in terms of only q A1

Note: Do not award A1 unless r = or equivalent correct notation seen.