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Crux v13n03 Mar
Crux v13n03 Mar
Mathematicorum
Published by the Canadian Mathematical Society.
http://crux.math.ca/
- 69 -
- 70 -
R.E. WOODROW
We begin this column with two sets of problems. The first is from the
6 Brazilian Mathematical Olympiad, September 15, 1984, for which we thank
Professor Dr. Angelo Barone Netto, Sao Paulo, Brazil.
The first three problems of the list were proposed to all participants.
The last three were chosen by regional committees from a list of 15 problems.
Those presented here were chosen for Rio de Janeiro and Sao Paulo.
3. Let F and F', E and E' respectively be two pairs of opposite faces
of a regular dodecahedron. From the centres of these four faces,
perpendicular segments of length m are raised outward from the solid. Let A,
C, B and D, respectively, be the outer extremes of these perpendicular
segments. Show that ABCD is a rectangle and find the ratio of its sides.
6. Figure 1 shows a board used in a game called "One Left". The game
starts with one marker on each square of the board except for the
central square which has no marker. Let A 9 B 9 C ( o r C 9 B 9 A ) b e three
adjacent squares in a horizontal row or a vertical column. If A and B are
occupied and C is not, then the marker at A may be jumped to C, and the marker
at C removed (see Figure 2). Is it possible to end the game with one marker
in the position shown in Figure 3?
-L*-U'
The second set of four problems we pose are from the Second Balkan
Mathematical Olympiad, May 69 1985. We thank Ivan Tonov for forwarding them.
i. Proposed by Bulgaria.
Let 0 be the centre of the circle through the points As B9 C9 and
let II be the midpoint of AB. Let E be the centroid of the triangle ACD.
Prove that the line CD is perpendicular to the line OE if and only if AB = AC.
2. Proposed by Romania.
-IT ir
Let a9 fo9 c9 d be real numbers in the interval such that
2 '2
sin a + sin b + sin c 4- sin d = 1
and
10
cos 2a -t- cos 2b + cos 2c + cos 2d > ~^
3. Proposed by Greece.
Let E denote the set of real numbers, and let S be the set of
elements of E of the form 19x + 85y where x and y are positive Integers.
Colour the elements of S red and the remaining Integer elements of E green.
Is there a real number a (not necessarily integral) such that for every two
integers b and c if b and c have the same colour then b and c are not
symmetrically placed about a (i.e. [a - b| / ja - c|)?
4. Proposed by Romania.
1985 people take part in an international meeting. In any group of
three there are at least two individuals who speak the same language. If each
person speaks at most five languages, then prove that there are at least 200
people who speak the same language.
As promised last month, we give the official answers to the First Round
of the 1986 Dutch Mathematical Olympiad.
k < i? The only possibilities are that 0 < k < £ < i and fc = i - 5, or that
i < h < £ < 2n and 2n - « = fe - I.
Now Imagine we enumerate the vertices PpJP* Pa * » »P9 In such a way
one pair whose distance is - 1 . Also suppose that every vertex, except for the
endpoints of the pair at distance - 1 , has both distances n, n - 1 for its two
neighbors, and that the neighbors of each end of the side of length one are at
distance n. Then It Is easy to see that the only parallel sides possible
Involve as one side the pair at distance - 1 . This is because two pairs at
distance n determine diameters, and were two pairs P. P 0 and Pa P. at
n - l 9 n 9 n - l 9 n 9 . .. f n f -l,n t n ~r l,...,n
st
of distances, with a " - 1 " In the n + 1 position, makes the first side
st
parallel to the n + 1 side since the common distance between endpoints Is
2n-(n-l+l) _ n
2 " 2"
2n - (n + 1) _ n - 1
2 ~ 2 •
Since
n + 1 * n(n + 1)
4 4n - 2
n(n + 1) . n + 1
4n - 2 + 1. (*)
n(n + 1) _ n + 1 n + 1
4n - 2 ~ 4 4(2n - 1)
[=•£!] • i - k • i
while
n 4- 1 1
— 4 — + 4 <fe* 1
so (*) follows.
(li) n = 4fe + 3. Then
n +1
+ 1 =fe+ 2.
But then
n + 1 .1 u .i . 1
4 4 4
and the Inequality (*) holds.
Notice first that A3T2 = A 3 T t and that the line d 3 through A 3 and the
Incentre I bisects ZA3. Let ds bisect the exterior angle at A 3 as Indicated,
equation
(x - ax){% - a 2 ) ... (x - a ^ ) + {-l)U~ (n!) =0
Lemma 2. If b^,b^,...,b^ are positive integers with b1 < b~ < ... < b~
where no three consecutive terms are equal and b-.bp.. .b~ = (n!) 2 then
(b1.b2,b3''*",b2n^ =
C1'1'2'2 n,n).
Proof. Consider the sequences bltb~,...,bp - and b~,b4,...,bp .
Since b 1 > 1 we have b~ > 2, b~ .. > j and b^^.-.b^ . > n!. Similarly
for j = 1,2, .. . ,n. Hence for each j one of r - a' 1 and r - a' . must be j
zj-i zj
and the other - j . Therefore we get
0=
Ji{(P " ^ - l 3 + (P ~ a 2J )}
Finally, the above argument shows that if c- < c^ < ... < c~ are
o
= n
integers such that jCjCp.-.Cpl ^^ then necessarily
(c^,...,*:,*) = (-n9-ri 4- 1,..., -1,1,2,...,n)
and hence c-Cp. . .Cp = (-1) (n!) . In other words, although the sign (-1)
So suppose there are successive positive integers al9 a2, a3, a 4 , a 5 with
a a a a a a
i 2 3 4 5 perfect square. If for some i € {1,2,3.4,5} a. has a prime
factor p > 5 then p divides none of the other a.'s. It follows that the
< Vz - b + Vx - b = 1
Vx - c + -Jy - c = 1
(AD _ AD] BE _ BE
a
|DB DCJ " AE CE (1)
1 1 1 1
(3)
c cos B b cos C c cos A a cos C
Using
b 2 -f c 2 - a2 a 2 + c 2 - b2 a 2 + b 2 - cs
cos A = cos B = cos C =
2hc 2ac 2ab
a a
a2 + c2 _ b2 a2 + b2 _ Q2 b 2 + c2 - a 2 a 2 + b 2 - c2
- 80 -
b 2 + c2 - a 2 = ! + ?1 +JSE _ ^b 2 < 0.
As
31 + v§5T
5, 1,
We next give some of the solutions to problems posed in the June 1985
number of the Corner. The remaining solutions submitted will be discussed
next month.
= [a + (3k - 2)b] 3
This is true for all k since b < a. Note that the inequality is strict if
b < a or k > 2. Now
U a * 3(fe - 1 ) b s n fa^^k^l^b _ f a
k ^ x a + (3fc - 2)b ~ ^ J a + 3feb " 4a 4- 3rib
n a + m(fe - l)b .
K„I
a +
(^ ~ m + l)b m a +amnb
In post-fix form is
x i x 2 /x 3 x 4 /x 5 //.
We can evaluate a fully parenthesized expression by examining its post-
fix expression and using a stack. As we scan the post-fix expression from
left to right, we push the elements X. onto the stack. If a slash is
encountered, we take the top two elements of the stack, perform the division
of the second stack element by the first, and push the result back on the top
of the stack. After the expression is scanned, the item on top of the stack
is the value of the fully parenthesized expression. Notice that the final
algebraic expression has both a numerator and denominator, since there is
always a last slash.
Also note that X± is necessarily in the numerator. Also, for
t = l,2,...,n-l, X„ and X. , i are both in the numerator or both in the
i l+l
denominator of the fraction if the number of slashes between X. and X.Bi is
i i+l
odd; otherwise X. and X.Bi are in different parts of the fraction. To see
i i+l *^
this, notice that when X. Is scanned It is put on the stack. An even number
of slashes between X. and X.ai puts X. In the numerator of the result which is
r
i i+l i
placed on top of the stack; while an odd number puts X. in the denominator of
the result sitting on top of the stack. Now when X. - Is scanned and put on
top of the stack, It is in the numerator of the result on top of the stack.
This element X. . will remain in the numerator of a stack element until a
i+l
slash combines it with the result on the stack containing X.. If there are an
A1A3A4...X
81
Thus for n = 8 with X* = 1,....X8 = 8, the maximum value, from (1), is TT" and
claim for n = 2. Now suppose S has been constructed. Note that every
element s of S ends with at least one slash. For s € S let s denote the
n n
string that results when the last slash of s is removed. Form S . by
number of slashes between X and X ... is different so that X and X ... are in
n n+1 n n+1
the same part of the evaluated expression for one case and in different parts
for the other. Therefore different post-fix expressions In S . give
subset of {5,7} for the numerator. These are also realized by post-fix
expressions giving X 4 9 X 6 in the numerator and X3„ X Q in the denominator.
Thus the correct accounting for (b) is 2 6 - 2^ = 60 different numerical
values.
*€ K X
P R O B L E M S
S^rohlem proposals and solutions should he sent to the editor, whose
ocWieaa appears on the float pag,e of this Issue. Proposals should, whenever
posslhle, he accompanied hy a solution, references, aad other Insights which
ate likely, to he of help to the editor, sin asterisk (*) after a numher
Indicates a prohlem submitted without a solution.
Original prohlems wie particularly' bought, Ait other Interesting,
prohlems may, also he acceptahle provided they, are not too well known, mid
references one plwea as to their provenance. Ordinarily,, If the originator of
a prohlem can he located, It should not he submitted hy, somehody, else without
his or hen, permission.
What convex subset S of a unit cube gives the maximum value for
V/A, where V is the volume of S and A is its surface area? (For the two-
dimensional case, see Crux 870 [1986: 180].)
(a.b)Ca'b] i [a,b]<a'b>
and determine when equality holds. (As usual, (a,b) and [a,b] denote
respectively the g.c.d. and i.c.m. of a and b.)
S O L U T I O N S
these formulas both hold for all triangles. Prove that neither formula holds
for obtuse triangles.
I. Editor's Comment.
It should be noted that the same error also appears in [1], page 41.
It basically stems from an uncareful application of the formula
r = 2R cos A cos B cos C
which is only valid for acute triangles. In [1], page 27, for obtuse
triangles the following formulae are derived. If A > TT/2, then
where s' and F' denote respectively the semiperimeter and area of the orthic
triangle. Therefore,
F'
r = — r = -2R cos A sin B sin C
s
for obtuse triangles with A > ir/2.
Reference-
[1] E. Donath, Die merkwirdigen Punkte und Linien des ebenen Dreiecks,
Berlin, 1969.
The proposer claims that Johnson claims (at least tacitly) that the
two formulas involving the orthocenter H hold for all triangles. Johnson does
nothing of the sort. He claims explicitly that these formulas were used by
Feuerbach in the mainly algebraic proof of his celebrated theorem. Feuerbach
claims rightfully that
r = 2R cos A cos B cos C
(Johnson, 299g, page 191) so that the formulas for IH2 and OH 2 require a
negative value for r when one of the cosines is negative, as would be the case
- 89 -
In obtuse triangles.
M M K
elements In the principal diagonal are all l's and all other elements are
either l9s or -l's, and let D be the determinant obtained from D by
n n
replacing the non-principal-diagonal elements by their negatives. It is easy
to show that B2B2 = 0 for all D 2 and B3B3 = 0 for all D3» For which n > 3 is
It true that DnWn = 0 for all Dn ?
where
€
£ . = 6 . = -1 if J J
e - e , = +1 If jJ € J = I ~ J .
n-j j n n ^n
Then, apart from a ± sign, D is equal to IUIU. . .u , and so D # 0 If and only
- 90 -
2|j I = m + 1 if m € J , 2\j I= m if m € J .
2lj
1 I= m if m € J , 2JJ I= m - 1 if in C J .
n1 n !
n1 n
Thus the condition for u±u± £ 0 is that either n is odd, or R = 2m and
if m € J then 2\j \ £ m or m + 1,
n n'
(1)
if m € J then 2|j 1I # m or m-1,
n 'n
n/2
10 if n is even and n/2 € J
2 (w3 + u) •*) # 1 n
J€Jri 0 otherwise,
n/2
w if n is even and n/2 € J
J
1 + 2 (ID + ID •*) * •] n
J€J,n 0 otherwise.
then
(1 + 1D)(1 + ID3) = l4-|D4-|D3-flD4=0
3r
then w = 1 which with ID = 1 gives ID = 1, contrary to assumption.
ID2 = -1 and so ID4 = 1, while 1 + ID + ID"1 = 0 gives ID3 = 1. Both Imply (with
r
ur = 1) that ID = 1, a contradiction.
n
r-1
Then m = 2 € J „ and condition (1) requires that
2|jJ = 2r / 2 r _ 1
which is so if r > 4. Therefore we want to show (2); equivalently, that
2 4 2r~"1 -2r~2 -1
iD-fiD+iD"f..e4-iD + ^ + . . . + in = 0 or -1 (3)
does not; hold. Now w must satisfy exactly one of the Irreducible equations
r-1
ID + 1 = 0, ID2 4- 1 = 0 9 ID4 4- 1 = 0 10 4-1=0.
If ID = -1 then (3) obviously does not hold unless r = 2. If ID2 = -1, then
2 4 2 -2^ -1
ID4-ID 4- ID 4- ... 4- ID 4-|D + ... + H)
I f ID = - 1 t h e n S = - 2 , i f w2 = - 1 then
S = (ID + H ) " ) ( l + I D 2 ) + ID4 + ID" 4 = 2 ,
3
i f ID4 = - 1 then
S = (ID-1 + ID"3)(ID4 + 1) + ID4 + ID" 4 = -2,
a n d i f ID 8 = - 1 then
S = ID + ID 3 - ID 5 - ID 7
4 and 8.
Now suppose we have already found a suitable J, for some proper divisor d
if and only if d/2 € J, , and since in Case (iii) we had 2|j [ < n/2 and in
Case (iv) we had 21J | < n/2 - 1, condition (1) will also be satisfied by the
d..o . = -1. t = l,...,n - 2, all other entries being +1. These D and the
i+z,i n
corresponding D can be evaluated explicitly and give non-zero values whenever
n = 0 or 8 (mod 12) [see Problem 1222, this issue]. In the particular cases
of 8, 12 and 24 the values are easily calculated to be
D 8 = 5J = -256,
D 1 2 = -3-2 12 , 577= - 2 1 2 ,
D 2 4 = -5-2 24 , DaT = -3-2 24 .
Editor's comment-
There have been no solutions to this problem submitted as yet.
( KM-•
(The floor of x9 denoted by [xj, is the largest integer < x; and the
ceiling of x9 denoted by [x], is the smallest integer > x.)
Solution by Zui Margaiiot, Grade 11, A.B. Lucas Secondary School, London,
Ontario.
Let9s denote
C(x) = M
D(x) = logb M
and
E(x) = log. M
x
Since C(x) = 1 for x > 1, we observe that D(x) = 0 for all x > 1.
Therefore all we have to consider is 0 i x < 1.
For fb-*i.
x = b""1^""2, . . . ,b"~r\ E(x) = l,2,...,n respectively, since i.
k
= b and llog^I = h. Thus
i
s
5 -- - j
8
1
i
i
4 - i
i
R4 i
i
^ « i "1
o • I
R3 S
9 - 1
Z " i
§
R2
1 - i
1 " I
s
S
1 1 1! I
I I I
l 1 1 1
b< b3 b2 b
I0 E(x)dbc = Z
1=1
A
t
£K M
x b
b 2
b 3
b
*-h
1"
Gibbs (and probably others) observed that b need not be an integer but
only a real number greater than 1.
* M *
(a) Show that the four lines £. have two conjugate Imaginary
'l 1 -1 0 0 0 0
2 0 0 0 0 -1 1
3 0 -1 0 1 0 0
0 0 -1 0 1 0
Hence
<?34 = ^ 4 2 = <2l2 • *Ji3 = Q i 4 = ^ 2 3 •
or
q i2 = u, q 13 = us q 14 = u, q 34 = u, q 42 = u, q 23 = u.
These numbers are the Imaginary cubic roots of 1. Hence the resulting lines t
and t8 aire conjugate imaginary transversals.
If we introduce the number w = ={1 + i^J), with CJ3 = -1, our roots are -w
Si.
where the sums are cyclic over the angles A, B, C of a triangle. The left
inequality has already been established in this journal (Problem 613 [1982:
55, 67, 138]). Prove or disprove the right inequality.
Let
a = —-—• , Kp = —-— , <y =
2 • " 2 ' 2
Then a, /?, nr represent the angles of a triangle. Moreover
2 cos — = - — = E cos(j3 - T ) ,
v cos(p
2 \ = x2 + y
rn - nr) 2
*—^+ 2x - 2 ,
2 sin a = y,
where x = r/R and y = s/R, r, R, and s being the inradius, circumradius, and
semiperimeter of a triangle with angles a, j3, T. Thus (1) is established if
- 97 -
we show that
x 2 4- y2 + 2% - 2
or
h§]R)4^-¥h<>. (2)
It Is well known that 0 < x £ -^ and 0 < y < -^-, and hence (2) holds, with
equality If and only If a = 0 = nr. Thus the required Inequality holds with
equality If and only if A = B = C.
Also solved by LEON BANKOFF, Los Angeles, California; and WALTEFR JANOUS,
Ursulinengymnasium, Innsbruckf Austrta.
— — — " •
1
F + ID + y F - to + z F - ID - z F + w - y
| F - x - y F + x - z F -f- x + z F - x + y
1F + x - y p _ x _ z F - x + z F -4" x + y
F - ID + y F + D -§" Z F + ID - z F - ID - y
1
F +A F + B F + C F + D
F + J F +K F + L F +X
I (*)
F
" M F - L F - K F - J
F - B F - C F - B F - A
- 98 -
Comparing (*) to the square in the problem proposal yields the equations
B = -ID + z f C = -ID - zf J = -x - y, M = -x + y, (9)
and so from (5)-(8)
A = ID + y, D = ii)-y, K = x - z , L = x + z. (10)
Substitution of (9) and (10) into (*) produces the square in the problem
proposal. Also, (9) gives
whose substitution into the square in the problem proposal, using (5)-(S),
reproduces (*). Hence the square in the problem proposal is universal, that
is, it is a form in which any symmetrical fourth-order magic square can be
written.
M M *
Let on = A~A....A
0 1 n be a regular
& n-simplex
^ in R , and let ir.
i be
the hyperplane
J & the face o
containing - = A^A.... A. .A. ... .A . If B. € TT.
* * n-1 0 1 i-1 t+1 n i l
for i = 0,1 n, show that
-*i v n + 1
2 IB B | I ^ ^ e .
n n
,*,».!. V - V *t - . i * * ^ (A. - A.)
n n.
(A. - A.)
n n
= 2 p . , A .A, • A.A. + 2 p . , A.A, • A.A.. (1)
k=0 l h J k J l fcdO J fe l fc l J
k/i f j fert, j
so t h a t
Using
intersect at the centroid G and are extended to meet the circumsphere again in
the points B09B±,...,B , respectively.
l,n+l
(n + 1)2(R2 - (OP)2) ^ Z (A A , ) 2 + (n + 1)2(PG):
l J
j<t
or
l,n+l
(n + 1)2J(P) > (n + 1)(PG)2 + Z (A.A .)2/(n+l), (3)
l J
j<i
where 2)(P) is the p>ower of the point P with respect to the circumsphere.
Putting X = P and Q = G in Leibniz's formula, we find
n+l l,n+l
Z a 2 = (n + 1)(PG)2 + Z (A.A.)2/(n + 1). (4)
l l J
1=1 j<t
where a. = A.P. From (3) and (4) we get
n+l
(n + 1)2!(P) > Z a 2 ,
1=1 l
or
n+l
(n + 1)22J(P) > (n + 1) Z a? .
1=1 l
The well known arithmetic mean and root-mean-square inequality of the numbers
a
l , a 2 s " * " 9Ctn+l S* v e s
n+l n+l
Z a? Z a.
1=1 l 1=1 l
n+l n+l
Hence
n+l
(n + 1)2®(P) 1 Z a.
i=i l
But from the A.M.-G.M. inequality follows
n+l n+l
Z a. Z 1/a. 1 (n + 1) !
l l
1=1 1=1
or
n+l n+l n+l
Z a. Z 1/a. 2>(P) > Z a.
1=1 l 1=1 l
1=1 l
or
n+l n+l
Z 1/a 2>(P) > Z a.. (5)
1=1 l
1=1 l
- 102 -
Now, letting b. = B.P, and bearing in mind that a.b. = 2J(P) for all i, from
n+1 n+1
Z b. > l
S a. .l
• 1 ~ 4 1
i=l 1=1
i.e., if and only if the centroid G coincides with the circumcenter. For
n = 2 this requires the triangle to be equilateral. For n > 3, the simplex
need not be regular, although for n = 3 the tetrahedron will have to be
isosceles.
It is to be noted that the inequality for the special case n = 2
corresponds to Problem E2959, American Mathematical Monthly 89 (1982) 498,
proposed by Jack Garfunkel.
It is also to be noted that more generally if one is given n points
AltA2.....A lying on an m-dimensional sphere and with centroid G, then